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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijairaghogarh	Bijairaghogarh	["1 See also","2 References"]	Bijairaghogarh1826–1858Bijairaghogarh and neighbouring regionsStatusPrincely state under the protection of the British Raj (1826–1857) Independent state in rebellion against the British Raj (1857–1858)History • Established 1826• Disestablished after the Revolt of 1857 1858 Today part ofIndia Bijairaghogarh was a princely state in India. It was disestablished due to its participation in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. See also List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) List of princely states of British India (by region) References vteFormer princely states in Central IndiaSalute states Ajaigarh Ali Rajpur Baoni Baraundha Barwani Benares (Ramnagar) Bhopal Bijawar Charkhari Datia Dewas Junior Dewas Senior Dhar Gwalior Indore (Holkar) Jaora Jhabua Khilchipur Maihar Narsinghgarh Orchha Panna Rajgarh Rampur Ratlam Rewa Sailana Samthar Sitamau Non-salute states Alipura Bhadaura Basoda Beri (Bundelkhand) Bhaisaunda Bihat Bijairaghogarh Chhatarpur Garha Garrauli Gaurihar Jaitpur Jaso Jigni Jobat Kamta-Rajaula Kathiwara Khaniadhana Kothi Kurwai (Korwai) Lugasi Makrai Maksudangarh Mathwar Mohammadgarh Nagod(h)(e) Naigawan Rebai Pahara Paldeo Paron Pathari Piploda Raghogarh Ratanmal Sarila Sohawal Taraon Umri Agra Barkhera Kathaun Khiaoda Sangul Wardha Sirsi Jagir estates Kanda Borjhad Bakhatgarh Banka–Pahari Bhaisunda Bijna Bilheri Dhotria Dhurwai Jamnia State Kachhi-Baroda Kali-Baori Kamta-Rajaula Multhan Nimkhera Ondhwa Panth-Piploda Rajgadh Sondhwa Tori Fatehpur Extinguished (e)states Amjhera Banpur Vijayraghavgarh Chirgaon Jaitpur Jalaun Jhansi Khaddi Purwa Tiroha Shahgarh Related topics Central India Agency Bagelkhand Agency Bhopal Agency Bhopawar Agency Bundelkhand Agency Chaube Jagirs Gwalior Residency Hasht-Bhaiya List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) Malwa Agency Princely states annexed by the British Raj Saugor and Nerbudda Territories vtePrincely states annexed by British India Angul (1848) Banda (1858) Ballabhgarh (1867) Banki (1840) Bijairaghogarh (1858) Carnatic (as state, 1801) Carnatic Sultanate (Arcot) (1855) Datarpur (1848) Guler (1813) Jaintia (1835) Jaitpur (1849) Jalaun (1840) Jaswan (1849) Jhansi (1854) Jubbal (1832-1840) Kachari (1830) Kangra (1846) Kanika (1805) Kannanur (1819) Kittur (1824) Kodagu (1834) Kolaba (Colaba) (1840) Kozhikode (1806) Kullu (1846) Kulpahar (1858) Kurnool (1839) Kutlehar (1825) Makrai (1890-1893) Nagpur (1854) Nargund (1858) Nurpur (1849) Oudh (Awadh) (1854) Ramgarh (1858) Punjab (1849) Sambalpur (1849) Satara (1848) Surat (1842) Siba (1849) Tanjore (1855) Tulsipur (1859) Udaipur, Chhattisgarh (1854 - 1860) List of princely states of British India (by region) Princely states alphabetical Doctrine of lapse Annexation This Indian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"princely state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"}],"text":"Bijairaghogarh was a princely state in India. It was disestablished due to its participation in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.","title":"Bijairaghogarh"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)"},{"title":"List of princely states of British India (by region)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(by_region)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bijairaghogarh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassey%27s_Inc.	Brassey's	["1 Brassey's in Britain","2 Brassey's in United States","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Producer of military-related books Brassey's is variously the name of a publisher, an imprint, or a published series of volumes, all mostly associated with military topics, that was in existence in one form or another from 1886 to around 2005. Brassey's in Britain The heritage of the series name dates to the Brassey's Naval Annual, begun by Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, the Civil Lord of the Admiralty, in 1886. This large volume became a British tradition in military studies circles and reliably appeared each year. Companies House shows an entity Brassey's Publishers Ltd as existing since 1920. But the actual printing of the Naval Annual was typically done by William Clowes Ltd. By the late 1970s, Brassey's Publishers Ltd was more often credited as a publisher itself. A 1979 announcement in the bids and deals section of The Guardian labelled Brassey's as "said to be the oldest established name in defence publishing". In 1980, Brassey's Publishers was acquired by British media mogul Robert Maxwell. The acquisition was announced in December 1979. Subsequently named Brassey's Defence Publishers Ltd, it was a subsidiary of Maxwell's Pergamon Press. Under this name it published military-related volumes during the 1980s, including one called The Military Balance and others produced in conjunction with the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. It also put out books with related themes, such as Garrison (1987), a socio-historical look at ten British military towns. By the 1990s, the firm was known as Brassey's Ltd. It continued to publish military-related titles, such as The Lifeblood of War: Logistics in Armed Conflict (1991). In 1998, Brassey's Ltd was acquired by Batsford Communications PLC. But in 1999 Batsford went into receivership, with pieces being acquired that year by the Chrysalis Group. Thus by 2000, Brassey's was an imprint of the Chrysalis Books, In the early 2000s, Brassey's was stated as being a division of the Chrysalis Books Group. A sister imprint was Conway Maritime Press. In 2005, all Chrysalis imprints, including Brassey's, were sold to a new firm composed of the imprints' managers, that firm being named Anova Books Company. After that, the Brassey's name seems to have faded away as an imprint or a name published under. Brassey's in United States In 1983, Brassey's, Inc. was founded as the United States subsidiary of Brassey's. While still mostly known for titles on military history, over time Brassey's, Inc. began publishing works on several other topics including American history and sports history. The year 1999 saw Brassey's, Inc. being acquired by Books International, a Virginia-based warehouse and distribution company. At this point, the US-based Brassey's became independent of the UK-based Brassey's. Then in 2004, Brassey's, Inc. was renamed Potomac Books; the newly named imprint further expanded its catalog to include world and national affairs, presidential history, diplomats and diplomacy, and biography and memoir. Similarly to the UK branch, after this point the Brassey's name seems to have become unused. See also HarperCollins University of Nebraska Press References ^ a b Grove, Eric (1986). "Brassey's Annual 1886–1986". Defense Analysis. 2 (3): 257–260. doi:10.1080/07430178608405260. ^ a b Signy, Larry (27 February 1987). "Book Firm Scores Its Century". Aldershot News. p. 2 (Weekend) – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Lycett, Andrew (11 July 1990). "Publishers in retreat?". The Times. London. p. 16 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "Rexam WCP Limited: Company number 00171055". Companies House. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ See for example "Allies' Naval Strength". Newcastle Journal and North Mail. 8 July 1942. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com. ^ See for example Stanhope, Henry (16 November 1978). "Army to rely on civil transport in wartime". The Times. London. p. 7 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ a b c "Bids & Deals: Pergamon". The Guardian. London, Manchester. 8 December 1979. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Pagano, Margareta (5 December 1985). "Maxwell seen as 'Green Knight'". The Guardian. London, Manchester. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Clifford, Helen (26 March 2013). "Potomac Books acquired by University of Nebraska Press". The London Book Fair. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. ^ Ramsey, Russell W. (1992). "Another Look at Logistics". Marine Corps Gazette. 76 (4): 106. ProQuest 206365222 – via ProQuest. ^ "Batsford Looks for Greater U.S. Role". Publishers Weekly. 19 October 1998. p. 14. ProQuest 197032187 – via ProQuest. ^ Leapman, Michael (30 July 1999). "B T Batsford in Receivership". The Times. London. ProQuest 318146346 – via ProQuest. ^ Speelman, Jon (27 September 1999). "Chess ". The Independent. London. ProQuest 312928577 – via ProQuest. ^ " Media: Designers". Evening Standard. London. 24 May 2000. p. 62 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Appointments: Creative, Media & Sales: Book Designer". The Guardian. London, Manchester. 2 December 2002. p. 21 (MediaGuardian) – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Chrysalis sells book arm". Irish Examiner. 7 November 2005. ^ a b "People News: Dymott moves to Brassey's US". The Bookseller. 27 June 2003. p. 16 – via Gale General OneFile. ^ a b "University Press acquires Potomac Books". Lincoln Journal Star. 26 March 2013. p. A4 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Brassey's Inc. Acquired". Publishers Weekly. 4 October 1999. External links www.brasseys.co.uk, goes to Pavilion Books Potomac Books Stone & Stone entry on Brassey's Military Books (UK)	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brassey's is variously the name of a publisher, an imprint, or a published series of volumes, all mostly associated with military topics, that was in existence in one form or another from 1886 to around 2005.","title":"Brassey's"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brassey's Naval Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassey%27s_Naval_Annual"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-da-brasseys-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_1st_Earl_Brassey"},{"link_name":"Civil Lord of the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Lord_of_the_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aldershot-1987-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-1990-3"},{"link_name":"Companies 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Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anova_Books"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie-2005-16"}],"text":"The heritage of the series name dates to the Brassey's Naval Annual,[1] begun by Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, the Civil Lord of the Admiralty, in 1886.[2] This large volume became a British tradition in military studies circles and reliably appeared each year.[3] Companies House shows an entity Brassey's Publishers Ltd as existing since 1920.[4] But the actual printing of the Naval Annual was typically done by William Clowes Ltd.[5]By the late 1970s,\nBrassey's Publishers Ltd was more often credited as a publisher itself.[6]\nA 1979 announcement in the bids and deals section of The Guardian labelled Brassey's as \"said to be the oldest established name in defence publishing\".[7]In 1980, Brassey's Publishers was acquired by British media mogul Robert Maxwell.[3][7] The acquisition was announced in December 1979.[7] Subsequently named Brassey's Defence Publishers Ltd,[1] it was a subsidiary of Maxwell's Pergamon Press.[8] Under this name it published military-related volumes during the 1980s, including one called The Military Balance and others produced in conjunction with the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London.[3] It also put out books with related themes, such as Garrison (1987), a socio-historical look at ten British military towns.[2]By the 1990s, the firm was known as Brassey's Ltd.[9] It continued to publish military-related titles, such as The Lifeblood of War: Logistics in Armed Conflict (1991).[10]In 1998, Brassey's Ltd was acquired by Batsford Communications PLC. \n[11] But in 1999 Batsford went into receivership,[12] with pieces being acquired that year by the Chrysalis Group.[13]Thus by 2000, Brassey's was an imprint of the Chrysalis Books,[14] In the early 2000s, Brassey's was stated as being a division of the Chrysalis Books Group.[15] A sister imprint was Conway Maritime Press.[15]In 2005, all Chrysalis imprints, including Brassey's, were sold to a new firm composed of the imprints' managers, that firm being named Anova Books Company.[16]After that, the Brassey's name seems to have faded away as an imprint or a name published under.","title":"Brassey's in Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seller-2003-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ljs-2013-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-1999-19"},{"link_name":"Books International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Books_International&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-1999-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seller-2003-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-london-book-fair-9"},{"link_name":"Potomac 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Michigan	Caspian, Michigan	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Government","5 See also","6 References"]	Coordinates: 46°03′51″N 88°37′53″W / 46.06417°N 88.63139°W / 46.06417; -88.63139City in Michigan, United StatesCaspian, MichiganCityLocation within Iron CountyCaspianLocation within the state of MichiganCoordinates: 46°3′49″N 88°37′44″W / 46.06361°N 88.62889°W / 46.06361; -88.62889CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyIronVillage incorporate1918City incorporate1949Area • Total1.43 sq mi (3.69 km2) • Land1.43 sq mi (3.69 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,496 ft (456 m)Population (2020) • Total805 • Density564.12/sq mi (217.88/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code49915Area code906FIPS code26-13860GNIS feature ID1619449 Caspian is a city in Iron County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 906 at the time of the 2010 census and 805 in 2020. The city has an Italian heritage. History The Caspian Mine headframe, a steel mining building located north of Caspian Road. The original headframe was wooden; the current structure was built as a replacement in 1920. The headframe is a 106 foot high steel-framed structure clad in corrugated steel siding. It is the oldest remaining headframe in Iron County. The location first received a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad in 1884 and has been known by the names of Spring Valley and Newtown. Caspian was founded and platted with the name Palatka in 1901. It was a headquarters for a mining company, Voroner Mining Company. Voroner operated three mines, Baltic, Caspian, and Fogarty mines. With the expansion of the mines, a second adjacent village named Caspian was founded in 1908. The post office moved there. The location was poor and a new adjacent village called New Caspian was formed in 1909. The whole area was incorporated as the village of Caspian in 1918. Caspian became a city in 1949. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.43 square miles (3.70 km2), all land. Climate This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Caspian has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19201,912—19301,888−1.3%19401,797−4.8%19501,608−10.5%19601,493−7.2%19701,165−22.0%19801,038−10.9%19901,031−0.7%2000997−3.3%2010906−9.1%2020805−11.1%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 906 people, 430 households, and 226 families residing in the city. The population density was 633.6 inhabitants per square mile (244.6/km2). There were 527 housing units at an average density of 368.5 per square mile (142.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.0% White, 1.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 1.2% of the population. There were 430 households, of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.3% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.4% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in the city was 46.4 years. 21.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 997 people, 470 households, and 266 families residing in the city. The population density was 707.9 inhabitants per square mile (273.3/km2). There were 518 housing units at an average density of 367.8 per square mile (142.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.09% White, 0.30% African American, 1.30% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races; Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population. Culturally, 26.6% were of Italian, 13.8% German, 10.9% Polish, 9.2% Finnish, 8.4% Swedish and 6.4% French ancestry. There were 470 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.4% were non-families. 40.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.83. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $24,524, and the median income for a family was $31,528. Males had a median income of $25,446 versus $16,813 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,544. About 12.5% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. Government Caspian operates a police department and has fire service from the Caspian / Gaastra Volunteer Fire Department. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Iron County, Michigan Iron County MRA References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-04. ^ a b "The 18 tiniest cities in Michigan". Flint Journal. Mlive Media Group. December 4, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ Walter Romig, Michigan Place Names, p. 102. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2012-11-25. ^ Climate Summary for Caspian, Michigan ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25. ^ "The 18 tiniest cities in Michigan". Flint Journal. Mlive Media Group. December 4, 2016. p. 19. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Caspian / Gaastra Volunteer Fire Department vteMunicipalities and communities of Iron County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: Crystal FallsCities Caspian Crystal Falls Gaastra Iron River Map of Michigan highlighting Iron County.svgVillages Alpha Townships Bates Crystal Falls Hematite Iron River Mansfield Mastodon Stambaugh CDP Amasa Other communities Balsam Basswood Erickson Landing Panola Pentoga Stager Defunct Gibbs City Mineral Hills Stambaugh Michigan portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 46°03′51″N 88°37′53″W / 46.06417°N 88.63139°W / 46.06417; -88.63139	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fj-5"}],"text":"City in Michigan, United StatesCaspian is a city in Iron County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 906 at the time of the 2010 census and 805 in 2020.[4] The city has an Italian heritage.[5]","title":"Caspian, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caspian_Mine_Headframe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caspian Mine headframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County_MRA#Caspian_Mine_Headframe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fj-5"}],"text":"The Caspian Mine headframe, a steel mining building located north of Caspian Road. The original headframe was wooden; the current structure was built as a replacement in 1920. The headframe is a 106 foot high steel-framed structure clad in corrugated steel siding. It is the oldest remaining headframe in Iron County.The location first received a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad in 1884 and has been known by the names of Spring Valley and Newtown. Caspian was founded and platted with the name Palatka in 1901. It was a headquarters for a mining company, Voroner Mining Company. Voroner operated three mines, Baltic, Caspian, and Fogarty mines. With the expansion of the mines, a second adjacent village named Caspian was founded in 1908. The post office moved there. The location was poor and a new adjacent village called New Caspian was formed in 1909. The whole area was incorporated as the village of Caspian in 1918.[6]Caspian became a city in 1949.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-7"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.43 square miles (3.70 km2), all land.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Caspian has a humid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[10] of 2010, there were 906 people, 430 households, and 226 families residing in the city. The population density was 633.6 inhabitants per square mile (244.6/km2). There were 527 housing units at an average density of 368.5 per square mile (142.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.0% White, 1.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 1.2% of the population.There were 430 households, of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.3% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.4% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.85.The median age in the city was 46.4 years. 21.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 997 people, 470 households, and 266 families residing in the city. The population density was 707.9 inhabitants per square mile (273.3/km2). There were 518 housing units at an average density of 367.8 per square mile (142.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.09% White, 0.30% African American, 1.30% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races; Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population. Culturally, 26.6% were of Italian, 13.8% German, 10.9% Polish, 9.2% Finnish, 8.4% Swedish and 6.4% French ancestry.There were 470 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.4% were non-families. 40.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.83.In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.The median income for a household in the city was $24,524, and the median income for a family was $31,528. Males had a median income of $25,446 versus $16,813 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,544. About 12.5% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Caspian operates a police department and has fire service from the Caspian / Gaastra Volunteer Fire Department.[11][12]","title":"Government"}]	[{"image_text":"The Caspian Mine headframe, a steel mining building located north of Caspian Road. The original headframe was wooden; the current structure was built as a replacement in 1920. The headframe is a 106 foot high steel-framed structure clad in corrugated steel siding. It is the oldest remaining headframe in Iron County.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Caspian_Mine_Headframe.jpg/220px-Caspian_Mine_Headframe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Iron County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Iron_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Iron_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Iron County, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iron_County,_Michigan"},{"title":"Iron County MRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County_MRA"}]	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay_Western_Australia	Shark Bay	["1 History","2 Climate","3 Shark Bay World Heritage Site","3.1 Protected areas","3.2 Landforms","3.3 Fauna","3.4 Flora","3.5 Stromatolites","3.6 Shark Bay World Heritage Discovery Centre","3.7 Access","4 Specific reserved areas","4.1 National parks and reserves in the World Heritage Area","4.2 Bays of the World Heritage area","4.3 Islands of the World Heritage area","4.4 Peninsulas of the World Heritage area","4.5 IBRA sub regions of the Shark Bay Area","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 25°30′S 113°30′E / 25.500°S 113.500°E / -25.500; 113.500Bay of the Indian Ocean in Western Australia For other uses, see Shark Bay (disambiguation). Shark Bay, Western AustraliaUNESCO World Heritage SiteShark BayLocationGascoyne region, Western Australia, AustraliaCriteriaNatural: vii, viii, ix, xReference578Inscription1991 (15th Session)Area2,200,902 haCoordinates25°30′S 113°30′E / 25.500°S 113.500°E / -25.500; 113.500Location of Shark Bay at the most westerly point of the Australian continent Louis Henri de Saulces de Freycinet's Useless Harbour in Shark Bay, seen from the SPOT satellite Map of Shark Bay area Zuytdorp Cliffs Shark Bay (Malgana: Gathaagudu, "two waters") is a World Heritage Site in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. The 23,000-square-kilometre (8,900 sq mi) area is located approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north of Perth, on the westernmost point of the Australian continent. UNESCO's listing of Shark Bay as a World Heritage Site reads: "Shark Bay's waters, islands and peninsulas....have a number of exceptional natural features, including one of the largest and most diverse seagrass beds in the world. However, it is for its stromatolites (colonies of microbial mats that form hard, dome-shaped deposits which are said to be the oldest life forms on earth), that the property is most renowned. The property is also famous for its rich marine life including a large population of dugongs, and provides a refuge for a number of other globally threatened species." The bay features Australia's most abundant marine ecosystems. It is a popular fishing spot. History The record of Australian Aboriginal occupation of Shark Bay extends to 22,000 years BP. At that time most of the area was dry land, and rising sea levels flooded Shark Bay between 8,000 BP and 6,000 BP. A considerable number of aboriginal midden sites have been found, especially on Peron Peninsula and Dirk Hartog Island which provide evidence of some of the foods gathered from the waters and nearby land areas. An expedition led by Dirk Hartog happened upon the area in 1616, becoming the second group of Europeans known to have visited Australia. (The crew of the Duyfken, under Willem Janszoon, had visited Cape York in 1606). The area was given the name Shark Bay by the English explorer William Dampier, on 7 August 1699. Shark Bay was also visited by Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn in 1772, Nicolas Baudin from 1801 to 1803 and Louis de Freycinet in 1818. Europeans, mostly pastoralists, settled in Shark Bay during the 1860s to 1870s. Pearling developed rapidly from 1870. Commercial whaling was conducted in the bay in the first half of the 20th century by Norwegian-owned factory ships and their catcher vessels. In the late 1930s, up to 1,000 humpback whales were taken per season. The heritage–listed area had a population of fewer than 1,000 people as at the 2011 census and a coastline of over 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The half-dozen small communities making up this population occupy less than 1% of the total area. Climate The Shark Bay Heritage Area has a hot desert climate under the Köppen Climate Classification, with hot, dry summers; and very mild, relatively wet winters. Climate data for Shark Bay Airport (25º53'S, 113º35'E, 34 m AMSL) (2004-2020 normals and extremes) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 47.3(117.1) 49.8(121.6) 47.2(117.0) 39.9(103.8) 37.0(98.6) 30.7(87.3) 30.3(86.5) 35.6(96.1) 36.7(98.1) 42.8(109.0) 44.8(112.6) 46.2(115.2) 49.8(121.6) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.1(93.4) 34.9(94.8) 34.2(93.6) 31.0(87.8) 27.5(81.5) 23.8(74.8) 22.9(73.2) 24.2(75.6) 26.1(79.0) 28.4(83.1) 30.4(86.7) 32.5(90.5) 29.2(84.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.6(70.9) 22.3(72.1) 21.4(70.5) 18.3(64.9) 14.5(58.1) 11.7(53.1) 10.6(51.1) 11.2(52.2) 12.8(55.0) 15.4(59.7) 17.7(63.9) 19.8(67.6) 16.4(61.6) Record low °C (°F) 16.3(61.3) 16.5(61.7) 13.8(56.8) 10.0(50.0) 4.5(40.1) 3.7(38.7) 2.8(37.0) 5.0(41.0) 6.2(43.2) 7.6(45.7) 10.3(50.5) 13.2(55.8) 2.8(37.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 6.7(0.26) 24.5(0.96) 16.3(0.64) 10.3(0.41) 23.1(0.91) 42.3(1.67) 28.6(1.13) 19.3(0.76) 8.1(0.32) 4.6(0.18) 2.1(0.08) 7.1(0.28) 193(7.6) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.1 2.8 4.3 4.1 3.1 2.0 1.2 0.5 0.3 22.2 Average relative humidity (%) 43 43 38 41 40 42 43 39 40 41 41 41 41 Average dew point °C (°F) 16.7(62.1) 17.4(63.3) 14.6(58.3) 13.1(55.6) 10.1(50.2) 8.1(46.6) 7.7(45.9) 6.9(44.4) 8.3(46.9) 10.4(50.7) 12.3(54.1) 14.1(57.4) 11.6(53.0) Source: Bureau of Meteorology Shark Bay World Heritage Site The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated in 1991, the first such site in Western Australia. The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007 under the Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003 (Cth). Protected areas Declared as a World Heritage Site in 1991, the site covers an area of 23,000 km2 (8,900 sq mi), of which about 70 per cent are marine waters. It includes many protected areas and conservation reserves, including Shark Bay Marine Park, Francois Peron National Park, Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve, Zuytdorp Nature Reserve and numerous protected islands. Denham and Useless Loop both fall within the boundary of the site, yet are specifically excluded from it. Landforms The bay itself covers an area of 1,300,000 hectares (3,200,000 acres), with an average depth of 9 metres (30 ft). It is divided by shallow banks and has many peninsulas and islands. The coastline is over 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) long. There are about 300 kilometres (190 mi) of limestone cliffs overlooking the bay. One spectacular segment of cliffs is known as the Zuytdorp Cliffs. The bay is located in the transition zone between three major climatic regions and between two major botanical provinces. Peron Peninsula divides the bay and is the home of its largest settlements as well as a National Park at the northern end. Dirk Hartog Island is of historical significance due to landings upon it by early explorers. In 1616, Dirk Hartog landed at Inscription Point on the north end of the island and marked his discovery with a pewter plate, inscribed with the date and nailed to a post. This plate was then replaced by Willem de Vlamingh and returned to the Netherlands. It is now kept in the Rijksmuseum. There is a replica in the Shark Bay Discovery Centre in Denham. Bernier and Dorre islands in the north-west corner of the heritage area are among the last-remaining habitats of two varieties of Australian mammals, hare-wallabies, threatened with extinction. They are used, with numerous other smaller islands throughout the marine park, to release threatened species that are being bred at Project Eden in François Peron National Park. These islands are free of feral non-native animals which might predate upon the threatened species, and so provide a safe haven in which to restore species that are threatened on the mainland. In 1999 the Australian Wildlife Conservancy acquired the 5,816 ha pastoral lease over Faure Island, off Monkey Mia. Sea turtles nest there seasonally and are the subject of studies conducted in conjunction with the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation. Fauna Shark Bay is an area of major zoological importance. It is home to about 10,000 dugongs ('sea cows'), around 12.5% of the world's population, and there are many Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, particularly at Monkey Mia. The dolphins here have been particularly friendly since the 1960s. The area supports 26 threatened Australian mammal species, over 230 species of bird, and nearly 150 species of reptile. It is an important breeding and nursery ground for fish, crustaceans, and coelenterates. There are over 323 fish species, many of them sharks and rays. Some bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay exhibit one of the few known cases of tool use in marine mammals (along with sea otters): they protect their nose with a sponge while foraging for food in the sandy sea bottom. Humpback and southern right whales use the waters of the bay as migratory staging post while other species such as Bryde's whale come into the bay less frequently but to feed or rest. The threatened green and loggerhead sea turtles nest on the bay's sandy beaches. The largest fish in the world, the whale shark, gathers in the bay during the April and May full moons. Flora Shark Bay has the largest known area of seagrass, with seagrass meadows covering over 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi) of the bay. It includes the 1,030 km2 (400 sq mi) Wooramel Seagrass Bank, the largest seagrass bank in the world and contains a 200 km2 (77 sq mi) Posidonia australis meadow formed by a single plant, the largest in the world. Shark Bay also contains the largest number of seagrass species ever recorded in one place; twelve species have been found, with up to nine occurring together in some places. The seagrasses are a vital part of the complex environment of the bay. Over thousands of years, sediment and shell fragments have accumulated in the seagrasses to form vast expanses of seagrass beds. This has raised the sea floor, making the bay shallower. Seagrasses are the basis of the food chain in Shark Bay, providing home and shelter to various marine species and attracting the dugong population. In Shark Bay's hot, dry climate, evaporation greatly exceeds the annual precipitation rate. Thus, the seawater in the shallow bays becomes very salt-concentrated, or 'hypersaline'. Seagrasses also restrict the tidal flow of waters through the bay area, preventing the ocean tides from diluting the sea water. The water of the bay is 1.5 to 2 times more salty than the surrounding ocean waters. Stromatolites in Hamelin Pool are ancient structures that are built by microbes. Stromatolites Based on growth rate it is believed that about 1,000 years ago cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) began building up stromatolites in Hamelin Pool at the Hamelin Station Reserve in the southern part of the bay. These microbialites, a type of sedimentary structure, are modern examples of some of the earliest signs of life on Earth, with fossilized stromatolites being found dating from 3.5 billion years ago at North Pole near Marble Bar, in Western Australia, and are considered the type of fossil with the longest continuous presence in the geological record. Shark Bay's modern examples were first identified in 1956 at Hamelin Pool, before that only being known in the fossil record. They may, however, be significantly different from fossilised examples, as growth rates may be up to 250 times slower than the estimated growth rates of some Precambrian stromatolites. There is debate, however, over whether this indicates a true difference in growth rate, or if Precambrian growth estimates are instead too high. Hamelin Pool contains the most diverse and abundant examples of living stromatolite forms in the world. Other occurrences are found at Lake Clifton near Mandurah and Lake Thetis near Cervantes. It is hypothesized that some stromatolites contain a new form of chlorophyll, chlorophyll f. Shark Bay World Heritage Discovery Centre Facilities around the World Heritage area, provided by the Shire of Shark Bay and the WA Department of Environment and Conservation, include the Shark Bay World Heritage Discovery Centre in Denham which provides interactive displays and comprehensive information about the features of the region. Access Access to Shark Bay is by air via Shark Bay Airport, and by the World Heritage Drive, a 150 km link road between Denham and the Overlander Roadhouse on the North West Coastal Highway. Specific reserved areas National parks and reserves in the World Heritage Area Dolphin at Monkey Mia Bernier Island Dorre Island Charlie Island Francois Peron National Park Friday Island Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve Hamelin Pool/East Faure Island High-Low Water Mark Koks Island Monkey Mia Shark Bay Marine Park Shell Beach Shell Beach Small Islands Zuytdorp Nature Reserve Bays of the World Heritage area Hamelin Pool Henri Freycinet Harbour L'Haridon Bight Islands of the World Heritage area Bernier Island Dirk Hartog Island Faure Island Peninsulas of the World Heritage area Bellefin Prong Heirisson Prong Carrarang Peninsula Peron Peninsula IBRA sub regions of the Shark Bay Area The Shark Bay area has three bioregions within the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) system: Carnarvon, Geraldton Sandplains, and Yalgoo. The bioregions are further divided into sub–bioregions: Carnarvon bioregion (CAR) – Wooramel sub region (CAR2) – most of Peron Peninsula and coastline east of Hamelin Pool Cape Range sub region (CAR1) – (not represented in area) Geraldton Sandplains bioregion (GS) – Geraldton Hills sub region (GS1) – Zuytdorp Nature Reserve area Leseur sub region (GS2) – (not represented in area) Yalgoo bioregion (YAL) – Tallering sub region (YAL2) (not represented in area) Edel subregion (YAL1) – Bernier, Dorre and Dirk Hartog Islands See also Western Australia portalenvironment portal Search for HMAS Sydney and German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran List of islands in Shark Bay References ^ a b c d e Johns, Angela (16 April 2024). "World Heritage Places - Shark Bay, Western Australia". Canberra: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Retrieved 6 June 2024. ^ a b c d "Shark Bay, Western Australia". World Heritage Convention. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2014. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ Prendergast, Joanna; Lewis, Chris (13 May 2023). "Shark Bay locals fear influx of fishers to World Heritage site will harm fish stocks". ABC News. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ Burney, James (1803). "7. Voyage of Captain William Dampier, in the Roebuck, to New Holland". A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. Vol. 4. London: G. & W. Nicol, G. & J. Robinson & T. Payne. p. 395. Retrieved 9 October 2013. ^ a b c d Christensen, Joseph; Jones, Roy (February 2020). "World Heritage and local change: Conflict, transformation and scale at Shark Bay, Western Australia". Journal of Rural Studies. 74: 235–243. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.017. S2CID 213680094. Retrieved 29 October 2022. ^ Brown, Peter Lancaster (1995). Australia's coast of coral and pearl. Sydney: Seal Books. p. 16. ^ "Shark Bay Airport Climate Statistics". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 April 2024. ^ "Shark Bay Airport Climate Statistics". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 April 2024. ^ Agreement between the state of Western Australia and the Commonwealth of Australia on administrative arrangements for the Shark Bay World Heritage Property in Western Australia. Perth, W.A.: WA Department of Conservation and Land Management. 12 September 1997. ^ "Determination regarding including World Heritage places in the National Heritage List" (PDF). Special government gazette (PDF). Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Commonwealth of Australia. 21 May 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ a b c d e f Riley, Laura and William (2005). Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 595–596. ISBN 0-691-12219-9. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ "Banded Hare-wallaby". AWC – Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Retrieved 5 June 2022. ^ Algar, David; Angus, Gary John (2008). "Feasibility study for the eradication of feral cats from Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia". WA Museum Records and Supplements (75). doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.75.2008.071-075. Retrieved 6 June 2024. ^ Readfearn, Graham (1 June 2022). "Scientists discover 'biggest plant on Earth' off Western Australian coast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 June 2024. ^ Giusfredi, Paige E. (22 July 2014). Hamelin Pool Stromatolites: Ages and Interactions with the Depositional Environment. Miami, FL: University of Miami. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014. ^ "Stromatolites of Shark Bay: Nature fact sheets". WA Department of Environment and Conservation. Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011. ^ a b Chivas, A. R.; Torgersen, T.; Polach, H. A. (1 June 1990). "Growth rates and Holocene development of stromatolites from Shark Bay, Western Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 37 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1080/08120099008727913. ISSN 0812-0099. ^ Nichols, Gary (2010). Sedimentology and stratigraphy (2. ed., ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3592-4. ^ Avolio C. (20 August 2010). "First new chlorophyll in 60 years discovered" (Press release). Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2011. ^ "Bioregions; Figure 4: IBRA sub-regions of the Shark Bay Area (map)". Shark Bay terrestrial reserves and proposed reserve additions: draft management plan 2007. Bentley, WA: WA Department of Environment and Conservation; Conservation Commission of Western Australia. 2007. pp. 37–39. Further reading Duyker, Edward (2006). François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager. Melbourne, Victoria: Miegunyah/MUP. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-522-85260-8. (Winner, Frank Broeze Maritime History Prize, 2007).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shark Bay. Shark Bay, Western Australia UNESCO World Heritage List Australian National Heritage Register listing for Shark Bay, Western Australia Shark Bay, Western Australia (PDF) (Map). Department of the Environment and Water Resources. 22 May 2007. Shark Bay Terrestrial Reserves and Proposed Reserve Additions: Management Plan No. 75 2012. Department of Environment and Conservation. 2012. Shark Bay World Heritage Discovery Centre Shark Bay World Heritage Area Shire of Shark Bay vteWorld Heritage Sites in AustraliaNew South Wales Australian Convict Sites1 Gondwana Rainforests1 Blue Mountains Lord Howe Island Group Sydney Opera House Willandra Lakes Region Northern Territory Kakadu National Park Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park Queensland Australian fossil mammal sites1 Riversleigh Fraser Island Gondwana Rainforests1 Great Barrier Reef Wet Tropics of Queensland South Australia Australian fossil mammal sites1 Naracoorte Tasmania Australian Convict Sites1 Macquarie Island Tasmanian Wilderness Victoria Royal Exhibition Building Carlton Gardens Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Western Australia Australian Convict Sites1 Ningaloo Coast Purnululu National Park Shark Bay External territories (Norfolk Island) Australian Convict Sites1 Heard Island and McDonald Islands 1 Shared with other states/territories vteMarine protected areas of Western AustraliaMarine reserves Hamelin Pool Marine parks Barrow Island Eighty Mile Beach Jurien Bay Lalang-garram / Camden Sound Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls Marmion Montebello Islands Ngari Capes Ningaloo North Kimberley North Lalang-garram Rowley Shoals Shark Bay Shoalwater Islands Swan Estuary Swan Estuary - Alfred Cove Swan Estuary - Milyu Swan Estuary - Pelican Point Walpole And Nornalup Inlets Yawuru Nagulagun / Roebuck Bay Marine sanctuaries Shark Bay World Heritage Area Protected areas of Western Australia Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shark Bay (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shark_Bay_SPOT_1188.jpg"},{"link_name":"SPOT satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPOT_(satellite)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shark_Bay.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zuytdorp_Cliffs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zuytdorp Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuytdorp_Cliffs"},{"link_name":"Malgana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgana_language"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Gascoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascoyne"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"seagrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass"},{"link_name":"stromatolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite"},{"link_name":"dugongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whl-2"},{"link_name":"marine ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbl-3"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"}],"text":"Bay of the Indian Ocean in Western AustraliaFor other uses, see Shark Bay (disambiguation).Louis Henri de Saulces de Freycinet's Useless Harbour in Shark Bay, seen from the SPOT satelliteMap of Shark Bay areaZuytdorp CliffsShark Bay (Malgana: Gathaagudu, \"two waters\") is a World Heritage Site in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. The 23,000-square-kilometre (8,900 sq mi)[1] area is located approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north of Perth, on the westernmost point of the Australian continent. UNESCO's listing of Shark Bay as a World Heritage Site reads:\"Shark Bay's waters, islands and peninsulas....have a number of exceptional natural features, including one of the largest and most diverse seagrass beds in the world. However, it is for its stromatolites (colonies of microbial mats that form hard, dome-shaped deposits which are said to be the oldest life forms on earth), that the property is most renowned. The property is also famous for its rich marine life including a large population of dugongs, and provides a refuge for a number of other globally threatened species.\"[2]The bay features Australia's most abundant marine ecosystems.[3] It is a popular fishing spot.","title":"Shark Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"midden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whl-2"},{"link_name":"Dirk Hartog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Hartog"},{"link_name":"Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Duyfken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duyfken"},{"link_name":"Willem Janszoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Janszoon"},{"link_name":"Cape York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"William Dampier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dampier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Aleno_de_St_Alo%C3%BCarn"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Baudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Baudin"},{"link_name":"Louis de Freycinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Freycinet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wha-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wha-5"},{"link_name":"Pearling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_hunting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wha-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2011"}],"text":"The record of Australian Aboriginal occupation of Shark Bay extends to 22,000 years BP. At that time most of the area was dry land, and rising sea levels flooded Shark Bay between 8,000 BP and 6,000 BP. A considerable number of aboriginal midden sites have been found, especially on Peron Peninsula and Dirk Hartog Island which provide evidence of some of the foods gathered from the waters and nearby land areas.[2]An expedition led by Dirk Hartog happened upon the area in 1616, becoming the second group of Europeans known to have visited Australia. (The crew of the Duyfken, under Willem Janszoon, had visited Cape York in 1606). The area was given the name Shark Bay by the English explorer William Dampier, on 7 August 1699.[4] Shark Bay was also visited by Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn in 1772, Nicolas Baudin from 1801 to 1803 and Louis de Freycinet in 1818.[5] Europeans, mostly pastoralists, settled in Shark Bay during the 1860s to 1870s.[5] Pearling developed rapidly from 1870.[5]Commercial whaling was conducted in the bay in the first half of the 20th century by Norwegian-owned factory ships and their catcher vessels.[6] In the late 1930s, up to 1,000 humpback whales were taken per season.The heritage–listed area had a population of fewer than 1,000 people as at the 2011 census and a coastline of over 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The half-dozen small communities making up this population occupy less than 1% of the total area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot desert climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shark Bay Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay_Airport"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Shark Bay Heritage Area has a hot desert climate under the Köppen Climate Classification, with hot, dry summers; and very mild, relatively wet winters.[7]Climate data for Shark Bay Airport (25º53'S, 113º35'E, 34 m AMSL) (2004-2020 normals and extremes)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n47.3(117.1)\n\n49.8(121.6)\n\n47.2(117.0)\n\n39.9(103.8)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n35.6(96.1)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n42.8(109.0)\n\n44.8(112.6)\n\n46.2(115.2)\n\n49.8(121.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n29.2(84.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n16.4(61.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n6.7(0.26)\n\n24.5(0.96)\n\n16.3(0.64)\n\n10.3(0.41)\n\n23.1(0.91)\n\n42.3(1.67)\n\n28.6(1.13)\n\n19.3(0.76)\n\n8.1(0.32)\n\n4.6(0.18)\n\n2.1(0.08)\n\n7.1(0.28)\n\n193(7.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n0.7\n\n1.2\n\n0.9\n\n1.1\n\n2.8\n\n4.3\n\n4.1\n\n3.1\n\n2.0\n\n1.2\n\n0.5\n\n0.3\n\n22.2\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n43\n\n43\n\n38\n\n41\n\n40\n\n42\n\n43\n\n39\n\n40\n\n41\n\n41\n\n41\n\n41\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n11.6(53.0)\n\n\nSource: Bureau of Meteorology[8]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wha-5"},{"link_name":"gazetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_gazette"},{"link_name":"Australian National Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/eahlaa12003459/"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated in 1991,[9] the first such site in Western Australia.[5] The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007[1] under the Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003 (Cth).[10]","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shark Bay Marine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay_Marine_Park"},{"link_name":"Francois Peron National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Peron_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin_Pool_Marine_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Zuytdorp Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuytdorp_Nature_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whl-2"},{"link_name":"Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Useless Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useless_Loop"}],"sub_title":"Protected areas","text":"Declared as a World Heritage Site in 1991, the site covers an area of 23,000 km2 (8,900 sq mi), of which about 70 per cent are marine waters. It includes many protected areas and conservation reserves, including Shark Bay Marine Park, Francois Peron National Park, Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve, Zuytdorp Nature Reserve and numerous protected islands.[2] Denham and Useless Loop both fall within the boundary of the site, yet are specifically excluded from it.","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whl-2"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natstr-11"},{"link_name":"Zuytdorp Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuytdorp_Cliffs"},{"link_name":"botanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"Peron Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peron_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Peron_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Dirk Hartog Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Hartog_Island"},{"link_name":"pewter plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartog_plate"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum"},{"link_name":"Bernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernier_Island"},{"link_name":"Dorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorre_Island"},{"link_name":"hare-wallabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare-wallabies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Australian Wildlife Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Wildlife_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"Faure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faure_Island"},{"link_name":"Monkey Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Mia"},{"link_name":"Sea turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Conservation_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Landforms","text":"The bay itself covers an area of 1,300,000 hectares (3,200,000 acres), with an average depth of 9 metres (30 ft).[2] It is divided by shallow banks and has many peninsulas and islands. The coastline is over 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) long. There are about 300 kilometres (190 mi) of limestone cliffs overlooking the bay.[11] One spectacular segment of cliffs is known as the Zuytdorp Cliffs. The bay is located in the transition zone between three major climatic regions and between two major botanical provinces.Peron Peninsula divides the bay and is the home of its largest settlements as well as a National Park at the northern end.Dirk Hartog Island is of historical significance due to landings upon it by early explorers. In 1616, Dirk Hartog landed at Inscription Point on the north end of the island and marked his discovery with a pewter plate, inscribed with the date and nailed to a post. This plate was then replaced by Willem de Vlamingh and returned to the Netherlands. It is now kept in the Rijksmuseum. There is a replica in the Shark Bay Discovery Centre in Denham.Bernier and Dorre islands in the north-west corner of the heritage area are among the last-remaining habitats of two varieties of Australian mammals, hare-wallabies, threatened with extinction.[12] They are used, with numerous other smaller islands throughout the marine park, to release threatened species that are being bred at Project Eden in François Peron National Park. These islands are free of feral non-native animals which might predate upon the threatened species, and so provide a safe haven in which to restore species that are threatened on the mainland.In 1999 the Australian Wildlife Conservancy acquired the 5,816 ha pastoral lease over Faure Island, off Monkey Mia. Sea turtles nest there seasonally and are the subject of studies conducted in conjunction with the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation.[13]","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dugongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugong"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natstr-11"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natstr-11"},{"link_name":"threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened"},{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"coelenterates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelenterate"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea"},{"link_name":"tool use in marine mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-human_animals"},{"link_name":"sea otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otter"},{"link_name":"sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"Humpback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"southern right whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_right_whale"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natstr-11"},{"link_name":"Bryde's whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale"},{"link_name":"green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"loggerhead sea turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"whale shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natstr-11"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"Shark Bay is an area of major zoological importance. It is home to about 10,000 dugongs ('sea cows'), around 12.5% of the world's population,[11] and there are many Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, particularly at Monkey Mia. The dolphins here have been particularly friendly since the 1960s.[11] The area supports 26 threatened Australian mammal species, over 230 species of bird, and nearly 150 species of reptile. It is an important breeding and nursery ground for fish, crustaceans, and coelenterates. There are over 323 fish species, many of them sharks and rays.Some bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay exhibit one of the few known cases of tool use in marine mammals (along with sea otters): they protect their nose with a sponge while foraging for food in the sandy sea bottom. Humpback and southern right whales use the waters of the bay as migratory staging post[11] while other species such as Bryde's whale come into the bay less frequently but to feed or rest. The threatened green and loggerhead sea turtles nest on the bay's sandy beaches. The largest fish in the world, the whale shark, gathers in the bay during the April and May full moons.[11]","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seagrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass"},{"link_name":"seagrass meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass_meadow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Wooramel Seagrass Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooramel_Seagrass_Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"meadow formed by a single plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonia_australis#Largest_known_plant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stromatolites_in_Shark_Bay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stromatolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite"},{"link_name":"Hamelin Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin_Pool_Marine_Nature_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"Shark Bay has the largest known area of seagrass, with seagrass meadows covering over 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi) of the bay.[1] It includes the 1,030 km2 (400 sq mi) Wooramel Seagrass Bank, the largest seagrass bank in the world[1] and contains a 200 km2 (77 sq mi) Posidonia australis meadow formed by a single plant, the largest in the world.[14]Shark Bay also contains the largest number of seagrass species ever recorded in one place; twelve species have been found, with up to nine occurring together in some places. The seagrasses are a vital part of the complex environment of the bay. Over thousands of years, sediment and shell fragments have accumulated in the seagrasses to form vast expanses of seagrass beds. This has raised the sea floor, making the bay shallower. Seagrasses are the basis of the food chain in Shark Bay, providing home and shelter to various marine species and attracting the dugong population.In Shark Bay's hot, dry climate, evaporation greatly exceeds the annual precipitation rate. Thus, the seawater in the shallow bays becomes very salt-concentrated, or 'hypersaline'. Seagrasses also restrict the tidal flow of waters through the bay area, preventing the ocean tides from diluting the sea water. The water of the bay is 1.5 to 2 times more salty than the surrounding ocean waters.Stromatolites in Hamelin Pool are ancient structures that are built by microbes.","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"stromatolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite"},{"link_name":"Hamelin Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin_Pool,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hamelin Station Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin_Station_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chivas-17"},{"link_name":"microbialites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbialite"},{"link_name":"sedimentary structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_structures"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"North Pole near Marble Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Bar,_Western_Australia#North_Pole"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natstr-11"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chivas-17"},{"link_name":"Lake Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Clifton,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mandurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah"},{"link_name":"Lake Thetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Thetis"},{"link_name":"Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervantes,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_f"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Stromatolites","text":"Based on growth rate it is believed that about 1,000 years ago cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) began building up stromatolites in Hamelin Pool at the Hamelin Station Reserve in the southern part of the bay.[15][16][17] These microbialites, a type of sedimentary structure, are modern examples of some of the earliest signs of life on Earth,[18] with fossilized stromatolites being found dating from 3.5 billion years ago at North Pole near Marble Bar, in Western Australia, and are considered the type of fossil with the longest continuous presence in the geological record.[11] Shark Bay's modern examples were first identified in 1956 at Hamelin Pool, before that only being known in the fossil record. They may, however, be significantly different from fossilised examples, as growth rates may be up to 250 times slower than the estimated growth rates of some Precambrian stromatolites. There is debate, however, over whether this indicates a true difference in growth rate, or if Precambrian growth estimates are instead too high.[17] Hamelin Pool contains the most diverse and abundant examples of living stromatolite forms in the world. Other occurrences are found at Lake Clifton near Mandurah and Lake Thetis near Cervantes.[1] It is hypothesized that some stromatolites contain a new form of chlorophyll, chlorophyll f.[19]","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shire of Shark Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Shark_Bay"},{"link_name":"WA Department of Environment and Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Conservation_(Western_Australia)"}],"sub_title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Discovery Centre","text":"Facilities around the World Heritage area, provided by the Shire of Shark Bay and the WA Department of Environment and Conservation, include the Shark Bay World Heritage Discovery Centre in Denham which provides interactive displays and comprehensive information about the features of the region.","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shark Bay Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay_Airport"},{"link_name":"Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Overlander Roadhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlander_Roadhouse"},{"link_name":"North West Coastal Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Coastal_Highway"}],"sub_title":"Access","text":"Access to Shark Bay is by air via Shark Bay Airport, and by the World Heritage Drive, a 150 km link road between Denham and the Overlander Roadhouse on the North West Coastal Highway.","title":"Shark Bay World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specific reserved areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A143,_Shark_Bay_Marine_Park,_Western_Australia,_dolphin,_2007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Monkey Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Mia"},{"link_name":"Bernier Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernier_Island"},{"link_name":"Dorre Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorre_Island"},{"link_name":"Charlie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francois Peron National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Peron_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin_Pool_Marine_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Hamelin Pool/East Faure Island High-Low Water Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamelin_Pool/East_Faure_Island_High-Low_Water_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koks Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koks_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monkey Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Mia"},{"link_name":"Shark Bay Marine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay_Marine_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A226,_Shark_Bay_Marine_Park,_Western_Australia,_Shell_Beach,_2007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Shell Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Beach_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Shell Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Beach_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Small Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zuytdorp Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuytdorp_Cliffs"}],"sub_title":"National parks and reserves in the World Heritage Area","text":"Dolphin at Monkey MiaBernier Island\nDorre Island\nCharlie Island\nFrancois Peron National Park\nFriday Island\nHamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve\nHamelin Pool/East Faure Island High-Low Water Mark\nKoks Island\nMonkey Mia\nShark Bay Marine ParkShell BeachShell Beach\nSmall Islands\nZuytdorp Nature Reserve","title":"Specific reserved areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamelin Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin_Pool"},{"link_name":"Henri Freycinet Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Freycinet_Harbour"},{"link_name":"L'Haridon Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Haridon_Bight"}],"sub_title":"Bays of the World Heritage area","text":"Hamelin Pool\nHenri Freycinet Harbour\nL'Haridon Bight","title":"Specific reserved areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernier Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernier_Island"},{"link_name":"Dirk Hartog Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Hartog_Island"},{"link_name":"Faure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faure_Island"}],"sub_title":"Islands of the World Heritage area","text":"Bernier Island\nDirk Hartog Island\nFaure Island","title":"Specific reserved areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellefin Prong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellefin_Prong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heirisson Prong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heirisson_Prong"},{"link_name":"Carrarang Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrarang_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peron Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peron_Peninsula"}],"sub_title":"Peninsulas of the World Heritage area","text":"Bellefin Prong\nHeirisson Prong\nCarrarang Peninsula\nPeron Peninsula","title":"Specific reserved areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bioregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregion"},{"link_name":"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Carnarvon bioregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnarvon_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Geraldton Sandplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldton_Sandplains"},{"link_name":"Yalgoo bioregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalgoo_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Edel subregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edel_subregion&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"IBRA sub regions of the Shark Bay Area","text":"The Shark Bay area has three bioregions within the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) system: Carnarvon, Geraldton Sandplains, and Yalgoo. The bioregions are further divided into sub–bioregions:[20]Carnarvon bioregion (CAR) –\nWooramel sub region (CAR2) – most of Peron Peninsula and coastline east of Hamelin Pool\nCape Range sub region (CAR1) – (not represented in area)\nGeraldton Sandplains bioregion (GS) –\nGeraldton Hills sub region (GS1) – Zuytdorp Nature Reserve area\nLeseur sub region (GS2) – (not represented in area)\nYalgoo bioregion (YAL) –\nTallering sub region (YAL2) (not represented in area)\nEdel subregion (YAL1) – Bernier, Dorre and Dirk Hartog Islands","title":"Specific reserved areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duyker, Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Duyker"},{"link_name":"MUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-522-85260-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85260-8"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"}],"text":"Duyker, Edward (2006). François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager. Melbourne, Victoria: Miegunyah/MUP. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-522-85260-8. (Winner, Frank Broeze Maritime History Prize, 2007).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Louis Henri de Saulces de Freycinet's Useless Harbour in Shark Bay, seen from the SPOT satellite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shark_Bay_SPOT_1188.jpg/220px-Shark_Bay_SPOT_1188.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Shark Bay area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shark_Bay.svg/220px-Shark_Bay.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Zuytdorp Cliffs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Zuytdorp_Cliffs.jpg/220px-Zuytdorp_Cliffs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stromatolites in Hamelin Pool are ancient structures that are built by microbes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stromatolites_in_Shark_Bay.jpg/220px-Stromatolites_in_Shark_Bay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dolphin at Monkey Mia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A143%2C_Shark_Bay_Marine_Park%2C_Western_Australia%2C_dolphin%2C_2007.JPG/220px-A143%2C_Shark_Bay_Marine_Park%2C_Western_Australia%2C_dolphin%2C_2007.JPG"},{"image_text":"Shell Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/A226%2C_Shark_Bay_Marine_Park%2C_Western_Australia%2C_Shell_Beach%2C_2007.JPG/220px-A226%2C_Shark_Bay_Marine_Park%2C_Western_Australia%2C_Shell_Beach%2C_2007.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Western Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Search for HMAS Sydney and German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_HMAS_Sydney_and_German_auxiliary_cruiser_Kormoran"},{"title":"List of islands in Shark Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_in_Shark_Bay"}]	[{"reference":"Johns, Angela (16 April 2024). \"World Heritage Places - Shark Bay, Western Australia\". Canberra: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Retrieved 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcceew.gov.au/parks-heritage/heritage/places/world/shark-bay","url_text":"\"World Heritage Places - Shark Bay, Western Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shark Bay, Western Australia\". World Heritage Convention. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2014. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/578","url_text":"\"Shark Bay, Western Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140803191019/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/578/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Prendergast, Joanna; Lewis, Chris (13 May 2023). \"Shark Bay locals fear influx of fishers to World Heritage site will harm fish stocks\". ABC News. Retrieved 8 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-13/fears-for-fish-in-shark-bay-world-heritage-marine-site/102271510","url_text":"\"Shark Bay locals fear influx of fishers to World Heritage site will harm fish stocks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Burney, James (1803). \"7. Voyage of Captain William Dampier, in the Roebuck, to New Holland\". A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. Vol. 4. London: G. & W. Nicol, G. & J. Robinson & T. Payne. p. 395. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burney","url_text":"Burney, James"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DhAAAAAYAAJ&q=James+Burney&pg=PR12","url_text":"\"7. Voyage of Captain William Dampier, in the Roebuck, to New Holland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nicol_(bookseller)","url_text":"G. & W. Nicol"}]},{"reference":"Christensen, Joseph; Jones, Roy (February 2020). \"World Heritage and local change: Conflict, transformation and scale at Shark Bay, Western Australia\". Journal of Rural Studies. 74: 235–243. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.017. S2CID 213680094. Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S074301671830384X","url_text":"\"World Heritage and local change: Conflict, transformation and scale at Shark Bay, Western Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2019.11.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213680094","url_text":"213680094"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Peter Lancaster (1995). Australia's coast of coral and pearl. Sydney: Seal Books. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Shark Bay Airport Climate Statistics\". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_006105_All.shtml","url_text":"\"Shark Bay Airport Climate Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"\"Shark Bay Airport Climate Statistics\". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_006105_All.shtml","url_text":"\"Shark Bay Airport Climate Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"Agreement between the state of Western Australia and the Commonwealth of Australia on administrative arrangements for the Shark Bay World Heritage Property in Western Australia. Perth, W.A.: WA Department of Conservation and Land Management. 12 September 1997.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Determination regarding including World Heritage places in the National Heritage List\" (PDF). Special government gazette (PDF). Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Commonwealth of Australia. 21 May 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/758ea283-6b9d-41bc-a29a-1276e1c7fced/files/10568601.pdf","url_text":"\"Determination regarding including World Heritage places in the National Heritage List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_gazette","url_text":"Special government gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_(Australia)","url_text":"Department of the Environment and Water Resources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia","url_text":"Commonwealth of Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135629/http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/758ea283-6b9d-41bc-a29a-1276e1c7fced/files/10568601.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Riley, Laura and William (2005). Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 595–596. ISBN 0-691-12219-9. Retrieved 12 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icMuBQhW4vgC","url_text":"Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12219-9","url_text":"0-691-12219-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Banded Hare-wallaby\". AWC – Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Retrieved 5 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.australianwildlife.org/wildlife/banded-hare-wallaby/","url_text":"\"Banded Hare-wallaby\""}]},{"reference":"Algar, David; Angus, Gary John (2008). \"Feasibility study for the eradication of feral cats from Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia\". WA Museum Records and Supplements (75). doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.75.2008.071-075. Retrieved 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://museum.wa.gov.au/research/records-supplements/records/feasibility-study-eradication-feral-cats-faure-island-shark-bay","url_text":"\"Feasibility study for the eradication of feral cats from Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18195%2Fissn.0313-122x.75.2008.071-075","url_text":"10.18195/issn.0313-122x.75.2008.071-075"}]},{"reference":"Readfearn, Graham (1 June 2022). \"Scientists discover 'biggest plant on Earth' off Western Australian coast\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/01/what-the-hell-australian-scientists-discover-biggest-plant-on-earth-off-wa-coast","url_text":"\"Scientists discover 'biggest plant on Earth' off Western Australian coast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Giusfredi, Paige E. (22 July 2014). Hamelin Pool Stromatolites: Ages and Interactions with the Depositional Environment. Miami, FL: University of Miami. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/501/","url_text":"Hamelin Pool Stromatolites: Ages and Interactions with the Depositional Environment"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141105113203/http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/501/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stromatolites of Shark Bay: Nature fact sheets\". WA Department of Environment and Conservation. Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sharkbay.org/Stromatolitesfactsheet.aspx","url_text":"\"Stromatolites of Shark Bay: Nature fact sheets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia","url_text":"Government of Western Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111109022625/http://www.sharkbay.org/Stromatolitesfactsheet.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chivas, A. R.; Torgersen, T.; Polach, H. A. (1 June 1990). \"Growth rates and Holocene development of stromatolites from Shark Bay, Western Australia\". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 37 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1080/08120099008727913. ISSN 0812-0099.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08120099008727913","url_text":"\"Growth rates and Holocene development of stromatolites from Shark Bay, Western Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08120099008727913","url_text":"10.1080/08120099008727913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0812-0099","url_text":"0812-0099"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Gary (2010). Sedimentology and stratigraphy (2. ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3592-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3592-4","url_text":"978-1-4051-3592-4"}]},{"reference":"Avolio C. (20 August 2010). \"First new chlorophyll in 60 years discovered\" (Press release). Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://sydney.edu.au/news/science/397.html?newsstoryid=5479","url_text":"\"First new chlorophyll in 60 years discovered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Sydney","url_text":"The University of Sydney"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012090602/http://sydney.edu.au/news/science/397.html?newsstoryid=5479","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bioregions; Figure 4: IBRA sub-regions of the Shark Bay Area (map)\". Shark Bay terrestrial reserves and proposed reserve additions: draft management plan 2007. Bentley, WA: WA Department of Environment and Conservation; Conservation Commission of Western Australia. 2007. pp. 37–39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Duyker, Edward (2006). François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager. Melbourne, Victoria: Miegunyah/MUP. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-522-85260-8. (Winner, Frank Broeze Maritime History Prize, 2007).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Duyker","url_text":"Duyker, Edward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Press","url_text":"MUP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85260-8","url_text":"978-0-522-85260-8"}]},{"reference":"Shark Bay, Western Australia (PDF) (Map). Department of the Environment and Water Resources. 22 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/758ea283-6b9d-41bc-a29a-1276e1c7fced/files/105686.pdf","url_text":"Shark Bay, Western Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_(Australia)","url_text":"Department of the Environment and Water Resources"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shark_Bay&params=25_30_S_113_30_E_type:waterbody_scale:1500000_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"25°30′S 113°30′E / 25.500°S 113.500°E / -25.500; 113.500"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/578","external_links_name":"578"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shark_Bay&params=25_30_S_113_30_E_type:waterbody_scale:1500000_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"25°30′S 113°30′E / 25.500°S 113.500°E / -25.500; 113.500"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/eahlaa12003459/","external_links_name":"Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003"},{"Link":"https://www.dcceew.gov.au/parks-heritage/heritage/places/world/shark-bay","external_links_name":"\"World Heritage Places - Shark Bay, Western Australia\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/578","external_links_name":"\"Shark Bay, Western Australia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140803191019/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/578/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-13/fears-for-fish-in-shark-bay-world-heritage-marine-site/102271510","external_links_name":"\"Shark Bay locals fear influx of fishers to World Heritage site will harm fish stocks\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1DhAAAAAYAAJ&q=James+Burney&pg=PR12","external_links_name":"\"7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldemar_Prince_of_Lippe	Woldemar, Prince of Lippe	["1 Early life and reign","2 Death and regency dispute","3 Ancestry","4 References","5 External links"]	Prince of Lippe from 1875 to 1895 WoldemarPrince of LippeReign8 December 1875 – 20 March 1895PredecessorLeopold IIISuccessorAlexanderBorn(1824-04-18)18 April 1824DetmoldDied20 March 1895(1895-03-20) (aged 70)DetmoldSpouse Princess Sophie of Baden (m. 1858)HouseLippeFatherLeopold IIMotherPrincess Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Woldemar of Lippe (Günther Friedrich Woldemar; 18 April 1824 – 20 March 1895) was the sovereign of the Principality of Lippe, reigning from 1875 until his death. Early life and reign Prince Woldemar of Lippe was born in Detmold the third child of Leopold II, Lippe's reigning prince, and his consort, Princess Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1800–1867). Woldemar was married to Princess Sophie of Baden (1834–1904), a daughter of Prince William of Baden, on 9 November 1858 in Karlsruhe. Following the death of his brother Leopold III on 8 December 1875, Woldemar succeeded him as Prince of Lippe. In 1892 along with the other German sovereigns Woldemar attended a gathering in Berlin with the German Emperor William II. After the Emperor described the other sovereigns as his vassals, Prince Waldemar took exception and interrupted the speech to say, "No, Sire, not your vassals. Your allies, if you like". This was seen as the coup de grâce to the Emperor's ambition to become "Emperor of Germany" instead of just "German Emperor". Death and regency dispute Following his death in Detmold, Woldemar was succeeded as Prince of Lippe by his brother Alexander. His brother, however, was suffering from a mental illness and, as he had been placed under legal restrictions in 1870, and 1893 it was necessary for a regency to be established in Lippe. Prince Woldemar foreseeing this had made a provision in his will that the regency should go to Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, the brother-in-law of the German Emperor. Prince Woldemar's decision to appoint Prince Adolf was the beginning of a decade long dispute between two lines of the House of Lippe, the Lippe-Biesterfeld's led by Count Ernst who claimed the regency, and the princes of Schaumburg-Lippe. There were various compromises and the matter was finally resolved in 1905. Ancestry Ancestors of Woldemar, Prince of Lippe 16. Simon Henry Adolph, Count of Lippe-Detmold 8. Simon August, Count of Lippe-Detmold 17. Princess Johannette Wilhelmine of Nassau-Idstein 4. Leopold I, Prince of Lippe 18. Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 9. Princess Maria Leopoldine of Anhalt-Dessau 19. Princess Gisela Agnes of Anhalt-Köthen 2. Leopold II, Prince of Lippe 20. Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg 10. Frederick Albert, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg 21. Margravine Albertine of Brandenburg-Schwedt 5. Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg 22. Friedrich Carl, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön 11. Princess Louise Albertine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön 23. Countess Christiane Irmgard of Reventlow 1. Woldemar, Prince of Lippe 24. Prince August of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 12. Christian Günther III, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 25. Princess Charlotte Sophie of Anhalt-Bernburg 6. Günther Friedrich Karl I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 26. Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (= 20) 13. Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Bernburg 27. Margravine Albertine of Brandenburg-Schwedt (= 21) 3. Princess Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 28. Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 14. Frederick Charles, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 29. Countess Sophie Henriette Reuss of Untergreiz 7. Princess Karoline of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 30. John Frederick, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 15. Princess Friederike of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 31. Princess Bernardina Christina Sophia of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach References ^ a b Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. (1979). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome II. France: Laballery. p. 337. ISBN 2-901138-02-0. ^ a b "Death of Prince of Lippe". The New York Times. 21 March 1895. p. 5. ^ "The Indiscretions of the Many Sided Kaiser". The New York Times. 12 April 1908. p. SM9. ^ Beéche, Arturo E. (October 2006). "A Headless House? The Dynastic Dispute of the House of Lippe". European Royal History Journal (LIII): 13. External links "Lippe" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 740–741. A summary of events can be found at Wikinfo Woldemar, Prince of Lippe House of LippeBorn: 18 April 1824 Died: 20 March 1895 Regnal titles Preceded byLeopold III Prince of Lippe 1875–1895 Succeeded byAlexander Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article related to German royalty (1871–1919) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principality of Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe"}],"text":"Woldemar of Lippe (Günther Friedrich Woldemar; 18 April 1824 – 20 March 1895) was the sovereign of the Principality of Lippe, reigning from 1875 until his death.","title":"Woldemar, Prince of Lippe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detmold"},{"link_name":"Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Prince_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"Schwarzburg-Sondershausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"Princess Sophie of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Prince William of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huberty-1"},{"link_name":"Leopold III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III,_Prince_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1895-03-21-2"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"German Emperor William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"coup de grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Prince Woldemar of Lippe was born in Detmold the third child of Leopold II, Lippe's reigning prince, and his consort, Princess Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1800–1867).[1] Woldemar was married to Princess Sophie of Baden (1834–1904), a daughter of Prince William of Baden, on 9 November 1858 in Karlsruhe.[1]Following the death of his brother Leopold III on 8 December 1875, Woldemar succeeded him as Prince of Lippe.[2] In 1892 along with the other German sovereigns Woldemar attended a gathering in Berlin with the German Emperor William II. After the Emperor described the other sovereigns as his vassals, Prince Waldemar took exception and interrupted the speech to say, \"No, Sire, not your vassals. Your allies, if you like\". This was seen as the coup de grâce to the Emperor's ambition to become \"Emperor of Germany\" instead of just \"German Emperor\".[3]","title":"Early life and reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detmold"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander,_Prince_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Adolf_of_Schaumburg-Lippe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1895-03-21-2"},{"link_name":"House of Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"Lippe-Biesterfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippe-Biesterfeld"},{"link_name":"Count Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Ernst_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg-Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg-Lippe"}],"text":"Following his death in Detmold, Woldemar was succeeded as Prince of Lippe by his brother Alexander. His brother, however, was suffering from a mental illness and, as he had been placed under legal restrictions in 1870, and 1893 it was necessary for a regency to be established in Lippe.[4] Prince Woldemar foreseeing this had made a provision in his will that the regency should go to Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, the brother-in-law of the German Emperor.[2]Prince Woldemar's decision to appoint Prince Adolf was the beginning of a decade long dispute between two lines of the House of Lippe, the Lippe-Biesterfeld's led by Count Ernst who claimed the regency, and the princes of Schaumburg-Lippe. There were various compromises and the matter was finally resolved in 1905.","title":"Death and regency dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Henry Adolph, Count of Lippe-Detmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Henry_Adolph,_Count_of_Lippe-Detmold"},{"link_name":"Simon August, Count of Lippe-Detmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_August,_Count_of_Lippe-Detmold"},{"link_name":"Leopold I, Prince of Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Prince_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Leopoldine of Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Leopoldine_of_Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Princess Gisela Agnes of Anhalt-Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Agnes_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"Leopold II, Prince of Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Prince_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frederick,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick Albert, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Albert,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Pauline_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Carl, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Carl,_Duke_of_Holstein-Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Louise Albertine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Albertine_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Christian Günther III, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_G%C3%BCnther_III,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen"},{"link_name":"Günther Friedrich Karl I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Friedrich_Karl_I,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen"},{"link_name":"Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frederick,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_G%C3%BCnther_II,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt"},{"link_name":"Frederick Charles, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Charles,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt"},{"link_name":"John Frederick, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt"},{"link_name":"Princess Bernardina Christina Sophia of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Bernardina_Christina_Sophia_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"}],"text":"Ancestors of Woldemar, Prince of Lippe 16. Simon Henry Adolph, Count of Lippe-Detmold 8. Simon August, Count of Lippe-Detmold 17. Princess Johannette Wilhelmine of Nassau-Idstein 4. Leopold I, Prince of Lippe 18. Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 9. Princess Maria Leopoldine of Anhalt-Dessau 19. Princess Gisela Agnes of Anhalt-Köthen 2. Leopold II, Prince of Lippe 20. Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg 10. Frederick Albert, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg 21. Margravine Albertine of Brandenburg-Schwedt 5. Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg 22. Friedrich Carl, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön 11. Princess Louise Albertine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön 23. Countess Christiane Irmgard of Reventlow 1. Woldemar, Prince of Lippe 24. Prince August of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 12. Christian Günther III, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 25. Princess Charlotte Sophie of Anhalt-Bernburg 6. Günther Friedrich Karl I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 26. Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (= 20) 13. Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Bernburg 27. Margravine Albertine of Brandenburg-Schwedt (= 21) 3. Princess Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 28. Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 14. Frederick Charles, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 29. Countess Sophie Henriette Reuss of Untergreiz 7. Princess Karoline of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 30. John Frederick, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 15. Princess Friederike of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 31. Princess Bernardina Christina Sophia of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","title":"Ancestry"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. (1979). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome II. France: Laballery. p. 337. ISBN 2-901138-02-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-901138-02-0","url_text":"2-901138-02-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Prince of Lippe\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_the_Beloved_Country	Cry, the Beloved Country	["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Main themes","4 Background","5 Allusions/references to other works","6 Film, television and theatrical adaptations","6.1 Musical adaptation","7 References"]	1948 novel by Alan Paton This article is about the novel. For other uses, see Cry, the Beloved Country (disambiguation). Cry, the Beloved Country First US editionAuthorAlan PatonLanguageEnglishGenrenovelSet inJohannesburg and Natal, 1940sPublisherScribners (USA) & Jonathan Cape (UK)Publication date1 February 1948Publication placeSouth AfricaMedia typePrint (hard~ & paperback)Pages256 (hardback ed., UK) 273 (hardback ed., US)ISBN0-224-60578-X (hardback edition, UK)OCLC13487773Dewey Decimal823.914LC ClassPR9369.3 .P37 Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1948 novel by South African writer Alan Paton. Set in the prelude to apartheid in South Africa, it follows a black village priest and a white farmer who must deal with news of a murder. American publisher Bennett Cerf remarked at that year's meeting of the American Booksellers Association that there had been "only three novels published since the first of the year that were worth reading… Cry, The Beloved Country, The Ides of March, and The Naked and the Dead." It remains one of the best-known works of South African literature. Two cinema adaptations of the book have been made, the first in 1951 and the second in 1995. The novel was also adapted as a musical called Lost in the Stars (1949), with a book by the American writer Maxwell Anderson and music composed by the German emigre Kurt Weill. Plot The story begins in the village of Ixopo Ndotsheni, where the Christian priest Stephen Kumalo, a Zulu, receives a letter from the priest Theophilus Msimangu in Johannesburg. Msimangu urges Kumalo to come to the city to help his sister Gertrude, because she is ill. Kumalo goes to Johannesburg to help her and also to find his son Absalom, who had gone to the city to look for Gertrude but never came home. It is a long journey to Johannesburg, and Kumalo sees the wonders of the modern world for the first time. When he gets to the city, Kumalo learns that Gertrude has taken up a life of prostitution and beer brewing, and is now drinking heavily. She agrees to return to the village with her young son. Assured by these developments, Kumalo embarks on the search for Absalom, first seeing his brother John, a carpenter who has become involved in the politics of South Africa. Kumalo and Msimangu follow Absalom's trail, only to learn that Absalom has been in a reformatory and will have a child with a young woman. Shortly thereafter, Kumalo learns that his son has been arrested for murder. The victim is Arthur Jarvis, a white man who was killed during a burglary. Jarvis was an engineer and an activist for racial justice, and he happens to be the son of Kumalo's neighbour James Jarvis. Jarvis learns of his son's death and comes with his family to Johannesburg. Jarvis and his son had been distant, and now the father begins to know his son through his writings. Through reading his son's essays, Jarvis decides to take up his son's work on behalf of South Africa's black population. Absalom reveals at his trial that he was pressured into committing the burglary by and with his three "friends", who later denied their involvement and threw Absalom under the bus. Absalom is sentenced to death for the murder of Arthur Jarvis. Before his father returns to Ndotsheni, Absalom marries the girl who is carrying his child. She joins Kumalo's family. Kumalo returns to his village with his daughter-in-law and nephew, having found that Gertrude ran away on the night before their departure. Back in Ixopo, Kumalo makes a futile visit to the tribe's chief in order to discuss changes that must be made to help the barren village. Help arrives, however, when James Jarvis becomes involved in the work. He arranges to have a dam built and hires a native agricultural demonstrator to implement new farming methods. The novel ends at dawn on the morning of Absalom's execution. The fathers of the two children are devastated that both of their sons have wound up dead. Characters Stephen Kumalo: A 60-year-old Christian Zulu priest, the father of Absalom, who attempts to find his family in Johannesburg, and later to reconstruct the disintegrating state of his village. Book three focuses heavily on his relationship with James Jarvis. Theophilus Msimangu: A priest from Johannesburg who helps Kumalo find his son Absalom and his sister Gertrude. John Kumalo: Stephen's brother, who denies the tribal validity and becomes a spokesman for the new racial movement in the city; a former carpenter. Absalom Kumalo: Stephen's son who left home to look for Stephen's sister Gertrude, and who murders Arthur Jarvis. His name is an allusion to Absalom, wayward son of the Biblical King David. Gertrude Kumalo: The young sister of Stephen who becomes a prostitute in Johannesburg and leads a dissolute life. James Jarvis: A wealthy landowner whose son, Arthur, is murdered. He comes to the realization of the guilt of white residents in such crimes and forgives the Kumalos. Arthur Jarvis: Murdered by Absalom Kumalo, he is the son of James Jarvis. He had many liberal racial views that are highly significant and influential. Dubula: A big man who was the "heart" of anything and everything Arthur Jarvis did, including wanting peace between the races. Mr. Carmichael: Absalom's lawyer; he takes his case pro deo (for God) in this case meaning for free. Father Vincent: A priest from England who helps Stephen in his troubles. Mrs. Lithebe: A native housewife in whose house Stephen stays while in Johannesburg. The Harrisons: A father and son who represent two opposing views concerning the racial problem. The father, who is Arthur's father-in-law, represents the traditional view, while the son represents the more liberal view. The Girl: A teenage girl, approximately 16 years old, impregnated by Absalom, whom she later marries. She tells Kumalo that Absalom will be her third husband and that her father had abandoned her family when she was quite young. Given her young age it is unclear if any of these marriages were wholly consensual. Main themes Cry, the Beloved Country is a social protest against the structures of the society that would later give rise to apartheid. Paton attempts to create an unbiased and objective view of the dichotomies it entails: he depicts whites as affected by "native crime" while blacks suffer from social instability and moral issues due to the breakdown of the tribal system. It shows many of the problems with South Africa such as the degrading of the land reserved for the natives, which is sometimes considered to be the main theme, the disintegration of the tribal community, native crime, and the flight to urban areas. Another prevalent theme in Cry, the Beloved Country is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12: Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply. Let him not laugh too gladly when the water runs through his fingers, nor stand too silent when the setting sun makes red the veld with fire. Let him not be too moved when the birds of his land are singing, nor give too much of his heart to a mountain or a valley. For fear will rob him of all if he gives too much. Paton makes frequent use of literary and linguistic devices such as microcosms, intercalary chapters and dashes instead of quotation marks for dialogue to indicate the start of speech. Background Cry, the Beloved Country was written before passage of a new law institutionalizing the apartheid political system in South Africa. The novel was published in 1948; apartheid became law later that same year. The book enjoyed critical success around the world. It sold over 15 million copies before Paton's death. The book is studied currently by many schools internationally. The style of writing echoes the rhythms and tone of the King James Bible. Paton was a devout Christian. Paton combined actual locales, such as Ixopo and Johannesburg, with fictional towns. The suburb in which Jarvis lived in Johannesburg, Parkwold, is fictional but its ambiance is typical of the Johannesburg suburbs of Parktown and of Saxonwold. In the author's preface, Paton took pains to note that, apart from passing references to Jan Smuts and Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, all his characters were fictional. Allusions/references to other works The novel is filled with Biblical references and allusions. The most evident are the names Paton gives to the characters. Absalom, the son of Stephen Kumalo, is named for the son of King David, who rose against his father in rebellion. Also, in the New Testament Book of Acts, Stephen was a martyr who underwent death by stoning rather than stop declaring the things he believed. The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts are written to Theophilus, which is Greek for "friend of God". In the novel, Absalom requests that his son be named "Peter", the name of one of Jesus's disciples. Among Peter's better-known traits is a certain impulsiveness; also, after Christ's arrest, he denied knowing Jesus three times, and later wept in grief over this. After the resurrection, Peter renewed his commitment to Christ and to spreading the Gospel. All that suggests Absalom's final repentance and his commitment to the faith of his father. In another allusion, Arthur Jarvis is described as having a large collection of books on Abraham Lincoln, and the writings of Lincoln are featured several times in the novel. Paton describes Arthur's son as having characteristics similar to his when he was a child, which may allude to the resurrection of Christ. Film, television and theatrical adaptations In 1951, the novel was adapted into a motion picture of the same name, directed by Zoltan Korda. Paton wrote the screenplay with John Howard Lawson, who was left out of the original credits because he was blacklisted in Hollywood for refusing to give information to the House Un-American Activities Committee. Kumalo was played by Canada Lee, Jarvis by Charles Carson, and Msimangu by Sidney Poitier. In 1983, a historic stage adaptation was performed by the Capital Players theatre group at the Moth Hall in Gaborone, Botswana. The country was at that time one of the leading "frontline states" to apartheid South Africa and a centre for artistic activity that often stood in quiet opposition to the racist regime just across the border. The premiere was attended by Paton himself, who had travelled from Natal, as well as Botswana's then-President Quett Masire (with political acumen, the director had arranged for the first performance to take place on the President's birthday). School students from across the country were bussed to the capital to see the production. Another film version was released in 1995, directed by Darrell Roodt. James Earl Jones played the Reverend Kumalo and Richard Harris filled the role of Jarvis. A stage version by the South African playwright Roy Sargeant was developed in early 2003; it was first staged at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape on 27 June 2003 and at the Artscape Theatre in Cape Town on 8 July 2003. The director was Heinrich Reisenhofer. The script, together with notes and activities for school use, was published in 2006 by Oxford University Press Southern Africa. The play was produced by Independent Theatre in Adelaide, Australia, in 2006 and again in 2008. Musical adaptation In 1949, the composer Kurt Weill, in collaboration with the American writer Maxwell Anderson (book and lyrics), composed a musical based on the book called Lost in the Stars. The original Broadway production opened on 30 October 1949 at the Music Box Theatre and starred Todd Duncan and Inez Matthews. It ran for 273 performances before closing on 1 July 1950. It was made into a movie, starring Brock Peters and Melba Moore, released in 1974. Lost in the Stars is the last work Weill completed before his death in 1950. Although he was influenced by spirituals, jazz and blues, Weill's distinctive and original style shines throughout the score. Israeli contratenor David D'Or performed in a stage version at the Israeli National Theater ("Habima Theater") in 2004. Maariv in its review wrote: "D'or's outstanding voice is meant for great parts. His voice and presence embraces the audience, who showed their appreciation by a lengthy standing ovation." In August 2012, the Glimmerglass Opera of New York produced the work, in conjunction with Cape Town Opera, directed by Tazewell Thompson. References ^ Chiwengo, Ngwarsungu (2007). Understanding Cry, the Beloved Country. Westport, CT: The Greenwood Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780313335082. ^ "Reader's Digest: Gossip, news: J. F. Albright reports on A.B.A. meeting", The Dallas Morning News, 30 May 1948, p. 6. ^ Mossman, Robert (1998), "South African Literature: A Global Lesson in One Country", The English Journal. ^ Travis, Molly Abel (Summer 2010),"Beyond Empathy: Narrative Distancing and Ethics in Toni Morrison's Beloved and J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace", Journal of Narrative Theory, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 231–250. ^ Bartel, R. (ed.) Biblical Images in Literature. (1975:65–66). United States: Abingdon Press. ^ Cited by former President Masire in a foreword to "More Sherlock Holmes than James Herriot", a memoir by the director of the Gaborone production, veterinarian Roger Windsor, published in 2015 by the Book Guild ^ Harris, Samela (March 2019). "Story: 35 Years Young and Independent". The Barefoot Review. Retrieved 9 January 2023. ^ a b "Eurovision Song Contest 2004 on Star Radio". Star Radio. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2009. ^ "Israel in 2004". esctoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2009. ^ "About David D'Or & The Philharmonic". Yediot Achronot. April 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2009. ^ Galbraith, Susan (3 August 2012). "Lost in the Stars at Glimmerglass". DC Theatre Scene.com. Retrieved 14 February 2013. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Other MusicBrainz work vteAlan PatonNovels Cry, the Beloved Country (1947) Too Late the Phalarope (1953) Kontakion For You Departed (1969) Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful (1981) Autobiography Journey Continued (1988) Adaptations Cry, the Beloved Country (1951 film, screenwriter) Lost in the Stars (1953 musical) Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film) Related Liberal Party of South Africa Alan Paton Award	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cry, the Beloved Country (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Alan Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bennett Cerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Cerf"},{"link_name":"American Booksellers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Booksellers_Association"},{"link_name":"The Ides of March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ides_of_March_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Naked and the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_and_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rd-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Lost in the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"}],"text":"This article is about the novel. For other uses, see Cry, the Beloved Country (disambiguation).Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1948 novel by South African writer Alan Paton. Set in the prelude to apartheid in South Africa, it follows a black village priest and a white farmer who must deal with news of a murder.American publisher Bennett Cerf remarked at that year's meeting of the American Booksellers Association that there had been \"only three novels published since the first of the year that were worth reading… Cry, The Beloved Country, The Ides of March, and The Naked and the Dead.\"[2] It remains one of the best-known works of South African literature.[3][4]Two cinema adaptations of the book have been made, the first in 1951 and the second in 1995. The novel was also adapted as a musical called Lost in the Stars (1949), with a book by the American writer Maxwell Anderson and music composed by the German emigre Kurt Weill.","title":"Cry, the Beloved Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_African"},{"link_name":"under the bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throw_under_the_bus"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"}],"text":"The story begins in the village of Ixopo Ndotsheni, where the Christian priest Stephen Kumalo, a Zulu, receives a letter from the priest Theophilus Msimangu in Johannesburg. Msimangu urges Kumalo to come to the city to help his sister Gertrude, because she is ill. Kumalo goes to Johannesburg to help her and also to find his son Absalom, who had gone to the city to look for Gertrude but never came home. It is a long journey to Johannesburg, and Kumalo sees the wonders of the modern world for the first time.When he gets to the city, Kumalo learns that Gertrude has taken up a life of prostitution and beer brewing, and is now drinking heavily. She agrees to return to the village with her young son. Assured by these developments, Kumalo embarks on the search for Absalom, first seeing his brother John, a carpenter who has become involved in the politics of South Africa. Kumalo and Msimangu follow Absalom's trail, only to learn that Absalom has been in a reformatory and will have a child with a young woman. Shortly thereafter, Kumalo learns that his son has been arrested for murder. The victim is Arthur Jarvis, a white man who was killed during a burglary. Jarvis was an engineer and an activist for racial justice, and he happens to be the son of Kumalo's neighbour James Jarvis.Jarvis learns of his son's death and comes with his family to Johannesburg. Jarvis and his son had been distant, and now the father begins to know his son through his writings. Through reading his son's essays, Jarvis decides to take up his son's work on behalf of South Africa's black population.Absalom reveals at his trial that he was pressured into committing the burglary by and with his three \"friends\", who later denied their involvement and threw Absalom under the bus. Absalom is sentenced to death for the murder of Arthur Jarvis. Before his father returns to Ndotsheni, Absalom marries the girl who is carrying his child. She joins Kumalo's family. Kumalo returns to his village with his daughter-in-law and nephew, having found that Gertrude ran away on the night before their departure.Back in Ixopo, Kumalo makes a futile visit to the tribe's chief in order to discuss changes that must be made to help the barren village. Help arrives, however, when James Jarvis becomes involved in the work. He arranges to have a dam built and hires a native agricultural demonstrator to implement new farming methods.The novel ends at dawn on the morning of Absalom's execution. The fathers of the two children are devastated that both of their sons have wound up dead.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Absalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pro deo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_bono"}],"text":"Stephen Kumalo: A 60-year-old Christian Zulu priest, the father of Absalom, who attempts to find his family in Johannesburg, and later to reconstruct the disintegrating state of his village. Book three focuses heavily on his relationship with James Jarvis.\nTheophilus Msimangu: A priest from Johannesburg who helps Kumalo find his son Absalom and his sister Gertrude.\nJohn Kumalo: Stephen's brother, who denies the tribal validity and becomes a spokesman for the new racial movement in the city; a former carpenter.\nAbsalom Kumalo: Stephen's son who left home to look for Stephen's sister Gertrude, and who murders Arthur Jarvis. His name is an allusion to Absalom, wayward son of the Biblical King David.[5]\nGertrude Kumalo: The young sister of Stephen who becomes a prostitute in Johannesburg and leads a dissolute life.\nJames Jarvis: A wealthy landowner whose son, Arthur, is murdered. He comes to the realization of the guilt of white residents in such crimes and forgives the Kumalos.\nArthur Jarvis: Murdered by Absalom Kumalo, he is the son of James Jarvis. He had many liberal racial views that are highly significant and influential.\nDubula: A big man who was the \"heart\" of anything and everything Arthur Jarvis did, including wanting peace between the races.\nMr. Carmichael: Absalom's lawyer; he takes his case pro deo (for God) in this case meaning for free.\nFather Vincent: A priest from England who helps Stephen in his troubles.\nMrs. Lithebe: A native housewife in whose house Stephen stays while in Johannesburg.\nThe Harrisons: A father and son who represent two opposing views concerning the racial problem. The father, who is Arthur's father-in-law, represents the traditional view, while the son represents the more liberal view.\nThe Girl: A teenage girl, approximately 16 years old, impregnated by Absalom, whom she later marries. She tells Kumalo that Absalom will be her third husband and that her father had abandoned her family when she was quite young. Given her young age it is unclear if any of these marriages were wholly consensual.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"veld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veld"},{"link_name":"microcosms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm"},{"link_name":"intercalary chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalary_chapter"},{"link_name":"dashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_(punctuation)"},{"link_name":"quotation marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark"}],"text":"Cry, the Beloved Country is a social protest against the structures of the society that would later give rise to apartheid. Paton attempts to create an unbiased and objective view of the dichotomies it entails: he depicts whites as affected by \"native crime\" while blacks suffer from social instability and moral issues due to the breakdown of the tribal system. It shows many of the problems with South Africa such as the degrading of the land reserved for the natives, which is sometimes considered to be the main theme, the disintegration of the tribal community, native crime, and the flight to urban areas.Another prevalent theme in Cry, the Beloved Country is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12:Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply. Let him not laugh too gladly when the water runs through his fingers, nor stand too silent when the setting sun makes red the veld with fire. Let him not be too moved when the birds of his land are singing, nor give too much of his heart to a mountain or a valley. For fear will rob him of all if he gives too much.Paton makes frequent use of literary and linguistic devices such as microcosms, intercalary chapters and dashes instead of quotation marks for dialogue to indicate the start of speech.","title":"Main themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political system in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"King James Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"Ixopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixopo"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Parktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parktown"},{"link_name":"Saxonwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonwold"},{"link_name":"Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton"},{"link_name":"Jan Smuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smuts"},{"link_name":"Sir Ernest Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Oppenheimer"}],"text":"Cry, the Beloved Country was written before passage of a new law institutionalizing the apartheid political system in South Africa. The novel was published in 1948; apartheid became law later that same year.The book enjoyed critical success around the world. It sold over 15 million copies before Paton's death.The book is studied currently by many schools internationally. The style of writing echoes the rhythms and tone of the King James Bible. Paton was a devout Christian.Paton combined actual locales, such as Ixopo and Johannesburg, with fictional towns. The suburb in which Jarvis lived in Johannesburg, Parkwold, is fictional but its ambiance is typical of the Johannesburg suburbs of Parktown and of Saxonwold. In the author's preface, Paton took pains to note that, apart from passing references to Jan Smuts and Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, all his characters were fictional.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton"},{"link_name":"Absalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Book of Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Acts"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_martyr"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"Book of Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Acts"},{"link_name":"Theophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"}],"text":"The novel is filled with Biblical references and allusions. The most evident are the names Paton gives to the characters. Absalom, the son of Stephen Kumalo, is named for the son of King David, who rose against his father in rebellion. Also, in the New Testament Book of Acts, Stephen was a martyr who underwent death by stoning rather than stop declaring the things he believed. The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts are written to Theophilus, which is Greek for \"friend of God\".In the novel, Absalom requests that his son be named \"Peter\", the name of one of Jesus's disciples. Among Peter's better-known traits is a certain impulsiveness; also, after Christ's arrest, he denied knowing Jesus three times, and later wept in grief over this. After the resurrection, Peter renewed his commitment to Christ and to spreading the Gospel. All that suggests Absalom's final repentance and his commitment to the faith of his father.In another allusion, Arthur Jarvis is described as having a large collection of books on Abraham Lincoln, and the writings of Lincoln are featured several times in the novel.Paton describes Arthur's son as having characteristics similar to his when he was a child, which may allude to the resurrection of Christ.","title":"Allusions/references to other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a motion picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Zoltan Korda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Korda"},{"link_name":"John Howard Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Lawson"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"House Un-American Activities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee"},{"link_name":"Canada Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Lee"},{"link_name":"Charles Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sidney Poitier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Poitier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gaborone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"frontline states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_states"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_Province"},{"link_name":"Quett Masire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quett_Masire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Another film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Darrell Roodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Roodt"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Richard Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harris_(actor)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Roy Sargeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Sargeant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grahamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Province"},{"link_name":"Artscape Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artscape_Theatre_Centre"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Reisenhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Reisenhofer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Independent Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Theatre_(Adelaide)"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris2019-7"}],"text":"In 1951, the novel was adapted into a motion picture of the same name, directed by Zoltan Korda. Paton wrote the screenplay with John Howard Lawson, who was left out of the original credits because he was blacklisted in Hollywood for refusing to give information to the House Un-American Activities Committee. Kumalo was played by Canada Lee, Jarvis by Charles Carson, and Msimangu by Sidney Poitier.[citation needed]In 1983, a historic stage adaptation was performed by the Capital Players theatre group at the Moth Hall in Gaborone, Botswana. The country was at that time one of the leading \"frontline states\" to apartheid South Africa and a centre for artistic activity that often stood in quiet opposition to the racist regime just across the border. The premiere was attended by Paton himself, who had travelled from Natal, as well as Botswana's then-President Quett Masire (with political acumen, the director had arranged for the first performance to take place on the President's birthday). School students from across the country were bussed to the capital to see the production.[6]Another film version was released in 1995, directed by Darrell Roodt. James Earl Jones played the Reverend Kumalo and Richard Harris filled the role of Jarvis.[citation needed]A stage version by the South African playwright Roy Sargeant was developed in early 2003; it was first staged at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape on 27 June 2003 and at the Artscape Theatre in Cape Town on 8 July 2003. The director was Heinrich Reisenhofer. The script, together with notes and activities for school use, was published in 2006 by Oxford University Press Southern Africa.[citation needed] The play was produced by Independent Theatre in Adelaide, Australia, in 2006 and again in 2008.[7]","title":"Film, television and theatrical adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Lost in the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"a movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Brock Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Peters"},{"link_name":"Melba Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_Moore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spirituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituals"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"contratenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countertenor"},{"link_name":"David D'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D%27Or"},{"link_name":"Habima Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habima_Theater"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I04-9"},{"link_name":"Maariv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maariv_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YA-10"},{"link_name":"Glimmerglass Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimmerglass_Opera"},{"link_name":"Cape Town Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_Opera"},{"link_name":"Tazewell Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazewell_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Musical adaptation","text":"In 1949, the composer Kurt Weill, in collaboration with the American writer Maxwell Anderson (book and lyrics), composed a musical based on the book called Lost in the Stars. The original Broadway production opened on 30 October 1949 at the Music Box Theatre and starred Todd Duncan and Inez Matthews. It ran for 273 performances before closing on 1 July 1950. It was made into a movie, starring Brock Peters and Melba Moore, released in 1974.[citation needed]Lost in the Stars is the last work Weill completed before his death in 1950. Although he was influenced by spirituals, jazz and blues, Weill's distinctive and original style shines throughout the score.[citation needed]Israeli contratenor David D'Or performed in a stage version at the Israeli National Theater (\"Habima Theater\") in 2004.[8][9] Maariv in its review wrote: \"D'or's outstanding voice is meant for great parts. His voice and presence embraces the audience, who showed their appreciation by a lengthy standing ovation.\"[8][10]In August 2012, the Glimmerglass Opera of New York produced the work, in conjunction with Cape Town Opera, directed by Tazewell Thompson.[11]","title":"Film, television and theatrical adaptations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chiwengo, Ngwarsungu (2007). Understanding Cry, the Beloved Country. Westport, CT: The Greenwood Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780313335082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335082","url_text":"9780313335082"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Samela (March 2019). \"Story: 35 Years Young and Independent\". The Barefoot Review. Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samela_Harris","url_text":"Harris, Samela"},{"url":"https://www.thebarefootreview.com.au/menu/news-opinion/122-2014-stories/1897-story-35-years-young-and-independent.html","url_text":"\"Story: 35 Years Young and Independent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurovision Song Contest 2004 on Star Radio\". Star Radio. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090510035615/http://www.star-radio.net/eurovision2004.htm","url_text":"\"Eurovision Song Contest 2004 on Star Radio\""},{"url":"http://www.star-radio.net/eurovision2004.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Israel in 2004\". esctoday.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092743/http://www.esctoday.com/annual/2004/page/18","url_text":"\"Israel in 2004\""},{"url":"http://esctoday.com/annual/2004/page/18","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About David D'Or & The Philharmonic\". Yediot Achronot. April 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710205036/http://eurovision-contest.com/2004/Israel/bio/","url_text":"\"About David D'Or & The Philharmonic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yediot_Achronot","url_text":"Yediot Achronot"},{"url":"https://www.eurovision-contest.com/2004/Israel/bio/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Galbraith, Susan (3 August 2012). \"Lost in the Stars at Glimmerglass\". DC Theatre Scene.com. Retrieved 14 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dctheatrescene.com/2012/08/03/lost-in-the-stars-at-glimmerglass/#more-37767","url_text":"\"Lost in the Stars at Glimmerglass\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13487773","external_links_name":"13487773"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41427229","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Empathy: Narrative Distancing and Ethics in Toni Morrison's Beloved and J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ucCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Cry+the+Beloved+Country%22+Botswana&pg=PT11","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.thebarefootreview.com.au/menu/news-opinion/122-2014-stories/1897-story-35-years-young-and-independent.html","external_links_name":"\"Story: 35 Years Young and Independent\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090510035615/http://www.star-radio.net/eurovision2004.htm","external_links_name":"\"Eurovision Song Contest 2004 on Star Radio\""},{"Link":"http://www.star-radio.net/eurovision2004.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092743/http://www.esctoday.com/annual/2004/page/18","external_links_name":"\"Israel in 2004\""},{"Link":"http://esctoday.com/annual/2004/page/18","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710205036/http://eurovision-contest.com/2004/Israel/bio/","external_links_name":"\"About David D'Or & The Philharmonic\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurovision-contest.com/2004/Israel/bio/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dctheatrescene.com/2012/08/03/lost-in-the-stars-at-glimmerglass/#more-37767","external_links_name":"\"Lost in the Stars at Glimmerglass\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1357737/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/184494282","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166680455","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166680455","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007400398305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97072209","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/59910114-d94d-43c1-ac85-41ee676a430f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg,_Kabul	Arg, Kabul	["1 History","2 Construction","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889 Presidential palace of Afghanistan This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arg, Kabul" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889 ArgFront of the palace in February 2020General informationArchitectural styleAfghanTown or cityKabulCountryAfghanistanCurrent tenantsCabinet of AfghanistanConstruction started1880Technical detailsSizeApproximately 34 ha (83 acres)WebsiteOfficial website The Arg (Pashto: ارګ; Dari: ارگ; lit. 'citadel') is the presidential palace of Afghanistan, located in Kabul. Since the 2021 abolition of the Afghan presidency by the Taliban, it has served as the meeting place of the Cabinet of Afghanistan. The palace sits on a 34-hectare (83-acre) site in District 2, between Deh Afghanan and the affluent neighbourhood of Wazir Akbar Khan; it has historically been used by many Afghan heads of state, from Abdur Rahman Khan (who laid its foundation) to Ashraf Ghani. It was built after the destruction of the Bala Hissar in 1880. History The foundation of the Arg was laid by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1880 after assuming the throne. It was designed as a castle with a water-filled trench around it. Abdur Rahman Khan named it Arg-e-Shahi (Citadel of the King) and included, among other buildings, a residence for his family, an Afghan Army barracks, and the national treasury. Previously, the Bala Hissar served as the citadel or the headquarters of the emirs until it was destroyed by the Frontier Force Regiment during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80). The Arg has served as the royal and presidential palace for all of the kings and presidents of Afghanistan. Hafizullah Amin also used Tajbeg Palace as the residence for his family. It has undergone modifications and revitalization under the different rulers. During the 1978 Saur Revolution, Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family were assassinated by members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) inside the Arg. On 15 August 2021, following the 2021 Taliban offensive and the near seizure of the capital, the Taliban occupied the Arg after president Ashraf Ghani fled the country, purportedly for peace and to avoid bloodshed. The Taliban has since been using the Arg to hold meetings of the Cabinet of Afghanistan, except those chaired by the Supreme Leader, which are held in Kandahar. Construction The Arg (up to 15 August 2021) consisted of the following: The Gul Khana, which served as the offices for President Ashraf Ghani and the President's Protocol Office; The Offices of the President's Chief of Staff; The National Security Advisor's building; and the Offices of the Spokesperson to the President. Offices for the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Building for the Administrative Office of the President. Various buildings for receiving delegations or hosting large meetings. Gallery United States Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin at the palace on March 21, 2021 The front of the palace on February 29, 2020 NATO and Afghan officials in 2020 Afghan President Ashraf Ghani with John Kerry Overview of the Arg palace and several other palaces and gardens within the complex U.S. President Barack Obama and Afghan President Hamid Karzai during the May 2012 US-Afghan strategic agreement signing U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates and Karzai addressing international media in 2011 Karzai and Robert Gates in 2010 The Arg entrance in 1965 The palace when first built in the 1890s, during the reign of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan See also Other palaces in Kabul: Bagh-e Bala, a former royal palace in Kabul Bala Hissar, an ancient fortress located in the south of the old city of Kabul Darul Aman, former royal palace Herat Citadel, former main royal palace Tajbeg Palace, former royal palace References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arg (Kabul). ^ "Deputy prime minister visits senior members in Presidential Palace". Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – Voice of Jihad. Kabul. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Travel and Tourism". 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. ^ Mishal Husain, Paul Adams, Malik Mudassir, Ben Wright, Jon Sopel (15 August 2021). Taliban seize power in Afghanistan as President flees country (Television production). London: BBC News. Retrieved 15 August 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Afghanistan Taliban Crisis Live Updates: Taliban seize Afghan presidential palace; reports of firing at Kabul airport". The Economic Times. Mumbai. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "3-Day Cabinet Meeting Held in Kandahar". TOLOnews. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. vteKabul ProvinceCapital: KabulDistricts Bagrami Char Asiab Deh Sabz Farza Guldara Istalif Kabul Kalakan Khaki Jabbar Mir Bacha Kot Mussahi Paghman Qarabagh Shakardara Surobi Cities Bagrami Qalai Naeem Tarakhel Dehnawe Farza Guldara Istalif Kabul Kalakan Khak-i Jabbar Mir Bacha Kot Mussahi Paghman Qara Bagh Shakar Dara Surobi Landmarks Presidential Palace Darul Aman Palace Bagh-e Bala Palace Tajbeg Palace Chihil Sutun Palace Paghman Hill Castle Taq-e Zafar Bala Hissar Gardens of Babur InterContinental Hotel Safi Landmark Hotel Kabul City Center Kabul Serena Hotel Kabul's Irish Pub Kabul Library National Museum of Afghanistan Abdul Rahman Mosque Pul-e Khishti Mosque Id Gah Mosque Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque Gurdwara Karte Parwan Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arg,_Kabul&params=34_31_25_N_69_10_44_E_"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language"},{"link_name":"presidential palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_palace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"the 2021 abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)"},{"link_name":"Afghan presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"District 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Deh Afghanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh_Afghanan"},{"link_name":"Wazir Akbar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan,_Kabul"},{"link_name":"Afghan heads of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Abdur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Bala Hissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul"}],"text":"Presidential palace of Afghanistan34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889The Arg (Pashto: ارګ; Dari: ارگ; lit. 'citadel') is the presidential palace[1] of Afghanistan, located in Kabul. Since the 2021 abolition of the Afghan presidency by the Taliban, it has served as the meeting place of the Cabinet of Afghanistan. The palace sits on a 34-hectare (83-acre) site in District 2, between Deh Afghanan and the affluent neighbourhood of Wazir Akbar Khan; it has historically been used by many Afghan heads of state, from Abdur Rahman Khan (who laid its foundation) to Ashraf Ghani.It was built after the destruction of the Bala Hissar in 1880.","title":"Arg, Kabul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Abdur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Afghan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Army"},{"link_name":"Bala Hissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul"},{"link_name":"Frontier Force Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Hafizullah Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin"},{"link_name":"Tajbeg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajbeg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Saur Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saur_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Daoud Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Daoud_Khan"},{"link_name":"People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"2021 Taliban offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"},{"link_name":"near seizure of the capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The foundation of the Arg was laid by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1880 after assuming the throne.[2] It was designed as a castle with a water-filled trench around it. Abdur Rahman Khan named it Arg-e-Shahi (Citadel of the King) and included, among other buildings, a residence for his family, an Afghan Army barracks, and the national treasury. Previously, the Bala Hissar served as the citadel or the headquarters of the emirs until it was destroyed by the Frontier Force Regiment during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80).The Arg has served as the royal and presidential palace for all of the kings and presidents of Afghanistan. Hafizullah Amin also used Tajbeg Palace as the residence for his family. It has undergone modifications and revitalization under the different rulers. During the 1978 Saur Revolution, Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family were assassinated by members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) inside the Arg. On 15 August 2021, following the 2021 Taliban offensive and the near seizure of the capital, the Taliban occupied the Arg after president Ashraf Ghani fled the country, purportedly for peace and to avoid bloodshed.[3][4] The Taliban has since been using the Arg to hold meetings of the Cabinet of Afghanistan, except those chaired by the Supreme Leader, which are held in Kandahar.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Afghan National Security Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces"}],"text":"The Arg (up to 15 August 2021) consisted of the following:The Gul Khana, which served as the offices for President Ashraf Ghani and the President's Protocol Office;\nThe Offices of the President's Chief of Staff;\nThe National Security Advisor's building; and the Offices of the Spokesperson to the President.\nOffices for the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).\nBuilding for the Administrative Office of the President.\nVarious buildings for receiving delegations or hosting large meetings.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:210321-D-BN624-1041_(51061554791).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Austin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:200229-D-AP390-1535_(49603220748).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:200229-D-AP390-1555_(49603217428).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Afghan_President_Ghani_(26300077406).jpg"},{"link_name":"Afghan President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Palace_-_panoramio_(8).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Hamid_Karzai_bilateral_meeting_in_Kabul_May_1,_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Hamid Karzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai"},{"link_name":"US-Afghan strategic agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_110604-D-XH843-035.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Gates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100308-D-7203C-010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arg,_Kabul,_1965.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emir_Adb_or-Rahman%27s_garden_house,_Kabul._Wellcome_L0025012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Abdur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan"}],"text":"United States Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin at the palace on March 21, 2021\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe front of the palace on February 29, 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNATO and Afghan officials in 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAfghan President Ashraf Ghani with John Kerry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOverview of the Arg palace and several other palaces and gardens within the complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. President Barack Obama and Afghan President Hamid Karzai during the May 2012 US-Afghan strategic agreement signing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates and Karzai addressing international media in 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKarzai and Robert Gates in 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Arg entrance in 1965\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe palace when first built in the 1890s, during the reign of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bagh-e Bala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh-e_Bala_Palace"},{"title":"Bala Hissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul"},{"title":"Darul Aman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul_Aman_Palace"},{"title":"Herat Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_Citadel"},{"title":"Tajbeg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajbeg_Palace"}]	[{"reference":"\"Deputy prime minister visits senior members in Presidential Palace\". Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – Voice of Jihad. Kabul. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://alemarahenglish.af/?p=51670","url_text":"\"Deputy prime minister visits senior members in Presidential Palace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul","url_text":"Kabul"}]},{"reference":"\"Travel and Tourism\". 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/travel-and-tourism/","url_text":"\"Travel and Tourism\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629215311/http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk:80/english/travel-and-tourism/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mishal Husain, Paul Adams, Malik Mudassir, Ben Wright, Jon Sopel (15 August 2021). Taliban seize power in Afghanistan as President flees country (Television production). London: BBC News. Retrieved 15 August 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5yCbi4qcpk","url_text":"Taliban seize power in Afghanistan as President flees country"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Afghanistan Taliban Crisis Live Updates: Taliban seize Afghan presidential palace; reports of firing at Kabul airport\". The Economic Times. Mumbai. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/latest-daily-news-and-updates-august-15/liveblog/85340907.cms","url_text":"\"Afghanistan Taliban Crisis Live Updates: Taliban seize Afghan presidential palace; reports of firing at Kabul airport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times","url_text":"The Economic Times"}]},{"reference":"\"3-Day Cabinet Meeting Held in Kandahar\". TOLOnews. 24 March 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire	Alton, Hampshire	["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Middle Ages","1.3 Modern period","2 Governance","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Economy","5 Culture","6 Notable landmarks","7 Education","8 Transport","9 Notable people","10 Twin towns","11 Nearest places","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°08′59″N 0°58′37″W / 51.1498°N 0.9769°W / 51.1498; -0.9769 Human settlement in EnglandAltonAlton, looking north east along the High StreetAltonLocation within HampshirePopulation17,816 (2011 Census)OS grid referenceSU716394Civil parishAltonDistrictEast HampshireShire countyHampshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townALTONPostcode districtGU34Dialling code01420PoliceHampshire and Isle of WightFireHampshire and Isle of WightAmbulanceSouth Central UK ParliamentEast Hampshire List of places UK England Hampshire 51°08′59″N 0°58′37″W / 51.1498°N 0.9769°W / 51.1498; -0.9769 Alton (/ˈɔːltən/ AWL-tən) is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England, near the source of the River Wey. It had a population of 17,816 at the 2011 census. Alton was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Aoltone. During the Saxon period Alton was known as Aweltun. The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War. It also has connections with Sweet Fanny Adams and Jane Austen. History Early history Coins from the Alton Hoard, 1st century AD The Alton Hoard of Iron Age coins and jewellery found in the vicinity of the town in 1996 is now in the British Museum. There is evidence of a Roman posting station at Neatham near Alton, probably called Vindomis, and a ford across the River Wey on the line of a Roman road that ran from Chichester to Silchester. An Anglo-Saxon settlement was established in the area and a 7th-century cemetery was discovered during building excavations. It contained grave goods including the Alton Buckle which is on display in the Curtis Museum and considered to be the finest piece of Anglo-Saxon craftsmanship found in Hampshire. The buckle, found in the grave of a warrior, has a silver-gilt body set with garnets and glass. The River Wey has a source in the town, and the name Alton comes from an Anglo-Saxon word "aewielltun" meaning "farmstead at the source of the river". In 1001 Danish forces invaded England and during the First Battle of Alton the forces of Wessex came together and fought against them. About 81 Englishmen were killed, including Ethelwerd the King's high-steward, Leofric of Whitchurch, Leofwin the King's high-steward, Wulfhere a bishop's thane, and Godwin of Worthy, Bishop Elfsy's son. The Danes were the victors although Danish casualties were higher and fleeing Englishmen took refuge in Winchester. Aoltone, in the 'Odingeton Hundred — Hantescire' is recorded as having the most valuable market in the Domesday Book. The Treaty of Alton was signed in 1101 between William the Conqueror's eldest son Robert II of Normandy and his brother Henry I of England. Henry had seized the throne while his elder brother was away on the first crusade. Robert returned to claim the throne, landing in Portsmouth. The brothers met in Alton and agreed terms which formed the Treaty of Alton. Part of the main street through Alton is called Normandy Street, probably reflecting this event. Middle Ages The first recorded market in Alton was in 1232, although the market at Neatham first recorded in the Domesday Book may also have been in the town. Blome wrote in 1673 of a 'market on Saturdays, which is very great for provisions, where also are sold good store of living cattle'. The Saturday market is featured on Kitchin's map of Hampshire (1751) which marks the town as Alton Mt. Sat. 1307 was, in fact, the first year of Edward II's reign but Edmund of Woodstock was not lord of the manor then. According to the Victoria County History (written after Curtis' book):- In 1273 Edward I granted the manor to his mother, Queen Eleanor, who died in 1291, when it reverted to the Crown and was granted in 1299 as dower to his second wife, Margaret of France. On the death of Queen Margaret in 1317, it again came to the Crown, and Edward II gave it in 1319 to his brother Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent. As can be seen, Queen Margaret held the manor until 1317 and so the fair could not have been granted to Edmund of Woodstock in 1307. The correct date for the grant seems to be 22 November 1320 (according to the Charter Rolls, 14 Edward II, no.15). The grant was for a 9-day fair – the vigil and feast of Whitsuntide and seven days after. The two main manors in Alton – Alton Eastbrook and Alton Westbrook – had a fair each. That of Alton Eastbrook has no extant charter, and may never have had one. It was originally held on St Lawrence's Day and so its origin was, presumably, the patronal festival. The religious aspect would have ceased when the country was no longer Roman Catholic. This fair seems to have been held on Crown Close (which is in the manor of Alton Eastbrook) in the early 19th century. When this land was built upon, the fair moved and was held where ever the Westbrook fair was – the Market Place, various meadows and the Butts. The date of the Eastbrook fair was changed to Michaelmas in the mid-18th century as it came during harvest time and the farmers were not satisfied. Some accounts for this fair in the early 18th century do survive and show that there was a cheese fair as well the usual mix of travelling and local people with stalls and stands – people selling lace, gloves, books, gingerbread, bodices, sugar plums, toys, soap and knives, to name but a few. By the late 19th century, this fair was said to be mainly for horses, sheep and, occasionally, hops. Alton still has an annual fair, but it now takes the form of a carnival. Modern period Eggar's School was founded in 1640 by John Eggar of Moungomeries as the Free Grammar School. It later became known as Eggar's Grammar School. It occupied a site in Anstey Road until it moved to a new site in Holybourne in 1969. Church of St Lawrence. During the battle, many Parliamentary troops forced their way in through the west door (right), now walled up. A battle was fought in Alton during the English Civil War. A small Royalist force was quartered in the town when on 13 December 1643 they were surprised by a Parliamentary army of around 5,000 men. The Royalist cavalry fled, leaving Sir Richard Bolle (or Boles) and his infantry to fight. Outnumbered, the Royalists were forced into the Church of St Lawrence, where Bolle was killed along with many of his men. Over 700 Royalist soldiers were captured and bullet holes from the battle are still visible in the church today. In 1665, Alton suffered an outbreak of bubonic plague, but soon recovered. On Saturday, 24 August 1867, an eight-year-old girl, Fanny Adams, was murdered in Alton. Her assailant, Frederick Baker, a local solicitor's clerk, was one of the last criminals to be executed in Winchester. Fanny Adams' grave can still be seen in Alton cemetery. The brutal murder, so the story goes, coincided with the introduction of tinned meat in the Royal Navy, and the sailors who did not like the new food said the tins contained the remains of "Sweet Fanny Adams" or "Sweet F.A." The expression "sweet fanny adams" has an old-fashioned slang meaning of nothing. Governance Alton Town Hall Prior to the Local Government Act 1972, Alton had fallen under the aegis of the (now defunct) Alton Urban District Council. The Act resulted in the dissolution of this body, and the establishment (on 1 April 1974) of the current Alton Town Council. The responsibilities of the Alton Urban District Council were divided between the new Alton Town Council, the Hampshire County Council and the newly formed East Hampshire District Council. The Council meets at Alton Town Hall, in Market Square. Geography Alton is between Farnham 9 miles (14 km) to the northeast and Winchester 16 miles (26 km) to the southwest. London is 52 miles (84 km). Nearby Brockham Hill, situated 3.5 miles (5.6 kilometres) northeast of Alton, rises to 225 metres (738 feet) above sea level. Climate Along with the rest of South East England, Alton has a temperate climate which is generally warmer than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 9 °C (48.2 °F) and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 0.5 and 2 °C (32.9 and 35.6 °F). June and July are the warmest months in the area with average daily maximum around 21 °C (69.8 °F). Economy Coors brewery in Alton, which closed in 2015 There have been a number of breweries in Alton since 1763. Coors Brewing Company (among the ten largest brewers in the world) had a brewery in Alton for fifty years, which produced Carling, Grolsch and Worthington. It closed in 2015 because it lost work from Heineken. Alton was significant in the 18th century for the manufacture of paper and of dress materials including ribbed druggets, shallons, silks and serges, bombazine and figured barragons. Alton has businesses in the retail and service sectors in the centre of the town, and over a hundred businesses in the four industrial areas of Mill Lane, Newman Lane, Caker Stream and Omega Park, ranging from light industrial to computer software production. Clarcor, TNT N.V. and Poseidon Diving Systems all have businesses in Alton's Industrial Site, Mill Lane. One of Alton's largest commercial employers is the financial services sector. Lumbry Park, which used to be known as Lumbry Farm, is on the B3006 Alton to Selborne road, and is occupied by Inter Group Insurance Services (IGIS), a subsidiary of the Royal Bank of Scotland. Inter Group employs over 170 people on this site, and specialises in travel insurance. The company has operated in Alton since 1999. It was acquired by Churchill Insurance in 2001, becoming part of RBS Insurance division in 2003 as part of an RBS takeover. However, on 11 November 2008, Inter Group announced its proposal to close its office in Alton in August 2009 due to "changes in the travel insurance market", leading to the loss of 104 full-time staff and around 16 part-time. Alton has a range of chain stores and independent shops including greengrocers, butchers and a hardware shop. There are five main supermarkets that serve the town. Culture Jane Austen Regency Week is a celebration of the time the author Jane Austen spent in Alton and Chawton and is held in June each year. The Allen Gallery serves as Alton's art gallery. It houses a large, permanent ceramics collection as well as temporary exhibitions. Holybourne Theatre is on the site of a former Nissen hut that was converted into a theatre by German prisoners-of-war during World War II. Plays have been performed there since 1950, but the official opening was not until 1971. Alton Morris was formed in 1979, and have been Morris dancing both in the United Kingdom and abroad. They often perform at Alton street events. Local choirs include Alton Amateur Operatic and Dramatic Society, established in 1921, who perform two musical shows and one play each year in a wide variety of musical and dramatic styles. Alton Community Choir sings unaccompanied Hampshire folk songs as well as some African, gospel, blues and calypso music. A new Alton Arts Festival is due to take place over 10 days in July 2024. Notable landmarks Alton Library, Vicarage Hill The Alton Independent Cinema Project was formed in May 2011 to help secure the future of independent cinema in the town. Alton Maltings was renovated in 2004–2005 and is now the home of Harvest Church and is used by community groups, charities, private users and other organisations throughout the week. The Alton Maltings claims to be the widest wooden spanned building in Hampshire. Alton Library was rebuilt in 2005 to a design by the County Council Architects. The new library contains a lending library, reference library, computer facilities and a cafe. Alton Sports Centre is open to the public and includes a swimming pool, gym, indoor and outdoor courts. The Curtis Museum was founded in 1856 by Dr William Curtis and houses one of the finest local history collections in Hampshire. The Town Gardens contains a bandstand (built in 1935 for the silver jubilee of King George V), a children's playground, flower beds, trees and shrubs (4.5 acres (18,000 m2)). The bandstand was replaced in 2013 to commemorate Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. Anstey Park, is a large open space with playing fields and a small children's playground (32 acres (130,000 m2)); the park is home to the town's rugby club. Education Alton lies approximately midway between the University of Winchester and the University of Surrey at Guildford but its nearest University campus is the University for the Creative Arts in Farnham. It is home to Treloar's, an independent educational establishment founded in 1907 by Sir William Purdie Treloar, Lord Mayor of London, to provide education for young people with physical disabilities. Treloar's now runs Treloar School and College, a provision of education for pupils aged from 2–25 with physical and learning difficulties in Holybourne. The state secondary schools in Alton are Eggar's School (formerly the Grammar School), and Amery Hill School. There is an independent Catholic day school, Alton School (formerly Alton Convent School), which educates boys and girls from 6 months to 18 years old. Sixth-form education is provided by Alton College, which has gained outstanding inspection reports from Ofsted. Transport Watercress Line Alton station is on the National Rail network at the end of the Alton line with a service to London Waterloo. Alton railway station is the terminus for the Watercress Line, formerly the Mid Hants Railway, a restored steam railway running between Alton and New Alresford, so called because it used to be used to transport fresh watercress to London. The Watercress Line is now a charity largely operated by volunteers, and best known for its events such as Steam Illuminations, War on the Line and Day Out With Thomas featuring Thomas the Tank Engine. The origins of the Watercress Line date back to 1861, the year in which Parliament granted consent for what was then known as the 'Alton, Alresford and Winchester Railway'. Four years later the Mid Hants Railway opened, and the train service continued until the line was closed in 1973. Then in 1977 the line was partially re-opened, in 1983 it was extended further, and in 1985 it was re-opened as far as Alton to connect with the mainline London service. Alton was previously the site of a railway junction at Butts Junction. As well as the Mid-Hants Railway, from 1903 to 1955 the Meon Valley Railway ran from Alton down the Meon Valley to join the Eastleigh to Fareham line at Fareham. The Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway ran north to Basingstoke. In 2015 some passenger buses in the Alton area were operated by Stagecoach South. Notable people Adam de Gurdon (died 1305), son of a bailiff of Alton; English knight who rebelled against King Henry III, fought in single combat against the future King Edward I William de Alton (c. 1330 – 1400), Dominican friar, writer and theological philosopher during Edward II's reign, became famous for asserting that the Virgin Mary was polluted with original sin Edmund Spenser (1552–1599), the Elizabethan poet and contemporary of William Shakespeare, may have lived in a now well-preserved Tudor cottage at 1 Amery Street in about 1590. A plaque on the house states that he "lived some time in these parts". John Pitts, biographical author, born in Alton in 1560 John Goodyer (1592–1664), botanist born in Alton John Murray (1741–1815), born in Alton, a pioneering minister of the Universalist church in the United States. William Curtis (1746–1799), botanist, was born in Alton and served his apprenticeship as an apothecary before devoting the rest of his life to the study of British plants. Jane Austen (1775–1817), Georgian novelist, lived in Chawton just outside Alton from 1809 until her death, and wrote or revised six novels there. Elijah Waring (1787–1857), Anglo-Welsh writer born in Alton, who founded an English-language periodical in Swansea, Wales James Winter Scott (1799–1873), British Whig politician who lived in Alton Cardinal Newman (1801–1890), English Catholic, lived in Alton from 1816 to 1819. Philip Crowley (1837–1900), English naturalist and entomologist specialising in Lepidoptera, born in Alton Alexander William Bickerton (1842–1929), professor of chemistry in New Zealand, born in Alton Arthur Romney Green (1872–1945), English craftsman and furniture designer born in Alton William Curtis Green (1875–1960), architect, designer and barrister born in Alton Dorothy Darnell (1876–1953), artist from Scotland, founder of the Jane Austen Society in Alton, died at home in Brook Cottage, Lenten Street, Alton Ernest George Horlock VC (1885–1917), born in Alton, English recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the First World War Malcolm Nokes (1897–1986), British schoolteacher, soldier, research scientist and Olympic athlete who died in Alton Lieutenant General Sir William Gregory Huddleston Pike KCB, CBE, DSO (1905–1993), senior British Army officer, Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff, died in Alton George Rumbold (1911–1995), English professional footballer born in Alton Jean Bird (1912 - 1957) First Woman to get RAF wings lived in Alton Percy Andrews (1922–1985), English footballer born in Alton James William 'Jimmy' Dickinson (1925–1982 in Alton), an English football player Cecil Andrews (1930–1986), English footballer born in Alton David Hughes (1930–2005), British novelist born in Alton John Martin, Australian cricketer born in Alton Dave Lawson (born 1945 in Alton), English keyboardist and composer who in the 1970s was a member of UK progressive rock band Greenslade Maggie Holland (born 1949), English singer and songwriter born in Alton Spike Stent (born 1965), English record producer and mixing engineer born in Alton Alison Goldfrapp (born 1966), singer in Goldfrapp who went to school in Alton Samantha Warriner (born 1971), retired triathlete, born in Alton, who represented New Zealand Russell Howard (born 1980), comedian best known for Russell Howard's Good News, studied at Alton Twin towns See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom Alton is twinned with: Pertuis, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Veneto, Italy Nearest places Nearest Settlements ShaldenLasham Golden Pot HolybourneBentley Bentworth Alton East Worldham Four Marks ChawtonUpper Farringdon Selborne See also List of places of worship in East Hampshire References ^ "Town Population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 December 2016. ^ "British Museum Collection". British Museum. ^ a b c d e f Wey River (2006). "More about Alton, Hampshire". River Wey & Navigations. Retrieved 20 May 2006. ^ Coates, Richard (1989), Place Names of Hampshire, Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-5625-6 ^ a b c Roberts, John (2005), Alton 2020, Alton: Alton Steering Group ^ Ingram, Rev. James (trans.) (1823), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London ^ Hutton, Edward (1914), England of My Heart — Spring, J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd ^ Domesday Book, 1086 ^ Page, Mark (2003), "Medieval Alton: the Origins of a Market Town", Alton Papers, Friends of the Curtis Museum and Allen Gallery (7): 3–6 ^ Blome's Hampshire, 1673 ^ Kitchin, Thomas (1760). A NEW Improved MAP of HAMPSHIRE from the best SURVEYS & INTELLIGENCES Divided into its HUNDREDS Shewing the several ROADS and true Measured Distances between Town and Town ALSO the Rectories & Vicarages the Parks and Seats of the Nobility & Gentry with other useful Particulars Regulated by ASTRONL. OBSERVATIONS. By T. Kitchin Geographer. Printed for R: Sayer in Fleet Street, Carrington Bowles in St. Pauls Church Yard, & R. Wilkinson No.58, Cornhill. (viewed on website: Jean and Martin Norgate (1996–2003). "Kitchin's Hampshire 1751, whole map". Old Hampshire Mapped. Retrieved 24 April 2006.) ^ County Secretary (1989). "Former Alton Eggars Grammar School premises — transfer of charitable trusts". Hampshire County Council Schools Sub-Committee. Archived from the original on 1 January 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2006. ^ Tim Lambert (2006). "A History of Alton, England". 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(1997), The Hidden Places of Dorset, Hampshire & the Isle of Wight, Altrincham, Cheshire: ·M & M Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-871815-42-8 ^ Brookes, R., 1815 (16th edn): The General Gazetteer: (London) ^ "AltonHampshire.co.uk – businesses, organisations, schools and sports clubs in Alton, Hampshire". AltonHampshire.co.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2019. ^ "Industrial Developments". Alton Chamber of Commerce & Industry. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006. ^ "Travel Insurance giant to close". Alton Herald. 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008. ^ "Supermarkets in Alton, Hampshire". www.yell.com. Retrieved 19 April 2016. ^ "Aldi Alton, Alton Retail Park – store address and opening hours – Opening Times in UK". openingtimesin.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2016. ^ "Jane Austen Regency Week". Retrieved 13 March 2018. ^ "Hampshire Cultural Trust". www3.hants.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011. ^ "Holybourne Theatre". Hampshire County Council. Holybourne Theatre. Retrieved 28 February 2014. ^ "Alton Morris". Alton Morris dance. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. ^ "Alton local choirs". AODS. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. ^ "First Alton Arts Festival set to take centre stage in July 2024". Farnham Herald. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ Glancey, J. Sense and sensitivity: Alton's new library... The Guardian, 25 April 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ "Special Days – Watercress Line". Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "Event – War On The Line – Watercress Line". Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "Event – Day Out With Thomas – Watercress Line". Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ Butcher, Alan (1996). Mid-Hants Railway in colour. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2465-0. ^ Watercress Line (2021). "The Watercress Line". The Watercress Line Official Website. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ Patmore, John (1982). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Southern England. ^ Dean, Martin; Robertson, Kevin; Simmonds, Roger (2003). The Basingstoke & Alton Light Railway. Southampton: Barton. pp. 9 & 10. ISBN 0-9545617-0-8. OCLC 53030800. ^ "Alton area public transport guidance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ Transcribed from The Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales, 1894–5 (2005). "Alton, Hampshire". UK Genealogy Archives. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963. ^ "Alton". Hampshire County Council. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006. ^ a b c "Alton Town Twinning Association". Hampshire County Council. May 2013. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013. ^ Alton Town Twinning Association Archived 13 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, UK. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alton, Hampshire. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alton (Hampshire). Alton Town Council East Hampshire District Council Alton in the Domesday Book 1929 historic film of Masonic opening of Treloar's cripples hospital vteCeremonial county of HampshireHampshire PortalUnitary authorities City of Portsmouth City of Southampton Boroughs or districts Borough of Basingstoke and Deane District of East Hampshire Borough of Eastleigh Borough of Fareham Borough of Gosport District of Hart Borough of Havant District of New Forest Borough of Rushmoor Borough of Test Valley City of Winchester Major settlements(cities in italics) Aldershot Alton Andover Basingstoke Bishop's Waltham Blackwater Bordon Chandler's Ford Eastleigh Emsworth Fareham Farnborough Fleet Fordingbridge Gosport Havant Hedge End Horndean Hythe Lymington New Alresford New Milton North Baddesley Petersfield Portchester Portsmouth Ringwood Romsey Southampton South Hayling Stockbridge Stubbington Tadley Totton Waterlooville Whitchurch Winchester YateleySee also: List of civil parishes in Hampshire Rivers Avon Beaulieu Hamble Itchen Meon Test Wallington Wey Topics Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Scheduled monuments South Coast Plain South Downs History Schools Further education Museums Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs vteTowns, villages and hamlets in the East Hampshire district Adhurst Alton Arford Ashley Barford Beech Bentley Bentworth Binsted Blackmoor Blacknest Blendworth Bordean Bordon Bramshott Bucks Horn Oak Buriton Burkham Catherington Chalton Charlwood Chawton Clanfield Cold Ash Hill Colemore Conford Deadwater Ditcham Durford Wood East Meon East Tisted East Worldham Empshott Farringdon Finchdean Flexcombe Four Marks Froxfield Green Froyle Golden Pot Grayshott Greatham Griggs Green Hammer Bottom Hartley Mauditt Hattingley Hawkley Headley Headley Down High Cross Hill Brow Hollywater Holt End Holt Pound Holybourne Horndean Idsworth Isington Kingsley Kitwood Langrish Lasham Lindford Liphook Liss Liss Forest Longmoor Lovedean Lower Wield Medstead Monkwood Neatham New Copse Newton Valence North Street Nursted Oakhanger Oakshott Passfield Petersfield Pinewood Priors Dean Privett Ramsdean Ropley Ropley Dean Rowland's Castle Selborne Shalden Sheet Sleaford Soldridge South Hay Southrope South Town Standford Steep Steep Marsh Stroud Thedden Tickley Upper Wield West Liss West Tisted West Worldham Weston Wheatley Whitehill Wivelrod Wyck Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area Media related to Alton, Hampshire at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈɔːltən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"AWL-tən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"market town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"East Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"River Wey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wey"},{"link_name":"Domesday Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Survey"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alton"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sweet Fanny Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Fanny_Adams"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandAlton (/ˈɔːltən/ AWL-tən) is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England, near the source of the River Wey. It had a population of 17,816 at the 2011 census.Alton was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Aoltone. During the Saxon period Alton was known as Aweltun. The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War. It also has connections with Sweet Fanny Adams and Jane Austen.","title":"Alton, Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Alton_A_Hoard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Neatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neatham"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"River Wey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wey"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"Silchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silchester"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"grave goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods"},{"link_name":"Curtis Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWaN-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNoH-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton2002-5"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tASC-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EomHS-7"},{"link_name":"Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWaN-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB-8"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alton"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Robert II of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Henry I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"first crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_crusade"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Coins from the Alton Hoard, 1st century ADThe Alton Hoard of Iron Age coins and jewellery found in the vicinity of the town in 1996 is now in the British Museum.[2]\nThere is evidence of a Roman posting station at Neatham near Alton, probably called Vindomis, and a ford across the River Wey on the line of a Roman road that ran from Chichester to Silchester. An Anglo-Saxon settlement was established in the area and a 7th-century cemetery was discovered during building excavations. It contained grave goods including the Alton Buckle which is on display in the Curtis Museum and considered to be the finest piece of Anglo-Saxon craftsmanship found in Hampshire. The buckle, found in the grave of a warrior, has a silver-gilt body set with garnets and glass.[3]The River Wey has a source in the town, and the name Alton comes from an Anglo-Saxon word \"aewielltun\" meaning \"farmstead at the source of the river\".[4][5]In 1001 Danish forces invaded England and during the First Battle of Alton the forces of Wessex came together and fought against them. About 81 Englishmen were killed, including Ethelwerd the King's high-steward, Leofric of Whitchurch, Leofwin the King's high-steward, Wulfhere a bishop's thane, and Godwin of Worthy, Bishop Elfsy's son. The Danes were the victors although Danish casualties were higher and fleeing Englishmen took refuge in Winchester.[6][7]Aoltone, in the 'Odingeton Hundred — Hantescire' is recorded as having the most valuable market in the Domesday Book.[3][8]The Treaty of Alton was signed in 1101 between William the Conqueror's eldest son Robert II of Normandy and his brother Henry I of England. Henry had seized the throne while his elder brother was away on the first crusade. Robert returned to claim the throne, landing in Portsmouth. The brothers met in Alton and agreed terms which formed the Treaty of Alton. Part of the main street through Alton is called Normandy Street, probably reflecting this event.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neatham"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP7-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BH-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KH1751-11"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton2002-5"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"The first recorded market in Alton was in 1232, although the market at Neatham first recorded in the Domesday Book may also have been in the town.[9] Blome wrote in 1673 of a 'market on Saturdays, which is very great for provisions, where also are sold good store of living cattle'.[10] The Saturday market is featured on Kitchin's map of Hampshire (1751) which marks the town as Alton Mt. Sat.[11]1307 was, in fact, the first year of Edward II's reign but Edmund of Woodstock was not lord of the manor then. According to the Victoria County History (written after Curtis' book):-In 1273 Edward I granted the manor [of Alton Westbrook] to his mother, Queen Eleanor, who died in 1291, when it reverted to the Crown and was granted in 1299 as dower to his second wife, Margaret of France. On the death of Queen Margaret in 1317, it again came to the Crown, and Edward II gave it in 1319 to his brother Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent.As can be seen, Queen Margaret held the manor until 1317 and so the fair could not have been granted to Edmund of Woodstock in 1307.The correct date for the grant seems to be 22 November 1320 (according to the Charter Rolls, 14 Edward II, no.15). The grant was for a 9-day fair – the vigil [eve] and feast of Whitsuntide and seven days after.The two main manors in Alton – Alton Eastbrook and Alton Westbrook – had a fair each. That of Alton Eastbrook has no extant charter, and may never have had one. It was originally held on St Lawrence's Day and so its origin was, presumably, the patronal festival. The religious aspect would have ceased when the country was no longer Roman Catholic. This fair seems to have been held on Crown Close (which is in the manor of Alton Eastbrook) in the early 19th century. When this land was built upon, the fair moved and was held where ever the Westbrook fair was – the Market Place, various meadows and the Butts.The date of the Eastbrook fair was changed to Michaelmas in the mid-18th century as it came during harvest time and the farmers were not satisfied. Some accounts for this fair in the early 18th century do survive and show that there was a cheese fair as well the usual mix of travelling and local people with stalls and stands – people selling lace, gloves, books, gingerbread, bodices, sugar plums, toys, soap and knives, to name but a few. By the late 19th century, this fair was said to be mainly for horses, sheep and, occasionally, hops. Alton still has an annual fair, but it now takes the form of a carnival.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holybourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holybourne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCC-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Lawrence_from_the_north-west2.jpg"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alton"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Church of St Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Lawrence,_Alton"},{"link_name":"bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimLambert-13"},{"link_name":"Fanny Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Adams"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Modern period","text":"Eggar's School was founded in 1640 by John Eggar of Moungomeries as the Free Grammar School. It later became known as Eggar's Grammar School. It occupied a site in Anstey Road until it moved to a new site in Holybourne in 1969.[12]Church of St Lawrence. During the battle, many Parliamentary troops forced their way in through the west door (right), now walled up.A battle was fought in Alton during the English Civil War. A small Royalist force was quartered in the town when on 13 December 1643 they were surprised by a Parliamentary army of around 5,000 men. The Royalist cavalry fled, leaving Sir Richard Bolle (or Boles) and his infantry to fight. Outnumbered, the Royalists were forced into the Church of St Lawrence, where Bolle was killed along with many of his men. Over 700 Royalist soldiers were captured and bullet holes from the battle are still visible in the church today.In 1665, Alton suffered an outbreak of bubonic plague, but soon recovered.[13]\nOn Saturday, 24 August 1867, an eight-year-old girl, Fanny Adams, was murdered in Alton. Her assailant, Frederick Baker, a local solicitor's clerk, was one of the last criminals to be executed in Winchester. Fanny Adams' grave can still be seen in Alton cemetery. The brutal murder, so the story goes, coincided with the introduction of tinned meat in the Royal Navy, and the sailors who did not like the new food said the tins contained the remains of \"Sweet Fanny Adams\" or \"Sweet F.A.\"[14] The expression \"sweet fanny adams\" has an old-fashioned slang meaning of nothing.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alton_Town_Hall_(geograph_5687270).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alton Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"Hampshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"East Hampshire District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Alton Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Town_Hall"}],"text":"Alton Town HallPrior to the Local Government Act 1972, Alton had fallen under the aegis of the (now defunct) Alton Urban District Council. The Act resulted in the dissolution of this body, and the establishment (on 1 April 1974) of the current Alton Town Council. The responsibilities of the Alton Urban District Council were divided between the new Alton Town Council, the Hampshire County Council and the newly formed East Hampshire District Council. The Council meets at Alton Town Hall, in Market Square.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_sea_level"}],"text":"Alton is between Farnham 9 miles (14 km) to the northeast and Winchester 16 miles (26 km) to the southwest. London is 52 miles (84 km).\nNearby Brockham Hill, situated 3.5 miles (5.6 kilometres) northeast of Alton, rises to 225 metres (738 feet) above sea level.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_motion"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather-16"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Along with the rest of South East England, Alton has a temperate climate which is generally warmer than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 9 °C (48.2 °F) and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 0.5 and 2 °C (32.9 and 35.6 °F). June and July are the warmest months in the area with average daily maximum around 21 °C (69.8 °F).[16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coors_Alton.JPG"},{"link_name":"Coors Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coors_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Carling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carling"},{"link_name":"Grolsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grolsch"},{"link_name":"Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington_draught_bitter"},{"link_name":"Heineken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton2002-5"},{"link_name":"druggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugget"},{"link_name":"silks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"serges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_(fabric)"},{"link_name":"bombazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombazine"},{"link_name":"barragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barragon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HPoDHI-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GG-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACC-21"},{"link_name":"Clarcor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarcor"},{"link_name":"TNT N.V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_N.V."},{"link_name":"Royal Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"travel insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_insurance"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGIS-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Coors brewery in Alton, which closed in 2015There have been a number of breweries in Alton since 1763. Coors Brewing Company (among the ten largest brewers in the world) had a brewery in Alton for fifty years, which produced Carling, Grolsch and Worthington. It closed in 2015 because it lost work from Heineken.[17]Alton was significant in the 18th century for the manufacture of paper[5] and of dress materials including ribbed druggets, shallons, silks and serges, bombazine and figured barragons.[18][19]Alton has businesses in the retail and service sectors in the centre of the town, and over a hundred businesses in the four industrial areas of Mill Lane, Newman Lane, Caker Stream and Omega Park, ranging from light industrial to computer software production.[20][21]\nClarcor, TNT N.V. and Poseidon Diving Systems all have businesses in Alton's Industrial Site, Mill Lane.One of Alton's largest commercial employers is the financial services sector. Lumbry Park, which used to be known as Lumbry Farm, is on the B3006 Alton to Selborne road, and is occupied by Inter Group Insurance Services (IGIS), a subsidiary of the Royal Bank of Scotland. Inter Group employs over 170 people on this site, and specialises in travel insurance. The company has operated in Alton since 1999. It was acquired by Churchill Insurance in 2001, becoming part of RBS Insurance division in 2003 as part of an RBS takeover. However, on 11 November 2008, Inter Group announced its proposal to close its office in Alton in August 2009 due to \"changes in the travel insurance market\",[22] leading to the loss of 104 full-time staff and around 16 part-time.Alton has a range of chain stores and independent shops including greengrocers, butchers and a hardware shop. There are five main supermarkets that serve the town.[23][24]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nissen hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissen_hut"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Morris dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_dancing"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"calypso music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Jane Austen Regency Week is a celebration of the time the author Jane Austen spent in Alton and Chawton and is held in June each year.[25]The Allen Gallery serves as Alton's art gallery. It houses a large, permanent ceramics collection as well as temporary exhibitions.[26]Holybourne Theatre is on the site of a former Nissen hut that was converted into a theatre by German prisoners-of-war during World War II.[27] Plays have been performed there since 1950, but the official opening was not until 1971.Alton Morris was formed in 1979, and have been Morris dancing both in the United Kingdom and abroad. They often perform at Alton street events.[28]Local choirs include Alton Amateur Operatic and Dramatic Society, established in 1921, who perform two musical shows and one play each year in a wide variety of musical and dramatic styles.[29] Alton Community Choir sings unaccompanied Hampshire folk songs as well as some African, gospel, blues and calypso music.A new Alton Arts Festival is due to take place over 10 days in July 2024.[30]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alton_library_-_geograph.org.uk_-_282574.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"County Council Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Architects"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Curtis Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Museum"},{"link_name":"bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandstand"},{"link_name":"silver jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_jubilee"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"}],"text":"Alton Library, Vicarage HillThe Alton Independent Cinema Project was formed in May 2011 to help secure the future of independent cinema in the town.Alton Maltings was renovated in 2004–2005 and is now the home of Harvest Church and is used by community groups, charities, private users and other organisations throughout the week. The Alton Maltings claims to be the widest wooden spanned building in Hampshire.[citation needed]Alton Library was rebuilt in 2005 to a design by the County Council Architects. The new library contains a lending library, reference library, computer facilities and a cafe.[31]Alton Sports Centre is open to the public and includes a swimming pool, gym, indoor and outdoor courts.The Curtis Museum was founded in 1856 by Dr William Curtis and houses one of the finest local history collections in Hampshire.The Town Gardens contains a bandstand (built in 1935 for the silver jubilee of King George V), a children's playground, flower beds, trees and shrubs (4.5 acres (18,000 m2)). The bandstand was replaced in 2013 to commemorate Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.Anstey Park, is a large open space with playing fields and a small children's playground (32 acres (130,000 m2)); the park is home to the town's rugby club.","title":"Notable landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"University of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford"},{"link_name":"University for the Creative Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"Holybourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holybourne"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Eggar's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggar%27s_School"},{"link_name":"Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Amery Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amery_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"Alton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_School"},{"link_name":"Sixth-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth-form"},{"link_name":"Alton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_College"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"}],"text":"Alton lies approximately midway between the University of Winchester and the University of Surrey at Guildford but its nearest University campus is the University for the Creative Arts in Farnham. It is home to Treloar's, an independent educational establishment founded in 1907 by Sir William Purdie Treloar, Lord Mayor of London, to provide education for young people with physical disabilities. Treloar's now runs Treloar School and College, a provision of education for pupils aged from 2–25 with physical and learning difficulties in Holybourne.The state secondary schools in Alton are Eggar's School (formerly the Grammar School), and Amery Hill School. There is an independent Catholic day school, Alton School (formerly Alton Convent School), which educates boys and girls from 6 months to 18 years old. Sixth-form education is provided by Alton College, which has gained outstanding inspection reports from Ofsted.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mid-hants-watercress-railway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"National Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Alton line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_line"},{"link_name":"London Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Watercress Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress_Line"},{"link_name":"New Alresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alresford"},{"link_name":"watercress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Thomas the Tank Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cress-36"},{"link_name":"Butts Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butts_Junction"},{"link_name":"Meon Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meon_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Meon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Meon"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh to Fareham line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh_to_Fareham_line"},{"link_name":"Fareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareham"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Alton_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busses-39"}],"text":"Watercress LineAlton station is on the National Rail network at the end of the Alton line with a service to London Waterloo.Alton railway station is the terminus for the Watercress Line, formerly the Mid Hants Railway, a restored steam railway running between Alton and New Alresford, so called because it used to be used to transport fresh watercress to London. The Watercress Line is now a charity largely operated by volunteers, and best known for its events such as Steam Illuminations,[32] War on the Line[33] and Day Out With Thomas featuring Thomas the Tank Engine.[34]The origins of the Watercress Line date back to 1861, the year in which Parliament granted consent for what was then known as the 'Alton, Alresford and Winchester Railway'. Four years later the Mid Hants Railway opened, and the train service continued until the line was closed in 1973. Then in 1977 the line was partially re-opened, in 1983 it was extended further, and in 1985 it was re-opened as far as Alton to connect with the mainline London service.[35][36]Alton was previously the site of a railway junction at Butts Junction. As well as the Mid-Hants Railway, from 1903 to 1955 the Meon Valley Railway ran from Alton down the Meon Valley to join the Eastleigh to Fareham line at Fareham.[37] The Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway ran north to Basingstoke.[38]In 2015 some passenger buses in the Alton area were operated by Stagecoach South.[39]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam de Gurdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_de_Gurdon"},{"link_name":"William de Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Alton"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"},{"link_name":"Edward II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"original sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWaN-3"},{"link_name":"Edmund Spenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spenser"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWaN-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HPoDHI-18"},{"link_name":"John Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitts_(Catholic_scholar)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKGA-40"},{"link_name":"John Goodyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodyer"},{"link_name":"John Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Universalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalist"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquis_1607%E2%80%931896-41"},{"link_name":"William Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Curtis"},{"link_name":"apothecary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWaN-3"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_era"},{"link_name":"Chawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWaN-3"},{"link_name":"Elijah Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Waring"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"James Winter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Winter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Newman"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hants-42"},{"link_name":"Philip Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Crowley_(entomologist)"},{"link_name":"Alexander William Bickerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Bickerton"},{"link_name":"Arthur Romney Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Romney_Green"},{"link_name":"William Curtis Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Curtis_Green"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Ernest George Horlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_George_Horlock"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Nokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Nokes"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General Sir William Gregory Huddleston Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pike_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"George Rumbold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rumbold"},{"link_name":"Jean Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bird"},{"link_name":"Percy Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Andrews"},{"link_name":"James William 'Jimmy' Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Cecil Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Andrews"},{"link_name":"David Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hughes_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(cricketer,_born_1942)"},{"link_name":"Dave Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Lawson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Greenslade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenslade"},{"link_name":"Maggie Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Holland"},{"link_name":"Spike Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Stent"},{"link_name":"Alison Goldfrapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Goldfrapp"},{"link_name":"Goldfrapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfrapp"},{"link_name":"Samantha Warriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Warriner"},{"link_name":"Russell Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Howard"},{"link_name":"Russell Howard's Good News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Howard%27s_Good_News"}],"text":"Adam de Gurdon (died 1305), son of a bailiff of Alton; English knight who rebelled against King Henry III, fought in single combat against the future King Edward I\nWilliam de Alton (c. 1330 – 1400), Dominican friar, writer and theological philosopher during Edward II's reign, became famous for asserting that the Virgin Mary was polluted with original sin[3]\nEdmund Spenser (1552–1599), the Elizabethan poet and contemporary of William Shakespeare, may have lived in a now well-preserved Tudor cottage at 1 Amery Street in about 1590. A plaque on the house states that he \"lived some time in these parts\".[3][18]\nJohn Pitts, biographical author, born in Alton in 1560[40]\nJohn Goodyer (1592–1664), botanist born in Alton\nJohn Murray (1741–1815), born in Alton, a pioneering minister of the Universalist church in the United States.[41]\nWilliam Curtis (1746–1799), botanist, was born in Alton and served his apprenticeship as an apothecary before devoting the rest of his life to the study of British plants.[3]\nJane Austen (1775–1817), Georgian novelist, lived in Chawton just outside Alton from 1809 until her death, and wrote or revised six novels there.[3]\nElijah Waring (1787–1857), Anglo-Welsh writer born in Alton, who founded an English-language periodical in Swansea, Wales\nJames Winter Scott (1799–1873), British Whig politician who lived in Alton\nCardinal Newman (1801–1890), English Catholic, lived in Alton from 1816 to 1819.[42]\nPhilip Crowley (1837–1900), English naturalist and entomologist specialising in Lepidoptera, born in Alton\nAlexander William Bickerton (1842–1929), professor of chemistry in New Zealand, born in Alton\nArthur Romney Green (1872–1945), English craftsman and furniture designer born in Alton\nWilliam Curtis Green (1875–1960), architect, designer and barrister born in Alton\nDorothy Darnell (1876–1953), artist from Scotland, founder of the Jane Austen Society in Alton, died at home in Brook Cottage, Lenten Street, Alton\nErnest George Horlock VC (1885–1917), born in Alton, English recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the First World War\nMalcolm Nokes (1897–1986), British schoolteacher, soldier, research scientist and Olympic athlete who died in Alton\nLieutenant General Sir William Gregory Huddleston Pike KCB, CBE, DSO (1905–1993), senior British Army officer, Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff, died in Alton\nGeorge Rumbold (1911–1995), English professional footballer born in Alton\nJean Bird (1912 - 1957) First Woman to get RAF wings lived in Alton\nPercy Andrews (1922–1985), English footballer born in Alton\nJames William 'Jimmy' Dickinson (1925–1982 in Alton), an English football player\nCecil Andrews (1930–1986), English footballer born in Alton\nDavid Hughes (1930–2005), British novelist born in Alton\nJohn Martin, Australian cricketer born in Alton\nDave Lawson (born 1945 in Alton), English keyboardist and composer who in the 1970s was a member of UK progressive rock band Greenslade\nMaggie Holland (born 1949), English singer and songwriter born in Alton\nSpike Stent (born 1965), English record producer and mixing engineer born in Alton\nAlison Goldfrapp (born 1966), singer in Goldfrapp who went to school in Alton\nSamantha Warriner (born 1971), retired triathlete, born in Alton, who represented New Zealand\nRussell Howard (born 1980), comedian best known for Russell Howard's Good News, studied at Alton","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton_twinning-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Pertuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertuis"},{"link_name":"Vaucluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse"},{"link_name":"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton_twinning-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Montecchio Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecchio_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton_twinning-43"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United KingdomAlton is twinned with:[43][44]Pertuis, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France[43]\n Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Veneto, Italy[43]","title":"Twin towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalden"},{"link_name":"Lasham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasham"},{"link_name":"Golden Pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Pot"},{"link_name":"Holybourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holybourne"},{"link_name":"Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Bentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentworth"},{"link_name":"East Worldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Worldham"},{"link_name":"Four Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Marks"},{"link_name":"Chawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawton"},{"link_name":"Upper Farringdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Farringdon"},{"link_name":"Selborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selborne"}],"text":"Nearest Settlements\nShaldenLasham\nGolden Pot\nHolybourneBentley\n\n\n\n\n\nBentworth\n\nAlton\n\nEast Worldham\n\n\n\n\n\nFour Marks\nChawtonUpper Farringdon\nSelborne","title":"Nearest places"}]	[{"image_text":"Coins from the Alton Hoard, 1st century AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/British_Museum_Alton_A_Hoard.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Alton_A_Hoard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of St Lawrence. During the battle, many Parliamentary troops forced their way in through the west door (right), now walled up.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Church_of_St_Lawrence_from_the_north-west2.jpg/220px-Church_of_St_Lawrence_from_the_north-west2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alton Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Alton_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5687270%29.jpg/220px-Alton_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5687270%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coors brewery in Alton, which closed in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coors_Alton.JPG/220px-Coors_Alton.JPG"},{"image_text":"Alton Library, Vicarage Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alton_library_-_geograph.org.uk_-_282574.jpg/220px-Alton_library_-_geograph.org.uk_-_282574.jpg"},{"image_text":"Watercress Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mid-hants-watercress-railway.jpg/220px-Mid-hants-watercress-railway.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HampshireEast.png/100px-HampshireEast.png"}]	[{"title":"List of places of worship in East Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_East_Hampshire"}]	[{"reference":"\"Town Population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11119967&c=Alton&d=16&e=62&g=6428875&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1481107115068&enc=1","url_text":"\"Town Population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Museum Collection\". British Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=30754&plaA=30754-3-1","url_text":"\"British Museum Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Wey River (2006). \"More about Alton, Hampshire\". River Wey & Navigations. Retrieved 20 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weyriver.co.uk/theriver/places_4_alton.htm","url_text":"\"More about Alton, Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, John (2005), Alton 2020, Alton: Alton Steering Group","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ingram, Rev. James (trans.) (1823), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hutton, Edward (1914), England of My Heart — Spring, J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd","urls":[]},{"reference":"Page, Mark (2003), \"Medieval Alton: the Origins of a Market Town\", Alton Papers, Friends of the Curtis Museum and Allen Gallery (7): 3–6","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kitchin, Thomas (1760). A NEW Improved MAP of HAMPSHIRE from the best SURVEYS & INTELLIGENCES Divided into its HUNDREDS Shewing the several ROADS and true Measured Distances between Town and Town ALSO the Rectories & Vicarages the Parks and Seats of the Nobility & Gentry with other useful Particulars Regulated by ASTRONL. OBSERVATIONS. By T. Kitchin Geographer. Printed for R: Sayer in Fleet Street, Carrington Bowles in St. Pauls Church Yard, & R. Wilkinson No.58, Cornhill.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin","url_text":"Kitchin, Thomas"}]},{"reference":"Jean and Martin Norgate (1996–2003). \"Kitchin's Hampshire 1751, whole map\". Old Hampshire Mapped. Retrieved 24 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/hantsmap/hantsmap/kitchin2/kit2smaf.htm","url_text":"\"Kitchin's Hampshire 1751, whole map\""}]},{"reference":"County Secretary (1989). \"Former Alton Eggars Grammar School premises — transfer of charitable trusts\". Hampshire County Council Schools Sub-Committee. Archived from the original on 1 January 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050101120444/http://www.hants.gov.uk/scrmxn/c1170.html","url_text":"\"Former Alton Eggars Grammar School premises — transfer of charitable trusts\""},{"url":"http://www.hants.gov.uk/scrmxn/c1170.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tim Lambert (2006). \"A History of Alton, England\". Local and National Histories — Histories of British and Irish towns, Histories of Nations, Ancient Civilisations and Miscellaneous Articles. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.localhistories.org/alton.html","url_text":"\"A History of Alton, England\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014658/http://localhistories.org/alton.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The true story of Sweet Fanny Adams \| Hampshire Cultural Trust\". hampshireculturaltrust.org.uk. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160619002126/http://hampshireculturaltrust.org.uk/content/true-story-sweet-fanny-adams","url_text":"\"The true story of Sweet Fanny Adams \| Hampshire Cultural Trust\""},{"url":"https://hampshireculturaltrust.org.uk/content/true-story-sweet-fanny-adams","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"sweet fanny adams Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary\". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sweet-fanny-adams","url_text":"\"sweet fanny adams Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"About south-east England\". Met Office. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044019/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/so/","url_text":"\"About south-east England\""},{"url":"http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/so/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Molson Coors brewery closure job losses announced\". BBC News. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-30386682","url_text":"\"Molson Coors brewery closure job losses announced\""}]},{"reference":"Wyatt, Sue, ed. (1997), The Hidden Places of Dorset, Hampshire & the Isle of Wight, Altrincham, Cheshire: ·M & M Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-871815-42-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871815-42-8","url_text":"1-871815-42-8"}]},{"reference":"\"AltonHampshire.co.uk – businesses, organisations, schools and sports clubs in Alton, Hampshire\". AltonHampshire.co.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altonhampshire.co.uk/","url_text":"\"AltonHampshire.co.uk – businesses, organisations, schools and sports clubs in Alton, Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial Developments\". Alton Chamber of Commerce & Industry. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061007003617/http://www.altonchamber.co.uk/industry.htm","url_text":"\"Industrial Developments\""},{"url":"http://www.altonchamber.co.uk/industry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Travel Insurance giant to close\". Alton Herald. 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alton-herald-today.co.uk/tn/news.cfm?id=24415&headline=Travel%20insurance%20giant%20to%20close","url_text":"\"Travel Insurance giant to close\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supermarkets in Alton, Hampshire\". www.yell.com. Retrieved 19 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yell.com/s/supermarkets-alton-hampshire.html","url_text":"\"Supermarkets in Alton, Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aldi Alton, Alton Retail Park – store address and opening hours – Opening Times in UK\". openingtimesin.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://openingtimesin.uk/aldi/alton","url_text":"\"Aldi Alton, Alton Retail Park – store address and opening hours – Opening Times in UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jane Austen Regency Week\". Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.janeaustenregencyweek.co.uk/community/jane-austen-regency-week-13273/about-us","url_text":"\"Jane Austen Regency Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hampshire Cultural Trust\". www3.hants.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110919010959/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/hampshire-museums/allen-gallery","url_text":"\"Hampshire Cultural Trust\""},{"url":"http://www3.hants.gov.uk/hampshire-museums/allen-gallery","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Holybourne Theatre\". Hampshire County Council. Holybourne Theatre. Retrieved 28 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holybournetheatre.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Holybourne Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alton Morris\". Alton Morris dance. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opread.force9.co.uk/AltonMorris/AMHist1.htm","url_text":"\"Alton Morris\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155315/http://www.opread.force9.co.uk/AltonMorris/AMHist1.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alton local choirs\". AODS. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725011901/http://www.aods.org/AODSwelcome.asp","url_text":"\"Alton local choirs\""},{"url":"http://www.aods.org/AODSWelcome.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First Alton Arts Festival set to take centre stage in July 2024\". Farnham Herald. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.farnhamherald.com/news/first-alton-arts-festival-set-to-take-centre-stage-in-july-2024-636996","url_text":"\"First Alton Arts Festival set to take centre stage in July 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special Days – Watercress Line\". Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://watercressline.co.uk/special-days/","url_text":"\"Special Days – Watercress Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Event – War On The Line – Watercress Line\". Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://watercressline.co.uk/war-on-the-line/","url_text":"\"Event – War On The Line – Watercress Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Event – Day Out With Thomas – Watercress Line\". Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://watercressline.co.uk/day-out-with-thomas/","url_text":"\"Event – Day Out With Thomas – Watercress Line\""}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Alan (1996). Mid-Hants Railway in colour. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2465-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2465-0","url_text":"0-7110-2465-0"}]},{"reference":"Watercress Line (2021). \"The Watercress Line\". The Watercress Line Official Website. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.watercressline.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The Watercress Line\""}]},{"reference":"Patmore, John (1982). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Southern England.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dean, Martin; Robertson, Kevin; Simmonds, Roger (2003). The Basingstoke & Alton Light Railway. Southampton: Barton. pp. 9 & 10. ISBN 0-9545617-0-8. OCLC 53030800.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9545617-0-8","url_text":"0-9545617-0-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53030800","url_text":"53030800"}]},{"reference":"\"Alton area public transport guidance\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316011720/https://www3.hants.gov.uk/alton__bordon___petersfield_aug_15.pdf","url_text":"\"Alton area public transport guidance\""},{"url":"https://www3.hants.gov.uk/alton__bordon___petersfield_aug_15.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transcribed from The Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales, 1894–5 (2005). \"Alton, Hampshire\". UK Genealogy Archives. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060511174135/http://www.uk-genealogy.org.uk/england/Hampshire/places/Alton.html","url_text":"\"Alton, Hampshire\""},{"url":"http://ukga.org/england/Hampshire/places/Alton.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alton\". Hampshire County Council. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060514012300/http://www.hants.gov.uk/localpages/north_east/alton/attract.html","url_text":"\"Alton\""},{"url":"http://www.hants.gov.uk/localpages/north_east/alton/attract.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alton Town Twinning Association\". Hampshire County Council. May 2013. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern,_Pennsylvania	Malvern, Pennsylvania	["1 History","1.1 Battle of Paoli","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Arts and culture","6 Parks and recreation","7 Education","7.1 Public schools","7.2 Private schools","8 Media","9 Infrastructure","9.1 Transit","9.2 Roads","10 Notable people","11 In popular culture","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°02′04″N 75°30′52″W / 40.03444°N 75.51444°W / 40.03444; -75.51444Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesMalvern, PennsylvaniaBoroughBattle of Paoli monument siteLocation of Malvern in Chester County, Pennsylvania (left) and of Chester County in Pennsylvania (right)MalvernLocation in PennsylvaniaShow map of PennsylvaniaMalvernLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°02′04″N 75°30′52″W / 40.03444°N 75.51444°W / 40.03444; -75.51444Country United StatesState PennsylvaniaCountyChesterIncorporated1889Government • MayorZeyn B. UzmanArea • Total1.27 sq mi (3.28 km2) • Land1.26 sq mi (3.26 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation551 ft (168 m)Population (2020) • Total3,419 • Density2,713.49/sq mi (1,047.33/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code19355Area codes610 and 484FIPS code42-46792Websitewww.malvern.org Malvern is a borough in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. Malvern is the terminus of the Main Line, a series of highly affluent Philadelphia suburbs located along the railroad tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is 19.4 miles (31.2 km) west of Philadelphia. The population was 3,419 at the 2020 census. History Malvern First Presbyterian Church before 1923 The area was originally settled in the 17th century by Welsh immigrants who purchased land from William Penn. Malvern is the site of the Paoli Massacre, which occurred September 20, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War under the command of General Anthony Wayne of nearby Easttown. In 1835, the East Whiteland Baptist Church moved to what is now its church and cemetery property, bounded by Channing, South Warren, and East First Avenues, and Roberts Lane. Changing its name to the Willistown Baptist Church, this institution then became the First Baptist Church of Malvern in 1900. The church, trains, and a few businesses were the nucleus of this village, which was known for a long period as West Chester Intersection due to its position at the junction of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad and the West Chester Railroad. In 1873, the community’s name was changed to Malvern when the Philadelphia and Columbia's successor, the Pennsylvania Railroad, straightened its tracks through the village. In 1879, the Malvern Friends Meeting was built at the northwest corner of Woodland Avenue and Roberts Lane, followed by the arrival of the Presbyterians and the Methodists prior to 1900. The village's status as a railroad junction came to an end in March 1880 when the West Chester Railroad's northern terminal was moved west to Frazer, Pennsylvania. Malvern Borough has a mix of residential styles and neighborhoods, retail and industrial businesses, dedicated open land, and numerous civic, cultural, and religious organizations. On August 13, 1889, Malvern was incorporated, and created by separating it from the northern portion of Willistown Township. On April 22, 2008, the borough converted to a home rule form of government. A monument to the Paoli Massacre, the preserved battlefield, and a parade grounds are located in Malvern. Other sites of interest in neighboring townships include the Wharton Esherick Studio, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993. Battle of Paoli Main article: Battle of Paoli On the evening of September 20, 1777, near Malvern, General Charles Grey and nearly 5,000 British soldiers launched a surprise attack on a Patriot encampment, which became known as the Battle of Paoli. Having intercepted General Washington's orders to General Wayne regarding British rearguard actions, Grey directed his troops to assault the small regiment of Americans commanded by Anthony Wayne in an area near his residence. Not wanting to lose the element of surprise, Grey ordered his troops to remove the flint from their muskets and to use only bayonets or swords to launch a surprise sneak attack on the Americans under the cover of darkness. With the help of a Loyalist spy who provided a secret password, "here we are and there they go" and led them to the camp, General "No-flint" Grey and the British overran several American pickets and launched their successful attack on the Continental Army camp. 201 American soldiers were killed or injured, while 71 were captured. The British suffered only 4 killed and 7 injured in comparison. Wayne's reputation was tarnished by the high casualties suffered in the battle, and he demanded a formal court-martial to clear his name. On November 1, a board of 13 officers declared that Wayne had acted with honor. The site of the battle is part of Malvern. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), all land. The borough is bordered by Paoli Pike on the south, Sugartown Road on the west, Willistown Township on the east, and East Whiteland Township on the north. The Malvern ZIP code covers Malvern and all or parts of East Whiteland, Charlestown, Willistown, East Goshen, East Pikeland, and Tredyffrin Townships. Malvern Borough is between Paoli on the east, and Immaculata University and Exton on the west. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1890641—190097552.1%19101,12515.4%19201,28614.3%19301,55120.6%19401,6808.3%19501,7645.0%19602,26828.6%19702,58313.9%19802,99916.1%19902,944−1.8%20003,0593.9%20102,998−2.0%20203,41914.0%2021 (est.)3,416−0.1% At the time of the 2010 census, the borough was 87.8% non-Hispanic White, 2.9% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.2% Asian, and 1.9% were two or more races. 3.7% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,059 people, 1,361 households, and 793 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,444.6 inhabitants per square mile (943.9/km2). There were 1,419 housing units at an average density of 1,134.0 per square mile (437.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 91.11% White, 3.82% African American, 0.20% Native American, 3.24% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population. There were 1,361 households, out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.92. In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 37.0% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $62,308, and the median income for a family was $79,145. Males had a median income of $45,281 versus $39,129 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $35,477. About 0.9% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over. Economy The Malvern Business and Professional Association promotes Malvern commerce and the borough's unique character. Siemens Healthcare, Ricoh Americas Corporation (formerly IKON Office Solutions), The Vanguard Group, Liberty Property Trust, The Center for Professional Innovation & Education Corporation, Cerner, Vishay Intertechnology, CertainTeed, Endo International and AmericanMuscle are among the companies based in Malvern. Fisher Feed and Amerigas were two former employers located on East King Street in the Planning Area #10 of the Malvern Borough Comprehensive Plan. This plan amends a zoning ordinance to provide for redeveloping the land once used by the two former employers. The Malvern Patch, a local newspaper, stated that Kimberton Whole Foods will be opening its fifth location in the East King Street area. The projected occupancy date for the East King Street area is late summer 2013 according to the developer. This development is unrelated to the mixed-use development in an area called "Uptown Worthington" which is actually part of East Whiteland. The corporate headquarters of The Vanguard Group and Vishay Intertechnology are located in Malvern. Arts and culture U.S. President Ronald Reagan visiting Malvern in May 1985 Points of interest include: Battle of Paoli, fought in Malvern, now on the National Register of Historic Places Annual Memorial Day Parade, first held in 1869, tying Malvern's Parade as the nation's longest continuously held Memorial Day parade Victorian Christmas, the first Friday evening and Saturday of December Parks and recreation Parks include Samuel & M. Elizabeth Burke Park, Theodore S.A. Rubino Memorial Park, The Horace J. Quann Memorial Park, and John and Marion Herzak Park. Education Public schools Further information: Great Valley School District Great Valley School District serves as the public education for the borough. Private schools Further information: Malvern Preparatory School and Villa Maria Academy (Malvern, Pennsylvania) Malvern Preparatory School, a Catholic school in Malvern The borough has two private schools. Malvern Preparatory School, an independent Catholic School for boys grades 6–12. It was founded by the Order of St. Augustine at Villanova University in 1842 and moved to its present location in 1920. The Willistown Country Day School (Montessori) is for K–6th grade. The borough is also home to a Catholic elementary school for grades K–8, colloquially called St. Patrick's. The St. Patrick School spent the early part of 2012 embattled with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia over a proposed merger with the St. Monica School of nearby Berwyn, winning their case in March of that year. Villa Maria Academy is a private, all girls Catholic college preparatory high school (grades 9 to 12) accredited by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Villa Maria Academy is located less than a mile to the east of the border of Malvern Borough, in Willistown Township. Episcopal Academy, Devon Preparatory School, and The Phelps School are also located near Malvern. Two institutions for higher education include Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies and Immaculata University, both within the Malvern ZIP code. Media The Borough of Malvern is served by two newspapers: the Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily Local News. The Inquirer is a paper of record for the greater Philadelphia region, as such its time is spent covering the events of the city and the greater Delaware Valley. Infrastructure Malvern station Transit Malvern is served by train via the Malvern station connecting it to Center City Philadelphia via SEPTA Regional Rail's Paoli/Thorndale Line. OurBus provides intercity bus service from Malvern to Park Avenue in the Manhattan section in New York City as part of a route running to New York City. The bus stop in Malvern is located at a park and ride lot on Matthews Road. The route started on December 21, 2017. The borough is also served by SEPTA's 92 Bus, which travels along King Street. Roads As of 2012, there were 10.50 miles (16.90 km) of public roads in Malvern, all of which were maintained by the borough. Main thoroughfares through the borough include King Street and Warren Street. Notable people Adam McKay, director, producer, entertainer, and head writer, Saturday Night Live Mikal Bridges, professional basketball player, Brooklyn Nets Phil Gosselin, former professional baseball player Harry Hiestand, offensive line coach for Notre Dame and former Chicago Bears assistant coach Frank Spellman (1922–2017), Olympic gold medalist weightlifter Pat Tryson, NASCAR crew chief In popular culture The preface to Bushido: The Soul of Japan, by Nitobe Inazō, is signed "Malvern, Pa., Twelfth Month, 1899." See also Portals: Philadelphia Pennsylvania References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022. ^ a b Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "History of Tredyffrin Township". Tredyffrin Township website. Archived from the original on 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2010-10-26. ^ Moore, Paul (Spring 2002). "The West Chester Railroad Company". The High Line. Philadelphia Chapter, Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society. 18 (1): 6. ^ a b A Century in Malvern, Malvern Historical Commission, 1989 ^ Moore, p. 23. ^ "Malvern Borough Home Rule Charter". Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2010-10-10. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b McGuire, Thomas J. Battle of Paoli. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000, ISBN 0-8117-0198-0. pp.59 ^ a b Boatner, Mark Mayo, Cassell's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence 1763–1783, Cassell, London, 1966, ISBN 0-304-29296-6. pp.123 ^ "Census 2020". ^ "Census 2010: Pennsylvania - USATODAY.com". USA TODAY News. Retrieved 2019-07-18. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "Malvern Business and Professional Association". Retrieved 2012-09-12. ^ Hertzler, Lauren. "Cerner expected to buy Siemens' Malvern buildings, gain health IT workers", Philadelphia Business Journal, Philadelphia, 07 August 2014. Retrieved on 11 February 2015. ^ "Borough of Malvern: East King Street Redevelopment". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-10-15. ^ "Kimberton Whole Foods Coming To East King". ^ "What Businesses Are Coming to King Street?". 28 June 2012. ^ "Uptown Worthington: A List of What's Coming". 13 September 2012. ^ "Malvern Memorial Day Parade history". Retrieved 2012-09-12. ^ "Malvern Parks & Recreation". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-09-12. ^ "Herzak Park Dedication in Malvern is Monday". 29 August 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-17. ^ "Information about Great Valley School District". Retrieved 2010-10-10. ^ "Willistown Country Day School Montessory". Retrieved 2012-09-12. ^ "St. Patrick School". Retrieved 2012-09-12. ^ "St. Monica School". Retrieved 2012-09-12. ^ "St. Patrick Wins Appeal". Archived from the original on 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2012-09-12. ^ "Villa Maria Academy High School website". Retrieved 2016-02-22. ^ "Malvern · Pennsylvania 19355". ^ "Book an Intercity (Prime) Ticket". OurBus. Retrieved February 14, 2018. ^ Rettew Jr., Bill (December 16, 2017). "Company plans bus service from West Chester to New York City". Daily Local News. West Chester, PA. Retrieved February 14, 2018. ^ "Malvern Borough map" (PDF). PennDOT. Retrieved March 12, 2023. ^ Phttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/12096/12096-h/12096-h.htm External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malvern, Pennsylvania. Borough of Malvern vteMunicipalities and communities of Chester County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: West ChesterCity Coatesville Boroughs Atglen Avondale Downingtown Elverson Honey Brook Kennett Square Malvern Modena Oxford Parkesburg Phoenixville South Coatesville Spring City West Chester West Grove Townships Birmingham Caln Charlestown East Bradford East Brandywine East Caln East Coventry East Fallowfield East Goshen East Marlborough East Nantmeal East Nottingham East Pikeland East Vincent East Whiteland Easttown Elk Franklin Highland Honey Brook Kennett London Britain London Grove Londonderry Lower Oxford New Garden New London Newlin North Coventry Penn Pennsbury Pocopson Sadsbury Schuylkill South Coventry Thornbury Tredyffrin Upper Oxford Upper Uwchlan Uwchlan Valley Wallace Warwick West Bradford West Brandywine West Caln West Fallowfield West Goshen West Marlborough West Nantmeal West Nottingham West Pikeland West Sadsbury West Vincent West Whiteland Morstein Westtown Willistown CDPs Berwyn Caln Chadds Ford‡ Chesterbrook Cheyney University‡ Cochranville Devon Dilworthtown‡ Eagle Eagleview Exton Frazer Glenmoore Hamorton Hayti Kenilworth Kimberton Lincoln University Lionville Marshallton Nottingham Paoli Pomeroy Pughtown Sadsburyville South Pottstown Thorndale Toughkenamon Unionville Westwood Othercommunities Birchrunville Black Horse Brandamore Bucktown Byers Station Cedarville Chatham Chester Springs Chesterville Compass Coventryville Cromby Darlington Corners Daylesford Devault Doe Run Dorlan Embreeville Ercildoun Faggs Manor Glenloch Goshenville Hallman Harmonyville Hayesville Hephzibah Hickory Hill Hiestand Hinsonville Homeville Hopewell† Howellville Humphreyville Icedale Ironsides Isabella Jennersville Kaolin Kelton Kemblesville Knauertown Landenberg Lenape Lewisville London Grove Longwood Gardens Lower Hopewell Ludwigs Corner Lyndell Mendenhall Milford Mills Mortonville Nantmeal Village Parker Ford Pocopson Russellville St. Peters Siousca Springdell Steelville Strafford‡ Strickersville Sugartown Suplee Valley Forge Wagontown Warwick Wayne‡ West Goshen Whitford Willowdale Yellow Springs Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties †Former borough Pennsylvania portal United States portal vteHome rule municipalities in PennsylvaniaCitiesFirst Class Philadelphia Second Class Pittsburgh Second Class A Scranton Third Class Allentown Altoona Beaver Falls Carbondale Chester Municipality of Clairton Coatesville Easton Farrell Franklin Greensburg Hermitage Johnstown Lebanon McKeesport Nanticoke New Castle Pittston Reading St. Marys Sharon Warren Wilkes-Barre Boroughs Bellevue Municipality of Bethel Park Braddock Bradford Woods Bryn Athyn Cambridge Springs Carlisle Chalfont Edinboro Green Tree Town of Greenville Municipality of Kingston City of Latrobe Mahanoy City Malvern Municipality of Monroeville Municipality of Murrysville Municipality of Norristown Portage State College Tyrone West Chester Wheatland Whitehall Youngsville TownshipsFirst Class Cheltenham Haverford Town of McCandless Municipality of Mt. Lebanon O'Hara Municipality of Penn Hills Plymouth Radnor Upper Darby Upper St. Clair Whitehall Wilkes-Barre Second Class Chester Concord Elk Ferguson Grant Hampton Hanover Highland Horsham Kingston Middletown Peters Pine Plymouth Richland Towamencin Tredyffrin Upper Providence West Deer Whitemarsh Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Chester County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-3"}],"text":"Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesMalvern is a borough in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. Malvern is the terminus of the Main Line, a series of highly affluent Philadelphia suburbs located along the railroad tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is 19.4 miles (31.2 km) west of Philadelphia. The population was 3,419 at the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Malvern, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malvern_PA_1st_Presby_PHS332.jpg"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paoli Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paoli"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"General Anthony Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Anthony_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Columbia_Railroad"},{"link_name":"West Chester Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester_Railroad_(1831%E2%80%931903)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt-6"},{"link_name":"Frazer, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazer,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt-6"},{"link_name":"Willistown Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willistown_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Paoli Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paoli"},{"link_name":"Wharton Esherick Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_Esherick_Studio"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-9"}],"text":"Malvern First Presbyterian Church before 1923The area was originally settled in the 17th century by Welsh immigrants who purchased land from William Penn.[4]Malvern is the site of the Paoli Massacre, which occurred September 20, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War under the command of General Anthony Wayne of nearby Easttown. In 1835, the East Whiteland Baptist Church moved to what is now its church and cemetery property, bounded by Channing, South Warren, and East First Avenues, and Roberts Lane. Changing its name to the Willistown Baptist Church, this institution then became the First Baptist Church of Malvern in 1900.The church, trains, and a few businesses were the nucleus of this village, which was known for a long period as West Chester Intersection due to its position at the junction of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad and the West Chester Railroad.[5]In 1873, the community’s name was changed to Malvern when the Philadelphia and Columbia's successor, the Pennsylvania Railroad, straightened its tracks through the village. In 1879, the Malvern Friends Meeting was built at the northwest corner of Woodland Avenue and Roberts Lane, followed by the arrival of the Presbyterians and the Methodists prior to 1900.[6] The village's status as a railroad junction came to an end in March 1880 when the West Chester Railroad's northern terminal was moved west to Frazer, Pennsylvania.[7] Malvern Borough has a mix of residential styles and neighborhoods, retail and industrial businesses, dedicated open land, and numerous civic, cultural, and religious organizations.[6]On August 13, 1889, Malvern was incorporated, and created by separating it from the northern portion of Willistown Township.On April 22, 2008, the borough converted to a home rule form of government.[8]A monument to the Paoli Massacre, the preserved battlefield, and a parade grounds are located in Malvern. Other sites of interest in neighboring townships include the Wharton Esherick Studio, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_1st_Earl_Grey"},{"link_name":"British soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paoli"},{"link_name":"General Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"General Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGuire,_Thomas_J._2000-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Mark_Mayo_1966-11"},{"link_name":"Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGuire,_Thomas_J._2000-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boatner,_Mark_Mayo_1966-11"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Paoli","text":"On the evening of September 20, 1777, near Malvern, General Charles Grey and nearly 5,000 British soldiers launched a surprise attack on a Patriot encampment, which became known as the Battle of Paoli. Having intercepted General Washington's orders to General Wayne regarding British rearguard actions, Grey directed his troops to assault the small regiment of Americans commanded by Anthony Wayne in an area near his residence. Not wanting to lose the element of surprise, Grey ordered his troops to remove the flint from their muskets and to use only bayonets or swords to launch a surprise sneak attack on the Americans under the cover of darkness.[10][11]With the help of a Loyalist spy who provided a secret password, \"here we are and there they go\" and led them to the camp, General \"No-flint\" Grey and the British overran several American pickets and launched their successful attack on the Continental Army camp. 201 American soldiers were killed or injured, while 71 were captured. The British suffered only 4 killed and 7 injured in comparison. Wayne's reputation was tarnished by the high casualties suffered in the battle, and he demanded a formal court-martial to clear his name. On November 1, a board of 13 officers declared that Wayne had acted with honor.[10][11] The site of the battle is part of Malvern.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Willistown Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willistown_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Whiteland Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Whiteland_Township,_Chester_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"ZIP code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"Charlestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown_Township,_Chester_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Willistown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willistown_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Goshen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Goshen_Township,_Chester_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Pikeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pikeland_Township,_Chester_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tredyffrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoli,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Immaculata University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculata_University"},{"link_name":"Exton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exton,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), all land.The borough is bordered by Paoli Pike on the south, Sugartown Road on the west, Willistown Township on the east, and East Whiteland Township on the north.The Malvern ZIP code covers Malvern and all or parts of East Whiteland, Charlestown, Willistown, East Goshen, East Pikeland, and Tredyffrin Townships. Malvern Borough is between Paoli on the east, and Immaculata University and Exton on the west.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-14"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"At the time of the 2010 census, the borough was 87.8% non-Hispanic White, 2.9% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.2% Asian, and 1.9% were two or more races. 3.7% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.[13]As of the census[14] of 2000, there were 3,059 people, 1,361 households, and 793 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,444.6 inhabitants per square mile (943.9/km2). There were 1,419 housing units at an average density of 1,134.0 per square mile (437.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 91.11% White, 3.82% African American, 0.20% Native American, 3.24% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population.There were 1,361 households, out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.92.In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 37.0% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.The median income for a household in the borough was $62,308, and the median income for a family was $79,145. Males had a median income of $45,281 versus $39,129 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $35,477. About 0.9% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Siemens Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"Ricoh Americas Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoh_Americas_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Vanguard Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group"},{"link_name":"Liberty Property Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Property_Trust"},{"link_name":"Cerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerner"},{"link_name":"Vishay Intertechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishay_Intertechnology"},{"link_name":"CertainTeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CertainTeed"},{"link_name":"Endo International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endo_International"},{"link_name":"AmericanMuscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmericanMuscle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Amerigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"mixed-use development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development"},{"link_name":"East Whiteland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Whiteland_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Vanguard Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group"},{"link_name":"Vishay Intertechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishay_Intertechnology"}],"text":"The Malvern Business and Professional Association promotes Malvern commerce and the borough's unique character.[15] Siemens Healthcare, Ricoh Americas Corporation (formerly IKON Office Solutions), The Vanguard Group, Liberty Property Trust, The Center for Professional Innovation & Education Corporation, Cerner, Vishay Intertechnology, CertainTeed, Endo International and AmericanMuscle are among the companies based in Malvern.[16]Fisher Feed and Amerigas were two former employers located on East King Street in the Planning Area #10 of the Malvern Borough Comprehensive Plan.[17] This plan amends a zoning ordinance to provide for redeveloping the land once used by the two former employers. The Malvern Patch, a local newspaper, stated that Kimberton Whole Foods will be opening its fifth location in the East King Street area.[18] The projected occupancy date for the East King Street area is late summer 2013 according to the developer.[19] This development is unrelated to the mixed-use development in an area called \"Uptown Worthington\" which is actually part of East Whiteland.[20]The corporate headquarters of The Vanguard Group and Vishay Intertechnology are located in Malvern.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_speaking_at_a_podium_in_Malvern,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paoli"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"U.S. President Ronald Reagan visiting Malvern in May 1985Points of interest include:Battle of Paoli, fought in Malvern, now on the National Register of Historic Places\nAnnual Memorial Day Parade, first held in 1869, tying Malvern's Parade as the nation's longest continuously held Memorial Day parade[21]\nVictorian Christmas, the first Friday evening and Saturday of December","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Parks include Samuel & M. Elizabeth Burke Park, Theodore S.A. Rubino Memorial Park, The Horace J. Quann Memorial Park,[22] and John and Marion Herzak Park.[23]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Valley School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley_School_District"},{"link_name":"Great Valley School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Valley_School_District"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"Further information: Great Valley School DistrictGreat Valley School District serves as the public education for the borough.[24]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malvern Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria Academy (Malvern, Pennsylvania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_Academy_(Malvern,_Pennsylvania)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malvern-duffy-new1-2000x1449.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malvern Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Malvern Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"colloquially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquialism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Berwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwyn,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_Academy_(Malvern,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Devon Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"The Phelps School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phelps_School"},{"link_name":"Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Great_Valley_School_of_Graduate_Professional_Studies"},{"link_name":"Immaculata University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculata_University"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Further information: Malvern Preparatory School and Villa Maria Academy (Malvern, Pennsylvania)Malvern Preparatory School, a Catholic school in MalvernThe borough has two private schools. Malvern Preparatory School, an independent Catholic School for boys grades 6–12. It was founded by the Order of St. Augustine at Villanova University in 1842 and moved to its present location in 1920. The Willistown Country Day School (Montessori)[25] is for K–6th grade. The borough is also home to a Catholic elementary school for grades K–8, colloquially called St. Patrick's.[26] The St. Patrick School spent the early part of 2012 embattled with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia over a proposed merger with the St. Monica School[27] of nearby Berwyn, winning their case in March of that year.[28]Villa Maria Academy is a private, all girls Catholic college preparatory high school (grades 9 to 12) accredited by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.[29] Villa Maria Academy is located less than a mile to the east of the border of Malvern Borough, in Willistown Township.[30]Episcopal Academy, Devon Preparatory School, and The Phelps School are also located near Malvern.Two institutions for higher education include Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies and Immaculata University, both within the Malvern ZIP code.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"Daily Local News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Local_News"}],"text":"The Borough of Malvern is served by two newspapers: the Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily Local News. The Inquirer is a paper of record for the greater Philadelphia region, as such its time is spent covering the events of the city and the greater Delaware Valley.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malvern_Station_--_May_2023_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Malvern station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_station_(SEPTA)"}],"text":"Malvern station","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malvern station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_station_(SEPTA)"},{"link_name":"Center City Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"SEPTA Regional Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail"},{"link_name":"Paoli/Thorndale Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoli/Thorndale_Line"},{"link_name":"OurBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OurBus"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"SEPTA's 92 Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Suburban_Division_bus_routes"}],"sub_title":"Transit","text":"Malvern is served by train via the Malvern station connecting it to Center City Philadelphia via SEPTA Regional Rail's Paoli/Thorndale Line. OurBus provides intercity bus service from Malvern to Park Avenue in the Manhattan section in New York City as part of a route running to New York City. The bus stop in Malvern is located at a park and ride lot on Matthews Road. The route started on December 21, 2017.[31][32]The borough is also served by SEPTA's 92 Bus, which travels along King Street.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTmap-33"}],"sub_title":"Roads","text":"As of 2012, there were 10.50 miles (16.90 km) of public roads in Malvern, all of which were maintained by the borough.[33] Main thoroughfares through the borough include King Street and Warren Street.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_McKay"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Mikal Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikal_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets"},{"link_name":"Phil Gosselin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Gosselin"},{"link_name":"Harry Hiestand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hiestand"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Frank Spellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spellman"},{"link_name":"Pat Tryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Tryson"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"}],"text":"Adam McKay, director, producer, entertainer, and head writer, Saturday Night Live\nMikal Bridges, professional basketball player, Brooklyn Nets\nPhil Gosselin, former professional baseball player\nHarry Hiestand, offensive line coach for Notre Dame and former Chicago Bears assistant coach\nFrank Spellman (1922–2017), Olympic gold medalist weightlifter\nPat Tryson, NASCAR crew chief","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bushido: The Soul of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido:_The_Soul_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nitobe Inazō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitobe_Inaz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The preface to Bushido: The Soul of Japan, by Nitobe Inazō, is signed \"Malvern, Pa., Twelfth Month, 1899.\"[34]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Malvern First Presbyterian Church before 1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Malvern_PA_1st_Presby_PHS332.jpg/220px-Malvern_PA_1st_Presby_PHS332.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. President Ronald Reagan visiting Malvern in May 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/President_Ronald_Reagan_speaking_at_a_podium_in_Malvern%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_speaking_at_a_podium_in_Malvern%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"image_text":"Malvern Preparatory School, a Catholic school in Malvern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Malvern-duffy-new1-2000x1449.jpg/220px-Malvern-duffy-new1-2000x1449.jpg"},{"image_text":"Malvern station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malvern_Station_--_May_2023_%282%29.jpg/220px-Malvern_Station_--_May_2023_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Chester_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Chester_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia"},{"title":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania"}]	[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2742%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Tredyffrin Township\". Tredyffrin Township website. Archived from the original on 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2010-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922052112/http://www.tredyffrin.org/general/history.aspx","url_text":"\"History of Tredyffrin Township\""},{"url":"http://www.tredyffrin.org/general/history.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Paul (Spring 2002). \"The West Chester Railroad Company\". The High Line. Philadelphia Chapter, Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society. 18 (1): 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Malvern Borough Home Rule Charter\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2010-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120804133427/http://www.malvern.org/htms/hrc2.html","url_text":"\"Malvern Borough Home Rule Charter\""},{"url":"http://www.malvern.org/htms/hrc2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2020\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Portals/48/Features/CountyAndMunicipalPopulationChange_2010to2020.xlsx?ver=2021-08-24-080135-920","url_text":"\"Census 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2010: Pennsylvania - USATODAY.com\". USA TODAY News. Retrieved 2019-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/PA","url_text":"\"Census 2010: Pennsylvania - USATODAY.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Malvern Business and Professional Association\". Retrieved 2012-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malvernbusiness.com/","url_text":"\"Malvern Business and Professional Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Malvern: East King Street Redevelopment\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415063854/http://www.malvern.org/htms/eking.html","url_text":"\"Borough of Malvern: East King Street Redevelopment\""},{"url":"http://www.malvern.org/htms/eking.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimberton Whole Foods Coming To East King\".","urls":[{"url":"http://malvern.patch.com/topics/East+King+Street","url_text":"\"Kimberton Whole Foods Coming To East King\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Businesses Are Coming to King Street?\". 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://malvern.patch.com/articles/what-businesses-are-coming-to-king-street","url_text":"\"What Businesses Are Coming to King Street?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uptown Worthington: A List of What's Coming\". 13 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://malvern.patch.com/articles/uptown-worthington-a-list-of-what-s-coming","url_text":"\"Uptown Worthington: A List of What's Coming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malvern Memorial Day Parade history\". Retrieved 2012-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malvernmemorialparade.com/history.htm","url_text":"\"Malvern Memorial Day Parade history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malvern Parks & Recreation\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415121118/http://www.malvern.org/htms/parks.html","url_text":"\"Malvern Parks & Recreation\""},{"url":"http://www.malvern.org/htms/parks.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Herzak Park Dedication in Malvern is Monday\". 29 August 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/pennsylvania/malvern/herzak-park-dedication-malvern-monday","url_text":"\"Herzak Park Dedication in Malvern is Monday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Information about Great Valley School District\". Retrieved 2010-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gvsd.org/188510217151135537/site/default.asp","url_text":"\"Information about Great Valley School District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willistown Country Day School Montessory\". Retrieved 2012-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://willistown.org/","url_text":"\"Willistown Country Day School Montessory\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Patrick School\". Retrieved 2012-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saintpatrickmalvern.org/stpat/","url_text":"\"St. Patrick School\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Monica School\". Retrieved 2012-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smsberwyn.org/","url_text":"\"St. Monica School\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Patrick Wins Appeal\". Archived from the original on 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2012-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130131074438/http://malvern.patch.com/articles/malvern-monica-berwyn-archdiocese-saint-patrick-wins-appeal-merger-is-off","url_text":"\"St. Patrick Wins Appeal\""},{"url":"http://malvern.patch.com/articles/malvern-monica-berwyn-archdiocese-saint-patrick-wins-appeal-merger-is-off","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Villa Maria Academy High School website\". Retrieved 2016-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vmahs.org/","url_text":"\"Villa Maria Academy High School website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malvern · Pennsylvania 19355\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Malvern,+PA+19355/@40.032752,-75.5238953,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x89c6ed451790a5","url_text":"\"Malvern · Pennsylvania 19355\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book an Intercity (Prime) Ticket\". OurBus. Retrieved February 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourbus.com/bookTicket","url_text":"\"Book an Intercity (Prime) Ticket\""}]},{"reference":"Rettew Jr., Bill (December 16, 2017). \"Company plans bus service from West Chester to New York City\". Daily Local News. West Chester, PA. Retrieved February 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailylocal.com/article/DL/20171216/NEWS/171219841","url_text":"\"Company plans bus service from West Chester to New York City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malvern Borough map\" (PDF). PennDOT. Retrieved March 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gis.penndot.gov/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/Type5/15407.pdf","url_text":"\"Malvern Borough map\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malvern,_Pennsylvania&params=40_02_04_N_75_30_52_W_type:city(3419)","external_links_name":"40°02′04″N 75°30′52″W / 40.03444°N 75.51444°W / 40.03444; -75.51444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malvern,_Pennsylvania&params=40_02_04_N_75_30_52_W_type:city(3419)","external_links_name":"40°02′04″N 75°30′52″W / 40.03444°N 75.51444°W / 40.03444; -75.51444"},{"Link":"http://www.malvern.org/","external_links_name":"www.malvern.org"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2742%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922052112/http://www.tredyffrin.org/general/history.aspx","external_links_name":"\"History of Tredyffrin Township\""},{"Link":"http://www.tredyffrin.org/general/history.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120804133427/http://www.malvern.org/htms/hrc2.html","external_links_name":"\"Malvern Borough Home Rule Charter\""},{"Link":"http://www.malvern.org/htms/hrc2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Portals/48/Features/CountyAndMunicipalPopulationChange_2010to2020.xlsx?ver=2021-08-24-080135-920","external_links_name":"\"Census 2020\""},{"Link":"https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/PA","external_links_name":"\"Census 2010: Pennsylvania - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy	William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy	["1 Origins","2 Biography","3 Family","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	English courtier Arms of Sir William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, KG: Barry nebulée of six or and sable William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy (c. 1478 – 8 November 1534), KG, of Barton Blount, Derbyshire, was an extremely influential English courtier, a respected humanistic scholar and patron of learning. He was one of the most influential and perhaps the wealthiest English noble courtier of his time. Mountjoy was known internationally as a humanist writer and scholar and patron of the arts. Origins William Blount was born circa 1478 in Barton Blount, Derbyshire, the eldest son of John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy (c. 1450 – 1485) by his wife Lora Berkeley (died 1501), daughter of Edward Berkeley (died 1506) of Beverston Castle, Gloucestershire. After her husband's death in 1485, Lora Berkeley remarried first Sir Thomas Montgomery (died 1495), and secondly Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond (died 1515), grandfather of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, father of Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII. Biography Blount was a pupil of Erasmus, who called him inter nobiles doctissimus ("The most learned amongst the nobles"). His friends included John Colet, Thomas More and William Grocyn. In 1497 he commanded part of a force sent to fight and suppress the rebellion of Perkin Warbeck. Mountjoy was appointed and served as King Henry VIII's boyhood tutor. In 1509 he was appointed Master of the Mint. In 1513 he was appointed Governor of Tournai (1513–1519), and his letters to Cardinal Wolsey and King Henry VIII describing his vigorous government of the town are preserved in the British Library. In 1520 he was present with Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and in 1522 at the king's meeting with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Having served since 1512 as Chamberlain to Queen Catherine of Aragon, it fell to him in that office to announce to her the intention of Henry VIII to divorce her. He also signed the letter to the Pope conveying the king's threat to repudiate papal supremacy unless the divorce was granted. Mountjoy was one of the most influential and perhaps the wealthiest English noble courtier of his time. Sir William Blount, 4th Lord Mountjoy died on 8 November 1534 at Sutton-on-the-Hill, Derbyshire, England. Mountjoy was never disgraced, nor out of royal favour. His son Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy (1516–1544), was also a patron of learning. Family Mountjoy married four times: Firstly, in about Easter 1497, Elizabeth Saye (died before 1506), daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Saye of Essenden, Hertfordshire, by whom he had a daughter: Gertrude Blount, later a lady in waiting to Queen Mary I (1553–1558), who on 25 October 1519 married Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (c. 1498 – 1538), KG, PC, the eldest son of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon by his wife Catherine of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Secondly, before the end of July 1509, Mountjoy married Inés de Venegas, one of the Spanish attendants or chamberers of Catherine of Aragon while she was Princess of Wales. Thirdly, before February 1515, Mountjoy married Alice Keble (died 8 June 1521), daughter of Henry Keble, Lord Mayor of London in 1510 and widow of Sir William Browne (died 1514), Lord Mayor of London in 1513. She died in 1521 and was buried at the Greyfriars, London. By Alice, he had children as follows: Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy (28 June 1516 – 10 October 1544), eldest son and heir, like his father also a successful English courtier and patron of learning. Catherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1559), who married firstly Sir John Champernowne of Modbury, Devon, and secondly Sir Maurice Berkeley (died 1581) of Bruton, Somerset. Fourthly, before 29 July 1523, Mountjoy married Dorothy Grey (daughter of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset by his wife, Cecily Bonville) and widow of Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke. Dorothy Grey was the sister of Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset (1477–1530), grandfather of Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537–1554). Dorothy, Lady Mountjoy, left a will proved 17 November 1553 (P.C.C. 20 Tasche). By Dorothy, Blount had the following children, all first-cousins-once-removed to Lady Jane Grey: John Blount Mary Blount, who married (as his first wife) Sir Robert Dennis, Knt. (died 1592) of Holcombe Burnell in Devon. Dorothy Blount, who married John Blewett, Esq. (died 1585) of Holcombe Rogus in Devon. Notes ^ a b c Carley 2004. ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mountjoy, Barons and Viscounts" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 941. ^ The date of death of Inez de Venegas is unknown, however Carley, James P. (2004). "Blount, William, fourth Baron Mountjoy (c. 1478–1534)" suggests that, as William had remarried by 1515 and was not divorced from Inez, her death was before February 1515. ^ Brown 1888, p. 152. ^ Emerson, Kathy Lynn. "Catherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1558/9)". A Who's Who of Tudor Women: B-Bl. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013. An update and correct Wives and Daughters: The Women of Sixteenth-Century England (1984) ^ Richardson 2011, pp. 336–337. ^ They are cousins to her father, so are one generation removed from Jane Grey. ^ Vivian 1895, p. 280: pedigree of Dennis of Holcombe Burnell ^ Vivian 1895, p. 93: pedigree of Blewett References Brown, James Roberts (1888). "Jno. and Wm. Browne, Sheriffs and Lord Mayors of London". Notes and Queries. 7th. London: John C. Francis. V: 151–3. Carley, James P. (2004). "Blount, William, fourth Baron Mountjoy (c. 1478–1534)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2702. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Craig, John (1953). The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ASIN B0000CIHG7. Lee, Sidney (1886). "Blount, William" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 259–260. Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1449966379.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Vivian, J.L., ed. (1895). The Visitations of the County of Devon, Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620. With additions by Lieutenant-Colonel J. L. Vivian. Exeter: Henry S. Eland. External links Berkeley family tree Peerage of England Preceded byJohn Blount Baron Mountjoy 1485–1534 Succeeded byCharles Blount vteMasters of the Royal Mint (1331–1879)House of Plantagenet(1216–1399) Richard de Snowshill/Richard of Grimsby (1331) Henry de Bruselee and John Chichester (1351–?) Walter dei Bardi (1361–1361) John Chichester (1365–1367) Walter dei Bardi (1375–1391) John Wildeman (1391–1391) Houses of Lancaster and York(1399–1485) Richard Garner (1411–1414) Sir Lewis John (1413–1414) Sir Lewis John (1418–1420) Bartholomew Goldbeter (1421–1432) John Paddesley (1435–1446) Robert Manfield (1446–1459) Sir Richard Tonstall (1459–1461) William Hastings (1461–April 1483) Sir Robert Brackenbury (April–June 1483) Sir Robert Brackenbury (June 1483–1485) House of Tudor(1485–1603) Sir Giles Daubeney (1485–1490) Sir Bartholomew Reed and Robert Fenrother (1492–1498) 4th Baron Mountjoy (1509–1534) Ralph Rowlet/Sir Martin Bowes (1543) Sir Martin Bowes (1544) Sir John York (1547–1553) Thomas Egerton (1553–1555) Sir Thomas Stanley (1560–1571) John Lonyson (1571–1582) Sir Richard Martin (1582–1603) House of Stuart(1603–1649) Sir Richard Martin (1603–1609) Sir Edward Villiers (1617–1623) Sir Randal Cranfield (1623–1626) Sir Robert Harley (1626–1635) Sir Ralph Freeman/Sir Thomas Aylesbury (1635–1643) Sir Robert Harley (1643–1649) Interregnum(1649–1660) Aaron Guerdon (1649–1653) House of Stuart(1660–1714) Sir Ralph Freeman (1660–1662) Sir Ralph Freeman/Henry Slingsby (1662–1667) Henry Slingsby (1667–1680) Sir John Buckworth/Charles Duncombe/James Hoare (1680–1684) Thomas Neale/Charles Duncombe/James Hoare (1684–1686) Thomas Neale (1686–1699) Sir Isaac Newton (1700–1714) House of Hanover(1714–1901) Sir Isaac Newton (1714–1727) John Conduitt (1727–1737) Hon. Richard Arundell (1737–1745) 3rd Viscount Chetwynd (1745–1769) 1st Earl Cadogan (1769–1784) 3rd Earl of Effingham (1784–1789) 5th Earl of Chesterfield (1789–1790) 2nd Marquess Townshend (1790–1794) Sir George Yonge (1794–1799) 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1799–1801) 2nd Baron Arden (1801–1802) John Smyth (1802–1804) 3rd Earl Bathurst (1804–1806) Lord Charles Spencer (1806) Charles Bathurst (1806–1807) 3rd Earl Bathurst (1807–1812) 2nd Earl of Clancarty (1812–1814) 3rd Earl of Mornington (1814–1823) 1st Baron Wallace (1823–1827) George Tierney (1827–1828) John Charles Herries (1828–1830) 1st Earl of Auckland (1830–1834) 1st Baron Dunfermline (1834–1835) 1st Baron Ashburton (1835) 1st Baron Taunton (1835–1841) William Ewart Gladstone (1841–1845) Sir George Clerk (1845–1846) Richard Lalor Sheil (1846–1850) Sir John Herschel (1850–1855) Thomas Graham (1855–1869) Vacant (1869–1879) Office abolished in 1879 with duties given to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sir_William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy,_KG.png"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Barton Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Blount"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"}],"text":"Arms of Sir William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, KG: Barry nebulée of six or and sableWilliam Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy (c. 1478 – 8 November 1534), KG, of Barton Blount, Derbyshire, was an extremely influential English courtier, a respected humanistic scholar and patron of learning. He was one of the most influential and perhaps the wealthiest English noble courtier of his time. Mountjoy was known internationally as a humanist writer and scholar and patron of the arts.","title":"William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blount,_3rd_Baron_Mountjoy"},{"link_name":"Beverston Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverston_Castle"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Thomas_Montgomery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Butler,_7th_Earl_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarley2004-1"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"}],"text":"William Blount was born circa 1478 in Barton Blount, Derbyshire, the eldest son of John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy (c. 1450 – 1485) by his wife Lora Berkeley (died 1501), daughter of Edward Berkeley (died 1506) of Beverston Castle, Gloucestershire. After her husband's death in 1485, Lora Berkeley remarried first Sir Thomas Montgomery (died 1495), and secondly Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond (died 1515), grandfather of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire,[1] father of Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"John Colet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colet"},{"link_name":"Thomas More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More"},{"link_name":"William Grocyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grocyn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Perkin Warbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Master of the Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint"},{"link_name":"Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Wolsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Field of the Cloth of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blount,_5th_Baron_Mountjoy"}],"text":"Blount was a pupil of Erasmus, who called him inter nobiles doctissimus (\"The most learned amongst the nobles\"). His friends included John Colet, Thomas More and William Grocyn.[2]In 1497 he commanded part of a force sent to fight and suppress the rebellion of Perkin Warbeck. Mountjoy was appointed and served as King Henry VIII's boyhood tutor. In 1509 he was appointed Master of the Mint. In 1513 he was appointed Governor of Tournai (1513–1519), and his letters to Cardinal Wolsey and King Henry VIII describing his vigorous government of the town are preserved in the British Library.[2]In 1520 he was present with Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and in 1522 at the king's meeting with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Having served since 1512 as Chamberlain to Queen Catherine of Aragon, it fell to him in that office to announce to her the intention of Henry VIII to divorce her. He also signed the letter to the Pope conveying the king's threat to repudiate papal supremacy unless the divorce was granted. Mountjoy was one of the most influential and perhaps the wealthiest English noble courtier of his time.[2] Sir William Blount, 4th Lord Mountjoy died on 8 November 1534 at Sutton-on-the-Hill, Derbyshire, England. Mountjoy was never disgraced, nor out of royal favour. His son Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy (1516–1544), was also a patron of learning.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarley2004-1"},{"link_name":"Essenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenden"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Blount,_Marchioness_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"lady in waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_waiting"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Catherine of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_York"},{"link_name":"Edward IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chamberers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberer"},{"link_name":"Henry Keble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Keble"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_London"},{"link_name":"Greyfriars, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars,_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1888152-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emerson-5"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Modbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modbury"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Sir Maurice Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Berkeley_(died_1581)"},{"link_name":"Bruton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruton"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_1st_Marquess_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Cecily Bonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_Bonville,_7th_Baroness_Harington"},{"link_name":"Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Willoughby,_2nd_Baron_Willoughby_de_Broke"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Marquess_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarley2004-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2011336%E2%80%93337-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dennis_(died_1592)"},{"link_name":"Holcombe Burnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holcombe_Burnell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivian1895280-8"},{"link_name":"Holcombe Rogus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Holcombe_Rogus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivian189593-9"}],"text":"Mountjoy married four times:Firstly, in about Easter 1497, Elizabeth Saye (died before 1506[1]), daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Saye of Essenden, Hertfordshire, by whom he had a daughter:\nGertrude Blount, later a lady in waiting to Queen Mary I (1553–1558), who on 25 October 1519 married Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (c. 1498 – 1538), KG, PC, the eldest son of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon by his wife Catherine of York, daughter of King Edward IV.\nSecondly, before the end of July 1509, Mountjoy married Inés de Venegas,[3] one of the Spanish attendants or chamberers of Catherine of Aragon while she was Princess of Wales.\nThirdly, before February 1515, Mountjoy married Alice Keble (died 8 June 1521), daughter of Henry Keble, Lord Mayor of London in 1510 and widow of Sir William Browne (died 1514), Lord Mayor of London in 1513. She died in 1521 and was buried at the Greyfriars, London.[4][5] By Alice, he had children as follows:\nCharles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy (28 June 1516 – 10 October 1544), eldest son and heir, like his father also a successful English courtier and patron of learning.[2]\nCatherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1559), who married firstly Sir John Champernowne of Modbury, Devon, and secondly Sir Maurice Berkeley (died 1581) of Bruton, Somerset.\nFourthly, before 29 July 1523, Mountjoy married Dorothy Grey (daughter of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset by his wife, Cecily Bonville) and widow of Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke. Dorothy Grey was the sister of Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset (1477–1530), grandfather of Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537–1554). Dorothy, Lady Mountjoy, left a will proved 17 November 1553 (P.C.C. 20 Tasche). By Dorothy, Blount had the following children,[1][6] all first-cousins-once-removed[7] to Lady Jane Grey:\nJohn Blount\nMary Blount, who married (as his first wife) Sir Robert Dennis, Knt. (died 1592) of Holcombe Burnell in Devon.[8]\nDorothy Blount, who married John Blewett, Esq. (died 1585) of Holcombe Rogus in Devon.[9]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarley2004_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarley2004_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarley2004_1-2"},{"link_name":"Carley 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarley2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_2-3"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Mountjoy, Barons and Viscounts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mountjoy,_Barons_and_Viscounts"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1888152_4-0"},{"link_name":"Brown 1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrown1888"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Emerson_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Catherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1558/9)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130622174906/http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenB-Bl.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenB-Bl.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2011336%E2%80%93337_6-0"},{"link_name":"Richardson 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivian1895280_8-0"},{"link_name":"Vivian 1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVivian1895"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivian189593_9-0"},{"link_name":"Vivian 1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVivian1895"}],"text":"^ a b c Carley 2004.\n\n^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Mountjoy, Barons and Viscounts\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 941.\n\n^ The date of death of Inez de Venegas is unknown, however Carley, James P. (2004). \"Blount, William, fourth Baron Mountjoy (c. 1478–1534)\" suggests that, as William had remarried by 1515 and was not divorced from Inez, her death was before February 1515.\n\n^ Brown 1888, p. 152.\n\n^ Emerson, Kathy Lynn. \"Catherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1558/9)\". A Who's Who of Tudor Women: B-Bl. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013. An update and correct Wives and Daughters: The Women of Sixteenth-Century England (1984)\n\n^ Richardson 2011, pp. 336–337.\n\n^ They are cousins to her father, so are one generation removed from Jane Grey.\n\n^ Vivian 1895, p. 280: pedigree of Dennis of Holcombe Burnell\n\n^ Vivian 1895, p. 93: pedigree of Blewett","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Arms of Sir William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, KG: Barry nebulée of six or and sable","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Coat_of_arms_of_Sir_William_Blount%2C_4th_Baron_Mountjoy%2C_KG.png/243px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sir_William_Blount%2C_4th_Baron_Mountjoy%2C_KG.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Mountjoy, Barons and Viscounts\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 941.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mountjoy,_Barons_and_Viscounts","url_text":"\"Mountjoy, Barons and Viscounts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Emerson, Kathy Lynn. \"Catherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1558/9)\". A Who's Who of Tudor Women: B-Bl. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013. An update and correct Wives and Daughters: The Women of Sixteenth-Century England (1984)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130622174906/http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenB-Bl.htm","url_text":"\"Catherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1558/9)\""},{"url":"http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenB-Bl.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, James Roberts (1888). \"Jno. and Wm. Browne, Sheriffs and Lord Mayors of London\". Notes and Queries. 7th. London: John C. Francis. V: 151–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wWkEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152","url_text":"\"Jno. and Wm. Browne, Sheriffs and Lord Mayors of London\""}]},{"reference":"Carley, James P. (2004). \"Blount, William, fourth Baron Mountjoy (c. 1478–1534)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2702","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/2702"}]},{"reference":"Craig, John (1953). The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ASIN B0000CIHG7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England","url_text":"England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CIHG7","url_text":"B0000CIHG7"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sidney (1886). \"Blount, William\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 259–260.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Blount,_William","url_text":"\"Blount, William\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1449966379.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449966379","url_text":"978-1449966379"}]},{"reference":"Vivian, J.L., ed. (1895). The Visitations of the County of Devon, Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620. With additions by Lieutenant-Colonel J. L. Vivian. Exeter: Henry S. Eland.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambrick_Vivian","url_text":"Vivian, J.L."}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mountjoy,_Barons_and_Viscounts","external_links_name":"\"Mountjoy, Barons and Viscounts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130622174906/http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenB-Bl.htm","external_links_name":"\"Catherine Blount (c. 1518 – 25 February 1558/9)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenB-Bl.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wWkEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"\"Jno. and Wm. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhok,_Iraq	Duhok	["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Ottoman period","2.2 Modern times","3 Archaeology","4 Climate","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°52′N 43°0′E / 36.867°N 43.000°E / 36.867; 43.000City in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Historically known as Nohadra in Assyria City in IraqDuhok DihokCity Top-bottom, R-L:View over Dohuk American University of Dohuk • Sharansh WaterfallDohuk at night • Assyrian Mar Narsai ChurchDuhokCoordinates: 36°52′N 43°0′E / 36.867°N 43.000°E / 36.867; 43.000Country IraqRegionKurdistan RegionGovernorateDuhok GovernorateDistrictDuhok DistrictGovernment • MayorAli TatarElevation1,854 ft (565 m)Population • Estimate (2018)340,871Time zoneUTC+3 (Arabian Standard Time)Postcode42001Area code062Websiteduhok.gov.krd Buildings in central Duhok Assyrian Mar Narsai Church in Duhok Duhok (Kurdish: دهۆک, romanized: Dihok; Arabic: دهوك, romanized: Dahūk; Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ, romanized: Beth Nohadra) is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It is the capital city of Duhok Governorate. Name The original name of the city was Nuhadra, an Assyrian town dating to the late Bronze Age, which later became a semi independent Neo-Assyrian province and later ecclesiastical province of Beth Nuhadra. In the Medieval era city of Duhok received its name from the Kurdish word ’du’ (two) and ’hok’ (lump) as a tax payment of two lumps from the basket of each passing caravan that often carry wheat and barley. According to a tradition presented by Sasson Nahum, Dohuk was initially named Dohuk-e Dasinya, signifying "Dohuk of the Yezidis". However, after a massacre of the Yezidis, the town was abandoned, leading to the settlement of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the area. History For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Duhok. The city of Duhok has an ancient Assyrian and Hurrian history attached to it from the time of the Middle Assyrian Empire and Urartu and was originally Assyrian inhabited and called Nuhadra. The city joined the Kurdish principality of Badinan sometime in the 13th or 14th centuries under the foundation of the Kurdish Hakkari tribe. As observed by Evliya Celebi in Seyahatnâme (Book of Travels), the principality was divided into: Akre, Zaxo, Shixoyi, Duhok, Zibari, and Muzuri. Ottoman period In 1820, Rich described Duhok as a small town comprising 300 houses, serving as the principal site for the Doski tribe, accompanied by eighty additional villages. The missionary Henry Aaron Stern (1851) observed Dohuk's diverse population, which included Jewish residents. Stern further noted that the kiahya, or village mayor, was an Assyrian of Chaldean Catholic affiliation. By 1859, Rabbi Yehiel found two minyans of Jews in the area. The Muslim and Assyrian Christian communities comprised around a hundred households. In 1929, the settled population reached approximately 3,500 inhabitants, with Kurds forming the majority. Among the 550 households, 65 were Assyrian Christian, and 30 were Jewish. Modern times The University of Duhok was founded on 31 October 1992. The city is home to diverse ethnic groups, including Iraqi Kurds who are the majority, while other minorities include Assyrians, Yazidis and Arabs. The city also hosts tens of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs), most of whom are Yazidis and Assyrians after the Islamic State expansion in Iraq in 2014 and the subsequent Fall of Mosul and the Nineveh Plains region after two more months of fighting, in addition to the Sinjar massacre in which 5,000 Yezidis were massacred during the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM-Iraq), as of June 2019, Duhok Governorate hosted 326,106 IDPs across 169 different locations. Archaeology In 2020, researchers discovered in the Balyuz hills, ten kilometers west of Duhok City, an ancient tablet with Greek inscription which dates back to 165 B.C. The inscriptions refer to Demetrius, the region's ruler during that time. Seven kilometers southwest of Duhok, Halamata Cave is an archaeological site containing the Assyrian relief carvings known as the Maltai Reliefs, associated with the northern canal system built by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (r. 704–681 BCE) to carry water to his capital city of Nineveh". Climate According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, Duhok, like most of Upper Mesopotamia, has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) featuring sweltering, virtually rainless summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Precipitation falls in the cooler months, being heaviest in late winter and early spring. The city can get around two or three snowy days yearly, with more severe falls in the uplands. Summers are virtually rainless, with rain returning in late autumn. Climate data for Duhok, Iraq Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 20(68) 27(81) 30(86) 34(93) 38(100) 41(106) 45(113) 46(115) 44(111) 39(102) 31(88) 24(75) 46(115) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11(52) 14(57) 19(66) 24(75) 32(90) 38(100) 42(108) 41(106) 37(99) 29(84) 20(68) 13(55) 27(80) Daily mean °C (°F) 7(45) 10(50) 14(57) 18(64) 25(77) 31(88) 34(93) 34(93) 29(84) 22(72) 14(57) 9(48) 21(69) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3(37) 5(41) 9(48) 13(55) 18(64) 23(73) 27(81) 26(79) 21(70) 15(59) 8(46) 6(43) 15(58) Record low °C (°F) −4(25) −6(21) −1(30) 3(37) 6(43) 10(50) 13(55) 17(63) 11(52) 4(39) −2(28) −2(28) −6(21) Average rainfall mm (inches) 101(4.0) 120(4.7) 111(4.4) 70(2.8) 38(1.5) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.0) 10(0.4) 57(2.2) 108(4.3) 616(24.3) Average rainy days 9 9 10 9 4 1 0 0 1 3 6 10 62 Average snowy days 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Average relative humidity (%) 60 53 46 39 23 15 13 15 17 28 42 62 34 Source 1: My Forecast Source 2: Levoyageur for rainfall See also List of largest cities in Iraq Duhok International Airport Assyrians in Iraq Kurds in Iraq Yazidis in Iraq Sami Khoshaba Latchin References ^ "Iraq: Governorates & Cities". ^ "K24 rêjeya dengdanê li navçeyên cuda yên Herêma Kurdistan belav kir". Kurdistan24 (in Kurdish). Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار". bot.gov.krd. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "مقتل وإصابة ثلاثة من "البشمركة" بهجوم لـ"الكردستاني" في دهوك". The New Arab (in Arabic). Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ Kadr, Salahden Ghareb (2010). Klimatische Optimierung von verdichteten Wohnhäusern in Irakisch-Kurdistan (in German). Univerlagtuberlin. ISBN 978-3-7983-2238-7. ^ "Duhok". Retrieved Oct 6, 2020. ^ a b "Duhok City". dhk-pti.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16. ^ a b c Zaken, M. (2007-01-01), "Chapter Three. Dohuk", Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan, Brill, pp. 79–96, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.24, ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9, retrieved 2023-10-10 ^ ^ "University of Duhok (UoD)". Retrieved 19 October 2022. ^ Khalel, Sheren; Vickery, Matthew (27 October 2014). "The Forgotten Yazidis". Foreign Policy Magazine. ^ Interactive. "Iraq's exodus". www.aljazeera.com. ^ "DTM-IOM-Iraq Mission". iraqdtm.iom.int. Retrieved 2019-08-08. ^ Researchers in Kurdistan's Duhok find artifact over 2,000 years old ^ "Maltai Rock Reliefs \| Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments". mcid.mcah.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-21. ^ "Dahuk, Iraq Climate". My Forecast. Retrieved 2014-01-04. ^ "Climate, weather, temperatures – City : DUHOK". Levoyageur. Retrieved 2014-01-04. External links Media related to Dohuk at Wikimedia Commons Iraq Image – Dahuk Satellite Observation Archived 2012-06-23 at the Wayback Machine vteDistricts of Iraq and their capitalsAnbar Governorate Anah District (Anah) Fallujah District (Fallujah) Haditha District (Haditha) Hit District (Hit) al-Qa'im District (Al-Qa'im) Ramadi District (Ramadi) Rawah District (Rawah) ar-Rutba District (Ar-Rutbah) Flag of IraqBabil Governorate Hashimiya District (Al Hashimiyah) Al-Hilla District (Hillah) al-Mahawil District (Al-Mahawil) al-Musayab District (Musayyib) Baghdad Governorate Abu Ghraib District al-Istiqlal District al-Mada'in District Mahmudiya District (Mahmudiya) Taji District al-Tarmia District Baghdad: New Baghdad Adhamiyah Kadhimiya Karrada Karkh Mansour Al Rashid Rusafa Sadr City Basra Governorate Abu Al-Khaseeb District (Abu Al-Khaseeb) Basrah District (Basra) al-Faw District (al-Faw) al-Midaina District (Al-Midaina) al-Qurna District (Al-Qurnah) Shatt Al-Arab District (Shatt al-Arab) al-Zubair District (Al-Zubair) Dhi Qar Governorate al-Chibayish District (Al-Chibayish) Nasiriyah District (Nasiriyah) al-Rifa'i District (Al-Rifa'i) al-Shatrah District (Al-Shatrah) Suq al-Shuyukh District (Suq Al-Shoyokh) Diyala Governorate Balad Ruz District (Balad Ruz) Ba'quba District (Baqubah) al Khalis District (Al Khalis) Khanaqin District (Khanaqin) Kifri District (Kifri) al-Miqdadiya District (Al-Miqdadiya) Duhok Governorate Akre District (Akre) Amadiya District (Amadiya) Duhok District (Duhok) Simele District (Simele) Zakho District (Zakho) Erbil Governorate Choman District (Choman) Erbil District (Erbil) Koy Sinjaq District (Koy Sanjaq) Makhmur District (Makhmur) Mergasor District (Mergasor) Shaqlawa District (Shaqlawa) Soran District (Soran) Halabja Governorate Byara District (Byara) Halabja District (Halabja) Khurmal District (Khurmal) Sirwan District (Sirwan) Karbala Governorate al-Hindiya District (Al-Hindiya) Kerbala District (Karbala) Ain Al-Tamur District (Ayn al-Tamr) Kirkuk Governorate Daquq District (Daquq) Dibis District (Dibis) Hawija District (Hawija) Kirkuk District (Kirkuk) Maysan Governorate Ali Al-Gharbi District (Ali Al-Gharbi) Amara District (Amarah) al-Kahla District (Al-Kahla) al-Maimouna District (Al-Maimouna) al-Mejar Al-Kabi District (Al-Mejar Al-Kabi) Qal'at Saleh District (Qal'at Saleh) Muthanna Governorate al-Khidhir District (Al-Khidhir) al-Rumaitha District (Al-Rumaitha) al-Salman District (Al-Salman) al-Samawa District (Samawah) Najaf Governorate Kufa District (Kufa) al-Manathera District (Al-Manathera) al-Meshkhab District (Al-Meshkhab) Najaf District (Najaf) Nineveh Governorate al-Ba'aj District (Al-Ba'aj) al-Hamdaniya District (Qaraqosh) Hatra District (Al-Hadar) Mosul District (Mosul) Shekhan District (Ain Sifni) Sinjar District (Sinjar) Tel Afar District (Tal Afar) Tel Kaif District (Tel Keppe) al-Qādisiyyah Governorate Afak District (Afak) Diwaniya District (Al Diwaniyah) Hamza District (Hamza) al-Shamiya District (Al-Shamiya ) Saladin Governorate Baiji District (Baiji) Balad District (Balad) al-Daur District (Ad-Dawr) Dujail District (Dujail) Samarra District (Samarra) al-Shirqat District (Al-Shirqat) Tikrit District (Tikrit) Tooz District (Tuz Khurmatu) Sulaymaniyah Governorate Chamchamal District (Chamchamal) Darbandikhan District (Darbandikhan) Dokan District (Dokan) Kalar District (Kalar) Kifri District (Kifri) Mawat District (Mawat) Penjwen District (Penjwen) Pshdar District (Qaladiza) Qaradagh District (Qaradagh) Ranya District (Ranya) Saidsadiq District (Said Sadiq) Sharazoor District (Zarayan) Sharbazher District (Sharbazher) Sulaymaniyah District (Sulaymaniyah) Wasit Governorate Al-Aziziyah District (Al-Aziziyah) Badra District (Badra) al-Hai District (Al-Hay) Kut District (Kut) al-Nu'maniya District (Al-Nu'maniya) al-Suwaira District (Al-Suwaira) Authority control databases National Germany Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Views_walking_around_the_center_of_Duhok_08.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Syriac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)"},{"link_name":"Duhok Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhok_Governorate"}],"text":"City in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Historically known as Nohadra in AssyriaCity in IraqBuildings in central DuhokAssyrian Mar Narsai Church in DuhokDuhok (Kurdish: دهۆک, romanized: Dihok;[2][3] Arabic: دهوك, romanized: Dahūk;[4] Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ, romanized: Beth Nohadra[5][6]) is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It is the capital city of Duhok Governorate.","title":"Duhok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhadra"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Beth Nuhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Nuhadra"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhk-pti_DuhokCity-7"},{"link_name":"Yezidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"The original name of the city was Nuhadra, an Assyrian town dating to the late Bronze Age, which later became a semi independent Neo-Assyrian province and later ecclesiastical province of Beth Nuhadra. In the Medieval era city of Duhok received its name from the Kurdish word ’du’ (two) and ’hok’ (lump) as a tax payment of two lumps from the basket of each passing caravan that often carry wheat and barley.[7] According to a tradition presented by Sasson Nahum, Dohuk was initially named Dohuk-e Dasinya, signifying \"Dohuk of the Yezidis\". However, after a massacre of the Yezidis, the town was abandoned, leading to the settlement of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the area.[8]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Duhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Duhok"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Hurrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian"},{"link_name":"Middle Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Urartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Nuhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhadra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhk-pti_DuhokCity-7"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Badinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badinan"},{"link_name":"Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Hakk%C3%A2ri"},{"link_name":"Evliya Celebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_Celebi"},{"link_name":"Seyahatnâme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyahatn%C3%A2me"},{"link_name":"Akre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akre"},{"link_name":"Zaxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaxo"},{"link_name":"Muzuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzuri"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Duhok.The city of Duhok has an ancient Assyrian and Hurrian history attached to it from the time of the Middle Assyrian Empire and Urartu and was originally Assyrian inhabited and called Nuhadra.[7]The city joined the Kurdish principality of Badinan sometime in the 13th or 14th centuries under the foundation of the Kurdish Hakkari tribe. As observed by Evliya Celebi in Seyahatnâme (Book of Travels), the principality was divided into: Akre, Zaxo, Shixoyi, Duhok, Zibari, and Muzuri.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Aaron Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Aaron_Stern"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"minyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman period","text":"In 1820, Rich described Duhok as a small town comprising 300 houses, serving as the principal site for the Doski tribe, accompanied by eighty additional villages. The missionary Henry Aaron Stern (1851) observed Dohuk's diverse population, which included Jewish residents. Stern further noted that the kiahya, or village mayor, was an Assyrian of Chaldean Catholic affiliation. By 1859, Rabbi Yehiel found two minyans of Jews in the area. The Muslim and Assyrian Christian communities comprised around a hundred households.[8]In 1929, the settled population reached approximately 3,500 inhabitants, with Kurds forming the majority. Among the 550 households, 65 were Assyrian Christian, and 30 were Jewish.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Duhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Duhok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VerifyUOD-10"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Yazidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"internally displaced persons (IDPs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person"},{"link_name":"Yazidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"Fall of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul"},{"link_name":"Nineveh Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_Plains"},{"link_name":"Sinjar massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_massacre"},{"link_name":"genocide of Yazidis by ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Modern times","text":"The University of Duhok was founded on 31 October 1992.[10]The city is home to diverse ethnic groups, including Iraqi Kurds who are the majority, while other minorities include Assyrians, Yazidis and Arabs. The city also hosts tens of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs), most of whom are Yazidis and Assyrians after the Islamic State expansion in Iraq in 2014 and the subsequent Fall of Mosul and the Nineveh Plains region after two more months of fighting, in addition to the Sinjar massacre in which 5,000 Yezidis were massacred during the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL.[11][12] According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM-Iraq), as of June 2019, Duhok Governorate hosted 326,106 IDPs across 169 different locations.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Halamata Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamata_Cave"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"relief carvings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_carving"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2020, researchers discovered in the Balyuz hills, ten kilometers west of Duhok City, an ancient tablet with Greek inscription which dates back to 165 B.C. The inscriptions refer to Demetrius, the region's ruler during that time.[14]Seven kilometers southwest of Duhok, Halamata Cave is an archaeological site containing the Assyrian relief carvings known as the Maltai Reliefs, associated with the northern canal system built by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (r. 704–681 BCE) to carry water to his capital city of Nineveh\".[15]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen-Geiger climate classification system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system"},{"link_name":"Upper Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Forecast-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levoyageur-17"}],"text":"According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, Duhok, like most of Upper Mesopotamia, has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) featuring sweltering, virtually rainless summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Precipitation falls in the cooler months, being heaviest in late winter and early spring. The city can get around two or three snowy days yearly, with more severe falls in the uplands. Summers are virtually rainless, with rain returning in late autumn.Climate data for Duhok, Iraq\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n20(68)\n\n27(81)\n\n30(86)\n\n34(93)\n\n38(100)\n\n41(106)\n\n45(113)\n\n46(115)\n\n44(111)\n\n39(102)\n\n31(88)\n\n24(75)\n\n46(115)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n11(52)\n\n14(57)\n\n19(66)\n\n24(75)\n\n32(90)\n\n38(100)\n\n42(108)\n\n41(106)\n\n37(99)\n\n29(84)\n\n20(68)\n\n13(55)\n\n27(80)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n7(45)\n\n10(50)\n\n14(57)\n\n18(64)\n\n25(77)\n\n31(88)\n\n34(93)\n\n34(93)\n\n29(84)\n\n22(72)\n\n14(57)\n\n9(48)\n\n21(69)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3(37)\n\n5(41)\n\n9(48)\n\n13(55)\n\n18(64)\n\n23(73)\n\n27(81)\n\n26(79)\n\n21(70)\n\n15(59)\n\n8(46)\n\n6(43)\n\n15(58)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−4(25)\n\n−6(21)\n\n−1(30)\n\n3(37)\n\n6(43)\n\n10(50)\n\n13(55)\n\n17(63)\n\n11(52)\n\n4(39)\n\n−2(28)\n\n−2(28)\n\n−6(21)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n101(4.0)\n\n120(4.7)\n\n111(4.4)\n\n70(2.8)\n\n38(1.5)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n57(2.2)\n\n108(4.3)\n\n616(24.3)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n9\n\n9\n\n10\n\n9\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n3\n\n6\n\n10\n\n62\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n60\n\n53\n\n46\n\n39\n\n23\n\n15\n\n13\n\n15\n\n17\n\n28\n\n42\n\n62\n\n34\n\n\nSource 1: My Forecast[16]\n\n\nSource 2: Levoyageur for rainfall[17]","title":"Climate"}]	[{"image_text":"Buildings in central Duhok","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Views_walking_around_the_center_of_Duhok_08.jpg/220px-Views_walking_around_the_center_of_Duhok_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Assyrian Mar Narsai Church in Duhok","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg/220px-Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Iraq","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of largest cities in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq"},{"title":"Duhok International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhok_International_Airport"},{"title":"Assyrians in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Kurds in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Yazidis in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Sami Khoshaba Latchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Khoshaba_Latchin"}]	[{"reference":"\"Iraq: Governorates & Cities\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html","url_text":"\"Iraq: Governorates & Cities\""}]},{"reference":"\"K24 rêjeya dengdanê li navçeyên cuda yên Herêma Kurdistan belav kir\". Kurdistan24 (in Kurdish). Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurdistan24.net/ku/news/90900b5c-a142-417c-90ff-64d8b0ca1672","url_text":"\"K24 rêjeya dengdanê li navçeyên cuda yên Herêma Kurdistan belav kir\""}]},{"reference":"\"كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار\". bot.gov.krd. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://bot.gov.krd/kurdish/duhok-province/duhok","url_text":"\"كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار\""}]},{"reference":"\"مقتل وإصابة ثلاثة من \"البشمركة\" بهجوم لـ\"الكردستاني\" في دهوك\". The New Arab (in Arabic). Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9%22-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%80%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%22-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83","url_text":"\"مقتل وإصابة ثلاثة من \"البشمركة\" بهجوم لـ\"الكردستاني\" في دهوك\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Arab","url_text":"The New Arab"}]},{"reference":"Kadr, Salahden Ghareb (2010). Klimatische Optimierung von verdichteten Wohnhäusern in Irakisch-Kurdistan (in German). Univerlagtuberlin. ISBN 978-3-7983-2238-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KbpFJ8TMHyoC&pg=PA81","url_text":"Klimatische Optimierung von verdichteten Wohnhäusern in Irakisch-Kurdistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7983-2238-7","url_text":"978-3-7983-2238-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Duhok\". Retrieved Oct 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://syriaca.org/place/76","url_text":"\"Duhok\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duhok City\". dhk-pti.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://dhk-pti.com/website/DuhokCity.php","url_text":"\"Duhok City\""}]},{"reference":"Zaken, M. (2007-01-01), \"Chapter Three. Dohuk\", Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan, Brill, pp. 79–96, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.24, ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9, retrieved 2023-10-10","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/display/book/9789047422129/Bej.9789004161900.i-376_006.xml","url_text":"\"Chapter Three. Dohuk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004161900.i-376.24","url_text":"10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2212-9","url_text":"978-90-474-2212-9"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Duhok (UoD)\". Retrieved 19 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://uod.ac/about/","url_text":"\"University of Duhok (UoD)\""}]},{"reference":"Khalel, Sheren; Vickery, Matthew (27 October 2014). \"The Forgotten Yazidis\". Foreign Policy Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/27/the-forgotten-yazidis/","url_text":"\"The Forgotten Yazidis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Magazine","url_text":"Foreign Policy Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Interactive. \"Iraq's exodus\". www.aljazeera.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2014/09/iraq-exodus-201493132419188566.html","url_text":"\"Iraq's exodus\""}]},{"reference":"\"DTM-IOM-Iraq Mission\". iraqdtm.iom.int. Retrieved 2019-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://iraqdtm.iom.int/DtmReports.aspx","url_text":"\"DTM-IOM-Iraq Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maltai Rock Reliefs \| Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments\". mcid.mcah.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/mapping-mesopotamian-monuments/monuments/maltai-sample","url_text":"\"Maltai Rock Reliefs \| Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dahuk, Iraq Climate\". My Forecast. Retrieved 2014-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66292&metric=true","url_text":"\"Dahuk, Iraq Climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate, weather, temperatures – City : DUHOK\". Levoyageur. Retrieved 2014-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66292&metric=true","url_text":"\"Climate, weather, temperatures – City : DUHOK\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duhok&params=36_52_N_43_0_E_region:IQ_type:city","external_links_name":"36°52′N 43°0′E / 36.867°N 43.000°E / 36.867; 43.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duhok&params=36_52_N_43_0_E_region:IQ_type:city","external_links_name":"36°52′N 43°0′E / 36.867°N 43.000°E / 36.867; 43.000"},{"Link":"http://duhok.gov.krd/","external_links_name":"duhok.gov.krd"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html","external_links_name":"\"Iraq: Governorates & Cities\""},{"Link":"https://www.kurdistan24.net/ku/news/90900b5c-a142-417c-90ff-64d8b0ca1672","external_links_name":"\"K24 rêjeya dengdanê li navçeyên cuda yên Herêma Kurdistan belav kir\""},{"Link":"http://bot.gov.krd/kurdish/duhok-province/duhok","external_links_name":"\"كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار\""},{"Link":"https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9%22-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%80%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%22-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83","external_links_name":"\"مقتل وإصابة ثلاثة من \"البشمركة\" بهجوم لـ\"الكردستاني\" في دهوك\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KbpFJ8TMHyoC&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"Klimatische Optimierung von verdichteten Wohnhäusern in Irakisch-Kurdistan"},{"Link":"http://syriaca.org/place/76","external_links_name":"\"Duhok\""},{"Link":"https://dhk-pti.com/website/DuhokCity.php","external_links_name":"\"Duhok City\""},{"Link":"https://brill.com/display/book/9789047422129/Bej.9789004161900.i-376_006.xml","external_links_name":"\"Chapter Three. Dohuk\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004161900.i-376.24","external_links_name":"10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.24"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/6040973/Kurdistan_in_the_16th_and_17th_centuries_as_reflected_in_Evliya_%C3%87elebis_Seyahatname","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://uod.ac/about/","external_links_name":"\"University of Duhok (UoD)\""},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/27/the-forgotten-yazidis/","external_links_name":"\"The Forgotten Yazidis\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2014/09/iraq-exodus-201493132419188566.html","external_links_name":"\"Iraq's exodus\""},{"Link":"http://iraqdtm.iom.int/DtmReports.aspx","external_links_name":"\"DTM-IOM-Iraq Mission\""},{"Link":"https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6938f3e3-94dc-4c2f-b929-18e557ffaa2a","external_links_name":"Researchers in Kurdistan's Duhok find artifact over 2,000 years old"},{"Link":"https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/mapping-mesopotamian-monuments/monuments/maltai-sample","external_links_name":"\"Maltai Rock Reliefs \| Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments\""},{"Link":"http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66292&metric=true","external_links_name":"\"Dahuk, Iraq Climate\""},{"Link":"http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66292&metric=true","external_links_name":"\"Climate, weather, temperatures – City : DUHOK\""},{"Link":"http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Dihok.html","external_links_name":"Iraq Image – Dahuk Satellite Observation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120623063905/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Dihok.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7736522-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10037696","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamanasco_Lake,_Connecticut	Mamanasco Lake, Connecticut	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 41°19′7″N 73°31′30″W / 41.31861°N 73.52500°W / 41.31861; -73.52500 Census-designated place in Connecticut, United StatesMamanasco Lake, ConnecticutCensus-designated placeMamanasco LakeShow map of ConnecticutMamanasco LakeShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 41°19′7″N 73°31′30″W / 41.31861°N 73.52500°W / 41.31861; -73.52500Country United StatesStateConnecticutCountyFairfieldTownRidgefieldArea • Total1.41 km2 (0.54 sq mi) • Land1.06 km2 (0.41 sq mi) • Water0.35 km2 (0.14 sq mi)Elevation176 m (578 ft)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code06877 (Ridgefield)Area code(s)203/475FIPS code09-44660GNIS feature ID2805954 Mamanasco Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Ridgefield, Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is northwest of the center of Ridgefield and surrounds a lake of the same name. Mamanasco Lake was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files – Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 8, 2021. ^ a b "Mamanasco Lake Census Designated Place". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. vteMunicipalities and communities of Fairfield County, Connecticut, United StatesCounty seat: BridgeportCities Bridgeport Danbury Norwalk Shelton Stamford Towns Bethel Brookfield Darien Easton Fairfield Greenwich Monroe New Canaan New Fairfield Newtown Redding Ridgefield Sherman Stratford Trumbull Weston Westport Wilton Borough Newtown CDPs Ball Pond Bethel Bigelow Corners Bogus Hill Botsford Branchville Brookfield Center Byram Candlewood Isle Candlewood Knolls Candlewood Lake Club‡ Candlewood Orchards Candlewood Shores Cannondale Coleytown Compo Cos Cob Daniels Farm Darien Downtown Dodgingtown East Village Fairfield University Georgetown Glenville Greens Farms Greenwich Hawleyville Indian Field Inglenook Kellogg Point Knollcrest Lakes East Lakes West Lakeside Woods Long Hill Lordship Mamanasco Lake Mill Plain Murray New Canaan Noroton Noroton Heights Old Greenwich Old Hill Oronoque Pemberwick Plattsville Poplar Plains Redding Center Ridgebury Ridgefield Riverside Rock Ridge Route 7 Gateway Sacred Heart University Sail Harbor Sandy Hook Saugatuck Sherman South Wilton Southport Staples Stepney Stratford Downtown Tashua Taylor Corners Tokeneke Topstone Trumbull Center West Mountain Weston Westport Village Wilton Center Othercommunities Aspetuck Greenfield Hill Hattertown Mianus Mill Plain Nichols Silvermine Ghost town Little Danbury Indian reservation Golden Hill Paugussett reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Connecticut portal United States portal This Connecticut state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Ridgefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgefield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Fairfield County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Connecticut, United StatesMamanasco Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Ridgefield, Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is northwest of the center of Ridgefield and surrounds a lake of the same name.Mamanasco Lake was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.","title":"Mamanasco Lake, Connecticut"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Fairfield_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Fairfield_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files – Connecticut\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_09.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files – Connecticut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mamanasco Lake Census Designated Place\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2805954","url_text":"\"Mamanasco Lake Census Designated Place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mamanasco_Lake,_Connecticut&params=41_19_7_N_73_31_30_W_region:US-CT_type:city","external_links_name":"41°19′7″N 73°31′30″W / 41.31861°N 73.52500°W / 41.31861; -73.52500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mamanasco_Lake,_Connecticut&params=41_19_7_N_73_31_30_W_region:US-CT_type:city","external_links_name":"41°19′7″N 73°31′30″W / 41.31861°N 73.52500°W / 41.31861; -73.52500"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_09.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files – Connecticut\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2805954","external_links_name":"\"Mamanasco Lake Census Designated Place\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamanasco_Lake,_Connecticut&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helena,_California	St. Helena, California	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Government","6 Education","7 Notable people","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	For the wine region, see St. Helena AVA. City in California, United StatesSt. HelenaCity Clockwise: The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone; V. Sattui Winery; the Richie Block downtown; former train depot; Beringer VineyardsMotto(s): "Napa Valley's Main Street",Location in Napa County and the state of CaliforniaCoordinates: 38°30′19″N 122°28′13″W / 38.50528°N 122.47028°W / 38.50528; -122.47028CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyNapaIncorporatedMarch 24, 1876Re-incorporatedMay 14, 1889Government • TypeCouncil–manager • MayorGeoff EllsworthArea • City5.08 sq mi (13.16 km2) • Land4.96 sq mi (12.83 km2) • Water0.13 sq mi (0.33 km2) 0.81%Elevation253 ft (77 m)Population (2020) • City5,438 • Density1,231.5/sq mi (475.49/km2) • Metro138,019Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code94574Area code707FIPS code06-64140GNIS feature IDs277588, 2411758Websitewww.ci.st-helena.ca.us St. Helena (/həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə) is a city in Napa County, California, United States. Located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the population was 5,438 at the 2020 census. St. Helena is a popular tourist destination, owing to its vineyards and culinary scene. The city is the center of St. Helena American Viticultural Area (AVA), which expands 9,060 acres (14 sq mi) of the Napa Valley with over 400 vineyards encompassing 6,800 acres (2,800 ha) of cultivation. St. Helena is the location of The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone and a campus of Napa Valley College. History The Taylor, Duckworth, & Company Foundry, built 1884. Markham Vineyards, founded 1874. St. Helena was first inhabited by a native American group known as the Wappo people. They spoke Yukian and are believed to have first settled in St. Helena as early as 2000 B.C. The Wappo name for the area is Anakotanoma, meaning 'Bull Snake Village'. The area was likely named after a nearby mountain known as Mount St. Helena. The locale became renowned when White Sulphur Springs was discovered in 1848 and established as an operating resort in 1852. During the later 19th century, affluent San Franciscans traveled here by steamer across the Bay, and then four miles by stage and later by train. At its prime, California's oldest resort was able to accommodate 1000 guests in its grand hotels which were later lost to local wildfires. The site is recognized as a National Historic Landmark. The town of St. Helena was founded by Henry Still, who bought land from the Edward Bale family in 1855. By 1858 there was a school house and a little Baptist church. Four years later Professor William Brewer of the Whitney party called it a "pretty little village with fifty or more houses . . .nestled among grand old oaks." It officially became a town on March 24, 1876, and by 1886 the population grew to 1,800 inhabitants. Shortly after in 1868, the first railroad was created in St. Helena allowing for shipment of resources such as fruit and mining products. The newly built train tracks also brought in tourists. Ellen White, co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, had a home called Elmshaven near St. Helena, beginning in 1900. She died there in 1915, and the site is now a National Historic Landmark. Both the Beringer Vineyards and the Charles Krug Winery are California Historical Landmarks. St. Helena's community center was built as a Carnegie library; it served as the city library from 1908 to 1978. Geography St. Helena has a total area of 5.03 sq mi (13.0 km2), of which 4.99 sq mi (12.9 km2) is land and 0.11 sq mi (0.3 km2) (0.81%) is water. Climate The Rhine House, built 1884. The National Weather Service has a cooperative weather station in St. Helena. Winters are cool and wet, while summers have hot days and cool nights with little precipitation. Average temperatures in December, the coldest month, range from 58.3 °F (14.6 °C) to 39.6 °F (4.2 °C). Average temperatures in July and August, the warmest months, range from 89 °F (32 °C) to 56 °F (13 °C). There are an average of 54.6 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 13.8 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The record high temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on July 13, 1972, and the record low temperature was 11 °F (−12 °C) on December 11, 1932. Average annual precipitation is 33.97 inches (863 mm). There are an average of 68 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1983 with 75.40 inches (1,915 mm) and the driest year was 1976 with 10.41 inches (264 mm). The wettest month on record was February 1986 with 25.60 inches (650 mm). The most rainfall in 24 hours was 6.83 inches (173 mm) on January 21, 1967. Although snow rarely falls in St. Helena, there is an annual average snowfall of 0.2-inch (5.1 mm). The most snowfall in one month was 4.0 inches (100 mm), recorded in January 1974 and again in March 1976. The most snowfall in 24 hours was 4.0 inches (100 mm) on March 2, 1976. Climate data for St. Helena, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1907–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 83(28) 86(30) 95(35) 98(37) 107(42) 110(43) 115(46) 112(44) 113(45) 104(40) 93(34) 83(28) 115(46) Mean maximum °F (°C) 70.9(21.6) 75.1(23.9) 80.8(27.1) 87.6(30.9) 93.0(33.9) 100.9(38.3) 102.4(39.1) 102.0(38.9) 100.4(38.0) 92.6(33.7) 79.6(26.4) 69.6(20.9) 105.0(40.6) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 58.8(14.9) 62.5(16.9) 66.8(19.3) 71.8(22.1) 78.1(25.6) 85.4(29.7) 88.7(31.5) 88.8(31.6) 86.6(30.3) 78.1(25.6) 65.8(18.8) 58.3(14.6) 74.1(23.4) Daily mean °F (°C) 49.5(9.7) 52.2(11.2) 55.4(13.0) 59.0(15.0) 64.3(17.9) 69.8(21.0) 72.4(22.4) 72.3(22.4) 70.2(21.2) 63.7(17.6) 54.7(12.6) 48.9(9.4) 61.0(16.1) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 40.2(4.6) 41.9(5.5) 43.9(6.6) 46.3(7.9) 50.5(10.3) 54.2(12.3) 56.0(13.3) 55.7(13.2) 53.8(12.1) 49.4(9.7) 43.7(6.5) 39.6(4.2) 47.9(8.8) Mean minimum °F (°C) 29.9(−1.2) 32.0(0.0) 34.8(1.6) 37.1(2.8) 42.0(5.6) 46.3(7.9) 49.9(9.9) 50.1(10.1) 45.8(7.7) 39.8(4.3) 32.2(0.1) 28.2(−2.1) 26.3(−3.2) Record low °F (°C) 16(−9) 18(−8) 24(−4) 27(−3) 31(−1) 36(2) 37(3) 38(3) 33(1) 22(−6) 11(−12) 13(−11) 11(−12) Average precipitation inches (mm) 6.47(164) 6.71(170) 4.98(126) 1.97(50) 1.31(33) 0.35(8.9) 0.01(0.25) 0.04(1.0) 0.06(1.5) 1.65(42) 3.24(82) 7.18(182) 33.97(863) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.3 10.6 10.4 5.5 3.4 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.5 3.3 8.1 12.9 69.1 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: National Weather Service Demographics St. Helena Catholic ChurchPope Street Bridge Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18801,339—18901,70527.3%19001,582−7.2%19101,6031.3%19201,346−16.0%19301,58217.5%19401,75811.1%19502,29730.7%19602,72218.5%19703,17316.6%19804,89854.4%19904,9901.9%20005,95019.2%20105,814−2.3%20205,438−6.5%U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that St. Helena had a population of 5,814. The population density was 1,156.7 inhabitants per square mile (446.6/km2). The racial makeup of St. Helena was 4,525 (77.8%) White, 25 (0.4%) African American, 35 (0.6%) Native American, 98 (1.7%) Asian, 9 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 978 (16.8%) from other races, and 144 (2.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,914 persons (32.9%). The Census reported that 98.3% of the population lived in households and 1.7% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 2,401 households, out of which 694 (28.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,118 (46.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 223 (9.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 99 (4.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 96 (4.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 20 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 805 households (33.5%) were made up of individuals, and 411 (17.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38. There were 1,440 families (60.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.03. The population was spread out, with 1,280 people (22.0%) under the age of 18, 453 people (7.8%) aged 18 to 24, 1,333 people (22.9%) aged 25 to 44, 1,627 people (28.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,121 people (19.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males. There were 2,776 housing units at an average density of 552.3 per square mile (213.2/km2), of which 55.4% were owner-occupied and 44.6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.8%. 51.4% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 46.9% lived in rental housing units. Economy Major employers in St. Helena include Trinchero Family Estates, Beringer Vineyards, and The Culinary Institute of America. The city is distinct in its regulation against chain restaurants; only one exists in the city - an A&W - established before the legislation was enacted. The St. Helena AVA was designated in 1995 for the valley region surrounding the town. Duckhorn Vineyards, Newton Vineyard, Charles Krug Winery, Brown Estate and numerous other vineyards and wineries exist near St. Helena. Adventist Health St. Helena is located in neighboring Deer Park. Government St. Helena is a general law city which lacks its own charter. It operates under a council–manager form of government. In the California State Legislature, St. Helena is in the 3rd Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Dodd, and in the 4th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Cecilia Aguiar-Curry. In the United States House of Representatives, St. Helena is in California's 4th congressional district, represented by Democrat Mike Thompson. Education The Spanish Colonial Revival style St. Helena Elementary School. The Mission Revival style Carnegie Building, built in 1908. Saint Helena Unified School District is the local school district. Saint Helena Primary School teaches kindergarten through second grade. Saint Helena Elementary School teaches grades three through five, and is ranked as the #2 best public school in the Napa Valley. Robert Louis Stevenson Middle School teaches grades six through eight; it is ranked as the #1 best public middle school in the Napa Valley, with a teacher to student ratio of 13:1. St. Helena High School teaches grades nine through twelve; it is ranked as the #1 best public school in the Napa Valley. The city has two tertiary campuses: the Upper Valley Campus of Napa Valley College, and The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone, a branch campus of the main institution in Hyde Park, New York. Notable people This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "St. Helena, California" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Michela Alioto-Pier, former member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Wayne Belardi, Major League Baseball player David Duncan, vintner M. F. K. Fisher, food writer William Hamilton, cartoonist and playwright Fred Hofmann, MLB player Siegfried Horn, archaeologist and Biblical scholar William B. Hurlbut, born in St. Helena, raised in NY, professor at Stanford University Medical Center Charles Krug, winemaker Bob Marshall, mayor of San Bruno, California Fritz Maytag, businessman Donald C. McRuer, congressman Don Mossi, MLB player Peter Newton, winemaker Charles O'Rear, photographer Billy Orr, MLB player Carl Osburn, naval officer and sports shooter Frank K. Richardson, associate justice of the California Supreme Court Dave Smith, engineer and musician Edwin R. Thiele, missionary, writer and archaeologist Mike Thompson, U.S. Representative for California's 5th congressional district, St. Helena native and lifelong resident Josephine Tychson, the first woman to build and operate a winery in California Owen Wade, politician Ellen G. White, author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In popular culture One of Disney's classic movies "Pollyanna" was filmed on Railroad Avenune in Saint Helena in 1960. The Elvis Presley 1961 release, "Wild in the Country", was filmed in a small Saint Helena house now known as a popular inn called The Ink House. "A Walk in the Clouds" (1995) was filmed in northern Saint Helena. The movie depicts a love story involving a daughter of a vineyard owner. "Patch Adams" (1989) starring Robin Williams had a scene filmed at the picturesque cemetery in St. Helena. The "When Death Comes Calling" episode (S6.E2, 2013) of My Ghost Story was filmed at a winery in the city. See also List of cities and towns in California List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area Tree City USA Portals: Geography San Francisco Bay Area California References ^ "ST. HELENA NAPA VALLEY'S MAIN STREET Trademark". Alter.com. Retrieved January 23, 2015. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014. ^ a b c "About St. Helena". City of St. Helena. Retrieved January 23, 2015. ^ "City Council". City of St. Helena. Retrieved September 11, 2019. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020. ^ "Saint Helena". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ US Census Bureau, 2020 report Quick Facts, St. Helena city, California https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/sthelenacitycalifornia ^ US Census Bureau, 2020 report Quick Facts, St. Helena city, California https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/sthelenacitycalifornia ^ "St. Helena AVA" (Napa Valley’s Wine Epicenter). Napa Valley Life Magazine. August 5, 2020. ^ "Who were the Wappo?". Napa Valley Register. August 12, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. ^ "Wappo Language". Wappo Indians of Napa County. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012. ^ "White Sulphur Springs". NoeHill Travels in California: Napa County Points of Interest. ^ "White Sulphur Springs". Historical Marker Project. 1993. ^ "The St. Helena Viticultural Area (94F–015P)" (27 CFR Part 9 60 FR 47053 RIN 1512–AA07 Final rule). Federal Register. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Treasury Department. 60 (175): 47053–47061. September 11, 1995. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "St. Helena Historical Society". City of St Helena. ^ "California Historical Landmarks: Napa County". Office of Historical Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved September 6, 2014. ^ "Carnegie Libraries of California". Pat & Bernie Skehan. Retrieved December 20, 2014. ^ Western Regional Climate Center website ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 7, 2023. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service. Retrieved January 7, 2023. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - St. Helena city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014. ^ "Economic Reports". City of Napa. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. ^ "St. Helena Municipal Code". Code Publishing. City of St. Helena. February 11, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2014. ^ "Senators". State of California. Retrieved August 25, 2014. ^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved August 25, 2014. ^ "California's 4th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved January 18, 2023. ^ a b c d "St. Helena Unified School District". St. Helena Unified School District. ^ a b c "Saint Helena Unified School District Rankings". Niche.com. ^ Faber, Nancy (August 20, 1979). "Parties with the Upper One Percent Provide the Pith and Vinegar for Bill Hamilton's Cartoons". People. Retrieved February 12, 2015. ^ Rubenstein, Steve (February 9, 2008). "Peter Newton dies – Sterling Vineyards founder". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ^ "Pollyanna". Film In America. ^ "Wild in the Valley, When Elvis left Napa". Napa County Historical Society. March 7, 2021. ^ "A Walk In The Clouds". The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations. 1995. ^ "Patch Adams" (Filming & Production). IMDb.com. 1989. ^ "Patch Adams - I Love You Without Knowing How" (Video). YouTube. 1989. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Helena, California. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for St. Helena (California). Official website St. Helena Chamber of Commerce St. Helena Historical Society vteMunicipalities and communities of Napa County, California, United StatesCounty seat: NapaCities and towns American Canyon Calistoga Napa St. Helena Yountville Napa County mapCDPs Angwin Deer Park Moskowite Corner Oakville Rutherford Silverado Resort Unincorporatedcommunities Aetna Springs Berryessa Highlands Buchli Circle Oaks Cuttings Wharf Enchanted Hills Howell Mountain Imola Knoxville Lokoya Napa Junction Napa Soda Springs Pope Valley Sanitarium Vichy Springs Zinfandel Ghost towns Caymus Monticello Redbud Park Shipyard Acres Tuluka California portal United States portal vteSan Francisco Bay AreaBodies ofwater Bodega Bay Carquinez Strait Clifton Forebay Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Guadalupe River Half Moon Bay Lake Berryessa Napa River Oakland Estuary Petaluma River Richardson Bay Richmond Inner Harbor Russian River Sacramento River San Francisco Bay San Leandro Bay San Pablo Bay Sonoma Creek Suisun Bay Tomales Bay Counties Alameda Contra Costa Marin Napa San Francisco San Mateo Santa Clara Solano Sonoma CitiesandtownsMajor cities Oakland San Francisco San Jose 100k–250k Antioch Berkeley Concord Daly City Fairfield Fremont Hayward Richmond San Mateo Santa Clara Santa Rosa Sunnyvale Vacaville Vallejo 50k–100k Alameda Brentwood Cupertino Dublin Gilroy Livermore Milpitas Mountain View Napa Novato Palo Alto Petaluma Pittsburg Pleasanton Redwood City San Leandro San Rafael San Ramon South San Francisco Union City Walnut Creek 25k–50k Belmont Benicia Burlingame Campbell Danville East Palo Alto El Cerrito Foster City Hercules Lafayette Los Altos Los Gatos Martinez Menlo Park Morgan Hill Newark Oakley Pacifica Pleasant Hill Rohnert Park San Bruno San Carlos San Pablo Saratoga Suisun City Windsor 10k–25k Albany American Canyon Clayton Corte Madera Dixon Emeryville Half Moon Bay Healdsburg Hillsborough Larkspur Mill Valley Millbrae Moraga Orinda Piedmont Pinole Rio Vista San Anselmo Sonoma Under 10k Atherton Belvedere Brisbane Calistoga Cloverdale Colma Cotati Fairfax Los Altos Hills Monte Sereno Portola Valley Ross St. Helena Sausalito Sebastopol Tiburon Woodside Yountville CDPsover 10k Alamo Alum Rock Ashland Bay Point Castro Valley Cherryland Discovery Bay El Sobrante Fairview North Fair Oaks San Lorenzo Stanford Tamalpais-Homestead Valley Sub-regions East Bay North Bay San Francisco Peninsula Santa Clara Valley Other Homelessness Politics Sports Transportation Places adjacent to St. Helena, California Calistoga Clearlake Angwin Santa Rosa St. Helena Winters Rohnert Park Rutherford Dixon Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Helena AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_AVA"},{"link_name":"/həˈliːnə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"hə-LEE-nə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Napa County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"North Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Helena American Viticultural Area (AVA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_AVA"},{"link_name":"Napa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Napa_Valley_Life-9"},{"link_name":"The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culinary_Institute_of_America_at_Greystone"},{"link_name":"Napa Valley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_College"}],"text":"For the wine region, see St. Helena AVA.City in California, United StatesSt. Helena (/həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə) is a city in Napa County, California, United States. Located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the population was 5,438 at the 2020 census.[8]St. Helena is a popular tourist destination, owing to its vineyards and culinary scene. The city is the center of St. Helena American Viticultural Area (AVA), which expands 9,060 acres (14 sq mi) of the Napa Valley with over 400 vineyards encompassing 6,800 acres (2,800 ha) of cultivation.[9] St. Helena is the location of The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone and a campus of Napa Valley College.","title":"St. Helena, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor,_Duckworth_and_Company_Foundry_Building,_1345_Railroad_Ave.,_St._Helena,_CA_10-9-2011_6-23-49_PM.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA-St._Helena-Markham_Winery-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Markham Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Vineyards"},{"link_name":"Wappo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappo"},{"link_name":"Yukian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wappo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappo_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-7-11"},{"link_name":"Mount St. Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Helena"},{"link_name":"White Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sulfur_Springs_(California)"},{"link_name":"steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_Sulfur_Springs-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sulfur_Marker-13"},{"link_name":"Professor William Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Whitney party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_family"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVA_Establish-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ellen White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_G._White"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"Elmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmshaven"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"Beringer Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringer_Vineyards"},{"link_name":"Charles Krug Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Krug_Winery"},{"link_name":"California Historical Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHL-16"},{"link_name":"Carnegie library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_library"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-8-17"}],"text":"The Taylor, Duckworth, & Company Foundry, built 1884.Markham Vineyards, founded 1874.St. Helena was first inhabited by a native American group known as the Wappo people. They spoke Yukian and are believed to have first settled in St. Helena as early as 2000 B.C.[10] The Wappo name for the area is Anakotanoma, meaning 'Bull Snake Village'.[11]The area was likely named after a nearby mountain known as Mount St. Helena.The locale became renowned when White Sulphur Springs was discovered in 1848 and established as an operating resort in 1852. During the later 19th century, affluent San Franciscans traveled here by steamer across the Bay, and then four miles by stage and later by train. At its prime, California's oldest resort was able to accommodate 1000 guests in its grand hotels which were later lost to local wildfires.[12] The site is recognized as a National Historic Landmark.[13]The town of St. Helena was founded by Henry Still, who bought land from the Edward Bale family in 1855. By 1858 there was a school house and a little Baptist church. Four years later Professor William Brewer of the Whitney party called it a \"pretty little village with fifty or more houses . . .nestled among grand old oaks.\"[14] It officially became a town on March 24, 1876, and by 1886 the population grew to 1,800 inhabitants. Shortly after in 1868, the first railroad was created in St. Helena allowing for shipment of resources such as fruit and mining products. The newly built train tracks also brought in tourists.[15]Ellen White, co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, had a home called Elmshaven near St. Helena, beginning in 1900. She died there in 1915, and the site is now a National Historic Landmark. Both the Beringer Vineyards and the Charles Krug Winery are California Historical Landmarks.[16]St. Helena's community center was built as a Carnegie library; it served as the city library from 1908 to 1978.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"St. Helena has a total area of 5.03 sq mi (13.0 km2), of which 4.99 sq mi (12.9 km2) is land and 0.11 sq mi (0.3 km2) (0.81%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhine_House,_Beringer_Vineyards_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-9-18"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-20"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The Rhine House, built 1884.The National Weather Service has a cooperative weather station in St. Helena. Winters are cool and wet, while summers have hot days and cool nights with little precipitation. Average temperatures in December, the coldest month, range from 58.3 °F (14.6 °C) to 39.6 °F (4.2 °C). Average temperatures in July and August, the warmest months, range from 89 °F (32 °C) to 56 °F (13 °C). There are an average of 54.6 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 13.8 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The record high temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on July 13, 1972, and the record low temperature was 11 °F (−12 °C) on December 11, 1932.Average annual precipitation is 33.97 inches (863 mm). There are an average of 68 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1983 with 75.40 inches (1,915 mm) and the driest year was 1976 with 10.41 inches (264 mm). The wettest month on record was February 1986 with 25.60 inches (650 mm). The most rainfall in 24 hours was 6.83 inches (173 mm) on January 21, 1967. Although snow rarely falls in St. Helena, there is an annual average snowfall of 0.2-inch (5.1 mm). The most snowfall in one month was 4.0 inches (100 mm), recorded in January 1974 and again in March 1976. The most snowfall in 24 hours was 4.0 inches (100 mm) on March 2, 1976.[18]Climate data for St. Helena, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1907–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n83(28)\n\n86(30)\n\n95(35)\n\n98(37)\n\n107(42)\n\n110(43)\n\n115(46)\n\n112(44)\n\n113(45)\n\n104(40)\n\n93(34)\n\n83(28)\n\n115(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n70.9(21.6)\n\n75.1(23.9)\n\n80.8(27.1)\n\n87.6(30.9)\n\n93.0(33.9)\n\n100.9(38.3)\n\n102.4(39.1)\n\n102.0(38.9)\n\n100.4(38.0)\n\n92.6(33.7)\n\n79.6(26.4)\n\n69.6(20.9)\n\n105.0(40.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n62.5(16.9)\n\n66.8(19.3)\n\n71.8(22.1)\n\n78.1(25.6)\n\n85.4(29.7)\n\n88.7(31.5)\n\n88.8(31.6)\n\n86.6(30.3)\n\n78.1(25.6)\n\n65.8(18.8)\n\n58.3(14.6)\n\n74.1(23.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n49.5(9.7)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n55.4(13.0)\n\n59.0(15.0)\n\n64.3(17.9)\n\n69.8(21.0)\n\n72.4(22.4)\n\n72.3(22.4)\n\n70.2(21.2)\n\n63.7(17.6)\n\n54.7(12.6)\n\n48.9(9.4)\n\n61.0(16.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n40.2(4.6)\n\n41.9(5.5)\n\n43.9(6.6)\n\n46.3(7.9)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n54.2(12.3)\n\n56.0(13.3)\n\n55.7(13.2)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n49.4(9.7)\n\n43.7(6.5)\n\n39.6(4.2)\n\n47.9(8.8)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n29.9(−1.2)\n\n32.0(0.0)\n\n34.8(1.6)\n\n37.1(2.8)\n\n42.0(5.6)\n\n46.3(7.9)\n\n49.9(9.9)\n\n50.1(10.1)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n39.8(4.3)\n\n32.2(0.1)\n\n28.2(−2.1)\n\n26.3(−3.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n16(−9)\n\n18(−8)\n\n24(−4)\n\n27(−3)\n\n31(−1)\n\n36(2)\n\n37(3)\n\n38(3)\n\n33(1)\n\n22(−6)\n\n11(−12)\n\n13(−11)\n\n11(−12)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n6.47(164)\n\n6.71(170)\n\n4.98(126)\n\n1.97(50)\n\n1.31(33)\n\n0.35(8.9)\n\n0.01(0.25)\n\n0.04(1.0)\n\n0.06(1.5)\n\n1.65(42)\n\n3.24(82)\n\n7.18(182)\n\n33.97(863)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n13.3\n\n10.6\n\n10.4\n\n5.5\n\n3.4\n\n0.8\n\n0.2\n\n0.1\n\n0.5\n\n3.3\n\n8.1\n\n12.9\n\n69.1\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[19]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service[20]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Helena_Catholic_Church,_Oak_and_Tainter_Sts.,_St._Helena,_CA_10-16-2011_12-54-19_PM.JPG"},{"link_name":"St. Helena Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Street_Bridge,_Napa_River,_St._Helena,_CA_10-9-2011_6-06-46_PM.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pope Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-11-22"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"opposite-sex married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"unmarried opposite-sex partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSSLQ"},{"link_name":"same-sex married couples or partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(U.S._Census)"}],"text":"St. Helena Catholic ChurchPope Street BridgeThe 2010 United States Census[22] reported that St. Helena had a population of 5,814. The population density was 1,156.7 inhabitants per square mile (446.6/km2). The racial makeup of St. Helena was 4,525 (77.8%) White, 25 (0.4%) African American, 35 (0.6%) Native American, 98 (1.7%) Asian, 9 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 978 (16.8%) from other races, and 144 (2.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,914 persons (32.9%).The Census reported that 98.3% of the population lived in households and 1.7% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.There were 2,401 households, out of which 694 (28.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,118 (46.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 223 (9.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 99 (4.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 96 (4.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 20 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 805 households (33.5%) were made up of individuals, and 411 (17.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38. There were 1,440 families (60.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.03.The population was spread out, with 1,280 people (22.0%) under the age of 18, 453 people (7.8%) aged 18 to 24, 1,333 people (22.9%) aged 25 to 44, 1,627 people (28.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,121 people (19.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.There were 2,776 housing units at an average density of 552.3 per square mile (213.2/km2), of which 55.4% were owner-occupied and 44.6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.8%. 51.4% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 46.9% lived in rental housing units.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beringer Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringer_Vineyards"},{"link_name":"The Culinary Institute of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culinary_Institute_of_America_at_Greystone"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Econ_Reports-23"},{"link_name":"A&W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26W_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-16-24"},{"link_name":"St. Helena AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_AVA"},{"link_name":"Duckhorn Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckhorn_Vineyards"},{"link_name":"Newton Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Charles Krug Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Krug_Winery"},{"link_name":"Brown Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Estate"},{"link_name":"Adventist Health St. Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventist_Health_St._Helena"},{"link_name":"Deer Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Park,_California"}],"text":"Major employers in St. Helena include Trinchero Family Estates, Beringer Vineyards, and The Culinary Institute of America.[23] The city is distinct in its regulation against chain restaurants; only one exists in the city - an A&W - established before the legislation was enacted.[24] The St. Helena AVA was designated in 1995 for the valley region surrounding the town. Duckhorn Vineyards, Newton Vineyard, Charles Krug Winery, Brown Estate and numerous other vineyards and wineries exist near St. Helena. Adventist Health St. Helena is located in neighboring Deer Park.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general law city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_law_city"},{"link_name":"council–manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-3"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"the 3rd Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_3rd_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Bill Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dodd_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-12-25"},{"link_name":"the 4th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_4th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Aguiar-Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Aguiar-Curry"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-13-26"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mike Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Thompson_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoY4-14-27"}],"text":"St. Helena is a general law city which lacks its own charter. It operates under a council–manager form of government.[3] In the California State Legislature, St. Helena is in the 3rd Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Dodd,[25] and in the 4th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Cecilia Aguiar-Curry.[26] In the United States House of Representatives, St. Helena is in California's 4th congressional district, represented by Democrat Mike Thompson.[27]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA-St._Helena-Elementary_School-1_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Spanish Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Helena_Public_Library,_1360_Oak_Ave.,_St._Helena,_CA_10-16-2011_1-07-10_PM.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mission Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saint_Helena_Unified-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saint_Helena_Unified-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niche.com-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saint_Helena_Unified-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niche.com-29"},{"link_name":"St. Helena High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_High_School"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saint_Helena_Unified-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niche.com-29"},{"link_name":"Napa Valley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_College"},{"link_name":"The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culinary_Institute_of_America_at_Greystone"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_New_York"}],"text":"The Spanish Colonial Revival style St. Helena Elementary School.The Mission Revival style Carnegie Building, built in 1908.Saint Helena Unified School District is the local school district. Saint Helena Primary School teaches kindergarten through second grade.[28] Saint Helena Elementary School teaches grades three through five,[28] and is ranked as the #2 best public school in the Napa Valley.[29] Robert Louis Stevenson Middle School teaches grades six through eight;[28] it is ranked as the #1 best public middle school in the Napa Valley, with a teacher to student ratio of 13:1.[29] St. Helena High School teaches grades nine through twelve;[28] it is ranked as the #1 best public school in the Napa Valley.[29]The city has two tertiary campuses: the Upper Valley Campus of Napa Valley College, and The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone, a branch campus of the main institution in Hyde Park, New York.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michela Alioto-Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Alioto-Pier"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"Wayne Belardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Belardi"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"David Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duncan_(vintner)"},{"link_name":"M. F. K. Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._F._K._Fisher"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Fred Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Horn"},{"link_name":"William B. Hurlbut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Hurlbut"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Charles Krug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Krug"},{"link_name":"Bob Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marshall_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"San Bruno, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno,_California"},{"link_name":"Fritz Maytag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Maytag"},{"link_name":"Donald C. McRuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_C._McRuer"},{"link_name":"Don Mossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Mossi"},{"link_name":"Peter Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Newton_(winemaker)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newton_dies-31"},{"link_name":"Charles O'Rear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Rear"},{"link_name":"Billy Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Orr_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Carl Osburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Osburn"},{"link_name":"Frank K. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_K._Richardson"},{"link_name":"California Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Dave Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Smith_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Edwin R. Thiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele"},{"link_name":"Mike Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Thompson_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Josephine Tychson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Tychson"},{"link_name":"Owen Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Wade_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ellen G. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_G._White"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"}],"text":"Michela Alioto-Pier, former member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors\nWayne Belardi, Major League Baseball player\nDavid Duncan, vintner\nM. F. K. Fisher, food writer\nWilliam Hamilton, cartoonist and playwright[30]\nFred Hofmann, MLB player\nSiegfried Horn, archaeologist and Biblical scholar\nWilliam B. Hurlbut, born in St. Helena, raised in NY, professor at Stanford University Medical Center\nCharles Krug, winemaker\nBob Marshall, mayor of San Bruno, California\nFritz Maytag, businessman\nDonald C. McRuer, congressman\nDon Mossi, MLB player\nPeter Newton, winemaker[31]\nCharles O'Rear, photographer\nBilly Orr, MLB player\nCarl Osburn, naval officer and sports shooter\nFrank K. Richardson, associate justice of the California Supreme Court\nDave Smith, engineer and musician\nEdwin R. Thiele, missionary, writer and archaeologist\nMike Thompson, U.S. Representative for California's 5th congressional district, St. Helena native and lifelong resident\nJosephine Tychson, the first woman to build and operate a winery in California\nOwen Wade, politician\nEllen G. White, author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Pollyanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollyanna_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Film_in_America-32"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Wild in the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elvis-33"},{"link_name":"A Walk in the Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Clouds"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clouds-34"},{"link_name":"Patch Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Adams"},{"link_name":"Robin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patch-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funeral_scene-36"},{"link_name":"My Ghost Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Ghost_Story"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"One of Disney's classic movies \"Pollyanna\" was filmed on Railroad Avenune in Saint Helena in 1960.[32]\nThe Elvis Presley 1961 release, \"Wild in the Country\", was filmed in a small Saint Helena house now known as a popular inn called The Ink House.[33]\n\"A Walk in the Clouds\" (1995) was filmed in northern Saint Helena. The movie depicts a love story involving a daughter of a vineyard owner.[34]\n\"Patch Adams\" (1989) starring Robin Williams had a scene filmed at the picturesque cemetery in St. Helena.[35][36]\nThe \"When Death Comes Calling\" episode (S6.E2, 2013) of My Ghost Story was filmed at a winery in the city.[citation needed]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"The Taylor, Duckworth, & Company Foundry, built 1884.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Taylor%2C_Duckworth_and_Company_Foundry_Building%2C_1345_Railroad_Ave.%2C_St._Helena%2C_CA_10-9-2011_6-23-49_PM.JPG/220px-Taylor%2C_Duckworth_and_Company_Foundry_Building%2C_1345_Railroad_Ave.%2C_St._Helena%2C_CA_10-9-2011_6-23-49_PM.JPG"},{"image_text":"Markham Vineyards, founded 1874.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USA-St._Helena-Markham_Winery-1.jpg/220px-USA-St._Helena-Markham_Winery-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rhine House, built 1884.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rhine_House%2C_Beringer_Vineyards_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rhine_House%2C_Beringer_Vineyards_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Spanish Colonial Revival style St. Helena Elementary School.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/USA-St._Helena-Elementary_School-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-USA-St._Helena-Elementary_School-1_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mission Revival style Carnegie Building, built in 1908.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/St._Helena_Public_Library%2C_1360_Oak_Ave.%2C_St._Helena%2C_CA_10-16-2011_1-07-10_PM.JPG/220px-St._Helena_Public_Library%2C_1360_Oak_Ave.%2C_St._Helena%2C_CA_10-16-2011_1-07-10_PM.JPG"},{"image_text":"Napa County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_of_California_highlighting_Napa_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Napa_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of cities and towns in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California"},{"title":"List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"Tree City USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_City_USA"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"}]	[{"reference":"\"ST. HELENA NAPA VALLEY'S MAIN STREET Trademark\". Alter.com. Retrieved January 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://alter.com/trademarks/st-helena-napa-valleys-main-street-85412487","url_text":"\"ST. HELENA NAPA VALLEY'S MAIN STREET Trademark\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission","url_text":"Local Agency Formation Commissions"},{"url":"http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About St. Helena\". City of St. Helena. Retrieved January 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofsthelena.org/community/page/about-st-helena","url_text":"\"About St. Helena\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council\". City of St. Helena. Retrieved September 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofsthelena.org/bc-citycouncil","url_text":"\"City Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Helena\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/277588","url_text":"\"Saint Helena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Helena AVA\" (Napa Valley’s Wine Epicenter). Napa Valley Life Magazine. August 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napavalleylifemagazine.com/st-helena-ava/","url_text":"\"St. Helena AVA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who were the Wappo?\". Napa Valley Register. August 12, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/who-were-the-wappo/article_f3193792-c3ce-51e7-9618-ec6a5b9f88b4.html","url_text":"\"Who were the Wappo?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929031237/https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/who-were-the-wappo/article_f3193792-c3ce-51e7-9618-ec6a5b9f88b4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wappo Language\". Wappo Indians of Napa County. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208151926/http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/wappo/pages/language.html","url_text":"\"Wappo Language\""},{"url":"http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/wappo/pages/language.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"White Sulphur Springs\". NoeHill Travels in California: Napa County Points of Interest.","urls":[{"url":"https://noehill.com/napa/poi_white_sulphur_springs.asp","url_text":"\"White Sulphur Springs\""}]},{"reference":"\"White Sulphur Springs\". Historical Marker Project. 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM10YF_white-sulphur-springs_St-Helena-CA.html","url_text":"\"White Sulphur Springs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The St. Helena Viticultural Area (94F–015P)\" (27 CFR Part 9 60 FR 47053 [T.D. ATF–366; RE: Notice No. 801] RIN 1512–AA07 Final rule). Federal Register. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Treasury Department. 60 (175): 47053–47061. September 11, 1995. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-11/pdf/95-22486.pdf","url_text":"\"The St. Helena Viticultural Area (94F–015P)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register","url_text":"Federal Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau","url_text":"Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury","url_text":"Treasury Department"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331015758/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-11/pdf/95-22486.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Helena Historical Society\". City of St Helena.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofsthelena.org/community/page/st-helena-historical-society","url_text":"\"St. Helena Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Historical Landmarks: Napa County\". Office of Historical Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved September 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21442","url_text":"\"California Historical Landmarks: Napa County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnegie Libraries of California\". Pat & Bernie Skehan. Retrieved December 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carnegie-libraries.org/","url_text":"\"Carnegie Libraries of California\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00047643&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Weather Service. Retrieved January 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=mtr","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - St. Helena city\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140715033353/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0664140","url_text":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - St. Helena city\""},{"url":"http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0664140","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Economic Reports\". City of Napa. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180819082923/https://www.cityofnapa.org/670/Economic-Reports","url_text":"\"Economic Reports\""},{"url":"https://www.cityofnapa.org/670/Economic-Reports","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Helena Municipal Code\". Code Publishing. City of St. Helena. February 11, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.codepublishing.com/CA/sthelena/frameless/index.pl?path=../html/StHelena17/StHelena1748.html","url_text":"\"St. Helena Municipal Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senators\". State of California. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://senate.ca.gov/senators","url_text":"\"Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members Assembly\". State of California. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers","url_text":"\"Members Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"\"California's 4th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/4","url_text":"\"California's 4th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Helena Unified School District\". St. Helena Unified School District.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sthelenaunified.org/","url_text":"\"St. Helena Unified School District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Helena Unified School District Rankings\". Niche.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niche.com/k12/d/saint-helena-unified-school-district-ca/rankings/","url_text":"\"Saint Helena Unified School District Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"Faber, Nancy (August 20, 1979). \"Parties with the Upper One Percent Provide the Pith and Vinegar for Bill Hamilton's Cartoons\". People. Retrieved February 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/parties-with-the-upper-one-percent-provide-the-pith-and-vinegar-for-bill-hamiltons-cartoons-vol-12-no-8/","url_text":"\"Parties with the Upper One Percent Provide the Pith and Vinegar for Bill Hamilton's Cartoons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Rubenstein, Steve (February 9, 2008). \"Peter Newton dies – Sterling Vineyards founder\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Peter-Newton-dies-Sterling-Vineyards-founder-3228916.php","url_text":"\"Peter Newton dies – Sterling Vineyards founder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Pollyanna\". Film In America.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filminamerica.com/Movies/Pollyanna/","url_text":"\"Pollyanna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wild in the Valley, When Elvis left Napa\". Napa County Historical Society. March 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://napahistory.org/wild-in-the-valley-when-elvis-left-napa/","url_text":"\"Wild in the Valley, When Elvis left Napa\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Walk In The Clouds\". The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations. 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://movie-locations.com/movies/w/Walk-In-The-Clouds.php","url_text":"\"A Walk In The Clouds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patch Adams\" (Filming & Production). IMDb.com. 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0129290/locations","url_text":"\"Patch Adams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patch Adams - I Love You Without Knowing How\" (Video). YouTube. 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9tYuOP_FuQ","url_text":"\"Patch Adams - I Love You Without Knowing How\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Helena,_California&params=38_30_19_N_122_28_13_W_type:city(5438)_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"38°30′19″N 122°28′13″W / 38.50528°N 122.47028°W / 38.50528; -122.47028"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0664140","external_links_name":"06-64140"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/277588","external_links_name":"277588"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2411758","external_links_name":"2411758"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.st-helena.ca.us/","external_links_name":"www.ci.st-helena.ca.us"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22St.+Helena%2C+California%22","external_links_name":"\"St. Helena, California\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22St.+Helena%2C+California%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22St.+Helena%2C+California%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22St.+Helena%2C+California%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22St.+Helena%2C+California%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22St.+Helena%2C+California%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://alter.com/trademarks/st-helena-napa-valleys-main-street-85412487","external_links_name":"\"ST. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power	A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power	["1 References"]	2014 book by Jimmy Carter A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power AuthorJimmy CarterCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreEssayPublisherSimon & SchusterPublication date2014Media typePrint (hardback)Pages214 A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power is a 2014 book by former US president Jimmy Carter. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reviewed the book as "a tour de force of the global abuse and manipulation of women" and commended Carter's presentation of statistical data. References ^ Rebecca I. Denova, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Book Reviews March 22, 2014 vteJimmy Carter 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) 76th Governor of Georgia (1971–1975) Georgia State Senator (1963–1967) Presidency(timeline) Transition Inauguration Timeline 1977 1978 1979 1980 January 1981 Political positions Judicial appointments controversies Executive Actions Rabbit incident Solar power at the White House Reagan transition Foreign policy Carter Doctrine Camp David Accords Egypt–Israel peace treaty Torrijos–Carter Treaties Iran hostage crisis International Emergency Economic Powers Act Executive Order 12170 Operation Eagle Claw Canadian Caper Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 1979 oil crisis Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War Algiers Accords Iran–United States Claims Tribunal Diplomatic relations with China Goldwater v. Carter Strategic Arms Limitation Talks International trips 1980 Summer Olympics boycott Executive Order 12036 Refugee Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act FISA Court Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 Domestic policy Cannabis policy Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 Senior Executive Service Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 Department of Education Organization Act U.S. Department of Education Executive Order 12148 Federal Emergency Management Agency Executive Order 12172 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Economic policy Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980 Airline Deregulation Act Carter bonds Community Reinvestment Act DIDMC Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Executive Order 12086 Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978 Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council National security letter Right to Financial Privacy Act Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act Motor Carrier Act of 1980 National Aquaculture Act of 1980 Staggers Rail Act Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977 Revenue Act of 1978 Trade Agreements Act of 1979 Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 Energy policy U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Energy Security Act Synthetic Fuels Corporation National Energy Act Energy Tax Act National Energy Conservation Policy Act Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978 Environmentalpolicy Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act Antarctic Conservation Act Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 Clean Water Act of 1977 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Superfund Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry National Priorities List Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Three Mile Island accident investigation Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act Speeches Moral Equivalent of War Island of Stability A Crisis of Confidence State of the Union Addresses 1978 1979 1980 1981 Elections Georgia gubernatorial elections 1966 1970 Democratic Party presidential primaries 1976 1980 Democratic National Conventions 1972 1976 1980 Presidential elections 1976 campaign 1980 Post-presidency Carter Center Presidential Library and Museum Habitat for Humanity Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project The Elders Jimmy Carter National Historical Park Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House Nairobi Agreement, 1999 One America Appeal Continuity of Government Commission Books Everything to Gain (1987) The Hornet's Nest (2003) Our Endangered Values (2006) Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006) reaction and commentary Beyond the White House (2007) We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land (2009) White House Diary (2010) A Call to Action (2014) A Full Life (2015) Awardsand honors Nobel Peace Prize Presidential Medal of Freedom Freedom of the City Silver Buffalo Award Philadelphia Liberty Medal United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights Hoover Medal Christopher Award Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize Grammy Award Legacy Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue (1976) USS Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter National Historical Park (1987) Georgia State Capitol statue (1994) Related Residences Birthplace Home Mary Prince (nanny) UFO incident Jimmy Carter (2002 television documentary) Man from Plains (2007 documentary) Family Rosalynn Carter (wife) Jack Carter (son) Amy Carter (daughter) Jason Carter (grandson) James Earl Carter Sr. (father) Lillian Gordy Carter (mother) Gloria Carter Spann (sister) Ruth Carter Stapleton (sister) Billy Carter (brother) Emily Dolvin (aunt) Hugh Carter (cousin) ← Gerald Ford Ronald Reagan → Category This article about a book on politics of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a book on political science is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a feminism-related book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power is a 2014 book by former US president Jimmy Carter. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reviewed the book as \"a tour de force of the global abuse and manipulation of women\" and commended Carter's presentation of statistical data.[1]","title":"A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address","external_links_name":"1981"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losh,_Wilson_and_Bell	Losh, Wilson and Bell	["1 History","1.1 Founders","1.2 Origins: from alkali to iron","1.3 Wealth","1.4 Bells, Goodman","1.5 Bells, Lightfoot","1.6 Bell Brothers","2 Wages and social conditions","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	British manufacturing company Losh, Wilson and BellWatercolour painting by John Bell of the Bell Ironworks under construction at Port Clarence, c. 1853Company typeManufacturing companyFounded1809FounderWilliam Losh, Thomas Wilson, Thomas BellDefunct1923 mergedSuccessorDorman LongHeadquartersNewcastle-upon-Tyne, EnglandKey peopleLowthian BellProductsIron, Soda Losh, Wilson and Bell, later Bells, Goodman, then Bells, Lightfoot and finally Bell Brothers, was a leading Northeast England manufacturing company, founded in 1809 by the partners William Losh, Thomas Wilson, and Thomas Bell. The firm was founded at Newcastle-upon-Tyne with an ironworks and an alkali works nearby at Walker. The alkali works were the first in England to make soda using the Leblanc process; the ironworks was the first to use Cleveland Ironstone, presaging the 1850s boom in ironmaking on Teesside. The so-called discoverer of Cleveland Ironstone, the mining engineer John Vaughan, ran a rolling mill for the company before leaving to found the major rival firm Bolckow Vaughan. The other key figure in the company was Lowthian Bell, son of Thomas Bell; he became perhaps the best known ironmaster in England. As Bell Brothers, the firm continued until 1931, when it was taken over by rival Dorman Long. History Founders The company was named after William Losh, Thomas Wilson, and Thomas Bell. William Losh (1770 Carlisle–4 August 1861, Ellison Place, Newcastle) came from a rich family that owned coal mines in Northeast England. He was educated in Hamburg, and trained in Newcastle, Sweden and France. He married Alice Wilkinson of Carlisle on 1 March 1798 at Gateshead. He was a friend of the explorer Alexander von Humboldt and a one-time business partner of rail pioneer George Stephenson. His brother James Losh was also a partner in the firm, and kept a diary recording his anxieties about the firm during the Napoleonic wars. Thomas Wilson (1773–9 May 1858) of Low Fell, Gateshead joined the Losh, Lubbin counting house. In 1807, Wilson became a partner and the firm took the name Losh, Wilson and Bell. In 1810 he married Mrs Fell of Kirklinton. Thomas Bell, (5 March 1784 – 20 April 1845) partner, was married to Katherine Lowthian of Newbiggin, Cumberland on 25 March 1815. Bell's father was a blacksmith. Origins: from alkali to iron The firm's origins can be traced back to 1790 when Archibald Dundonald, with John and William Losh, experimented on producing soda from salt. In about 1793 they opened a works at Bells Close, near Newcastle. Dundonald sent William Losh to Paris to study Nicolas Leblanc's process for making soda from salt. In 1807, the Loshes opened an alkali works at Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. It was the first in England to use the Leblanc process. Dundonald left the partnership and the business continued as Walker Alkali Works. Losh, Wilson & Bell's first ironworks was founded in 1809 at Walker, beside the alkali works, carrying out a mixture of engineering work but not building steam engines. By 1818, George Stephenson's original wooden wagonway was completely relaid with cast-iron edge-rails made in collaboration between Stephenson, who owned the patent, and Losh, Wilson and Bell. Around 1821, George Stephenson was briefly a partner in the Walker Ironworks. Wealth Lowthian Bell, by Frank Bramley. National Railway Museum, York Further information: Lowthian Bell In 1827 a rolling mill capable of 100 tons of bar iron per week was installed at the Walker Ironworks; in the same year, Losh, Wilson and Bell's Walker foundry was listed in Parson and White's gazetteer of Durham and Northumberland as a steam engine manufacturer. In 1833, the iron puddling process was installed at Walker. In 1835, while working as an inspector of construction on the Whitby & Pickering Railway, Thomas Wilson noted the presence of ironstone in a railway cutting at Grosmont, and arranged for drift mines to exploit the find; the new railway carried the ore to Whitby. In that year, at the age of nineteen, Thomas Bell's son Lowthian Bell entered the firm's Newcastle office under his father. In 1836 he joined his father at the firm's ironworks at Walker. In 1838, a second mill for rolling rails was added, run by the engineer John Vaughan (who went on to found Bolckow Vaughan); he strongly influenced Lowthian Bell to become an ironmaster. In the same year, The Athenaeum Journal reported that the Losh, Wilson & Bell works was manufacturing tin and iron plate in large quantities, along with iron bars for making railway-carriage wheels. The firm's adjacent alkali works was one of several such operations on the Tyne that were collectively producing more than 250 tons of crystallised soda and about 100 tons of soda ash weekly. The journal called William Losh "the father of soda-making on the Tyne" and described him as the head of the firm (although it was a partnership). In 1842, the shortage of pig iron persuaded Bell to install its own blast furnace for smelting mill cinder; this was a key decision, enabling the firm to expand. Only two years later, in 1844, the firm installed a second furnace at Walker for Cleveland Ironstone from Grosmont, six years before the boom in Cleveland iron when Vaughan and Marley discovered ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850. From 1849, Losh, Wilson and Bell were subcontractors on the Newcastle-Gateshead High Level Bridge, responsible for constructing the bridge approaches. Losh, Wilson and Bell constructed the approaches for the Newcastle-Gateshead High Level Bridge, c. 1852 On 25 January 1851, Lowthian Bell</ref> left the partnership with William Losh, Thomas Wilson, Catherine Bell, Thomas Bell and John Bell. The business at that time was described in the London Gazette as "Iron Manufacturers, and Ship and Insurance Brokers, under the style or firm of Losh, Wilson, and Bell". He went on to have a career in chemistry and politics, becoming a member of parliament among many other distinctions. On 8 October 1855, there was a serious boiler explosion at the Walker Iron Works, which killed at least seven workers. According to a contemporary account, the boiler unfurled like a sail, was blown upwards, carrying with it two roofings of the sheds, and blowing down two furnaces, with their chimneys, and scattering the molten metal and red hot bricks around, while one end of it was hurled into the midst of the works, and the other about 200 yards over the hill top, into the lumber-yard. All the dead were aged between 19 and 33, and the event created something of a sensation at the time. In 1857, John Marley, in his account of the Cleveland Ironstone, described the Bell Ironworks as follows:These iron-works, situate on the Tyne, and belonging to Messrs. Losh, Wilson, & Bell, originally consisted of only one furnace, being the first blast furnace that was specially erected for this bed of ironstone (in connection with Scotch, and other ores, for mixing), viz., about the year 1842 or 1843, and which ironstone was purchased from the aforesaid mines belonging to Mrs. Clark, in the Whitby district, the first cargo being sent in June or July, 1843, since which time these works have been increased by one extra furnace, built for the Whitby district ironstone in 1844, and by other three for the north part of Cleveland, about 1852, making now a total of five furnaces. Cornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station: 90" engine by Bells Lightfoot Bells, Goodman From 1869 at the latest, the company owning the Walker Engine Works was Bells, Goodman & Co. In that year the firm made the tunnelling shield and iron castings to line the Tower subway tunnels. In 1871 the firm made pumping and winding engines for Seghill Colliery. In 1875 it made machinery to condense smoke and gases for Clyde Lead Works of Glasgow. Bells, Lightfoot In 1875, the Bells, Goodman partnership was dissolved when Alfred Goodman retired. The firm became known as Bells, Lightfoot & Co. In 1876 it supplied a 90" Cornish beam engine for Springhead Pumping Station near Anlaby in the East Riding of Yorkshire; it had an unusual box-section wrought iron beam, and continued running until 1952. On 30 November 1876, Thomas Bell Lightfoot, Managing Partner, was granted a patent for his developments on machines for squeezing metals into shape. However, on 28 August 1883, Thomas Bell moved to Bilbao, Spain, where he continued to describe himself as an Ironmaster, and by mutual consent his partnership with Henry Bell and Thomas Bell the younger was dissolved. The deed was witnessed on 7 December 1883. Bell Brothers Painting of Bell Brothers Ironworks at Port Clarence by Albert Goodwin By 1873, Bell Brothers owned 9 coal mines in County Durham and Yorkshire. There were 10 mines in 1882; in 1888 the "Clarence Salt Works" was also recorded. In 1896 and 1902 the company had 11 mines. In 1914 there are 12; in 1921 there are 14. The 1881–1891 Arts and Crafts classical style Bell Brothers office building at Zetland Road in Middlesbrough was designed by architect Philip Webb; it was his only commercial development. According to English Heritage it is architecturally the most important building in Middlesbrough. In 1903, Lowthian Bell, then aged 87, sold a majority holding of the Bell companies to the rival firm Dorman Long. It was not a comfortable merger. Bell Brothers, along with the plate maker Consett Iron Company and another family ironmaking firm of Northeast England, Bolckow Vaughan, had expanded their capacity during World War I and the boom that immediately followed. As in other regions, expansion had come in a piecemeal fashion. Inefficient plant, excess capacity, and low profits had increased these firms' debts and brought creditors onto their boards.— Alfred Chandler Further, as regards the Bells and the Dormans, Over the years the two families rarely agreed as to how the firm should be run. Indeed, the company was known locally not as Dorman Long but as "Dorman versus Bell".— Alfred Chandler Bell Brothers was recorded in the Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory of 1923 as having an annual output of 600,000 tons of coal for coking and manufacturing. Sir Hugh Bell was chairman and managing director; Arthur Dorman and Charles Dorman were directors. That same year, Bell Brothers, described in The Sydney Morning Herald as "owners of coal and ironstone mines and blast furnaces and rolling mills", was finally merged completely with Dorman Long. Sir Arthur Dorman was chairman; both Hugh Bell and his son Maurice Bell were among the directors. When Arthur Dorman died in 1931, Hugh Bell, aged 87, briefly became chairman of 'Dorman versus Bell'; he died on 29 June 1931. Wages and social conditions John Roby Leifchild wrote a report in 1842 for the Children's Employment Commission entitled "Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries, Lead Mines, and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham; and on the Condition, Treatment, and Education of such Children and Young Persons". Leifchild found that Losh, Wilson & Bell paid its workers 30 to 36 shillings per week for a scrap-puddler; £2 5 shillings per week for a pudler; 18 shillings per week for a plate mill-furnace man; and 25 shillings per week for an engineman. The boiler engineer's family of wife and four children spent 18 shillings per week on provisions and 3 shillings per week on rent, leaving only 4 shillings for all other expenditure.: 25 In sport, an iron puddler, Robert Chambers of the company's Walker works, won the sculling championship at the 1857 Thames Regatta. The heavy work stirring the iron was said to have strengthened his arms and shoulders. Chambers also won the return match, held on the Tyne on 19 April 1859, even after a collision with a moored boat left him a hundred yards behind. See also Companies portal Hartley Colliery disaster References ^ a b c "Low Fell – Additional Pages". Low Fell History: Part 1. Gateshead Libraries. 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ Losh Family History, The Archers, the Goodmans and Associated Families website ^ Thomas Wilson FC ^ Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group: Word Lists: Thomas Wilson's Pitman's Pay ^ "Some Marriages from the Longtown Area 1810–1817". 19th Century Longtown. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 331. ^ a b c Grace's Guide: Walker Ironworks ^ Simpson, David (2009). "Chemicals and Glass". Chemicals and Glass 1800AD – 1900AD. England's Northeast. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ Jeans 1875, p. 121. ^ Tyne Tugs & Tug Builders: Engine Builders ^ a b Institution of Mechanical Engineers Past Presidents ^ a b c d e The Peerage: Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian. William Arthur Bone, 1912. ^ Parson, William; White, William (1827). "Steam engine manufacturers and builders". History, Directory, and Gazetteer, of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland: And the Towns and Counties of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and Berwick-Upon-Tweed. Vol. 1. W. White & Co. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-247-50421-6. ^ Tees Valley RIGS Group (2010). "Tees Valley RIGS group: Ironstone". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012. ^ "The Athenaeum Journal of Nature, Science, and the Fine Arts. From January to December 1838". London: J. Francis. 1838. p. 574. ^ Tyne Bridges at Gateshead. ^ "London Gazette" (PDF). Notices: Partnership: Losh, Wilson, and Bell. 1851. p. 676. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ Memoir of Sir Lowthian Bell, Bart. Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 33 1904-1907, 665–672 ^ a b Fordyce, T. (1867). "Disasters". Walker Iron Works: Boiler Explosion. Durham Mining Museum. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ Walker works boiler explosion Transactions - North of England Institute of Mining Engineers 4 1855-56, 44-48 ^ a b John Marley, Cleveland Ironstone, 1857. ^ a b "Bells, Goodman and Co". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ Allen, Chris (1991). "TA0429 : Cornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station". (photo has CC2 licence). Geograph.org. p. 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ "Patents. 4642. And to Thomas Bell Lightfoot" (PDF). The London Gazette. 12 January 1877. p. 176. Retrieved 22 March 2012. ^ "Notices: Bells, Lightfoot and Company Thomas Bell. Henry Bell. Thomas Bell, Jr. 7 December 1883" (PDF). The London Gazette. 14 December 1883. p. 6470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2012. ^ a b "Bell Bros. Ltd". Durham Mining Museum. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ Picture of the Dorman Long building ^ "Heritage Explorer". Former offices of Dorman Long, Zetland Road, Middlesbrough. English Heritage. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ a b c d Chandler, Alfred Dupont (1994). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press. p. 328. ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald". British Steel Merger: Dorman, Long and South Durham. 9 May 1933. p. 11. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ "Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd". Durham Mining Museum. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ a b Leifchild, John Roby (2000) . "Report on the Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries, Lead Mines, and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham; and on the Condition, Treatment, and Education of such Children and Young Persons" (PDF). Children's Employment Commission 1842. The Coal Mining History Resource Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ Whitehead, Ian. The Sporting Tyne, A History of Professional Rowing, Portcullis, 2002. Bibliography "Bell Of Rounton Grange Records 1693–1956". North Yorkshire County Council Archives: online catalogue. North Yorkshire County Council. pp. Ref. ZFK. Retrieved 21 March 2012. Jeans, J. S. (1875). Pioneers of the Cleveland iron trade. H.C. Reid. Marley, J. Cleveland Ironstone. Outline of the Main Or Thick Stratified Bed, Its Discovery, Application, And Results, In Connection with the Iron-Works in the North of England Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers 5 1856-57, 165-223 External links Hidden Teesside: Webb House, Bell Brothers Offices, Middlesbrough North Yorkshire County Council Archives: Bell Of Rounton Grange Records The Rountons: Iron Works (Watercolours by John Bell (ca 1814–1886) of Port Clarence Ironworks under construction ca 1853)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northeast England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_England"},{"link_name":"William Losh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Losh"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks"},{"link_name":"alkali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali"},{"link_name":"soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"Leblanc process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leblanc_process"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Ironstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Ironstone_Formation"},{"link_name":"Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesside"},{"link_name":"John Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vaughan_(ironmaster)"},{"link_name":"Bolckow Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolckow_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Lowthian Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowthian_Bell"},{"link_name":"ironmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironmaster"},{"link_name":"Dorman Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Long"}],"text":"British manufacturing companyLosh, Wilson and Bell, later Bells, Goodman, then Bells, Lightfoot and finally Bell Brothers, was a leading Northeast England manufacturing company, founded in 1809 by the partners William Losh, Thomas Wilson, and Thomas Bell.The firm was founded at Newcastle-upon-Tyne with an ironworks and an alkali works nearby at Walker. The alkali works were the first in England to make soda using the Leblanc process; the ironworks was the first to use Cleveland Ironstone, presaging the 1850s boom in ironmaking on Teesside.The so-called discoverer of Cleveland Ironstone, the mining engineer John Vaughan, ran a rolling mill for the company before leaving to found the major rival firm Bolckow Vaughan. The other key figure in the company was Lowthian Bell, son of Thomas Bell; he became perhaps the best known ironmaster in England.As Bell Brothers, the firm continued until 1931, when it was taken over by rival Dorman Long.","title":"Losh, Wilson and Bell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Losh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Losh"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Northeast England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowFell-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"George Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_wars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowFell-1"},{"link_name":"Low Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Fell"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowFell-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Founders","text":"The company was named after William Losh, Thomas Wilson, and Thomas Bell.William Losh (1770 Carlisle–4 August 1861, Ellison Place, Newcastle) came from a rich family that owned coal mines in Northeast England.[1] He was educated in Hamburg, and trained in Newcastle, Sweden and France. He married Alice Wilkinson of Carlisle on 1 March 1798 at Gateshead.[2] He was a friend of the explorer Alexander von Humboldt and a one-time business partner of rail pioneer George Stephenson. His brother James Losh was also a partner in the firm, and kept a diary recording his anxieties about the firm during the Napoleonic wars.[1]Thomas Wilson (1773–9 May 1858) of Low Fell, Gateshead[1] joined the Losh, Lubbin counting house. In 1807, Wilson became a partner and the firm took the name Losh, Wilson and Bell.[3][4] In 1810 he married Mrs Fell of Kirklinton.[5]Thomas Bell, (5 March 1784 – 20 April 1845) partner, was married to Katherine Lowthian of Newbiggin, Cumberland on 25 March 1815. Bell's father was a blacksmith.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Leblanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Leblanc"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GracesTimeline-7"},{"link_name":"alkali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali"},{"link_name":"Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alkali-8"},{"link_name":"Leblanc process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leblanc_process"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GracesTimeline-7"},{"link_name":"ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeans1875121-9"},{"link_name":"steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"George Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"cast-iron edge-rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagonway#Edgeway.2C_edge_rails"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imeche-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GracesTimeline-7"}],"sub_title":"Origins: from alkali to iron","text":"The firm's origins can be traced back to 1790 when Archibald Dundonald, with John and William Losh, experimented on producing soda from salt. In about 1793 they opened a works at Bells Close, near Newcastle. Dundonald sent William Losh to Paris to study Nicolas Leblanc's process for making soda from salt.[7] In 1807, the Loshes opened an alkali works at Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland.[8] It was the first in England to use the Leblanc process. Dundonald left the partnership and the business continued as Walker Alkali Works.[7]Losh, Wilson & Bell's first ironworks was founded in 1809 at Walker, beside the alkali works,[9] carrying out a mixture of engineering work but not building steam engines.[10] By 1818, George Stephenson's original wooden wagonway was completely relaid with cast-iron edge-rails made in collaboration between Stephenson, who owned the patent, and Losh, Wilson and Bell.[11] Around 1821, George Stephenson was briefly a partner in the Walker Ironworks.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lowthian Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Lowthian_Bell,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Frank Bramley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bramley"},{"link_name":"National Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lowthian 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From January to December 1838\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iGxIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA574"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Tyne Bridges at Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gateshead-history.com/tyne-bridges-at-gateshead.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"London Gazette\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/21189/pages/676/page.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Memoir of Sir Lowthian Bell, Bart.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/miningengineer02goog/page/665/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fordyce_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fordyce_19-1"},{"link_name":"\"Disasters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dmm.org.uk/names/x1855-01.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Walker works boiler explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/transactions04mattgoog/page/n88/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marley_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marley_21-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BellsGoodman_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BellsGoodman_22-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bells, Goodman and Co\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gracesguide.co.uk/Bells,_Goodman_and_Co"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BellsLightfootEngine_23-0"},{"link_name":"\"TA0429 : Cornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.geograph.org.uk/photo/716180"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Patents. 4642. And to Thomas Bell Lightfoot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24403/pages/176/page.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dissolved_25-0"},{"link_name":"\"Notices: Bells, Lightfoot and Company [signed] Thomas Bell. Henry Bell. Thomas Bell, Jr. [deed dated] 7 December 1883\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140201182706/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25296/pages/6470/page.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25296/pages/6470/page.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DMMBellBros_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DMMBellBros_26-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bell Bros. Ltd\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dmm.org.uk/company/b003.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Picture of the Dorman Long building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/bolckow/2246811692/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Heritage Explorer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heritage-explorer.co.uk/web/he/searchdetail.aspx?id=9053&crit=bell"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chandler_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chandler_29-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chandler_29-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chandler_29-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"The Sydney Morning Herald\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19330509&id=tnJVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6336,934140"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DMMDormanLong_31-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dmm.org.uk/company/d001.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leifchild_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leifchild_32-1"},{"link_name":"\"Report on the Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries, Lead Mines, and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham; and on the Condition, Treatment, and Education of such Children and Young Persons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140422020335/http://www.cmhrc.co.uk/cms/document/1842_N_bland.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cmhrc.co.uk/cms/document/1842_N_bland.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Losh,_Wilson_and_Bell&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"\"Bell Of Rounton Grange Records 1693–1956\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.northyorks.gov.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%27ZFK%27%29"},{"link_name":"Pioneers of the Cleveland iron trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pioneersofclevel00jeaniala"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Ironstone. Outline of the Main Or Thick Stratified Bed, Its Discovery, Application, And Results, In Connection with the Iron-Works in the North of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/transactions01aimegoog/page/n215/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Losh,_Wilson_and_Bell&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"Hidden Teesside: Webb House, Bell Brothers Offices, Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hidden-teesside.co.uk/2012/06/05/webb-house-bell-brother-offices-middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire County Council Archives: Bell Of Rounton Grange Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.northyorks.gov.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%27ZFK%27%29"},{"link_name":"The Rountons: Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.therountons.com/festival/gallery/bell/ironworks/iron.htm"}],"sub_title":"Wealth","text":"Lowthian Bell, by Frank Bramley. National Railway Museum, YorkFurther information: Lowthian BellIn 1827 a rolling mill capable of 100 tons of bar iron per week was installed at the Walker Ironworks;[12] in the same year, Losh, Wilson and Bell's Walker foundry was listed in Parson and White's gazetteer of Durham and Northumberland as a steam engine manufacturer.[13] In 1833, the iron puddling process was installed at Walker.[12] In 1835, while working as an inspector of construction on the Whitby & Pickering Railway, Thomas Wilson noted the presence of ironstone in a railway cutting at Grosmont, and arranged for drift mines to exploit the find; the new railway carried the ore to Whitby.[14] In that year, at the age of nineteen, Thomas Bell's son Lowthian Bell entered the firm's Newcastle office under his father. In 1836 he joined his father at the firm's ironworks at Walker.[12]In 1838, a second mill for rolling rails was added, run by the engineer John Vaughan (who went on to found Bolckow Vaughan); he strongly influenced Lowthian Bell to become an ironmaster.[12] In the same year, The Athenaeum Journal reported that the Losh, Wilson & Bell works was manufacturing tin and iron plate in large quantities, along with iron bars for making railway-carriage wheels. The firm's adjacent alkali works was one of several such operations on the Tyne that were collectively producing more than 250 tons of crystallised soda and about 100 tons of soda ash weekly. The journal called William Losh \"the father of soda-making on the Tyne\" and described him as the head of the firm (although it was a partnership).[15]In 1842, the shortage of pig iron persuaded Bell to install its own blast furnace for smelting mill cinder; this was a key decision, enabling the firm to expand. Only two years later, in 1844, the firm installed a second furnace at Walker for Cleveland Ironstone from Grosmont, six years before the boom in Cleveland iron when Vaughan and Marley discovered ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850.[12] From 1849, Losh, Wilson and Bell were subcontractors on the Newcastle-Gateshead High Level Bridge, responsible for constructing the bridge approaches.[16]Losh, Wilson and Bell constructed the approaches for the Newcastle-Gateshead High Level Bridge, c. 1852On 25 January 1851, Lowthian Bell[11]</ref> left the partnership with William Losh, Thomas Wilson, Catherine Bell, Thomas Bell and John Bell. The business at that time was described in the London Gazette as \"Iron Manufacturers, and Ship and Insurance Brokers, under the style or firm of Losh, Wilson, and Bell\".[17] He went on to have a career in chemistry and politics, becoming a member of parliament among many other distinctions.[18]On 8 October 1855, there was a serious boiler explosion at the Walker Iron Works, which killed at least seven workers. According to a contemporary account, the boilerunfurled like a sail, was blown upwards, carrying with it two roofings of the sheds, and blowing down two furnaces, with their chimneys, and scattering the molten metal and red hot bricks around, while one end of it was hurled into the midst of the works, and the other about 200 yards over the hill top, into the lumber-yard.[19] [20]\nAll the dead were aged between 19 and 33, and the event created something of a sensation at the time.[19] In 1857, John Marley, in his account of the Cleveland Ironstone, described the Bell Ironworks as follows:[21]These iron-works, situate on the Tyne, and belonging to Messrs. Losh, Wilson, & Bell, originally consisted of only one furnace, being the first blast furnace that was specially erected for this bed of ironstone (in connection with Scotch, and other ores, for mixing), viz., about the year 1842 or 1843, and which ironstone was purchased from the aforesaid mines belonging to Mrs. Clark, in the Whitby district, the first cargo being sent in June or July, 1843, since which time these works have been increased by one extra furnace, built for the Whitby district ironstone in 1844, and by other three [at Port Clarence] for the north part of Cleveland, about 1852, making now a total of five furnaces.[21]\nCornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station: 90\" engine by Bells Lightfoot\nBells, Goodman[edit]\nFrom 1869 at the latest, the company owning the Walker Engine Works was Bells, Goodman & Co. In that year the firm made the tunnelling shield and iron castings to line the Tower subway tunnels. In 1871 the firm made pumping and winding engines for Seghill Colliery. In 1875 it made machinery to condense smoke and gases for Clyde Lead Works of Glasgow.[22]\n\nBells, Lightfoot[edit]\nIn 1875, the Bells, Goodman partnership was dissolved when Alfred Goodman retired. The firm became known as Bells, Lightfoot & Co.[22] In 1876 it supplied a 90\" Cornish beam engine for Springhead Pumping Station near Anlaby in the East Riding of Yorkshire; it had an unusual box-section wrought iron beam, and continued running until 1952.[23] On 30 November 1876, Thomas Bell Lightfoot, Managing Partner, was granted a patent for his developments on machines for squeezing metals into shape.[24] However, on 28 August 1883, Thomas Bell moved to Bilbao, Spain, where he continued to describe himself as an Ironmaster, and by mutual consent his partnership with Henry Bell and Thomas Bell the younger was dissolved. The deed was witnessed on 7 December 1883.[25]\n\nBell Brothers[edit]\nPainting of Bell Brothers Ironworks at Port Clarence by Albert Goodwin\nBy 1873, Bell Brothers owned 9 coal mines in County Durham and Yorkshire. There were 10 mines in 1882; in 1888 the \"Clarence Salt Works\" was also recorded. In 1896 and 1902 the company had 11 mines. In 1914 there are 12; in 1921 there are 14.[26] The 1881–1891 Arts and Crafts classical style Bell Brothers office building at Zetland Road in Middlesbrough was designed by architect Philip Webb; it was his only commercial development. According to English Heritage it is architecturally the most important building in Middlesbrough.[27][28]\nIn 1903, Lowthian Bell, then aged 87, sold a majority holding of the Bell companies to the rival firm Dorman Long. It was not a comfortable merger. Bell Brothers, along with the plate maker Consett Iron Company and another family ironmaking firm of Northeast England, Bolckow Vaughan,[29]\n\nhad expanded their capacity during World War I and the boom that immediately followed. As in other regions, expansion had come in a piecemeal fashion. Inefficient plant, excess capacity, and low profits had increased these firms' debts and brought creditors onto their boards.— Alfred Chandler[29]\nFurther, as regards the Bells and the Dormans,\n\nOver the years the two families rarely agreed as to how the firm should be run. Indeed, the company was known locally not as Dorman Long but as \"Dorman versus Bell\".— Alfred Chandler[29]\nBell Brothers was recorded in the Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory of 1923 as having an annual output of 600,000 tons of coal for coking and manufacturing. Sir Hugh Bell was chairman and managing director; Arthur Dorman and Charles Dorman were directors.[26] That same year, Bell Brothers, described in The Sydney Morning Herald as \"owners of coal and ironstone mines and blast furnaces and rolling mills\", was finally merged completely with Dorman Long. Sir Arthur Dorman was chairman; both Hugh Bell and his son Maurice Bell were among the directors.[30][31] When Arthur Dorman died in 1931, Hugh Bell, aged 87, briefly became chairman of 'Dorman versus Bell'; he died on 29 June 1931.[29]\n\nWages and social conditions[edit]\nJohn Roby Leifchild wrote a report in 1842 for the Children's Employment Commission entitled \"Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries, Lead Mines, and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham; and on the Condition, Treatment, and Education of such Children and Young Persons\".[32] Leifchild found that Losh, Wilson & Bell paid its workers 30 to 36 shillings per week for a scrap-puddler; £2 5 shillings per week for a pudler; 18 shillings per week for a plate mill-furnace man; and 25 shillings per week for an engineman. The boiler engineer's family of wife and four children spent 18 shillings per week on provisions and 3 shillings per week on rent, leaving only 4 shillings for all other expenditure.[32]: 25 \nIn sport, an iron puddler, Robert Chambers of the company's Walker works, won the sculling championship at the 1857 Thames Regatta. The heavy work stirring the iron was said to have strengthened his arms and shoulders. Chambers also won the return match, held on the Tyne on 19 April 1859, even after a collision with a moored boat left him a hundred yards behind.[33]\n\nSee also[edit]\n\nCompanies portal\nHartley Colliery disaster\nReferences[edit]\n\n\n^ a b c \"Low Fell – Additional Pages\". Low Fell History: Part 1. Gateshead Libraries. 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012.\n\n^ Losh Family History, The Archers, the Goodmans and Associated Families website\n\n^ Thomas Wilson FC\n\n^ Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group: Word Lists: Thomas Wilson's Pitman's Pay\n\n^ \"Some Marriages from the Longtown Area 1810–1817\". 19th Century Longtown. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.\n\n^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 331.\n\n^ a b c Grace's Guide: Walker Ironworks\n\n^ Simpson, David (2009). \"Chemicals and Glass\". Chemicals and Glass 1800AD – 1900AD. England's Northeast. Retrieved 20 March 2012.\n\n^ Jeans 1875, p. 121.\n\n^ Tyne Tugs & Tug Builders: Engine Builders\n\n^ a b Institution of Mechanical Engineers Past Presidents\n\n^ a b c d e The Peerage: Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian. William Arthur Bone, 1912.\n\n^ Parson, William; White, William (1827). \"Steam engine manufacturers and builders\". History, Directory, and Gazetteer, of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland: And the Towns and Counties of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and Berwick-Upon-Tweed. Vol. 1. W. White & Co. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-247-50421-6.\n\n^ Tees Valley RIGS Group (2010). \"Tees Valley RIGS group: Ironstone\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.\n\n^ \"The Athenaeum Journal of Nature, Science, and the Fine Arts. From January to December 1838\". London: J. Francis. 1838. p. 574.\n\n^ Tyne Bridges at Gateshead.\n\n^ \"London Gazette\" (PDF). Notices: Partnership: Losh, Wilson, and Bell. 1851. p. 676. Retrieved 20 March 2012.\n\n^ Memoir of Sir Lowthian Bell, Bart. Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 33 1904-1907, 665–672\n\n^ a b Fordyce, T. (1867). \"Disasters\". Walker Iron Works: Boiler Explosion. Durham Mining Museum. Retrieved 20 March 2012.\n\n^ Walker works boiler explosion Transactions - North of England Institute of Mining Engineers 4 1855-56, 44-48\n\n^ a b John Marley, Cleveland Ironstone, 1857.\n\n^ a b \"Bells, Goodman and Co\". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 21 March 2012.\n\n^ Allen, Chris (1991). \"TA0429 : Cornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station\". (photo has CC2 licence). Geograph.org. p. 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2012.\n\n^ \"Patents. 4642. And to Thomas Bell Lightfoot\" (PDF). The London Gazette. 12 January 1877. p. 176. Retrieved 22 March 2012.\n\n^ \"Notices: Bells, Lightfoot and Company [signed] Thomas Bell. Henry Bell. Thomas Bell, Jr. [deed dated] 7 December 1883\" (PDF). The London Gazette. 14 December 1883. p. 6470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2012.\n\n^ a b \"Bell Bros. Ltd\". Durham Mining Museum. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2012.\n\n^ Picture of the Dorman Long building\n\n^ \"Heritage Explorer\". Former offices of Dorman Long, Zetland Road, Middlesbrough. English Heritage. Retrieved 1 December 2012.\n\n^ a b c d Chandler, Alfred Dupont (1994). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press. p. 328.\n\n^ \"The Sydney Morning Herald\". British Steel Merger: Dorman, Long and South Durham. 9 May 1933. p. 11. Retrieved 1 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd\". Durham Mining Museum. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.\n\n^ a b Leifchild, John Roby (2000) [1842]. \"Report on the Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries, Lead Mines, and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham; and on the Condition, Treatment, and Education of such Children and Young Persons\" (PDF). Children's Employment Commission 1842. The Coal Mining History Resource Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2012.\n\n^ Whitehead, Ian. The Sporting Tyne, A History of Professional Rowing, Portcullis, 2002.\n\n\nBibliography[edit]\n\"Bell Of Rounton Grange Records 1693–1956\". North Yorkshire County Council Archives: online catalogue. North Yorkshire County Council. pp. Ref. ZFK. Retrieved 21 March 2012.\nJeans, J. S. (1875). Pioneers of the Cleveland iron trade. H.C. Reid.\nMarley, J. Cleveland Ironstone. Outline of the Main Or Thick Stratified Bed, Its Discovery, Application, And Results, In Connection with the Iron-Works in the North of England Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers 5 1856-57, 165-223\nExternal links[edit]\nHidden Teesside: Webb House, Bell Brothers Offices, Middlesbrough\nNorth Yorkshire County Council Archives: Bell Of Rounton Grange Records\nThe Rountons: Iron Works (Watercolours by John Bell (ca 1814–1886) of Port Clarence Ironworks under construction ca 1853)","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Lowthian Bell, by Frank Bramley. National Railway Museum, York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg/170px-Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg"},{"image_text":"Losh, Wilson and Bell constructed the approaches for the Newcastle-Gateshead High Level Bridge, c. 1852","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/High_Level_Bridge_-_Newcastle_-_circa_1852.jpg/220px-High_Level_Bridge_-_Newcastle_-_circa_1852.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station: 90\" engine by Bells Lightfoot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cornish_beam_engine%2C_Springhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_716183.jpg/170px-Cornish_beam_engine%2C_Springhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_716183.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting of Bell Brothers Ironworks at Port Clarence by Albert Goodwin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bell_Brothers_Ironworks_at_Port_Clarence_-_Albert_Goodwin_%281845-1932%29.jpg/220px-Bell_Brothers_Ironworks_at_Port_Clarence_-_Albert_Goodwin_%281845-1932%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Low Fell – Additional Pages\". Low Fell History: Part 1. Gateshead Libraries. 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asaplive.com/local--family-history/low-fell---additional-pages/low-fell-history-part-1","url_text":"\"Low Fell – Additional Pages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some Marriages from the Longtown Area 1810–1817\". 19th Century Longtown. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110906100900/http://longtown19.website.orange.co.uk/marriages_1810___1817.48.html","url_text":"\"Some Marriages from the Longtown Area 1810–1817\""},{"url":"http://longtown19.website.orange.co.uk/marriages_1810___1817.48.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, David (2009). \"Chemicals and Glass\". Chemicals and Glass 1800AD – 1900AD. England's Northeast. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/ChemicalsandGlass.html","url_text":"\"Chemicals and Glass\""}]},{"reference":"Parson, William; White, William (1827). \"Steam engine manufacturers and builders\". History, Directory, and Gazetteer, of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland: And the Towns and Counties of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and Berwick-Upon-Tweed. Vol. 1. W. White & Co. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-247-50421-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqM3AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124","url_text":"\"Steam engine manufacturers and builders\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqM3AAAAYAAJ","url_text":"History, Directory, and Gazetteer, of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland: And the Towns and Counties of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and Berwick-Upon-Tweed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-247-50421-6","url_text":"978-1-247-50421-6"}]},{"reference":"Tees Valley RIGS Group (2010). \"Tees Valley RIGS group: Ironstone\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121221111650/http://www.tvrigs.org.uk/industrial-geology/ironstone","url_text":"\"Tees Valley RIGS group: Ironstone\""},{"url":"http://www.tvrigs.org.uk/industrial-geology/ironstone","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Athenaeum Journal of Nature, Science, and the Fine Arts. From January to December 1838\". London: J. Francis. 1838. p. 574.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iGxIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA574","url_text":"\"The Athenaeum Journal of Nature, Science, and the Fine Arts. From January to December 1838\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Gazette\" (PDF). Notices: Partnership: Losh, Wilson, and Bell. 1851. p. 676. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/21189/pages/676/page.pdf","url_text":"\"London Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"Fordyce, T. (1867). \"Disasters\". Walker Iron Works: Boiler Explosion. Durham Mining Museum. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dmm.org.uk/names/x1855-01.htm","url_text":"\"Disasters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bells, Goodman and Co\". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 21 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Bells,_Goodman_and_Co","url_text":"\"Bells, Goodman and Co\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Chris (1991). \"TA0429 : Cornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station\". (photo has CC2 licence). Geograph.org. p. 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/716180","url_text":"\"TA0429 : Cornish beam engine, Springhead Pumping Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patents. 4642. And to Thomas Bell Lightfoot\" (PDF). The London Gazette. 12 January 1877. p. 176. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24403/pages/176/page.pdf","url_text":"\"Patents. 4642. And to Thomas Bell Lightfoot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notices: Bells, Lightfoot and Company [signed] Thomas Bell. Henry Bell. Thomas Bell, Jr. [deed dated] 7 December 1883\" (PDF). The London Gazette. 14 December 1883. p. 6470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182706/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25296/pages/6470/page.pdf","url_text":"\"Notices: Bells, Lightfoot and Company [signed] Thomas Bell. Henry Bell. Thomas Bell, Jr. [deed dated] 7 December 1883\""},{"url":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25296/pages/6470/page.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bell Bros. Ltd\". Durham Mining Museum. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dmm.org.uk/company/b003.htm","url_text":"\"Bell Bros. Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Explorer\". Former offices of Dorman Long, Zetland Road, Middlesbrough. English Heritage. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heritage-explorer.co.uk/web/he/searchdetail.aspx?id=9053&crit=bell","url_text":"\"Heritage Explorer\""}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Alfred Dupont (1994). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press. p. 328.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Sydney Morning Herald\". British Steel Merger: Dorman, Long and South Durham. 9 May 1933. p. 11. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19330509&id=tnJVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6336,934140","url_text":"\"The Sydney Morning Herald\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd\". Durham Mining Museum. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dmm.org.uk/company/d001.htm","url_text":"\"Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"Leifchild, John Roby (2000) [1842]. \"Report on the Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries, Lead Mines, and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham; and on the Condition, Treatment, and Education of such Children and Young Persons\" (PDF). Children's Employment Commission 1842. The Coal Mining History Resource Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140422020335/http://www.cmhrc.co.uk/cms/document/1842_N_bland.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on the Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries, Lead Mines, and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham; and on the Condition, Treatment, and Education of such Children and Young Persons\""},{"url":"http://www.cmhrc.co.uk/cms/document/1842_N_bland.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bell Of Rounton Grange Records 1693–1956\". North Yorkshire County Council Archives: online catalogue. North Yorkshire County Council. pp. Ref. ZFK. Retrieved 21 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.northyorks.gov.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%27ZFK%27%29","url_text":"\"Bell Of Rounton Grange Records 1693–1956\""}]},{"reference":"Jeans, J. S. (1875). Pioneers of the Cleveland iron trade. H.C. Reid.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pioneersofclevel00jeaniala","url_text":"Pioneers of the Cleveland iron trade"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.asaplive.com/local--family-history/low-fell---additional-pages/low-fell-history-part-1","external_links_name":"\"Low Fell – Additional Pages\""},{"Link":"http://www.archerfamily.org.uk/family/losh.htm","external_links_name":"Losh Family History"},{"Link":"http://thomaswilson.intheteam.com/modules/page/Page.aspx?pc=06&mid=21904&pmid=0","external_links_name":"Thomas Wilson FC"},{"Link":"http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/durhamdialect/gatesheadc19-1.htm","external_links_name":"Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group: Word Lists: Thomas Wilson's Pitman's Pay"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110906100900/http://longtown19.website.orange.co.uk/marriages_1810___1817.48.html","external_links_name":"\"Some Marriages from the Longtown Area 1810–1817\""},{"Link":"http://longtown19.website.orange.co.uk/marriages_1810___1817.48.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Walker_Ironworks","external_links_name":"Grace's Guide: Walker Ironworks"},{"Link":"http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/ChemicalsandGlass.html","external_links_name":"\"Chemicals and Glass\""},{"Link":"http://www.tynetugs.co.uk/engines_18.html","external_links_name":"Tyne Tugs & Tug Builders: Engine Builders"},{"Link":"https://www.imeche.org/about-us/imeche-engineering-history/presidents","external_links_name":"Institution of Mechanical Engineers Past Presidents"},{"Link":"http://thepeerage.com/e281.htm","external_links_name":"The Peerage: Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqM3AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"\"Steam engine manufacturers and builders\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqM3AAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"History, Directory, and Gazetteer, of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland: And the Towns and Counties of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne and Berwick-Upon-Tweed"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121221111650/http://www.tvrigs.org.uk/industrial-geology/ironstone","external_links_name":"\"Tees Valley RIGS group: Ironstone\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvrigs.org.uk/industrial-geology/ironstone","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iGxIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA574","external_links_name":"\"The Athenaeum Journal of Nature, Science, and the Fine Arts. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglegorsk,_Sakhalin_Oblast	Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast	["1 History","2 Administrative and municipal status","3 Economy","4 Climate","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 49°04′N 142°02′E / 49.067°N 142.033°E / 49.067; 142.033Town in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia For other places with the same name, see Uglegorsk. Town in Sakhalin Oblast, RussiaUglegorsk УглегорскTown Coat of armsLocation of Uglegorsk UglegorskLocation of UglegorskShow map of RussiaUglegorskUglegorsk (Sakhalin Oblast)Show map of Sakhalin OblastCoordinates: 49°04′N 142°02′E / 49.067°N 142.033°E / 49.067; 142.033CountryRussiaFederal subjectSakhalin OblastAdministrative districtUglegorsky DistrictTown of district significanceUglegorskFounded1905Town status since1946Elevation15 m (49 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total10,381Administrative status • Capital ofUglegorsky District, town of district significance of UglegorskMunicipal status • Municipal districtUglegorsky Municipal District • Urban settlementUglegorskoye Urban Settlement • Capital ofUglegorsky Municipal District, Uglegorskoye Urban SettlementTime zoneUTC+11 (MSK+8 )Postal code(s)694920, 694923, 694929Dialing code(s)+7 42432OKTMO ID64752000001 Uglegorsk (Russian: Углего́рск) is a coastal port town and the administrative center of Uglegorsky District in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, located on the west coast of Sakhalin Island, 277 kilometers (172 mi) northwest of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 10,381 (2010 Census); 13,396 (2002 Census); 18,402 (1989 Census). History It was founded as Esutoru (恵須取), meaning "between capes" in the Ainu language, during Japanese rule in 1905. It came to Soviet control along with the rest of the Sakhalin Island with the defeat of Japan in World War II. For a time, Uglegorsk was put under consideration for potential sites for the new capital of Sakhalin Oblast. Town status was granted to it in 1946, along with its present name. The name Uglegorsk means 'coal mountain'. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Uglegorsk serves as the administrative center of Uglegorsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Uglegorsky District as the town of district significance of Uglegorsk. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Uglegorsk, together with nine rural localities in Uglegorsky District, is incorporated within Uglegorsky Municipal District as Uglegorskoye Urban Settlement. Economy Bituminous coal is mined in the surrounding area, giving the town its name. Uglegorsk is also the center of an agricultural area, mainly growing potatoes and other vegetables. Paper and timber products are also produced in the town. Climate Uglegorsk has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The weather on the western side of Sakhalin tends to be drier and more settled than on the eastern side, since the winds from the combined force of the Siberian High and Aleutian Low run almost parallel to the coast with very little travel over water. Moreover, the winds from the summer low tend to lose some of their moisture over the island's mountains. Climate data for Uglegorsk (1939-1964) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) −3(27) −1(30) 4(39) 11(52) 18(64) 21(70) 25(77) 25(77) 23(73) 17(63) 8(46) 1(34) 25(77) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.7(12.7) −7.9(17.8) −2.4(27.7) 4.6(40.3) 10.3(50.5) 14.8(58.6) 19.1(66.4) 21.1(70.0) 17.3(63.1) 9.7(49.5) 0.1(32.2) — 5.7(42.3) Daily mean °C (°F) −15.4(4.3) −13.7(7.3) −8.1(17.4) 0.6(33.1) 7.5(45.5) 13.7(56.7) 17.2(63.0) 17.1(62.8) 12.2(54.0) 4.9(40.8) −4.9(23.2) −12.4(9.7) 1.6(34.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −19.4(−2.9) −17.8(0.0) −12(10) −3.2(26.2) 1.8(35.2) 6.7(44.1) 11.4(52.5) 13.1(55.6) 8.3(46.9) 1.0(33.8) −7.7(18.1) −15(5) −2.7(27.1) Record low °C (°F) −37(−35) −33(−27) −28(−18) −16(3) −8(18) −2(28) 2(36) 3(37) −1(30) −16(3) −23(−9) −36(−33) −37(−35) Average precipitation mm (inches) 32(1.3) 20(0.8) 25(1.0) 34(1.3) 46(1.8) 44(1.7) 71(2.8) 73(2.9) 77(3.0) 69(2.7) 59(2.3) 50(2.0) 600(23.6) Source: References Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Law #25-ZO ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ a b c d Law #524 ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Федеральное агентство по технологическому регулированию и метрологии. №ОК 033-2013 1 января 2014 г. «Общероссийский классификатор территорий муниципальных образований. Код 64 652 101». (Federal State Statistics Service. Federal Agency on Technological Regulation and Metrology. #OK 033-2013 January 1, 2014 Russian Classification of Territories of Municipal Formations. Code 64 652 101. ). ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Телефонные коды Сахалина - Dialing codes of Sakhalin (in Russian) ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. ^ Tonai, Yuzuru (2015). Soviet Rule in South Sakhalin and the Japanese Community. New York: Routledge. p. 97. ^ "RUS SAJALINSKAYA - UGLEGORSK". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Retrieved November 3, 2011. Sources Сахалинская областная Дума. Закон №25-ЗО от 23 марта 2011 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Сахалинской области», в ред. Закона №62-ЗО от 27 июня 2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 10 Закона Сахалинской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Сахалинской области"». Вступил в силу 9 апреля 2011 г.. Опубликован: "Губернские ведомости", №55(3742), 29 марта 2011 г. (Sakhalin Oblast Duma. Law #25-ZO of March 23, 2011 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sakhalin Oblast, as amended by the Law #62-ZO of June 27, 2013 On Amending Article 10 of the Law of Sakhalin Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sakhalin Oblast". Effective as of April 9, 2011.). Сахалинская областная Дума. Закон №524 от 21 июля 2004 г. «О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Сахалинской области», в ред. Закона №45-ЗО от 27 мая 2013 г. «О внесении изменения в Закон Сахалинской области "О границах и статусе муниципальных образований в Сахалинской области"». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Губернские ведомости", №175–176(2111–2112), 31 июля 2004 г. (Sakhalin Oblast Duma. Law #524 of July 21, 2004 On the Borders and Status of the Municipal Formations in Sakhalin Oblast, as amended by the Law #45-ZO of May 27, 2013 On Amending the Law of Sakhalin Oblast "On the Borders and Status of the Municipal Formations in Sakhalin Oblast". Effective as of January 1, 2005.). vteAdministrative divisions of Sakhalin OblastAdministrative center: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk • Rural localitiesAdministrative districts Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky Anivsky Dolinsky Kholmsky Korsakovsky Kurilsky Makarovsky Nevelsky Nogliksky Okhinsky Poronaysky Severo-Kurilsky Smirnykhovsky Tomarinsky Tymovsky Uglegorsky Yuzhno-Kurilsky Cities and towns Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky Aniva Dolinsk Kholmsk Korsakov Kurilsk Makarov Nevelsk Okha Poronaysk Severo-Kurilsk Tomari Uglegorsk Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Urban-type settlements Nogliki Shakhtyorsk Smirnykh Tymovskoye Vakhrushev Yuzhno-Kurilsk Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uglegorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglegorsk_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Uglegorsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglegorsky_District"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-2"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-8"},{"link_name":"1989 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-9"}],"text":"Town in Sakhalin Oblast, RussiaFor other places with the same name, see Uglegorsk.Town in Sakhalin Oblast, RussiaUglegorsk (Russian: Углего́рск) is a coastal port town and the administrative center of Uglegorsky District in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, located on the west coast of Sakhalin Island, 277 kilometers (172 mi) northwest of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 10,381 (2010 Census);[2] 13,396 (2002 Census);[8] 18,402 (1989 Census).[9]","title":"Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"恵須取","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%B5%E9%A0%88%E5%8F%96%E7%94%BA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It was founded as Esutoru (恵須取), meaning \"between capes\" in the Ainu language, during Japanese rule in 1905.[citation needed] It came to Soviet control along with the rest of the Sakhalin Island with the defeat of Japan in World War II. For a time, Uglegorsk was put under consideration for potential sites for the new capital of Sakhalin Oblast.[10]Town status was granted to it in 1946, along with its present name. The name Uglegorsk means 'coal mountain'.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Uglegorsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglegorsky_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SakhalinO_adm-1"},{"link_name":"town of district significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_of_district_significance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SakhalinO_adm-1"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"rural localities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SakhalinO_mun-3"}],"text":"Within the framework of administrative divisions, Uglegorsk serves as the administrative center of Uglegorsky District.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Uglegorsky District as the town of district significance of Uglegorsk.[1] As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Uglegorsk, together with nine rural localities in Uglegorsky District, is incorporated within Uglegorsky Municipal District as Uglegorskoye Urban Settlement.[3]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bituminous coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal"}],"text":"Bituminous coal is mined in the surrounding area, giving the town its name. Uglegorsk is also the center of an agricultural area, mainly growing potatoes and other vegetables. Paper and timber products are also produced in the town.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Siberian High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_High"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Low"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Uglegorsk has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The weather on the western side of Sakhalin tends to be drier and more settled than on the eastern side, since the winds from the combined force of the Siberian High and Aleutian Low run almost parallel to the coast with very little travel over water. Moreover, the winds from the summer low tend to lose some of their moisture over the island's mountains.Climate data for Uglegorsk (1939-1964)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n−3(27)\n\n−1(30)\n\n4(39)\n\n11(52)\n\n18(64)\n\n21(70)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n23(73)\n\n17(63)\n\n8(46)\n\n1(34)\n\n25(77)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−10.7(12.7)\n\n−7.9(17.8)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n—\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−15.4(4.3)\n\n−13.7(7.3)\n\n−8.1(17.4)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n−4.9(23.2)\n\n−12.4(9.7)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−19.4(−2.9)\n\n−17.8(0.0)\n\n−12(10)\n\n−3.2(26.2)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n−7.7(18.1)\n\n−15(5)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−37(−35)\n\n−33(−27)\n\n−28(−18)\n\n−16(3)\n\n−8(18)\n\n−2(28)\n\n2(36)\n\n3(37)\n\n−1(30)\n\n−16(3)\n\n−23(−9)\n\n−36(−33)\n\n−37(−35)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n32(1.3)\n\n20(0.8)\n\n25(1.0)\n\n34(1.3)\n\n46(1.8)\n\n44(1.7)\n\n71(2.8)\n\n73(2.9)\n\n77(3.0)\n\n69(2.7)\n\n59(2.3)\n\n50(2.0)\n\n600(23.6)\n\n\nSource: [11]","title":"Climate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]},{"reference":"Tonai, Yuzuru (2015). Soviet Rule in South Sakhalin and the Japanese Community. New York: Routledge. p. 97.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"RUS SAJALINSKAYA - UGLEGORSK\". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Retrieved November 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/ru-ugleg.htm","url_text":"\"RUS SAJALINSKAYA - UGLEGORSK\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uglegorsk,_Sakhalin_Oblast&params=49_04_N_142_02_E_type:city(10381)_region:RU","external_links_name":"49°04′N 142°02′E / 49.067°N 142.033°E / 49.067; 142.033"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uglegorsk,_Sakhalin_Oblast&params=49_04_N_142_02_E_type:city(10381)_region:RU","external_links_name":"49°04′N 142°02′E / 49.067°N 142.033°E / 49.067; 142.033"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department","external_links_name":"Поиск объектов почтовой связи"},{"Link":"http://www.sakhalin.biz/info/","external_links_name":"Телефонные коды Сахалина - Dialing codes of Sakhalin"},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"},{"Link":"http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/ru-ugleg.htm","external_links_name":"\"RUS SAJALINSKAYA - UGLEGORSK\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126805667","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567765005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91093958","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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Sections older than 30 days may be automatically archived by Lowercase sigmabot III when more than 5 sections are present. This is Stuartyeates's talk page, where you can send them messages and comments. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic. New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help. Assume good faith Be polite and avoid personal attacks Be welcoming to newcomers Seek dispute resolution if needed Archives: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25Auto-archiving period: 30 days <--Stuartyeates is taking a short wikibreak and will be back on Wikipedia soon.--> Welcome! Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: How to edit a page Editing tutorial Picture tutorial How to write a great article Naming conventions Manual of Style I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ \| Talk 11:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC) Proposed deletion of ISO_12620 The article ISO_12620 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: Content merged with Linguistic categories#ISO 12620 (ISO TC37 Data Category Registry, ISOcat as recommended after requested move 8 May 2020 While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Proposed deletion of Alice Ethel Minchin The article Alice Ethel Minchin has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: Article does not establish notability of the subject. While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. PSU Nursing Article Hello! I appreciate you editing my article. I just had some questions about the comments you made. In your comment, you mentioned "almost none of the content is actually supported by the references". However, I went through and confirmed that the citations are referenced in each spot they appear within the article. Do you have an example of where this is not successful so I know what to better fix? Additionally, I have worked to include other outside references. Because much of the detailed information comes from the college's website, that is why I include a handful of those. However, I have multiple notable mentions in various news outlets to showcase the topic's notability. I just wanted to follow up so I can better make edits. Thank you! Help Please rate the article Uthiyur on quality scale. It seems to be a good article. New Page Patrol newsletter October 2022 Hello Stuartyeates, Much has happened since the last newsletter over two months ago. The open letter finished with 444 signatures. The letter was sent to several dozen people at the WMF, and we have heard that it is being discussed but there has been no official reply. A related article appears in the current issue of The Signpost. If you haven't seen it, you should, including the readers' comment section. Awards: Barnstars were given for the past several years (thanks to MPGuy2824), and we are now all caught up. The 2021 cup went to John B123 for leading with 26,525 article reviews during 2021. To encourage moderate activity, a new "Iron" level barnstar is awarded annually for reviewing 360 articles ("one-a-day"), and 100 reviews earns the "Standard" NPP barnstar. About 90 reviewers received barnstars for each of the years 2018 to 2021 (including the new awards that were given retroactively). All awards issued for every year are listed on the Awards page. Check out the new Hall of Fame also. Software news: Novem Linguae and MPGuy2824 have connected with WMF developers who can review and approve patches, so they have been able to fix some bugs, and make other improvements to the Page Curation software. You can see everything that has been fixed recently here. The reviewer report has also been improved. NPP backlog May – October 15, 2022 Suggestions: There is much enthusiasm over the low backlog, but remember that the "quality and depth of patrolling are more important than speed". Reminder: an article should not be tagged for any kind of deletion for a minimum of 15 minutes after creation and it is often appropriate to wait an hour or more. (from the NPP tutorial) Reviewers should focus their effort where it can do the most good, reviewing articles. Other clean-up tasks that don't require advanced permissions can be left to other editors that routinely improve articles in these ways (creating Talk Pages, specifying projects and ratings, adding categories, etc.) Let's rely on others when it makes the most sense. On the other hand, if you enjoy doing these tasks while reviewing and it keeps you engaged with NPP (or are guiding a newcomer), then by all means continue. This user script puts a link to the feed in your top toolbar. Backlog: Saving the best for last: From a July low of 8,500, the backlog climbed back to 11,000 in August and then reversed in September dropping to below 6,000 and continued falling with the October backlog drive to under 1,000, a level not seen in over four years. Keep in mind that there are 2,000 new articles every week, so the number of reviews is far higher than the backlog reduction. To keep the backlog under a thousand, we have to keep reviewing at about half the recent rate! Reminders Newsletter feedback - please take this short poll about the newsletter. If you're interested in instant messaging and chat rooms, please join us on the New Page Patrol Discord, where you can ask for help and live chat with other patrollers. Please add the project discussion page to your watchlist. If you are no longer very active on Wikipedia or you no longer wish to be a reviewer, please ask any admin to remove you from the group. If you want the tools back again, just ask at PERM. To opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here. New Pages Patrol newsletter January 2023 Hello Stuartyeates, New Page Review queue December 2022 Backlog The October drive reduced the backlog from 9,700 to an amazing 0! Congratulations to WaddlesJP13 who led with 2084 points. See this page for further details. The queue is steadily rising again and is approaching 2,000. It would be great if <2,000 were the “new normal”. Please continue to help out even if it's only for a few or even one patrol a day. 2022 Awards Onel5969 won the 2022 cup for 28,302 article reviews last year - that's an average of nearly 80/day. There was one Gold Award (5000+ reviews), 11 Silver (2000+), 28 Iron (360+) and 39 more for the 100+ barnstar. Rosguill led again for the 4th year by clearing 49,294 redirects. For the full details see the Awards page and the Hall of Fame. Congratulations everyone! Minimum deletion time: The previous WP:NPP guideline was to wait 15 minutes before tagging for deletion (including draftification and WP:BLAR). Due to complaints, a consensus decided to raise the time to 1 hour. To illustrate this, very new pages in the feed are now highlighted in red. (As always, this is not applicable to attack pages, copyvios, vandalism, etc.) New draftify script: In response to feedback from AFC, the The Move to Draft script now provides a choice of set messages that also link the creator to a new, friendly explanation page. The script also warns reviewers if the creator is probably still developing the article. The former script is no longer maintained. Please edit your edit your common.js or vector.js file from User:Evad37/MoveToDraft.js to User:MPGuy2824/MoveToDraft.js Redirects: Some of our redirect reviewers have reduced their activity and the backlog is up to 9,000+ (two months deep). If you are interested in this distinctly different task and need any help, see this guide, this checklist, and spend some time at WP:RFD. Discussions with the WMF The PageTriage open letter signed by 444 users is bearing fruit. The Growth Team has assigned some software engineers to work on PageTriage, the software that powers the NewPagesFeed and the Page Curation toolbar. WMF has submitted dozens of patches in the last few weeks to modernize PageTriage's code, which will make it easier to write patches in the future. This work is helpful but is not very visible to the end user. For patches visible to the end user, volunteers such as Novem Linguae and MPGuy2824 have been writing patches for bug reports and feature requests. The Growth Team also had a video conference with the NPP coordinators to discuss revamping the landing pages that new users see. Reminders Newsletter feedback - please take this short poll about the newsletter. There is live chat with patrollers on the New Page Patrol Discord. Please add the project discussion page to your watchlist. If you no longer wish to be a reviewer, please ask any admin to remove you from the group. If you want the tools back again, just ask at PERM. To opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here. New Pages Patrol newsletter June 2023 Hello Stuartyeates, New Page Review queue April to June 2023 Backlog Redirect drive: In response to an unusually high redirect backlog, we held a redirect backlog drive in May. The drive completed with 23851 reviews done in total, bringing the redirect backlog to 0 (momentarily). Congratulations to Hey man im josh who led with a staggering 4316 points, followed by Meena and Greyzxq with 2868 and 2546 points respectively. See this page for more details. The redirect queue is steadily rising again and is steadily approaching 4,000. Please continue to help out, even if it's only for a few or even one review a day. Redirect autopatrol: All administrators without autopatrol have now been added to the redirect autopatrol list. If you see any users who consistently create significant amounts of good quality redirects, consider requesting redirect autopatrol for them here. WMF work on PageTriage: The WMF Moderator Tools team, consisting of Sam, Jason and Susana, and also some patches from Jon, has been hard at work updating PageTriage. They are focusing their efforts on modernising the extension's code rather than on bug fixes or new features, though some user-facing work will be prioritised. This will help make sure that this extension is not deprecated, and is easier to work on in the future. In the next month or so, we will have an opt-in beta test where new page patrollers can help test the rewrite of Special:NewPagesFeed, to help find bugs. We will post more details at WT:NPPR when we are ready for beta testers. Articles for Creation (AFC): All new page reviewers are now automatically approved for Articles for Creation draft reviewing (you do not need to apply at WT:AFCP like was required previously). To install the AFC helper script, visit Special:Preferences, visit the Gadgets tab, tick "Yet Another AFC Helper Script", then click "Save". To find drafts to review, visit Special:NewPagesFeed, and at the top left, tick "Articles for Creation". To review a draft, visit a submitted draft, click on the "More" menu, then click "Review (AFCH)". You can also comment on and submit drafts that are unsubmitted using the script. You can review the AFC workflow at WP:AFCR. It is up to you if you also want to mark your AFC accepts as NPP reviewed (this is allowed but optional, depends if you would like a second set of eyes on your accept). Don't forget that draftspace is optional, so moves of drafts to mainspace (even if they are not ready) should not be reverted, except possibly if there is conflict of interest. Pro tip: Did you know that visual artists such as painters have their own SNG? The most common part of this "creative professionals" criteria that applies to artists is WP:ARTIST 4b (solo exhibition, not group exhibition, at a major museum) or 4d (being represented within the permanent collections of two museums). Reminders Newsletter feedback - please take this short poll about the newsletter. There is live chat with patrollers on the New Page Patrol Discord and #wikimedia-npp connect on IRC. Please add the project discussion page to your watchlist. To opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here. The Signpost: 16 May 2024 News and notes: Democracy in action: multiple elections Special report: Will the new RfA reform come to the rescue of administrators? Arbitration report: Ruined temples for posterity to ponder over – arbitration from '22 to '24 In the media: Deadnames on the French Wikipedia, and a duel between Russian wikis Op-Ed: Wikidata to split as sheer volume of information overloads infrastructure Comix: Generations Traffic report: Crawl out through the fallout, baby * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:59, 16 May 2024 (UTC) Tech News: 2024-21 Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. Recent changes The Nuke feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. Changes later this week The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 May. It will be on all wikis from 23 May (calendar). The HTML used to render all headings is being changed to improve accessibility. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and report any related problems so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe. MediaWiki message delivery 23:02, 20 May 2024 (UTC) Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 5 REANNZ (talk) Add sources 562 Anathema (talk) Add sources 208 Hromada (talk) Add sources 40 Identity (game show) (talk) Add sources 12 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research (talk) Add sources 6 Association for Community Affiliated Plans (talk) Add sources 463 Quasi-state (talk) Cleanup 83 Stroke order (talk) Cleanup 5 Anna Stout (talk) Cleanup 9 SafeDNS (talk) Expand 667 Soil contamination (talk) Expand 3,668 Bosnian War (talk) Expand 51 County island (talk) Unencyclopaedic 1,415 Simplified Chinese characters (talk) Unencyclopaedic 4 Niels Hoegh Bronnum (talk) Unencyclopaedic 25 Lake Suviana (talk) Merge 91 Feminist art (talk) Merge 61 Conidae (talk) Merge 198 Chinese character radicals (talk) Wikify 74 NextGen Healthcare (talk) Wikify 62 Public information film (talk) Wikify 1 Tunal library (talk) Orphan 30 Ulu maika (talk) Orphan 3 JobSerf (talk) Orphan 32 Black Swans (special forces) (talk) Stub 6 Yu Myung-hwan (talk) Stub 4 Kaniet language (talk) Stub 8 HortResearch (talk) Stub 4 Native American Preparatory School (talk) Stub 13 Discos Fuentes (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 23:24, 23 May 2024 (UTC) Tech News: 2024-22 Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. Recent changes Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see T365107 and T365119. In March 2024 a new addPortlet API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and give feedback. Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: .collapsible, .multicol, .reflist, .coordinates, .topicon. Further details are available on replacement CSS if it is needed. Changes later this week The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May (calendar). When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe. MediaWiki message delivery 00:13, 28 May 2024 (UTC) "Stupefying" listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Stupefying has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 May 29 § Stupefying until a consensus is reached. Duckmather (talk) 04:42, 29 May 2024 (UTC) Tech News: 2024-23 Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. Recent changes It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. Documentation is available. The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category" to "MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category". One new wiki has been created: a Wikipedia in Kadazandusun (w:dtp:) Changes later this week The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 June. It will be on all wikis from 6 June (calendar). Future changes Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. Learn more. Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe. MediaWiki message delivery 22:33, 3 June 2024 (UTC) May 2024 NPP backlog drive – Points award Special Edition New Page Patroller's Barnstar This award is given in recognition to Stuartyeates for accumulating at least 200 points during the May 2024 NPP backlog drive. Your contributions helped play a part in the 14,452 reviews completed during the drive. Thank you so much for taking part and contributing to help reduce the backlog! Hey man im josh (talk) 19:01, 6 June 2024 (UTC) May 2024 NPP backlog drive – Streak award Asymmetric Epicyclic Gears Award This award is given in recognition to Stuartyeates for accumulating at least 50 points during each week of the May 2024 NPP backlog drive. Your contributions played a part in the 14,452 reviews completed during the drive. Thank you so much for taking part and contributing to help reduce the backlog! Hey man im josh (talk) 19:16, 6 June 2024 (UTC) The Signpost: 8 June 2024 News and notes: Wikimedia Foundation publishes its Form 990 for fiscal year 2022-2023 Technology report: New Page Patrol receives a much-needed software upgrade Deletion report: The lore of Kalloor In the media: National cable networks get in on the action arguing about what the first sentence of a Wikipedia article ought to say News from the WMF: Progress on the plan — how the Wikimedia Foundation advanced on its Annual Plan goals during the first half of fiscal year 2023-2024 Opinion: Public response to the editors of Settler Colonial Studies Recent research: ChatGPT did not kill Wikipedia, but might have reduced its growth Featured content: We didn't start the wiki Essay: No queerphobia Special report: RetractionBot is back to life! Traffic report: Chimps, Eurovision, and the return of the Baby Reindeer Comix: The Wikipediholic Family Humour: Wikipedia rattled by sophisticated cyberattack of schoolboy typing "balls" in infobox Concept: Palimpsestuous * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:27, 8 June 2024 (UTC) This Month in GLAM: May 2024 This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue V, May 2024 Headlines Albania report: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Kruja; Traditional Albanian food photography competition Brazil report: Open licensing guide from Midiateca Capixaba; Activities in Rio de Janeiro; First batch from LabDOC; New batch from NeuroMat; Hercule Florence photowalk Czech Republic report: International discussion on the role of media and new GLAM partnership on the horizon India report: Digitization concludes for Behar Herald and a digitization workshop held for libraries in Maharashtra Italy report: Edit-a-thons Kosovo report: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Kruja & Traditional Albanian food photography competition Netherlands report: WikiconNL 2024 New Zealand report: Women in Architecture Edit-a-thon, Wikidata Te Papa research expeditions project and 1Lib1Ref Poland report: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in May Portugal report: The Search for the Lost Manuscripts Switzerland report: Swiss GLAM Programme UK report: Our first Igbo language article Ukraine report: Article campaigns for Ukrainian librarians, partnership with a national library USA report: WikiPortraits & Edit-a-thons Biodiversity Heritage Library report: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights GLAM Wiki Meta pages revamp: GLAM Wiki Meta pages kicking off the Working Group WMF GLAM report: Introducing Alice Kibombo, a new dataset, and more Calendar: June's GLAM events Read this edition in full • Single-page To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the newsroom. Past editions may be viewed here. About This Month in GLAM · Subscribe/Unsubscribe · Global message delivery · Romaine 14:25, 9 June 2024 (UTC) Martyns of Cheltenham You have added a Peacock tag to my article on Martyns of Cheltenham but have given no explanation or justification. Would you please let me know why you have done so. TriodeFollower (talk) 14:27, 10 June 2024 (UTC) Hi, can you please link to the "Martyns of Cheltenham" article or draft you're referring to? I'm not sure... Stuartyeates (talk) 08:23, 13 June 2024 (UTC) (talk page stalker) - H. H. Martyn & Co., found by looking at the user's contributions.-Gadfium (talk) 09:05, 13 June 2024 (UTC) User:TriodeFollower the problem appears to be that much of the article is sourced to 'a personal account' by the founder and inappropiately carries over the tone from that. Phrases like "Despite the lack of family involvement," and "he could little have imagined that during his lifetime" etc. aren't encyclopedic. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:50, 13 June 2024 (UTC) Tech News: 2024-24 Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. Recent changes The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. The HTML used to render all headings is being changed to improve accessibility. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and report any related problems so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. The HTML markup used for citations by Parsoid changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the mw-reference-text class, Parsoid now also adds the reference-text class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. More details are available. Problems There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. Changes later this week The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 June. It will be on all wikis from 13 June (calendar). The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: Parsoid will now generate a <span class="mw-cite-backlink"> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. More details are available. On multilingual wikis that use the <translate> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community requests it. Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe. MediaWiki message delivery 20:18, 10 June 2024 (UTC) Draft:Internationalist Communist Tendency Hi, this entry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Internationalist_Communist_Tendency) was declined again because "all of these sources appear to be from related parties". However, this is not the case, as the works of Bourrinet, Leonzio, Bourseiller and Peregalli are all examples of independent coverage. Some critical coverage has also been added since. Could you look at this again? Errant1905 (talk) 16:17, 11 June 2024 (UTC) Hi User:Errant1905, I'm not particularly familiar with this area, you might need to find someone who is familiar with the area and the sources to approve this for you. Sorry. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:55, 13 June 2024 (UTC) This Month in Education: May 2024 This Month in Education Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024 Contents • Headlines • Subscribe In This Issue Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024 Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA About This Month in Education · Subscribe/Unsubscribe · Global message delivery · For the team: ZI Jony 13:29, 15 June 2024 (UTC) Tech News: 2024-25 Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. Recent changes People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see Edit check for more details. The new Community Configuration extension is available on Test Wikipedia. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other Community Configuration use cases in the future. The dark mode beta feature is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the project talk page. Problems Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, report them here. Changes later this week The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June (calendar). Starting June 18, the Reference Edit Check will be deployed to a new set of Wikipedias. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During a test at 11 wikis, the number of citations added more than doubled when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is community configurable. Mailing lists will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe. MediaWiki message delivery 23:47, 17 June 2024 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"welcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcome,_newcomers"},{"link_name":"How to edit a page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page"},{"link_name":"Editing tutorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial"},{"link_name":"Picture tutorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_tutorial"},{"link_name":"How to write a great article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_a_great_article"},{"link_name":"Naming conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions"},{"link_name":"Manual of Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style"},{"link_name":"Wikipedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians"},{"link_name":"help pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Help"},{"link_name":"village 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message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"<---->Welcome!Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:How to edit a page\nEditing tutorial\nPicture tutorial\nHow to write a great article\nNaming conventions\nManual of StyleI hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ \| Talk 11:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)Proposed deletion of ISO_12620[edit]The article ISO_12620 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Content merged with Linguistic categories#ISO 12620 (ISO TC37 Data Category Registry, ISOcat as recommended after requested move 8 May 2020While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.Proposed deletion of Alice Ethel Minchin[edit]The article Alice Ethel Minchin has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Article does not establish notability of the subject.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.PSU Nursing Article[edit]Hello! I appreciate you editing my article. I just had some questions about the comments you made. In your comment, you mentioned \"almost none of the content is actually supported by the references\". However, I went through and confirmed that the citations are referenced in each spot they appear within the article. Do you have an example of where this is not successful so I know what to better fix? Additionally, I have worked to include other outside references. Because much of the detailed information comes from the college's website, that is why I include a handful of those. However, I have multiple notable mentions in various news outlets to showcase the topic's notability. I just wanted to follow up so I can better make edits. Thank you!Help[edit]Please rate the article Uthiyur on quality scale. It seems to be a good article.New Page Patrol newsletter October 2022[edit]Hello Stuartyeates,Much has happened since the last newsletter over two months ago. The open letter finished with 444 signatures. The letter was sent to several dozen people at the WMF, and we have heard that it is being discussed but there has been no official reply. A related article appears in the current issue of The Signpost. If you haven't seen it, you should, including the readers' comment section.Awards: Barnstars were given for the past several years (thanks to MPGuy2824), and we are now all caught up. The 2021 cup went to John B123 for leading with 26,525 article reviews during 2021. To encourage moderate activity, a new \"Iron\" level barnstar is awarded annually for reviewing 360 articles (\"one-a-day\"), and 100 reviews earns the \"Standard\" NPP barnstar. About 90 reviewers received barnstars for each of the years 2018 to 2021 (including the new awards that were given retroactively). All awards issued for every year are listed on the Awards page. Check out the new Hall of Fame also.Software news: Novem Linguae and MPGuy2824 have connected with WMF developers who can review and approve patches, so they have been able to fix some bugs, and make other improvements to the Page Curation software. You can see everything that has been fixed recently here. The reviewer report has also been improved.NPP backlog May – October 15, 2022Suggestions:There is much enthusiasm over the low backlog, but remember that the \"quality and depth of patrolling are more important than speed\".\nReminder: an article should not be tagged for any kind of deletion for a minimum of 15 minutes after creation and it is often appropriate to wait an hour or more. (from the NPP tutorial)\nReviewers should focus their effort where it can do the most good, reviewing articles. Other clean-up tasks that don't require advanced permissions can be left to other editors that routinely improve articles in these ways (creating Talk Pages, specifying projects and ratings, adding categories, etc.) Let's rely on others when it makes the most sense. On the other hand, if you enjoy doing these tasks while reviewing and it keeps you engaged with NPP (or are guiding a newcomer), then by all means continue.\nThis user script puts a link to the feed in your top toolbar.Backlog:Saving the best for last: From a July low of 8,500, the backlog climbed back to 11,000 in August and then reversed in September dropping to below 6,000 and continued falling with the October backlog drive to under 1,000, a level not seen in over four years. Keep in mind that there are 2,000 new articles every week, so the number of reviews is far higher than the backlog reduction. To keep the backlog under a thousand, we have to keep reviewing at about half the recent rate!Reminders\nNewsletter feedback - please take this short poll about the newsletter.\nIf you're interested in instant messaging and chat rooms, please join us on the New Page Patrol Discord, where you can ask for help and live chat with other patrollers.\nPlease add the project discussion page to your watchlist.\nIf you are no longer very active on Wikipedia or you no longer wish to be a reviewer, please ask any admin to remove you from the group. If you want the tools back again, just ask at PERM.\nTo opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here.New Pages Patrol newsletter January 2023[edit]Hello Stuartyeates,\n\n\n\n\nNew Page Review queue December 2022\nBacklog\nThe October drive reduced the backlog from 9,700 to an amazing 0! Congratulations to WaddlesJP13 who led with 2084 points. See this page for further details. The queue is steadily rising again and is approaching 2,000. It would be great if <2,000 were the “new normal”. Please continue to help out even if it's only for a few or even one patrol a day.\n\n2022 Awards\n\nOnel5969 won the 2022 cup for 28,302 article reviews last year - that's an average of nearly 80/day. There was one Gold Award (5000+ reviews), 11 Silver (2000+), 28 Iron (360+) and 39 more for the 100+ barnstar. Rosguill led again for the 4th year by clearing 49,294 redirects. For the full details see the Awards page and the Hall of Fame. Congratulations everyone!\nMinimum deletion time: The previous WP:NPP guideline was to wait 15 minutes before tagging for deletion (including draftification and WP:BLAR). Due to complaints, a consensus decided to raise the time to 1 hour. To illustrate this, very new pages in the feed are now highlighted in red. (As always, this is not applicable to attack pages, copyvios, vandalism, etc.) \nNew draftify script: In response to feedback from AFC, the The Move to Draft script now provides a choice of set messages that also link the creator to a new, friendly explanation page. The script also warns reviewers if the creator is probably still developing the article. The former script is no longer maintained. Please edit your edit your common.js or vector.js file from User:Evad37/MoveToDraft.js to User:MPGuy2824/MoveToDraft.js\nRedirects: Some of our redirect reviewers have reduced their activity and the backlog is up to 9,000+ (two months deep). If you are interested in this distinctly different task and need any help, see this guide, this checklist, and spend some time at WP:RFD.\nDiscussions with the WMF The PageTriage open letter signed by 444 users is bearing fruit. The Growth Team has assigned some software engineers to work on PageTriage, the software that powers the NewPagesFeed and the Page Curation toolbar. WMF has submitted dozens of patches in the last few weeks to modernize PageTriage's code, which will make it easier to write patches in the future. This work is helpful but is not very visible to the end user. For patches visible to the end user, volunteers such as Novem Linguae and MPGuy2824 have been writing patches for bug reports and feature requests. The Growth Team also had a video conference with the NPP coordinators to discuss revamping the landing pages that new users see.\n\n\nReminders\nNewsletter feedback - please take this short poll about the newsletter.\nThere is live chat with patrollers on the New Page Patrol Discord.\nPlease add the project discussion page to your watchlist.\nIf you no longer wish to be a reviewer, please ask any admin to remove you from the group. If you want the tools back again, just ask at PERM.\nTo opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here.New Pages Patrol newsletter June 2023[edit]Hello Stuartyeates,\n\n\n\n\nNew Page Review queue April to June 2023\nBacklog\nRedirect drive: In response to an unusually high redirect backlog, we held a redirect backlog drive in May. The drive completed with 23851 reviews done in total, bringing the redirect backlog to 0 (momentarily). Congratulations to Hey man im josh who led with a staggering 4316 points, followed by Meena and Greyzxq with 2868 and 2546 points respectively. See this page for more details. The redirect queue is steadily rising again and is steadily approaching 4,000. Please continue to help out, even if it's only for a few or even one review a day.\nRedirect autopatrol: All administrators without autopatrol have now been added to the redirect autopatrol list. If you see any users who consistently create significant amounts of good quality redirects, consider requesting redirect autopatrol for them here.\nWMF work on PageTriage: The WMF Moderator Tools team, consisting of Sam, Jason and Susana, and also some patches from Jon, has been hard at work updating PageTriage. They are focusing their efforts on modernising the extension's code rather than on bug fixes or new features, though some user-facing work will be prioritised. This will help make sure that this extension is not deprecated, and is easier to work on in the future. In the next month or so, we will have an opt-in beta test where new page patrollers can help test the rewrite of Special:NewPagesFeed, to help find bugs. We will post more details at WT:NPPR when we are ready for beta testers.\nArticles for Creation (AFC): All new page reviewers are now automatically approved for Articles for Creation draft reviewing (you do not need to apply at WT:AFCP like was required previously). To install the AFC helper script, visit Special:Preferences, visit the Gadgets tab, tick \"Yet Another AFC Helper Script\", then click \"Save\". To find drafts to review, visit Special:NewPagesFeed, and at the top left, tick \"Articles for Creation\". To review a draft, visit a submitted draft, click on the \"More\" menu, then click \"Review (AFCH)\". You can also comment on and submit drafts that are unsubmitted using the script.\nYou can review the AFC workflow at WP:AFCR. It is up to you if you also want to mark your AFC accepts as NPP reviewed (this is allowed but optional, depends if you would like a second set of eyes on your accept). Don't forget that draftspace is optional, so moves of drafts to mainspace (even if they are not ready) should not be reverted, except possibly if there is conflict of interest.\nPro tip: Did you know that visual artists such as painters have their own SNG? The most common part of this \"creative professionals\" criteria that applies to artists is WP:ARTIST 4b (solo exhibition, not group exhibition, at a major museum) or 4d (being represented within the permanent collections of two museums).\n\n\nReminders\n\nNewsletter feedback - please take this short poll about the newsletter.\nThere is live chat with patrollers on the New Page Patrol Discord and #wikimedia-npp connect on IRC.\nPlease add the project discussion page to your watchlist.\nTo opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here.The Signpost: 16 May 2024[edit]News and notes: Democracy in action: multiple elections\nSpecial report: Will the new RfA reform come to the rescue of administrators?\nArbitration report: Ruined temples for posterity to ponder over – arbitration from '22 to '24\nIn the media: Deadnames on the French Wikipedia, and a duel between Russian wikis\nOp-Ed: Wikidata to split as sheer volume of information overloads infrastructure\nComix: Generations\nTraffic report: Crawl out through the fallout, baby * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:59, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2024-21[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Nuke feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [1]\nNew changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [2][3]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 May. It will be on all wikis from 23 May (calendar). [4][5]\n The HTML used to render all headings is being changed to improve accessibility. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and report any related problems so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.MediaWiki message delivery 23:02, 20 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 23:24, 23 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2024-22[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSeveral bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see T365107 and T365119.\n In March 2024 a new addPortlet API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and give feedback.\n Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: .collapsible, .multicol, .reflist, .coordinates, .topicon. Further details are available on replacement CSS if it is needed.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May (calendar). [6][7]\nWhen you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [8]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.MediaWiki message delivery 00:13, 28 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\"Stupefying\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Stupefying has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 May 29 § Stupefying until a consensus is reached. Duckmather (talk) 04:42, 29 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2024-23[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nIt is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. Documentation is available. [9]\nThe message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from \"MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category\" to \"MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category\". [10]\nOne new wiki has been created: a Wikipedia in Kadazandusun (w:dtp:) [11]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 June. It will be on all wikis from 6 June (calendar). [12][13]\nFuture changes\n\nNext week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. Learn more.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.MediaWiki message delivery 22:33, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]May 2024 NPP backlog drive – Points award[edit]May 2024 NPP backlog drive – Streak award[edit]The Signpost: 8 June 2024[edit]News and notes: Wikimedia Foundation publishes its Form 990 for fiscal year 2022-2023\nTechnology report: New Page Patrol receives a much-needed software upgrade\nDeletion report: The lore of Kalloor\nIn the media: National cable networks get in on the action arguing about what the first sentence of a Wikipedia article ought to say\nNews from the WMF: Progress on the plan — how the Wikimedia Foundation advanced on its Annual Plan goals during the first half of fiscal year 2023-2024\nOpinion: Public response to the editors of Settler Colonial Studies\nRecent research: ChatGPT did not kill Wikipedia, but might have reduced its growth\nFeatured content: We didn't start the wiki\nEssay: No queerphobia\nSpecial report: RetractionBot is back to life!\nTraffic report: Chimps, Eurovision, and the return of the Baby Reindeer\nComix: The Wikipediholic Family\nHumour: Wikipedia rattled by sophisticated cyberattack of schoolboy typing \"balls\" in infobox\nConcept: Palimpsestuous * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:27, 8 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]This Month in GLAM: May 2024[edit]About This Month in GLAM · Subscribe/Unsubscribe · Global message delivery · Romaine 14:25, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Martyns of Cheltenham[edit]You have added a Peacock tag to my article on Martyns of Cheltenham but have given no explanation or justification. Would you please let me know why you have done so. TriodeFollower (talk) 14:27, 10 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hi, can you please link to the \"Martyns of Cheltenham\" article or draft you're referring to? I'm not sure... Stuartyeates (talk) 08:23, 13 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n(talk page stalker) - H. H. Martyn & Co., found by looking at the user's contributions.-Gadfium (talk) 09:05, 13 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nUser:TriodeFollower the problem appears to be that much of the article is sourced to 'a personal account' by the founder and inappropiately carries over the tone from that. Phrases like \"Despite the lack of family involvement,\" and \"he could little have imagined that during his lifetime\" etc. aren't encyclopedic. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:50, 13 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2024-24[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [14]\n The HTML used to render all headings is being changed to improve accessibility. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and report any related problems so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.\n The HTML markup used for citations by Parsoid changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the mw-reference-text class, Parsoid now also adds the reference-text class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. More details are available. [15]\nProblems\n\nThere was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [16]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 June. It will be on all wikis from 13 June (calendar). [17][18]\n The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: Parsoid will now generate a <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. More details are available. [19]\nOn multilingual wikis that use the <translate> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community requests it. [20]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.MediaWiki message delivery 20:18, 10 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Draft:Internationalist Communist Tendency[edit]Hi, this entry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Internationalist_Communist_Tendency) was declined again because \"all of these sources appear to be from related parties\". However, this is not the case, as the works of Bourrinet, Leonzio, Bourseiller and Peregalli are all examples of independent coverage. Some critical coverage has also been added since. Could you look at this again? Errant1905 (talk) 16:17, 11 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hi User:Errant1905, I'm not particularly familiar with this area, you might need to find someone who is familiar with the area and the sources to approve this for you. Sorry. Stuartyeates (talk) 09:55, 13 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]This Month in Education: May 2024[edit]This Month in Education\n Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024\n\nContents • Headlines • Subscribe\nIn This Issue\n\nAlbania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024\nAleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan\nCentral Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia\nEmpowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons\nWe left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi\nWiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series\nWikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA\n\nAbout This Month in Education · Subscribe/Unsubscribe · Global message delivery · For the team: ZI Jony 13:29, 15 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2024-25[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nPeople who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see Edit check for more details. [21]\nThe new Community Configuration extension is available on Test Wikipedia. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other Community Configuration use cases in the future. [22][23]\nThe dark mode beta feature is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the project talk page. [24]\nProblems\n\n Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [25]\nLast week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, report them here. [26]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June (calendar). [27][28]\nStarting June 18, the Reference Edit Check will be deployed to a new set of Wikipedias. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During a test at 11 wikis, the number of citations added more than doubled when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is community configurable. [29]\nMailing lists will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [30]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.MediaWiki message delivery 23:47, 17 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Stuartyeates"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Ambox_warning_yellow.svg/48px-Ambox_warning_yellow.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Ambox_warning_yellow.svg/48px-Ambox_warning_yellow.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/New_page_reviewer_of_the_year_cup.svg/120px-New_page_reviewer_of_the_year_cup.svg.png"},{"image_text":"NPP backlog May – October 15, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XF-91_Thunderceptor	Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor	["1 Design and development","2 Testing and evaluation","3 Aircraft on display","4 Specifications (XF-91 Thunderceptor)","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Experimental interceptor aircraft XF-91 Thunderceptor Role Prototype interceptor aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Republic Aviation First flight May 9, 1949 (1949-05-09) Status Canceled Number built 2 Developed from Republic F-84 Thunderjet The Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor (originally designated XP-91) is a mixed-propulsion prototype interceptor aircraft, developed by Republic Aviation. The aircraft would use a jet engine for most flight, and a cluster of four small rocket engines for added thrust during climb and interception. The design was largely obsolete by the time it was completed due to the rapidly increasing performance of contemporary jet engines, and only two prototypes were built. One of these was the first American fighter to exceed Mach 1 in level flight. A unique feature of the Thunderceptor was its unusual inverse tapered wing, in which the chord length increased along the wing span from the root to the tip, the opposite of conventional swept wing designs. This was an attempt to address the problem of pitch-up, a potentially deadly phenomenon that plagued early high-speed models. The Thunderceptor's design meant the entire wing stalled smoothly, more like a straight-wing design. Design and development XF-91 in 1951 at Edwards Air Force Base. During the development of the XP-84, Republic, under the guidance of Alexander Kartveli, looked at the installation of rockets to fighters. The company was inspired by German wartime aircraft: the rocket-powered Messerschmitt Me 163 and the experimental rocket-boosted turbojet Messerschmitt Me 262C Heimatschützer (home protector) series of interceptor prototypes. The Thunderceptor design was one of two swept-wing modifications based on the original Republic F-84 Thunderjet, the other being the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak which was developed later. A serious problem with most swept wing designs of the era was dangerous performance at low speeds and high angle of attack. The stagnant airflow over the wing tended to "slide" towards the wingtips, which caused them to stall before the rest of the wing. In this situation the center of lift would rapidly shift forward relative to the center of mass, pitching the nose up and leading to an even greater angle of attack or, in extreme cases, end-over-end tumbling of the aircraft. Aircraft caught in this regime would often stall and crash, and a rash of such accidents with the North American F-100 Super Sabre led to the term "Sabre dance". The Thunderceptor's most notable design feature was intended to address this problem. The wings were built to have considerably more chord (distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge) at the tip than root, allowing them to generate more lift. This neatly addressed the problem of Sabre dance by delaying the point of stall on the tip to that of the entire wing. A side-effect of this design was that the tips had more internal room, so the landing gear was mounted to retract outwards with the wheels lying in the wingtips, using two smaller wheels in a tandem arrangement for each main gear strut, instead of one larger one. Another design change was the ability to vary the angle of incidence of the wing as a whole, tilting it up for low speed operations during takeoff and landing, and then "leveling it off" for high-speed flight and cruise. This allowed the fuselage to remain closer to level while landing, greatly improving visibility. In keeping with its intended role as an interceptor, the nose was redesigned to incorporate a radar antenna, forcing the air intake for the engine to be moved from its original nose-mounted position to a new intake below it. The fuselage was otherwise very similar to the F-84's. The first prototype did not include the radome, although this was fitted to the second prototype. Testing and evaluation XF-91 Thunderceptor during testing On the left is Republic XF-91 (serial number 46-680) after the nose radome installation and on the right is XF-91 (serial 46-681) after the V-tail modification. The first prototype made its first flight on 9 May 1949, breaking the speed of sound in December 1951. It was later modified with a small radome for gunnery ranging (although not the "full" radome of the second prototype). The second prototype included a full radome and chin-mounted intake, but was otherwise similar. With both the jet and rockets running, the aircraft could reach Mach 1.71. Both prototypes completed 192 test flights over the course of five years. The second prototype, 46-681, had an engine failure during takeoff from Edwards AFB in the summer of 1951. Republic test pilot Carl Bellinger escaped from the aircraft just as the tail melted off only 90 seconds into the flight. By the time fire apparatus arrived, driving seven miles (11 km) across the dry lake bed, the tail section had been reduced to ashes. 46-681 was then fitted with a "V" (or "butterfly") tail, and was flight-tested with this configuration. It was later used at Edwards AFB as a crash-crew training simulator, then scrapped. As an interceptor the Thunderceptor was soon eclipsed by designs from other companies, but like the Thunderceptor none of these would go into production. The United States Air Force decided to wait the short time needed to introduce newer and much more capable designs created as a part of the 1954 interceptor project. The Thunderceptor, like the other interceptor designs of the era, had extremely short flight times on the order of 25 minutes, making them almost useless for protecting an area as large as the United States. The 1954 designs outperformed the XF-91 in speed, range, and loiter time, as well as including the radar and fire-control systems needed for night and all-weather operation. The era of the dedicated day fighter-type interceptor was over. Aircraft on display XF-91 Thunderceptor, s/n 46-680 on display The surviving prototype, 46–0680, is exhibited in the Research & Development Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio. Specifications (XF-91 Thunderceptor) Data from The Complete Book of Fighters, Air Force Legends #210 : Republic XF-91 ThunderceptorGeneral characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 43 ft 3 in (13.18 m) 47 ft 6 in (14 m) with butterfly tail 46 ft 9 in (14 m) with radome nose Wingspan: 31 ft 2.7 in (9.517 m) Height: 18 ft 1.1875 in (5.516563 m) 16 ft 6 in (5 m) with butterfly tail Wing area: 320 sq ft (30 m2) Airfoil: Republic R-4,40-1710-1.0 Empty weight: 15,853 lb (7,191 kg) Gross weight: 18,600 lb (8,437 kg) Max takeoff weight: 28,516 lb (12,935 kg) Fuel capacity: 46-680 559 US gal (465 imp gal; 2,120 L) internals (JP) 46-681 231 US gal (192 imp gal; 870 L) JP in fuselage tank 50 US gal (42 imp gal; 190 L) LOX in forward fuselage 87 US gal (72 imp gal; 330 L) LOX in rear fuselage 191 US gal (159 imp gal; 720 L) water-alcohol in forward fuselage 2x drop tanks 60 US gal (50 imp gal; 230 L) (JP), 216 US gal (180 imp gal; 820 L) LOX, 265 US gal (221 imp gal; 1,000 L) water-alcohol in each Powerplant: 1 × General Electric J47-GE-7 (later GE-17) turbojet engine, 5,200 lbf (23 kN) thrust dry 6,100 lbf (27 kN) with water injection dry, 6,900 lbf (31 kN) with afterburner Powerplant: 1 × Reaction Motors XLR11-RM-9 four-combustion chamber liquid-fuelled rocket engine, 6,000 lbf (27 kN) thrust with chambers individually switchable Fuel: Water-alcohol (25% H2O / 75% C2H6O) Oxidiser: Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Performance Maximum speed: 984 mph (1,584 km/h, 855 kn) at 47,500 ft (14,478 m) Maximum speed: Mach 1.49 Range: 1,171 mi (1,885 km, 1,018 nmi) Service ceiling: 50,000–55,000 ft (15,000–17,000 m) Time to altitude: 50,000 ft (15,240 m) in 5 minutes 30 seconds Wing loading: 58.12 lb/sq ft (283.8 kg/m2) Thrust/weight: 0.60 Armament Guns: provision for: 4 × 20 mm (0.787 in) M3 cannons with 200 rpg (F-91) or 4 × T-110 cannons with 15 T-131 rounds each (F-91-1) or 4 × 20 mm (0.787 in) M24 cannons with 200 rpg (F-91-3) Rockets: up to 6 × 5 in (127 mm) HVAR (F-91B) or 24 × 2.75 in (70 mm) Mighty Mouse rockets in extendable launcher clusters Missiles: 4 × Hughes AIM-4 Falcon air-air missiles (F-91-2) See also Aviation portal Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Avro 720 Saunders-Roe SR.53 Saunders-Roe SR.177 Related lists List of military aircraft of the United States List of fighter aircraft References ^ Yenne 1993, p. 114. ^ Pace 1991, p. 87. ^ "XF-91 Thunderceptor/46-680" National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 16 July 2017. ^ "XF-91 Thunderceptor/46-681." Joe Baugher serial numbers. Retrieved: 10 May 2013. ^ Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander. pp. 499–500. ISBN 1-85833-777-1. ^ Pace, Steve (2000). Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor : rocket fighter. Simi Valley CA: Steve Ginter. ISBN 0942612914. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Notes ^ The most famous incident was the loss of an F-100C Super Sabre during an attempted emergency landing at Edwards AFB, California on 10 January 1956 which was caught by film cameras set up for an unrelated test. The pilot fought to retain control as he rode the knife-edge of the flight envelope but fell off on one wing, hit the ground, and exploded with fatal results. Bibliography Jenkins, Dennis R. and Tony R. Landis. Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, Minnesota, USA: Specialty Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6. Knaack, Marcelle Size.Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1, Post-World War II Fighters, 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Pace, Steve. Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor Rocket Fighter (Air Force Legends N.210). Simi Valley, California, USA: Steve Ginter Books, 2000. ISBN 0-942612-91-4. Pace, Steve. X-Fighters: USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters, XP-59 to YF-23. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-540-5. Winchester, Jim. The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. ISBN 1-904687-34-2. Yeager, Chuck and Leo Janos. Yeager: An Autobiography. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. ISBN 0-553-25674-2. Yenne, Bill. The World's Worst Aircraft. New York: Dorset Press, 1993. ISBN 0-88029-490-6. Further reading Pace, Steve (2000). Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor. Air Force Legends. Vol. Nº210 (First ed.). California, United States: Ginter Books. ISBN 0-942612-91-4. Retrieved 1 February 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic XF-91. XF-91 in U.S Centennial of Flight Commission Several pictures of the XF-91 46-680 Interceptor, 1949 – pictures from Flight 1949 vteRepublic and Seversky aircraftSeversky aircraft SEV-3 BT-8 P-35 A8V1 XP-41 Republic aircraftFighters P-43 P-44 P-47 XP-69 XP-72 F-84 F-84F XF-84H XF-91 XF-103 F-105 AP-100 Reconnaissance RF-84F SD-3 SD-4 XF-12 Missiles JB-2 KGW KUW Civil aircraft RC-1 RC-2 RC-3 Names Lancer Loon Rainbow Rocket Seabee Snooper Swallow Thunderbug Thunderbolt Thunderceptor Thunderchief Thunderflash Thunderjet Thunderscreech Thunderstreak Project numbers AP-1 AP-2 AP-3 AP-4 AP-5 AP-6 AP-7 AP-8 AP-9 AP-10 AP-12 AP-16 AP-18 AP-19 AP-21 AP-22 AP-23 M/X AP-24 AP-31 AP-38 AP-41 AP-42 AP-43 AP-44 AP-46 AP-47 NP-48 NP-49 NP-50 NP-52 AP-54 AP-55 AP-57 AP-60 AP-63 AP-71 AP-75 AP-76 85 AP-90 AP-95 AP-96 AP-100 AP-106 vteUSAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF fighter designations 1924–1962, and Tri-Service post-1962 systems1924 sequences(1924–1962)Pursuit (1924–1948) P-1 P-2 P-3 P-43 Curtiss P-4 Boeing P-4 P-5 P-6 P-7 P-8 P-9 P-10 P-11 P-12 P-13 P-14 P-15 P-16 P-17 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-21 P-22 P-23 P-24 P-25 P-26 P-27 P-28 P-29 P-30 P-31 P-32 P-33 P-34 P-35 P-36 P-37 P-38 P-39 P-39E P-40 P-41 P-42 P-43 P-44 P-45 P-46 P-47 P-48 P-49 P-50 P-51 P-52 P-53 P-54 P-55 P-56 P-57 P-58 P-593 XP-59 P-59 P-60 P-61 P-62 P-63 P-64 P-65 P-66 P-67 P-68 P-69 P-70 P-71 P-72 P-732 P-741 P-75 P-76 P-77 P-78 P-79 P-80 P-81 P-82 P-83 P-84 P-85 P-86 P-87 P-88 P-89 P-90 P-91 P-92 Fighter (1948–1962) F-38 F-39 F-40 F-47 F-51 F-59 F-61 RF-61C F-63 F-80 F-81 F-82 F-83 F-84 F-84F/J F-84H F-85 F-86 F-86C F-86D/G/K/L F-87 F-88 F-89 F-90 F-91 F-92 F-93 F-94 F-95 F-96 F-97 F-98 F-99 F-100 F-100B F-101 F-102 F-102B F-103 F-104 XF-104 F-104S NF-104A F-105 F-1063 XF-106 F-106 F-107 F-108 F-1092 F-110 F-111 F-111B F-111C F-111K AFTI/F-111A EF-111A Pursuit, Biplace PB-1 PB-2 PB-3 Fighter, Multiplace FM-1 FM-2 Non-sequential F-24 P-322 P-400 Tri-service sequence(1962–present)Main sequence F-1 F-1C/D F-1E/F F-2 F-3 F-4 F-4K/M F-5 G F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-9F–J F-10 F-11 F-12 F-12C2 F-131 F-14 F-15 F-15E F-15EX F-15J F-15 STOL/MTD F-16 F-16XL NF-16D F-17 F/A-18 F/A-18E/F EA-18G F-191 F-20 F-21 F-22 YF-22 FB-22 F-23 Non-sequential F-35 F-35I X-35 F-117 Covert designations YF-110 YF-110B/D YF-110C YF-113 (I) YF-113A YF-113 (II) YF-113B/D YF-113 (III) YF-113C YF-114 YF-114C/D YF-117 YF-117A YF-117D YF-118 Related designations FV-12 1 Not assigned • 2 Unofficial • 3 Assigned to multiple typesSee also: "F-19" • 1919–1924 sequence Authority control databases NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"interceptor aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Republic Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Aviation"},{"link_name":"jet engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"rocket engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_engine"},{"link_name":"Mach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_(speed)"},{"link_name":"inverse tapered wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_tapered_wing"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"swept wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept_wing"},{"link_name":"pitch-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch-up"},{"link_name":"stalled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(flight)"}],"text":"The Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor (originally designated XP-91) is a mixed-propulsion prototype interceptor aircraft, developed by Republic Aviation. The aircraft would use a jet engine for most flight, and a cluster of four small rocket engines for added thrust during climb and interception. The design was largely obsolete by the time it was completed due to the rapidly increasing performance of contemporary jet engines, and only two prototypes were built. One of these was the first American fighter to exceed Mach 1 in level flight.A unique feature of the Thunderceptor was its unusual inverse tapered wing, in which the chord length increased along the wing span from the root to the tip, the opposite of conventional swept wing designs. This was an attempt to address the problem of pitch-up, a potentially deadly phenomenon that plagued early high-speed models. The Thunderceptor's design meant the entire wing stalled smoothly, more like a straight-wing design.","title":"Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XF-91.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kartveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kartveli"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Me 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Me 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262"},{"link_name":"interceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"swept-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept-wing"},{"link_name":"Republic F-84 Thunderjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet"},{"link_name":"Republic F-84F Thunderstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak"},{"link_name":"swept wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept_wing"},{"link_name":"angle of attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_attack"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(flight)"},{"link_name":"North American F-100 Super Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre"},{"link_name":"\"Sabre dance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_dance_(aerodynamics)"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"tandem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem"},{"link_name":"angle of incidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(aerodynamics)"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"}],"text":"XF-91 in 1951 at Edwards Air Force Base.During the development of the XP-84, Republic, under the guidance of Alexander Kartveli, looked at the installation of rockets to fighters. The company was inspired by German wartime aircraft: the rocket-powered Messerschmitt Me 163 and the experimental rocket-boosted turbojet Messerschmitt Me 262C Heimatschützer (home protector) series of interceptor prototypes.The Thunderceptor design was one of two swept-wing modifications based on the original Republic F-84 Thunderjet, the other being the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak which was developed later. A serious problem with most swept wing designs of the era was dangerous performance at low speeds and high angle of attack. The stagnant airflow over the wing tended to \"slide\" towards the wingtips, which caused them to stall before the rest of the wing. In this situation the center of lift would rapidly shift forward relative to the center of mass, pitching the nose up and leading to an even greater angle of attack or, in extreme cases, end-over-end tumbling of the aircraft. Aircraft caught in this regime would often stall and crash, and a rash of such accidents with the North American F-100 Super Sabre led to the term \"Sabre dance\".[note 1]The Thunderceptor's most notable design feature was intended to address this problem. The wings were built to have considerably more chord (distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge) at the tip than root, allowing them to generate more lift. This neatly addressed the problem of Sabre dance by delaying the point of stall on the tip to that of the entire wing. A side-effect of this design was that the tips had more internal room, so the landing gear was mounted to retract outwards with the wheels lying in the wingtips, using two smaller wheels in a tandem arrangement for each main gear strut, instead of one larger one. Another design change was the ability to vary the angle of incidence of the wing as a whole, tilting it up for low speed operations during takeoff and landing, and then \"leveling it off\" for high-speed flight and cruise. This allowed the fuselage to remain closer to level while landing, greatly improving visibility.In keeping with its intended role as an interceptor, the nose was redesigned to incorporate a radar antenna, forcing the air intake for the engine to be moved from its original nose-mounted position to a new intake below it. The fuselage was otherwise very similar to the F-84's. The first prototype did not include the radome, although this was fitted to the second prototype.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_XF-91_banking_away_in_flight.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XF91-22republic.jpg"},{"link_name":"serial number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_serials"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Carl Bellinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bellinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-tail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"1954 interceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_interceptor"},{"link_name":"fire-control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"day fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_fighter"}],"text":"XF-91 Thunderceptor during testingOn the left is Republic XF-91 (serial number 46-680) after the nose radome installation and on the right is XF-91 (serial 46-681) after the V-tail modification.The first prototype made its first flight on 9 May 1949, breaking the speed of sound in December 1951. It was later modified with a small radome for gunnery ranging (although not the \"full\" radome of the second prototype). The second prototype included a full radome and chin-mounted intake, but was otherwise similar. With both the jet and rockets running, the aircraft could reach Mach 1.71. Both prototypes completed 192 test flights over the course of five years.[1]The second prototype, 46-681, had an engine failure during takeoff from Edwards AFB in the summer of 1951. Republic test pilot Carl Bellinger escaped from the aircraft just as the tail melted off only 90 seconds into the flight. By the time fire apparatus arrived, driving seven miles (11 km) across the dry lake bed, the tail section had been reduced to ashes. 46-681 was then fitted with a \"V\" (or \"butterfly\") tail, and was flight-tested with this configuration. It was later used at Edwards AFB as a crash-crew training simulator, then scrapped.[2]As an interceptor the Thunderceptor was soon eclipsed by designs from other companies, but like the Thunderceptor none of these would go into production. The United States Air Force decided to wait the short time needed to introduce newer and much more capable designs created as a part of the 1954 interceptor project. The Thunderceptor, like the other interceptor designs of the era, had extremely short flight times on the order of 25 minutes, making them almost useless for protecting an area as large as the United States. The 1954 designs outperformed the XF-91 in speed, range, and loiter time, as well as including the radar and fire-control systems needed for night and all-weather operation. The era of the dedicated day fighter-type interceptor was over.","title":"Testing and evaluation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_XF-91.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Wright-Patterson AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_AFB"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"XF-91 Thunderceptor, s/n 46-680 on displayThe surviving prototype, 46–0680, is exhibited in the Research & Development Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio.[3][4]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor_3-View_line_art.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBoF-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pace-7"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"LOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOX"},{"link_name":"LOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOX"},{"link_name":"water-alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-alcohol"},{"link_name":"LOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOX"},{"link_name":"water-alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-alcohol"},{"link_name":"General Electric J47-GE-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_J47-GE-7"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"Reaction Motors XLR11-RM-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Motors_XLR11-RM-9"},{"link_name":"Water-alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-alcohol"},{"link_name":"Liquid Oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Oxygen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Thrust/weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"M3 cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404#US_production"},{"link_name":"T-110 cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-110_cannon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M24 cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404#US_production"},{"link_name":"HVAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Velocity_Aircraft_Rocket"},{"link_name":"Mighty Mouse rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mouse_rocket"},{"link_name":"Hughes AIM-4 Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_AIM-4_Falcon"}],"text":"Data from The Complete Book of Fighters,[5] Air Force Legends #210 : Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor[6]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 43 ft 3 in (13.18 m)47 ft 6 in (14 m) with butterfly tail\n46 ft 9 in (14 m) with radome noseWingspan: 31 ft 2.7 in (9.517 m)\nHeight: 18 ft 1.1875 in (5.516563 m)16 ft 6 in (5 m) with butterfly tailWing area: 320 sq ft (30 m2)\nAirfoil: Republic R-4,40-1710-1.0[7]\nEmpty weight: 15,853 lb (7,191 kg)\nGross weight: 18,600 lb (8,437 kg) [citation needed]\nMax takeoff weight: 28,516 lb (12,935 kg)\nFuel capacity: 46-680 559 US gal (465 imp gal; 2,120 L) internals (JP)46-681 231 US gal (192 imp gal; 870 L) JP in fuselage tank\n50 US gal (42 imp gal; 190 L) LOX in forward fuselage\n87 US gal (72 imp gal; 330 L) LOX in rear fuselage\n191 US gal (159 imp gal; 720 L) water-alcohol in forward fuselage\n2x drop tanks\n60 US gal (50 imp gal; 230 L) (JP), 216 US gal (180 imp gal; 820 L) LOX, 265 US gal (221 imp gal; 1,000 L) water-alcohol in eachPowerplant: 1 × General Electric J47-GE-7 (later GE-17) turbojet engine, 5,200 lbf (23 kN) thrust dry6,100 lbf (27 kN) with water injection dry, 6,900 lbf (31 kN) with afterburnerPowerplant: 1 × Reaction Motors XLR11-RM-9 four-combustion chamber liquid-fuelled rocket engine, 6,000 lbf (27 kN) thrust with chambers individually switchableFuel: Water-alcohol (25% H2O / 75% C2H6O)\nOxidiser: Liquid Oxygen (LOX)PerformanceMaximum speed: 984 mph (1,584 km/h, 855 kn) at 47,500 ft (14,478 m)\nMaximum speed: Mach 1.49\nRange: 1,171 mi (1,885 km, 1,018 nmi)\nService ceiling: 50,000–55,000 ft (15,000–17,000 m)\nTime to altitude: 50,000 ft (15,240 m) in 5 minutes 30 seconds\nWing loading: 58.12 lb/sq ft (283.8 kg/m2) [citation needed]\nThrust/weight: 0.60ArmamentGuns: provision for:4 × 20 mm (0.787 in) M3 cannons with 200 rpg (F-91)\nor\n4 × T-110 cannons with 15 T-131 rounds each (F-91-1)\nor\n4 × 20 mm (0.787 in) M24 cannons with 200 rpg (F-91-3)Rockets:up to 6 × 5 in (127 mm) HVAR (F-91B)\nor\n24 × 2.75 in (70 mm) Mighty Mouse rockets in extendable launcher clustersMissiles: 4 × Hughes AIM-4 Falcon air-air missiles (F-91-2)","title":"Specifications (XF-91 Thunderceptor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ginterbooks.com/AIRFORCE/AF210.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-942612-91-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942612-91-4"}],"text":"Pace, Steve (2000). Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor. Air Force Legends. Vol. Nº210 (First ed.). California, United States: Ginter Books. ISBN 0-942612-91-4. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"XF-91 in 1951 at Edwards Air Force Base.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/XF-91.jpg/220px-XF-91.jpg"},{"image_text":"XF-91 Thunderceptor during testing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Republic_XF-91_banking_away_in_flight.jpg/220px-Republic_XF-91_banking_away_in_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"On the left is Republic XF-91 (serial number 46-680) after the nose radome installation and on the right is XF-91 (serial 46-681) after the V-tail modification.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/XF91-22republic.jpg/220px-XF91-22republic.jpg"},{"image_text":"XF-91 Thunderceptor, s/n 46-680 on display","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Republic_XF-91.jpg/220px-Republic_XF-91.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor_3-View_line_art.svg/300px-Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor_3-View_line_art.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Avro 720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_720"},{"title":"Saunders-Roe SR.53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.53"},{"title":"Saunders-Roe SR.177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.177"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft"}]	[{"reference":"Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander. pp. 499–500. ISBN 1-85833-777-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85833-777-1","url_text":"1-85833-777-1"}]},{"reference":"Pace, Steve (2000). Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor : rocket fighter. Simi Valley CA: Steve Ginter. ISBN 0942612914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0942612914","url_text":"0942612914"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Pace, Steve (2000). Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor. Air Force Legends. Vol. Nº210 (First ed.). California, United States: Ginter Books. ISBN 0-942612-91-4. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ginterbooks.com/AIRFORCE/AF210.htm","url_text":"Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942612-91-4","url_text":"0-942612-91-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130404153812/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=584","external_links_name":"\"XF-91 Thunderceptor/46-680\""},{"Link":"http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1946.html","external_links_name":"\"XF-91 Thunderceptor/46-681.\""},{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"http://www.ginterbooks.com/AIRFORCE/AF210.htm","external_links_name":"Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030404120237/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Republic/Aero43G13.htm","external_links_name":"XF-91 in U.S Centennial of Flight Commission"},{"Link":"http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Fairchild/5419.htm","external_links_name":"Several pictures of the XF-91 46-680"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1949/1949%20-%200431.html","external_links_name":"Interceptor, 1949"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10666078","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Eisenbud	David Eisenbud	["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","2.1 Books","2.2 Articles","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American mathematician David EisenbudEisenbud in 2008Born8 April 1947 (1947-04-08) (age 77)New York City, New YorkNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of ChicagoAwardsLeroy P. Steele Prize (2010)Scientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley, and Mathematical Sciences Research InstituteThesis Torsion Modules over Dedekind Prime Rings (1970)Doctoral advisorSaunders Mac LaneDoctoral studentsCraig HunekeMircea MustaţăIrena PeevaFrank-Olaf Schreyer David Eisenbud (born 8 April 1947 in New York City) is an American mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley and former director of the then Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), now known as Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (SLMath). He served as Director of MSRI from 1997 to 2007, and then again from 2013 to 2022. Biography Eisenbud is the son of mathematical physicist Leonard Eisenbud, who was a student and collaborator of the renowned physicist Eugene Wigner. Eisenbud received his Ph.D. in 1970 from the University of Chicago, where he was a student of Saunders Mac Lane and, unofficially, James Christopher Robson. He then taught at Brandeis University from 1970 to 1997, during which time he had visiting positions at Harvard University, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), University of Bonn, and Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). He joined the staff at MSRI in 1997, and took a position at Berkeley at the same time. From 2003 to 2005 Eisenbud was President of the American Mathematical Society. Eisenbud's mathematical interests include commutative and non-commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, and computational methods in these fields. He has written over 150 papers and books with over 60 co-authors. Notable contributions include the theory of matrix factorizations for maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules over hypersurface rings, the Eisenbud–Goto conjecture on degrees of generators of syzygy modules, and the Buchsbaum–Eisenbud criterion for exactness of a complex. He also proposed the Eisenbud–Evans conjecture, which was later settled by the Indian mathematician Neithalath Mohan Kumar. He has had 31 doctoral students, including Craig Huneke, Mircea Mustaţă, Irena Peeva, and Gregory G. Smith (winner of the Aisenstadt Prize in 2007). Eisenbud's hobbies are juggling (he has written two papers on the mathematics of juggling) and music. He has appeared in Brady Haran's online video channel "Numberphile". Eisenbud was elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006. He was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 2010. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Selected publications Books Scholia has a profile for David Eisenbud (Q25817). Eisenbud, David; Neumann, Walter (1985). Three-dimensional link theory and invariants of plane curve singularities. Annals of Mathematical Studies. Vol. 110. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U. Press. vii+171. ISBN 978-0-691-08381-0. Eisenbud, David (1995). Commutative algebra with a view toward algebraic geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 150. New York: Springer-Verlag. xvi+785. ISBN 0-387-94268-8. MR 1322960. Eisenbud, David; Harris, Joe (2000). The geometry of schemes. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 197. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. x+294. ISBN 978-0-387-98638-8. MR 1730819. Eisenbud, David (2005). The geometry of syzygies. A second course in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 229. New York: Springer-Verlag. xvi+243. ISBN 0-387-22215-4. Eisenbud, David; Harris, Joe (2016). 3264 and All That: A Second Course in Algebraic Geometry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107602724. Articles Eisenbud, David; Harris, Joe (1989). "Progress in the theory of complex algebraic curves". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. New Series. 21 (2): 205–232. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1989-15807-2. MR 1011763. Eisenbud, David; Green, Mark; Harris, Joe (1996). "Cayley-Bacharach theorems and conjectures". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. New Series. 33 (3): 295–324. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-96-00666-0. MR 1376653. See also Eisenbud–Levine–Khimshiashvili signature formula References ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "A Proof in the Drawer (with David Eisenbud) - Numberphile Podcast". YouTube. ^ Eisenbud, David (2007). "Syzygies, degrees, and choices from a life in mathematics. Retiring Presidential Address". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series. 44 (3): 331–359. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-07-01163-9. MR 2318155. ^ Ischebeck, Friedrich; Ravi A. Rao (12 January 2005). Ideals and Reality: Projective Modules and Number of Generators of Ideals. Springer. pp. 238–. ISBN 978-3-540-23032-8. Retrieved 2 July 2013. ^ "Numberphile – Videos about Numbers and Stuff". www.numberphile.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2016-07-06. ^ , retrieved 2016 ^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2012-12-02. ^ Durfee, Alan H. (1988). "Review: Three-dimensional link theory and invariants of plane curve singularities, by David Eisenbud and Walter Neumann" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series. 19 (2): 481–484. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1988-15707-2. ^ Green, Mark (1996). "Review: Commutative algebra with a view toward algebraic geometry, by David Eisenbud" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series. 33 (3): 367–370. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-96-00662-3. ^ Dolgachev, Igor (2001). "Review: The geometry of schemes, by David Eisenbud and Joe Harris" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series. 38 (4): 467–473. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-01-00911-9. External links O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "David Eisenbud", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews David Eisenbud at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Eisenbud's biographical page at MSRI vtePresidents of the American Mathematical Society1888–1900 John Howard Van Amringe (1888–1890) Emory McClintock (1891–1894) George William Hill (1895–1896) Simon Newcomb (1897–1898) Robert Simpson Woodward (1899–1900) 1901–1924 E. H. Moore (1901–1902) Thomas Fiske (1903–1904) William Fogg Osgood (1905–1906) Henry Seely White (1907–1908) Maxime Bôcher (1909–1910) Henry Burchard Fine (1911–1912) Edward Burr Van Vleck (1913–1914) Ernest William Brown (1915–1916) Leonard Eugene Dickson (1917–1918) Frank Morley (1919–1920) Gilbert Ames Bliss (1921–1922) Oswald Veblen (1923–1924) 1925–1950 George David Birkhoff (1925–1926) Virgil Snyder (1927–1928) Earle Raymond Hedrick (1929–1930) Luther P. Eisenhart (1931–1932) Arthur Byron Coble (1933–1934) Solomon Lefschetz (1935–1936) Robert Lee Moore (1937–1938) Griffith C. Evans (1939–1940) Marston Morse (1941–1942) Marshall H. Stone (1943–1944) Theophil Henry Hildebrandt (1945–1946) Einar Hille (1947–1948) Joseph L. Walsh (1949–1950) 1951–1974 John von Neumann (1951–1952) Gordon Thomas Whyburn (1953–1954) Raymond Louis Wilder (1955–1956) Richard Brauer (1957–1958) Edward J. McShane (1959–1960) Deane Montgomery (1961–1962) Joseph L. Doob (1963–1964) Abraham Adrian Albert (1965–1966) Charles B. Morrey Jr. (1967–1968) Oscar Zariski (1969–1970) Nathan Jacobson (1971–1972) Saunders Mac Lane (1973–1974) 1975–2000 Lipman Bers (1975–1976) R. H. Bing (1977–1978) Peter Lax (1979–1980) Andrew M. Gleason (1981–1982) Julia Robinson (1983–1984) Irving Kaplansky (1985–1986) George Mostow (1987–1988) William Browder (1989–1990) Michael Artin (1991–1992) Ronald Graham (1993–1994) Cathleen Synge Morawetz (1995–1996) Arthur Jaffe (1997–1998) Felix Browder (1999–2000) 2001–2024 Hyman Bass (2001–2002) David Eisenbud (2003–2004) James Arthur (2005–2006) James Glimm (2007–2008) George Andrews (2009–2010) Eric Friedlander (2011–2012) David Vogan (2013–2014) Robert Bryant (2015–2016) Ken Ribet (2017–2018) Jill Pipher (2019–2020) Ruth Charney (2021–2022) Bryna Kra (2023–2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Sciences Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute"}],"text":"David Eisenbud (born 8 April 1947 in New York City) is an American mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley and former director of the then Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), now known as Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (SLMath). He served as Director of MSRI from 1997 to 2007, and then again from 2013 to 2022.","title":"David Eisenbud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Eisenbud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Eisenbud"},{"link_name":"Eugene Wigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Saunders Mac Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes_Scientifiques"},{"link_name":"University of Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Centre national de la recherche scientifique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"commutative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra"},{"link_name":"non-commutative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commutative_algebra"},{"link_name":"algebraic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"Cohen–Macaulay modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen%E2%80%93Macaulay_module"},{"link_name":"hypersurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersurface"},{"link_name":"Eisenbud–Goto conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eisenbud%E2%80%93Goto_conjecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"syzygy modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygy_module"},{"link_name":"Buchsbaum–Eisenbud criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buchsbaum%E2%80%93Eisenbud_criterion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"exactness of a complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_sequence"},{"link_name":"Eisenbud–Evans conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eisenbud%E2%80%93Evans_conjecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Neithalath Mohan Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neithalath_Mohan_Kumar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IschebeckRao2005-3"},{"link_name":"Craig Huneke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Huneke"},{"link_name":"Mircea Mustaţă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Musta%C5%A3%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Irena Peeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Peeva"},{"link_name":"Aisenstadt Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisenstadt_Prize"},{"link_name":"juggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling"},{"link_name":"mathematics of juggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_juggling"},{"link_name":"Brady Haran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Haran"},{"link_name":"Numberphile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberphile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Leroy P. Steele Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_P._Steele_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Eisenbud is the son of mathematical physicist Leonard Eisenbud, who was a student and collaborator of the renowned physicist Eugene Wigner.[1] Eisenbud received his Ph.D. in 1970 from the University of Chicago, where he was a student of Saunders Mac Lane and, unofficially, James Christopher Robson. He then taught at Brandeis University from 1970 to 1997, during which time he had visiting positions at Harvard University, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), University of Bonn, and Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). He joined the staff at MSRI in 1997, and took a position at Berkeley at the same time.From 2003 to 2005 Eisenbud was President of the American Mathematical Society.[2]Eisenbud's mathematical interests include commutative and non-commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, and computational methods in these fields. He has written over 150 papers and books with over 60 co-authors. Notable contributions include the theory of matrix factorizations for maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules over hypersurface rings, the Eisenbud–Goto conjecture on degrees of generators of syzygy modules, and the Buchsbaum–Eisenbud criterion for exactness of a complex. He also proposed the Eisenbud–Evans conjecture, which was later settled by the Indian mathematician Neithalath Mohan Kumar.[3]He has had 31 doctoral students, including Craig Huneke, Mircea Mustaţă, Irena Peeva, and Gregory G. Smith (winner of the Aisenstadt Prize in 2007).Eisenbud's hobbies are juggling (he has written two papers on the mathematics of juggling) and music. He has appeared in Brady Haran's online video channel \"Numberphile\".[4]Eisenbud was elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006.[5] He was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 2010. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia"},{"link_name":"David Eisenbud (Q25817)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q25817"},{"link_name":"Neumann, Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Neumann"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-08381-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08381-0"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Graduate Texts in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Springer-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-94268-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94268-8"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1322960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1322960"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Harris, Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Harris_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-98638-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98638-8"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1730819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1730819"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-22215-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-22215-4"},{"link_name":"Harris, Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Harris_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1107602724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107602724"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Scholia has a profile for David Eisenbud (Q25817).Eisenbud, David; Neumann, Walter (1985). Three-dimensional link theory and invariants of plane curve singularities. Annals of Mathematical Studies. Vol. 110. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U. Press. vii+171. ISBN 978-0-691-08381-0.[7]\nEisenbud, David (1995). Commutative algebra with a view toward algebraic geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 150. New York: Springer-Verlag. xvi+785. ISBN 0-387-94268-8. MR 1322960.[8]\nEisenbud, David; Harris, Joe (2000). The geometry of schemes. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 197. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. x+294. ISBN 978-0-387-98638-8. MR 1730819.[9]\nEisenbud, David (2005). The geometry of syzygies. A second course in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 229. New York: Springer-Verlag. xvi+243. ISBN 0-387-22215-4.\nEisenbud, David; Harris, Joe (2016). 3264 and All That: A Second Course in Algebraic Geometry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107602724.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris, Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Harris_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"\"Progress in the theory of complex algebraic curves\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1989-15807-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0273-0979-1989-15807-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1989-15807-2"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1011763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1011763"},{"link_name":"Green, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lee_Green"},{"link_name":"Harris, Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Harris_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"\"Cayley-Bacharach theorems and conjectures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-96-00666-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0273-0979-96-00666-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-96-00666-0"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1376653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1376653"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Eisenbud, David; Harris, Joe (1989). \"Progress in the theory of complex algebraic curves\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. New Series. 21 (2): 205–232. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1989-15807-2. MR 1011763.\nEisenbud, David; Green, Mark; Harris, Joe (1996). \"Cayley-Bacharach theorems and conjectures\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. New Series. 33 (3): 295–324. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-96-00666-0. MR 1376653.","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Eisenbud–Levine–Khimshiashvili signature formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbud%E2%80%93Levine%E2%80%93Khimshiashvili_signature_formula"}]	[{"reference":"Eisenbud, David; Neumann, Walter (1985). Three-dimensional link theory and invariants of plane curve singularities. Annals of Mathematical Studies. Vol. 110. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U. Press. vii+171. 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Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P82xkbGioL8C&pg=PA238","url_text":"Ideals and Reality: Projective Modules and Number of Generators of Ideals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23032-8","url_text":"978-3-540-23032-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Numberphile – Videos about Numbers and Stuff\". www.numberphile.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053111/http://www.numberphile.com/team/index.html","url_text":"\"Numberphile – Videos about Numbers and Stuff\""},{"url":"http://www.numberphile.com/team/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Durfee, Alan H. (1988). \"Review: Three-dimensional link theory and invariants of plane curve singularities, by David Eisenbud and Walter Neumann\" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Ponte_Per	Un Ponte Per	["1 References","2 External links"]	Un Ponte Per (A Bridge to) is an Italian-based humanitarian organization created in the aftermath of the first Iraq War in 1991. Its purpose is to oppose the domination of the Southern countries of the world by those of the North and to prevent further conflict, particularly in the Mideast. In addition to its activities in the Middle East, it opened a second zone of operations in the former Yugoslavia. Un Ponte Per operates in Iraq (as Un Ponte Per Baghdad). In September 2004 a number of the group's workers, including Italians Simona Pari and Simona Torretta, were kidnapped. They were released three weeks later. References ^ "2 Italians and 2 Iraqis Kidnapped From Offices in Baghdad", Sabrina Tavernise, New York Times, September 8, 2004 ^ "A Joyous Return", Jeff Israely, Time magazine Europe, October 11, 2004 External links unponteper vteHumanitarian partners of the European Commission Humanitarian partners DG ECHO NGOsInternational Action Against Hunger (France, Spain) ADRA (Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany) CARE International (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway) Caritas Internationalis (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain) ICRC (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden) Islamic Relief (Germany, Sweden) Oxfam (Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Spain) Plan International (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden) Save the Children (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden) Solidarités international (France, Spain) SOS Children's Villages (Austria, Netherlands) Terre des hommes (Italy, Netherlands) World Vision (Austria, Finland, Netherlands) National MDM · VSF PIN DACAAR · DanChurchAid · DPA · DRC Estonian Refugee Council · MTÜ Mondo Fida International · FinnChurchAid · FRC · Mannerheim League for Child Welfare ACTED · ALIMA · AVSF · Institut Bioforce · CDE · Federation Handicap · GRET · iMMAP · MDM · Œuvre d'Orient · PUI · Relief International · Secours Islamique · SPF · Triangle · TSF arche noVa · ASB · Diakonie Deutschland · Die Johanniter · GAC · HELP · International Rescue Committee · Malteser Hilfsdienst · Medair · MI · Sign of Hope · VSF Concern Worldwide · GOAL · SHA · Trócaire ActionAid · AISPO · AVSI · Cesvi · CISP · COOPI · CUAMM · Emergency · FADV · INTERSOS · JRS · LVIA · Un Ponte Per · VIS · WeWorld Cordaid · DAI · HNTPO · INSO · Mercy Corps · REK · Stichting Vluchteling · Tearfund Netherlands · War Child Netherlands · ZOA NCA · NPA · NRC PAH AKF PRT ACPP · Ayuda en Acción · EDUCO · Entreculturas · Farmacéuticos Mundi · MDM · Medicus Mundi · MPDL · Mundubat · SIA COS · Diakonia · Läkarmissionen · PMU Interlife · SWEDO International organisations ICRC IFRC FAO ILO IOM OCHA OHCHR PAHO UNDP UNDP MPTFO UNDRR UNESCAP UNESCO UNICEF UNFPA UN-HABITAT UNHCR UNMAS UNODC UNOPS UNRWA UNSECOORD UN Women WFP WHO World Bank Agencies AECID DGPCE DEMA DGSCGC Protezione Civile Enabel Expertise France GIZ GSCP Hungary Helps ITF MSB THW European Union portal This article about an organisation based in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-2"}],"text":"Un Ponte Per operates in Iraq (as Un Ponte Per Baghdad). In September 2004 a number of the group's workers, including Italians Simona Pari and Simona Torretta, were kidnapped.[1] They were released three weeks later.[2]","title":"Un Ponte Per"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/08/international/middleeast/08kidnap.html?_r=1","external_links_name":"\"2 Italians and 2 Iraqis Kidnapped From Offices in Baghdad\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041016202606/http://www.time.com/time/europe/hero2004/simonas.html","external_links_name":"\"A Joyous Return\""},{"Link":"http://www.unponteper.it/","external_links_name":"unponteper"},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/echo/partnerships/humanitarian-partners_en","external_links_name":"Humanitarian partners"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Un_Ponte_Per&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon	Philip Melanchthon	["1 Early life and education","2 Professor at Wittenberg","3 Theological disputes","4 Augsburg Confession","5 Controversies in the 1530s","6 Controversies in the 1540s","7 Controversies in the 1550s","8 Views on the Virgin Mary","9 Views on natural philosophy","10 Death","11 Estimation of his works and character","11.1 Relationship with Luther","11.2 His work as reformer","11.3 As scholar","11.4 As theologian","11.5 As moralist","11.6 As exegete","11.7 As historian and preacher","11.8 As professor and philosopher","11.9 Personal appearance and character","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","14.1 Works cited","15 Further reading","16 External links"]	German Lutheran reformer and theologian (1497–1560) "Melanchthon" redirects here. For the Indian Lutheran priest, see G. D. Melanchthon. For other uses, see Melancthon (disambiguation). Philip MelanchthonPortrait by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1543BornPhilipp Schwartzerdt16 February 1497Bretten, Electoral PalatinateDied19 April 1560(1560-04-19) (aged 63)Wittenberg, Electoral SaxonyAlma materUniversity of HeidelbergUniversity of TübingenTheological workEraReformationLanguageGermanTradition or movementLutheranism Signature Part of a series onLutheranism Background Christianity Start of the Reformation Reformation Protestantism Doctrine and theology Bible Old Testament New Testament Creeds Apostles' Creed Nicene Creed Athanasian Creed Book of Concord Augsburg Confession Apology of the Augsburg Confession Luther's Small / Large Catechism Smalcald Articles Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope Formula of Concord Distinctive theological concepts Theology of Martin Luther Justification Law and Gospel Sola gratia Sola scriptura Christology Sanctification Two kingdoms catholicity Two states of the Church Priesthood of all believers Divine Providence Marian theology Theology of the Cross Sacramental Union Other relevant topics Homosexuality Sacraments and worship Baptism Eucharist Confession Confirmation Matrimony Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders Divine Service Matins Vespers Liturgical calendar Calendar of saints Lutheran hymn Lutheran hymnwriters Normative principle Lutheran art Organization Confessional EvangelicalLutheran Conference Global Confessional &Missional Lutheran Forum International Lutheran Council Lutheran World Federation Denominations Lutheranism by region Movements History of Lutheranism Crypto-Lutherans Gnesio-Lutherans Lutheran orthodoxy Pietists Radical Pietism Haugeans Laestadians Finnish Awakening Old Lutherans Neo-Lutherans High church Lutherans Confessional Lutheranism Key figuresMissionaries John Campanius Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Hans Egede Johann Heinrich Callenberg Johann Phillip Fabricius Paul Henkel John Christian Frederick Heyer Karl Graul Martti Rautanen Wilhelm Sihler F. 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Beck Theologians Martin Luther / Katharina von Bora Philip Melanchthon Johannes Bugenhagen Johannes Brenz Justus Jonas Hans Tausen Laurentius Petri Olaus Petri Mikael Agricola Matthias Flacius Martin Chemnitz Johann Gerhard Abraham Calovius Johannes Andreas Quenstedt Johann Wilhelm Baier Philipp Spener David Hollaz August Hermann Francke Henry Muhlenberg Lars Levi Laestadius Charles Porterfield Krauth C. F. W. Walther Søren Kierkegaard Albrecht Ritschl Wilhelm Herrmann F. W. Stellhorn Rudolf Otto Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Bultmann Paul Tillich Hermann Sasse Dietrich Bonhoeffer Wolfhart Pannenberg Robert Jenson vte Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and shaper of Protestantism. Early life and education He was born Philipp Schwartzerdt on 16 February 1497 at Bretten, where his father Georg Schwarzerdt (1459–1508) was armorer to Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine. His mother was Barbara Reuter (1476/77-1529). Bretten was burned in 1689 by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession. The town's Melanchthonhaus was built on the site of his place of birth in 1897. In 1507 he was sent to the Latin school at Pforzheim, where the rector, Georg Simler of Wimpfen, introduced him to the Latin and Greek poets and to Aristotle. He was influenced by his great-uncle Johann Reuchlin, a Renaissance humanist, who suggested Philipp follow a custom common among humanists of the time and change his surname from "Schwartzerdt" (literally 'black earth'), into the Greek equivalent "Melanchthon" (Μελάγχθων). Philipp was 11 years old in 1508 when both his grandfather (d. 17 October) and father (d. 27 October) died within eleven days of each other. He and a brother were brought to Pforzheim to live with his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Reuter, sister of Reuchlin. The next year he entered the University of Heidelberg, where he studied philosophy, rhetoric, astronomy, and astrology, and became known as a scholar of Greek thought. Denied the master's degree in 1512 on the grounds of his youth, he went to Tübingen, where he continued humanistic studies but also worked on jurisprudence, mathematics, and medicine. While there, he was also taught the technical aspects of astrology by Johannes Stöffler. After gaining a master's degree in 1516, he began to study theology. Under the influence of Reuchlin, Erasmus, and others, he became convinced that true Christianity was something different from the scholastic theology taught at the university. He became a conventor (repentant) in the contubernium and instructed younger scholars. He also lectured on oratory, on Virgil and Livy. His first publications included a number of poems in a collection edited by Jakob Wimpfeling (c. 1511), the preface to Reuchlin's Epistolae clarorum virorum (1514), an edition of Terence (1516), and a book of Greek grammar (1518). Professor at Wittenberg Melanchthon and Luther with Christ crucified in the middle Already recognised as a reformer, he was opposed at Tübingen. He accepted a call to the University of Wittenberg from Martin Luther on the recommendation of his great-uncle, and became professor of Greek there in 1518 at the age of 21. He studied the Scriptures, especially of Paul, and evangelical doctrine. He attended the disputation of Leipzig (1519) as a spectator, but participated with his own comments. After his views were attacked by Johann Eck, he replied based on the authority of Scripture in his Defensio contra Johannem Eckium (Wittenberg, 1519). Following lectures on the Gospel of Matthew and the Epistle to the Romans, together with his investigations into Pauline doctrine, he was granted the degree of bachelor of theology, and transferred to the theological faculty. He married Katharina Krapp (de:Katharina Melanchthon), (1497–1557) daughter of Wittenberg's mayor, on 25 November 1520. They had four children: Anna, Philipp, Georg, and Magdalen. Theological disputes Loci Communes, 1552 edition In the beginning of 1521, Melanchthon defended Luther in his Didymi Faventini versus Thomam Placentinum pro M. Luthero oratio (Wittenberg, n.d.). He argued that Luther rejected only papal and ecclesiastical practises which were at variance with Scripture. But while Luther was absent at Wartburg Castle, during the disturbances caused by the Zwickau prophets, Melanchthon wavered. The appearance of Melanchthon's Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae (Wittenberg and Basel, 1521) was of subsequent importance to the Reformation. Melanchthon discussed the "leading thoughts" of Paul's Letter to the Romans and used this platform to present a new doctrine of Christianity; one where faith in God was more important than good deeds. Loci communes contributed to the gradual rise of the Lutheran scholastic tradition, and the later theologians Martin Chemnitz, Mathias Haffenreffer, and Leonhard Hutter expanded upon it. Melanchthon continued to lecture on the classics. On a journey in 1524 to his native town, he encountered the papal legate, Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who tried to draw him from Luther's cause. In his Unterricht der Visitatorn an die Pfarherrn im Kurfürstentum zu Sachssen (1528) Melanchthon presented the evangelical doctrine of salvation as well as regulations for churches and schools. In 1529, Melanchthon accompanied the elector to the Diet of Speyer. His hopes of persuading the Holy Roman Empire to recognize the Reformation were not fulfilled. A friendly attitude towards the Swiss at the Diet was something he later changed, calling Huldrych Zwingli's doctrine of the Lord's Supper "an impious dogma". Augsburg Confession This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Philip Melanchthon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1530-1535 The composition now known as the Augsburg Confession was presented at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and would come to be considered perhaps the most significant document of the Protestant Reformation. While the confession was based on Luther's Marburg and Schwabach articles, it was mainly the work of Melanchthon; although it was commonly thought of as a unified statement of doctrine by the two reformers, Luther did not conceal his dissatisfaction with its irenic tone. Indeed, some would criticize Melanchthon's conduct at the Diet as unbecoming of the principle he promoted, implying that faith in the truth of his cause should logically have inspired Melanchthon to a firmer and more dignified posture. Others point out that he had not sought the part of a political leader, suggesting that he seemed to lack the requisite energy and decision for such a role and may simply have been a lackluster judge of human nature. Melanchthon represented Luther at the conference, as Luther was barred from attending. Charles V had called the Diet of Augsburg in order to unite religious groups in the face of a potential war with the Ottoman Empire. However, despite all efforts and attempts at compromise, there was no reconciliation between Catholics and Lutherans. After the confession was discussed and official response, the Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession was produced. Melanchthon wrote a reply to this which became known as the Apology of the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon then settled into the comparative quiet of his academic and literary labours. His most important theological work of this period was the Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos (Wittenberg, 1532), noteworthy for introducing the idea that "to be justified" means "to be accounted just", whereas the Apology had placed side by side the meanings of "to be made just" and "to be accounted just". Melanchthon's increasing fame gave occasion for prestigious invitations to Tübingen (September 1534), France, and England but consideration of the elector caused him to refuse them. In 1540, he produced a revised edition, the Variata, which was signed by John Calvin. The main difference is in the treatment of transubstantiation in the Lord's Supper. Many Lutheran churches specify that they subscribe to the "Unaltered Augsburg Confession", as opposed to the Variata. Controversies in the 1530s Melanchthon played an important role in discussions concerning the Lord's Supper which began in 1531. He approved of Bucer's Wittenberg Concord and discussed the question with Bucer in Kassel in 1534. He worked for an agreement on this question, as his patristic studies and the Dialogue (1530) of Johannes Oecolampadius had made him doubt the correctness of Luther's doctrine. Zwingli's death and the change of the political situation changed his earlier stance in regard to a union. Bucer did not go so far as to believe with Luther that the true body of Christ in the Lord's Supper is bitten by the teeth, but admitted the offering of the body and blood in the symbols of bread and wine. Melanchthon discussed Bucer's views with Luther's adherent, but Luther himself would not agree to a veiling of the dispute.Melanchthon's relationship with Luther was not changed by his mediation work, although for a time Luther suspected that Melanchthon was "almost of the opinion of Zwingli". During his time in Tübingen in 1536 Melanchthon was heavily criticised by Cordatus, preacher in Niemeck, as he had taught that works are necessary for salvation. In the second edition of his Loci (1535), he abandoned his earlier strict doctrine of determinism and instead taught what he called Synergism. He repudiated Cordatus' criticism in a letter to Luther and his other colleagues, stating that he had never departed from their common teachings on this subject and in the Antinomian Controversy of 1537 Melanchthon was in harmony with Luther. Controversies in the 1540s Portrait of Philip Melanchthon, 1537, by Lucas Cranach the Elder Melanchthon faced controversies over the Interims and the Adiaphora (1547). He rejected the Augsburg Interim, which the emperor wished to impose. During negotiations concerning the Leipzig Interim he made controversial concessions. In agreeing to various Catholic usages, Melanchthon held the opinion that they are adiaphora, if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which Jesus instituted. However he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions. Melanchthon later regretted his actions. After Luther's death he became seen by many as the "theological leader of the German Reformation" although the Gnesio-Lutherans led by Matthias Flacius accused him and his followers of heresy and apostasy. Melanchthon bore the accusations with patience, dignity, and self-control. In his controversy on justification with Andreas Osiander Melanchthon satisfied all parties. He took part also in a controversy with Stancaro, who held that Christ was our justification only according to his human nature. Controversies in the 1550s Melanchton's house in Wittenberg In 1552 the Elector of Saxony declared himself ready to send deputies to a council to be convened at Trent, but only under the condition that the Protestants should have a share in the discussions, and that the Pope should not be considered as the presiding officer and judge. This declaration was partly due to advice from Melanchthon. As it was agreed upon to send a confession to Trent, Melanchthon drew up the Confessio Saxonica, a repetition of the Augsburg Confession, discussing in greater detail the points of controversy with Rome. On his way to Trent at Dresden in March 1552, he saw the military preparations of Maurice of Saxony, and after reaching Nuremberg, he returned to Wittenberg, as Maurice had turned against the emperor. After his return, the condition of the Protestants became more favourable and were still more so at the Peace of Augsburg (1555). However Melanchthon's difficulties increased from that time. The last years of his life were embittered by disputes over the Interim and the freshly started controversy on the Lord's Supper. As the statement "good works are necessary for salvation" appeared in the Leipzig Interim, in 1551 its Lutheran opponents attacked Georg Major, Melanchthon's friend and disciple. Melanchthon dropped the formula altogether, seeing how easily it could be misunderstood. His opponents continued to go against him, accusing him of synergism and Zwinglianism. At the Colloquy of Worms in 1557 which he had reluctantly attended, the adherents of Flacius and the Saxon theologians tried to humiliate him as a heretic. Melanchthon persevered in his efforts for the peace of the church, suggesting a synod of the Evangelical party and drawing up the Frankfurt Recess, which he defended later against attacks. The controversies on the Lord's Supper embittered the last years of his life. The renewal of this dispute was due to the growing acceptance of Calvinistic doctrine and its influence upon Germany. He never agreed with this, and the personal presence and self-impartation of Christ in the Lord's Supper were especially important for him, although he did not definitely state how body and blood are related to this. Although rejecting the physical act of mastication, he nevertheless assumed the real presence of the body of Christ and therefore also a real self-impartation. He also differed from Calvin in emphasizing the relation of the Lord's Supper to justification. Views on the Virgin Mary Melanchthon viewed any veneration of saints rather critically but he developed positive commentaries about Mary. In his Annotations in Evangelia, he wrote a study on Luke 2:52, and discussed Mary's faith. He noted that "she kept all things in her heart" which to him was a call to the church to follow her example. He believed that Mary was negligent when she lost her son in the temple, but she did not sin. He also believed that Mary was conceived with original sin like every other human being, but she was spared the consequences of it. As such, he opposed the feast of the Immaculate Conception, which at the time, was not dogma, but was celebrated in several cities and had been approved at the Council of Basel in 1439. He declared that the Immaculate Conception was an invention of monks. He saw Mary as a representation (Typus) of the church and believed that in the Magnificat, Mary spoke for the whole church. Standing under the cross, Mary suffered like no other human being; as such, he believed that Christians have to unite with her under the cross, in order to become Christ-like. Views on natural philosophy In lecturing on the Librorum de judiciis astrologicis of Ptolemy in 1535–1536, Melanchthon expressed to students his interest in Greek mathematics, astronomy and astrology. He considered that a purposeful God had reasons to exhibit comets and eclipses. He was the first to print a paraphrased edition of Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos in Basel, 1554. Natural philosophy, in his view, was directly linked to Providence, a point of view that was influential in curriculum change after the Protestant Reformation in Germany. In the period 1536-1539 he was involved in three academic innovations: the refoundation of Wittenberg along Protestant lines, the reorganization at Tübingen, and the foundation of the University of Leipzig. Death The room in which Melanchthon died, Melanchthon's house. Wittenberg Before these theological dissensions were settled, Melanchthon died. Only a few days before his death, he had written a note which gave his reasons for not fearing death. On the left hand side of the note were the words, "You will be delivered from sins, and be freed from the acrimony and fury of theologians"; on the right, "You will go to the light, see God, look upon his Son, learn those wonderful mysteries which you have not been able to understand in this life." The immediate cause of death was a severe cold which he had contracted on a journey to Leipzig in March 1560, followed by a fever that consumed his strength, although his body had already been weakened. He was pronounced dead on 19 April 1560. His body was buried beside Luther's in the Schloßkirche in Wittenberg. In Melanchthon's last moments, he continued to worry over the desolate condition of the church. He prayed continually and listened to passages of Scripture. The words of John 1:11-12 were especially significant to him - "His own received him not; but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God." When Caspar Peucer, his son-in-law, asked him if he wanted anything, he replied, "Nothing but heaven." He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod on 16 February, his birthday, and in the calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 25 June, the date of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession. Estimation of his works and character Relationship with Luther Melanchthon with Luther behind, by Johann Gottfried Schadow, Melanchthon House Museum, Wittenberg Melanchthon's importance for the Reformation lay essentially in the fact that he systematized Luther's ideas, defended them in public, and made them the basis of a religious education. These two figures, by complementing each other, could be said to have harmoniously achieved the results of the Reformation. Melanchthon was impelled by Luther to work for the Reformation; his own inclinations would have kept him in academia. Without Luther's influence he could have been "a second Erasmus", although he had a deep religious interest in the Reformation. While Luther scattered the sparks among the people, Melanchthon had the sympathy of educated people and scholars. Both Luther's strength of faith and Melanchthon's calmness, temperance and love of peace, had a share in the success of the movement. Both were aware of their mutual position and they thought of it as a “divine necessity”. Melanchthon wrote in 1520, "I would rather die than be separated from Luther", whom he also compared to Elijah, and called him "the man full of the Holy Ghost". In spite of the strained relations between them in the last years of Luther's life, Melanchthon said at Luther's death, "Dead is the horseman and chariot of Israel who ruled the church in this last age of the world!" Portrait of Philip Melanchthon by Lucas Cranach the Younger, c. 1562 In the preface to Melanchthon's Kolosserkommentar (1529), Luther wrote, "I had to fight with rabble and devils, for which reason my books are very warlike. I am the rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master Philip comes along softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has richly endowed him with gifts." Luther also praised Melanchthon's revised Loci and called him "a divine instrument which has achieved the very best in the department of theology to the great rage of the devil and his scabby tribe." Luther never spoke directly against Melanchthon. However often he was dissatisfied with Melanchthon's actions, he never uttered a word against his private character, although Melanchthon sometimes evinced a lack of confidence in Luther. In a letter to Carlowitz, before the Diet of Augsburg, he protested that Luther, with his hot-headed nature, exercised a personally humiliating pressure upon him. The distinction between Luther and Melanchthon is well brought out in Luther's letters to the latter (June 1530): To your great anxiety by which you are made weak, I am a cordial foe; for the cause is not ours. It is your philosophy, and not your theology, which tortures you so, - as though you could accomplish anything by your useless anxieties. So far as the public cause is concerned, I am well content and satisfied; for I know that it is right and true, and, what is more, it is the cause of Christ and God himself. For that reason, I am merely a spectator. If we fall, Christ will likewise fall; and if he fall, I would rather fall with Christ than stand with the emperor. His work as reformer The statue of Melanchthon at the Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral in Helsinki, Finland As a reformer, Melanchthon's work was characterized by moderation, conscientiousness, caution, and love of peace; however these qualities were sometimes said to only be lack of decision, consistence, and courage. His main priority was for the welfare of the community and for the quiet development of the church. The Melanchthon window attributed to the Quaker City Stained Glass Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina Melanchthon had an innate aversion to quarrels and discord; yet, often he was very irritable. His irenical character often led him to adapt himself to the views of others, as may be seen from his correspondence with Erasmus and from his public attitude from the Diet of Augsburg to the Interim. It was said not to be merely a personal desire for peace, but his conservative religious nature that guided him in his acts of conciliation. He never could forget that his father on his death-bed had besought his family "never to leave the church." He stood toward the history of the church in an attitude of piety and reverence that made it much more difficult for him than for Luther to be content with the thought of the impossibility of a reconciliation with the Catholic Church. He laid stress upon the authority of the Church Fathers, not only of Augustine, but also of the Greek Fathers. His attitude in matters of worship was conservative, and in the Leipsic Interim he was said by Cordatus and Schenk even to be Crypto-Catholic. He did not look for a reconciliation with Catholicism at the price of pure doctrine. He attributed more value to the external appearance and organization of the Church than Luther did, as can be seen from his treatment of the "doctrine of the church". The ideal conception of the church, which he expressed in Loci in 1535, later lost its prominence when he began to emphasize the conception of the true visible church as it may be found among the Protestants. He believed that the relation of the church to God was that the church held the divine office of the ministry of the Gospel. The universal priesthood was for Melanchthon as for Luther no principle of an ecclesiastical constitution, but a purely religious principle. In accordance with this idea he tried to keep the traditional church constitution and government, including the bishops. He did not want, however, a church altogether independent of the state, but rather, in agreement with Luther, he believed it the duty of the secular authorities to protect religion and the church. He looked upon the consistories as ecclesiastical courts which therefore should be composed of spiritual and secular judges, as he believed that the official authority of the church did not lie in a special class of priests, but rather in the whole congregation, to be represented therefore not only by ecclesiastics, but also by laymen. In advocating church union he did not overlook differences in doctrine for the sake of common practical tasks. The older he grew, the less he distinguished between the Gospel as the announcement of the will of God, and right doctrine as the human knowledge of it. He took pains to safeguard unity in doctrine by theological formulas of union, but these were made as broad as possible and were restricted to the needs of practical religion. As scholar Detail from Unterricht der Visitatorn, an die Pfarherrn in Hertzog Heinrichs zu Sachsen Fürstenthum, Gleicher form der Visitation im Kurfürstenthum gestellet, woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Younger, Wittenberg, 1539 As a scholar Melanchthon embodied the spiritual culture of his age. His writing was simple and clear; his manuals, even if they were not always original, were quickly introduced into schools and kept their place for more than a century. For him, knowledge existed only for the service of moral and religious education, and so the teacher of Germany prepared the way for the religious thoughts of the Reformation. He was an important figure in the movement known as Christian humanism, which exerted a lasting influence upon scientific life in Germany. Melanchthon wrote many treatises on education and learning that present some of his views on the basis, method, and goal of reformed education. In his "Book of Visitation", Melanchthon outlines a school plan that recommends schools to teach Latin only. He suggests children should be broken up into three distinct groups: children who are learning to read, children who know how to read and are ready to learn grammar, and children who are well-trained in grammar and syntax. Melanchthon also believed that the disciplinary system of the classical "seven liberal arts", and the sciences studied in the higher faculties could not encompass the new revolutionary discoveries of the age in terms of either content or method. He expanded the traditional categorization of science in several directions, incorporating not only history, geography and poetry but also the new natural sciences in his system of scholarly disciplines. As theologian As a theologian, his strength lay in collecting and systematizing the ideas of others, especially of Luther, for the purpose of instruction. He kept to the practical, and did not look at the connection of the parts, and his Loci were in the form of isolated paragraphs. His humanistic mode of thought formed the basis of his theology so that he acknowledged moral and religious truths outside of Christianity, and brought Christian truth into closer contact with them, to mediate between Christian revelation and ancient philosophy. Melanchthon's views differed from Luther's only in some modifications of ideas. Melanchthon looked upon the law as not only the correlate of the Gospel, but as the unchangeable order of the spiritual world with its basis in God himself. He distilled Luther's view of redemption to that of legal satisfaction. He did not focus on the mysticism running through Luther's theology, but emphasized the ethical and intellectual elements. After giving up determinism and absolute predestination and ascribing a certain moral freedom to humanity, he tried to ascertain the share of free will in conversion, naming three causes as concurring in the work of conversion - the Word, the Spirit, and the human will, which was not passive, but resisting its own weakness. After 1548 he used Erasmus' definition of freedom, "the capability of applying oneself to grace." In dividing faith into knowledge, assent, and trust, he made the participation of the heart subsequent to that of the intellect, which gave rise to the view of the later orthodoxy that the establishment and acceptation of pure doctrine should precede the personal attitude of faith. His conception of faith corresponded with his view that the Church is the communion of those who adhere to the true belief and that her visible existence depends upon the consent of her unregenerated members to her teachings. Melanchthon's doctrine of the Lord's Supper lacked the mysticism of faith by which Luther united the sensual elements and supersensual realities. It did however demand their formal distinction. The development of Melanchthon's beliefs may be seen from the history of the Loci. Originally he intended a development of the leading ideas representing the Evangelical conception of salvation, while the later editions approached a plan of a text-book of dogma. At first he insisted on the necessity of every event, rejected the philosophy of Aristotle, and had not fully developed his doctrine of the sacraments. In 1535 he treated for the first time the doctrine of God and that of the Trinity; he rejected the doctrine of the necessity of every event and named free will as a concurring cause in conversion. The doctrine of justification received its forensic form and the necessity of good works was emphasized in the interest of moral discipline. The last editions are distinguished from the earlier ones by the prominence given to the theoretical and rational element. As moralist In ethics he preserved and renewed the tradition of ancient morality and represented the Protestant conception of life. His books on morals were chiefly drawn from the classics, and were influenced not so much by Aristotle as by Cicero. His principal works in this line were Prolegomena to Cicero's De officiis (1525); Enarrationes librorum Ethicorum Aristotelis (1529); Epitome philosophiae moralis (1538); and Ethicae doctrinae elementa (1550). In his Epitome philosophiae moralis he considers the relation of philosophy to the law of God and the Gospel. Moral principles are knowable in the light of reason. Melanchthon calls these the law of God, and being endowed in human nature by God, so also the law of nature. The virtuous pagans had not yet developed the ideas of Original Sin and the Fall, or the fallen aspect of human nature itself, and so could not articulate or explain why humans did not always act virtuously. If virtue was the true law of human nature (having been put there by God himself) than the light of reason could only be darkened by sin. The revealed law, necessitated because of sin, is distinguished from natural law only by its greater completeness and clearness. The fundamental order of moral life can be grasped also by reason; therefore the development of moral philosophy from natural principles must not be neglected. Melanchthon therefore made no sharp distinction between natural and revealed morals. His contribution to Christian ethics in the proper sense can be seen in the Augsburg Confession and its Apology as well as in his Loci, where he followed Luther in depicting the Protestant ideal of life, the free realization of the divine law by a personality blessed in faith and filled with the spirit of God. Crest of Philip Melanchthon, featuring the bronze serpent of Moses As exegete Melanchthon's formulation of the authority of Scripture became the norm for some time. The principle of his hermeneutics is expressed in his words: "Every theologian and faithful interpreter of the heavenly doctrine must necessarily be first a grammarian, then a dialectician, and finally a witness." By "grammarian" he meant the philologist who is master of history, archaeology, and ancient geography. For the method of interpretation, he insisted on the unity of the sense and upon the literal sense in contrast to the four senses of the scholastics. He further stated that whatever is looked for in the words of Scripture, outside of the literal sense, is only dogmatic or practical application. His commentaries are full of theological and practical matter, confirming the doctrines of the Reformation. The most important are those on Genesis, Proverbs, Daniel, the Psalms, Romans (edited in 1522 against his will by Luther), Colossians (1527), and John (1523). Melanchthon worked with Luther in his translation of the Bible, and both the books of the Maccabees in Luther's Bible are ascribed to him. A Latin Bible published in 1529 at Wittenberg is designated as a joint work of Melanchthon and Luther. As historian and preacher Anonymous Netherlands, Portrait of Melanchthon, early 18th century, engraving and etching Melanchthon's room in Wittenberg Melanchthon's influence in historical theology was felt until the seventeenth century, especially in the method of treating church history in connection with political history. His was the first Protestant attempt at a history of dogma with both Sententiae veterum aliquot patrum de caena domini (1530) and De ecclesia et auctoritate verbi Dei (1539). Melanchthon exerted a wide influence in homiletics, and has been regarded in the Protestant church as the author of the methodical style of preaching. He stayed aloof from dogmatizing or rhetoric in the Annotationes in Evangelia (1544), the Conciones in Evangelium Matthaei (1558), and in his German sermons prepared for George of Anhalt. He never preached from the pulpit and his Latin sermons (Postilla) were prepared for the Hungarian students at Wittenberg who did not understand German. In 1548 he published the History of the Life and Acts of Luther. In this book, he includes the image of Luther nailing the 95 Theses to the Door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. However, he had not met Luther at this time and Luther himself never mentioned this event. Melanchthon also produced the first Protestant work on the method of theological study, as well as his Catechesis puerilis (1532), a religious manual for younger students, and a German catechism (1549). As professor and philosopher Further information: Melanchthon Circle Head of Melanchton statue at Lessing-Gymnasium (Frankfurt), whose founder had been influenced by personal contacts with Melanchton As a philologist and pedagogue Melanchthon was the spiritual heir of the South German Humanists, such as Reuchlin, Jakob Wimpfeling, and Rodolphus Agricola, who represented an ethical conception of the humanities. He saw the liberal arts and a classical education as paths, not only towards natural and ethical philosophy, but also towards divine philosophy. The ancient classics were seen as the sources of a purer knowledge, and also the best means of educating the youth both by their beauty of form and by their ethical content. By his activity in educational institutions and his compilations of Latin and Greek grammars and commentaries, he became the founder of the learned schools of Evangelical Germany, using a combination of humanistic and Christian ideals. The influence of his philosophical compendia ended only with the rule of the Leibniz–Wolff school. He came to Wittenberg with the plan of editing the complete works of Aristotle and he edited the Rhetoric (1519) and the Dialectic (1520). He believed that the relation of philosophy to theology is characterized by the distinction between Law and Gospel. The former, as a light of nature, is innate; it also contains the elements of the natural knowledge of God which, however, have been obscured and weakened by sin. Therefore, renewed promulgation of the Law by revelation became necessary and was furnished in the Decalogue; and all law, including that in the form of natural philosophy, contains only demands, shadowings; its fulfillment is given only in the Gospel, the object of certainty in theology, by which also the philosophical elements of knowledge - experience, principles of reason, and syllogism - receive only their final confirmation. As the law is a divinely ordered pedagogue that leads to Christ, philosophy, its interpreter, is subject to revealed truth as the principal standard of opinions and life. He published De dialecta libri iv (1528), Erotemata dialectices (1547), Liber de anima (1540), Initia doctrinae physicae (1549), and Ethicae doctrinae elementa (1550). Personal appearance and character Engraving of Melanchthon in 1526 by Albrecht Dürer captioned, "Dürer was able to draw the living Philip's face, but the learned hand could not paint his spirit" (translated from Latin) There have been preserved original portraits of Melanchthon by three famous painters of his time - Hans Holbein the Younger with one version in the Royal Gallery of Hanover, Albrecht Dürer and Lucas Cranach the Elder. Melanchthon was described as being dwarfish, misshapen, and physically weak, although he is said to have had a bright and sparkling eye, which kept its colour till the day of his death. He did not value money and possessions; his hospitality was often misused in such a way that his Swabian servant sometimes had difficulty in managing the household. His domestic life was happy. He called his home "a little church of God", always found peace there, and showed a tender solicitude for his wife and children. A French scholar once found him rocking the cradle with one hand, and holding a book in the other. His closest friend was Joachim Camerarius, whom he called the half of his soul. His extensive correspondence forms a commentary on his life. He wrote speeches and scientific treatises for others, permitting them to use their own signatures. He acknowledged his faults even to opponents like Flacius, and was open to criticism. He laid great stress upon prayer, daily meditation on the Bible, and attendance of public service. See also Dimitrije Ljubavić Gottlob Frege, notable descendant of Melanchthon List of Erasmus's correspondents Lotharian legend, disproven theory disseminated by Philip Melanchthon Philippists Ubiquitarians Notes ^ /məˈlæŋkθən/ mə-LANK-thən, German pronunciation: ⓘ; Latin: Philippus Melanchthon. ^ German pronunciation: ⓘ. ^ For an example of this from Chemnitz, see Chemnitz 2004, which is excerpted from his Loci Theologici. References ^ Richard 1898, p. 379. ^ Richard 1898, p. 3. ^ Richard 1898, p. 11. ^ a b Manschreck 2011. ^ Löffler 1911, p. 151; Pauck 1969, p. 4. ^ Wyk, Van; (Natie), Ignatius W. C. (2017). "Philipp Melanchthon: A short introduction". HTS Theological Studies. 73 (1): 1–8. doi:10.4102/hts.v73i1.4672. hdl:2263/62958. ISSN 0259-9422. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase. ISBN 978-0-8160-6983-5. ^ Brosseder 2005. ^ Rupp 1996. ^ Chisholm 1911. ^ Richard 1898, pp. 57–58. ^ Lohrmann 2012, p. 432; Manschreck 2011; Schofield 2006, p. 20. ^ Richard 1898, p. 71. ^ Jacobs 1899. ^ Wengert, Timothy J. (24 October 2012). Philip Melanchthon's Last Word to Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, Papal Legate at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 79–103. doi:10.13109/9783666550478.79. ISBN 978-3-525-55047-2 – via CrossRef. ^ "World History website". ^ a b Kirn 1910, p. 280. ^ a b c d e f Kirn 1910, p. 281. ^ Tondo, Douglas J. Del (February 2008). Jesus' Words on Salvation. Infinity. ISBN 978-0-7414-4357-1. ^ Kirn 1910, pp. 281–282. ^ a b c Bäumer 1992, p. 424. ^ a b Bäumer 1992, p. 425. ^ Heal 2007, p. 25. ^ Billeskov Jansen 1991, pp. 107–108. ^ Heilen 2010, p. 70. ^ Kusukawa 1995, pp. 185–186. ^ Kusukawa 1999, p. xxxiii. ^ a b c d e f g Kirn 1910, p. 282. ^ Kolb 2012, p. 142. ^ Kirn 1910, pp. 282–83. ^ a b c d e f g Kirn 1910, p. 283. ^ Eby 1931. ^ Kirn 1910, pp. 283–284. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kirn 1910, p. 284. ^ Angier 2019, p. 161. ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Philip Melanchthon". World History Encyclopedia. ^ Kirn 1910, pp. 284–85. ^ a b c d e f g Kirn 1910, p. 285. ^ Huberman, Jack (3 March 2008). The Quotable Atheist: Ammunition for Nonbelievers, Political Junkies, Gadflies, and Those Generally Hell-Bound. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-56858419-5. Retrieved 14 February 2019. Works cited Bäumer, Remigius (1992). "Reformation". Marienlexikon (in German). St. Ottilien: EOS. Angier, Tom, ed. (2019). The Cambridge Companion to Natural Law Ethics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42263-5. Billeskov Jansen, F. J. (1991). "Postscript". Oration on the Philosophical Studies Necessary for the Student of Theology. By Sinning, Jens Andersen. Jacobsen, Eric (ed.). Translated by Høgel, Christian; Fisher, Peter; Stoner, David. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-144-6. Brosseder, Claudia (2005). "The Writing in the Wittenberg Sky: Astrology in Sixteenth-Century Germany". Journal of the History of Ideas. 66 (4): 557–576. doi:10.1353/jhi.2005.0049. ISSN 0022-5037. S2CID 170230348. Chemnitz, Martin (2004). On Almsgiving (PDF). Translated by Kellerman, James A. St. Louis, Missouri: LCMS World Relief and Human Care. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2017. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Melanchthon, Philipp" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 88. Eby, Frederick (1931). Early Protestant Educators: The Educational Writings of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Other Leaders of Protestant Thought. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Heal, Bridget (2007). The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge University Press. Heilen, Stephan (2010). "Ptolemy's Doctrine of the Terms and its Reception". In Jones, Alexander (ed.). Ptolemy in Perspective. Archimedes: New Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Vol. 23. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 45–93. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_3. ISBN 978-90-481-2787-0. ISSN 1385-0180. Jacobs, Henry Eyster (1899). "Scholasticism in the Luth. Church". In Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Haas, John A. W. (eds.). The Lutheran Cyclopedia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 434–435. Retrieved 4 November 2017 – via Internet Archive. Kirn, Otto (1910). "Melanchthon, Philipp". In Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.). New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 7 (3rd ed.). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 279–86. Retrieved 18 February 2021 – via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication. Kolb, Robert (2012). "Melanchthon's Doctrinal Last Will and Testament: The Responsiones ad articulos Bavaricae inquisitionis as His Final Confession of Faith". In Dingel, Irene; Kolb, Robert; Kuropka, Nicole; Wengert, Timothy J. (eds.). Philip Melanchthon: Theologian in Classroom, Confession, and Controversy. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 141–160. ISBN 978-3-525-55047-2. Kusukawa, Sachiko (1995). The Transformation of Natural Philosophy: The Case of Philip Melanchthon. Ideas in Context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47347-7. ISSN 0962-4945. ——— (1999). "Chronology". Orations on Philosophy and Education. By Melanchthon, Philip. Kusukawa, Sachiko (ed.). Translated by Salazar, Christine F. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58677-1. Löffler, Klemens (1911). "Philipp Melanchthon" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 151–154 – via Wikisource. Lohrmann, Martin (2012). "Melanchthon, Philip, 1497-1560". In Whitford, David M. (ed.). T&T Clark Companion to Reformation Theology. London: T&T Clark (published 2014). pp. 432–433. ISBN 978-0-567-15366-1. Manschreck, Clyde L. (2011). "Philipp Melanchthon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 November 2017. Pauck, Wilhelm, ed. (1969). "Loci Communes Theologici: Editor's Introduction". Melanchthon and Bucer. Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. pp. 3–17. ISBN 978-0-664-24164-3. Richard, James William (1898). Philip Melanchthon: The Protestant Preceptor of Germany, 1497–1560. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved 4 November 2017 – via Internet Archive.(also at Forgotten Books) Rupp, Horst F. (1996). "Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560)". Profiles of Famous Educators. Prospects. 26 (3). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 610–21. doi:10.1007/BF02195060. ISSN 1573-9090. S2CID 189873577. Schofield, John (2006). Philip Melanchthon and the English Reformation. St Andrews Studies in Reformation History. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5567-1. Whiton, James Maurice (1905). "Melanchthon, Philipp" . In Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore (eds.). New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 13 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. pp. 285–86 – via Wikisource.This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication. Further reading Andreatta, Eugenio (1996). Lutero e Aristotele (in Italian). Padova, Italy: Cusl Nuova Vita. ISBN 978-88-8260-010-5. Birnstein, Uwe (2010). Der Humanist: Was Philipp Melanchthon Europa lehrte (in German). Berlin: Wichern-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88981-282-7. Caemmerer, Richard R. (2000). "Melanchthon, Philipp". In Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul (eds.). Christian Cyclopedia. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. Cuttini, Elisa (2005). Unità e pluralità nella tradizione europea della filosofia pratica di Aristotele: Girolamo Savonarola, Pietro Pomponazzi e Filippo Melantone (in Italian). Soveria Mannelli, Italy: Rubbettino. ISBN 978-88-498-1575-7. DeCoursey, Matthew (2001). "Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400–1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England". In Malone, Edward A. (ed.). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 236: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500-1660, First Series. Detroit, Michigan: Gale. pp. 309–343. ISBN 978-0-7876-4653-0. Estes, James M. (1998). "The Role of Godly Magistrates in the Church: Melanchthon as Luther's Interpreter and Collaborator". Church History. 67 (3). Cambridge University Press: 463–483. doi:10.2307/3170941. ISSN 0009-6407. JSTOR 3170941. S2CID 162335827. Fuchs, Thorsten (2008). Philipp Melanchthon als neulateinischer Dichter in der Zeit der Reformation (in German). Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr. ISBN 978-3-8233-6340-8. Graybill, Gregory B. (2010). Evangelical Free Will: Philipp Melanchthon's Doctrinal Journey on the Origins of Faith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958948-7. Jung, Martin H. (2010). Philipp Melanchthon und seine Zeit (in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-55006-9. Kusukawa, Sachiko (2004). "Melanchthon". In Bagchi, David; Steinmetz, David C. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–67. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521772249.007. ISBN 978-0-521-77662-2. Laitakari-Pyykkö, Anja-Leena (2013). Philip Melanchthon's Influence on English Theological Thought During the Early English Reformation (PhD dissertation). Helsinki: University of Helsinki. hdl:10138/41764. ISBN 978-952-10-9447-7. Ledderhose, Karl Friedrich (1855). The Life of Philip Melanchthon. Translated by Krotel, G. F. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston (published 2012). LCCN 22011423. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Project Gutenburg. Maag, Karin, ed. (1999). Melanchthon in Europe: His Work and Influence beyond Wittenberg. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-8010-2223-4. Mack, Peter (2011). "Northern Europe, 1519-1545: The Age of Melanchthon". A History of Renaissance Rhetoric, 1380–1620. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 104–135. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199597284.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-959728-4. Manschreck, Clyde L. (1958). Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer. New York: Abingdon Press. Meerhoff, Kees (1994). "The Significance of Philip Melanchthon's Rhetoric in the Renaissance". In Mack, Peter (ed.). Renaissance Rhetoric. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 46–62. ISBN 978-0-312-10184-8. Melanchthon, Philip (1969). "Loci Communes Theologici". In Pauck, Wilhelm (ed.). Melanchthon and Bucer. Library of Christian Classics. Translated by Satre, Lowell J.; Pauck, Wilhelm. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. pp. 18–152. ISBN 978-0-664-24164-3. ——— (2002). "History of the Life and Acts of Dr Martin Luther". In Vandiver, Elizabeth; Keen, Ralph; Frazel, Thomas D. (eds.). Luther's Lives: Two Contemporary Accounts of Martin Luther. Translated by Frazel, Thomas D. Manchester: Manchester University Press (published 2003). pp. 14–39. ISBN 978-0-7190-6802-7. Rogness, Michael (1969). Philip Melanchthon: Reformer without Honor. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Publishing House. OCLC 905626473. Scheible, Heinz (1990). "Luther and Melanchthon". Lutheran Quarterly. 4 (3): 317–339. ISSN 0024-7499. ——— (1996). "Melanchthon, Philipp". In Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-506493-3. Smith, Preserved (1911). The Life and Letters of Martin Luther. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. LCCN 11015608. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Internet Archive. Sotheby, Samuel Leigh (1839). Observations upon the Handwriting of Philip Melanchthon. London. OCLC 13625108. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Internet Archive. Servetus, Michael (2015) . Regarding the Mystery of the Trinity and the Teaching of the Ancients to Philip Melanchthon and his Colleagues. Translated by Hillar, Marian; Hoffman, Christopher A. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-1-4955-0336-8. Stupperich, Robert (2006) . Melanchthon: The Enigma of the Reformation. Translated by Fischer, Robert H. Cambridge, England: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-227-17244-5. Wengert, Timothy J. (1998). Human Freedom, Christian Righteousness: Philip Melanchthon's Exegetical Dispute with Erasmus of Rotterdam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511529-1. Wengert, Timothy J.; Graham, M. Patrick, eds. (1997). Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) and the Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-684-2. External links Works by or about Philip Melanchthon at Internet Archive Works by Philip Melanchthon at Project Gutenberg Works by Philip Melanchthon at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works at Open Library Works by Philip Melanchthon at Post-Reformation Digital Library Philip Melanchthon at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Examen eorum, qui oudiuntur ante ritum publicae ordinotionis, qua commendatur eis ministerium Evangelli: Traditum Vuitebergae, Anno 1554, at Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa vteEarly Lutheran controversies Date Controversy Resolution a) Issues / people / publications involved 1527–56 Antinomian VVI Johannes Agricola Andreas Poach Anton Otto Matthias Flacius Philippists 1533–53 Descent into Hell IX Descent into Hell Johannes Aepinus 1548–55 Adiaphoristic X Philip Melanchthon Matthias Flacius Philippists Gnesio-Lutherans 1549–66 Osiandrian III Andreas Osiander Johann Funck Francesco Stancaro Philip Melanchthon Matthias Flacius Andreas Musculus Victorinus Strigel 1551–62 Majoristic VI Georg Major Justus Menius Nicolaus von Amsdorf Nicolaus Gallus Philippists Gnesio-Lutherans 1555–60 Synergistic II Philip Melanchthon Johann Pfeffinger Victorinus Strigel Matthias Flacius Philippists Gnesio-Lutherans On the Bondage of the Will 1560–75 Flacian I Matthias Flacius Simon Musaeus Victorinus Strigel 1560–75 Crypto-Calvinistand Saligerian VII Philip Melanchthon Augsburg Confession Variata Albert Hardenberg Joachim Westphal Martin Chemnitz Maximilian Mörlin Johannes Saliger Philippists Sacramentarians Ubiquitarians Gnesio-Lutherans The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ 1561–63 Predestination XI Predestination Johann Marbach Girolamo Zanchi 1640-86 Syncretistic Georg Calixtus a) Articles identified (I–XII) according to the Formula of Concord. vteMartin Luther Bibliography Resources about Martin Luther Worksh Ninety-five Theses (1517) Sermon on Indulgences and Grace (1518) To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520) On the Freedom of a Christian (1520) Against Henry, King of the English (1522) Luther Bible (1522, 1534) The Adoration of the Sacrament (1523) Formula missae (1523) Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525) On the Bondage of the Will (1525) The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics (1526) Deutsche Messe (1526) Confession Concerning Christ's Supper (1528) On War Against the Turk (1529) Small Catechism (1529) Articles of Schwabach (1529) Large Catechism (1529) Smalcald Articles (1537) On the Councils and the Church (1539) On the Jews and Their Lies (1543) Vom Schem Hamphoras (1543) Luther's Table Talk (1566) Weimar edition of Luther's works List of hymns First Lutheran hymnal (1524) Erfurt Enchiridion (1524) Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn (1524) "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (1529) "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" (1543) Topicsand events Reformation Lutheranism Heidelberg Disputation, 1518 Leipzig Debate, 1519 Exsurge Domine, 1520 Diet of Worms, 1521 Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521 Marburg Colloquy, 1529 Augsburg Confession, 1530 Luther's canon Theology of Martin Luther Theology of the Cross Priesthood of all believers Sola fide Sola scriptura Two kingdoms Beerwolf (1539) Law and Gospel Marian theology Eucharist in Lutheranism Sacramental union Words of Institution Antisemitism Propaganda during the Reformation Die Lügend von S. 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Luther Monument, Worms Related Luther rose Theologia Germanica Portals: Biography ChristianityPhilip Melanchthon at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain 2 France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People BMLO Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Trove Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland RISM SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. D. Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"Melancthon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancthon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Reformation"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1898379-3"}],"text":"\"Melanchthon\" redirects here. For the Indian Lutheran priest, see G. D. Melanchthon. For other uses, see Melancthon (disambiguation).Philip Melanchthon[a] (born Philipp Schwartzerdt;[b] 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems.He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and shaper of Protestantism.[1]","title":"Philip Melanchthon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bretten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretten"},{"link_name":"Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard18983-4"},{"link_name":"War of the Palatinate Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Palatinate_Succession"},{"link_name":"Melanchthonhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Bretten)"},{"link_name":"Pforzheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim"},{"link_name":"Wimpfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimpfen"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Johann Reuchlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin"},{"link_name":"Renaissance humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard189811-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManschreck2011-6"},{"link_name":"Pforzheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B6ffler1911151Pauck19694-7"},{"link_name":"University of Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Johannes Stöffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%B6ffler"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosseder2005-10"},{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"scholastic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_theology"},{"link_name":"contubernium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contubernium"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Jakob Wimpfeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Wimpfeling"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp1996-11"},{"link_name":"Terence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence"}],"text":"He was born Philipp Schwartzerdt on 16 February 1497 at Bretten, where his father Georg Schwarzerdt (1459–1508) was armorer to Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine.[2] His mother was Barbara Reuter (1476/77-1529). Bretten was burned in 1689 by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession. The town's Melanchthonhaus was built on the site of his place of birth in 1897.In 1507 he was sent to the Latin school at Pforzheim, where the rector, Georg Simler of Wimpfen, introduced him to the Latin and Greek poets and to Aristotle. He was influenced by his great-uncle Johann Reuchlin, a Renaissance humanist, who suggested Philipp follow a custom common among humanists of the time and change his surname from \"Schwartzerdt\" (literally 'black earth'), into the Greek equivalent \"Melanchthon\" (Μελάγχθων).[3]Philipp was 11 years old in 1508 when both his grandfather (d. 17 October) and father (d. 27 October) died within eleven days of each other.[4] He and a brother were brought to Pforzheim to live with his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Reuter, sister of Reuchlin.[5]The next year he entered the University of Heidelberg, where he studied philosophy, rhetoric, astronomy, and astrology, and became known as a scholar of Greek thought.[6] Denied the master's degree in 1512 on the grounds of his youth, he went to Tübingen, where he continued humanistic studies but also worked on jurisprudence, mathematics, and medicine.[7] While there, he was also taught the technical aspects of astrology by Johannes Stöffler.[8]After gaining a master's degree in 1516, he began to study theology. Under the influence of Reuchlin, Erasmus, and others, he became convinced that true Christianity was something different from the scholastic theology taught at the university. He became a conventor (repentant) in the contubernium and instructed younger scholars. He also lectured on oratory, on Virgil and Livy.His first publications included a number of poems in a collection edited by Jakob Wimpfeling (c. 1511),[9] the preface to Reuchlin's Epistolae clarorum virorum (1514), an edition of Terence (1516), and a book of Greek grammar (1518).","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luther-melanch-kreuzkirche-bretten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"University of Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-12"},{"link_name":"Scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"disputation of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Johann Eck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Eck"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Epistle to the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"bachelor of theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_theology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard189857%E2%80%9358-13"},{"link_name":"de:Katharina Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohrmann2012432Manschreck2011Schofield200620-14"},{"link_name":"Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManschreck2011-6"}],"text":"Melanchthon and Luther with Christ crucified in the middleAlready recognised as a reformer, he was opposed at Tübingen. He accepted a call to the University of Wittenberg from Martin Luther on the recommendation of his great-uncle, and became professor of Greek there in 1518 at the age of 21.[10] He studied the Scriptures, especially of Paul, and evangelical doctrine. He attended the disputation of Leipzig (1519) as a spectator, but participated with his own comments. After his views were attacked by Johann Eck, he replied based on the authority of Scripture in his Defensio contra Johannem Eckium (Wittenberg, 1519).Following lectures on the Gospel of Matthew and the Epistle to the Romans, together with his investigations into Pauline doctrine, he was granted the degree of bachelor of theology, and transferred to the theological faculty.[11] He married Katharina Krapp (de:Katharina Melanchthon), (1497–1557) daughter of Wittenberg's mayor, on 25 November 1520.[12] They had four children: Anna, Philipp, Georg, and Magdalen.[4]","title":"Professor at Wittenberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loci-communes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Loci Communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loci_Communes"},{"link_name":"papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard189871-15"},{"link_name":"Wartburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartburg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Zwickau prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwickau_prophets"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loci_Communes"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Letter to the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"Lutheran scholastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism"},{"link_name":"Martin Chemnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mathias Haffenreffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Haffenreffer"},{"link_name":"Leonhard Hutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Hutter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1899-17"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Campeggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector"},{"link_name":"Diet of Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Diet_of_Speyer"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Huldrych Zwingli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli"},{"link_name":"Lord's Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"dogma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Loci Communes, 1552 editionIn the beginning of 1521, Melanchthon defended Luther in his Didymi Faventini versus Thomam Placentinum pro M. Luthero oratio (Wittenberg, n.d.). He argued that Luther rejected only papal and ecclesiastical practises which were at variance with Scripture.[13] But while Luther was absent at Wartburg Castle, during the disturbances caused by the Zwickau prophets, Melanchthon wavered.[citation needed]The appearance of Melanchthon's Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae (Wittenberg and Basel, 1521) was of subsequent importance to the Reformation. Melanchthon discussed the \"leading thoughts\" of Paul's Letter to the Romans and used this platform to present a new doctrine of Christianity; one where faith in God was more important than good deeds. Loci communes contributed to the gradual rise of the Lutheran scholastic tradition, and the later theologians Martin Chemnitz,[c] Mathias Haffenreffer, and Leonhard Hutter expanded upon it.[14] Melanchthon continued to lecture on the classics.On a journey in 1524 to his native town, he encountered the papal legate, Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who tried to draw him from Luther's cause.[15] In his Unterricht der Visitatorn an die Pfarherrn im Kurfürstentum zu Sachssen (1528) Melanchthon presented the evangelical doctrine of salvation as well as regulations for churches and schools.In 1529, Melanchthon accompanied the elector to the Diet of Speyer. His hopes of persuading the Holy Roman Empire to recognize the Reformation were not fulfilled. A friendly attitude towards the Swiss at the Diet was something he later changed, calling Huldrych Zwingli's doctrine of the Lord's Supper \"an impious dogma\".[citation needed]","title":"Theological disputes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Philipp_Melanchthon_(Lower_Saxony_State_Museum).JPG"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Diet of Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg"},{"link_name":"Schwabach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabach"},{"link_name":"irenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confutatio_Augustana"},{"link_name":"Apology of the Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Variata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"}],"text":"Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1530-1535The composition now known as the Augsburg Confession was presented at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and would come to be considered perhaps the most significant document of the Protestant Reformation.[citation needed]While the confession was based on Luther's Marburg and Schwabach articles, it was mainly the work of Melanchthon; although it was commonly thought of as a unified statement of doctrine by the two reformers, Luther did not conceal his dissatisfaction with its irenic tone. Indeed, some would criticize Melanchthon's conduct at the Diet as unbecoming of the principle he promoted, implying that faith in the truth of his cause should logically have inspired Melanchthon to a firmer and more dignified posture.[citation needed] Others point out that he had not sought the part of a political leader, suggesting that he seemed to lack the requisite energy and decision for such a role and may simply have been a lackluster judge of human nature.[citation needed]Melanchthon represented Luther at the conference, as Luther was barred from attending. Charles V had called the Diet of Augsburg in order to unite religious groups in the face of a potential war with the Ottoman Empire. However, despite all efforts and attempts at compromise, there was no reconciliation between Catholics and Lutherans.[16]After the confession was discussed and official response, the Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession was produced. Melanchthon wrote a reply to this which became known as the Apology of the Augsburg Confession.Melanchthon then settled into the comparative quiet of his academic and literary labours. His most important theological work of this period was the Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos (Wittenberg, 1532), noteworthy for introducing the idea that \"to be justified\" means \"to be accounted just\", whereas the Apology had placed side by side the meanings of \"to be made just\" and \"to be accounted just\".[citation needed] Melanchthon's increasing fame gave occasion for prestigious invitations to Tübingen (September 1534), France, and England but consideration of the elector[citation needed] caused him to refuse them.In 1540, he produced a revised edition, the Variata, which was signed by John Calvin. The main difference is in the treatment of transubstantiation in the Lord's Supper. Many Lutheran churches specify that they subscribe to the \"Unaltered Augsburg Confession\", as opposed to the Variata.","title":"Augsburg Confession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bucer"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_Concord"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"patristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patristic"},{"link_name":"Johannes Oecolampadius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910280-20"},{"link_name":"Cordatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordatus_(preacher)"},{"link_name":"preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher"},{"link_name":"Niemeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemeck"},{"link_name":"Synergism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergism_(theology)"},{"link_name":"Antinomian Controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianism#First_antinomian_controversy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910280-20"}],"text":"Melanchthon played an important role in discussions concerning the Lord's Supper which began in 1531.[citation needed] He approved of Bucer's Wittenberg Concord and discussed the question with Bucer in Kassel in 1534.[citation needed] He worked for an agreement on this question, as his patristic studies and the Dialogue (1530) of Johannes Oecolampadius had made him doubt the correctness of Luther's doctrine.[citation needed]Zwingli's death and the change of the political situation changed his earlier stance in regard to a union. Bucer did not go so far as to believe with Luther that the true body of Christ in the Lord's Supper is bitten by the teeth, but admitted the offering of the body and blood in the symbols of bread and wine. Melanchthon discussed Bucer's views with Luther's adherent, but Luther himself would not agree to a veiling of the dispute.[citation needed]Melanchthon's relationship with Luther was not changed by his mediation work, although for a time Luther suspected that Melanchthon was \"almost of the opinion of Zwingli\".[17]During his time in Tübingen in 1536 Melanchthon was heavily criticised by Cordatus, preacher in Niemeck, as he had taught that works are necessary for salvation. In the second edition of his Loci (1535), he abandoned his earlier strict doctrine of determinism and instead taught what he called Synergism. He repudiated Cordatus' criticism in a letter to Luther and his other colleagues, stating that he had never departed from their common teachings on this subject and in the Antinomian Controversy of 1537 Melanchthon was in harmony with Luther.[17]","title":"Controversies in the 1530s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_and-or_Workshop_-_Portrait_of_Philip_Melanchton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adiaphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Interim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Interim"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Interim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Interim"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"adiaphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910281-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gnesio-Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans"},{"link_name":"Matthias Flacius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Flacius"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"apostasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910281-21"},{"link_name":"Andreas Osiander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Osiander"},{"link_name":"Stancaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Stancaro"},{"link_name":"justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910281-21"}],"text":"Portrait of Philip Melanchthon, 1537, by Lucas Cranach the ElderMelanchthon faced controversies over the Interims and the Adiaphora (1547). He rejected the Augsburg Interim, which the emperor wished to impose.[citation needed] During negotiations concerning the Leipzig Interim he made controversial concessions.[citation needed] In agreeing to various Catholic usages, Melanchthon held the opinion that they are adiaphora, if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which Jesus instituted.[citation needed] However he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions.[18]Melanchthon later regretted his actions.[citation needed]After Luther's death he became seen by many as the \"theological leader of the German Reformation\"[19] although the Gnesio-Lutherans led by Matthias Flacius accused him and his followers of heresy and apostasy. Melanchthon bore the accusations with patience, dignity, and self-control.[18]In his controversy on justification with Andreas Osiander Melanchthon satisfied all parties. He took part also in a controversy with Stancaro, who held that Christ was our justification only according to his human nature.[18]","title":"Controversies in the 1540s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melanchton's house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Confessio Saxonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confessio_Saxonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Maurice of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Peace of Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910281-21"},{"link_name":"Georg Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Major"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910281-21"},{"link_name":"Zwinglianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwinglianism"},{"link_name":"Colloquy of Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)"},{"link_name":"synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910281-21"},{"link_name":"Calvinistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"mastication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastication"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910281%E2%80%93282-23"}],"text":"Melanchton's house in WittenbergIn 1552 the Elector of Saxony declared himself ready to send deputies to a council to be convened at Trent, but only under the condition that the Protestants should have a share in the discussions, and that the Pope should not be considered as the presiding officer and judge. This declaration was partly due to advice from Melanchthon. As it was agreed upon to send a confession to Trent, Melanchthon drew up the Confessio Saxonica, a repetition of the Augsburg Confession, discussing in greater detail the points of controversy with Rome. On his way to Trent at Dresden in March 1552, he saw the military preparations of Maurice of Saxony, and after reaching Nuremberg, he returned to Wittenberg, as Maurice had turned against the emperor. After his return, the condition of the Protestants became more favourable and were still more so at the Peace of Augsburg (1555). However Melanchthon's difficulties increased from that time.[18]The last years of his life were embittered by disputes over the Interim and the freshly started controversy on the Lord's Supper. As the statement \"good works are necessary for salvation\" appeared in the Leipzig Interim, in 1551 its Lutheran opponents attacked Georg Major, Melanchthon's friend and disciple. Melanchthon dropped the formula altogether, seeing how easily it could be misunderstood.[18]His opponents continued to go against him, accusing him of synergism and Zwinglianism. At the Colloquy of Worms in 1557 which he had reluctantly attended, the adherents of Flacius and the Saxon theologians tried to humiliate him as a heretic. Melanchthon persevered in his efforts for the peace of the church, suggesting a synod of the Evangelical party and drawing up the Frankfurt Recess, which he defended later against attacks.[18]The controversies on the Lord's Supper embittered the last years of his life. The renewal of this dispute was due to the growing acceptance of Calvinistic doctrine and its influence upon Germany. He never agreed with this, and the personal presence and self-impartation of Christ in the Lord's Supper were especially important for him, although he did not definitely state how body and blood are related to this. Although rejecting the physical act of mastication, he nevertheless assumed the real presence of the body of Christ and therefore also a real self-impartation. He also differed from Calvin in emphasizing the relation of the Lord's Supper to justification.[20]","title":"Controversies in the 1550s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A4umer1992424-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A4umer1992425-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A4umer1992425-25"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Council of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Basel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeal200725-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A4umer1992424-24"},{"link_name":"Magnificat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificat"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A4umer1992424-24"}],"text":"Melanchthon viewed any veneration of saints rather critically but he developed positive commentaries about Mary.In his Annotations in Evangelia, he wrote a study on Luke 2:52, and discussed Mary's faith. He noted that \"she kept all things in her heart\" which to him was a call to the church to follow her example.[21][22] He believed that Mary was negligent when she lost her son in the temple, but she did not sin.[22] He also believed that Mary was conceived with original sin like every other human being, but she was spared the consequences of it. As such, he opposed the feast of the Immaculate Conception, which at the time, was not dogma, but was celebrated in several cities and had been approved at the Council of Basel in 1439.[23] He declared that the Immaculate Conception was an invention of monks.[21] He saw Mary as a representation (Typus) of the church and believed that in the Magnificat, Mary spoke for the whole church. Standing under the cross, Mary suffered like no other human being; as such, he believed that Christians have to unite with her under the cross, in order to become Christ-like.[21]","title":"Views on the Virgin Mary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Greek mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematics"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"eclipses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilleskov_Jansen1991107%E2%80%93108-27"},{"link_name":"Tetrabiblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabiblos"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilen201070-28"},{"link_name":"Natural philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Providence"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKusukawa1995185%E2%80%93186-29"},{"link_name":"University of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKusukawa1999xxxiii-30"}],"text":"In lecturing on the Librorum de judiciis astrologicis of Ptolemy in 1535–1536, Melanchthon expressed to students his interest in Greek mathematics, astronomy and astrology. He considered that a purposeful God had reasons to exhibit comets and eclipses.[24] He was the first to print a paraphrased edition of Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos in Basel, 1554.[25] Natural philosophy, in his view, was directly linked to Providence, a point of view that was influential in curriculum change after the Protestant Reformation in Germany.[26] In the period 1536-1539 he was involved in three academic innovations: the refoundation of Wittenberg along Protestant lines, the reorganization at Tübingen, and the foundation of the University of Leipzig.[27]","title":"Views on natural philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_room_in_which_Melanchthon_died,_Melanchthon%27s_house._Wittenberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolb2012142-32"},{"link_name":"Schloßkirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282-31"},{"link_name":"Caspar Peucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Peucer"},{"link_name":"Calendar of Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church_-_Missouri_Synod"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The room in which Melanchthon died, Melanchthon's house. WittenbergBefore these theological dissensions were settled, Melanchthon died. Only a few days before his death, he had written a note which gave his reasons for not fearing death. On the left hand side of the note were the words, \"You will be delivered from sins, and be freed from the acrimony and fury of theologians\"; on the right, \"You will go to the light, see God, look upon his Son, learn those wonderful mysteries which you have not been able to understand in this life.\" The immediate cause of death was a severe cold which he had contracted on a journey to Leipzig in March 1560, followed by a fever that consumed his strength, although his body had already been weakened.[28] He was pronounced dead on 19 April 1560.[29] His body was buried beside Luther's in the Schloßkirche in Wittenberg.[28]In Melanchthon's last moments, he continued to worry over the desolate condition of the church. He prayed continually and listened to passages of Scripture. The words of John 1:11-12 were especially significant to him - \"His own received him not; but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God.\" When Caspar Peucer, his son-in-law, asked him if he wanted anything, he replied, \"Nothing but heaven.\"He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod on 16 February, his birthday, and in the calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 25 June, the date of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession.[citation needed]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melanchthon_with_Luther_behind,_by_Schadow,_Melanchthon_House_Museum,_Wittenberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johann Gottfried Schadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schadow"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282-31"},{"link_name":"Elijah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Kolosserkommentar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolosserkommentar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910282%E2%80%9383-33"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with Luther","text":"Melanchthon with Luther behind, by Johann Gottfried Schadow, Melanchthon House Museum, WittenbergMelanchthon's importance for the Reformation lay essentially in the fact that he systematized Luther's ideas, defended them in public, and made them the basis of a religious education. These two figures, by complementing each other, could be said to have harmoniously achieved the results of the Reformation. Melanchthon was impelled by Luther to work for the Reformation; his own inclinations would have kept him in academia. Without Luther's influence he could have been \"a second Erasmus\", although he had a deep religious interest in the Reformation. While Luther scattered the sparks among the people, Melanchthon had the sympathy of educated people and scholars. Both Luther's strength of faith and Melanchthon's calmness, temperance and love of peace, had a share in the success of the movement.[28]Both were aware of their mutual position and they thought of it as a “divine necessity”. Melanchthon wrote in 1520, \"I would rather die than be separated from Luther\", whom he also compared to Elijah, and called him \"the man full of the Holy Ghost\". In spite of the strained relations between them in the last years of Luther's life, Melanchthon said at Luther's death, \"Dead is the horseman and chariot of Israel who ruled the church in this last age of the world!\"[28]Portrait of Philip Melanchthon by Lucas Cranach the Younger, c. 1562In the preface to Melanchthon's Kolosserkommentar (1529), Luther wrote, \"I had to fight with rabble and devils, for which reason my books are very warlike. I am the rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master Philip comes along softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has richly endowed him with gifts.\" Luther also praised Melanchthon's revised Loci and called him \"a divine instrument which has achieved the very best in the department of theology to the great rage of the devil and his scabby tribe.\" Luther never spoke directly against Melanchthon.[28] However often he was dissatisfied with Melanchthon's actions, he never uttered a word against his private character, although Melanchthon sometimes evinced a lack of confidence in Luther.[28] In a letter to Carlowitz, before the Diet of Augsburg, he protested that Luther, with his hot-headed nature, exercised a personally humiliating pressure upon him.The distinction between Luther and Melanchthon is well brought out in Luther's letters to the latter (June 1530):[28]To your great anxiety by which you are made weak, I am a cordial foe; for the cause is not ours. It is your philosophy, and not your theology, which tortures you so, - as though you could accomplish anything by your useless anxieties. So far as the public cause is concerned, I am well content and satisfied; for I know that it is right and true, and, what is more, it is the cause of Christ and God himself. For that reason, I am merely a spectator. If we fall, Christ will likewise fall; and if he fall, I would rather fall with Christ than stand with the emperor.[30]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philipp_Melanchthon_-_Helsinki_Lutheran_Cathedral_-_DSC05396.JPG"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Helsinki, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhilippMelanchthonWin.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_German_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Greek Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Fathers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283-34"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"consistories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283-34"}],"sub_title":"His work as reformer","text":"The statue of Melanchthon at the Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral in Helsinki, FinlandAs a reformer, Melanchthon's work was characterized by moderation, conscientiousness, caution, and love of peace; however these qualities were sometimes said to only be lack of decision, consistence, and courage. His main priority was for the welfare of the community and for the quiet development of the church.The Melanchthon window attributed to the Quaker City Stained Glass Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South CarolinaMelanchthon had an innate aversion to quarrels and discord; yet, often he was very irritable. His irenical character often led him to adapt himself to the views of others, as may be seen from his correspondence with Erasmus and from his public attitude from the Diet of Augsburg to the Interim. It was said not to be merely a personal desire for peace, but his conservative religious nature that guided him in his acts of conciliation. He never could forget that his father on his death-bed had besought his family \"never to leave the church.\" He stood toward the history of the church in an attitude of piety and reverence that made it much more difficult for him than for Luther to be content with the thought of the impossibility of a reconciliation with the Catholic Church. He laid stress upon the authority of the Church Fathers, not only of Augustine, but also of the Greek Fathers.[31]His attitude in matters of worship was conservative, and in the Leipsic Interim he was said by Cordatus and Schenk even to be Crypto-Catholic. He did not look for a reconciliation with Catholicism at the price of pure doctrine. He attributed more value to the external appearance and organization of the Church than Luther did, as can be seen from his treatment of the \"doctrine of the church\". The ideal conception of the church, which he expressed in Loci in 1535, later lost its prominence when he began to emphasize the conception of the true visible church as it may be found among the Protestants.He believed that the relation of the church to God was that the church held the divine office of the ministry of the Gospel. The universal priesthood was for Melanchthon as for Luther no principle of an ecclesiastical constitution, but a purely religious principle. In accordance with this idea he tried to keep the traditional church constitution and government, including the bishops. He did not want, however, a church altogether independent of the state, but rather, in agreement with Luther, he believed it the duty of the secular authorities to protect religion and the church. He looked upon the consistories as ecclesiastical courts which therefore should be composed of spiritual and secular judges, as he believed that the official authority of the church did not lie in a special class of priests, but rather in the whole congregation, to be represented therefore not only by ecclesiastics, but also by laymen. In advocating church union he did not overlook differences in doctrine for the sake of common practical tasks.[31]The older he grew, the less he distinguished between the Gospel as the announcement of the will of God, and right doctrine as the human knowledge of it. He took pains to safeguard unity in doctrine by theological formulas of union, but these were made as broad as possible and were restricted to the needs of practical religion.[31]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melanchthon_Unterricht_der_Visitatorn_1539_detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Christian humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_humanism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEby1931-35"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"As scholar","text":"Detail from Unterricht der Visitatorn, an die Pfarherrn in Hertzog Heinrichs zu Sachsen Fürstenthum, Gleicher form der Visitation im Kurfürstenthum gestellet, woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Younger, Wittenberg, 1539As a scholar Melanchthon embodied the spiritual culture of his age. His writing was simple and clear; his manuals, even if they were not always original, were quickly introduced into schools and kept their place for more than a century. For him, knowledge existed only for the service of moral and religious education, and so the teacher of Germany prepared the way for the religious thoughts of the Reformation. He was an important figure in the movement known as Christian humanism, which exerted a lasting influence upon scientific life in Germany.[31]Melanchthon wrote many treatises on education and learning that present some of his views on the basis, method, and goal of reformed education. In his \"Book of Visitation\", Melanchthon outlines a school plan that recommends schools to teach Latin only. He suggests children should be broken up into three distinct groups: children who are learning to read, children who know how to read and are ready to learn grammar, and children who are well-trained in grammar and syntax.[32] Melanchthon also believed that the disciplinary system of the classical \"seven liberal arts\", and the sciences studied in the higher faculties could not encompass the new revolutionary discoveries of the age in terms of either content or method. He expanded the traditional categorization of science in several directions, incorporating not only history, geography and poetry but also the new natural sciences in his system of scholarly disciplines.[citation needed]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_humanism"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283-34"},{"link_name":"free will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_grace"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910283%E2%80%93284-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"}],"sub_title":"As theologian","text":"As a theologian, his strength lay in collecting and systematizing the ideas of others, especially of Luther, for the purpose of instruction. He kept to the practical, and did not look at the connection of the parts, and his Loci were in the form of isolated paragraphs. His humanistic mode of thought formed the basis of his theology so that he acknowledged moral and religious truths outside of Christianity, and brought Christian truth into closer contact with them, to mediate between Christian revelation and ancient philosophy.[31]Melanchthon's views differed from Luther's only in some modifications of ideas. Melanchthon looked upon the law as not only the correlate of the Gospel, but as the unchangeable order of the spiritual world with its basis in God himself. He distilled Luther's view of redemption to that of legal satisfaction. He did not focus on the mysticism running through Luther's theology, but emphasized the ethical and intellectual elements.[31]After giving up determinism and absolute predestination and ascribing a certain moral freedom to humanity, he tried to ascertain the share of free will in conversion, naming three causes as concurring in the work of conversion - the Word, the Spirit, and the human will, which was not passive, but resisting its own weakness. After 1548 he used Erasmus' definition of freedom, \"the capability of applying oneself to grace.\"[31]In dividing faith into knowledge, assent, and trust, he made the participation of the heart subsequent to that of the intellect, which gave rise to the view of the later orthodoxy that the establishment and acceptation of pure doctrine should precede the personal attitude of faith. His conception of faith corresponded with his view that the Church is the communion of those who adhere to the true belief and that her visible existence depends upon the consent of her unregenerated members to her teachings.[33]Melanchthon's doctrine of the Lord's Supper lacked the mysticism of faith by which Luther united the sensual elements and supersensual realities. It did however demand their formal distinction.[34]The development of Melanchthon's beliefs may be seen from the history of the Loci. Originally he intended a development of the leading ideas representing the Evangelical conception of salvation, while the later editions approached a plan of a text-book of dogma. At first he insisted on the necessity of every event, rejected the philosophy of Aristotle, and had not fully developed his doctrine of the sacraments. In 1535 he treated for the first time the doctrine of God and that of the Trinity; he rejected the doctrine of the necessity of every event and named free will as a concurring cause in conversion. The doctrine of justification received its forensic form and the necessity of good works was emphasized in the interest of moral discipline. The last editions are distinguished from the earlier ones by the prominence given to the theoretical and rational element.[34]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"De officiis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_officiis"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"},{"link_name":"reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason"},{"link_name":"endowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)#Natural_endowment"},{"link_name":"virtuous pagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuous_pagan"},{"link_name":"Original Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Sin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngier2019161-38"},{"link_name":"sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crest_of_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg"},{"link_name":"bronze serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehushtan"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"}],"sub_title":"As moralist","text":"In ethics he preserved and renewed the tradition of ancient morality and represented the Protestant conception of life. His books on morals were chiefly drawn from the classics, and were influenced not so much by Aristotle as by Cicero. His principal works in this line were Prolegomena to Cicero's De officiis (1525); Enarrationes librorum Ethicorum Aristotelis (1529); Epitome philosophiae moralis (1538); and Ethicae doctrinae elementa (1550).[34]In his Epitome philosophiae moralis he considers the relation of philosophy to the law of God and the Gospel. Moral principles are knowable in the light of reason. Melanchthon calls these the law of God, and being endowed in human nature by God, so also the law of nature. The virtuous pagans had not yet developed the ideas of Original Sin and the Fall, or the fallen aspect of human nature itself, and so could not articulate or explain why humans did not always act virtuously. If virtue was the true law of human nature (having been put there by God himself) than the light of reason could only be darkened by sin.[35] The revealed law, necessitated because of sin, is distinguished from natural law only by its greater completeness and clearness. The fundamental order of moral life can be grasped also by reason; therefore the development of moral philosophy from natural principles must not be neglected. Melanchthon therefore made no sharp distinction between natural and revealed morals.[34]His contribution to Christian ethics in the proper sense can be seen in the Augsburg Confession and its Apology as well as in his Loci, where he followed Luther in depicting the Protestant ideal of life, the free realization of the divine law by a personality blessed in faith and filled with the spirit of God.[34]Crest of Philip Melanchthon, featuring the bronze serpent of Moses","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hermeneutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics"},{"link_name":"dialectician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Proverbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"Colossians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossians"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"Maccabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"}],"sub_title":"As exegete","text":"Melanchthon's formulation of the authority of Scripture became the norm for some time. The principle of his hermeneutics is expressed in his words: \"Every theologian and faithful interpreter of the heavenly doctrine must necessarily be first a grammarian, then a dialectician, and finally a witness.\" By \"grammarian\" he meant the philologist who is master of history, archaeology, and ancient geography. For the method of interpretation, he insisted on the unity of the sense and upon the literal sense in contrast to the four senses of the scholastics. He further stated that whatever is looked for in the words of Scripture, outside of the literal sense, is only dogmatic or practical application.[34]His commentaries are full of theological and practical matter, confirming the doctrines of the Reformation. The most important are those on Genesis, Proverbs, Daniel, the Psalms, Romans (edited in 1522 against his will by Luther), Colossians (1527), and John (1523). Melanchthon worked with Luther in his translation of the Bible, and both the books of the Maccabees in Luther's Bible are ascribed to him. A Latin Bible published in 1529 at Wittenberg is designated as a joint work of Melanchthon and Luther.[34]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melanchton_dli_0613700392.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melanchthonstube-WB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"church history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_history"},{"link_name":"political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"95 Theses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_Theses"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284-37"}],"sub_title":"As historian and preacher","text":"Anonymous Netherlands, Portrait of Melanchthon, early 18th century, engraving and etchingMelanchthon's room in WittenbergMelanchthon's influence in historical theology was felt until the seventeenth century, especially in the method of treating church history in connection with political history. His was the first Protestant attempt at a history of dogma with both Sententiae veterum aliquot patrum de caena domini (1530) and De ecclesia et auctoritate verbi Dei (1539).[34]Melanchthon exerted a wide influence in homiletics, and has been regarded in the Protestant church as the author of the methodical style of preaching. He stayed aloof from dogmatizing or rhetoric in the Annotationes in Evangelia (1544), the Conciones in Evangelium Matthaei (1558), and in his German sermons prepared for George of Anhalt. He never preached from the pulpit and his Latin sermons (Postilla) were prepared for the Hungarian students at Wittenberg who did not understand German.In 1548 he published the History of the Life and Acts of Luther. In this book, he includes the image of Luther nailing the 95 Theses to the Door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. However, he had not met Luther at this time and Luther himself never mentioned this event.[36]Melanchthon also produced the first Protestant work on the method of theological study, as well as his Catechesis puerilis (1532), a religious manual for younger students, and a German catechism (1549).[34]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melanchthon Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanchthon_Circle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philipp-Melanchton_Kopf_Lessing-Gymnasium-Frankfurt_LWS2962.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lessing-Gymnasium (Frankfurt)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessing-Gymnasium_(Frankfurt)"},{"link_name":"Reuchlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin"},{"link_name":"Jakob Wimpfeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Wimpfeling"},{"link_name":"Rodolphus Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphus_Agricola"},{"link_name":"ethical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"grammars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"},{"link_name":"Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910284%E2%80%9385-40"},{"link_name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910285-41"},{"link_name":"syllogism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910285-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910285-41"}],"sub_title":"As professor and philosopher","text":"Further information: Melanchthon CircleHead of Melanchton statue at Lessing-Gymnasium (Frankfurt), whose founder had been influenced by personal contacts with MelanchtonAs a philologist and pedagogue Melanchthon was the spiritual heir of the South German Humanists, such as Reuchlin, Jakob Wimpfeling, and Rodolphus Agricola, who represented an ethical conception of the humanities. He saw the liberal arts and a classical education as paths, not only towards natural and ethical philosophy, but also towards divine philosophy. The ancient classics were seen as the sources of a purer knowledge, and also the best means of educating the youth both by their beauty of form and by their ethical content. By his activity in educational institutions and his compilations of Latin and Greek grammars and commentaries, he became the founder of the learned schools of Evangelical Germany, using a combination of humanistic and Christian ideals. The influence of his philosophical compendia ended only with the rule of the Leibniz–Wolff school.[37]He came to Wittenberg with the plan of editing the complete works of Aristotle and he edited the Rhetoric (1519) and the Dialectic (1520).[38]He believed that the relation of philosophy to theology is characterized by the distinction between Law and Gospel. The former, as a light of nature, is innate; it also contains the elements of the natural knowledge of God which, however, have been obscured and weakened by sin. Therefore, renewed promulgation of the Law by revelation became necessary and was furnished in the Decalogue; and all law, including that in the form of natural philosophy, contains only demands, shadowings; its fulfillment is given only in the Gospel, the object of certainty in theology, by which also the philosophical elements of knowledge - experience, principles of reason, and syllogism - receive only their final confirmation. As the law is a divinely ordered pedagogue that leads to Christ, philosophy, its interpreter, is subject to revealed truth as the principal standard of opinions and life.[38]He published De dialecta libri iv (1528), Erotemata dialectices (1547), Liber de anima (1540), Initia doctrinae physicae (1549), and Ethicae doctrinae elementa (1550).[38]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910285-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910285-41"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910285-41"},{"link_name":"Joachim Camerarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Camerarius"},{"link_name":"Flacius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Flacius"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirn1910285-41"}],"sub_title":"Personal appearance and character","text":"Engraving of Melanchthon in 1526 by Albrecht Dürer captioned, \"Dürer was able to draw the living Philip's face, but the learned hand could not paint his spirit\" (translated from Latin)There have been preserved original portraits of Melanchthon by three famous painters of his time - Hans Holbein the Younger with one version in the Royal Gallery of Hanover, Albrecht Dürer and Lucas Cranach the Elder.[38] Melanchthon was described as being dwarfish, misshapen, and physically weak,[39] although he is said to have had a bright and sparkling eye, which kept its colour till the day of his death.[38]He did not value money and possessions; his hospitality was often misused in such a way that his Swabian servant sometimes had difficulty in managing the household. His domestic life was happy. He called his home \"a little church of God\", always found peace there, and showed a tender solicitude for his wife and children. A French scholar once found him rocking the cradle with one hand, and holding a book in the other.[38]His closest friend was Joachim Camerarius, whom he called the half of his soul. His extensive correspondence forms a commentary on his life. He wrote speeches and scientific treatises for others, permitting them to use their own signatures. He acknowledged his faults even to opponents like Flacius, and was open to criticism. He laid great stress upon prayer, daily meditation on the Bible, and attendance of public service.[38]","title":"Estimation of his works and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"/məˈlæŋkθən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"mə-LANK-thən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[meˈlançtɔn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/De-melanchton-p.ogg/De-melanchton-p.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-melanchton-p.ogg"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[ˈʃvaʁtsʔeːɐ̯t]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/De-schwartzerdt-p.ogg/De-schwartzerdt-p.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-schwartzerdt-p.ogg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Chemnitz 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChemnitz2004"}],"text":"^ /məˈlæŋkθən/ mə-LANK-thən, German pronunciation: [meˈlançtɔn] ⓘ; Latin: Philippus Melanchthon.\n\n^ German pronunciation: [ˈʃvaʁtsʔeːɐ̯t] ⓘ.\n\n^ For an example of this from Chemnitz, see Chemnitz 2004, which is excerpted from his Loci Theologici.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-8260-010-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8260-010-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-88981-282-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88981-282-7"},{"link_name":"\"Melanchthon, Philipp\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=m&word=MELANCHTHON.PHILIPP"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-498-1575-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-498-1575-7"},{"link_name":"\"Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400–1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/britishrhetorici0236unse/page/309"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Literary Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography"},{"link_name":"309–343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/britishrhetorici0236unse/page/309"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7876-4653-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4653-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3170941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3170941"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0009-6407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3170941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3170941"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162335827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162335827"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8233-6340-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-6340-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-958948-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958948-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-525-55006-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55006-9"},{"link_name":"Steinmetz, David C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steinmetz_(historian)"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bagc"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bagc/page/n67"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/CCOL0521772249.007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521772249.007"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-77662-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77662-2"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10138/41764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10138%2F41764"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-952-10-9447-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-9447-7"},{"link_name":"The Life of Philip 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Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Keen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7190-6802-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6802-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"905626473","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/905626473"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0024-7499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-7499"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195064933.001.0001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-506493-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506493-3"},{"link_name":"Smith, Preserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserved_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Life and Letters of Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeandlettersm00smitgoog"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11015608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/11015608"},{"link_name":"Sotheby, Samuel Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Leigh_Sotheby"},{"link_name":"Observations upon the Handwriting of Philip Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_xPFJAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13625108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13625108"},{"link_name":"Servetus, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Servetus"},{"link_name":"Hillar, Marian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Hillar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4955-0336-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4955-0336-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-227-17244-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17244-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-511529-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511529-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85075-684-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-684-2"}],"text":"Andreatta, Eugenio (1996). Lutero e Aristotele (in Italian). Padova, Italy: Cusl Nuova Vita. ISBN 978-88-8260-010-5.\nBirnstein, Uwe (2010). Der Humanist: Was Philipp Melanchthon Europa lehrte (in German). Berlin: Wichern-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88981-282-7.\nCaemmerer, Richard R. (2000). \"Melanchthon, Philipp\". In Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul (eds.). Christian Cyclopedia. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod.\nCuttini, Elisa (2005). Unità e pluralità nella tradizione europea della filosofia pratica di Aristotele: Girolamo Savonarola, Pietro Pomponazzi e Filippo Melantone (in Italian). Soveria Mannelli, Italy: Rubbettino. ISBN 978-88-498-1575-7.\nDeCoursey, Matthew (2001). \"Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400–1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England\". In Malone, Edward A. (ed.). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 236: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500-1660, First Series. Detroit, Michigan: Gale. pp. 309–343. ISBN 978-0-7876-4653-0.\nEstes, James M. (1998). \"The Role of Godly Magistrates in the Church: Melanchthon as Luther's Interpreter and Collaborator\". Church History. 67 (3). Cambridge University Press: 463–483. doi:10.2307/3170941. ISSN 0009-6407. JSTOR 3170941. S2CID 162335827.\nFuchs, Thorsten (2008). Philipp Melanchthon als neulateinischer Dichter in der Zeit der Reformation (in German). Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr. ISBN 978-3-8233-6340-8.\nGraybill, Gregory B. (2010). Evangelical Free Will: Philipp Melanchthon's Doctrinal Journey on the Origins of Faith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958948-7.\nJung, Martin H. (2010). Philipp Melanchthon und seine Zeit (in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-55006-9.\nKusukawa, Sachiko (2004). \"Melanchthon\". In Bagchi, David; Steinmetz, David C. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–67. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521772249.007. ISBN 978-0-521-77662-2.\nLaitakari-Pyykkö, Anja-Leena (2013). Philip Melanchthon's Influence on English Theological Thought During the Early English Reformation (PhD dissertation). Helsinki: University of Helsinki. hdl:10138/41764. ISBN 978-952-10-9447-7.\nLedderhose, Karl Friedrich (1855). The Life of Philip Melanchthon. Translated by Krotel, G. F. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston (published 2012). LCCN 22011423. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Project Gutenburg.\nMaag, Karin, ed. (1999). Melanchthon in Europe: His Work and Influence beyond Wittenberg. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-8010-2223-4.\nMack, Peter (2011). \"Northern Europe, 1519-1545: The Age of Melanchthon\". A History of Renaissance Rhetoric, 1380–1620. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 104–135. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199597284.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-959728-4.\nManschreck, Clyde L. (1958). Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer. New York: Abingdon Press.\nMeerhoff, Kees (1994). \"The Significance of Philip Melanchthon's Rhetoric in the Renaissance\". In Mack, Peter (ed.). Renaissance Rhetoric. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 46–62. ISBN 978-0-312-10184-8.\nMelanchthon, Philip (1969). \"Loci Communes Theologici\". In Pauck, Wilhelm (ed.). Melanchthon and Bucer. Library of Christian Classics. Translated by Satre, Lowell J.; Pauck, Wilhelm. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. pp. 18–152. ISBN 978-0-664-24164-3.\n ——— (2002). \"History of the Life and Acts of Dr Martin Luther\". In Vandiver, Elizabeth; Keen, Ralph; Frazel, Thomas D. (eds.). Luther's Lives: Two Contemporary Accounts of Martin Luther. Translated by Frazel, Thomas D. Manchester: Manchester University Press (published 2003). pp. 14–39. ISBN 978-0-7190-6802-7.\nRogness, Michael (1969). Philip Melanchthon: Reformer without Honor. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Publishing House. OCLC 905626473.\nScheible, Heinz (1990). \"Luther and Melanchthon\". Lutheran Quarterly. 4 (3): 317–339. ISSN 0024-7499.\n ——— (1996). \"Melanchthon, Philipp\". In Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-506493-3.\nSmith, Preserved (1911). The Life and Letters of Martin Luther. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. LCCN 11015608. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Internet Archive.\nSotheby, Samuel Leigh (1839). Observations upon the Handwriting of Philip Melanchthon. London. OCLC 13625108. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Internet Archive.\nServetus, Michael (2015) [1553]. Regarding the Mystery of the Trinity and the Teaching of the Ancients to Philip Melanchthon and his Colleagues. Translated by Hillar, Marian; Hoffman, Christopher A. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-1-4955-0336-8.\nStupperich, Robert (2006) [1965]. Melanchthon: The Enigma of the Reformation. Translated by Fischer, Robert H. Cambridge, England: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-227-17244-5.\nWengert, Timothy J. (1998). Human Freedom, Christian Righteousness: Philip Melanchthon's Exegetical Dispute with Erasmus of Rotterdam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511529-1.\nWengert, Timothy J.; Graham, M. Patrick, eds. (1997). Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) and the Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-684-2.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Melanchthon and Luther with Christ crucified in the middle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Luther-melanch-kreuzkirche-bretten.jpg/310px-Luther-melanch-kreuzkirche-bretten.jpg"},{"image_text":"Loci Communes, 1552 edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Loci-communes.jpg/220px-Loci-communes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1530-1535","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Philipp_Melanchthon_%28Lower_Saxony_State_Museum%29.JPG/220px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Philipp_Melanchthon_%28Lower_Saxony_State_Museum%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Philip Melanchthon, 1537, by Lucas Cranach the Elder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_and-or_Workshop_-_Portrait_of_Philip_Melanchton.jpg/170px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_and-or_Workshop_-_Portrait_of_Philip_Melanchton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melanchton's house in Wittenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo10.jpg/170px-Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo10.jpg"},{"image_text":"The room in which Melanchthon died, Melanchthon's house. Wittenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_room_in_which_Melanchthon_died%2C_Melanchthon%27s_house._Wittenberg.jpg/170px-The_room_in_which_Melanchthon_died%2C_Melanchthon%27s_house._Wittenberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melanchthon with Luther behind, by Johann Gottfried Schadow, Melanchthon House Museum, Wittenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Melanchthon_with_Luther_behind%2C_by_Schadow%2C_Melanchthon_House_Museum%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/220px-Melanchthon_with_Luther_behind%2C_by_Schadow%2C_Melanchthon_House_Museum%2C_Wittenberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Philip Melanchthon by Lucas Cranach the Younger, c. 1562","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg"},{"image_text":"The statue of Melanchthon at the Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral in Helsinki, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philipp_Melanchthon_-_Helsinki_Lutheran_Cathedral_-_DSC05396.JPG/180px-Philipp_Melanchthon_-_Helsinki_Lutheran_Cathedral_-_DSC05396.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Melanchthon window attributed to the Quaker City Stained Glass Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PhilippMelanchthonWin.jpg/180px-PhilippMelanchthonWin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail from Unterricht der Visitatorn, an die Pfarherrn in Hertzog Heinrichs zu Sachsen Fürstenthum, Gleicher form der Visitation im Kurfürstenthum gestellet, woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Younger, Wittenberg, 1539","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Melanchthon_Unterricht_der_Visitatorn_1539_detail.jpg/220px-Melanchthon_Unterricht_der_Visitatorn_1539_detail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crest of Philip Melanchthon, featuring the bronze serpent of Moses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crest_of_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg/170px-Crest_of_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anonymous Netherlands, Portrait of Melanchthon, early 18th century, engraving and etching","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Melanchton_dli_0613700392.jpg/170px-Melanchton_dli_0613700392.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melanchthon's room in Wittenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Melanchthonstube-WB.jpg/220px-Melanchthonstube-WB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Head of Melanchton statue at Lessing-Gymnasium (Frankfurt), whose founder had been influenced by personal contacts with Melanchton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Philipp-Melanchton_Kopf_Lessing-Gymnasium-Frankfurt_LWS2962.JPG/170px-Philipp-Melanchton_Kopf_Lessing-Gymnasium-Frankfurt_LWS2962.JPG"},{"image_text":"Engraving of Melanchthon in 1526 by Albrecht Dürer captioned, \"Dürer was able to draw the living Philip's face, but the learned hand could not paint his spirit\" (translated from Latin)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg/220px-ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Dimitrije Ljubavić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljubavi%C4%87"},{"title":"Gottlob Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege"},{"title":"List of Erasmus's correspondents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Erasmus%27s_correspondents"},{"title":"Lotharian legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharian_legend"},{"title":"Philippists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippists"},{"title":"Ubiquitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitarians"}]	[{"reference":"Wyk, Van; (Natie), Ignatius W. C. (2017). \"Philipp Melanchthon: A short introduction\". HTS Theological Studies. 73 (1): 1–8. doi:10.4102/hts.v73i1.4672. hdl:2263/62958. ISSN 0259-9422.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v73i1.4672","url_text":"\"Philipp Melanchthon: A short introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v73i1.4672","url_text":"10.4102/hts.v73i1.4672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F62958","url_text":"2263/62958"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0259-9422","url_text":"0259-9422"}]},{"reference":"Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase. ISBN 978-0-8160-6983-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&pg=PA370","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Protestantism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6983-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-6983-5"}]},{"reference":"Wengert, Timothy J. (24 October 2012). Philip Melanchthon's Last Word to Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, Papal Legate at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 79–103. doi:10.13109/9783666550478.79. ISBN 978-3-525-55047-2 – via CrossRef.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/10.13109/9783666550478.79","url_text":"Philip Melanchthon's Last Word to Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, Papal Legate at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666550478.79","url_text":"10.13109/9783666550478.79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55047-2","url_text":"978-3-525-55047-2"}]},{"reference":"\"World History website\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/philip_melanchton","url_text":"\"World History website\""}]},{"reference":"Tondo, Douglas J. Del (February 2008). Jesus' Words on Salvation. Infinity. ISBN 978-0-7414-4357-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4V8tMJ75bnwC&q=After+Luther%27s+death+he+became+seen+by+many+as+the+%22theological+leader+of+the+German+Reformation%22&pg=PR28","url_text":"Jesus' Words on Salvation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7414-4357-1","url_text":"978-0-7414-4357-1"}]},{"reference":"Mark, Joshua J. \"Philip Melanchthon\". World History Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/Philip_Melanchthon/","url_text":"\"Philip Melanchthon\""}]},{"reference":"Huberman, Jack (3 March 2008). The Quotable Atheist: Ammunition for Nonbelievers, Political Junkies, Gadflies, and Those Generally Hell-Bound. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-56858419-5. Retrieved 14 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IJc4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT187","url_text":"The Quotable Atheist: Ammunition for Nonbelievers, Political Junkies, Gadflies, and Those Generally Hell-Bound"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858419-5","url_text":"978-1-56858419-5"}]},{"reference":"Bäumer, Remigius (1992). \"Reformation\". Marienlexikon (in German). St. Ottilien: EOS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Angier, Tom, ed. (2019). The Cambridge Companion to Natural Law Ethics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42263-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42263-5","url_text":"978-1-108-42263-5"}]},{"reference":"Billeskov Jansen, F. J. (1991). \"Postscript\". Oration on the Philosophical Studies Necessary for the Student of Theology. By Sinning, Jens Andersen. Jacobsen, Eric (ed.). Translated by Høgel, Christian; Fisher, Peter; Stoner, David. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-144-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-144-6","url_text":"978-87-7289-144-6"}]},{"reference":"Brosseder, Claudia (2005). \"The Writing in the Wittenberg Sky: Astrology in Sixteenth-Century Germany\". Journal of the History of Ideas. 66 (4): 557–576. doi:10.1353/jhi.2005.0049. ISSN 0022-5037. S2CID 170230348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjhi.2005.0049","url_text":"10.1353/jhi.2005.0049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037","url_text":"0022-5037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170230348","url_text":"170230348"}]},{"reference":"Chemnitz, Martin (2004). On Almsgiving (PDF). Translated by Kellerman, James A. St. Louis, Missouri: LCMS World Relief and Human Care. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz","url_text":"Chemnitz, Martin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318170612/https://www.lcms.org/graphics/assets/media/WRHC/On%20Almsgiving.pdf","url_text":"On Almsgiving"},{"url":"https://www.lcms.org/graphics/assets/media/WRHC/On%20Almsgiving.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Melanchthon, Philipp\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 88.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Melanchthon,_Philipp","url_text":"\"Melanchthon, Philipp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Eby, Frederick (1931). Early Protestant Educators: The Educational Writings of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Other Leaders of Protestant Thought. New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.75224","url_text":"Early Protestant Educators: The Educational Writings of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Other Leaders of Protestant Thought"}]},{"reference":"Heal, Bridget (2007). The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heilen, Stephan (2010). \"Ptolemy's Doctrine of the Terms and its Reception\". In Jones, Alexander (ed.). Ptolemy in Perspective. Archimedes: New Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Vol. 23. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 45–93. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_3. ISBN 978-90-481-2787-0. ISSN 1385-0180.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2788-7_3","url_text":"10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2787-0","url_text":"978-90-481-2787-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1385-0180","url_text":"1385-0180"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Henry Eyster (1899). \"Scholasticism in the Luth. Church\". In Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Haas, John A. W. (eds.). The Lutheran Cyclopedia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 434–435. Retrieved 4 November 2017 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Eyster_Jacobs","url_text":"Jacobs, Henry Eyster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lutherd00jaco","url_text":"\"Scholasticism in the Luth. Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Eyster_Jacobs","url_text":"Jacobs, Henry Eyster"}]},{"reference":"Kirn, Otto (1910). \"Melanchthon, Philipp\". In Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.). New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 7 (3rd ed.). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 279–86. Retrieved 18 February 2021 – via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07.m.viii.html","url_text":"\"Melanchthon, Philipp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Macauley_Jackson","url_text":"Jackson, Samuel Macauley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge","url_text":"New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge"}]},{"reference":"Kolb, Robert (2012). \"Melanchthon's Doctrinal Last Will and Testament: The Responsiones ad articulos Bavaricae inquisitionis as His Final Confession of Faith\". In Dingel, Irene; Kolb, Robert; Kuropka, Nicole; Wengert, Timothy J. (eds.). Philip Melanchthon: Theologian in Classroom, Confession, and Controversy. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 141–160. ISBN 978-3-525-55047-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kolb","url_text":"Kolb, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kolb","url_text":"Kolb, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55047-2","url_text":"978-3-525-55047-2"}]},{"reference":"Kusukawa, Sachiko (1995). The Transformation of Natural Philosophy: The Case of Philip Melanchthon. Ideas in Context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47347-7. ISSN 0962-4945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47347-7","url_text":"978-0-521-47347-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-4945","url_text":"0962-4945"}]},{"reference":"——— (1999). \"Chronology\". Orations on Philosophy and Education. By Melanchthon, Philip. Kusukawa, Sachiko (ed.). Translated by Salazar, Christine F. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58677-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58677-1","url_text":"978-0-521-58677-1"}]},{"reference":"Löffler, Klemens (1911). \"Philipp Melanchthon\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 151–154 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Philipp_Melanchthon","url_text":"\"Philipp Melanchthon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann","url_text":"Herbermann, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Lohrmann, Martin (2012). \"Melanchthon, Philip, 1497-1560\". In Whitford, David M. (ed.). T&T Clark Companion to Reformation Theology. London: T&T Clark (published 2014). pp. 432–433. ISBN 978-0-567-15366-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-15366-1","url_text":"978-0-567-15366-1"}]},{"reference":"Manschreck, Clyde L. (2011). \"Philipp Melanchthon\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Retrieved 4 November 2017 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/philipmelanchtho00richuoft","url_text":"Philip Melanchthon: The Protestant Preceptor of Germany, 1497–1560"}]},{"reference":"Rupp, Horst F. (1996). \"Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560)\". Profiles of Famous Educators. Prospects. 26 (3). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 610–21. doi:10.1007/BF02195060. ISSN 1573-9090. S2CID 189873577.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02195060","url_text":"10.1007/BF02195060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-9090","url_text":"1573-9090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189873577","url_text":"189873577"}]},{"reference":"Schofield, John (2006). Philip Melanchthon and the English Reformation. St Andrews Studies in Reformation History. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5567-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5567-1","url_text":"978-0-7546-5567-1"}]},{"reference":"Whiton, James Maurice (1905). \"Melanchthon, Philipp\" . In Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore (eds.). New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 13 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. pp. 285–86 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Melanchthon,_Philipp","url_text":"\"Melanchthon, Philipp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, Daniel Coit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Andreatta, Eugenio (1996). Lutero e Aristotele (in Italian). Padova, Italy: Cusl Nuova Vita. ISBN 978-88-8260-010-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8260-010-5","url_text":"978-88-8260-010-5"}]},{"reference":"Birnstein, Uwe (2010). Der Humanist: Was Philipp Melanchthon Europa lehrte (in German). Berlin: Wichern-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88981-282-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88981-282-7","url_text":"978-3-88981-282-7"}]},{"reference":"Caemmerer, Richard R. (2000). \"Melanchthon, Philipp\". In Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul (eds.). Christian Cyclopedia. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod.","urls":[{"url":"http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=m&word=MELANCHTHON.PHILIPP","url_text":"\"Melanchthon, Philipp\""}]},{"reference":"Cuttini, Elisa (2005). Unità e pluralità nella tradizione europea della filosofia pratica di Aristotele: Girolamo Savonarola, Pietro Pomponazzi e Filippo Melantone (in Italian). Soveria Mannelli, Italy: Rubbettino. ISBN 978-88-498-1575-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-498-1575-7","url_text":"978-88-498-1575-7"}]},{"reference":"DeCoursey, Matthew (2001). \"Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400–1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England\". In Malone, Edward A. (ed.). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 236: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500-1660, First Series. Detroit, Michigan: Gale. pp. 309–343. ISBN 978-0-7876-4653-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishrhetorici0236unse/page/309","url_text":"\"Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400–1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Literary Biography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishrhetorici0236unse/page/309","url_text":"309–343"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4653-0","url_text":"978-0-7876-4653-0"}]},{"reference":"Estes, James M. (1998). \"The Role of Godly Magistrates in the Church: Melanchthon as Luther's Interpreter and Collaborator\". Church History. 67 (3). Cambridge University Press: 463–483. doi:10.2307/3170941. ISSN 0009-6407. JSTOR 3170941. S2CID 162335827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3170941","url_text":"10.2307/3170941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407","url_text":"0009-6407"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170941","url_text":"3170941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162335827","url_text":"162335827"}]},{"reference":"Fuchs, Thorsten (2008). Philipp Melanchthon als neulateinischer Dichter in der Zeit der Reformation (in German). Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr. 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ISBN 978-0-521-77662-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steinmetz_(historian)","url_text":"Steinmetz, David C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bagc","url_text":"The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bagc/page/n67","url_text":"57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521772249.007","url_text":"10.1017/CCOL0521772249.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77662-2","url_text":"978-0-521-77662-2"}]},{"reference":"Laitakari-Pyykkö, Anja-Leena (2013). Philip Melanchthon's Influence on English Theological Thought During the Early English Reformation (PhD dissertation). Helsinki: University of Helsinki. hdl:10138/41764. ISBN 978-952-10-9447-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F41764","url_text":"10138/41764"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-9447-7","url_text":"978-952-10-9447-7"}]},{"reference":"Ledderhose, Karl Friedrich (1855). The Life of Philip Melanchthon. Translated by Krotel, G. F. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston (published 2012). LCCN 22011423. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Project Gutenburg.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39734","url_text":"The Life of Philip Melanchthon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/22011423","url_text":"22011423"}]},{"reference":"Maag, Karin, ed. (1999). Melanchthon in Europe: His Work and Influence beyond Wittenberg. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-8010-2223-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2223-4","url_text":"978-0-8010-2223-4"}]},{"reference":"Mack, Peter (2011). \"Northern Europe, 1519-1545: The Age of Melanchthon\". A History of Renaissance Rhetoric, 1380–1620. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 104–135. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199597284.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-959728-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mack_(academic)","url_text":"Mack, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199597284.003.0006","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199597284.003.0006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959728-4","url_text":"978-0-19-959728-4"}]},{"reference":"Manschreck, Clyde L. (1958). Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer. New York: Abingdon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wj9XAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer"}]},{"reference":"Meerhoff, Kees (1994). \"The Significance of Philip Melanchthon's Rhetoric in the Renaissance\". In Mack, Peter (ed.). Renaissance Rhetoric. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 46–62. ISBN 978-0-312-10184-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mack_(academic)","url_text":"Mack, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10184-8","url_text":"978-0-312-10184-8"}]},{"reference":"Melanchthon, Philip (1969). \"Loci Communes Theologici\". In Pauck, Wilhelm (ed.). Melanchthon and Bucer. Library of Christian Classics. Translated by Satre, Lowell J.; Pauck, Wilhelm. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. pp. 18–152. ISBN 978-0-664-24164-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Pauck","url_text":"Pauck, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Pauck","url_text":"Pauck, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24164-3","url_text":"978-0-664-24164-3"}]},{"reference":"——— (2002). \"History of the Life and Acts of Dr Martin Luther\". In Vandiver, Elizabeth; Keen, Ralph; Frazel, Thomas D. (eds.). Luther's Lives: Two Contemporary Accounts of Martin Luther. Translated by Frazel, Thomas D. Manchester: Manchester University Press (published 2003). pp. 14–39. ISBN 978-0-7190-6802-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Vandiver","url_text":"Vandiver, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Keen","url_text":"Keen, Ralph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6802-7","url_text":"978-0-7190-6802-7"}]},{"reference":"Rogness, Michael (1969). Philip Melanchthon: Reformer without Honor. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Publishing House. OCLC 905626473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905626473","url_text":"905626473"}]},{"reference":"Scheible, Heinz (1990). \"Luther and Melanchthon\". Lutheran Quarterly. 4 (3): 317–339. ISSN 0024-7499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-7499","url_text":"0024-7499"}]},{"reference":"——— (1996). \"Melanchthon, Philipp\". In Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-506493-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195064933.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506493-3","url_text":"978-0-19-506493-3"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Preserved (1911). The Life and Letters of Martin Luther. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. LCCN 11015608. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserved_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Preserved"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeandlettersm00smitgoog","url_text":"The Life and Letters of Martin Luther"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/11015608","url_text":"11015608"}]},{"reference":"Sotheby, Samuel Leigh (1839). Observations upon the Handwriting of Philip Melanchthon. London. OCLC 13625108. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Leigh_Sotheby","url_text":"Sotheby, Samuel Leigh"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xPFJAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Observations upon the Handwriting of Philip Melanchthon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13625108","url_text":"13625108"}]},{"reference":"Servetus, Michael (2015) [1553]. Regarding the Mystery of the Trinity and the Teaching of the Ancients to Philip Melanchthon and his Colleagues. Translated by Hillar, Marian; Hoffman, Christopher A. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-1-4955-0336-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Servetus","url_text":"Servetus, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Hillar","url_text":"Hillar, Marian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4955-0336-8","url_text":"978-1-4955-0336-8"}]},{"reference":"Stupperich, Robert (2006) [1965]. Melanchthon: The Enigma of the Reformation. Translated by Fischer, Robert H. Cambridge, England: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-227-17244-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17244-5","url_text":"978-0-227-17244-5"}]},{"reference":"Wengert, Timothy J. (1998). Human Freedom, Christian Righteousness: Philip Melanchthon's Exegetical Dispute with Erasmus of Rotterdam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511529-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511529-1","url_text":"978-0-19-511529-1"}]},{"reference":"Wengert, Timothy J.; Graham, M. Patrick, eds. (1997). Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) and the Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)	Chris Mullin (politician)	["1 Early life","2 Journalist and activist","2.1 Birmingham Six","2.2 Bennism and Tribune","3 Novelist","4 Political career","4.1 Early political career","4.2 Parliament","4.3 In government","4.4 Expenses claims","4.5 Leaving parliament","4.6 Diaries","5 Personal life","6 Academic honours","7 Works","7.1 Novels","7.2 Non-fiction","7.3 As editor","8 References","9 External links"]	British Labour politician (born 1947) Chris MullinMullin in 2009Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth AffairsIn office13 June 2003 – 10 May 2005Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byMike O'BrienSucceeded byThe Lord TriesmanParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for International DevelopmentIn office26 January 2001 – 11 June 2001Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byGeorge FoulkesSucceeded byHilary BennParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the RegionsIn office29 July 1999 – 25 January 2001Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byAlan MealeSucceeded byBob AinsworthChairman of the Home Affairs Select CommitteeIn office18 July 2001 – 15 July 2003Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byRobin CorbettSucceeded byJohn DenhamIn office17 July 1997 – 18 October 1999Preceded byIvan LawrenceSucceeded byRobin CorbettMember of Parliamentfor Sunderland SouthIn office12 June 1987 – 12 April 2010Preceded byGordon BagierSucceeded byConstituency abolished Personal detailsBorn (1947-12-12) 12 December 1947 (age 76)Chelmsford, Essex, EnglandPolitical partyLabourSpouseNgoc MullinChildren2ResidenceNorthumberlandAlma materUniversity of HullOccupationPolitician and authorProfessionJournalistWebsitechrismullinexmp.com Christopher John Mullin (born 12 December 1947) is a British journalist, author and Labour politician. As a journalist in the 1980s, Chris Mullin led a campaign that resulted in the release of the Birmingham Six, victims of a miscarriage of justice. In March 2022, a court case settled that Mullin would not need to release any notes relating to who may have planted the two bombs. Mullin is the author of four novels, including A Very British Coup (1982), which was later adapted for television, and its sequel The Friends of Harry Perkins. Mullin is also a celebrated diarist. Mullin was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sunderland South from 1987 until 2010. In Parliament, he served as Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee and as a Minister in the Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and in the Department for International Development. Early life Mullin is the son of a Scottish Protestant father and an Irish Catholic mother, both of whom worked for Marconi. Mullin was educated at St Joseph's College, a Roman Catholic boarding independent school for boys (now co-educational) in the town of Ipswich in Suffolk, followed by the University of Hull, where he studied Law. He joined the Labour Party after his politics shifted leftward in response to the Vietnam War. Journalist and activist Before being elected as an MP, Mullin was a journalist, training with the Daily Mirror. In this period Mullin travelled to Russia and China. From there, his first main activity as a journalist came in the Vietnam War. He has been highly critical of the American strategy in Vietnam and has stated that he believes that the war, intended to stop the advance of Communism, instead only delayed the coming of market forces in the country. Mullin also reported from Cambodia in 1973 and 1980. Birmingham Six Mullin, working for the Granada current affairs programme World in Action, was pivotal in securing the release of the Birmingham Six, a long-standing miscarriage of justice. In 1985, the first of several World in Action programmes casting doubt on the men's convictions was broadcast. In 1986, Mullin's book, Error of Judgment: The Truth About the Birmingham Pub Bombings, set out a detailed case supporting the men's claims that they were innocent. It included his claim to have met some of those who were actually responsible for the bombings. In March 1990, ITV broadcast the Granada Television documentary drama, Who Bombed Birmingham?, which re-enacted the bombings and subsequent key events in Mullin's campaign. Written by Rob Ritchie and directed by Mike Beckham, it featured John Hurt as Mullin, with Martin Shaw as World in Action producer Ian McBride, Ciaran Hinds as Richard McIlkenny, one of the Six, and Patrick Malahide as Michael Mansfield (QC). It was repackaged for export as The Investigation – Inside a Terrorist Bombing, and first shown on American television on 22 April 1990. Granada's BAFTA-nominated follow-up documentary after the release of the six men, World in Action Special: The Birmingham Six – Their Own Story, was telecast on 18 March 1991. In 2019, Mullin was criticised by the relatives of some of the victims of the attack for not naming IRA bombing suspects who he met whilst investigating the case in the 1980s. Mullin was called "scum" and a "disgrace". Mullin has defended this decision on the grounds of journalistic ethics. He was quoted in The Guardian as having said: "In order to track down the bombers, I had to give assurances not only to guilty but to innocent intermediaries that I would not, during their lifetime, disclose the names of those who cooperated. Had I not done so, no one would have cooperated". Bennism and Tribune Mullin edited two collections of Tony Benn's speeches and writings, Arguments for Socialism (1979) and Arguments for Democracy (1981), and, as editor of the far left weekly Tribune from 1982 to 1984, provided effective support for Benn and his ideas. Mullin also sought to turn Tribune into a workers' cooperative, to its shareholders' chagrin. Novelist Mullin has published a total of four novels. His first novel was A Very British Coup, published in 1982, which portrays the destabilisation of a left-wing British government by the forces of the Establishment. He wrote it having discussed the idea of a left-wing Prime Minister being undermined by the establishment following the 1981 Labour Party Conference with Peter Hain, Stuart Holland and Tony Banks. Holland revealed in this discussion that he had written a number of chapters in a potential novel containing this story and that Hain had contacted publishers regarding the possibility of a similar novel. Subsequently Mullin was told by the former BBC correspondent Peter Hardiman Scott that he had been writing a book on this topic at the time. The novel was adapted for television by Alan Plater, with substantial alterations to the plot, and screened in 1988. The screenwriter was Alan Plater and it was directed by Mick Jackson. Starring Ray McAnally, the series was first screened on Channel 4 and won Bafta and Emmy awards, and was syndicated to more than 30 countries. The book was also the basis for the 2012 four-part Channel 4 series, Secret State. Starring Gabriel Byrne, this version was written by Robert Jones. Mullin later wrote a sequel to A Very British Coup called The Friends of Harry Perkins which was published in 2019. The book explores Brexit and American–Chinese relations amongst other topics. Mullin also published The Last Man Out of Saigon in 1986 featuring a plot in which a CIA agent sent into Vietnam in the last week of the war to set up a network of agents and also The Year of the Fire Monkey, a thriller about a CIA attempt to assassinate Chairman Mao using a Tibetan agent, in 1991. Political career Early political career Mullin stood unsuccessfully in the 1970 general election against Liberal Leader Jeremy Thorpe in North Devon. Mullin also fought Kingston-upon-Thames in February 1974. By 1980, he was an executive member of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee. Mullin was also on the executive of the influential Campaign for Labour Party Democracy. As such he was an active supporter of Tony Benn when, in 1981, disregarding an appeal from party leader Michael Foot to abstain from inflaming the party's divisions, Benn stood against the incumbent Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, Denis Healey. In addition Mullin edited two collections of Benn's speeches and writings Arguments for Socialism (1979) and Arguments for Democracy (1981). He was widely regarded as a leading 'Bennite', a highly influential movement within the Labour Party in the early 1980s. Parliament Mullin was first elected MP for Sunderland South in 1987, and was returned at every subsequent election up to and including 2005. His constituency was the first to declare in every general election between 1992 and his standing down in 2010 (1992, 1997, 2001 and 2005). Mullin joked about being the UK's sole MP for a few minutes and muses about forming a government. He did not seek re-election in 2010. Mullin was on the left of the party and his selection for Sunderland South (occasioned by the retirement of Gordon Bagier MP) met with the disapproval of Neil Kinnock, at the time the Leader of the Labour Party. In the late 1980s, the right-wing, tabloid press targeted Mullin for his left-wing views frequently. Headlines included: "20 things you didn't know about crackpot Chris", "Loony Lefty MP", and "Is this the most odious man in Britain?" Having reported from Cambodia in 1973 and 1980, in 1990 he was outspoken on the British Government's record in Cambodia, being a leading voice in some of the first protracted debates on Britain's provision of military support to the Khmer Rouge and attributing increasing public interest in the issue to the documentary films of John Pilger. He was a member of the Socialist Campaign Group, Secretary of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Vietnam, a member of the All-Party Group on Tibet and Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Cambodia, Member of the Home Affairs Select committee (1992–97), and Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2001 to 2003. In government Despite occasional criticism of the government, he replaced Alan Meale as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions in July 1999 before taking over from George Foulkes as Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Department for International Development in 2001. Despite having voted against the Iraq war, he returned to government in June 2003, as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in charge of Africa, but after the 2005 election again returned to the backbenches. Before the Labour victory of 1997, Mullin had attained a reputation for campaigning on behalf of victims of injustice and opposition to the curtailing of civil rights. His campaigning stance had to change while a minister because of the collective responsibility of government. His vote against the government's proposal for 90 days' detention without trial for persons suspected of terrorism, as one of 49 Labour rebels, seemed to indicate a re-emergence of his civil libertarian instincts. Mullin criticised the Labour government's rotation of Ministers expressing his belief that the Blair Government changed Ministers too often and noted this in his final speech to the House of Commons. After leaving government, Mullin also voted against the United Kingdom maintaining a nuclear deterrent. Expenses claims During the UK Parliamentary expenses scandal, Mullin, one of the lowest claimers, provided some comic relief when it was revealed that the television at his second home is a very old black-and-white model with a £45 TV licence. Leaving parliament On 10 May 2008, the Sunderland Echo site reported that Mullin had decided to stand down at the 2010 general election. This left Mullin having contested seven General Elections and having been elected in five of them. Diaries Chris Mullin with Martin Bell at Hexham book festival in 2009 Mullin published three volumes of widely praised diaries that described the progress of "New Labour" from the death of the party leader John Smith in 1994 to the 2010 general election: A View from the Foothills (2009) (recounting Mullin's ministerial career from 1999–2005), Decline & Fall: Diaries 2005–2010 (2010) and A Walk-On Part: Diaries 1994–1999 (2011). Among other things, Mullin recorded his gradual disillusion with the Labour Party's left wing and his rather reluctant support, after Smith's death, for fellow North-Eastern MP Tony Blair (whom he dubbed "The Man") as the person most likely to lead the party back to power. He admired Blair as a leader and for his capacity to create a broad-based Labour Party. In spite of Iraq, Mullin remains an admirer of Blair, viewing him as a leader of exceptional ability. Peter Riddell of the Times suggested that A View From the Foothills deserved to become "the central text for understanding the Blair years", while Decline & Fall, in which Mullin (by then a backbencher again) expressed wry consternation at the way the government operated under Blair's successor Gordon Brown, were commended for their independence of outlook, revealing, as Jenni Russell put it in the Sunday Times, Mullin's "readiness to like people who don't echo his politics". The three volumes were adapted for the stage by Michael Chaplin as A Walk on Part. It premiered at the Live Theatre in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in May 2011, before moving to the Soho Theatre in London. Mullin regularly gives talks on his diaries, politics and the rise and fall of New Labour. The fourth volume, Didn’t You Use to Be Chris Mullin? Diaries 2010–2022, chronicling the post-parliamentary period of his life, from the fallout of the 2010 general election to the death of Queen Elizabeth II, was released in May 2023. Personal life Mullin and his wife Ngoc live in Northumberland, and his hobbies include gardening. In football he supports Sunderland A.F.C., and mentioned it in the May 1997 State Opening of Parliament speech. Academic honours On 28 January 2011, his alma mater, Hull University, awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Law, in recognition of his achievements. In December 2011, Newcastle University awarded Chris Mullin an honorary degree. Mullin now teaches a module at Newcastle University called 'The Rise and Fall of New Labour'. He was also awarded an honorary degree by the University of Essex in 2011. Mullin has also received honorary degrees from the University of Sunderland (2010) and City University London (1992). Works Novels A Very British Coup (1982) The Last Man Out of Saigon (1986) The Year of the Fire Monkey (1991) The Friends of Harry Perkins (2019) Non-fiction Error of Judgment: The Truth about the Birmingham Bombings (ISBN 978-1-85371-365-1) A View from the Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin (2009) (ISBN 978-1-84668-223-0) Decline & Fall: Diaries 2005–2010 (2010) (ISBN 978-1-84668-399-2) A Walk-On Part: Diaries 1994–1999 (2011) (ISBN 978-1-84668-523-1) Hinterland (2016) (ISBN 978-1-78125-605-3) Didn’t You Use to Be Chris Mullin? Diaries 2010–2022 (2023) (ISBN 978-1-78590-791-3) As editor Tony Benn Arguments for Socialism (1979) Tony Benn Arguments for Democracy (1981) References ^ "Chris Mullin – Political Profile". BBC News Online. 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 13 March 2004. Retrieved 12 February 2020. ^ a b "University confers honorary degrees on five inspirational people". University of Hull. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011. ^ Roth, Andrew (16 March 2001). "Chris Mullin". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ a b Whetstone, David (7 October 2016). "Everything in the garden's rosy for ex-MP Chris Mullin as he launches new memoir". ChronicleLive. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ "Chris Mullin: 'China today is a big surprise'". The Telegraph. 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. ^ Mullin, Chris (18 July 2019). "Terror Was Absolute". London Review of Books. 41 (14). Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020 – via www.lrb.co.uk. ^ "BFI Screenonline: World in Action (1963–98)". www.screenonline.org.uk. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019. ^ Simon Coward, Richard Down & Christopher Perry The Kaleidoscope British Independent Television Drama Research Guide 1955–2010, Kaleidoscope Publishing, 2nd edition, 2010, p.3304, ISBN 978-1-900203-33-3) ^ "BFI \| Film & TV Database \| WHO BOMBED BIRMINGHAM? (1990)". 21 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ Beckham, Michael (28 March 1990), The Investigation: Inside a Terrorist Bombing (Crime, Drama), Martin,Shaw,John,Hurt,Roger,Allam,John,Kavanagh, Granada Film Productions, HBO Films, archived from the original on 9 May 2021, retrieved 12 September 2020 ^ "BFI \| Film & TV Database \| The Birmingham Six: Their Own Story (1991)". 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ "Chris Mullin defends refusal to name Birmingham pub bombing suspects". The Guardian. 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ a b "BBC Parliament – BOOKtalk, Chris Mullin". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ Mullin, Chris (5 November 2012). "Secret State: I played the vicar in the TV version of my novel". guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019. ^ Conlan, Tara (24 January 2012). "Gabriel Byrne returns to UK television in Channel 4's Coup". guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019. ^ The Times, 17 June 1970; p. 10 col C ^ "Group letter says it wants wider franchise", The Times 21 October 1980 ^ "Sunderland Leads the Way", Daily Record, 6 May 2005 ^ Chris Mullin (2009). A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin. Profile. ISBN 978-1-84668-223-0. ^ Debates of the House of Commons (HC Deb) 26 October 1990 vol 178 cc640-94 640 et. seq., cf Archived 2 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine Digital Hansard ^ "People > MPs > Labour > Chris Mullin > How they voted". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010. ^ "Government and the Legislature: 25 Mar 2010: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ "Chris Mullin, Ex-MP, Voted Against Iraq. This Is Why He'd Vote No On Syria". www.vice.com. 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019. ^ "Big-spending Bill – All the local MPs' expenses". Sunderland Echo. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009. ^ Martin Beckford (20 May 2009). "MPs' expenses: Chris Mullin watches a 30-year-old black and white television". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009. ^ "Sunderland MP to quit". Sunderland Echo. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009. ^ See, for example, The Oldie Review of Books, October 2011 ^ Mullin (2011) A Walk-On Part ^ Quoted on jacket of paperback edition of A View from the Foothills (2010) ^ Quoted on jacket of A Walk-On Part (2011) ^ Barr, Gordon (12 May 2011). "Preview: A Walk-On Part, Live Theatre". Evening Chronicle. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011. ^ Fraine, Laura (13 May 2011). "A Walk on Part". The Stage. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. ^ "Labour ex-minister accuses Starmer of 'moral cowardice' over expulsion of Corbyn". The Independent. 9 May 2023. ^ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 14 May 1997 (pt 5)". publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2020. ^ "First Day: 14 May 1997: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2020. ^ "Honorary Graduates – Profile: Chris Mullin". University of Essex. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Mullin (politician). Personal website ePolitix: Chris Mullin Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Chris Mullin MP Chris Mullin MP on TheyWorkForYou.com Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Chris Mullin Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byGordon Bagier Member of Parliament for Sunderland South 1987–2010 Succeeded byseat abolished Media offices Preceded byRichard Clements Editor of Tribune 1982–1984 Succeeded byNigel Williamson Non-profit organization positions Preceded byPierre Schori Board Chair, International Alert 2016–2018 Succeeded byCarey Cavanaugh Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands People UK Parliament Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Six"},{"link_name":"A Very British Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_British_Coup"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sunderland South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Home Affairs Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Affairs_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"Department for International Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Development"}],"text":"Christopher John Mullin (born 12 December 1947)[1] is a British journalist, author and Labour politician.As a journalist in the 1980s, Chris Mullin led a campaign that resulted in the release of the Birmingham Six, victims of a miscarriage of justice. In March 2022, a court case settled that Mullin would not need to release any notes relating to who may have planted the two bombs. Mullin is the author of four novels, including A Very British Coup (1982), which was later adapted for television, and its sequel The Friends of Harry Perkins. Mullin is also a celebrated diarist.Mullin was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sunderland South from 1987 until 2010. In Parliament, he served as Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee and as a Minister in the Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and in the Department for International Development.","title":"Chris Mullin (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company"},{"link_name":"St Joseph's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"independent school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"University of Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hull"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Hull-2"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aristotle-3"}],"text":"Mullin is the son of a Scottish Protestant father and an Irish Catholic mother, both of whom worked for Marconi. Mullin was educated at St Joseph's College, a Roman Catholic boarding independent school for boys (now co-educational) in the town of Ipswich in Suffolk, followed by the University of Hull,[2] where he studied Law. He joined the Labour Party after his politics shifted leftward in response to the Vietnam War.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chroniclelive.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"text":"Before being elected as an MP, Mullin was a journalist, training with the Daily Mirror.[4] In this period Mullin travelled to Russia and China.[5] From there, his first main activity as a journalist came in the Vietnam War. He has been highly critical of the American strategy in Vietnam and has stated that he believes that the war, intended to stop the advance of Communism, instead only delayed the coming of market forces in the country.[6] Mullin also reported from Cambodia in 1973 and 1980.","title":"Journalist and activist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"World in Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_in_Action"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Six"},{"link_name":"miscarriage of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Granada Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"documentary drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"Martin Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Ciaran Hinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaran_Hinds"},{"link_name":"Patrick Malahide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Malahide"},{"link_name":"Michael Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Birmingham Six","text":"Mullin, working for the Granada current affairs programme World in Action, was pivotal in securing the release of the Birmingham Six, a long-standing miscarriage of justice. In 1985, the first of several World in Action programmes casting doubt on the men's convictions was broadcast. In 1986, Mullin's book, Error of Judgment: The Truth About the Birmingham Pub Bombings, set out a detailed case supporting the men's claims that they were innocent. It included his claim to have met some of those who were actually responsible for the bombings.In March 1990, ITV broadcast the Granada Television documentary drama, Who Bombed Birmingham?, which re-enacted the bombings and subsequent key events in Mullin's campaign. Written by Rob Ritchie and directed by Mike Beckham, it featured John Hurt as Mullin, with Martin Shaw as World in Action producer Ian McBride, Ciaran Hinds as Richard McIlkenny, one of the Six, and Patrick Malahide as Michael Mansfield (QC).[7][8] It was repackaged for export as The Investigation – Inside a Terrorist Bombing, and first shown on American television on 22 April 1990.[9][10] Granada's BAFTA-nominated follow-up documentary after the release of the six men, World in Action Special: The Birmingham Six – Their Own Story, was telecast on 18 March 1991.[11]In 2019, Mullin was criticised by the relatives of some of the victims of the attack for not naming IRA bombing suspects who he met whilst investigating the case in the 1980s. Mullin was called \"scum\" and a \"disgrace\". Mullin has defended this decision on the grounds of journalistic ethics. He was quoted in The Guardian as having said: \"In order to track down the bombers, I had to give assurances not only to guilty but to innocent intermediaries that I would not, during their lifetime, disclose the names of those who cooperated. Had I not done so, no one would have cooperated\".[12]","title":"Journalist and activist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Bennism and Tribune","text":"Mullin edited two collections of Tony Benn's speeches and writings, Arguments for Socialism (1979) and Arguments for Democracy (1981), and, as editor of the far left weekly Tribune from 1982 to 1984, provided effective support for Benn and his ideas. Mullin also sought to turn Tribune into a workers' cooperative, to its shareholders' chagrin.","title":"Journalist and activist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Peter Hain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hain"},{"link_name":"Stuart Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Holland"},{"link_name":"Tony Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Banks,_Baron_Stratford"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Peter Hardiman Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hardiman_Scott"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"Alan Plater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Plater"},{"link_name":"Alan Plater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Plater"},{"link_name":"Mick Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jackson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ray McAnally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_McAnally"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Bafta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafta"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Secret State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_State_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-13"}],"text":"Mullin has published a total of four novels. His first novel was A Very British Coup, published in 1982, which portrays the destabilisation of a left-wing British government by the forces of the Establishment. He wrote it having discussed the idea of a left-wing Prime Minister being undermined by the establishment following the 1981 Labour Party Conference with Peter Hain, Stuart Holland and Tony Banks. Holland revealed in this discussion that he had written a number of chapters in a potential novel containing this story and that Hain had contacted publishers regarding the possibility of a similar novel. Subsequently Mullin was told by the former BBC correspondent Peter Hardiman Scott that he had been writing a book on this topic at the time.[13]The novel was adapted for television by Alan Plater, with substantial alterations to the plot, and screened in 1988. The screenwriter was Alan Plater and it was directed by Mick Jackson. Starring Ray McAnally, the series was first screened on Channel 4 and won Bafta and Emmy awards, and was syndicated to more than 30 countries. The book was also the basis for the 2012 four-part Channel 4 series, Secret State.[14] Starring Gabriel Byrne, this version was written by Robert Jones.[15] Mullin later wrote a sequel to A Very British Coup called The Friends of Harry Perkins which was published in 2019. The book explores Brexit and American–Chinese relations amongst other topics.[13]Mullin also published The Last Man Out of Saigon in 1986 featuring a plot in which a CIA agent sent into Vietnam in the last week of the war to set up a network of agents and also The Year of the Fire Monkey, a thriller about a CIA attempt to assassinate Chairman Mao using a Tibetan agent, in 1991.","title":"Novelist"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1970 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"North Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kingston-upon-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston-upon-Thames_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"February 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Labour Co-ordinating Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Co-ordinating_Committee"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tony Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn"},{"link_name":"Michael Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foot"},{"link_name":"Denis Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Healey"}],"sub_title":"Early political career","text":"Mullin stood unsuccessfully in the 1970 general election against Liberal Leader Jeremy Thorpe in North Devon.[16] Mullin also fought Kingston-upon-Thames in February 1974.By 1980, he was an executive member of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee.[17] Mullin was also on the executive of the influential Campaign for Labour Party Democracy. As such he was an active supporter of Tony Benn when, in 1981, disregarding an appeal from party leader Michael Foot to abstain from inflaming the party's divisions, Benn stood against the incumbent Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, Denis Healey. In addition Mullin edited two collections of Benn's speeches and writings Arguments for Socialism (1979) and Arguments for Democracy (1981). He was widely regarded as a leading 'Bennite', a highly influential movement within the Labour Party in the early 1980s.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Gordon Bagier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bagier"},{"link_name":"Neil Kinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kinnock"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"John Pilger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pilger"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Socialist Campaign Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Campaign_Group"},{"link_name":"All-Party Parliamentary Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Party_Parliamentary_Group"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Home Affairs Select committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Affairs_Select_Committee"}],"sub_title":"Parliament","text":"Mullin was first elected MP for Sunderland South in 1987, and was returned at every subsequent election up to and including 2005. His constituency was the first to declare in every general election between 1992 and his standing down in 2010 (1992, 1997, 2001 and 2005).[18] Mullin joked about being the UK's sole MP for a few minutes and muses about forming a government.[19] He did not seek re-election in 2010. Mullin was on the left of the party and his selection for Sunderland South (occasioned by the retirement of Gordon Bagier MP) met with the disapproval of Neil Kinnock, at the time the Leader of the Labour Party. In the late 1980s, the right-wing, tabloid press targeted Mullin for his left-wing views frequently. Headlines included: \"20 things you didn't know about crackpot Chris\", \"Loony Lefty MP\", and \"Is this the most odious man in Britain?\"[citation needed]Having reported from Cambodia in 1973 and 1980, in 1990 he was outspoken on the British Government's record in Cambodia, being a leading voice in some of the first protracted debates on Britain's provision of military support to the Khmer Rouge and attributing increasing public interest in the issue to the documentary films of John Pilger.[20]He was a member of the Socialist Campaign Group, Secretary of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Vietnam, a member of the All-Party Group on Tibet and Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Cambodia, Member of the Home Affairs Select committee (1992–97), and Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2001 to 2003.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Meale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Meale"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Department of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Environment,_Transport_and_the_Regions"},{"link_name":"George Foulkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foulkes,_Baron_Foulkes_of_Cumnock"},{"link_name":"Department for International Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Development"},{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"the collective responsibility of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice.com-23"}],"sub_title":"In government","text":"Despite occasional criticism of the government, he replaced Alan Meale as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions in July 1999 before taking over from George Foulkes as Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Department for International Development in 2001.Despite having voted against the Iraq war, he returned to government in June 2003, as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in charge of Africa, but after the 2005 election again returned to the backbenches. Before the Labour victory of 1997, Mullin had attained a reputation for campaigning on behalf of victims of injustice and opposition to the curtailing of civil rights. His campaigning stance had to change while a minister because of the collective responsibility of government. His vote against the government's proposal for 90 days' detention without trial for persons suspected of terrorism, as one of 49 Labour rebels,[21] seemed to indicate a re-emergence of his civil libertarian instincts. Mullin criticised the Labour government's rotation of Ministers expressing his belief that the Blair Government changed Ministers too often and noted this in his final speech to the House of Commons.[22]After leaving government, Mullin also voted against the United Kingdom maintaining a nuclear deterrent.[23]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Parliamentary expenses scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliamentary_expenses_scandal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Expenses claims","text":"During the UK Parliamentary expenses scandal, Mullin, one of the lowest claimers,[24] provided some comic relief when it was revealed that the television at his second home is a very old black-and-white model with a £45 TV licence.[25]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunderland Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_Echo"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Leaving parliament","text":"On 10 May 2008, the Sunderland Echo site reported that Mullin had decided to stand down at the 2010 general election.[26] This left Mullin having contested seven General Elections and having been elected in five of them.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Mullin_and_Martin_Bell_at_Hexham_Bookfest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bell"},{"link_name":"Hexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexham"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Peter Riddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Riddell"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"backbencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbencher"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"Jenni Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenni_Russell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Michael Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chaplin_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Live Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Soho Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Diaries","text":"Chris Mullin with Martin Bell at Hexham book festival in 2009Mullin published three volumes of widely praised diaries[27] that described the progress of \"New Labour\" from the death of the party leader John Smith in 1994 to the 2010 general election: A View from the Foothills (2009) (recounting Mullin's ministerial career from 1999–2005), Decline & Fall: Diaries 2005–2010 (2010) and A Walk-On Part: Diaries 1994–1999 (2011). Among other things, Mullin recorded his gradual disillusion with the Labour Party's left wing and his rather reluctant support, after Smith's death, for fellow North-Eastern MP Tony Blair (whom he dubbed \"The Man\") as the person most likely to lead the party back to power. He admired Blair as a leader and for his capacity to create a broad-based Labour Party. In spite of Iraq, Mullin remains an admirer of Blair, viewing him as a leader of exceptional ability.[28] Peter Riddell of the Times suggested that A View From the Foothills deserved to become \"the central text for understanding the Blair years\",[29] while Decline & Fall, in which Mullin (by then a backbencher again) expressed wry consternation at the way the government operated under Blair's successor Gordon Brown, were commended for their independence of outlook, revealing, as Jenni Russell put it in the Sunday Times, Mullin's \"readiness to like people who don't echo his politics\".[30]The three volumes were adapted for the stage by Michael Chaplin as A Walk on Part. It premiered at the Live Theatre in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in May 2011, before moving to the Soho Theatre in London.[31][32] Mullin regularly gives talks on his diaries, politics and the rise and fall of New Labour.The fourth volume, Didn’t You Use to Be Chris Mullin? Diaries 2010–2022, chronicling the post-parliamentary period of his life, from the fallout of the 2010 general election to the death of Queen Elizabeth II, was released in May 2023.[33]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chroniclelive.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"Sunderland A.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"State Opening of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Mullin and his wife Ngoc live in Northumberland, and his hobbies include gardening.[4]In football he supports Sunderland A.F.C., and mentioned it in the May 1997 State Opening of Parliament speech.[34][35]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Hull-2"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"University of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"University of Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sunderland"},{"link_name":"City University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_London"}],"text":"On 28 January 2011, his alma mater, Hull University, awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Law, in recognition of his achievements.[2] In December 2011, Newcastle University awarded Chris Mullin an honorary degree. Mullin now teaches a module at Newcastle University called 'The Rise and Fall of New Labour'. He was also awarded an honorary degree by the University of Essex in 2011.[36] Mullin has also received honorary degrees from the University of Sunderland (2010) and City University London (1992).","title":"Academic honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Very British Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_British_Coup"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"A Very British Coup (1982)\nThe Last Man Out of Saigon (1986)\nThe Year of the Fire Monkey (1991)\nThe Friends of Harry Perkins (2019)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Six"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85371-365-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85371-365-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84668-223-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-223-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84668-399-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-399-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84668-523-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-523-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78125-605-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78125-605-3"},{"link_name":"Didn’t You Use to Be Chris Mullin? Diaries 2010–2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bitebackpublishing.com/books/didn-t-you-use-to-be-chris-mullin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78590-791-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78590-791-3"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Error of Judgment: The Truth about the Birmingham Bombings (ISBN 978-1-85371-365-1)\nA View from the Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin (2009) (ISBN 978-1-84668-223-0)\nDecline & Fall: Diaries 2005–2010 (2010) (ISBN 978-1-84668-399-2)\nA Walk-On Part: Diaries 1994–1999 (2011) (ISBN 978-1-84668-523-1)\nHinterland (2016) (ISBN 978-1-78125-605-3)\nDidn’t You Use to Be Chris Mullin? Diaries 2010–2022 (2023) (ISBN 978-1-78590-791-3)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As editor","text":"Tony Benn Arguments for Socialism (1979)\nTony Benn Arguments for Democracy (1981)","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Chris Mullin with Martin Bell at Hexham book festival in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chris_Mullin_and_Martin_Bell_at_Hexham_Bookfest.jpg/220px-Chris_Mullin_and_Martin_Bell_at_Hexham_Bookfest.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chris Mullin – Political Profile\". BBC News Online. 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 13 March 2004. Retrieved 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2174081.stm","url_text":"\"Chris Mullin – Political Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040313220710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2174081.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"University confers honorary degrees on five inspirational people\". University of Hull. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110410074720/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/news_and_events-1/news_archive/2011newsarchive/january/hongradswinter2011.aspx","url_text":"\"University confers honorary degrees on five inspirational people\""},{"url":"http://www2.hull.ac.uk/news_and_events-1/news_archive/2011newsarchive/january/hongradswinter2011.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roth, Andrew (16 March 2001). \"Chris Mullin\". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roth","url_text":"Roth, Andrew"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/16/profiles.parliament20","url_text":"\"Chris Mullin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theguardian.com","url_text":"theguardian.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140315014001/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/16/profiles.parliament20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Whetstone, David (7 October 2016). \"Everything in the garden's rosy for ex-MP Chris Mullin as he launches new memoir\". ChronicleLive. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/everything-gardens-rosy-ex-mp-11995859","url_text":"\"Everything in the garden's rosy for ex-MP Chris Mullin as he launches new memoir\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200529081914/https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/everything-gardens-rosy-ex-mp-11995859","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Mullin: 'China today is a big surprise'\". The Telegraph. 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003234256/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/china-watch/culture/chris-mullin-hinterland/","url_text":"\"Chris Mullin: 'China today is a big surprise'\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/china-watch/culture/chris-mullin-hinterland/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mullin, Chris (18 July 2019). \"Terror Was Absolute\". London Review of Books. 41 (14). Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020 – via www.lrb.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v41/n14/chris-mullin/terror-was-absolute","url_text":"\"Terror Was Absolute\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201006060548/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v41/n14/chris-mullin/terror-was-absolute","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: World in Action (1963–98)\". www.screenonline.org.uk. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/457900/index.html","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: World in Action (1963–98)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922030324/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/457900/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BFI \| Film & TV Database \| WHO BOMBED BIRMINGHAM? (1990)\". 21 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090121215243/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/438102","url_text":"\"BFI \| Film & TV Database \| WHO BOMBED BIRMINGHAM? (1990)\""},{"url":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/438102","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beckham, Michael (28 March 1990), The Investigation: Inside a Terrorist Bombing (Crime, Drama), Martin,Shaw,John,Hurt,Roger,Allam,John,Kavanagh, Granada Film Productions, HBO Films, archived from the original on 9 May 2021, retrieved 12 September 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099854/","url_text":"The Investigation: Inside a Terrorist Bombing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509175139/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099854/","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BFI \| Film & TV Database \| The Birmingham Six: Their Own Story (1991)\". 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022194230/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/456479","url_text":"\"BFI \| Film & TV Database \| The Birmingham Six: Their Own Story (1991)\""},{"url":"http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/456479","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Mullin defends refusal to name Birmingham pub bombing suspects\". The Guardian. 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/07/chris-mullin-defends-refusal-to-name-birmingham-pub-bombing-suspects","url_text":"\"Chris Mullin defends refusal to name Birmingham pub bombing suspects\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108032926/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/07/chris-mullin-defends-refusal-to-name-birmingham-pub-bombing-suspects","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Parliament – BOOKtalk, Chris Mullin\". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0005z5z","url_text":"\"BBC Parliament – BOOKtalk, Chris Mullin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191004090024/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0005z5z","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mullin, Chris (5 November 2012). \"Secret State: I played the vicar in the TV version of my novel\". guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2012/nov/05/secret-state-chris-mullin-vicar","url_text":"\"Secret State: I played the vicar in the TV version of my novel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144543/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2012/nov/05/secret-state-chris-mullin-vicar","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Conlan, Tara (24 January 2012). \"Gabriel Byrne returns to UK television in Channel 4's Coup\". guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jan/24/gabriel-byrne-channel-4-coup","url_text":"\"Gabriel Byrne returns to UK television in Channel 4's Coup\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144528/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jan/24/gabriel-byrne-channel-4-coup","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chris Mullin (2009). A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin. Profile. ISBN 978-1-84668-223-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/viewfromfoothill0000mull","url_text":"A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-223-0","url_text":"978-1-84668-223-0"}]},{"reference":"\"People > MPs > Labour > Chris Mullin > How they voted\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/howtheyvoted/0,,-3777,00.html","url_text":"\"People > MPs > Labour > Chris Mullin > How they voted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110622012537/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/howtheyvoted/0,,-3777,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Government and the Legislature: 25 Mar 2010: House of Commons debates\". TheyWorkForYou. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2010-03-25c.482.0&s=speaker:10451","url_text":"\"Government and the Legislature: 25 Mar 2010: House of Commons debates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703143511/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2010-03-25c.482.0&s=speaker%3A10451","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Mullin, Ex-MP, Voted Against Iraq. This Is Why He'd Vote No On Syria\". www.vice.com. 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/4wm7ed/chris-mullin-ex-mp-voted-against-iraq-this-is-why-hed-vote-no-on-syria","url_text":"\"Chris Mullin, Ex-MP, Voted Against Iraq. This Is Why He'd Vote No On Syria\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003234252/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/4wm7ed/chris-mullin-ex-mp-voted-against-iraq-this-is-why-hed-vote-no-on-syria","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Big-spending Bill – All the local MPs' expenses\". Sunderland Echo. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersurface	Hypersurface	["1 Smooth hypersurface","2 Affine algebraic hypersurface","2.1 Properties","2.2 Real and rational points","3 Projective algebraic hypersurface","4 See also","5 References"]	Manifold or algebraic variety of dimension n in a space of dimension n+1 In geometry, a hypersurface is a generalization of the concepts of hyperplane, plane curve, and surface. A hypersurface is a manifold or an algebraic variety of dimension n − 1, which is embedded in an ambient space of dimension n, generally a Euclidean space, an affine space or a projective space. Hypersurfaces share, with surfaces in a three-dimensional space, the property of being defined by a single implicit equation, at least locally (near every point), and sometimes globally. A hypersurface in a (Euclidean, affine, or projective) space of dimension two is a plane curve. In a space of dimension three, it is a surface. For example, the equation x 1 2 + x 2 2 + ⋯ + x n 2 − 1 = 0 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\cdots +x_{n}^{2}-1=0} defines an algebraic hypersurface of dimension n − 1 in the Euclidean space of dimension n. This hypersurface is also a smooth manifold, and is called a hypersphere or an (n – 1)-sphere. Smooth hypersurface A hypersurface that is a smooth manifold is called a smooth hypersurface. In Rn, a smooth hypersurface is orientable. Every connected compact smooth hypersurface is a level set, and separates Rn into two connected components; this is related to the Jordan–Brouwer separation theorem. Affine algebraic hypersurface An algebraic hypersurface is an algebraic variety that may be defined by a single implicit equation of the form p ( x 1 , … , x n ) = 0 , {\displaystyle p(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=0,} where p is a multivariate polynomial. Generally the polynomial is supposed to be irreducible. When this is not the case, the hypersurface is not an algebraic variety, but only an algebraic set. It may depend on the authors or the context whether a reducible polynomial defines a hypersurface. For avoiding ambiguity, the term irreducible hypersurface is often used. As for algebraic varieties, the coefficients of the defining polynomial may belong to any fixed field k, and the points of the hypersurface are the zeros of p in the affine space K n , {\displaystyle K^{n},} where K is an algebraically closed extension of k. A hypersurface may have singularities, which are the common zeros, if any, of the defining polynomial and its partial derivatives. In particular, a real algebraic hypersurface is not necessarily a manifold. Properties Hypersurfaces have some specific properties that are not shared with other algebraic varieties. One of the main such properties is Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which asserts that a hypersurface contains a given algebraic set if and only if the defining polynomial of the hypersurface has a power that belongs to the ideal generated by the defining polynomials of the algebraic set. A corollary of this theorem is that, if two irreducible polynomials (or more generally two square-free polynomials) define the same hypersurface, then one is the product of the other by a nonzero constant. Hypersurfaces are exactly the subvarieties of dimension n – 1 of an affine space of dimension of n. This is the geometric interpretation of the fact that, in a polynomial ring over a field, the height of an ideal is 1 if and only if the ideal is a principal ideal. In the case of possibly reducible hypersurfaces, this result may be restated as follows: hypersurfaces are exactly the algebraic sets whose all irreducible components have dimension n – 1. Real and rational points A real hypersurface is a hypersurface that is defined by a polynomial with real coefficients. In this case the algebraically closed field over which the points are defined is generally the field C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } of complex numbers. The real points of a real hypersurface are the points that belong to R n ⊂ C n . {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\subset \mathbb {C} ^{n}.} The set of the real points of a real hypersurface is the real part of the hypersurface. Often, it is left to the context whether the term hypersurface refers to all points or only to the real part. If the coefficients of the defining polynomial belong to a field k that is not algebraically closed (typically the field of rational numbers, a finite field or a number field), one says that the hypersurface is defined over k, and the points that belong to k n {\displaystyle k^{n}} are rational over k (in the case of the field of rational numbers, "over k" is generally omitted). For example, the imaginary n-sphere defined by the equation x 0 2 + ⋯ + x n 2 + 1 = 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}^{2}+\cdots +x_{n}^{2}+1=0} is a real hypersurface without any real point, which is defined over the rational numbers. It has no rational point, but has many points that are rational over the Gaussian rationals. Projective algebraic hypersurface A projective (algebraic) hypersurface of dimension n – 1 in a projective space of dimension n over a field k is defined by a homogeneous polynomial P ( x 0 , x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle P(x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} in n + 1 indeterminates. As usual, homogeneous polynomial means that all monomials of P have the same degree, or, equivalently that P ( c x 0 , c x 1 , … , c x n ) = c d P ( x 0 , x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle P(cx_{0},cx_{1},\ldots ,cx_{n})=c^{d}P(x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} for every constant c, where d is the degree of the polynomial. The points of the hypersurface are the points of the projective space whose projective coordinates are zeros of P. If one chooses the hyperplane of equation x 0 = 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}=0} as hyperplane at infinity, the complement of this hyperplane is an affine space, and the points of the projective hypersurface that belong to this affine space form an affine hypersurface of equation P ( 1 , x 1 , … , x n ) = 0. {\displaystyle P(1,x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=0.} Conversely, given an affine hypersurface of equation p ( x 1 , … , x n ) = 0 , {\displaystyle p(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=0,} it defines a projective hypersurface, called its projective completion, whose equation is obtained by homogenizing p. That is, the equation of the projective completion is P ( x 0 , x 1 , … , x n ) = 0 , {\displaystyle P(x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=0,} with P ( x 0 , x 1 , … , x n ) = x 0 d p ( x 1 / x 0 , … , x n / x 0 ) , {\displaystyle P(x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=x_{0}^{d}p(x_{1}/x_{0},\ldots ,x_{n}/x_{0}),} where d is the degree of P. These two processes projective completion and restriction to an affine subspace are inverse one to the other. Therefore, an affine hypersurface and its projective completion have essentially the same properties, and are often considered as two points-of-view for the same hypersurface. However, it may occur that an affine hypersurface is nonsingular, while its projective completion has singular points. In this case, one says that the affine surface is singular at infinity. For example, the circular cylinder of equation x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}-1=0} in the affine space of dimension three has a unique singular point, which is at infinity, in the direction x = 0, y = 0. See also Affine sphere Coble hypersurface Dwork family Null hypersurface Polar hypersurface References ^ Lee, Jeffrey (2009). "Curves and Hypersurfaces in Euclidean Space". Manifolds and Differential Geometry. Providence: American Mathematical Society. pp. 143–188. ISBN 978-0-8218-4815-9. ^ Hans Samelson (1969) "Orientability of hypersurfaces in Rn", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 22(1): 301,2 ^ Lima, Elon L. (1988). "The Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem for smooth hypersurfaces". The American Mathematical Monthly. 95 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1080/00029890.1988.11971963. "Hypersurface", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 Shoshichi Kobayashi and Katsumi Nomizu (1969), Foundations of Differential Geometry Vol II, Wiley Interscience P.A. Simionescu & D. Beal (2004) Visualization of hypersurfaces and multivariable (objective) functions by partial globalization, The Visual Computer 20(10):665–81. vteDimensionDimensional spaces Vector space Euclidean space Affine space Projective space Free module Manifold Algebraic variety Spacetime Other dimensions Krull Lebesgue covering Inductive Hausdorff Minkowski Fractal Degrees of freedom Polytopes and shapes Hyperplane Hypersurface Hypercube Hyperrectangle Demihypercube Hypersphere Cross-polytope Simplex Hyperpyramid Dimensions by number Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight n-dimensions See also Hyperspace Codimension Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"plane curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_curve"},{"link_name":"surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"affine space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space"},{"link_name":"projective space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_space"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"implicit equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_equation"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_of_an_algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"smooth manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_manifold"},{"link_name":"hypersphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersphere"},{"link_name":"(n – 1)-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sphere"}],"text":"In geometry, a hypersurface is a generalization of the concepts of hyperplane, plane curve, and surface. A hypersurface is a manifold or an algebraic variety of dimension n − 1, which is embedded in an ambient space of dimension n, generally a Euclidean space, an affine space or a projective space.[1]\nHypersurfaces share, with surfaces in a three-dimensional space, the property of being defined by a single implicit equation, at least locally (near every point), and sometimes globally.A hypersurface in a (Euclidean, affine, or projective) space of dimension two is a plane curve. In a space of dimension three, it is a surface.For example, the equationx\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\\cdots +x_{n}^{2}-1=0}defines an algebraic hypersurface of dimension n − 1 in the Euclidean space of dimension n. This hypersurface is also a smooth manifold, and is called a hypersphere or an (n – 1)-sphere.","title":"Hypersurface"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smooth manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_manifold"},{"link_name":"orientable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_space"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"level set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_set"},{"link_name":"Jordan–Brouwer separation theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_curve_theorem#Proof_and_generalizations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lima-3"}],"text":"A hypersurface that is a smooth manifold is called a smooth hypersurface.In Rn, a smooth hypersurface is orientable.[2] Every connected compact smooth hypersurface is a level set, and separates Rn into two connected components; this is related to the Jordan–Brouwer separation theorem.[3]","title":"Smooth hypersurface"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"multivariate polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_polynomial"},{"link_name":"irreducible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_polynomial"},{"link_name":"algebraic set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_set"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"zeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"affine space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space"},{"link_name":"algebraically closed extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraically_closed_extension"},{"link_name":"singularities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_point_of_an_algebraic_variety"}],"text":"An algebraic hypersurface is an algebraic variety that may be defined by a single implicit equation of the formp\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=0,}where p is a multivariate polynomial. Generally the polynomial is supposed to be irreducible. When this is not the case, the hypersurface is not an algebraic variety, but only an algebraic set. It may depend on the authors or the context whether a reducible polynomial defines a hypersurface. For avoiding ambiguity, the term irreducible hypersurface is often used.As for algebraic varieties, the coefficients of the defining polynomial may belong to any fixed field k, and the points of the hypersurface are the zeros of p in the affine space \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K^{n},}\n \n where K is an algebraically closed extension of k.A hypersurface may have singularities, which are the common zeros, if any, of the defining polynomial and its partial derivatives. In particular, a real algebraic hypersurface is not necessarily a manifold.","title":"Affine algebraic hypersurface "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilbert's Nullstellensatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_Nullstellensatz"},{"link_name":"algebraic set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_set"},{"link_name":"ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"irreducible polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_polynomial"},{"link_name":"square-free polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-free_polynomial"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_of_an_algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"affine space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space"},{"link_name":"height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"principal ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_ideal"}],"sub_title":"Properties","text":"Hypersurfaces have some specific properties that are not shared with other algebraic varieties.One of the main such properties is Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which asserts that a hypersurface contains a given algebraic set if and only if the defining polynomial of the hypersurface has a power that belongs to the ideal generated by the defining polynomials of the algebraic set.A corollary of this theorem is that, if two irreducible polynomials (or more generally two square-free polynomials) define the same hypersurface, then one is the product of the other by a nonzero constant.Hypersurfaces are exactly the subvarieties of dimension n – 1 of an affine space of dimension of n. This is the geometric interpretation of the fact that, in a polynomial ring over a field, the height of an ideal is 1 if and only if the ideal is a principal ideal. In the case of possibly reducible hypersurfaces, this result may be restated as follows: hypersurfaces are exactly the algebraic sets whose all irreducible components have dimension n – 1.","title":"Affine algebraic hypersurface "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"algebraically closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraically_closed_field"},{"link_name":"rational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"finite field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field"},{"link_name":"number field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_field"},{"link_name":"rational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_point"},{"link_name":"n-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sphere"},{"link_name":"Gaussian rationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_rational"}],"sub_title":"Real and rational points","text":"A real hypersurface is a hypersurface that is defined by a polynomial with real coefficients. In this case the algebraically closed field over which the points are defined is generally the field \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n of complex numbers. The real points of a real hypersurface are the points that belong to \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n ⊂\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\subset \\mathbb {C} ^{n}.}\n \n The set of the real points of a real hypersurface is the real part of the hypersurface. Often, it is left to the context whether the term hypersurface refers to all points or only to the real part.If the coefficients of the defining polynomial belong to a field k that is not algebraically closed (typically the field of rational numbers, a finite field or a number field), one says that the hypersurface is defined over k, and the points that belong to \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k^{n}}\n \n are rational over k (in the case of the field of rational numbers, \"over k\" is generally omitted).For example, the imaginary n-sphere defined by the equationx\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{0}^{2}+\\cdots +x_{n}^{2}+1=0}is a real hypersurface without any real point, which is defined over the rational numbers. It has no rational point, but has many points that are rational over the Gaussian rationals.","title":"Affine algebraic hypersurface "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"projective space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_space"},{"link_name":"homogeneous polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_polynomial"},{"link_name":"monomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomial"},{"link_name":"projective coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_coordinates"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"hyperplane at infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane_at_infinity"},{"link_name":"affine space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space"},{"link_name":"homogenizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_polynomial#Homogenization"},{"link_name":"nonsingular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_point_of_an_algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"circular cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cylinder"}],"text":"A projective (algebraic) hypersurface of dimension n – 1 in a projective space of dimension n over a field k is defined by a homogeneous polynomial \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(x_{0},x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})}\n \n in n + 1 indeterminates. As usual, homogeneous polynomial means that all monomials of P have the same degree, or, equivalently that \n \n \n \n P\n (\n c\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n c\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n c\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n c\n \n d\n \n \n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(cx_{0},cx_{1},\\ldots ,cx_{n})=c^{d}P(x_{0},x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})}\n \n for every constant c, where d is the degree of the polynomial. The points of the hypersurface are the points of the projective space whose projective coordinates are zeros of P.If one chooses the hyperplane of equation \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{0}=0}\n \n as hyperplane at infinity, the complement of this hyperplane is an affine space, and the points of the projective hypersurface that belong to this affine space form an affine hypersurface of equation \n \n \n \n P\n (\n 1\n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(1,x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=0.}\n \n Conversely, given an affine hypersurface of equation \n \n \n \n p\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=0,}\n \n it defines a projective hypersurface, called its projective completion, whose equation is obtained by homogenizing p. That is, the equation of the projective completion is \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(x_{0},x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=0,}\n \n withP\n (\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n d\n \n \n p\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(x_{0},x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=x_{0}^{d}p(x_{1}/x_{0},\\ldots ,x_{n}/x_{0}),}where d is the degree of P.These two processes projective completion and restriction to an affine subspace are inverse one to the other. Therefore, an affine hypersurface and its projective completion have essentially the same properties, and are often considered as two points-of-view for the same hypersurface.However, it may occur that an affine hypersurface is nonsingular, while its projective completion has singular points. In this case, one says that the affine surface is singular at infinity. For example, the circular cylinder of equationx\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}-1=0}in the affine space of dimension three has a unique singular point, which is at infinity, in the direction x = 0, y = 0.","title":"Projective algebraic hypersurface"}]	[]	[{"title":"Affine sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_sphere"},{"title":"Coble hypersurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coble_hypersurface"},{"title":"Dwork family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwork_family"},{"title":"Null hypersurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypersurface"},{"title":"Polar hypersurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_hypersurface"}]	[{"reference":"Lee, Jeffrey (2009). \"Curves and Hypersurfaces in Euclidean Space\". Manifolds and Differential Geometry. Providence: American Mathematical Society. pp. 143–188. ISBN 978-0-8218-4815-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QqHdHy9WsEoC&pg=PA143","url_text":"\"Curves and Hypersurfaces in Euclidean Space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-4815-9","url_text":"978-0-8218-4815-9"}]},{"reference":"Lima, Elon L. (1988). \"The Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem for smooth hypersurfaces\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 95 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1080/00029890.1988.11971963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1988.11971963","url_text":"10.1080/00029890.1988.11971963"}]},{"reference":"\"Hypersurface\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Hypersurface","url_text":"\"Hypersurface\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QqHdHy9WsEoC&pg=PA143","external_links_name":"\"Curves and Hypersurfaces in Euclidean Space\""},{"Link":"https://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-022-01/S0002-9939-1969-0245026-9/S0002-9939-1969-0245026-9.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Orientability of hypersurfaces in Rn"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1988.11971963","external_links_name":"10.1080/00029890.1988.11971963"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Hypersurface","external_links_name":"\"Hypersurface\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-004-0260-4","external_links_name":"Visualization of hypersurfaces and multivariable (objective) functions by partial globalization"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sememe	Sememe	["1 See also","2 References","2.1 Sources"]	Semantic language unit of meaning A sememe (/ˈsɛmiːm/; from Ancient Greek σημαίνω (sēmaínō) 'mean, signify') is a semantic language unit of meaning, analogous to a morpheme. The concept is relevant in structural semiotics. A seme is a proposed unit of transmitted or intended meaning; it is atomic or indivisible. A sememe can be the meaning expressed by a morpheme, such as the English pluralizing morpheme -s, which carries the sememic feature . Alternatively, a single sememe (for example or ) can be conceived as the abstract representation of such verbs as skate, roll, jump, slide, turn, or boogie. It can be thought of as the semantic counterpart to any of the following: a meme in a culture, a gene in a genome, or an atom (or, more generally, an elementary particle) in a substance. A seme is the name for the smallest unit of meaning recognized in semantics, referring to a single characteristic of a sememe. There are five types of sememes: two denotational and three connotational, the latter occurring only in phrase units (they do not reflect the denotation): Denotational 1: Primary denotation, for example "head" (body); Denotational 2: Secondary denotation by resemblance with other denotation: "head" (ship); Connotational 1: Analogous in function or nature as the original denotation, for example, "head" used as managing or leading positions, which is similar to the role or function of "head" in the operation of the human body; Connotational 2: Emotive, e.g. meaning in "honey"; Connotational 3: Evaluative, e.g. meaning in "sneak" – move silently and secretly for a bad purpose The operational definition of synonymy depends on the distinctions between these classes of sememes. For example, the differentiation between what some academics call cognitive synonyms and near-synonyms depends on these differences. A related concept is that of the episememe (as described in the works of Leonard Bloomfield), which is a unit of meaning corresponding to the tagmeme. See also Emic unit Memetics Problem of universals Semantic field Word sense References ^ Pragmatic and syntagmatic aspects of phraseology, Krassnoff (in Russian) ^ Stanojević, Maja (2009), "Cognitive synonymy: a general overview" (PDF), Facta Universitatis, Linguistics and Literature Series, 7 (2): 193–200. Sources Bazell, Charles Ernest (1954). The sememe. in: Litera I. Istanbul. pp. 17–31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Reprinted in: Hamp, Eric P.; Fred W. Householder; Robert Austerlitz, eds. (1966). Readings in linguistics II. University of Chicago Press. pp. 329–40. Vakulenko, Serhii (2005). "The Notion of Sememe in the Work of Adolf Noreen". The Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas Bulletin. 44 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/02674971.2005.11745606. S2CID 148074668. vteLexicologyMajor terms Lexical item Lexicon Lexis Word Elements Chereme Glyphs Grapheme Lemma Lexeme Morpheme Phoneme Seme Sememe Semantic relations Antonymy Hypernymy and hyponymy Meronymy and holonymy Idiom Lexical semantics Semantic network Synonym Troponymy Functions Function word Headword Fields Controlled vocabulary English lexicology and lexicography International scientific vocabulary Lexicographic error Lexicographic information cost Linguistic prescription Morphology Specialized lexicography Linguistics portal vteLexicographyTypes of reference works Dictionary Glossary Lexicon Phrase book Thesaurus Types of dictionaries Advanced learner's Anagram Bilingual Biographical Conceptual Defining vocabulary Electronic Encyclopedic Etymological Explanatory Historical Idiom Language-for-specific-purposes Machine-readable Medical Monolingual learner's Multi-field Picture Reverse Rhyming Rime Single-field Specialized Spelling dictionary Sub-field Visual Other International scientific vocabulary List of lexicographers List of online dictionaries Linguistics portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈsɛmiːm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"semantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic"},{"link_name":"morpheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"},{"link_name":"structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics"},{"link_name":"semiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics"},{"link_name":"meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"elementary particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle"},{"link_name":"seme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seme_(semantics)"},{"link_name":"semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"denotational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation"},{"link_name":"connotational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotation"},{"link_name":"denotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"operational definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_definition"},{"link_name":"synonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"cognitive synonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_synonymy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanojevi%C4%87_2009-2"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"tagmeme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagmeme"}],"text":"A sememe (/ˈsɛmiːm/; from Ancient Greek σημαίνω (sēmaínō) 'mean, signify') is a semantic language unit of meaning, analogous to a morpheme. The concept is relevant in structural semiotics.A seme is a proposed unit of transmitted or intended meaning; it is atomic or indivisible. A sememe can be the meaning expressed by a morpheme, such as the English pluralizing morpheme -s, which carries the sememic feature [+ plural]. Alternatively, a single sememe (for example [go] or [move]) can be conceived as the abstract representation of such verbs as skate, roll, jump, slide, turn, or boogie. It can be thought of as the semantic counterpart to any of the following: a meme in a culture, a gene in a genome, or an atom (or, more generally, an elementary particle) in a substance. A seme is the name for the smallest unit of meaning recognized in semantics, referring to a single characteristic of a sememe.There are five types of sememes: two denotational and three connotational, the latter occurring only in phrase units (they do not reflect the denotation):[1]Denotational 1: Primary denotation, for example \"head\" (body);\nDenotational 2: Secondary denotation by resemblance with other denotation: \"head\" (ship);\nConnotational 1: Analogous in function or nature as the original denotation, for example, \"head\" used as managing or leading positions, which is similar to the role or function of \"head\" in the operation of the human body;\nConnotational 2: Emotive, e.g. meaning in \"honey\";\nConnotational 3: Evaluative, e.g. meaning in \"sneak\" – move silently and secretly for a bad purposeThe operational definition of synonymy depends on the distinctions between these classes of sememes. For example, the differentiation between what some academics call cognitive synonyms and near-synonyms[2] depends on these differences.A related concept is that of the episememe (as described in the works of Leonard Bloomfield), which is a unit of meaning corresponding to the tagmeme.","title":"Sememe"}]	[]	[{"title":"Emic unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emic_unit"},{"title":"Memetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics"},{"title":"Problem of universals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals"},{"title":"Semantic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_field"},{"title":"Word sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense"}]	[{"reference":"Stanojević, Maja (2009), \"Cognitive synonymy: a general overview\" (PDF), Facta Universitatis, Linguistics and Literature Series, 7 (2): 193–200.","urls":[{"url":"http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/lal/lal200902/lal200902-05.pdf","url_text":"\"Cognitive synonymy: a general overview\""}]},{"reference":"Bazell, Charles Ernest (1954). The sememe. in: Litera I. Istanbul. pp. 17–31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hamp, Eric P.; Fred W. Householder; Robert Austerlitz, eds. (1966). Readings in linguistics II. University of Chicago Press. pp. 329–40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vakulenko, Serhii (2005). \"The Notion of Sememe in the Work of Adolf Noreen\". The Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas Bulletin. 44 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/02674971.2005.11745606. S2CID 148074668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02674971.2005.11745606","url_text":"10.1080/02674971.2005.11745606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148074668","url_text":"148074668"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.krsu.edu.kg/vestnik/2003/v2/a04.html","external_links_name":"Pragmatic and syntagmatic aspects of phraseology"},{"Link":"http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/lal/lal200902/lal200902-05.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cognitive synonymy: a general overview\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02674971.2005.11745606","external_links_name":"10.1080/02674971.2005.11745606"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148074668","external_links_name":"148074668"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersey%E2%80%93Blanchard_situational_theory	Situational leadership theory	["1 Leadership styles","2 Maturity levels","3 Performance Readiness","4 Developing people and self-motivation","5 SLII","5.1 Framework of reference","5.2 Leadership Styles","5.3 Development levels","5.4 Research on the model","6 See also","7 References","8 Resources","9 External links"]	Business model This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Situational leadership theory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Situational Leadership Theory, now named the Situational Leadership Model, is a model created by Dr. Paul Hersey and Dr. Ken Blanchard, developed while working on the text book, Management of Organizational Behavior. The theory was first introduced in 1969 as "Life Cycle Theory of Leadership". During the mid-1970s, Life Cycle Theory of Leadership was renamed "Situational Leadership Theory." Situational Leadership is one of several two-factor leadership theories or models that emerged starting in the mid-1940s and continuing through the 1960s, which also include Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid, William James Reddin's 3D Theory, Herzberg's Two-factor theory, and others. In the late 1970s/ early 1980s, Hersey and Blanchard both developed their own slightly divergent versions of the Situational Leadership Theory: The Situational Leadership Model (Hersey) and the Situational Leadership II model (Blanchard et al.). In 2018, it was agreed that the Blanchard version of the model be trademarked as SLII and the Hersey version of the model to remain trademarked as Situational Leadership. The fundamental principle of the Situational Leadership Model is that there is no single "best" style of leadership. Effective leadership is task-relevant, and the most successful leaders are those who adapt their leadership style to the Performance Readiness level (ability and willingness) of the individual or group they are attempting to lead or influence. Effective leadership varies, not only with the person or group that is being influenced, but it also depends on the task, job, or function that needs to be accomplished. Several studies do not support all of the prescriptions offered by situational leadership theory. Leadership styles Hersey and Blanchard characterized leadership style in terms of the amount of task behavior and relationship behavior that the leader provides to their followers. They categorized all leadership styles into four behavior styles based on combinations of either high or low task behavior and relationship behavior, which they named S1 to S4. The titles for three of these styles differ depending on which version of the model is used. S4 S3 S2 S1 Delegating Participating (Supporting) Selling (Coaching) Telling (Directing) Leaders delegate most of the responsibility to the group. They monitor progress but are less involved in decision-making. Leaders focus on relationships and less on providing direction. They work with the team and share decision-making responsibilities. Leaders provide direction. But they attempt to sell their ideas to get people on board. Leaders tell people what to do and how to do it. Low task behavior. Low relationship behavior. Low task behavior. High relationship behavior. High task behavior. High relationship behavior. High task behavior. Low relationship behavior. Of these, no one style is considered optimal for all leaders to use all the time. Situational Leadership holds that effective leaders need to be flexible and must adapt themselves according to the situation. Maturity levels The right leadership style will depend on the person or group being led. The Hersey–Blanchard Situational Leadership theory identified four levels of maturity M1 through M4: High Medium Low M4 M3 M2 M1 High maturity Medium maturity, higher skills but lacking confidence Medium maturity, limited skills Low maturity Individuals are able to do the task on their own and are comfortable with their own ability to do it well. They are able and willing to not only do the task, but to take responsibility for the task. Individuals are ready and willing to do the task. They have the skills but are not confident in their abilities. Individuals are willing to do the task but lack the skills to do it successfully. Individuals lack the knowledge, skills, or confidence to work on their own, and they often are unwilling to take the task on. Maturity levels are also task specific. A person might be generally skilled, confident, and motivated in their job, but would still have a maturity level M1 when asked to perform a task requiring skills they don't possess. Blanchard's SLII Model makes some changes to these, relabeling all as development levels rather than maturity levels to avoid stigma around the idea of immaturity, and making some distinctions in M1 and M2, now D1 and D2 in this subsequent version. In later editions of Management of Organizational Behavior, the follower's development continuum was changed from Maturity levels to Follower Readiness, indicative of how ready a person is to perform a specific task, not a personal characteristic. In the ninth edition, it was further refined and relabeled Performance Readiness. According to Hersey, Performance Readiness is dynamic and as it changes, depending on the task at hand, it also varies, depending on the individual and the specific situation. Performance Readiness As described above, Maturity Level was revised into Performance Readiness in later versions of Situational Leadership. The Performance Readiness levels are as follows. High Medium Low R4 R3 R2 R1 Able and Confident and Willing Able but Insecure or Unwilling Unable but Confident and Willing Unable and Insecure or Unwilling Developing people and self-motivation Hersey maintains that development is not a linear function. When developing Performance Readiness people are unique. Everyone does not start at R1, then progress to R2, R3 and then R4. "A good leader develops the competence and commitment of their people so they're self-motivated rather than dependent on others for direction and guidance." According to Hersey's book, a leader's high, realistic expectation causes high performance of followers; a leader's low expectations lead to low performance of followers. SLII Hersey and Blanchard continued to iterate on the original theory until 1977 when they mutually agreed to run their respective companies. In the late 1970s, Hersey changed the name from "situational leadership theory" to "situational leadership". In 1979, Ken Blanchard founded Blanchard Training & Development, Inc. (later The Ken Blanchard Companies), together with his wife Margie Blanchard and a board of founding associates. Over time, this group made changes to the concepts of the original situational leadership theory in several key areas, which included the research base, the leadership style labels, and the individual's development level continuum. In 1985 Blanchard introduced Situational Leadership II (SLII) in the book Leadership and the One Minute Manager: A Situational Approach to Managing People. Blanchard and his colleagues continued to iterate and revise the book. Framework of reference The situational leadership II (SLII) model acknowledged the existing research of the situational leadership theory and revised the concepts based on feedback from clients, practicing managers, and the work of several leading researchers in the field of group development. The primary sources included: Malcolm Knowles' research in the area of adult learning theory and individual development stages, where he asserted that learning and growth are based on changes in self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, and orientation to learning. Kanfer and Ackerman's study of motivation and cognitive abilities and the difference between commitment and confidence, task knowledge and transferable skills. Bruce Tuckman's research in the field of group development, which compiled the results of 50 studies on group development and identified four stages of development: forming, storming, norming, and performing. Tuckman's later work identified a fifth stage of development called "termination". Tuckman found that when individuals are new to the team or task they are motivated but are usually relatively uninformed of the issues and objectives of the team. Tuckman felt that in the initial stage (forming) supervisors of the team need to be directive. Stage two, Storming, is characterized by conflict and polarization around interpersonal issues and how best to approach the task. These behaviors serve as resistance to group influence and task requirements and can cause performance to drop. As the team moves through the stages of development, performance and productivity increase. Lacoursiere's research in the 1980s synthesized the findings from 238 groups. Until Lacoursiere's work in 1980, most research had studied non-work groups; Lacoursiere's work validated the findings produced by Tuckman in regard to the five stages of group development. Susan Wheelan's 10-year study, published in 1990 and titled Creating Effective Teams, which confirmed the five stages of group development in Tuckman's work. Leadership Styles The Situational Leadership II model uses the terms "supportive behavior" where SL used "relationship behavior" and "directive behavior" where SL used "task behavior". Development levels Blanchard's situational leadership II model uses the terms "competence" (ability, knowledge, and skill) and "commitment" (confidence and motivation) to describe different levels of development. According to Ken Blanchard, "Four combinations of competence and commitment make up what we call 'development level.'" D4 D3 D2 D1 Self-reliant Achiever: High competence with high commitment Capable but Cautious Performer: High competence with low/variable commitment Disillusioned Learner: Low/middling competence with low commitment Enthusiastic Beginner: Low competence with high commitment In order to make an effective cycle, a leader needs to motivate followers properly by adjusting their leadership style to the development level of the person. Blanchard postulates that Enthusiastic Beginners (D1) need a directing leadership style while Disillusioned Learners (D2) require a coaching style. He suggests that Capable but Cautious Performers (D3) respond best to a Supporting leadership style and Self-reliant Achievers (D4) need leaders who offer a delegating style. The situational leadership II model tends to view development as an evolutionary progression meaning that when individuals approach a new task for the first time, they start out with little or no knowledge, ability or skills, but with high enthusiasm, motivation, and commitment. Blanchard views development as a process as the individual moves from developing to developed, in this viewpoint it is still incumbent upon the leader to diagnose development level and then use the appropriate leadership style which can vary based on each task, goal, or assignment. In the Blanchard SLII model, the belief is that an individual comes to a new task or role with low competence (knowledge and transferable skills) but high commitment. As the individual gains experience and is appropriately supported and directed by their leader they reach development level 2 and gain some competence, but their commitment drops because the task may be more complex than the individual had originally perceived when they began the task. With the direction and support of their leader, the individual moves to development level 3 where competence can still be variable—fluctuating between moderate to high knowledge, ability and transferable skills and variable commitment as they continue to gain mastery of the task or role. Finally, the individual moves to development level 4 where competence and commitment are high. Research on the model Despite its intuitive appeal, several studies do not support the prescriptions offered by situational leadership theory. To determine the validity of the prescriptions suggested by the Hersey and Blanchard approach, Vecchio (1987) conducted a study of more than 300 high school teachers and their principals. He found that newly hired teachers were more satisfied and performed better under principals who had highly structured leadership styles, but the performance of more experienced and mature teachers was unrelated to the style their principals exhibited. In essence, the Vecchio findings suggest that in terms of situational leadership, it is appropriate to match a highly structured S1 style of leadership with immature subordinates, but it is not clear (incomplete research) whether it is appropriate to match S2, S3, or S4, respectively, with more mature subordinates. In a replication study using University employees, Fernandez and Vecchio (1997) found similar results. Taken together, these studies fail to support the basic recommendations suggested by the situational leadership model. A 2009 study found the 2007 revised theory was a poorer predictor of subordinate performance and attitudes than the original version from 1972. Survey data collected from 357 banking employees and 80 supervisors, sampled from 10 Norwegian financial institutions, were analyzed for predicted interactions. See also Two-factor theory Managerial grid model 3D Theory Contingency theory Three levels of leadership model Trait leadership References ^ Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Management of Organizational Behavior – Utilizing Human Resources. New Jersey/Prentice Hall. ^ Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). "Life cycle theory of leadership". Training and Development Journal. 23 (5): 26–34. ^ a b Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H. (1982). Management of Organizational Behavior 4th Edition– Utilizing Human Resources. New Jersey/Prentice Hall. ^ Valesky, T. Explanation of Two-Factor Leadership Theories. Florida Gulf Coast University. ^ a b c d e f Blanchard, Kenneth H., Patricia Zigarmi, and Drea Zigarmi. Leadership and the One Minute Manager: Increasing Effectiveness through Situational Leadership. New York: Morrow, 1985. Print. ^ Pope, Julia (2018-08-23). "The Center for Leadership Studies and the Ken Blanchard Companies Resolve Intellectual Property Litigation". Situational Leadership Management and Leadership Training. Retrieved 2023-09-29. ^ a b c Fernandez, C. F., & Vecchio, R. P. (1997). "Situational leadership theory revisited: A test of an across-jobs perspective". The Leadership Quarterly. 8 (1): 67–84. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90031-X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b c Vecchio, R. P. (1987). "Situational Leadership Theory: An examination of a prescriptive theory". Journal of Applied Psychology. 72 (3): 444–451. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.444. ^ Yeakey, George, 2000 ^ Hersey and Blanchard, Paul and K.H. (1988). Management of Organizational Behavior - Utilizing Human Resources (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ^ Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, Paul, K. H., Dewey (2008). Management of Organizational Behavior - Utilizing Human Resources (9th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Hersey, P. (1985). The situational leader. New York, NY: Warner Books. ISBN 978-0446513425 ^ Kanfer, Ruth; Ackerman, Phillip L. (Aug 1989). "Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition". Journal of Applied Psychology. 74 (4): 657–690. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.657. ^ a b c Blanchard, Kenneth H. (2019). Leading at a higher level : Blanchard on leadership and creating high performing organizations. Ken Blanchard Companies (Third ed.). : Pearson. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-13-485755-8. OCLC 1081335498. ^ Thompson, G., & Vecchio, R. P. (2009). "Situational leadership theory: A test of three versions". The Leadership Quarterly. 20 (5): 837–848. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Resources Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources (3rd ed.) New Jersey/Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0132617697 Blanchard, K. H., & Johnson, S. (1982). The one minute manager. 1st Morrow ed. New York, Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-01429-2 External links https://situational.com/situational-leadership/ https://www.blanchard.com/our-content/programs/slii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Paul Hersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hersey"},{"link_name":"Ken Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey1969-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey1977-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valesky-4"},{"link_name":"Managerial Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerial_grid_model"},{"link_name":"3D Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Reddin#The_3D_Theory"},{"link_name":"Two-factor theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-factor_theory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanchard1985-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey1977-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fernandez1997-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vecchio1987-8"}],"text":"Situational Leadership Theory, now named the Situational Leadership Model, is a model created by Dr. Paul Hersey and Dr. Ken Blanchard, developed while working on the text book, Management of Organizational Behavior.[1] The theory was first introduced in 1969 as \"Life Cycle Theory of Leadership\".[2] During the mid-1970s, Life Cycle Theory of Leadership was renamed \"Situational Leadership Theory.\"[3]Situational Leadership is one of several two-factor leadership theories or models that emerged starting in the mid-1940s[4] and continuing through the 1960s, which also include Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid, William James Reddin's 3D Theory, Herzberg's Two-factor theory, and others.In the late 1970s/ early 1980s, Hersey and Blanchard both developed their own slightly divergent versions of the Situational Leadership Theory: The Situational Leadership Model (Hersey) and the Situational Leadership II model (Blanchard et al.).[5] In 2018, it was agreed that the Blanchard version of the model be trademarked as SLII and the Hersey version of the model to remain trademarked as Situational Leadership.[6]The fundamental principle of the Situational Leadership Model is that there is no single \"best\" style of leadership. Effective leadership is task-relevant, and the most successful leaders are those who adapt their leadership style to the Performance Readiness level (ability and willingness) of the individual or group they are attempting to lead or influence. Effective leadership varies, not only with the person or group that is being influenced, but it also depends on the task, job, or function that needs to be accomplished.[3]Several studies do not support all of the prescriptions offered by situational leadership theory.[7][8]","title":"Situational leadership theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hersey and Blanchard characterized leadership style in terms of the amount of task behavior and relationship behavior that the leader provides to their followers. They categorized all leadership styles into four behavior styles based on combinations of either high or low task behavior and relationship behavior, which they named S1 to S4. The titles for three of these styles differ depending on which version of the model is used.[9]Of these, no one style is considered optimal for all leaders to use all the time. Situational Leadership holds that effective leaders need to be flexible and must adapt themselves according to the situation.","title":"Leadership styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The right leadership style will depend on the person or group being led. The Hersey–Blanchard Situational Leadership theory identified four levels of maturity M1 through M4:Maturity levels are also task specific. A person might be generally skilled, confident, and motivated in their job, but would still have a maturity level M1 when asked to perform a task requiring skills they don't possess. Blanchard's SLII Model makes some changes to these, relabeling all as development levels rather than maturity levels to avoid stigma around the idea of immaturity, and making some distinctions in M1 and M2, now D1 and D2 in this subsequent version.In later editions of Management of Organizational Behavior, the follower's development continuum was changed from Maturity levels to Follower Readiness, indicative of how ready a person is to perform a specific task, not a personal characteristic.[10] In the ninth edition, it was further refined and relabeled Performance Readiness. According to Hersey, Performance Readiness is dynamic and as it changes, depending on the task at hand, it also varies, depending on the individual and the specific situation. [11]","title":"Maturity levels"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As described above, Maturity Level was revised into Performance Readiness in later versions of Situational Leadership. The Performance Readiness levels are as follows.","title":"Performance Readiness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey1985-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey1985-12"}],"text":"Hersey maintains that development is not a linear function. When developing Performance Readiness people are unique. Everyone does not start at R1, then progress to R2, R3 and then R4. \"A good leader develops the competence and commitment of their people so they're self-motivated rather than dependent on others for direction and guidance.\"[12] According to Hersey's book, a leader's high, realistic expectation causes high performance of followers; a leader's low expectations lead to low performance of followers.[12]","title":"Developing people and self-motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanchard1985-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanchard1985-5"}],"text":"Hersey and Blanchard continued to iterate on the original theory until 1977 when they mutually agreed to run their respective companies. In the late 1970s, Hersey changed the name from \"situational leadership theory\" to \"situational leadership\".In 1979, Ken Blanchard founded Blanchard Training & Development, Inc. (later The Ken Blanchard Companies), together with his wife Margie Blanchard and a board of founding associates. Over time, this group made changes to the concepts of the original situational leadership theory in several key areas, which included the research base, the leadership style labels, and the individual's development level continuum.[5]In 1985 Blanchard introduced Situational Leadership II (SLII) in the book Leadership and the One Minute Manager: A Situational Approach to Managing People. Blanchard and his colleagues continued to iterate and revise the book.[5]","title":"SLII"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanchard1985-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Framework of reference","text":"The situational leadership II (SLII) model acknowledged the existing research of the situational leadership theory and revised the concepts based on feedback from clients, practicing managers, and the work of several leading researchers in the field of group development.[5]The primary sources included:Malcolm Knowles' research in the area of adult learning theory and individual development stages, where he asserted that learning and growth are based on changes in self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, and orientation to learning.\nKanfer and Ackerman's study of motivation and cognitive abilities and the difference between commitment and confidence, task knowledge and transferable skills.[13]\nBruce Tuckman's research in the field of group development, which compiled the results of 50 studies on group development and identified four stages of development: forming, storming, norming, and performing. Tuckman's later work identified a fifth stage of development called \"termination\". Tuckman found that when individuals are new to the team or task they are motivated but are usually relatively uninformed of the issues and objectives of the team. Tuckman felt that in the initial stage (forming) supervisors of the team need to be directive. Stage two, Storming, is characterized by conflict and polarization around interpersonal issues and how best to approach the task. These behaviors serve as resistance to group influence and task requirements and can cause performance to drop. As the team moves through the stages of development, performance and productivity increase.\nLacoursiere's research in the 1980s synthesized the findings from 238 groups. Until Lacoursiere's work in 1980, most research had studied non-work groups; Lacoursiere's work validated the findings produced by Tuckman in regard to the five stages of group development.\nSusan Wheelan's 10-year study, published in 1990 and titled Creating Effective Teams, which confirmed the five stages of group development in Tuckman's work.","title":"SLII"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leadership Styles","text":"The Situational Leadership II model uses the terms \"supportive behavior\" where SL used \"relationship behavior\" and \"directive behavior\" where SL used \"task behavior\".","title":"SLII"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"competence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/competence"},{"link_name":"commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/commitment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanchard1985-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"sub_title":"Development levels","text":"Blanchard's situational leadership II model uses the terms \"competence\" (ability, knowledge, and skill) and \"commitment\" (confidence and motivation) to describe different levels of development.[5]According to Ken Blanchard, \"Four combinations of competence and commitment make up what we call 'development level.'\"[citation needed]In order to make an effective cycle, a leader needs to motivate followers properly by adjusting their leadership style to the development level of the person. Blanchard postulates that Enthusiastic Beginners (D1) need a directing leadership style while Disillusioned Learners (D2) require a coaching style. He suggests that Capable but Cautious Performers (D3) respond best to a Supporting leadership style and Self-reliant Achievers (D4) need leaders who offer a delegating style. [14]The situational leadership II model tends to view development as an evolutionary progression meaning that when individuals approach a new task for the first time, they start out with little or no knowledge, ability or skills, but with high enthusiasm, motivation, and commitment. Blanchard views development as a process as the individual moves from developing to developed, in this viewpoint it is still incumbent upon the leader to diagnose development level and then use the appropriate leadership style which can vary based on each task, goal, or assignment. [14]In the Blanchard SLII model, the belief is that an individual comes to a new task or role with low competence (knowledge and transferable skills) but high commitment. As the individual gains experience and is appropriately supported and directed by their leader they reach development level 2 and gain some competence, but their commitment drops because the task may be more complex than the individual had originally perceived when they began the task. With the direction and support of their leader, the individual moves to development level 3 where competence can still be variable—fluctuating between moderate to high knowledge, ability and transferable skills and variable commitment as they continue to gain mastery of the task or role. Finally, the individual moves to development level 4 where competence and commitment are high.","title":"SLII"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fernandez1997-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vecchio1987-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vecchio1987-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fernandez1997-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson,_G.,_&_Vecchio,_R._P._(2009)-15"}],"sub_title":"Research on the model","text":"Despite its intuitive appeal, several studies do not support the prescriptions offered by situational leadership theory.[7][8] To determine the validity of the prescriptions suggested by the Hersey and Blanchard approach, Vecchio (1987)[8] conducted a study of more than 300 high school teachers and their principals. He found that newly hired teachers were more satisfied and performed better under principals who had highly structured leadership styles, but the performance of more experienced and mature teachers was unrelated to the style their principals exhibited. In essence, the Vecchio findings suggest that in terms of situational leadership, it is appropriate to match a highly structured S1 style of leadership with immature subordinates, but it is not clear (incomplete research) whether it is appropriate to match S2, S3, or S4, respectively, with more mature subordinates. In a replication study using University employees, Fernandez and Vecchio (1997)[7] found similar results. Taken together, these studies fail to support the basic recommendations suggested by the situational leadership model.A 2009 study[15] found the 2007 revised theory was a poorer predictor of subordinate performance and attitudes than the original version from 1972. Survey data collected from 357 banking employees and 80 supervisors, sampled from 10 Norwegian financial institutions, were analyzed for predicted interactions.","title":"SLII"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0132617697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0132617697"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-688-01429-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01429-2"}],"text":"Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources (3rd ed.) New Jersey/Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0132617697\nBlanchard, K. H., & Johnson, S. (1982). The one minute manager. 1st Morrow ed. New York, Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-01429-2","title":"Resources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Two-factor theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-factor_theory"},{"title":"Managerial grid model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerial_grid_model"},{"title":"3D Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Reddin#The_3D_Theory"},{"title":"Contingency theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_theory"},{"title":"Three levels of leadership model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_levels_of_leadership_model"},{"title":"Trait leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_leadership"}]	[{"reference":"Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). \"Life cycle theory of leadership\". Training and Development Journal. 23 (5): 26–34.","urls":[{"url":"http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1970-19661-001","url_text":"\"Life cycle theory of leadership\""}]},{"reference":"Pope, Julia (2018-08-23). \"The Center for Leadership Studies and the Ken Blanchard Companies Resolve Intellectual Property Litigation\". Situational Leadership Management and Leadership Training. Retrieved 2023-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://situational.com/press-releases/the-center-for-leadership-studies-and-the-ken-blanchard-companies-resolve-intellectual-property-litigation/","url_text":"\"The Center for Leadership Studies and the Ken Blanchard Companies Resolve Intellectual Property Litigation\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, C. F., & Vecchio, R. P. (1997). \"Situational leadership theory revisited: A test of an across-jobs perspective\". The Leadership Quarterly. 8 (1): 67–84. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90031-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1048-9843%2897%2990031-X","url_text":"10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90031-X"}]},{"reference":"Vecchio, R. P. (1987). \"Situational Leadership Theory: An examination of a prescriptive theory\". Journal of Applied Psychology. 72 (3): 444–451. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.72.3.444","url_text":"10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.444"}]},{"reference":"Hersey and Blanchard, Paul and K.H. (1988). Management of Organizational Behavior - Utilizing Human Resources (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, Paul, K. H., Dewey (2008). Management of Organizational Behavior - Utilizing Human Resources (9th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kanfer, Ruth; Ackerman, Phillip L. (Aug 1989). \"Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition\". Journal of Applied Psychology. 74 (4): 657–690. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.657.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.74.4.657","url_text":"10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.657"}]},{"reference":"Blanchard, Kenneth H. (2019). Leading at a higher level : Blanchard on leadership and creating high performing organizations. Ken Blanchard Companies (Third ed.). [Place of publication not identified]: Pearson. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-13-485755-8. OCLC 1081335498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-485755-8","url_text":"978-0-13-485755-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1081335498","url_text":"1081335498"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, G., & Vecchio, R. P. (2009). \"Situational leadership theory: A test of three versions\". The Leadership Quarterly. 20 (5): 837–848. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.leaqua.2009.06.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.014"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Situational+leadership+theory%22","external_links_name":"\"Situational leadership theory\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Situational+leadership+theory%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Situational+leadership+theory%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Situational+leadership+theory%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Situational+leadership+theory%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Situational+leadership+theory%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Situational_leadership_theory&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1970-19661-001","external_links_name":"\"Life cycle theory of leadership\""},{"Link":"https://situational.com/press-releases/the-center-for-leadership-studies-and-the-ken-blanchard-companies-resolve-intellectual-property-litigation/","external_links_name":"\"The Center for Leadership Studies and the Ken Blanchard Companies Resolve Intellectual Property Litigation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1048-9843%2897%2990031-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90031-X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.72.3.444","external_links_name":"10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.444"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.74.4.657","external_links_name":"10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.657"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1081335498","external_links_name":"1081335498"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.leaqua.2009.06.014","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.014"},{"Link":"https://situational.com/situational-leadership/","external_links_name":"https://situational.com/situational-leadership/"},{"Link":"https://www.blanchard.com/our-content/programs/slii","external_links_name":"https://www.blanchard.com/our-content/programs/slii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Bizzi	Emilio Bizzi	["1 References","2 External links"]	American neuroscientist Emilio BizziBorn (1933-02-22) February 22, 1933 (age 91)Rome, ItalyNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Rome (MD) University of Pisa (PhD)Known forMotor control and skills, President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006)AwardsW. Alden Spencer Award (1978)Elected to National Academy of Sciences (1986) & Institute of Medicine (2005), President of Italy's Gold Medal for Scientific Contributions (2005)Scientific careerFieldsNeuroscienceInstitutionsBrain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT Emilio Bizzi (born February 22, 1933) is a neuroscientist and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is an investigator of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research and a faculty member in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He received his MD from the University of Rome in 1958 and his PhD from the University of Pisa in 1968. In Pisa, he performed seminal measurements of brain waves during sleep. Bizzi joined MIT as a Research Associate in 1966, was appointed Associate Professor in 1969, and tenured in 1972. He was Director of the Whitaker College of Health Sciences, Technology, and Management between 1983 and 1987 and head of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences from 1986 to 1997. In 2006, he was elected as President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His research focuses on how the central nervous system translates brain messages signaling motor intent into muscle activation. He also studies how motor control is affected by stroke damage and how computational analysis of motor control can be harnessed to improve rehabilitation methods for stroke patients. References ^ "Bizzi, Emilio". lincei.it. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Retrieved 5 January 2023. ^ Who's who in Frontiers of Science and Technology. Marquis Who's Who. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8379-5702-9. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ Cheung, V. C. K.; Piron, L.; Agostini, M.; Silvoni, S.; Turolla, A.; Bizzi, E. (30 October 2009). "Stability of muscle synergies for voluntary actions after cortical stroke in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (46): 19563–19568. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10619563C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910114106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2780765. PMID 19880747. External links MIT News Office – Institute Professor press release Bizzi Lab website MIT McGovern Institute website European Brain Research Institute Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project Other IdRef This article about an American scientist in academia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to medicine in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"neuroscientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientist"},{"link_name":"Institute Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_Professor"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern_Institute_for_Brain_Research"},{"link_name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Brain_and_Cognitive_Sciences"},{"link_name":"University of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza"},{"link_name":"University of Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"brain waves during sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGO_waves"},{"link_name":"tenured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheung_Piron_Agostini_Silvoni_pp._19563%E2%80%9319568-3"}],"text":"Emilio Bizzi (born February 22, 1933)[1][2] is a neuroscientist and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is an investigator of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research and a faculty member in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He received his MD from the University of Rome in 1958 and his PhD from the University of Pisa in 1968. In Pisa, he performed seminal measurements of brain waves during sleep.Bizzi joined MIT as a Research Associate in 1966, was appointed Associate Professor in 1969, and tenured in 1972. He was Director of the Whitaker College of Health Sciences, Technology, and Management between 1983 and 1987 and head of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences from 1986 to 1997. In 2006, he was elected as President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.His research focuses on how the central nervous system translates brain messages signaling motor intent into muscle activation. He also studies how motor control is affected by stroke damage and how computational analysis of motor control can be harnessed to improve rehabilitation methods for stroke patients.[3]","title":"Emilio Bizzi"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bizzi, Emilio\". lincei.it. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Retrieved 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lincei.it/it/content/bizzi-emilio","url_text":"\"Bizzi, Emilio\""}]},{"reference":"Who's who in Frontiers of Science and Technology. Marquis Who's Who. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8379-5702-9. Retrieved 28 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_a87AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bizzi,+Emilio%22+AND+%221933%22","url_text":"Who's who in Frontiers of Science and Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-5702-9","url_text":"978-0-8379-5702-9"}]},{"reference":"Cheung, V. C. K.; Piron, L.; Agostini, M.; Silvoni, S.; Turolla, A.; Bizzi, E. (30 October 2009). \"Stability of muscle synergies for voluntary actions after cortical stroke in humans\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (46): 19563–19568. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10619563C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910114106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2780765. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks_in_the_Czech_Republic	Slovaks in the Czech Republic	["1 Statistics","2 Notable people","3 See also","4 References"]	Ethnic group Slovak citizens in the Czech Republic as of December 31, 2014YearPop.±%201181,253— 201285,807+5.6%201390,948+6.0%Source: Slovaks in the Czech Republic are the country's second-largest ethnic minority; after the Moravians, who are native to the Czech Republic. The American CIA puts them at 1.9% of the country's total population. Larger numbers of them can be found in the country's east, especially Ostrava and Brno; as the Czech Republic shares a border in the east with Slovakia. Brno especially is popular among Slovak university students. Statistics According to the 2021, ethnic Slovaks and people with some form of Slovak background formed 1,54% of the population of Czech republic (incl. those who included Slovak as their second ethnicity). In absolute numbers, that meant 162 578 people. People with Slovak ancestry can be found throughout the Czech republic, mostly in cities. Rank Region Number of Slovaks % 1 Prague 31 987 2,46 2 Moravia - Silesia 23 514 2,02 3 Central Bohemia 22 453 1,59 4 South Moravia 21 094 1,76 5 Ustecký 9 886 1,25 6 Pilsen 7 596 1,31 7 Olomouc 7 474 1,21 8 Zlín 6 938 1,23 9 South Bohemia 6 406 1,01 10 Carlsbad 5 745 2,06 11 Liberec 5 607 1,29 12 Královehradecký 5 577 1,04 13 Pardubice 4 938 0,97 14 Vysočina 3 363 0,68 Notable people Andrej Babiš, Czech politician and businessman of Slovak origin Erik Daniel, Czech footballer of Slovak origin See also Czech Republic portalSlovakia portal Czech Republic–Slovakia relations Slovak diaspora Demographics of the Czech Republic Czechs in Slovakia References ^ "Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ" (PDF). www.czso.cz. ^ "Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ" (PDF). www.czso.cz. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. ^ "Výstupní objekt VDB". vdb.czso.cz. Retrieved 2023-06-21. vteSlovak diasporaEurope Austria Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Serbia Ukraine North America Canada United States South America Argentina Oceania Australia vte Ethnic and national minorities in the Czech RepublicOfficially recognized Austrians Bulgarians Croats Germans Greeks Hungarians Poles Romani Russians Rusyns Serbs Silesians Slovaks Ukrainians Vietnamese Other Armenians Chinese Jews Koreans Macedonians Mongolians Portuguese Turks This Czech Republic-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ostrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrava"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Slovaks in the Czech Republic are the country's second-largest ethnic minority; after the Moravians, who are native to the Czech Republic. The American CIA puts them at 1.9% of the country's total population.[3] Larger numbers of them can be found in the country's east, especially Ostrava and Brno; as the Czech Republic shares a border in the east with Slovakia. Brno especially is popular among Slovak university students.","title":"Slovaks in the Czech Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"According to the 2021, ethnic Slovaks and people with some form of Slovak background formed 1,54% of the population of Czech republic (incl. those who included Slovak as their second ethnicity). In absolute numbers, that meant 162 578 people. People with Slovak ancestry can be found throughout the Czech republic, mostly in cities.[4]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrej Babiš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Erik Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Daniel"}],"text":"Andrej Babiš, Czech politician and businessman of Slovak origin\nErik Daniel, Czech footballer of Slovak origin","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	[{"title":"Czech Republic portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic"},{"title":"Slovakia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Slovakia"},{"title":"Czech Republic–Slovakia relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations"},{"title":"Slovak diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_diaspora"},{"title":"Demographics of the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"title":"Czechs in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs_in_Slovakia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ\" (PDF). www.czso.cz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.czso.cz/csu/2013edicniplan.nsf/engt/2E003D965E/$File/141413_t1-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ\" (PDF). www.czso.cz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.czso.cz/csu/2014edicniplan.nsf/engt/9A003F3BED/$File/29002714.pdf","url_text":"\"Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency\". www.cia.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/","url_text":"\"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Výstupní objekt VDB\". vdb.czso.cz. Retrieved 2023-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&z=T&f=TABULKA&skupId=4293&katalog=33522&pvo=SLD210082-KR&pvo=SLD210082-KR&evo=v133_!_SLD21F1008-H2_1","url_text":"\"Výstupní objekt VDB\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.czso.cz/csu/2013edicniplan.nsf/engt/2E003D965E/$File/141413_t1-01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ\""},{"Link":"http://www.czso.cz/csu/2014edicniplan.nsf/engt/9A003F3BED/$File/29002714.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Obsah nenalezen - ČSÚ\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/","external_links_name":"\"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency\""},{"Link":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&z=T&f=TABULKA&skupId=4293&katalog=33522&pvo=SLD210082-KR&pvo=SLD210082-KR&evo=v133_!_SLD21F1008-H2_1","external_links_name":"\"Výstupní objekt VDB\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovaks_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_deer	Philippine deer	["1 Taxonomy","2 Characteristics","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour and ecology","5 As a cultural keystone","5.1 Threats","6 Conservation","7 Fossil record","8 See also","9 References"]	Species of deer Philippine brown deer Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Cervidae Subfamily: Cervinae Genus: Rusa Species: R. marianna Binomial name Rusa marianna(Desmarest, 1822) Synonyms Cervus mariannus The Philippine deer (Rusa marianna), also known as the Philippine sambar or Philippine brown deer, is a vulnerable deer species endemic to the Philippines. It was first described from introduced populations in the Mariana Islands, hence the specific name. Taxonomy Cervus mariannus was the scientific name proposed by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1822. It was subordinated to the genus Rusa. Four subspecies are currently recognized: R. m. marianna in Luzon biogeographic region R. m. barandana in Mindoro R. m. nigella in isolated upland areas of Mindanao R. m. nigricans in lowland sites of Mindanao Characteristics An adult female Philippine deer on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines In Manila, Philippines The Philippine brown deer is relatively smaller than its relative, the sambar deer. Its head-and-body length and shoulder height measures 100 to 151 cm (39 to 59 in), and 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), respectively. Its weight usually ranges from 40 to 60 kg. Generally, its color is brown with white tail underside. Antlers are common among males which measures 20 to 40 cm. Variations in morphology were observed especially in Mindanao populations, but is still unknown at present. Distribution and habitat The Philippine deer is endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs in the islands of Luzon, Polillo and Catanduanes, Mindoro, Samar, Mindanao and Leyte. It is possibly extinct in Biliran, Bohol and Marinduque. It has also been declared extinct in Dinagat and Siargao Islands. Across the country, its population is severely fragmented and reduced. The Philippine brown deer generally thrives in a terrestrial environment from sea level up to at least 2,900 m (9,500 ft). It prefers to forage in grasslands under primary and secondary forests. However, due to forest denudation and excessive hunting, they are driven uphill to hide in the remaining patches of forests. It was introduced to Guam by Mariano Tobias sometime around 1771 to 1772 to be used in recreational hunting. The deer subsequently populated other neighboring locales in Micronesia, including the islands of Rota, Saipan and Pohnpei. However, in the absence of a natural predator, its population is rapidly expanding in Guam, posing serious threats to the native ecosystem and agricultural lands due to overgrazing. Hence, management programs are imposed to significantly reduce the deer population. In addition, there have been reports of introduction in Ogasawara Islands, Japan during the late 18th and 19th centuries, which immediately went extinct in 1925. A population from Guam was re-introduced after World War II, but followed the same fate years later. Behaviour and ecology Philippine deer are generally nocturnal, foraging for food (grasses, leaves, fallen fruits and berries) at night. During the daytime, they rest in the dense forest thickets. The mating season is usually from September to January. During this time, females gather in small groups, composed of at most eight deer; males are drawn to them by the females' pheromones. During these intense few months, males are virile, more vocal (to call females), and aggressively solitary. As with some other species of deer, one male will defend an area about the size of a football field against any intruding males. The two males will huff, scrape the ground and lock antlers. Fights do not often lead to bloodshed or death, but hormones are nonetheless heightened at this time. Many tense encounters between males result in nothing more than bluff charges, and the loser willingly retreats or is chased off of the boundaries of the territory. These boundaries are constantly updated through urinating, defecating in key spots, and rubbing oil scent glands on surrounding plants. Any other male setting foot within another's range is seen as a potential threat. Once the mating season comes to an end, males will often reconvene into their small bachelor herds. However, some male deer may spend time alone, regardless of mating success, before joining any others' company. After approximately six months, females give birth to a single fawn with light-colored spots, which will eventually disappear after several weeks. As a cultural keystone The Bagobo-Tagabawa tribe in Barangay Sibulan, Toril, Davao City identified the Philippine brown deer as a "cultural keystone species" (CKS). This means that the deer plays a vital role in their culture. As a matter of fact, tribesmen claimed that their tribe would be incomplete without the deer. To preserve their cultural pride by avoiding over-hunting, the tribe has declared hunting and non-hunting zones in the forest. Threats There are several threats that contribute to the rapidly declining population of the Philippine brown deer. Habitat loss and fragmentation drive the deer to hide in the remaining patches of forest with scarce food to eat. While they forage in grasslands, the deer prefer forest shade as hiding places, especially during daytime. The deer also has low fertility, giving birth to a single fawn in each conception. This means that excessive hunting has a high tendency of declining their population. The deer is hunted for meat, usually sold at PhP150-250 per kilogram. Ethnoecological evidences also reveal that the antler of the deer aside from being a common household decoration, is also used to treat stomach ache, tooth ache, fever, etc. This is done by scratching the surface of the antler with a sharp object (e.g. knife), then adding the powder into a glass of water before drinking. Conservation The deer was rare (R) in 1994, data deficient (DD) in 1996, and vulnerable (VU) since 2008 up to present. This is because of the rapid population decline estimated to be more than 30% in the last 24 years or three generations due to excessive hunting, shrinkage in distribution, and habitat loss and fragmentation. Fossil record In prehistoric times, the Sunda island of Borneo might have been connected to Palawan during the penultimate and previous glacial events, judging from the molecular phylogeny of murids. In Palawan, two articulated phalanx bones of a tiger were found amidst an assemblage of other animal bones and stone tools in Ille Cave near the village of New Ibajay. The other animal fossils were ascribed to deer, macaques, bearded pigs, small mammals, lizards, snakes and turtles. From the stone tools, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, it would appear that early humans had accumulated the bones. Using the work of Von den Driesch, all chosen anatomical features of appendicular elements' anatomical features which were chosen, besides molars, were measured to distinguish between taxa that had close relationships, and see morphometric changes over ages, though not for pigs or deer. For the latter two, cranial and mandibular elements, besides teeth of deer from Ille Cave were compared with samples of the Philippine brown deer, Calamian hog deer, and Visayan spotted deer, and thus two taxa of deer have been identified from the fossils: Axis and Cervus. Throughout deposits of the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene and Terminal Pleistocene at Ille Cave, elements of deer skeletons are regular, gradually becoming less before vanishing in the Terminal Holocene. One 'large' and one 'small' taxon can be easily differentiated by the significant change in size observed in the postcranial elements and dentition. The Philippine brown deer from Luzon appears to be closely matched to the 'large' taxon of deer found in the Palawanese fossils, from dental biometric comparisons which are similar between the latter and extant members of the genus Cervus or Rusa, particularly the Philippine brown deer (C. mariannus) and spotted deer (C. alfredi). However, the Philippine brown deer shows significant variation across its range, with populations on Mindanao Island being smaller than those of Luzon. Thus, it is possible that the overlap between the Luzonese brown deer and the archaeological material is coincidental, and that the fossils could belonged to another species of Cervus that had occurred in Palawan, with the taxonomic classification being unresolved. Otherwise, members of the genus Cervus are no longer seen in the region of Palawan. See also Javan rusa References ^ a b c d e MacKinnon, J.R.; Ong, P.; Gonzales, J. (2015). "Rusa marianna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4274A22168586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021. ^ Meijaard, I. and Groves, C. P. 2004. Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications. Journal of Zoology 263: 179–196. ^ Oliver, W.L.R., Dolar, M L. and Alcala, E. 1992. The Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi Sclater,conservation program. Silliman Journal 36: 47–54. ^ Rickart, E.A., Heaney, L.R., Heidman, P.D. and Utzurrum, R.C.B. 1993. The distribution and ecology of mammals on Leyte, Biliran, and Maripipi islands, Philippines. Fieldiana: Zoology 72: 1–62. ^ Oliver, W.L.R., Dolar, M L. and Alcala, E. 1992. The Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi Sclater,conservation program. Silliman Journal 36: 47–54. ^ Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Dollar, M.L., Alcala, A.C., Dans, A.T.L., Gonzales, P.C., Ingle, N.R., Lepiten, M.V., Oliver, W.L.R., Ong, P.S., Rickart, E.A., Tabaranza Jr., B.R. and Utzurrum, R.C.B. 1998. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana: Zoology (New Series) 88: 1–61. ^ Heaney, L.R., Gonzales, P.C., Utzurrum, R.C.B. and Rickart, E.A. 1991. The mammals of Catanduanes Island: Implications for the biogeography of small land-bridge islands in the Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 104(2): 399–415. ^ Taylor, E.H. 1934. Philippine land mammals. Manila. ^ Sanborn, C.C. 1952. Philippine Zoological Expedition 1946-1947. Fieldiana: Zoology 33: 89–158. ^ Rabor, D. S. 1986. Guide to the Philippine flora and fauna. Natural Resources Management Centre. Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. ^ Heaney, L. R., Balete, D. S., Dollar, M. L., Alcala, A. C., Dans, A. T. L., Gonzales, P. C., Ingle, N. R., Lepiten, M. V., Oliver, W. L. R., Ong, P. S., Rickart, E. A., Tabaranza Jr., B. R. and Utzurrum, R. C. B. 1998. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana: Zoology (New Series) 88: 1–61. ^ Wiles, G., Buden, D., & Worthington, D. (1999). History of introduction, population status, and management of Philippine deer (Cervus mariannus) on Micronesian Islands. Mammalia 63(2). doi:10.1515/mamm.1999.63.2.193 ^ Miura, S. and Yoshihara, M. 2002. The fate of Philippine brown deer Cervus mariannus of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Mammalia 66: 451–452. ^ Villegas, J.P. 2017. The Tree Horn: A Story of the Philippine Brown Deer (Rusa marianna) ^ Villamor, C.I. 1991. Deer captive breeding practices at a glance. Canopy International (Philippines):10–12. ^ Van der Geer, A.; Lyras, G.; De Vos, J.; Dermitzakis, M. (2011). "15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)". Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 220–347. ISBN 9781444391282. ^ Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127. Bibcode:2008PPP...264..123P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003. ^ Ochoa, J.; Piper, P. J. (2017). "Tiger". In Monks, G. (ed.). Climate Change and Human Responses: A Zooarchaeological Perspective. Springer. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-9-4024-1106-5. ^ Von den Driesch, A. (1976). "A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. ^ a b c Piper, Philip J.; Ochoa, Janine; Robles, Emil C.; Lewis, Helen; Paz, Victor (March 15, 2011). "Palaeozoology of Palawan Island, Philippines". Quaternary International. 233 (2). Elsevier: 142–158. Bibcode:2011QuInt.233..142P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.009. ^ Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2004). "Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications". Journal of Zoology. 263 (263). London: 179–196. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005011. vteExtant Artiodactyla species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Suborder RuminantiaAntilocapridaeAntilocapra Pronghorn (A. americana) GiraffidaeOkapia Okapi (O. johnstoni) Giraffa Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis) Southern giraffe (G. giraffa) Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata) Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi) MoschidaeMoschus Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis) Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii) Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster) Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus) Black musk deer (M. fuscus) Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster) Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) TragulidaeHyemoschus Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica) Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna) Tragulus Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus) Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil) Greater mouse-deer (T. napu) Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans) Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor) Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni) CervidaeLarge family listed belowBovidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CervidaeCervinaeMuntiacus Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes) Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons) Fea's muntjac (M. feae) Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus) Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak) Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis) Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis) Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi) Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis) Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis) Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis) Elaphodus Tufted deer (E. cephalophus) Dama European fallow deer (D. dama) Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica) Axis Chital (A. axis) Calamian deer (A. calamianensis) Bawean deer (A. kuhlii) Hog deer (A. porcinus) Rucervus Barasingha (R. duvaucelii) Eld's deer (R. eldii) Elaphurus Père David's deer (E. davidianus) Rusa Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi) Philippine sambar (R. mariannus) Rusa deer (R. timorensis) Sambar (R. unicolor) Cervus Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) Red deer (C. elaphus) Elk (C. canadensis) Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu) Sika deer (C. nippon) CapreolinaeAlces Moose (A. alces) Hydropotes Water deer (H. inermis) Capreolus European roe deer (C. capreolus) Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus) Rangifer Reindeer (R. tarandus) Hippocamelus Taruca (H. antisensis) South Andean deer (H. bisulcus) Mazama Red brocket (M. americana) Small red brocket (M. bororo) Merida brocket (M. bricenii) Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi) Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira) Pygmy brocket (M. nana) Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga) Little red brocket (M. rufina) Central American red brocket (M. temama) Ozotoceros Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus) Blastocerus Marsh deer (B. dichotomus) Pudu Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)? Southern pudu (P. pudu) Pudella? Peruvian Yungas pudu (P. carlae) Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles) Odocoileus Mule deer (O. hemionus) Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora) White-tailed deer (O. virginianus) Family BovidaeHippotraginaeHippotragus Roan antelope (H. equinus) Sable antelope (H. niger) Oryx East African oryx (O. beisa) Scimitar oryx (O. dammah) Gemsbok (O. gazella) Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx) Addax Addax (A. nasomaculatus) ReduncinaeKobus Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) Kob (K. kob) Lechwe (K. leche) Nile lechwe (K. megaceros) Puku (K. vardonii) Redunca Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum) Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca) AepycerotinaeAepyceros Impala (A. melampus) PeleinaePelea Grey rhebok (P. capreolus) AlcelaphinaeBeatragus Hirola (B. hunteri) Damaliscus Common tsessebe (D. lunatus) Bontebok (D. pygargus) Alcelaphus Hartebeest (A. buselaphus) Connochaetes Black wildebeest (C. gnou) Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus) PantholopinaePantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii) CaprinaeLarge subfamily listed belowBovinaeLarge subfamily listed belowAntilopinaeLarge subfamily listed belowFamily Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)Ammotragus Barbary sheep (A. lervia) Arabitragus Arabian tahr (A. jayakari) Budorcas Takin (B. taxicolor) Capra Wild goat (C. aegagrus) West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia) East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis) Markhor (C. falconeri) Domestic goat (C. hircus) Alpine ibex (C. ibex) Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica) Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) Walia ibex (C. walie) Capricornis Japanese serow (C. crispus) Red serow (C. rubidus) Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis) Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei) Hemitragus Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus) Naemorhedus Red goral (N. baileyi) Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus) Himalayan goral (N. goral) Chinese goral (N. griseus) Oreamnos Mountain goat (O. americanus) Ovibos Muskox (O. moschatus) Nilgiritragus Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius) Ovis Argali (O. ammon) Domestic sheep (O. aries) Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis) Dall sheep (O. dalli) Mouflon (O. gmelini) Snow sheep (O. nivicola) Urial (O. vignei) Pseudois Bharal (P. nayaur) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica) Chamois (R. rupicapra) Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)BoselaphiniTetracerus Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis) Boselaphus Nilgai (B. tragocamelus) BoviniBubalus Wild water buffalo (B. arnee) Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis) Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis) Tamaraw (B. mindorensis) Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi) Bos American bison (B. bison) European bison (B. bonasus) Bali cattle (B. domesticus) Gayal (B. frontalis) Gaur (B. gaurus) Domestic yak (B. grunniens) Zebu (B. indicus) Banteng (B. javanicus) Wild yak (B. mutus) Cattle (B. taurus) Pseudoryx Saola (P. nghetinhensis) Syncerus African buffalo (S. caffer) TragelaphiniTragelaphus(including kudus) Nyala (T. angasii) Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni) Bongo (T. eurycerus) Lesser kudu (T. imberbis) Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) Sitatunga (T. spekeii) Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros) Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus) Taurotragus Giant eland (T. derbianus) Common eland (T. oryx) Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)AntilopiniAmmodorcas Dibatag (A. clarkei) Antidorcas Springbok (A. marsupialis) Antilope Blackbuck (A. cervicapra) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata) Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons) Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii) Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura) Gazella Chinkara (G. bennettii) Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri) Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas) Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri) Mountain gazelle (G. gazella) Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros) Speke's gazelle (G. spekei) Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa) Litocranius Gerenuk (L. walleri) Nanger Dama gazelle (N. dama) Grant's gazelle (N. granti) Bright's gazelle (N. notatus) Peter's gazelle (N. petersii) Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii) Procapra Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) Goa (P. picticaudata) Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii) SaiginiPantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii) Saiga Saiga antelope (S. tatarica) NeotraginiDorcatragus Beira (D. megalotis) Madoqua Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri) Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii) Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii) Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana) Neotragus Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi) Suni (N. moschatus) Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus) Oreotragus Klipspringer (O. oreotragus) Ourebia Oribi (O. ourebi) Raphicerus Steenbok (R. campestris) Cape grysbok (R. melanotis) Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei) CephalophiniCephalophus Aders's duiker (C. adersi) Brooke's duiker (C. brookei) Peters' duiker (C. callipygus) White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum) Bay duiker (C. dorsalis) Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi) Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki) White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster) Red forest duiker (C. natalensis) Black duiker (C. niger) Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons) Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi) Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis) Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus) Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor) Abbott's duiker (C. spadix) Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi) Zebra duiker (C. zebra) Philantomba Blue duiker (P. monticola) Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii) Walter's duiker (P. walteri) Sylvicapra Common duiker (S. grimmia) Suborder SuinaSuidaeBabyrousa Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa) North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis) Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni) Phacochoerus Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus) Common warthog (P. africanus) Porcula Pygmy hog (P. salvania) Potamochoerus Bushpig (P. larvatus) Red river hog (P. porcus) Sus Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus) Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus) Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons) Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis) Domestic pig (S. domesticus) Flores warty pig (S. heureni) Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri) Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis) Wild boar (S. scrofa) Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis) Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus) TayassuidaeTayassu White-lipped peccary (T. pecari) Catagonus Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri) Dicotyles Collared peccary (D. tajacu) Suborder TylopodaCamelidaeLama Llama (L. glama) Guanaco (L. guanicoe) Alpaca (L. pacos) Vicuña (L. vicugna) Camelus Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius) Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) Suborder WhippomorphaHippopotamidaeHippopotamus Hippopotamus (H. amphibius) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis) Cetacea see Cetacea Taxon identifiersRusa marianna Wikidata: Q925051 Wikispecies: Rusa marianna ADW: Rusa_marianna CoL: 4TQSJ EoL: 313990 GBIF: 7261388 iNaturalist: 75051 ISC: 89935 ITIS: 898213 IUCN: 4274 MDD: 1006323 MSW: 14200440 NCBI: 1826171 Observation.org: 201224 Open Tree of Life: 3611921 Cervus mariannus Wikidata: Q109647138 CoL: T56M GBIF: 2440955 ITIS: 552473 Paleobiology Database: 374559	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"introduced populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"}],"text":"The Philippine deer (Rusa marianna), also known as the Philippine sambar or Philippine brown deer, is a vulnerable deer species endemic to the Philippines.[1] It was first described from introduced populations in the Mariana Islands, hence the specific name.","title":"Philippine deer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_name"},{"link_name":"Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmarest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"}],"text":"Cervus mariannus was the scientific name proposed by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1822. It was subordinated to the genus Rusa.[2] Four subspecies are currently recognized:[1]R. m. marianna in Luzon biogeographic region\nR. m. barandana in Mindoro\nR. m. nigella in isolated upland areas of Mindanao\nR. m. nigricans in lowland sites of Mindanao","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Deer_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus_Mariannus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manila, Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila,_Philippines"},{"link_name":"sambar deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_deer"}],"text":"An adult female Philippine deer on the island of Mindanao in the PhilippinesIn Manila, PhilippinesThe Philippine brown deer is relatively smaller than its relative, the sambar deer. Its head-and-body length and shoulder height measures 100 to 151 cm (39 to 59 in), and 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), respectively. Its weight usually ranges from 40 to 60 kg. Generally, its color is brown with white tail underside. Antlers are common among males which measures 20 to 40 cm. Variations in morphology were observed especially in Mindanao populations, but is still unknown at present.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Polillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polillo_Island"},{"link_name":"Catanduanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catanduanes"},{"link_name":"Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Biliran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliran"},{"link_name":"Bohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohol"},{"link_name":"Marinduque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dinagat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagat_Islands"},{"link_name":"Siargao Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siargao_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_forest"},{"link_name":"secondary forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_(island)"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Pohnpei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ogasawara Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Philippine deer is endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs in the islands of Luzon, Polillo and Catanduanes, Mindoro, Samar, Mindanao and Leyte. It is possibly extinct in Biliran, Bohol and Marinduque.[3][4][5] It has also been declared extinct in Dinagat and Siargao Islands.[6][7] Across the country, its population is severely fragmented and reduced.The Philippine brown deer generally thrives in a terrestrial environment from sea level up to at least 2,900 m (9,500 ft). It prefers to forage in grasslands under primary and secondary forests.[8][9][10][11] However, due to forest denudation and excessive hunting, they are driven uphill to hide in the remaining patches of forests.[1]It was introduced to Guam by Mariano Tobias sometime around 1771 to 1772 to be used in recreational hunting. The deer subsequently populated other neighboring locales in Micronesia, including the islands of Rota, Saipan and Pohnpei. However, in the absence of a natural predator, its population is rapidly expanding in Guam, posing serious threats to the native ecosystem and agricultural lands due to overgrazing. Hence, management programs are imposed to significantly reduce the deer population.[12] In addition, there have been reports of introduction in Ogasawara Islands, Japan during the late 18th and 19th centuries, which immediately went extinct in 1925. A population from Guam was re-introduced after World War II, but followed the same fate years later.[13]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pheromones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Philippine deer are generally nocturnal, foraging for food (grasses, leaves, fallen fruits and berries) at night. During the daytime, they rest in the dense forest thickets.[citation needed]The mating season is usually from September to January. During this time, females gather in small groups, composed of at most eight deer; males are drawn to them by the females' pheromones. During these intense few months, males are virile, more vocal (to call females), and aggressively solitary. As with some other species of deer, one male will defend an area about the size of a football field [clarification needed] against any intruding males. The two males will huff, scrape the ground and lock antlers. Fights do not often lead to bloodshed or death, but hormones are nonetheless heightened at this time. Many tense encounters between males result in nothing more than bluff charges, and the loser willingly retreats or is chased off of the boundaries of the territory. These boundaries are constantly updated through urinating, defecating in key spots, and rubbing oil scent glands on surrounding plants. Any other male setting foot within another's range is seen as a potential threat.[citation needed]Once the mating season comes to an end, males will often reconvene into their small bachelor herds. However, some male deer may spend time alone, regardless of mating success, before joining any others' company.[citation needed] After approximately six months, females give birth to a single fawn with light-colored spots, which will eventually disappear after several weeks.[citation needed]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultural keystone species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_keystone_species"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Bagobo-Tagabawa tribe in Barangay Sibulan, Toril, Davao City identified the Philippine brown deer as a \"cultural keystone species\" (CKS). This means that the deer plays a vital role in their culture. As a matter of fact, tribesmen claimed that their tribe would be incomplete without the deer. To preserve their cultural pride by avoiding over-hunting, the tribe has declared hunting and non-hunting zones in the forest.[14]","title":"As a cultural keystone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Threats","text":"There are several threats that contribute to the rapidly declining population of the Philippine brown deer. Habitat loss and fragmentation drive the deer to hide in the remaining patches of forest with scarce food to eat. While they forage in grasslands, the deer prefer forest shade as hiding places, especially during daytime. The deer also has low fertility, giving birth to a single fawn in each conception. This means that excessive hunting has a high tendency of declining their population. The deer is hunted for meat, usually sold at PhP150-250 per kilogram. Ethnoecological evidences also reveal that the antler of the deer aside from being a common household decoration, is also used to treat stomach ache, tooth ache, fever, etc. This is done by scratching the surface of the antler with a sharp object (e.g. knife), then adding the powder into a glass of water before drinking.[15]","title":"As a cultural keystone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The deer was rare (R) in 1994, data deficient (DD) in 1996, and vulnerable (VU) since 2008 up to present. This is because of the rapid population decline estimated to be more than 30% in the last 24 years or three generations due to excessive hunting, shrinkage in distribution, and habitat loss and fragmentation.[1]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory"},{"link_name":"Sunda island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Palawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan_(island)"},{"link_name":"penultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period"},{"link_name":"glacial events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_period"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"murids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridae"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanDerGeer_al_02-2011-16"},{"link_name":"phalanx bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bone"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_tiger#Possible_connection_with_Palawan"},{"link_name":"Ille Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille_Cave"},{"link_name":"macaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_long-tailed_macaque"},{"link_name":"bearded pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piper_al2008-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monks_03-2017-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Driesch1976-19"},{"link_name":"taxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"cranial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull"},{"link_name":"mandibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"Calamian hog deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamian_hog_deer"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Cervus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piper_al2011-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piper_al2011-20"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Cervus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus"},{"link_name":"Rusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_(genus)"},{"link_name":"spotted deer (C. alfredi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MeijaardGroves2004-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piper_al2011-20"}],"text":"In prehistoric times, the Sunda island of Borneo might have been connected to Palawan during the penultimate and previous glacial events, judging from the molecular phylogeny of murids.[16] In Palawan, two articulated phalanx bones of a tiger were found amidst an assemblage of other animal bones and stone tools in Ille Cave near the village of New Ibajay. The other animal fossils were ascribed to deer, macaques, bearded pigs, small mammals, lizards, snakes and turtles. From the stone tools, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, it would appear that early humans had accumulated the bones.[17][18]Using the work of Von den Driesch,[19] all chosen anatomical features of appendicular elements' anatomical features which were chosen, besides molars, were measured to distinguish between taxa that had close relationships, and see morphometric changes over ages, though not for pigs or deer. For the latter two, cranial and mandibular elements, besides teeth of deer from Ille Cave were compared with samples of the Philippine brown deer, Calamian hog deer, and Visayan spotted deer, and thus two taxa of deer have been identified from the fossils: Axis and Cervus.[20] Throughout deposits of the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene and Terminal Pleistocene at Ille Cave, elements of deer skeletons are regular, gradually becoming less before vanishing in the Terminal Holocene. One 'large' and one 'small' taxon can be easily differentiated by the significant change in size observed in the postcranial elements and dentition.[20] The Philippine brown deer from Luzon appears to be closely matched to the 'large' taxon of deer found in the Palawanese fossils, from dental biometric comparisons which are similar between the latter and extant members of the genus Cervus or Rusa, particularly the Philippine brown deer (C. mariannus) and spotted deer (C. alfredi). However, the Philippine brown deer shows significant variation across its range, with populations on Mindanao Island being smaller than those of Luzon. Thus, it is possible that the overlap between the Luzonese brown deer and the archaeological material is coincidental, and that the fossils could belonged to another species of Cervus that had occurred in Palawan, with the taxonomic classification being unresolved.[21] Otherwise, members of the genus Cervus are no longer seen in the region of Palawan.[20]","title":"Fossil record"}]	[{"image_text":"An adult female Philippine deer on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Philippine_Deer_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg/220px-Philippine_Deer_by_Gregg_Yan.jpg"},{"image_text":"In Manila, Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cervus_Mariannus.jpg/220px-Cervus_Mariannus.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Javan rusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rusa"}]	[{"reference":"MacKinnon, J.R.; Ong, P.; Gonzales, J. (2015). \"Rusa marianna\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4274A22168586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4274/22168586","url_text":"\"Rusa marianna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en"}]},{"reference":"Van der Geer, A.; Lyras, G.; De Vos, J.; Dermitzakis, M. (2011). \"15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)\". Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 220–347. ISBN 9781444391282.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JmSsNuwMAxgC&pg=PT219","url_text":"\"15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444391282","url_text":"9781444391282"}]},{"reference":"Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). \"The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population\". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127. Bibcode:2008PPP...264..123P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPP...264..123P","url_text":"2008PPP...264..123P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2008.04.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003"}]},{"reference":"Ochoa, J.; Piper, P. J. (2017). \"Tiger\". In Monks, G. (ed.). Climate Change and Human Responses: A Zooarchaeological Perspective. Springer. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-9-4024-1106-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-hyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80","url_text":"\"Tiger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-4024-1106-5","url_text":"978-9-4024-1106-5"}]},{"reference":"Von den Driesch, A. (1976). \"A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites\". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/175736031/A-guide-to-measurement-of-animal-bones-from-archaeological-sites-VON-DEN-DRIESCH-A-pdf","url_text":"\"A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology","url_text":"Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"}]},{"reference":"Piper, Philip J.; Ochoa, Janine; Robles, Emil C.; Lewis, Helen; Paz, Victor (March 15, 2011). \"Palaeozoology of Palawan Island, Philippines\". Quaternary International. 233 (2). Elsevier: 142–158. Bibcode:2011QuInt.233..142P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QuInt.233..142P","url_text":"2011QuInt.233..142P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2010.07.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.009"}]},{"reference":"Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2004). \"Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications\". Journal of Zoology. 263 (263). London: 179–196. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227628120","url_text":"\"Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology","url_text":"Journal of Zoology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836904005011","url_text":"10.1017/S0952836904005011"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4274/22168586","external_links_name":"\"Rusa marianna\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lawrence_Heaney/publication/265103599_The_Mammals_Of_Catanduanes_Island_-_Implications_For_The_Biogeography_Of_Small_Land_bridge_Islands_In_The_Philippines/links/542aca360cf277d58e89b1b7.pdf","external_links_name":"The mammals of Catanduanes Island: Implications for the biogeography of small land-bridge islands in the Philippines"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmamm.1999.63.2.193","external_links_name":"10.1515/mamm.1999.63.2.193"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JmSsNuwMAxgC&pg=PT219","external_links_name":"\"15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPP...264..123P","external_links_name":"2008PPP...264..123P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2008.04.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-hyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80","external_links_name":"\"Tiger\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/175736031/A-guide-to-measurement-of-animal-bones-from-archaeological-sites-VON-DEN-DRIESCH-A-pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QuInt.233..142P","external_links_name":"2011QuInt.233..142P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2010.07.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.009"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227628120","external_links_name":"\"Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836904005011","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0952836904005011"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rusa_marianna/","external_links_name":"Rusa_marianna"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4TQSJ","external_links_name":"4TQSJ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/313990","external_links_name":"313990"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7261388","external_links_name":"7261388"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/75051","external_links_name":"75051"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/89935","external_links_name":"89935"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=898213","external_links_name":"898213"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/4274","external_links_name":"4274"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006323","external_links_name":"1006323"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200440","external_links_name":"14200440"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1826171","external_links_name":"1826171"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/201224/","external_links_name":"201224"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3611921","external_links_name":"3611921"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/T56M","external_links_name":"T56M"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2440955","external_links_name":"2440955"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552473","external_links_name":"552473"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=374559","external_links_name":"374559"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ret_Turner	Ret Turner	["1 References","2 External links"]	American costume designer (1929–2016) Ret TurnerBornWalter Raymond Turner(1929-04-14)April 14, 1929DiedMay 4, 2016(2016-05-04) (aged 87)OccupationAmerican costume designer Walter Raymond "Ret" Turner (April 14, 1929 – May 4, 2016) was an American costume designer, best known for his dressing of entertainment icons such as Cher, Lucille Ball, Barry Manilow, Neil Diamond, Shirley Booth, Lily Tomlin, Marie Osmond, Dolly Parton, Diana Ross, Billy Crystal, and Jean Stapleton. He had 23 Emmy nominations and five wins. Turner began his career on the Dinah Shore Chevrolet Show, and except for his reoccurring role as one of the Flying Silvermans on The Andy Williams Show, has been designing ever since. Alongside Bob Mackie and Ray Aghayan, Turner opened a design and costume rental company, Ret Turner Costume Rentals, that featured their designs and costumes. References ^ "Ret Turner, Award-Winning Costume Designer, Dies at 87". The New York Times. May 8, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016. ^ "Ret Turner". Archive of American Television. Retrieved November 16, 2015. ^ Osmond, M.; Wilkie, M.; Moore, J. (2008). Behind the Smile: My Journey out of Postpartum Depression. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-54991-2. Retrieved November 16, 2015. ^ "Ret Turner". Television Academy. Retrieved November 16, 2015. ^ "Ret Turner profile". Archive of American Television. Retrieved November 10, 2015. External links Ret Turner at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Ret Turner at Find a Grave Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States This biographical article related to television in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lucille Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Ball"},{"link_name":"Barry Manilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Manilow"},{"link_name":"Neil Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Shirley Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Booth"},{"link_name":"Lily Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Marie Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Osmond"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Billy Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Jean Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dinah Shore Chevrolet Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinah_Shore_Chevy_Show"},{"link_name":"Bob Mackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mackie"},{"link_name":"Ray Aghayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Aghayan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Walter Raymond \"Ret\" Turner (April 14, 1929 – May 4, 2016)[1] was an American costume designer, best known for his dressing of entertainment icons such as Cher,[2] Lucille Ball, Barry Manilow, Neil Diamond, Shirley Booth, Lily Tomlin, Marie Osmond,[3] Dolly Parton, Diana Ross, Billy Crystal, and Jean Stapleton. He had 23 Emmy nominations and five wins.[4]Turner began his career on the Dinah Shore Chevrolet Show, and except for his reoccurring role as one of the Flying Silvermans on The Andy Williams Show, has been designing ever since. Alongside Bob Mackie and Ray Aghayan, Turner opened a design and costume rental company, Ret Turner Costume Rentals, that featured their designs and costumes.[5]","title":"Ret Turner"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ret Turner, Award-Winning Costume Designer, Dies at 87\". The New York Times. May 8, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/09/arts/television/ret-turner-award-winning-costume-designer-dies-at-87.html","url_text":"\"Ret Turner, Award-Winning Costume Designer, Dies at 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Ret Turner\". Archive of American Television. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_March_for_Climate_Action	Great March for Climate Action	["1 March route","2 Reasons for marching","3 Logistics","4 Other activist marches in political and social change","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	US Climate Change organization Great March for Climate ActionFormation2013TypeNGOLegal status501(c)(3)PurposeInspire the general public and elected officials to take climate actionHeadquartersDes Moines, Iowa, United StatesFounderEd FallonStaff 6Volunteers over 200Websitewww.climatemarch.org The Great March for Climate Action (also known as the Climate March) was launched on March 1, 2013, by former Iowa lawmaker Ed Fallon, inspired by a meeting with Bill McKibben. "Since probably 2007, I've identified the climate crisis as the most serious challenge facing our planet, and I've been pondering ways in which I could most effectively help address it." The non-profit organization planned to mobilize one thousand people to march across the continental United States in order to raise awareness and action on anthropogenic climate change. The march began March 1, 2014, in Wilmington neighborhood in South Los Angeles, California, and ended on November 1, 2014, when marchers arrived in Washington, D.C. Along the route, participants engaged with the general public and elected officials in order to inspire society to address climate change. In the end, a group of 34 people traveled the entire route from Los Angeles, California, to Washington D.C., and five people walked every step from LA to DC. In a Des Moines Register interview, Fallon said, "We think it's very important. We think this is a tool that will help mobilize people to understand the problem and to do more about it…this needs to become the defining issue of this century." Fallon was inspired in part by another cross-country march, the 1986 Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament, for which he coordinated the Iowa logistics. Although this was a national campaign, it was intended to have an international audience and to include participants from multiple nations. The headquarters of the non-profit are located in Des Moines, Iowa. As of October 2013, they had six staff, had raised $120,000, and earned endorsements from 350.org, James Hansen, U.S. Senator Tom Harkin, and Congressman Bruce Braley. March route The marchers departed from Santa Monica, California on March 1, 2014, traveling through Nebraska (focus on the Keystone Pipeline) and ended in Washington, D.C. in November, 2014. The route passed through California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Washington, D.C. and the following cities (unverified): Los Angeles, CA San Bernardino, CA Parker, AZ Wickenburg, AZ Phoenix, AZ Payson, AZ Albuquerque, NM Santa Fe, NM Taos, NM Colorado Springs, CO Denver, CO Kearney, NE Lincoln, NE Omaha, NE Des Moines, IA Grinnell, IA Iowa City, IA Davenport, IA Chicago, IL Toledo, OH Cleveland, OH Youngstown, OH Pittsburgh, PA Hagerstown, MD Washington, D.C. Reasons for marching Reverend Bob Cook planned to take part in the march. "The Des Moines pastor’s life work has been for the poor, but he doesn’t view the Great March for Climate Action as a departure. The poor are affected most by climate change, as they are from most troubling world events, Cook said." Ben Bushwick, a student at Ohio University, marched most of the way. “I’m marching because quite frankly I don’t see any other choice,” Bushwick said. “Atmospheric disruption is a real threat that people do not take seriously and will make mitigation and adaptation efforts a lot more difficult.” Faith Meckley, a student at Ithaca College, says, “I was interested, but only for a three-week walk from Pittsburgh to Washington. ... After thinking about it and talking to my academic advisor at Ithaca, I decided to take the spring semester off and do the walk from Taos, N.M., to Washington. I am committed to this issue. I want to do more than my environmental blog and sign petitions. I have a respect for the planet.” In line with her commitment, she left the march early to protest storage of liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in her hometown region of Seneca Lake, New York. Logistics An average day’s walk was expected to be 14–15 miles. Campsites for tents were prearranged. Organizers had hoped to haul all of the gear and supplies via bicycles to minimize energy consumption and maximize sustainability, but after some intensive research this proved infeasible, so trucks running on biodiesel or vegetable oil fuel were used. Research into solar cookers, composting toilets, determined how far the marchers were able to use sustainable methods to handle food and energy needs, and human waste. Participants and volunteers shared daily chores including but not limited to setting up camp, food preparation and clean-up. Interactive workshops focused on climate change, the anthropogenic effect on the environment, and active solutions. Other activist marches in political and social change Throughout history, marches have been associated with political and social change. Examples include but are not limited to: the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913, Gandhi's Salt March to defy Britain's imperial power, Martin Luther King Jr's Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights and the Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament. Peace walks have been particularly popular in the peace movement. See also People's Climate March (2014) People's Climate March (2017) Climate change Environmental movement Environmental movement in the United States Individual and political action on climate change Business action on climate change References ^ "Will A 3,000-Mile 'Great March For Climate Action' Change Minds On Climate Change?". The Weather Channel. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-25. ^ a b "Former Iowa politician plans cross-country trek to raise climate awareness". ClimateWire. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-02. ^ "Young Activist Explains Her Deep Commitment to Reverse Climate Change". Between The Lines / Squeaky Wheel Productions. Retrieved 2014-12-08. ^ "Join the Great March for Climate Action". Blog for Iowa. Retrieved 2013-07-02. ^ "Completing 3000 Mile Trek, Activists Descend on White House Demanding 'Climate Action Now!'". Common Dreams. Retrieved 2017-07-11. ^ "Climate-change marchers finish cross-country walk". Des Moines Register. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "Ed Fallon on the Great March for Climate Action". Des Moines Register. Retrieved 1 July 2013. ^ a b "The Great March for Climate Action website". Retrieved 2013-07-03. ^ "Climate change marchers carry message through desert". Hi-Desert Star. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "LA marches for climate action". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Claremont-Courier". www.claremont-courier.com. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Hundreds Launch National Climate March from the Port of LA". WilderUtopia.com. 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Nelson, Michele. "Climate change marchers seek to raise awareness". paysonroundup.com. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Cross-country climate change march stops in Phoenix". azcentral. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ rsingram (2014-04-18). "The Great March for Climate Action Passes Through Payson Arizona!". Transition Town Payson. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ patty. "Breaking Climate Silence: One Step at a Time". Truthout. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "My Turn: How many steps will it take". The Taos News. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Marching Against Climate Change: Activists take cross-country walk to confront human causes of climate change". Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Matlock, Staci. "Cross-country trek for climate awareness to reach Santa Fe on Friday". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Passing Through". Cibola Beacon. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Walkers march across U.S. for climate". Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "PHOTOS: Great March for Climate Action holds Denver rally". Denver Post Photos and Videos. 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Marchers stop in Colorado Springs to tout climate change message". Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ White, Steve. "Climate March Urges Action Against Keystone XL". KHGI. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Activist Group on a Mission, Travels on Foot Through Nebraska". KHGI. Sinclair Broadcast Group. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Climate marchers hold vigil at depot". McCook Gazette. 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Cook, Linda. "Walkers, climate-change supporters gather in Davenport". The Quad-City Times. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Great March for Climate Action arrives in Iowa City". Iowa City Press-Citizen. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Cross-country march arrives today in the Iowa City area after nearly six months on the road". Little Village. 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Coast-to-coast climate march arrives in Eastern Iowa". The Gazette. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Oil pipeline protesters meet with local farmers". Newton Daily News. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Climate action group hiking cross-country meets with Glen Ellyn environmental advocates". Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Kopycinski, Gary (2014-09-08). "Cross-Country March for Climate Action Arrives in Southeast Chicago on September 8". eNews Park Forest. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Cilella, Jessica. "Climate change activists walk through suburbs". Daily Herald. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Activists march across the country for climate change action, retrieved 2017-07-21 ^ Nevarez, Jackie. "Climate action supporters march from LA to NIU". Northern Star Online. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "'Great March' makes a stop on Beith Road". Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Walkers for Climate Action make way through Sauk Valley". Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Hernandez, Sharon. "Goshen College students welcome participants of Great March for Climate Action". The Elkhart Truth. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Crothers, Julie. "Climate action group marches through Goshen". Goshen News. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "GreeND hosts marchers for climate action // The Observer". The Observer. 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Spalding, Dan. "Great March for Climate Action to arrive in Elkhart County". The Elkhart Truth. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ a b "Three Thousand Miles for Climate Action". college green. Retrieved 2017-07-11. ^ "National Climate Marchers Spend the Night in Oberlin". Fearless and Loathing. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Climate march stops in Youngstown". Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Marchers seek climate discussion". The Blade. 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ Fridgen, Pat. "Climate walkers find respite from trek in Greencastle". Echo Pilot. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Climate change marchers pass through Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Completing 3000 Mile Trek, Activists Descend on White House Demanding 'Climate Action Now!'". Common Dreams. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Climate-change marchers finish cross-country walk". Des Moines Register. Retrieved 2017-07-21. ^ "Stung by spirit, pastor hoped to walk across the country". Des Moines Register. 29 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-02. ^ L. Shaw, David. "TAKING ACTION: Genevan, 19, leaves national climate march to protest locally". Finger Lakes Times. Retrieved 2017-07-11. ^ "The Great March for Climate Action". ThinkProgress. 18 Jun 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-03. ^ "The Power of Multi-Day Walks and Rides". Grist. 3 Oct 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-10. External links The Great March for Climate Action Portals: Global warming Environment Society United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Fallon"},{"link_name":"Bill McKibben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McKibben"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"climate crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_crisis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClimateWire-2"},{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"action on anthropogenic climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_and_political_action_on_climate_change"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"South Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"address climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Des Moines Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_Register"},{"link_name":"Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register-7"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"350.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/350.org"},{"link_name":"James Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Tom Harkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Harkin"},{"link_name":"Bruce Braley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Braley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClimateWire-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climatemarch.org-8"}],"text":"The Great March for Climate Action (also known as the Climate March) was launched on March 1, 2013, by former Iowa lawmaker Ed Fallon, inspired by a meeting with Bill McKibben.[1] \"Since probably 2007, I've identified the climate crisis as the most serious challenge facing our planet, and I've been pondering ways in which I could most effectively help address it.\"[2]The non-profit organization planned to mobilize one thousand people to march across the continental United States in order to raise awareness and action on anthropogenic climate change. The march began March 1, 2014, in Wilmington neighborhood in South Los Angeles, California, and ended on November 1, 2014, when marchers arrived in Washington, D.C.[3] Along the route, participants engaged with the general public and elected officials in order to inspire society to address climate change.[4] In the end, a group of 34 people traveled the entire route from Los Angeles, California, to Washington D.C.,[5] and five people walked every step from LA to DC.[6]In a Des Moines Register interview, Fallon said, \"We think it's very important. We think this is a tool that will help mobilize people to understand the problem and to do more about it…this needs to become the defining issue of this century.\" Fallon was inspired in part by another cross-country march, the 1986 Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament, for which he coordinated the Iowa logistics. Although this was a national campaign, it was intended to have an international audience and to include participants from multiple nations.[7]The headquarters of the non-profit are located in Des Moines, Iowa. As of October 2013, they had six staff, had raised $120,000, and earned endorsements from 350.org, James Hansen, U.S. Senator Tom Harkin, and Congressman Bruce Braley.[2][8]","title":"Great March for Climate Action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keystone Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climatemarch.org-8"}],"text":"The marchers departed from Santa Monica, California on March 1, 2014, traveling through Nebraska (focus on the Keystone Pipeline) and ended in Washington, D.C. in November, 2014. The route passed through California,[9][10][11][12] Arizona,[13][14][15] New Mexico,[16][17][18][19][20] Colorado,[21][22][23] Nebraska,[24][25][26] Iowa,[27][28][29][30][31] Illinois,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Indiana,[39][40][41][42] Ohio,[43][44][45][46] Pennsylvania,[47][48] Maryland, Washington, D.C.[49][50] and the following cities (unverified):[8]Los Angeles, CA\nSan Bernardino, CA\nParker, AZ\nWickenburg, AZ\nPhoenix, AZ\nPayson, AZ\nAlbuquerque, NM\nSanta Fe, NM\nTaos, NM\nColorado Springs, CO\nDenver, CO\nKearney, NE\nLincoln, NE\nOmaha, NE\nDes Moines, IA\nGrinnell, IA\nIowa City, IA\nDavenport, IA\nChicago, IL\nToledo, OH\nCleveland, OH\nYoungstown, OH\nPittsburgh, PA\nHagerstown, MD\nWashington, D.C.","title":"March route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The poor are affected most by climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"liquefied petroleum gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Reverend Bob Cook planned to take part in the march. \"The Des Moines pastor’s life work has been for the poor, but he doesn’t view the Great March for Climate Action as a departure. The poor are affected most by climate change, as they are from most troubling world events, Cook said.\"[51]Ben Bushwick, a student at Ohio University, marched most of the way. “I’m marching because quite frankly I don’t see any other choice,” Bushwick said. “Atmospheric disruption is a real threat that people do not take seriously and will make mitigation and adaptation efforts a lot more difficult.”[43]Faith Meckley, a student at Ithaca College, says, “I was interested, but only for a three-week walk from Pittsburgh to Washington. ... After thinking about it and talking to my academic advisor at Ithaca, I decided to take the spring semester off and do the walk from Taos, N.M., to Washington. I am committed to this issue. I want to do more than my environmental blog and sign petitions. I have a respect for the planet.” In line with her commitment, she left the march early to protest storage of liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in her hometown region of Seneca Lake, New York.[52]","title":"Reasons for marching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biodiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel"},{"link_name":"vegetable oil fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel"},{"link_name":"anthropogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"An average day’s walk was expected to be 14–15 miles. Campsites for tents were prearranged. Organizers had hoped to haul all of the gear and supplies via bicycles to minimize energy consumption and maximize sustainability, but after some intensive research this proved infeasible, so trucks running on biodiesel or vegetable oil fuel were used. Research into solar cookers, composting toilets, determined how far the marchers were able to use sustainable methods to handle food and energy needs, and human waste. Participants and volunteers shared daily chores including but not limited to setting up camp, food preparation and clean-up. Interactive workshops focused on climate change, the anthropogenic effect on the environment, and active solutions.[53]","title":"Logistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Parade_of_1913"},{"link_name":"Salt March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March"},{"link_name":"Selma to Montgomery marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches"},{"link_name":"Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Peace walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_walk"},{"link_name":"peace movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_movement"}],"text":"Throughout history, marches have been associated with political and social change. Examples include but are not limited to: the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913, Gandhi's Salt March to defy Britain's imperial power, Martin Luther King Jr's Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights and the Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament.[54] Peace walks have been particularly popular in the peace movement.","title":"Other activist marches in political and social change"}]	[]	[{"title":"People's Climate March (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Climate_March_(2014)"},{"title":"People's Climate March (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Climate_March_(2017)"},{"title":"Climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"title":"Environmental movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement"},{"title":"Environmental movement in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Individual and political action on climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_and_political_action_on_climate_change"},{"title":"Business action on climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change"}]	[{"reference":"\"Will A 3,000-Mile 'Great March For Climate Action' Change Minds On Climate Change?\". The Weather Channel. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/news/science/environment/great-march-climate-action-walk-across-country-2014-20131220","url_text":"\"Will A 3,000-Mile 'Great March For Climate Action' Change Minds On Climate Change?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Iowa politician plans cross-country trek to raise climate awareness\". ClimateWire. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2013/06/07/stories/1059982435","url_text":"\"Former Iowa politician plans cross-country trek to raise climate awareness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Activist Explains Her Deep Commitment to Reverse Climate Change\". Between The Lines / Squeaky Wheel Productions. Retrieved 2014-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.btlonline.org/2014/seg/141121cf-btl-glenn.html","url_text":"\"Young Activist Explains Her Deep Commitment to Reverse Climate Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Join the Great March for Climate Action\". 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Retrieved 2013-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/06/18/2176401/the-great-march-for-climate-action/","url_text":"\"The Great March for Climate Action\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Power of Multi-Day Walks and Rides\". Grist. 3 Oct 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://grist.org/article/the-power-of-multi-day-walks-and-rides/","url_text":"\"The Power of Multi-Day Walks and Rides\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.climatemarch.org/","external_links_name":"www.climatemarch.org"},{"Link":"http://www.weather.com/news/science/environment/great-march-climate-action-walk-across-country-2014-20131220","external_links_name":"\"Will A 3,000-Mile 'Great March For Climate Action' Change Minds On Climate Change?\""},{"Link":"http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2013/06/07/stories/1059982435","external_links_name":"\"Former Iowa politician plans cross-country trek to raise climate awareness\""},{"Link":"http://www.btlonline.org/2014/seg/141121cf-btl-glenn.html","external_links_name":"\"Young Activist Explains Her Deep Commitment to Reverse Climate Change\""},{"Link":"http://www.blogforiowa.com/2013/06/21/join-the-great-march-for-climate-action/","external_links_name":"\"Join the Great March for Climate 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City\""},{"Link":"http://littlevillagemag.com/cross-country-march-arrives-today-in-the-iowa-city-area-after-nearly-six-months-on-the-road/","external_links_name":"\"Cross-country march arrives today in the Iowa City area after nearly six months on the road\""},{"Link":"http://thegazette.com/subject/news/coast-to-coast-climate-march-arrives-in-eastern-iowa-20140818","external_links_name":"\"Coast-to-coast climate march arrives in Eastern Iowa\""},{"Link":"http://www.newtondailynews.com/2014/08/15/oil-pipeline-protesters-meet-with-local-farmers/axhwmq5/","external_links_name":"\"Oil pipeline protesters meet with local farmers\""},{"Link":"http://www.mysuburbanlife.com/2014/09/05/climate-action-group-hiking-cross-country-meets-with-glen-ellyn-environmental-advocates/aclivi1/","external_links_name":"\"Climate action group hiking cross-country meets with Glen Ellyn environmental 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_IEEE_Dielectrics_%26_Electrical_Insulation_Society	List of fellows of IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society	["1 See also","2 References"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "List of fellows of IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) The Fellow grade of membership is the highest level of membership, and cannot be applied for directly by the member – instead the candidate must be nominated by others. This grade of membership is conferred by the IEEE Board of Directors in recognition of a high level of demonstrated extraordinary accomplishment. Year Fellow Citation 1977 Gerhard M. Sessler "For contributions to the field of electroacoustic transducers" 1980 Vernon Chartier "For contributions to the understanding of corona phenomena associated with high-voltage power transmission lines" 1982 Farouk Rizk "For contributions to the science of high-voltage technology and for technical leadership in the advancement of the electrical power industry" 1982 Ashok Vijh "For contributions to the theory of electrochemical reactions involved in electrical and electronics products" 1983 Alan Cookson "For contributions to the understanding of high-voltage compressed gas breakdown and the development of new higher voltage compressed gas transmission line systems" 1986 Michael Wertheimer "For research and development of solid dielectric materials with the aid of plasma processes, and for contributions to engineering education" 1989 Raymond Boxman "For advances in vacuum arc theory and its applications" 1990 Steinar Dale "For contributions to gaseous dielectrics and breakdown phenomena, and testing techniques for gas insulated systems" 1990 Katsuhiko Naito "For contributions to research and development of high-voltage insulators" 1990 J Keith Nelson "For contributions to the field of dielectric and insulation systems" 1990 A Van Roggen "For the theoretical and practical description of charge transport in dielectric materials" 1993 Robert Hebner "For the development of optical and electro-optical techniques to measure the electrical behavior of dielectric liquids" 1993 Reimund Gerhard "For contributions to the study of dielectric materials and their application in communications devices" 1993 Stephen A Sebo "For contributions to the development of techniques for scale modeling for high-voltage transmission stations and leadership in electric power engineering education" 1993 Greg Stone "For contributions to the development of on-line partial-discharge measuring systems for large rotating machines" 1994 Jeanp Crine "For contributions to the theory of aging of insulation materials, and the phenomena at metal-dielectric interfaces" 1994 Harry Lenzing "For contributions to improvement of microwave line-of-sight communications links" 1994 Toshio Suzuki "For contributions to the reliability of substation equipment through application of insulating materials" 1994 A Zaky "For leadership in electrical engineering education and contributions to the understanding of conduction and breakdown in dielectric liquids" 1995 Bal Gupta "For contributions to the improved reliability of insulation systems in rotating machines through surge protection, diagnostic tests, and quality control tests" 1995 Teruyos Mizutani "For contributions to the understanding and development of polymeric insulating materials" 1995 Howard Wintle "For experimental and theoretical studies of charge storage and transport in electrical insulation" 1996 Aleksan Bulinski "For contributions to the understanding of aging and breakdown processes in high voltage polymeric cable insulation" 1996 Joseph Crowley "For contributions to education and practice in electrostatic processes, and for fundamental contributions to electrohydrodynamics" 1996 Loren Wagenaar "For contributions to transformer and bushing test standards and specifications" 1997 Soli Bamji "For contributions to the understanding of electroluminescence emission and aging processes in high-voltage polymeric insulation" 1997 Edward Cherney "For leadership in research, development, application, and standardization of non-ceramic insulators and RTV silicone rubber insulator coatings" 1997 Misao Kobayashi "For contributions to development and production of Metal Oxide Gapless Surge Arrester" 1997 Edward Sacher "For contributions to the relationship between molecular structure and dielectric properties" 1998 Wolfgang Pfeiffer "For achievements in the field of Ultra High Speed Diagnostics Electrical Insulation" 1999 Tatsuo Takada "For contributions to the development of technology to measure space charge in solid and liquid dielectric materials" 1999 Arthur Yelon "For contributions to the science and technology of ferromagnetic materials and devices, and to education in the applied sciences" 2000 Gian Carlo Montanari "For contributions to the understanding and modeling aging processes in high voltage insulation" 2000 Yoshimichi Ohki "For contributions to understanding of high-field and laser induced dielectric phenomena in insulating materials" 2000 Yasuo Sekii "For contribution to understanding and development of extra-high voltage AC and DC cross-linked polyethylene insulated cable system" 2001 Ernst Gockenbach "For contributions to the development of digital measuring and monitoring technique" 2002 Stanislaw Gubanski "For contributions to the understanding of aging and performance of high voltage polymeric" 2003 Kenneth Bow "For contributions to the development of polymer compounds, coated metal shielding, and laminate sheaths for wire and cable applications" 2003 James Timperley "For contributions to diagnostic testing of rotating machinery insulation systems" 2004 Harold Kirkham "For leadership in the field of optical measurements for power systems" 2005 John Fothergill "For contributions to reliability methodology in the aging processes of electrical insulation systems" 2006 Roy Alexander "For contributions to technology for capacitor bank switching and the standardization of switchgear" 2006 Masanori Hara "For contributions to electrical insulation technology in superconducting power devices" 2007 William Chisholm "For contributions to extra high voltage transmission line performance assessment" 2007 Masoud Farzaneh "For leadership in the area of ice-covered insulator flashover mechanisms and development of application guidelines" 2007 Nagu Srinivas "For contributions to assessment of vulnerability of aged extruded dielectric power cables by direct current testing" 2008 Jinliang He "For contribution to lightning protection and grounding of power transmission systems" 2008 Shesha Jayaram "For contributions to the use of high voltage in process technology" https://uwaterloo.ca/high-voltage-engineering-laboratory/ 2008 James hompson "For leadership in engineering education by initiating academic programs, increasing enrollment, and growing faculty and student research" 2009 Glen Bertini "For applications to the dielectric performance of underground electrical power cable" 2009 Lucian Dascalescu "For contributions to the modeling of electrostatic processes in the recycling and mineral processing industries" 2010 James Bowen "For leadership in "safety by design" in electrical substation engineering" 2010 H Craig Miller "For research on discharges and electrical insulation in vacuum" 2010 Lon W Montgomery "For contributions to design of large synchronous generators" 2011 A Beroual "For contributions to processes of pre-breakdown and breakdown in dielectric liquids" 2011 Sidney Lang "For contributions to the understanding of pyroelectric and polarization phenomena in solid dielectrics" 2011 Kelly Robinson "For contributions to electrostatic performance of manufacturing processes and imaging devices" 2012 Kunihiko Hidaka "For contributions to measurement and electrical insulation technologies in high voltage engineering" 2012 John Albert Kay "For contributions to arc resistant medium voltage control and protection technologies" 2012 Andreas Neuber "For contributions to the physics of dielectric surface flashover in high electric fields" 2013 Geoffrey Stephen Klempner "For contribution to steam turbine-driven generators" 2014 Kent Brown "For leadership in standards development for design, testing, and utilization of electrical equipment for the nuclear power industry" 2014 Weihua Jiang "For contributions to repetitive pulsed power generation utilizing solid-state device technology" 2014 Simon Rowland "For contributions to the application of polymers in high voltage systems" 2015 David Pommerenke "For contributions to system-level electrostatic discharge technology" 2015 Gary Hoffman "For leadership in the advancement of monitoring systems for power transformers and power line protection" 2015 Safa Kasap "For contributions to photoconductive sensors for x-ray imaging" 2016 Siegfried Bauer "For contributions to the understanding and application of electroactive polymer dielectrics 2016 Sheldon Kennedy "For leadership in the technology and standards for rectifier, inverter and harmonic-mitigating transformers" 2017 Hulya Kirkici "For contributions to high frequency, high field dielectric breakdown and electrical insulation for space and aerospace power systems" 2018 Hideki Motoyama "For contributions to lightning protection and insulation coordination of electric power systems" 2018 Peter Perkins "For contributions to touch current measurement and electric shock protection" 2019 Tapan Saha "For contributions to monitoring and assessment of power transformers" 2019 Syed Islam "For contributions to wind energy conversion systems" 2019 Guangning Wu "For contributions to traction power supply equipment diagnostics for high-speed electrified railways" See also List of IEEE Fellows References ^ "IEEE Fellows Directory".	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptor	Nociceptor	["1 Terminology","2 Scientific investigation","3 Location","4 Types and functions","4.1 Thermal","4.2 Mechanical","4.3 Chemical","4.4 Sleeping/silent","4.5 Polymodal","5 Pathway","5.1 Ascending","5.2 Descending","6 Sensitivity","7 Neural development","8 In other animals","9 See also","10 References"]	Sensory neuron that detects pain NociceptorFour types of sensory neurons and their receptor cells. Nociceptors shown as free nerve endings type AIdentifiersMeSHD009619Anatomical terminology A nociceptor (from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt'; lit. 'pain receptor') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception. Terminology Nociception and pain are usually evoked only by pressures and temperatures that are potentially damaging to tissues. This barrier or threshold contrasts with the more sensitive visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and somatosensory responses to stimuli. The experience of pain is individualistic and can be suppressed by stress or exacerbated by anticipation. Simple activation of a nociceptor does not always lead to perceived pain, because the latter also depends on the frequency of the action potentials, integration of pre- and postsynaptic signals, and influences from higher or central processes. Due to historical misunderstanding, nociceptors are inappropriately referred to as pain receptors. Psychological factors can affect its perceived intensity, but all pain is real. Scientific investigation Nociceptors were discovered by Charles Scott Sherrington in 1906. In earlier centuries, scientists believed that animals were like mechanical devices that transformed the energy of sensory stimuli into motor responses. Sherrington used many different experiments to demonstrate that different types of stimulation to an afferent nerve fiber's receptive field led to different responses. Some intense stimuli trigger reflex withdrawal, certain autonomic responses, and pain. The specific receptors for these intense stimuli were called nociceptors. Studies of nociceptors have been conducted on conscious humans as well as surrogate animal models. The process is difficult due to invasive methods that could change the cellular activity of nociceptors being studied, the inability to record from small neuronal structures, and uncertainties in animal model systems as to whether a response should be attributed to pain or some other factor. Location In mammals, nociceptors are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli. External nociceptors are found in tissue such as the skin (cutaneous nociceptors), the corneas, and the mucosa. Internal nociceptors are found in a variety of organs, such as the muscles, the joints, the bladder, the visceral organs, and the digestive tract. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in either the dorsal root ganglia or the trigeminal ganglia. The trigeminal ganglia are specialized nerves for the face, whereas the dorsal root ganglia are associated with the rest of the body. The axons extend into the peripheral nervous system and terminate in branches to form receptive fields. Types and functions Nociceptors are usually electrically silent when not stimulated. The peripheral terminal of the mature nociceptor is where the noxious stimuli are detected and transduced into electrical energy. When the electrical energy reaches a threshold value, an action potential is induced and driven towards the central nervous system (CNS). This leads to the train of events that allows for the conscious awareness of pain. The sensory specificity of nociceptors is established by the high threshold only to particular features of stimuli. Only when the high threshold has been reached by either chemical, thermal, or mechanical environments are the nociceptors triggered. In terms of their conduction velocity, nociceptors come in two groups. The Aδ fiber axons are myelinated and can allow an action potential to travel towards the CNS at speeds from 5 to 30 meters/second. The C fiber axons conduct more slowly at speeds from 0.4 to 2 meters/second due to their smaller diameters and little or no myelination of their axon. As a result, pain comes in two phases: an initial extremely sharp pain associated with the Aδ fibers and a second, more prolonged and slightly less intense feeling of pain from the C fibers. Massive or prolonged input to a C fiber results in a progressive build up in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; this phenomenon called wind-up is similar to tetanus in muscles. Wind-up increases the probability of greater sensitivity to pain. Thermal Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures. There are specific nociceptor transducers that are responsible for how and if the specific nerve ending responds to the thermal stimulus. The first to be discovered was TRPV1, and it has a threshold that coincides with the heat pain temperature of 43 °C. Other temperature in the warm–hot range is mediated by more than one TRP channel. Each of these channels express a particular C-terminal domain that corresponds to the warm–hot sensitivity. The interactions between all these channels and how the temperature level is determined to be above the pain threshold are unknown at this time. The cool stimuli are sensed by TRPM8 channels. Its C-terminal domain differs from the heat sensitive TRPs. Although this channel corresponds to cool stimuli, it is still unknown whether it also contributes in the detection of intense cold. An interesting finding related to cold stimuli is that tactile sensibility and motor function deteriorate while pain perception persists. Mechanical Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation. They also respond to incisions that break the skin surface. The reaction to the stimulus is processed as pain by the cortex, just like chemical and thermal responses. These mechanical nociceptors frequently have polymodal characteristics. So it is possible that some of the transducers for thermal stimuli are the same for mechanical stimuli. The same is true for chemical stimuli, since TRPA1 appears to detect both mechanical and chemical changes. Some mechanical stimuli can cause release of intermediate chemicals, such as ATP, which can be detected by P2 purinergic receptors, or nerve growth factor, which can be detected by Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). Chemical Chemical nociceptors have TRP channels that respond to a wide variety of spices. The one that sees the most response and is very widely tested is capsaicin. Other chemical stimulants are environmental irritants like acrolein, a World War I chemical weapon and a component of cigarette smoke. Apart from these external stimulants, chemical nociceptors have the capacity to detect endogenous ligands, and certain fatty acid amines that arise from changes in internal tissues. Like in thermal nociceptors, TRPV1 can detect chemicals like capsaicin and spider toxins and acids. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) also detect acidity. Sleeping/silent Although each nociceptor can have a variety of possible threshold levels, some do not respond at all to chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli unless injury actually has occurred. These are typically referred to as silent or sleeping nociceptors since their response comes only on the onset of inflammation to the surrounding tissue. They were identified using electrical stimulation of their receptive field. Polymodal Nociceptors that respond to more than one type of stimuli are called polymodal. They are the most common type of C-fiber nociceptors and express a rich repertoire of neurotransmitters. Pathway Ascending Afferent nociceptive fibers (those that send information to, rather than from the brain) travel back to the spinal cord where they form synapses in its dorsal horn. This nociceptive fiber (located in the periphery) is a first order neuron. The cells in the dorsal horn are divided into physiologically distinct layers called laminae. Different fiber types form synapses in different layers, and use either glutamate or substance P as the neurotransmitter. Aδ fibers form synapses in laminae I and V, C fibers connect with neurons in lamina II, Aβ fibers connect with lamina I, III, & V. After reaching the specific lamina within the spinal cord, the first order nociceptive project to second order neurons that cross the midline at the anterior white commissure. The second order neurons then send their information via two pathways to the thalamus: the dorsal column medial-lemniscal system and the anterolateral system. The former is reserved more for regular non-painful sensation, while the latter is reserved for pain sensation. Upon reaching the thalamus, the information is processed in the ventral posterior nucleus and sent to the cerebral cortex in the brain via fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Descending As there is an ascending pathway to the brain that initiates the conscious realization of pain, there also is a descending pathway which modulates pain sensation. The brain can request the release of specific hormones or chemicals that can have analgesic effects which can reduce or inhibit pain sensation. The area of the brain that stimulates the release of these hormones is the hypothalamus. This effect of descending inhibition can be shown by electrically stimulating the periaqueductal grey area of the midbrain or the periventricular nucleus. They both in turn project to other areas involved in pain regulation, such as the nucleus raphe magnus which also receives similar afferents from the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (NPG). In turn the nucleus raphe magnus projects to the substantia gelatinosa region of the dorsal horn and mediates the sensation of spinothalamic inputs. This is done first by the nucleus raphe magnus sending serotoninergic neurons to neurons in the dorsal cord, that in turn secrete enkephalin to the interneurons that carry pain perception. Enkephalin functions by binding opioid receptors to cause inhibition of the post-synaptic neuron, thus inhibiting pain. The periaqueductal grey also contains opioid receptors which explains one of the mechanisms by which opioids such as morphine and diacetylmorphine exhibit an analgesic effect. Sensitivity Nociceptor sensitivity is modulated by a large variety of mediators in the extracellular space, such as toxic and inflammatory molecules. Peripheral sensitization represents a form of functional plasticity of the nociceptor. The nociceptor can change from being simply a noxious stimulus detector to a detector of non-noxious stimuli. The result is that low intensity stimuli from regular activity, initiates a painful sensation. This is commonly known as hyperalgesia. Inflammation is one common cause that results in the sensitization of nociceptors. Normally hyperalgesia ceases when inflammation goes down, however, sometimes genetic defects and/or repeated injury can result in allodynia: a completely non-noxious stimulus like light touch causes extreme pain. Allodynia can also be caused when a nociceptor is damaged in the peripheral nerves. This can result in deafferentation, which means the development of different central processes from the surviving afferent nerve. With this situation, surviving dorsal root axons of the nociceptors can make contact with the spinal cord, thus changing the normal input. Neural development Nociceptors develop from neural-crest stem cells during embryogenesis. The neural crest is responsible for a large part of early development in vertebrates. It is specifically responsible for development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neural-crest stem cells split from the neural tube as it closes, and nociceptors grow from the dorsal part of this neural-crest tissue. They form late during neurogenesis. Earlier forming cells from this region can become non-pain sensing receptors, either proprioceptors or low-threshold mechanoreceptors. All neurons derived from the neural crest, including embryonic nociceptors, express the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), which is a receptor to nerve growth factor (NGF). However, transcription factors that determine the type of nociceptor remain unclear. Following sensory neurogenesis, differentiation occurs, and two types of nociceptors are formed. They are classified as either peptidergic or nonpeptidergic nociceptors, each of which express a distinct repertoire of ion channels and receptors. Their specializations allow the receptors to innervate different central and peripheral targets. This differentiation occurs in both perinatal and postnatal periods. The nonpeptidergic nociceptors switch off the TrkA and begin expressing RET proto-oncogene, which is a transmembrane signaling component that allows the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). This transition is assisted by runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) which is vital in the development of nonpeptidergic nociceptors. On the contrary, the peptidergic nociceptors continue to use TrkA, and they express a completely different type of growth factor. There currently is a lot of research about the differences between nociceptors. In other animals Nociception has been documented in non-mammalian animals, including fish and a wide range of invertebrates, including leeches, nematode worms, sea slugs, and larval fruit flies. Although these neurons may have pathways and relationships to the central nervous system that are different from those of mammalian nociceptors, nociceptive neurons in non-mammals often fire in response to similar stimuli as mammals, such as high temperature (40 degrees C or more), low pH, capsaicin, and tissue damage. For example, in fruit flies, specific multidendritic sensory neurons play a role in nociception. In mollusks, nociceptive responses are mediated by pedal sensory neurons. Crustaceans, on the other hand, utilize a variety of sensory cell types, including chordotonal organs and mechanoreceptors, to detect potentially damaging stimuli (see also Pain in crustaceans). See also Medicine portal Capsaicin and its mechanism of action in nociceptors Nociceptin and nociceptin receptor Piperine from black pepper TRPC ion channel References ^ "NOI - Neuro Orthopaedic Institute". www.noigroup.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2017-10-13. ^ "Nociception and pain: What is the difference and why does it matter? - Massage St. Louis, St. Louis, MO". www.massage-stlouis.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2017-10-13. ^ Animals NR (8 December 2017). Mechanisms of Pain. National Academies Press (US) – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. ^ a b c d e f g Dubin AE, Patapoutian A (November 2010). "Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (11): 3760–72. doi:10.1172/JCI42843. PMC 2964977. PMID 21041958. ^ "Pain is Weird: A Volatile, Misleading Sensation". Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-10-27. ^ Sherrington C. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1906. ^ a b c Jessell, Thomas M., Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H. (1991). Principles of neural science. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. pp. 472–79. ISBN 978-0-8385-8034-9. ^ Fein, A Nociceptors: the cells that sense pain http://cell.uchc.edu/pdf/fein/nociceptors_fein_2012.pdf ^ Williams, S. J., Purves, Dale (2001). Neuroscience. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-742-4. ^ a b Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R (October 1998). "Postherpetic neuralgia: irritable nociceptors and deafferentation". Neurobiol. Dis. 5 (4): 209–27. doi:10.1006/nbdi.1998.0204. PMID 9848092. S2CID 13217293. ^ a b c d Yuan J, Brooks HL, Barman SM, Barrett KE (2019). Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-260-12240-4. ^ a b c Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007). "Nociceptors—noxious stimulus detectors". Neuron. 55 (3): 353–64. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016. PMID 17678850. S2CID 13576368. ^ Fein A. Nociceptors: the cells that sense pain. ^ "Pain Pathway". Retrieved 2008-06-02. ^ Hall ME, Hall JE (2021). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (14th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8. ^ Hucho T, Levine JD (August 2007). "Signaling pathways in sensitization: toward a nociceptor cell biology". Neuron. 55 (3): 365–76. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.008. PMID 17678851. S2CID 815135. ^ Smith ES, Lewin GR (2009-12-01). "Nociceptors: a phylogenetic view". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 195 (12): 1089–1106. doi:10.1007/s00359-009-0482-z. ISSN 1432-1351. PMC 2780683. PMID 19830434. ^ Sneddon L. U., Braithwaite V. A., Gentle M. J. (2003). "Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1520): 1115–1121. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2349. PMC 1691351. PMID 12816648. ^ Pastor J., Soria B., Belmonte C. (1996). "Properties of the nociceptive neurons of the leech segmental ganglion". Journal of Neurophysiology. 75 (6): 2268–2279. doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268. PMID 8793740. ^ Wittenburg N., Baumeister R. (1999). "Thermal avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: an approach to the study of nociception". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (18): 10477–10482. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9610477W. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10477. PMC 17914. PMID 10468634. ^ Illich P. A., Walters E. T. (1997). "Mechanosensory neurons innervating Aplysia siphon encode noxious stimuli and display nociceptive sensitization". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (1): 459–469. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00459.1997. PMC 6793714. PMID 8987770. ^ Tracey J., Daniel W., Wilson R. I., Laurent G., Benzer S. (2003). "painless, a Drosophila gene essential for nociception". Cell. 113 (2): 261–273. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00272-1. PMID 12705873. S2CID 1424315. ^ Shimono K, Fujimoto A, Tsuyama T, Yamamoto-Kochi M, Sato M, Hattori Y, Sugimura K, Usui T, Kimura Ki, Uemura T (2009-10-02). "Multidendritic sensory neurons in the adult Drosophila abdomen: origins, dendritic morphology, and segment- and age-dependent programmed cell death". Neural Development. 4 (1): 37. doi:10.1186/1749-8104-4-37. ISSN 1749-8104. PMC 2762467. PMID 19799768. ^ Edgar T W (1996-08-01), "Comparative and evolutionary aspects of nociceptor function", Neurobiology of Nociceptors, Oxford University Press, pp. 92–114, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-19-852334-5, retrieved 2024-03-21 ^ Cadet P, Zhu W, Mantione KJ, Baggerman G, Stefano GB (2002-02-28). "Cold stress alters Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia expression of mu opiate receptor transcripts determined by real-time RT-PCR and morphine levels". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 99 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00342-4. ISSN 0169-328X. PMID 11869805. vteSensory receptorsTouch Mechanoreceptor Vibration Lamellar corpuscle Light touch Tactile corpuscle Pressure Merkel nerve ending Stretch Bulbous corpuscle Pain Free nerve ending Nociceptors Temperature Thermoreceptors Proprioception Golgi organ Muscle spindle Intrafusal muscle fiber Nuclear chain fiber Nuclear bag fiber Other Hair cells Baroreceptor vteSensation and perceptionProcesses and conceptsSensation Stimulus Sensory receptor Transduction (physiology) Sensory processing Active sensory system Perception Multimodal integration Awareness Consciousness Cognition Feeling Motion perception Qualia HumanExternalSensory organs Eyes Ears Inner ear Nose Mouth Skin Sensory systems Visual system (sense of vision) Auditory system (sense of hearing) Vestibular system (sense of balance) Olfactory system (sense of smell) Gustatory system (sense of taste) Somatosensory system (sense of touch) Sensory cranial and spinal nerves Optic (II) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Olfactory (I) Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Trigeminal (V) Spinal Cerebral cortices Visual cortex Auditory cortex Vestibular cortex Olfactory cortex Gustatory cortex Somatosensory cortex Perceptions Visual perception (vision) Auditory perception (hearing) Equilibrioception (balance) Olfaction (smell) Gustation (taste or flavor) Touch mechanoreception nociception (pain) thermoception Internal Proprioception Hunger Thirst Suffocation Nausea NonhumanAnimal Electroreception Magnetoreception Echolocation Infrared sensing in vampire bats Infrared sensing in snakes Surface wave detection Frog hearing Toad vision Plant Photomorphogenesis Gravitropism Artificial Robotic sensing Computer vision Machine hearing Types of sensory receptorsMechanoreceptor Baroreceptor Mechanotransduction Lamellar corpuscle Tactile corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Bulbous corpuscle Campaniform sensilla Slit sensilla Stretch receptor Photoreceptor Photoreceptor cell Cone cell Rod cell ipRGC Photopigment Aureochrome Chemoreceptor Taste receptor Olfactory receptor Osmoreceptor Thermoreceptor Cilium TRP channels Nociceptor Nociceptin receptor Juxtacapillary receptor DisordersVisual Visual impairment Alice in Wonderland syndrome Amaurosis Anopsia Color blindness Diplopia Hemeralopia and Nyctalopia Optic neuropathy Oscillopsia Palinopsia Papilledema Photophobia Photopsia Polyopia Scotoma Stereoblindness Visual snow Auditory Amblyaudia Auditory agnosia Auditory hallucination Auditory verbal agnosia Cortical deafness Hearing loss Microwave auditory effect Music-specific disorders Palinopsia Spatial hearing loss Tinnitus Vestibular Vertigo BPPV Labyrinthine fistula Labyrinthitis Ménière's disease Olfactory Anosmia Dysosmia Hyperosmia Hyposmia Olfactory reference syndrome Parosmia Phantosmia Gustatory Ageusia Hypergeusia Hypogeusia Parageusia Tactile Astereognosis CMT disease Formication Hyperesthesia Hypoesthesia Paresthesia Tactile hallucination Nociception (pain) Hyperalgesia Hypoalgesia Pain dissociation Phantom pain Proprioception Asomatognosia Phantom limb syndrome Somatoparaphrenia Supernumerary phantom limb Multimodal Aura Agnosia Allochiria Derealization Hallucination HSAN Sensory processing disorder Synesthesia Biases and errors Pareidolia vtePainBy region/systemHead and neck Eye strain Headache Neck Odynophagia (swallowing) Toothache Respiratory system Sore throat Pleurodynia Musculoskeletal Arthralgia (joint) Bone pain Myalgia (muscle) Acute Delayed-onset Neurologic Neuralgia Pain asymbolia Pain disorder Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder Allodynia Chronic pain Hyperalgesia Hypoalgesia Hyperpathia Phantom pain Referred pain Congenital insensitivity to pain congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis Other Pelvic pain Proctalgia Back Low back pain Measurement and testing Pain scale Cold pressor test Dolorimeter Grimace scale Hot plate test Tail flick test Visual analogue scale Pathophysiology Nociception Anterolateral system Posteromarginal nucleus Substance P Management Analgesia Anesthesia Cordotomy Pain eradication Related concepts Pain threshold Pain tolerance Suffering SOCRATES Philosophy of pain Cancer pain Drug-seeking behavior	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"nocere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nocere#Latin"},{"link_name":"sensory neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"nociception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception"}],"text":"A nociceptor (from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt'; lit. 'pain receptor') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending \"possible threat\" signals[1][2][3] to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception.","title":"Nociceptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nociception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception"},{"link_name":"threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_of_pain"},{"link_name":"action potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potentials"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nociceptors:_the_sensors_of_the_pai-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Nociception and pain are usually evoked only by pressures and temperatures that are potentially damaging to tissues. This barrier or threshold contrasts with the more sensitive visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and somatosensory responses to stimuli. The experience of pain is individualistic and can be suppressed by stress or exacerbated by anticipation. Simple activation of a nociceptor does not always lead to perceived pain, because the latter also depends on the frequency of the action potentials, integration of pre- and postsynaptic signals, and influences from higher or central processes.[4] Due to historical misunderstanding, nociceptors are inappropriately referred to as pain receptors. Psychological factors can affect its perceived intensity, but all pain is real.[5]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Scott Sherrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington"},{"link_name":"afferent nerve fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber"},{"link_name":"receptive field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptive_field"},{"link_name":"withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_reflex"},{"link_name":"autonomic responses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"animal model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_model"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nociceptors:_the_sensors_of_the_pai-4"}],"text":"Nociceptors were discovered by Charles Scott Sherrington in 1906. In earlier centuries, scientists believed that animals were like mechanical devices that transformed the energy of sensory stimuli into motor responses. Sherrington used many different experiments to demonstrate that different types of stimulation to an afferent nerve fiber's receptive field led to different responses. Some intense stimuli trigger reflex withdrawal, certain autonomic responses, and pain. The specific receptors for these intense stimuli were called nociceptors.[6]Studies of nociceptors have been conducted on conscious humans as well as surrogate animal models. The process is difficult due to invasive methods that could change the cellular activity of nociceptors being studied, the inability to record from small neuronal structures, and uncertainties in animal model systems as to whether a response should be attributed to pain or some other factor.[4]","title":"Scientific investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue"},{"link_name":"skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin"},{"link_name":"cutaneous nociceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_nociceptor"},{"link_name":"corneas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"},{"link_name":"mucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosa"},{"link_name":"muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint"},{"link_name":"bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladder"},{"link_name":"dorsal root ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglia"},{"link_name":"trigeminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jessell-7"}],"text":"In mammals, nociceptors are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli. External nociceptors are found in tissue such as the skin (cutaneous nociceptors), the corneas, and the mucosa. Internal nociceptors are found in a variety of organs, such as the muscles, the joints, the bladder, the visceral organs, and the digestive tract. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in either the dorsal root ganglia or the trigeminal ganglia.[7] The trigeminal ganglia are specialized nerves for the face, whereas the dorsal root ganglia are associated with the rest of the body. The axons extend into the peripheral nervous system and terminate in branches to form receptive fields.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nociceptors:_the_sensors_of_the_pai-4"},{"link_name":"noxious stimuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxious_stimuli"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"action potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"conduction velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_conduction_velocity"},{"link_name":"Aδ fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_delta_fiber"},{"link_name":"C fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_fiber"},{"link_name":"myelination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelination"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nociceptors:_the_sensors_of_the_pai-4"},{"link_name":"dorsal horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_grey_column"},{"link_name":"wind-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_wind-up"},{"link_name":"tetanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fields-10"}],"text":"Nociceptors are usually electrically silent when not stimulated.[4] The peripheral terminal of the mature nociceptor is where the noxious stimuli are detected and transduced into electrical energy.[8] When the electrical energy reaches a threshold value, an action potential is induced and driven towards the central nervous system (CNS). This leads to the train of events that allows for the conscious awareness of pain. The sensory specificity of nociceptors is established by the high threshold only to particular features of stimuli. Only when the high threshold has been reached by either chemical, thermal, or mechanical environments are the nociceptors triggered.In terms of their conduction velocity, nociceptors come in two groups. The Aδ fiber axons are myelinated and can allow an action potential to travel towards the CNS at speeds from 5 to 30 meters/second. The C fiber axons conduct more slowly at speeds from 0.4 to 2 meters/second due to their smaller diameters and little or no myelination of their axon.[9][4] As a result, pain comes in two phases: an initial extremely sharp pain associated with the Aδ fibers and a second, more prolonged and slightly less intense feeling of pain from the C fibers. Massive or prolonged input to a C fiber results in a progressive build up in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; this phenomenon called wind-up is similar to tetanus in muscles. Wind-up increases the probability of greater sensitivity to pain.[10]","title":"Types and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TRPV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV1"},{"link_name":"TRP channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel"},{"link_name":"pain threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_threshold"},{"link_name":"TRPM8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM8"}],"sub_title":"Thermal","text":"Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures. There are specific nociceptor transducers that are responsible for how and if the specific nerve ending responds to the thermal stimulus. The first to be discovered was TRPV1, and it has a threshold that coincides with the heat pain temperature of 43 °C. Other temperature in the warm–hot range is mediated by more than one TRP channel. Each of these channels express a particular C-terminal domain that corresponds to the warm–hot sensitivity. The interactions between all these channels and how the temperature level is determined to be above the pain threshold are unknown at this time. The cool stimuli are sensed by TRPM8 channels. Its C-terminal domain differs from the heat sensitive TRPs. Although this channel corresponds to cool stimuli, it is still unknown whether it also contributes in the detection of intense cold. An interesting finding related to cold stimuli is that tactile sensibility and motor function deteriorate while pain perception persists.","title":"Types and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"P2 purinergic receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_receptor"},{"link_name":"nerve growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin_receptor_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganong_2019-11"}],"sub_title":"Mechanical","text":"Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation. They also respond to incisions that break the skin surface. The reaction to the stimulus is processed as pain by the cortex, just like chemical and thermal responses. These mechanical nociceptors frequently have polymodal characteristics. So it is possible that some of the transducers for thermal stimuli are the same for mechanical stimuli. The same is true for chemical stimuli, since TRPA1 appears to detect both mechanical and chemical changes. Some mechanical stimuli can cause release of intermediate chemicals, such as ATP, which can be detected by P2 purinergic receptors, or nerve growth factor, which can be detected by Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA).[11]","title":"Types and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capsaicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin"},{"link_name":"acrolein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolein"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"chemical weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolf-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganong_2019-11"},{"link_name":"Acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganong_2019-11"}],"sub_title":"Chemical","text":"Chemical nociceptors have TRP channels that respond to a wide variety of spices. The one that sees the most response and is very widely tested is capsaicin. Other chemical stimulants are environmental irritants like acrolein, a World War I chemical weapon and a component of cigarette smoke. Apart from these external stimulants, chemical nociceptors have the capacity to detect endogenous ligands, and certain fatty acid amines that arise from changes in internal tissues. Like in thermal nociceptors, TRPV1 can detect chemicals like capsaicin and spider toxins and acids.[12][11] Acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) also detect acidity.[11]","title":"Types and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jessell-7"},{"link_name":"receptive field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptive_field"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nociceptors:_the_sensors_of_the_pai-4"}],"sub_title":"Sleeping/silent","text":"Although each nociceptor can have a variety of possible threshold levels, some do not respond at all to chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli unless injury actually has occurred. These are typically referred to as silent or sleeping nociceptors since their response comes only on the onset of inflammation to the surrounding tissue.[7] They were identified using electrical stimulation of their receptive field.[4]","title":"Types and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nociceptors:_the_sensors_of_the_pai-4"}],"sub_title":"Polymodal","text":"Nociceptors that respond to more than one type of stimuli are called polymodal.[13] They are the most common type of C-fiber nociceptors and express a rich repertoire of neurotransmitters.[4]","title":"Types and functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pathway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afferent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent_nerve"},{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"dorsal horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"synapses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synapse"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"substance P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jessell-7"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"dorsal column medial-lemniscal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_system"},{"link_name":"anterolateral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterolateral_system"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"}],"sub_title":"Ascending","text":"Afferent nociceptive fibers (those that send information to, rather than from the brain) travel back to the spinal cord where they form synapses in its dorsal horn. This nociceptive fiber (located in the periphery) is a first order neuron. The cells in the dorsal horn are divided into physiologically distinct layers called laminae. Different fiber types form synapses in different layers, and use either glutamate or substance P as the neurotransmitter. Aδ fibers form synapses in laminae I and V, C fibers connect with neurons in lamina II, Aβ fibers connect with lamina I, III, & V.[7] After reaching the specific lamina within the spinal cord, the first order nociceptive project to second order neurons that cross the midline at the anterior white commissure. The second order neurons then send their information via two pathways to the thalamus: the dorsal column medial-lemniscal system and the anterolateral system. The former is reserved more for regular non-painful sensation, while the latter is reserved for pain sensation. Upon reaching the thalamus, the information is processed in the ventral posterior nucleus and sent to the cerebral cortex in the brain via fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule.","title":"Pathway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormones"},{"link_name":"hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"periaqueductal grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periaqueductal_grey"},{"link_name":"periventricular nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periventricular_nucleus"},{"link_name":"nucleus raphe magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus"},{"link_name":"nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleus_reticularis_paragigantocellularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nucleus raphe magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus"},{"link_name":"substantia gelatinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_gelatinosa"},{"link_name":"nucleus raphe magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus"},{"link_name":"serotoninergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"enkephalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkephalin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guyton-15"},{"link_name":"Enkephalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkephalin"},{"link_name":"opioid receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptor#Mechanism_of_activation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganong_2019-11"},{"link_name":"opioid receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptors"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"diacetylmorphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetylmorphine"}],"sub_title":"Descending","text":"As there is an ascending pathway to the brain that initiates the conscious realization of pain, there also is a descending pathway which modulates pain sensation. The brain can request the release of specific hormones or chemicals that can have analgesic effects which can reduce or inhibit pain sensation. The area of the brain that stimulates the release of these hormones is the hypothalamus.[14] This effect of descending inhibition can be shown by electrically stimulating the periaqueductal grey area of the midbrain or the periventricular nucleus. They both in turn project to other areas involved in pain regulation, such as the nucleus raphe magnus which also receives similar afferents from the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (NPG). In turn the nucleus raphe magnus projects to the substantia gelatinosa region of the dorsal horn and mediates the sensation of spinothalamic inputs. This is done first by the nucleus raphe magnus sending serotoninergic neurons to neurons in the dorsal cord, that in turn secrete enkephalin to the interneurons that carry pain perception.[15] Enkephalin functions by binding opioid receptors to cause inhibition of the post-synaptic neuron, thus inhibiting pain.[11] The periaqueductal grey also contains opioid receptors which explains one of the mechanisms by which opioids such as morphine and diacetylmorphine exhibit an analgesic effect.","title":"Pathway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nociceptors:_the_sensors_of_the_pai-4"},{"link_name":"hyperalgesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperalgesia"},{"link_name":"allodynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fields-10"}],"text":"Nociceptor sensitivity is modulated by a large variety of mediators in the extracellular space, such as toxic and inflammatory molecules.[16][4] Peripheral sensitization represents a form of functional plasticity of the nociceptor. The nociceptor can change from being simply a noxious stimulus detector to a detector of non-noxious stimuli. The result is that low intensity stimuli from regular activity, initiates a painful sensation. This is commonly known as hyperalgesia. Inflammation is one common cause that results in the sensitization of nociceptors. Normally hyperalgesia ceases when inflammation goes down, however, sometimes genetic defects and/or repeated injury can result in allodynia: a completely non-noxious stimulus like light touch causes extreme pain. Allodynia can also be caused when a nociceptor is damaged in the peripheral nerves. This can result in deafferentation, which means the development of different central processes from the surviving afferent nerve. With this situation, surviving dorsal root axons of the nociceptors can make contact with the spinal cord, thus changing the normal input.[10]","title":"Sensitivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neural-crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_crest"},{"link_name":"embryogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis"},{"link_name":"proprioceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioceptors"},{"link_name":"mechanoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptors"},{"link_name":"tropomyosin receptor kinase A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin_receptor_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"nerve growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolf-12"},{"link_name":"RET proto-oncogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RET_proto-oncogene"},{"link_name":"glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell_line-derived_neurotrophic_factor"},{"link_name":"runt-related transcription factor 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUNX1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolf-12"}],"text":"Nociceptors develop from neural-crest stem cells during embryogenesis. The neural crest is responsible for a large part of early development in vertebrates. It is specifically responsible for development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neural-crest stem cells split from the neural tube as it closes, and nociceptors grow from the dorsal part of this neural-crest tissue. They form late during neurogenesis. Earlier forming cells from this region can become non-pain sensing receptors, either proprioceptors or low-threshold mechanoreceptors. All neurons derived from the neural crest, including embryonic nociceptors, express the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), which is a receptor to nerve growth factor (NGF). However, transcription factors that determine the type of nociceptor remain unclear.[12]Following sensory neurogenesis, differentiation occurs, and two types of nociceptors are formed. They are classified as either peptidergic or nonpeptidergic nociceptors, each of which express a distinct repertoire of ion channels and receptors. Their specializations allow the receptors to innervate different central and peripheral targets. This differentiation occurs in both perinatal and postnatal periods. The nonpeptidergic nociceptors switch off the TrkA and begin expressing RET proto-oncogene, which is a transmembrane signaling component that allows the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). This transition is assisted by runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) which is vital in the development of nonpeptidergic nociceptors. On the contrary, the peptidergic nociceptors continue to use TrkA, and they express a completely different type of growth factor. There currently is a lot of research about the differences between nociceptors.[12]","title":"Neural development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates"},{"link_name":"leeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeches"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"nematode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sea slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_slugs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"fruit flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophilidae"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"capsaicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pain in crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans"}],"text":"Nociception has been documented in non-mammalian animals,[17] including fish[18] and a wide range of invertebrates, including leeches,[19] nematode worms,[20] sea slugs,[21] and larval fruit flies.[22] Although these neurons may have pathways and relationships to the central nervous system that are different from those of mammalian nociceptors, nociceptive neurons in non-mammals often fire in response to similar stimuli as mammals, such as high temperature (40 degrees C or more), low pH, capsaicin, and tissue damage.For example, in fruit flies, specific multidendritic sensory neurons play a role in nociception.[23] In mollusks, nociceptive responses are mediated by pedal sensory neurons.[24][25] Crustaceans, on the other hand, utilize a variety of sensory cell types, including chordotonal organs and mechanoreceptors, to detect potentially damaging stimuli (see also Pain in crustaceans).","title":"In other animals"}]	[]	[{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"title":"Capsaicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin"},{"title":"mechanism of action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin#Mechanism_of_action"},{"title":"Nociceptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptin"},{"title":"nociceptin receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor"},{"title":"Piperine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperine"},{"title":"black pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"title":"TRPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC"}]	[{"reference":"\"NOI - Neuro Orthopaedic Institute\". www.noigroup.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2017-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181017151159/http://www.noigroup.com/en/Product/EPBII","url_text":"\"NOI - Neuro Orthopaedic Institute\""},{"url":"http://www.noigroup.com/en/Product/EPBII","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nociception and pain: What is the difference and why does it matter? - Massage St. Louis, St. Louis, MO\". www.massage-stlouis.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2017-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181101042615/http://www.massage-stlouis.com/nociception-and-pain-what-difference-and-why-does-it-matter","url_text":"\"Nociception and pain: What is the difference and why does it matter? - Massage St. Louis, St. Louis, MO\""},{"url":"http://www.massage-stlouis.com/nociception-and-pain-what-difference-and-why-does-it-matter","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Animals NR (8 December 2017). Mechanisms of Pain. National Academies Press (US) – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32659/","url_text":"Mechanisms of Pain"}]},{"reference":"Dubin AE, Patapoutian A (November 2010). \"Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (11): 3760–72. doi:10.1172/JCI42843. PMC 2964977. PMID 21041958.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964977","url_text":"\"Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI42843","url_text":"10.1172/JCI42843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964977","url_text":"2964977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21041958","url_text":"21041958"}]},{"reference":"\"Pain is Weird: A Volatile, Misleading Sensation\". Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181027185638/https://www.painscience.com/articles/pain-is-weird.php","url_text":"\"Pain is Weird: A Volatile, Misleading Sensation\""},{"url":"https://www.painscience.com/articles/pain-is-weird.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jessell, Thomas M., Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H. (1991). Principles of neural science. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. pp. 472–79. ISBN 978-0-8385-8034-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofneur00kan/page/472","url_text":"Principles of neural science"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/principlesofneur00kan/page/472","url_text":"472–79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8034-9","url_text":"978-0-8385-8034-9"}]},{"reference":"Williams, S. J., Purves, Dale (2001). Neuroscience. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-742-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-742-4","url_text":"978-0-87893-742-4"}]},{"reference":"Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R (October 1998). \"Postherpetic neuralgia: irritable nociceptors and deafferentation\". Neurobiol. Dis. 5 (4): 209–27. doi:10.1006/nbdi.1998.0204. PMID 9848092. S2CID 13217293.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fnbdi.1998.0204","url_text":"10.1006/nbdi.1998.0204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9848092","url_text":"9848092"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13217293","url_text":"13217293"}]},{"reference":"Yuan J, Brooks HL, Barman SM, Barrett KE (2019). Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-260-12240-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-260-12240-4","url_text":"978-1-260-12240-4"}]},{"reference":"Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007). \"Nociceptors—noxious stimulus detectors\". Neuron. 55 (3): 353–64. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016. PMID 17678850. S2CID 13576368.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2007.07.016","url_text":"\"Nociceptors—noxious stimulus detectors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2007.07.016","url_text":"10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17678850","url_text":"17678850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13576368","url_text":"13576368"}]},{"reference":"Fein A. Nociceptors: the cells that sense pain.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hmOsHYsGdh0C&q=nociceptor&pg=SA1-PA5","url_text":"Nociceptors: the cells that sense pain"}]},{"reference":"\"Pain Pathway\". Retrieved 2008-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/Audition/site/pain%20pathway.html","url_text":"\"Pain Pathway\""}]},{"reference":"Hall ME, Hall JE (2021). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (14th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-59712-8","url_text":"978-0-323-59712-8"}]},{"reference":"Hucho T, Levine JD (August 2007). \"Signaling pathways in sensitization: toward a nociceptor cell biology\". Neuron. 55 (3): 365–76. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.008. PMID 17678851. S2CID 815135.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2007.07.008","url_text":"\"Signaling pathways in sensitization: toward a nociceptor cell biology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2007.07.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17678851","url_text":"17678851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:815135","url_text":"815135"}]},{"reference":"Smith ES, Lewin GR (2009-12-01). \"Nociceptors: a phylogenetic view\". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 195 (12): 1089–1106. doi:10.1007/s00359-009-0482-z. ISSN 1432-1351. PMC 2780683. PMID 19830434.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-009-0482-z","url_text":"\"Nociceptors: a phylogenetic view\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00359-009-0482-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00359-009-0482-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1351","url_text":"1432-1351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780683","url_text":"2780683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19830434","url_text":"19830434"}]},{"reference":"Sneddon L. U., Braithwaite V. A., Gentle M. J. (2003). \"Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1520): 1115–1121. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2349. PMC 1691351. PMID 12816648.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691351","url_text":"\"Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2349","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2003.2349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691351","url_text":"1691351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12816648","url_text":"12816648"}]},{"reference":"Pastor J., Soria B., Belmonte C. (1996). \"Properties of the nociceptive neurons of the leech segmental ganglion\". Journal of Neurophysiology. 75 (6): 2268–2279. doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268. PMID 8793740.","urls":[{"url":"http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/75/6/2268","url_text":"\"Properties of the nociceptive neurons of the leech segmental ganglion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.1996.75.6.2268","url_text":"10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8793740","url_text":"8793740"}]},{"reference":"Wittenburg N., Baumeister R. (1999). \"Thermal avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: an approach to the study of nociception\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (18): 10477–10482. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9610477W. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10477. PMC 17914. PMID 10468634.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17914","url_text":"\"Thermal avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: an approach to the study of nociception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...9610477W","url_text":"1999PNAS...9610477W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.18.10477","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.96.18.10477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17914","url_text":"17914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10468634","url_text":"10468634"}]},{"reference":"Illich P. A., Walters E. T. (1997). \"Mechanosensory neurons innervating Aplysia siphon encode noxious stimuli and display nociceptive sensitization\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (1): 459–469. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00459.1997. PMC 6793714. PMID 8987770.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6793714","url_text":"\"Mechanosensory neurons innervating Aplysia siphon encode noxious stimuli and display nociceptive sensitization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.17-01-00459.1997","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00459.1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6793714","url_text":"6793714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8987770","url_text":"8987770"}]},{"reference":"Tracey J., Daniel W., Wilson R. I., Laurent G., Benzer S. (2003). \"painless, a Drosophila gene essential for nociception\". Cell. 113 (2): 261–273. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00272-1. PMID 12705873. S2CID 1424315.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2803%2900272-1","url_text":"\"painless, a Drosophila gene essential for nociception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2803%2900272-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00272-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12705873","url_text":"12705873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1424315","url_text":"1424315"}]},{"reference":"Shimono K, Fujimoto A, Tsuyama T, Yamamoto-Kochi M, Sato M, Hattori Y, Sugimura K, Usui T, Kimura Ki, Uemura T (2009-10-02). \"Multidendritic sensory neurons in the adult Drosophila abdomen: origins, dendritic morphology, and segment- and age-dependent programmed cell death\". Neural Development. 4 (1): 37. doi:10.1186/1749-8104-4-37. ISSN 1749-8104. PMC 2762467. PMID 19799768.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762467","url_text":"\"Multidendritic sensory neurons in the adult Drosophila abdomen: origins, dendritic morphology, and segment- and age-dependent programmed cell death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1749-8104-4-37","url_text":"10.1186/1749-8104-4-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8104","url_text":"1749-8104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762467","url_text":"2762467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19799768","url_text":"19799768"}]},{"reference":"Edgar T W (1996-08-01), \"Comparative and evolutionary aspects of nociceptor function\", Neurobiology of Nociceptors, Oxford University Press, pp. 92–114, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-19-852334-5, retrieved 2024-03-21","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.003.0004","url_text":"\"Comparative and evolutionary aspects of nociceptor function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198523345.003.0004","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.003.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852334-5","url_text":"978-0-19-852334-5"}]},{"reference":"Cadet P, Zhu W, Mantione KJ, Baggerman G, Stefano GB (2002-02-28). \"Cold stress alters Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia expression of mu opiate receptor transcripts determined by real-time RT-PCR and morphine levels\". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 99 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00342-4. ISSN 0169-328X. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hama	Larry Hama	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Acting","2.3 G.I. Joe","2.4 Other work","3 Bibliography","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	American comic book writer, artist Larry HamaHama in 2015Born (1949-06-07) June 7, 1949 (age 75)NationalityAmericanArea(s)Writer, Penciller, EditorNotable worksG.I. JoeBucky O'HareNth ManWolverineAwardsInkpot Award (2012)Military careerAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States ArmyYears of service1969–1971Unit 18th Engineer Brigade US Army Corps of EngineersBattles/warsVietnam War Larry Hama (/ˈhæmə/; born June 7, 1949) is an American comic-book writer, artist, actor, and musician who has worked in the fields of entertainment and publishing since the 1960s. During the 1970s, he was seen in minor roles on the TV shows MASH and Saturday Night Live, and appeared on Broadway in two roles in the original 1976 production of Stephen Sondheim's Pacific Overtures. He is best known to American comic book readers as a writer and editor for Marvel Comics, where he wrote the licensed comic book series G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, based on the Hasbro toyline. He has also written for the series Wolverine, Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja, and Elektra. He co-created the character Bucky O'Hare, which was developed into a comic book, a toy line and television cartoon. Early life Hama was born June 7, 1949, in New York City. Growing up, Hama studied Kodokan Judo and later studied Kyūdō (Japanese archery) and Iaido (Japanese martial art swordsmanship). Planning to become a painter, Hama attended Manhattan's High School of Art and Design, where one instructor was former EC Comics artist Bernard Krigstein. He was in the same graduating class as Frank Brunner and Ralph Reese. Career Early career Hama sold his first comics work to the fantasy film magazine Castle of Frankenstein when he was 16 years old, and he followed by collaborating with Bhob Stewart on pages for the underground tabloid Gothic Blimp Works. After high school, Hama took a job drawing shoes for catalogs, and then served in the United States Army from 1969 to 1971, during the Vietnam War, where he became a firearms and explosive ordnance expert. Hama's experiences in Vietnam informed his editing of the 1986-1993 Marvel Comics series The 'Nam. Upon his discharge, Hama became active in the Asian community in New York City. High-school classmate Ralph Reese, who had become an assistant to famed EC and Marvel artist Wally Wood, helped Hama get a similar job at Wood's Manhattan studio. Hama assisted on Wood's comic strips Sally Forth and Cannon, which originally ran in Military News and Overseas Weekly and were later collected in a series of books. During this time, he also had illustrations published in such magazines as Esquire and Rolling Stone, and Reese and he collaborated on art for a story in the underground comix-style humor magazine Drool #1 (1972). Through contacts made while working for Wood, Hama began working at comic-book and commercial artist Neal Adams' Continuity Associates studio; with other young contemporaries there, including Reese, Frank Brunner and Bernie Wrightson, Hama became part of the comic-book inking gang credited as the "Crusty Bunkers." His first known work as such is on the Alan Weiss-penciled "Slaves of the Mahars" in DC Comics' Weird Worlds #2 (Nov. 1972). Hama began penciling for comics a year-and-a-half later, making an auspicious debut succeeding character co-creator Gil Kane on the feature "Iron Fist" in Marvel Premiere, taking over with the martial arts superhero's second appearance and his next three stories (#16-19, July-Nov. 1974). He went on to freelance for start-up publisher Atlas/Seaboard (writing and penciling the first two issues of the sword & sorcery series Wulf the Barbarian, writing the premiere of the science fiction/horror Planet of Vampires); some penciling work on the seminal independent comic book Big Apple Comix #1 (Sept. 1975); and two issues of the jungle-hero book Ka-Zar before beginning a long run at DC Comics. At DC, Hama became an editor of the titles Wonder Woman, Mister Miracle, Super Friends, and The Warlord, and the TV-series licensed property Welcome Back, Kotter from 1977 to 1978. He then joined Marvel as an editor in 1980. Acting Hama demonstrating sword technique while filming Ghost Source Zero Hama had a brief acting career in the mid-1970s, despite never having pursued the field. The casting director for the musical Pacific Overtures, Joanna Merlin, called Hama because an actor friend of his gave her his name when asked if he knew any other Asian actors. He told her that he had never acted before and could neither sing nor dance, but Merlin was persistent, and when informed that casting was less than a minute away from his workplace at Continuity Comics, he agreed to audition and was ultimately cast in three roles. He also played a role in the 1976 MASH episode "The Korean Surgeon" and a Saturday Night Live spoof of Apocalypse Now. However, though he had made a living as an actor for roughly a year, Hama ultimately discarded his acting career, explaining, "I always basically saw myself as an artist, not as anything else." G.I. Joe Page two of "Silent Interlude". Hama is best known as the writer of the Marvel Comics licensed series G.I. Joe, based on the Hasbro line of military action figures. Hama said in a 2006 interview that he was given the job by then editor-in-chief Jim Shooter after every other writer at Marvel had turned it down. Hama at the time had recently pitched a Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. spin-off series, Fury Force, about a special mission force. Hama used this concept as the back-story for G.I. Joe. He included military terms and strategies, Eastern philosophy, martial arts and historical references from his own background. The comic ran 155 issues (February 1982 – October 1994). Hama also wrote the majority of the G.I. Joe action figures' file cards—short biographical sketches designed to be clipped from the G.I. Joe and Cobra cardboard packaging. In 2007 these filecards were reprinted in the retro packaging for the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 25th Anniversary line. Hama said in 1986 that G.I. Joe had an unexpected female following due to such strong female characters as Cover Girl, Lady Jaye, and Scarlett. (Scarlett's personality was actually based upon his wife) "Most of the girls that write in say that the reason they like the comic is that the women characters are simply part of the team. They’re not treated as any different from the other team members. They don't go around with their palms nailed to their foreheads. They’re competent, straightforward, and they go ahead and get the job done. They also participate emotionally. They have their likes and dislikes. They’re not ill-treated and they're not running around being worrywarts." Hasbro sculptors sometimes used real people's likenesses when designing its action figures. In 1987, Hasbro released the Tunnel Rat action figure. The character is an explosive ordnance disposal specialist, whose likeness was based on Hama. In 2006, Hama returned to his signature characters with the Devils Due Publishing miniseries G.I. Joe Declassified, which chronicled the recruitment of the squad's first members by General Hawk. In 2007, the company added the spin-off series Storm Shadow, written by Hama and penciled by Mark A. Robinson, which ceased publication with issue 7. In December 2007, Hasbro released 25th-anniversary comic-book figure two-packs that featured original stories by Hama. These new Hasbro-published issues were designed to take place between the panels of the Marvel series. In September 2008, IDW announced a new line of G.I. Joe comics with one series, G.I. Joe Origins, to be primarily written by Hama. He wrote the first five issues, as the series was originally intended to be a miniseries, and returned to write four more issues (including #19, which was a Snake Eyes "silent issue") over the course of the book's 23-issue run. IDW later revived the Marvel Comics continuity with Hama taking the helm of a new ongoing series, picking up where the Marvel series left off with issue #155 1/2. In June 2023, Skybound announced the continuation of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero at Image. This would continue on from the IDW run, starting with issue #301. Other work Hama sketching at the 2013New York Comic Con At Marvel in the early 1980s, Hama edited the humor magazine Crazy and the Conan titles, and from 1986 to 1993, he edited the acclaimed comic book The 'Nam, a gritty Marvel series about the Vietnam War. He also was an editor on Peter Porker, The Spectacular Spider-Ham from 1983–1987. Hama wrote the 16-issue Marvel series Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja (Aug. 1989 - Sept. 1990), concerning the adventures of John Doe, an American ninja and Special Forces commando in an alternate reality in which World War III is sparked after the world's nuclear weapons stockpiles are all destroyed. Hama also edited a relaunch of Marvel's black-and-white comics magazine Savage Tales, overseeing its change from sword-and-sorcery to men's adventure. Other comics Hama has written include Wolverine, Before the Fantastic Four: Ben Grimm and Logan, The Punisher War Zone, and the X-Men brand extension Generation X for Marvel; and Batman stories for DC Comics. He wrote filecards for Hasbro's line of sci-fi/police action figures, C.O.P.S. 'n' Crooks. While working at Neal Adams' Continuity Associates, Hama co-developed a series he and comic book artist Michael Golden first created in 1978, Bucky O'Hare, the story of a green anthropomorphic rabbit and his mutant mammal sidekicks in an intergalactic war against space amphibians. Bucky O'Hare went on to become a comic, cartoon, video game, and toy line. Hama is credited as a writing consultant on the 2004 independent animated film The Easter Egg Adventure and he also contributed scripts to the second season of the animated series Robotboy. In 2006, Osprey Publishing announced that Hama had been commissioned to write for their "Osprey Graphic History" series of comic books about historical battles, including the titles The Bloodiest Day—Battle of Antietam, and Surprise Attack—Battle of Shiloh (both with artist Scott Moore) and Fight to the Death: Battle of Guadalcanal and Island of Terror—Battle of Iwo Jima (with artist Anthony Williams). In February 2008, Devil's Due Publishing published Spooks, a comic book about a U.S. government antiparanormal investigator/task force. Hama created the military characters and R.A. Salvatore the monster characters. He was also the writer of DDP's Barack the Barbarian series, a Conan the Barbarian parody starring U. S. President Barack Obama. On September 19, 2012, Hama released his three-part vampire novel entitled The Stranger. On December 17, 2012, Hama portrayed himself in a Christmas-themed episode of the Adult Swim series Robot Chicken. In 2014, Hama began working with award-winning filmmaker Mark Cheng on an original film project, called Ghost Source Zero. The film was distributed by Sony Pictures in 2018. In August 2014, Red Giant Entertainment announced that Larry Hama was writing the company's new Monster Isle monthly series debuting in November. Bibliography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2011) As writer Avengers #326-333 Bat-Thing #1 Batman #575-581 Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #121-122 Batman: Shadow of the Bat #90 Batman: Toyman #1-4 Before the Fantastic Four: Ben Grimm and Logan #1-3 Cable #16 Conan the Barbarian #117, 221, 224 Conan #1-7, 10-11 Convergence: Batman: Shadow of the Bat #1-2 Convergence: Wonder Woman #1-2 Daredevil #193 Daredevil & Captain America: Dead on Arrival #1 Detective Comics #736 Echo of Futurepast #1-6 (Bucky O'Hare segments only) Elektra #14-19 Generation X #33-44, 46-47 G.I. Joe (IDW) #0 (five-page story) G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Marvel) #1-7 (6-7 - dialogue only), 10–19, 21–118, 120–142, 144–152, 155 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Hasbro) #21B, 32.5, 36.5, 4-12 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (IDW) #155.5, 156-300 G.I. Joe A Real American Hero Annual (IDW) #1 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Skybound) #301-Present G.I. Joe: Battle Corps (Hasbro) #1-4 (with Paul Kirchner) G.I. Joe: Declassified (Devil's Due) #1-3 G.I. Joe: Frontline (Devil's Due) #1-4 G.I. Joe: Order of Battle (Marvel) #1-4 G.I. Joe: Origins (IDW) #1-5, 8–10, 19 G.I. Joe: Resolute (Hasbro), #1-2, 4-6 G.I. Joe: Special Missions (Marvel), issues 1-23, 25, 27-28 G.I. Joe vs. Cobra (Hasbro), issues 1-6 G.I. Joe vs. Cobra (Fun Publications) #1 (with David S. Lane) G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom (Hasbro) #7-10 G.I. Joe Yearbook (Marvel) #1-4 Iron Fist: Heart of the Dragon (Marvel) #1-6 Kitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Marvel) #1-3 Legends of the Dark Claw #1 Marvel Comics Presents #25 Marvel Graphic Novel: Wolfpack Marvel Holiday Special 1992 Maverick #1 Mort the Dead Teenager #1-4 Onslaught Epilogue #1 The Punisher War Zone #20-25 Sabretooth #1-4 Snake Eyes: Declassified (Devil's Due), trade paperback (five-page story: "Silent Prelude") Spider-Man Team-Up #6 Spider-Man: The Venom Agenda #1 Spy Hunter & Paper Boy #1-6 Star Wars #48 The Stranger #1-3 Storm Shadow (Devil's Due) #1-7 Team X/Team 7 Unknown Soldier #211 Venom: Along Came A Spider #1-4 Venom: Carnage Unleashed #1-4 Venom: Finale #1-3 Venom: The Hunted #1-3 Venom: License To Kill #1-3 Venom: Sinner Takes All #1-5 Venom: Tooth and Claw #1-3 Venom: On Trial #1-3 Weapon X #1-4 Wild Thing #1-5 Wolfpack #1-3 Wolverine (vol. 2) #-1, 31–43, 45–57, 60–109, 111–118, Annual #1995 Wolverine: Patch #1-5 X-Men: Age of Apocalypse One Shot #1 X-Men Annual 1996 X-Men Legends #7-8 (Upcoming) X-Men Unlimited #9 As artist Daredevil (Marvel) #196 (pencil breakdowns) G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Marvel) #21, 26, 35 (partial), 36 (partial) Marvel Premiere #16-19 As writer and artist Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja (Marvel) #1-16 (story and cover layouts) As editor Peter Porker the spectacular Spider Ham (Marvel) #1-17 Notes ^ There were no issues #1-3 to this series. The first three issues were written to accompany the A Real American Hero issues #21, 32 and 36 originally written for Marvel. ^ Issue #4 ("Who Owns the Night?") was a Wal-Mart exclusive; #5 ("Final Test") was an Amazon.com exclusive available for download only; #6 ("Splash-Bang") was an Amazon mail-in exclusive. Issue #3 ("Cold Comfort") was never released. ^ This series is continued in G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom #7-10 ^ This series picks up after Hasbro's G.I. Joe vs. Cobra #6. References ^ Inkpot Award ^ Mitchel, Bill (June 3, 2009). "In-Depth: Larry Hama on G.I. Joe, The 'Nam & More". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. ^ Thompson, Don; Thompson, Maggie (1993). Comic-book superstars. Krause Publications. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-87341-256-8. ^ "Larry Hama". (interview) JoeGuide.com. July 1998. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ^ Hama in Arrant, Chris (June 7, 2010). "Looking Back With Larry Hama - Beyond G.I. Joe". Newsarama.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. ^ Larry Hama at the Lambiek Comiclopedia. Archived April 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Shooter, Jim. "Bullpen Bulletins," Iron Man #148 (July 1981). ^ a b c Salicrup, Jim; Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (September 1986). "Larry Hama (part 2)". Comics Interview. No. 38. Fictioneer Books. pp. 36–45. ^ ToyFare #105 (Wizard Entertainment, May 2006). ^ "Yo Joe Filecard Gallery". Yojoe.com. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ^ Archive of ""Larry Hama Interview, Part One"". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved 2010-04-13.. Comics Interview #37 (month n.a., 1986), via JoeGuide.com Retrieved January 9, 2011 ^ "Yo Joe! Tunnel Rat". Yojoe.com. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ^ "Larry Hama interview". UnderGroundOnline.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ^ Meyer, Fred (May 19, 2007). "Larry Hama Discusses the Storm Shadow Monthly Title from Devil's Due Publishing". JoeBattlelines.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ^ "Larry Hama Enlists With G.I. Joe Movie!". Latinoreview.com. January 30, 2008. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ^ Ekstrom, Steve (September 12, 2008). "G.I. Joe Roundtable, Part 1: Hama, Dixon, Gage & More". Newsarama.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. ^ Cronin, Brian (June 15, 2023). "Larry Hama Continues His Iconic G.I. Joe Run at Skybound". CBR. Retrieved 24 February 2024. ^ Arnold, Mark (September 2016). "What The--?!: Obnoxio the Clown". Back Issue! (91). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 68–71. ^ Shooter, Jim. "Bullpen Bulletins," Marvel comics cover-dated November 1983. ^ Devil's Due Publishing press release: "Special San Diego Comic-Con Announcement", July 36 2007 ^ "The Stranger: Part One (Kindle Edition)". Amazon.com. Retrieved September 29, 2012. ^ Casey, Dan (16 December 2012). "A Real American Hero: Larry Hama on "Robot Chicken," "G.I. Joe," and More". Nerdist. ^ "Epic cyberpunk action, Ghost Source Zero". Retrieved 14 February 2014. ^ "G.I. Joe Writer/Artist Larry Hama Crowdfunding Cyberpunk Action Series Ghost Source Zero". 27 February 2014. ^ "Review: GHOST SOURCE ZERO Hacks Into Your Inner Fanboy With Veritable Promise". Film Combat Syndicate. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018. ^ "Transmedia Legend Larry Hama Takes Red Giant to MONSTER ISLE". MarketWired. August 26, 2014. ^ "Iron Fist: Heart of the Dragon (2021) #1 \| Comic Issues \| Marvel". Marvel Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-06-22. ^ "FLASHBACK REVIEW: Kitty Pryde Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #1 (1997)". The Geeksverse. June 2, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. ^ Means-Shannon, Hannah (April 10, 2013). "INTERVIEW: Larry Hama is a Historian of Horror in THE STRANGER". Comics Beat. ^ "The Legendary Larry Hama Returns to His Wolverine Run in 'X-Men Legends' #7". Marvel Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-06-22. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larry Hama. Biography portalComics portalUnited States portal Larry Hama at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Larry Hama at IMDb Larry Hama at the Grand Comics Database "JBL Interview with Larry Hama, Part One", JoeBattlelines.com, 2005, n.d. Richards, Dave. "Hama Talks: G.I. Joe: Declassified", Comic Book Resources, April 26, 2006 Pullen, Travis. "Interview with: Larry Hama", Filmfodder.com, March 31, 2009, \| The Internet Archive's Wayback Machine copy of that interview Mitchel, Bill. "In-Depth: Larry Hama on G.I. Joe, The 'Nam and More", Comic Book Resources, June 3, 2009 Larry Hama interview, "The Comic Book Haters" podcast (2006), \| The Internet Archive's Wayback Machine copy of that podcast Preceded byFabian Nicieza (main stories)Mark Gruenwald (back-up stories) The Avengers writer 1990–1991 Succeeded byBob Harras Preceded byJo Duffy Wolverine writer 1990–1997 Succeeded byWarren Ellis Preceded byJames Robinson Generation X writer 1997–1999 Succeeded byJay Faerber Preceded byDoug Moench Batman writer 2000 Succeeded byEd Brubaker vteUnderground comix cartoonists Air Pirates Doug Allen Rick Altergott Angeli Anonymous Boy Gary Arlington Robert Armstrong Ace Backwords Peter Bagge Edward Barker Ralph Bakshi Joel Beck Bill Beckman Larry Blamire Mark Bodé Vaughn Bodē Theo van den Boogaard Brian Bolland Brian Bram Michele Brand Roger Brand Chester Brown Ivan Brunetti Leslie Cabarga Jennifer Camper Lyn Chevli Guy Colwell Robert Crumb Howard Cruse Dame Darcy Lloyd Dangle Gene Day Kim Deitch Mike Diana George DiCaprio Diane DiMassa Don Dohler Julie Doucet Graham Dury Dennis Eichhorn Hunt Emerson Joyce Farmer Bob Fingerman Mary Fleener Shary Flenniken Ellen Forney Jim Franklin Renée French Larry Fuller David Geiser Evert Geradts Melinda Gebbie Luc Giard Dave Gibbons Phoebe Gloeckner Richard "Grass" Green Justin Green Roberta Gregory Rick Griffin Bill Griffith Gary Hallgren Larry Hama Drew Hayes Rory Hayes David Heatley Danny Hellman Rand Holmes John Holmstrom The Hun Greg Irons Jack Jackson (Jaxon) Kamagurka Kaz Martin Kellerman Jay Kinney Robert Kirby Denis Kitchen Aline Kominsky Krystine Kryttre Terry LaBan Gary Leib Bobby London Peter Loveday Jay Lynch Mad Peck Lee Marrs Joe Matt Massimo Mattioli Paul Mavrides Barbara Mendes Jean-Christophe Menu George Metzger Jim Mitchell Victor Moscoso Willy Murphy Mark Newgarden Diane Noomin Paul Ollswang Dan O'Neill Gary Panter Neon Park Ed Piskor Peter Pontiac Milo Poulson Joshua Quagmire Ralph Reese Ted Richards Trina Robbins Spain Rodriguez Johnny Ryan Joe Schenkman Fred Schrier Dori Seda Herr Seele Martin Sharp Gilbert Shelton Dave Sheridan George Smits Art Spiegelman Frank Stack Dan Steffan Bhob Stewart Steve Stiles T. 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Cooke Mary Fleener Gene Ha Jonathan Hickman Arvell Jones Charlie Kochman Craig Miller Paco Roca Scott Snyder Billy Tucci Chris Ware Maryelizabeth Yturralde Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈhæmə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"MASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASH_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Pacific Overtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Overtures"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"toyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nth_Man:_The_Ultimate_Ninja"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bucky O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_O%27Hare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comicbookresources.com-2"}],"text":"Larry Hama (/ˈhæmə/; born June 7, 1949) is an American comic-book writer, artist, actor, and musician who has worked in the fields of entertainment and publishing since the 1960s.During the 1970s, he was seen in minor roles on the TV shows MASH and Saturday Night Live, and appeared on Broadway in two roles in the original 1976 production of Stephen Sondheim's Pacific Overtures.He is best known to American comic book readers as a writer and editor for Marvel Comics, where he wrote the licensed comic book series G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, based on the Hasbro toyline. He has also written for the series Wolverine, Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja, and Elektra. He co-created the character Bucky O'Hare, which was developed into a comic book, a toy line and television cartoon.[2]","title":"Larry Hama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-3"},{"link_name":"Kodokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodokan"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"Kyūdō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"Iaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido"},{"link_name":"Japanese martial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"swordsmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordsmanship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"High School of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"EC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Bernard Krigstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Krigstein"},{"link_name":"Frank Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brunner"},{"link_name":"Ralph Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Reese"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hama was born June 7, 1949, in New York City.[3] Growing up, Hama studied Kodokan Judo and later studied Kyūdō (Japanese archery) and Iaido (Japanese martial art swordsmanship).[4] Planning to become a painter, Hama attended Manhattan's High School of Art and Design, where one instructor was former EC Comics artist Bernard Krigstein. He was in the same graduating class as Frank Brunner and Ralph Reese.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_fiction"},{"link_name":"Castle of Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Bhob Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhob_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Gothic Blimp Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Blimp_Works"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lam-6"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The 'Nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_%27Nam"},{"link_name":"Ralph Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Reese"},{"link_name":"Wally Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wood"},{"link_name":"Sally Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Forth_(Wally_Wood)"},{"link_name":"Overseas Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"underground comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_comix"},{"link_name":"commercial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_artist"},{"link_name":"Neal Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Adams"},{"link_name":"Continuity Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_Comics"},{"link_name":"Frank Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brunner"},{"link_name":"Bernie Wrightson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson"},{"link_name":"inking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inker"},{"link_name":"Crusty Bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusty_Bunkers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAK38-8"},{"link_name":"Alan Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weiss_(comics)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Gil Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kane"},{"link_name":"Iron Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Fist_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Premiere"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Atlas/Seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas/Seaboard"},{"link_name":"penciling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penciler"},{"link_name":"sword & sorcery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_%26_sorcery"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"Big Apple Comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Apple_Comix"},{"link_name":"Ka-Zar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-Zar_(Kevin_Plunder)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"Mister Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Miracle"},{"link_name":"Super Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Friends"},{"link_name":"The Warlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Hama sold his first comics work to the fantasy film magazine Castle of Frankenstein when he was 16 years old, and he followed by collaborating with Bhob Stewart on pages for the underground tabloid Gothic Blimp Works.[6] After high school, Hama took a job drawing shoes for catalogs, and then served in the United States Army from 1969 to 1971, during the Vietnam War, where he became a firearms and explosive ordnance expert.[7] Hama's experiences in Vietnam informed his editing of the 1986-1993 Marvel Comics series The 'Nam. Upon his discharge, Hama became active in the Asian community in New York City.High-school classmate Ralph Reese, who had become an assistant to famed EC and Marvel artist Wally Wood, helped Hama get a similar job at Wood's Manhattan studio. Hama assisted on Wood's comic strips Sally Forth and Cannon, which originally ran in Military News and Overseas Weekly and were later collected in a series of books. During this time, he also had illustrations published in such magazines as Esquire and Rolling Stone, and Reese and he collaborated on art for a story in the underground comix-style humor magazine Drool #1 (1972). Through contacts made while working for Wood, Hama began working at comic-book and commercial artist Neal Adams' Continuity Associates studio; with other young contemporaries there, including Reese, Frank Brunner and Bernie Wrightson, Hama became part of the comic-book inking gang credited as the \"Crusty Bunkers.\"[8] His first known work as such is on the Alan Weiss-penciled \"Slaves of the Mahars\" in DC Comics' Weird Worlds #2 (Nov. 1972).Hama began penciling for comics a year-and-a-half later, making an auspicious debut succeeding character co-creator Gil Kane on the feature \"Iron Fist\" in Marvel Premiere, taking over with the martial arts superhero's second appearance and his next three stories (#16-19, July-Nov. 1974). He went on to freelance for start-up publisher Atlas/Seaboard (writing and penciling the first two issues of the sword & sorcery series Wulf the Barbarian, writing the premiere of the science fiction/horror Planet of Vampires); some penciling work on the seminal independent comic book Big Apple Comix #1 (Sept. 1975); and two issues of the jungle-hero book Ka-Zar before beginning a long run at DC Comics.At DC, Hama became an editor of the titles Wonder Woman, Mister Miracle, Super Friends, and The Warlord, and the TV-series licensed property Welcome Back, Kotter from 1977 to 1978. He then joined Marvel as an editor in 1980.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loz_larryhama_sword.png"},{"link_name":"Pacific Overtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Overtures"},{"link_name":"Joanna Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Merlin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAK38-8"},{"link_name":"MASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASH_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_Now"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAK38-8"}],"sub_title":"Acting","text":"Hama demonstrating sword technique while filming Ghost Source ZeroHama had a brief acting career in the mid-1970s, despite never having pursued the field. The casting director for the musical Pacific Overtures, Joanna Merlin, called Hama because an actor friend of his gave her his name when asked if he knew any other Asian actors. He told her that he had never acted before and could neither sing nor dance, but Merlin was persistent, and when informed that casting was less than a minute away from his workplace at Continuity Comics, he agreed to audition and was ultimately cast in three roles.[8]He also played a role in the 1976 MASH episode \"The Korean Surgeon\" and a Saturday Night Live spoof of Apocalypse Now. However, though he had made a living as an actor for roughly a year, Hama ultimately discarded his acting career, explaining, \"I always basically saw myself as an artist, not as anything else.\"[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silent02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"Jim Shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Shooter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toyfare-9"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury,_Agent_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Fury Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_Force"},{"link_name":"special mission force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"file cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_card"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Command"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"retro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro"},{"link_name":"Cover Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_Girl_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Lady Jaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jaye_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Scarlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"letters to the comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_letter_column"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"explosive ordnance disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Devils Due Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Storm Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Shadow_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"IDW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Snake Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Eyes_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"a new ongoing series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(IDW_Publishing)"},{"link_name":"Skybound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skybound_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"G.I. Joe","text":"Page two of \"Silent Interlude\".Hama is best known as the writer of the Marvel Comics licensed series G.I. Joe, based on the Hasbro line of military action figures. Hama said in a 2006 interview that he was given the job by then editor-in-chief Jim Shooter after every other writer at Marvel had turned it down.[9] Hama at the time had recently pitched a Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. spin-off series, Fury Force, about a special mission force. Hama used this concept as the back-story for G.I. Joe. He included military terms and strategies, Eastern philosophy, martial arts and historical references from his own background. The comic ran 155 issues (February 1982 – October 1994).Hama also wrote the majority of the G.I. Joe action figures' file cards—short biographical sketches designed to be clipped from the G.I. Joe and Cobra cardboard packaging.[10] In 2007 these filecards were reprinted in the retro packaging for the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 25th Anniversary line.Hama said in 1986 that G.I. Joe had an unexpected female following due to such strong female characters as Cover Girl, Lady Jaye, and Scarlett. (Scarlett's personality was actually based upon his wife)\"Most of the girls that write in [with letters to the comic] say that the reason they like the comic is that the women characters are simply part of the team. They’re not treated as any different from the other team members. They don't go around with their palms nailed to their foreheads. They’re competent, straightforward, and they go ahead and get the job done. They also participate emotionally. They have their likes and dislikes. They’re not ill-treated and they're not running around being worrywarts.\"[11]Hasbro sculptors sometimes used real people's likenesses when designing its action figures. In 1987, Hasbro released the Tunnel Rat action figure.[12] The character is an explosive ordnance disposal specialist, whose likeness was based on Hama.[13]In 2006, Hama returned to his signature characters with the Devils Due Publishing miniseries G.I. Joe Declassified, which chronicled the recruitment of the squad's first members by General Hawk. In 2007, the company added the spin-off series Storm Shadow, written by Hama and penciled by Mark A. Robinson, which ceased publication with issue 7.[14]In December 2007, Hasbro released 25th-anniversary comic-book figure two-packs that featured original stories by Hama. These new Hasbro-published issues were designed to take place between the panels of the Marvel series.[15]In September 2008, IDW announced a new line of G.I. Joe comics with one series, G.I. Joe Origins, to be primarily written by Hama.[16] He wrote the first five issues, as the series was originally intended to be a miniseries, and returned to write four more issues (including #19, which was a Snake Eyes \"silent issue\") over the course of the book's 23-issue run. IDW later revived the Marvel Comics continuity with Hama taking the helm of a new ongoing series, picking up where the Marvel series left off with issue #155 1/2.In June 2023, Skybound announced the continuation of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero at Image. This would continue on from the IDW run, starting with issue #301.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10.13.13LarryHamaByLuigiNovi1.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The 'Nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_%27Nam"},{"link_name":"Peter Porker, The Spectacular Spider-Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Porker,_The_Spectacular_Spider-Ham"},{"link_name":"Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nth_Man:_the_Ultimate_Ninja"},{"link_name":"ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando"},{"link_name":"alternate reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"Savage Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Tales"},{"link_name":"sword-and-sorcery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword-and-sorcery"},{"link_name":"men's adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_adventure"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"The Punisher War Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punisher_War_Zone"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"C.O.P.S. 'n' Crooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Organization_of_Police_Specialists"},{"link_name":"Neal Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Adams"},{"link_name":"Continuity Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_Associates"},{"link_name":"Michael Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Golden_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bucky O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_O%27Hare"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"Robotboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotboy"},{"link_name":"Osprey Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"Anthony Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Williams_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"R.A. Salvatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.A._Salvatore"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Barack the Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_the_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"Conan the Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"Robot Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Chicken"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Red Giant Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Giant_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Other work","text":"Hama sketching at the 2013New York Comic ConAt Marvel in the early 1980s, Hama edited the humor magazine Crazy[18] and the Conan titles,[19] and from 1986 to 1993, he edited the acclaimed comic book The 'Nam, a gritty Marvel series about the Vietnam War.He also was an editor on Peter Porker, The Spectacular Spider-Ham from 1983–1987.Hama wrote the 16-issue Marvel series Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja (Aug. 1989 - Sept. 1990), concerning the adventures of John Doe, an American ninja and Special Forces commando in an alternate reality in which World War III is sparked after the world's nuclear weapons stockpiles are all destroyed. Hama also edited a relaunch of Marvel's black-and-white comics magazine Savage Tales, overseeing its change from sword-and-sorcery to men's adventure. Other comics Hama has written include Wolverine, Before the Fantastic Four: Ben Grimm and Logan, The Punisher War Zone, and the X-Men brand extension Generation X for Marvel; and Batman stories for DC Comics. He wrote filecards for Hasbro's line of sci-fi/police action figures, C.O.P.S. 'n' Crooks.While working at Neal Adams' Continuity Associates, Hama co-developed a series he and comic book artist Michael Golden first created in 1978, Bucky O'Hare, the story of a green anthropomorphic rabbit and his mutant mammal sidekicks in an intergalactic war against space amphibians. Bucky O'Hare went on to become a comic, cartoon, video game, and toy line.Hama is credited as a writing consultant on the 2004 independent animated film The Easter Egg Adventure and he also contributed scripts to the second season of the animated series Robotboy.In 2006, Osprey Publishing announced that Hama had been commissioned to write for their \"Osprey Graphic History\" series of comic books about historical battles, including the titles The Bloodiest Day—Battle of Antietam, and Surprise Attack—Battle of Shiloh (both with artist Scott Moore) and Fight to the Death: Battle of Guadalcanal and Island of Terror—Battle of Iwo Jima (with artist Anthony Williams).In February 2008, Devil's Due Publishing published Spooks, a comic book about a U.S. government antiparanormal investigator/task force. Hama created the military characters and R.A. Salvatore the monster characters.[20] He was also the writer of DDP's Barack the Barbarian series, a Conan the Barbarian parody starring U. S. President Barack Obama.On September 19, 2012, Hama released his three-part vampire novel entitled The Stranger.[21]On December 17, 2012, Hama portrayed himself in a Christmas-themed episode of the Adult Swim series Robot Chicken.[22]\nIn 2014, Hama began working with award-winning filmmaker Mark Cheng on an original film project, called Ghost Source Zero.[23][24] The film was distributed by Sony Pictures in 2018.[25]In August 2014, Red Giant Entertainment announced that Larry Hama was writing the company's new Monster Isle monthly series debuting in November.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Conan the Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_series)"},{"link_name":"Echo of Futurepast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_of_Futurepast"},{"link_name":"Bucky O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_O%27Hare"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X_(comics)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(IDW_Publishing)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Skybound_Entertainment)"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Iron Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Fist_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde,_Agent_of_S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Presents"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_North_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Mort the Dead Teenager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_the_Dead_Teenager"},{"link_name":"The Punisher War Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punisher_War_Zone"},{"link_name":"Sabretooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabretooth_(comics)"},{"link_name":"trade paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man Team-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_Team-Up"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Venom: Along Came A Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom:_Along_Came_A_Spider"},{"link_name":"Venom: Carnage Unleashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom:_Carnage_Unleashed"},{"link_name":"Venom: Finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(comic_book)#Venom:_The_Finale_(1997-98)"},{"link_name":"Venom: The Hunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom:_The_Hunted"},{"link_name":"Venom: License To Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom:_License_To_Kill"},{"link_name":"Venom: Sinner Takes All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom:_Sinner_Takes_All"},{"link_name":"Venom: Tooth and Claw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom:_Tooth_and_Claw"},{"link_name":"Venom: On Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom:_On_Trial"},{"link_name":"Weapon X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Wild Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Thing_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"X-Men Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_series)"},{"link_name":"Nth Man: The Ultimate Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nth_Man:_The_Ultimate_Ninja"},{"link_name":"Peter Porker the spectacular Spider Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Porker,_The_Spectacular_Spider-Ham"}],"text":"As writerAvengers #326-333\nBat-Thing #1\nBatman #575-581\nBatman: Legends of the Dark Knight #121-122\nBatman: Shadow of the Bat #90\nBatman: Toyman #1-4\nBefore the Fantastic Four: Ben Grimm and Logan #1-3\nCable #16\nConan the Barbarian #117, 221, 224\nConan #1-7, 10-11\nConvergence: Batman: Shadow of the Bat #1-2\nConvergence: Wonder Woman #1-2\nDaredevil #193\nDaredevil & Captain America: Dead on Arrival #1\nDetective Comics #736\nEcho of Futurepast #1-6 (Bucky O'Hare segments only)\nElektra #14-19\nGeneration X #33-44, 46-47\nG.I. Joe (IDW) #0 (five-page story)\nG.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Marvel) #1-7 (6-7 - dialogue only), 10–19, 21–118, 120–142, 144–152, 155\nG.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Hasbro) #21B, 32.5, 36.5, 4-12[note 1]\nG.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (IDW) #155.5, 156-300\nG.I. Joe A Real American Hero Annual (IDW) #1\nG.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Skybound) #301-Present\nG.I. Joe: Battle Corps (Hasbro) #1-4 (with Paul Kirchner)\nG.I. Joe: Declassified (Devil's Due) #1-3\nG.I. Joe: Frontline (Devil's Due) #1-4\nG.I. Joe: Order of Battle (Marvel) #1-4\nG.I. Joe: Origins (IDW) #1-5, 8–10, 19\nG.I. Joe: Resolute (Hasbro), #1-2, 4-6[note 2]\nG.I. Joe: Special Missions (Marvel), issues 1-23, 25, 27-28\nG.I. Joe vs. Cobra (Hasbro), issues 1-6[note 3]\nG.I. Joe vs. Cobra (Fun Publications) #1 (with David S. Lane)\nG.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom (Hasbro) #7-10[note 4]\nG.I. Joe Yearbook (Marvel) #1-4\nIron Fist: Heart of the Dragon (Marvel) #1-6[27]\nKitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Marvel) #1-3[28]\nLegends of the Dark Claw #1\nMarvel Comics Presents #25\nMarvel Graphic Novel: Wolfpack\nMarvel Holiday Special 1992\nMaverick #1\nMort the Dead Teenager #1-4\nOnslaught Epilogue #1\nThe Punisher War Zone #20-25\nSabretooth #1-4\nSnake Eyes: Declassified (Devil's Due), trade paperback (five-page story: \"Silent Prelude\")\nSpider-Man Team-Up #6\nSpider-Man: The Venom Agenda #1\nSpy Hunter & Paper Boy #1-6\nStar Wars #48\nThe Stranger #1-3[29]\nStorm Shadow (Devil's Due) #1-7\nTeam X/Team 7\nUnknown Soldier #211\nVenom: Along Came A Spider #1-4\nVenom: Carnage Unleashed #1-4\nVenom: Finale #1-3\nVenom: The Hunted #1-3\nVenom: License To Kill #1-3\nVenom: Sinner Takes All #1-5\nVenom: Tooth and Claw #1-3\nVenom: On Trial #1-3\nWeapon X #1-4\nWild Thing #1-5\nWolfpack #1-3\nWolverine (vol. 2) #-1, 31–43, 45–57, 60–109, 111–118, Annual #1995\nWolverine: Patch #1-5\nX-Men: Age of Apocalypse One Shot #1\nX-Men Annual 1996\nX-Men Legends #7-8 (Upcoming)[30]\nX-Men Unlimited #9As artistDaredevil (Marvel) #196 (pencil breakdowns)\nG.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (Marvel) #21, 26, 35 (partial), 36 (partial)\nMarvel Premiere #16-19As writer and artistNth Man: The Ultimate Ninja (Marvel) #1-16 (story and cover layouts)As editorPeter Porker the spectacular Spider Ham (Marvel) #1-17","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Wal-Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"}],"text":"^ There were no issues #1-3 to this series. The first three issues were written to accompany the A Real American Hero issues #21, 32 and 36 originally written for Marvel.\n\n^ Issue #4 (\"Who Owns the Night?\") was a Wal-Mart exclusive; #5 (\"Final Test\") was an Amazon.com exclusive available for download only; #6 (\"Splash-Bang\") was an Amazon mail-in exclusive. Issue #3 (\"Cold Comfort\") was never released.[citation needed]\n\n^ This series is continued in G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom #7-10\n\n^ This series picks up after Hasbro's G.I. Joe vs. Cobra #6.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Hama demonstrating sword technique while filming Ghost Source Zero","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Loz_larryhama_sword.png/220px-Loz_larryhama_sword.png"},{"image_text":"Page two of \"Silent Interlude\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Silent02.jpg/184px-Silent02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hama sketching at the 2013New York Comic Con","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/10.13.13LarryHamaByLuigiNovi1.jpg/220px-10.13.13LarryHamaByLuigiNovi1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mitchel, Bill (June 3, 2009). \"In-Depth: Larry Hama on G.I. Joe, The 'Nam & More\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090607022520/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=21453","url_text":"\"In-Depth: Larry Hama on G.I. 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Retrieved 2011-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://joeguide.com/interviews/larrryhama_rh01.shtml","url_text":"\"Larry Hama\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080609234036/http://joeguide.com/interviews/larrryhama_rh01.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arrant, Chris (June 7, 2010). \"Looking Back With Larry Hama - Beyond G.I. Joe\". Newsarama.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsarama.com/comics/larry-hama-beyond-gi-joe-100607.html","url_text":"\"Looking Back With Larry Hama - Beyond G.I. Joe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama.com","url_text":"Newsarama.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000901/http://www.newsarama.com/5399-looking-back-with-larry-hama-beyond-g-i-joe.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Salicrup, Jim; Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (September 1986). \"Larry Hama (part 2)\". Comics Interview. No. 38. Fictioneer Books. pp. 36–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Salicrup","url_text":"Salicrup, Jim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Interview","url_text":"Comics Interview"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictioneer_Books","url_text":"Fictioneer Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Yo Joe Filecard Gallery\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved 2011-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/","url_text":"\"Yo Joe Filecard Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Larry Hama Interview, Part One\"\". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved 2010-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007025947/http://joeguide.com/interviews/larryhama_ci.shtml","url_text":"\"\"Larry Hama Interview, Part One\"\""},{"url":"http://joeguide.com/interviews/larryhama_ci.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yo Joe! Tunnel Rat\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved 2011-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/87/tunnelrat.shtml","url_text":"\"Yo Joe! 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Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/gi-joe-larry-hama-skybound-image-return/","url_text":"\"Larry Hama Continues His Iconic G.I. Joe Run at Skybound\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Mark (September 2016). \"What The--?!: Obnoxio the Clown\". Back Issue! (91). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 68–71.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Issue!","url_text":"Back Issue!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing","url_text":"TwoMorrows Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Casey, Dan (16 December 2012). \"A Real American Hero: Larry Hama on \"Robot Chicken,\" \"G.I. Joe,\" and More\". Nerdist.","urls":[{"url":"https://nerdist.com/a-real-american-hero-larry-hama-on-robot-chicken-g-i-joe-and-more/","url_text":"\"A Real American Hero: Larry Hama on \"Robot Chicken,\" \"G.I. Joe,\" and More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Epic cyberpunk action, Ghost Source Zero\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthophippium	Acanthophippium	["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Species","2 References","3 External links"]	Genus of orchids Acanthophippium Acanthophippium javanicum1850 illustration Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Tribe: Collabieae Genus: AcanthophippiumBlume Type species Acanthophippium javanicumBlume Species See text Acanthophippium is a genus of orchid with thirteen species (family Orchidaceae). The name of this genus is derived from the Greek words acanthos ("spiny") and ephippion ("saddle"), referring to the saddle-like labellum of the plants. This terrestrial and sometimes myco-heterotrophic genus of sympodial orchids is distributed from the Indian subcontinent to Taiwan, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and the southwest Pacific. The terrestrial species are up to 80 cm tall. They have short rhizomes. The oblong and fleshy pseudobulbs are up to 25 cm tall. They produce at their apex 2 to 3 large plicate, lanceolate, parallel-veined leaves, which can be up to 65 cm long. The erect inflorescence arises laterally from the pseudobulbs, with 3 to 6 flowers, subtended by large, glabrous bracts. The flowers are prominent, large, striated cup- or urn-shaped, fleshy, waxy, and about 4 cm long. They resemble a tulip, a most unusual shape for an orchid. The flowers have a wide range of colors, from dull yellow to red to shades of orange and pink, marked with stripes or spots. The blossoms are usually odiferous with a very strong fragrance. This genus is allied to genera Calanthe, Cephalantheropsis, Phaius, and Spathoglottis. Taxonomy The genus Acanthophippium was first described by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1825. He used the spelling with an "o". Many sources have since spelt the name "Acanthephippium" (i.e. with an "e"). This is regarded as an orthographic variant by the International Plant Names Index. The original spelling is used by sources such as the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Species Acanthophippium bicolor (S. India, Sri Lanka, New Guinea). Acanthophippium chrysoglossum (W. Sumatra). Acanthophippium curtisii (Borneo - Sarawak). Acanthophippium eburneum (N. Sumatra, Borneo - Sarawak). Acanthophippium gougahensis (Thailand, Vietnam). Acanthophippium javanicum (W. Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea). (type species; commonly grown) Acanthophippium lilacinum (N. Borneo). Acanthophippium mantinianum (Philippines) (commonly grown) Acanthophippium parviflorum (Vietnam, S. Sumatra to Java). Acanthophippium sinense (China) Acanthophippium splendidum (Sulawesi to SW. Pacific, New Guinea). Acanthophippium striatum (E. Himalaya to Java). (commonly grown) Acanthophippium sylhetense (Sikkim to Philippines) References ^ a b "Acanthophippium Blume", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2018-01-16 ^ Fitch del. et lith. (= Walter Hood Fitch, 1817-1892) William Jackson Hooker (1785—1865) ed. - "Curtis's botanical magazine" vol. 76 ser. 3 nr. 6 tab. 4492 ^ Flora of China, v 25 p 309, 坛花兰属 tan hua lan shu, Acanthephippium Blume, Bijdr. 353. 1825. ^ a b Thomas, S.A. 1997 - Taxonomic revision of the genus Acanthephippium (Orchidaceae). Orchid Monographs, Vol. 8, pp. 119–134, 178-179, 236-246, figures 56-66, plates 5c-6d. Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands. ^ Blume, C.L. (1825). "Acanthophippium". Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie (in Latin). pp. 353–354. Retrieved 2018-01-16. ^ "Plant Name Details for Acanthophippium Blume", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2018-01-16 External links Media related to Acanthophippium at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Acanthophippium at Wikispecies American Orchid Society, Acanthephippium mantinianum L.Linden & Cogn. IOSPE orchid photos, Acanthephippium sylhetense Orchid Cambodia, Acanthephippium gouhahensis Papua New Guinea Orchids, Acanthephippium Swiss Orchid Foundation at Herbarium Jany Renz, Acanthephippium gougahensis (Guillaumin) Seidenf. Taxon identifiersAcanthephippium Wikidata: Q21118 Wikispecies: Acanthophippium BHL: 421949 EoL: 30220 FNA: 200100 FoC: 200100 GBIF: 2816125 GRIN: 32 iNaturalist: 142241 IPNI: 28578-1 IRMNG: 1011166 Tropicos: 40003172 WFO: wfo-4000000092 This Epidendroideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Orchidaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"labellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labellum_(botany)"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_plant"},{"link_name":"myco-heterotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myco-heterotrophic"},{"link_name":"sympodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympodial"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rhizomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"pseudobulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobulb"},{"link_name":"plicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plicate"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lanceolate"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flesh-4"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"subtended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subtended"},{"link_name":"glabrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glabrous"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"striated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/striated"},{"link_name":"tulip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flesh-4"},{"link_name":"Calanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanthe"},{"link_name":"Cephalantheropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalantheropsis"},{"link_name":"Phaius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaius"},{"link_name":"Spathoglottis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathoglottis"}],"text":"Acanthophippium is a genus of orchid with thirteen species (family Orchidaceae). The name of this genus is derived from the Greek words acanthos (\"spiny\") and ephippion (\"saddle\"), referring to the saddle-like labellum of the plants.This terrestrial and sometimes myco-heterotrophic genus of sympodial orchids is distributed from the Indian subcontinent to Taiwan, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and the southwest Pacific.[3]The terrestrial species are up to 80 cm tall. They have short rhizomes. The oblong and fleshy pseudobulbs are up to 25 cm tall. They produce at their apex 2 to 3 large plicate, lanceolate, parallel-veined leaves, which can be up to 65 cm long.[4]The erect inflorescence arises laterally from the pseudobulbs, with 3 to 6 flowers, subtended by large, glabrous bracts. The flowers are prominent, large, striated cup- or urn-shaped, fleshy, waxy, and about 4 cm long. They resemble a tulip, a most unusual shape for an orchid. The flowers have a wide range of colors, from dull yellow to red to shades of orange and pink, marked with stripes or spots. The blossoms are usually odiferous with a very strong fragrance.[4]This genus is allied to genera Calanthe, Cephalantheropsis, Phaius, and Spathoglottis.","title":"Acanthophippium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Ludwig Blume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Blume"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Plant Names Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPNI_331051-2-6"},{"link_name":"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCSP_1435-1"}],"text":"The genus Acanthophippium was first described by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1825. He used the spelling with an \"o\".[5] Many sources have since spelt the name \"Acanthephippium\" (i.e. with an \"e\"). This is regarded as an orthographic variant by the International Plant Names Index.[6] The original spelling is used by sources such as the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.[1]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acanthophippium bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthophippium_bicolor"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium chrysoglossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_chrysoglossum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium curtisii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_curtisii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium eburneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_eburneum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium gougahensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_gougahensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium javanicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthophippium_javanicum"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium lilacinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_lilacinum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium mantinianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthophippium_mantinianum"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium parviflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_parviflorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium sinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthophippium_sinense"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium splendidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthophippium_splendidum"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium striatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_striatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthophippium sylhetense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium_sylhetense&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"Acanthophippium bicolor (S. India, Sri Lanka, New Guinea).\nAcanthophippium chrysoglossum (W. Sumatra).\nAcanthophippium curtisii (Borneo - Sarawak).\nAcanthophippium eburneum (N. Sumatra, Borneo - Sarawak).\nAcanthophippium gougahensis (Thailand, Vietnam).\nAcanthophippium javanicum (W. Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea). (type species; commonly grown)\nAcanthophippium lilacinum (N. Borneo).\nAcanthophippium mantinianum (Philippines) (commonly grown)\nAcanthophippium parviflorum (Vietnam, S. Sumatra to Java).\nAcanthophippium sinense (China)\nAcanthophippium splendidum (Sulawesi to SW. Pacific, New Guinea).\nAcanthophippium striatum (E. Himalaya to Java). (commonly grown)\nAcanthophippium sylhetense (Sikkim to Philippines)","title":"Taxonomy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Acanthophippium Blume\", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2018-01-16","urls":[{"url":"http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=1435","url_text":"\"Acanthophippium Blume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families","url_text":"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"Blume, C.L. (1825). \"Acanthophippium\". Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie (in Latin). pp. 353–354. Retrieved 2018-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/421949","url_text":"\"Acanthophippium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plant Name Details for Acanthophippium Blume\", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2018-01-16","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=331051-2","url_text":"\"Plant Name Details for Acanthophippium Blume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"The International Plant Names Index"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=1435","external_links_name":"\"Acanthophippium Blume\""},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200100","external_links_name":"Flora of China, v 25 p 309, 坛花兰属 tan hua lan shu, Acanthephippium Blume, Bijdr. 353. 1825."},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/421949","external_links_name":"\"Acanthophippium\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=331051-2","external_links_name":"\"Plant Name Details for Acanthophippium Blume\""},{"Link":"http://www.aos.org/Default.aspx?id=151","external_links_name":"American Orchid Society, Acanthephippium mantinianum L.Linden & Cogn."},{"Link":"http://www.orchidspecies.com/acantsylhetense.htm","external_links_name":"IOSPE orchid photos, Acanthephippium sylhetense"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121715/http://www.orchidcambodia.com/kesorkol/simple-checklist/91-acanthephippium/358-acanthephippium-gouhahensis","external_links_name":"Orchid Cambodia, Acanthephippium gouhahensis"},{"Link":"http://www.png-orchids.com/344992666","external_links_name":"Papua New Guinea Orchids, Acanthephippium"},{"Link":"https://orchid.unibas.ch/phpMyHerbarium/183900/1/Acanthephippium/gougahensis/Guillaumin_Andre/Seidenfaden_Gunnar/specimen.php","external_links_name":"Swiss Orchid Foundation at Herbarium Jany Renz, Acanthephippium gougahensis (Guillaumin) Seidenf."},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/421949","external_links_name":"421949"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/30220","external_links_name":"30220"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200100","external_links_name":"200100"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200100","external_links_name":"200100"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2816125","external_links_name":"2816125"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=32","external_links_name":"32"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/142241","external_links_name":"142241"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/28578-1","external_links_name":"28578-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1011166","external_links_name":"1011166"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40003172","external_links_name":"40003172"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000000092","external_links_name":"wfo-4000000092"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthophippium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_All_Made_of_Stars	We Are All Made of Stars	["1 Background","2 Music video","3 Track listings","4 Charts","5 Release history","6 References","7 External links"]	2002 single by Moby "We Are All Made of Stars"Single by Mobyfrom the album 18 B-side "Landing" "Soul to Love" ReleasedApril 1, 2002 (2002-04-01)Length 4:32 (album version) 3:38 (single version) Label V2 (US) Mute (UK) Songwriter(s)MobyProducer(s)MobyMoby singles chronology "Find My Baby" (2000) "We Are All Made of Stars" (2002) "Extreme Ways" (2002) Audio samplefilehelpMusic video"We Are All Made of Stars" on YouTube "We Are All Made of Stars" is a song by American electronica musician Moby. It was released as the first single from his sixth studio album, 18 (2002), on April 1, 2002. It reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and became a top-10 hit in several other European countries. Background "We Are All Made of Stars" was written by Moby in New York after the September 11 attacks to express a sense of hopefulness. Moby has stated that the song was inspired by the song "Flowers" from the album Today by American alternative rock band Galaxie 500, as well as quantum physics in that "On a basic quantum level, all the matter in the universe is essentially made up of stardust." He disclosed the reason behind choosing the song as the lead single from the album: The reason is very simple. I know how a lot of people choose work songs, with record label bosses in meetings with a lot of people. But as I have creative control, at the end of the day I make these decisions. And I chose this song because every time I listen to this song, it makes me smile. I made the song, I've heard it a million times, but every time the chorus comes, it makes me smile. So there's no marketing reason behind this, it was just my decision. Music video The song's music video, directed by Joseph Kahn, edited by David Blackburn and photographed by Brad Rushing, points out the excesses of the typical "Hollywood" lifestyle, showing celebrities in seedy environments, while Moby, an outsider to that world, portrays a spaceman. Celebrities who make appearances in the video include Kato Kaelin, Verne Troyer, Corey Feldman, Todd Bridges, Gary Coleman, JC Chasez, Dave Navarro, Sean Bean, Dominique Swain, Ron Jeremy, Thora Birch, Tommy Lee, Molly Sims, Ritchie Blackmore, Angelyne, The Toxic Avenger, Leelee Sobieski, Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D., and Robert Evans. The atmosphere of the video was inspired by photographs by Philip-Lorca diCorcia. The theme and some of the imagery also derives from the 1968 film and novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, particularly the Star Child motif ("We are all stars") and Moby's appearance throughout much of the video wearing a space suit. The video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards. Track listings US 2×12-inch single (63881-27745-1) A1. "We Are All Made of Stars" (Timo Maas vocal remix) – 7:03 A2. "We Are All Made of Stars" (Bob Sinclar main vocal mix) – 5:28 B1. "We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiësto dub remix) – 8:06 B2. "We Are All Made of Stars" (downtempo remix – edit) – 3:31 C1. "We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiësto full vocal remix) – 7:56 D1. "We Are All Made of Stars" (Forward mix) – 6:30 D2. "We Are All Made of Stars" (Timo Maas dub remix – edit) – 6:25 UK and Australian CD1 (CDMUTE268) "We Are All Made of Stars" "Landing" "Soul to Love" UK and Australian CD2 (LCDMUTE268) "We Are All Made of Stars" (downtempo) "We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiësto's full vocal remix) "We Are All Made of Stars" (Timo Maas dub mix) UK 12-inch single (12 MUTE 268) A1. "We Are All Made of Stars" (Timo Maas dub mix) B1. "We Are All Made of Stars" (Bob Sinclar main vocal mix) B2. "We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiësto's edited dub) UK cassette single (CMUTE268) "We Are All Made of Stars" "Landing" "We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiesto's full vocal remix – radio edit) European CD single (724354646324) "We Are All Made of Stars" "Landing" Japanese CD single (V2CP 125) "We Are All Made of Stars" (single edit) "Landing" "We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiesto's full vocal remix) Charts Chart (2002) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 23 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 50 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) 4 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) 2 Belgium Dance (Ultratop Flanders) 2 Denmark (Tracklisten) 14 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 18 France (SNEP) 40 Germany (Official German Charts) 60 Greece (IFPI) 5 Hungary (Mahasz) 3 Ireland (IRMA) 20 Italy (FIMI) 4 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) 3 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 54 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 37 Norway (VG-lista) 13 Portugal (AFP) 5 Romania (Romanian Top 100) 80 Scotland (OCC) 9 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 2 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 45 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 17 UK Singles (OCC) 11 UK Indie (OCC) 2 US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard) 9 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 32 US Alternative Airplay (Billboard) 22 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) DJ Tiësto, Timo Maas, and Bob Sinclair mixes 13 Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref(s). United States April 1, 2002 Alternativetriple A radio V2 Japan April 24, 2002 CD Mute Australia April 29, 2002 VirginMute United Kingdom CDcassette Mute May 13, 2002 12-inch vinyl United States Contemporary hithot adult contemporary radio V2 References ^ "Moby - We are all made of stars (Live at Glastonbury 06.29.2003)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2012. ^ Goodman, Abbey (March 11, 2002). "Moby Cavorts With Gary Coleman, Todd Bridges In New Video". MTV. Retrieved September 19, 2011. ^ Forlani, Marcelo (April 18, 2002). "Omelete entrevista: MOBY" (in Portuguese). Omelete. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ^ "2002 MTV Video Music Awards Winners". Billboard. September 1, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2021. ^ We Are All Made of Stars (US 2×12-inch single sleeve). Moby. V2 Records. 2002. 63881-27745-1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ We Are All Made of Stars (UK & Australian CD1 liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. CDMUTE268.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ We Are All Made of Stars (UK & Australian CD2 liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. LCDMUTE268.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ We Are All Made of Stars (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. 12 MUTE 268.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ We Are All Made of Stars (UK cassette single sleeve). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. CMUTE268.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ We Are All Made of Stars (European CD single liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. 724354646324.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ We Are All Made of Stars (Japanese CD single liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. V2CP 125.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" (in Dutch). Ultratop Dance. Retrieved October 25, 2020. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars". Tracklisten. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 21. May 18, 2002. p. 8. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Top 50 Singles" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on June 2, 2002. Retrieved June 28, 2020. See Best column. ^ a b "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 21. May 18, 2002. p. 11. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – We Are All Made of Stars". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars". Top Digital Download. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Tipparade-lijst van week 20, 2002" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars". VG-lista. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 21, saptamina 27.05–2.06, 2002" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on February 15, 2005. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 24, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars". Singles Top 100. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby – We Are All Made of Stars". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 24, 2018. ^ "Moby Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Moby Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1446. March 29, 2002. p. 32. Retrieved April 28, 2021. ^ "ウィ・アー・オール・メイド・オヴ・スターズ \| モービー" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved September 2, 2023. ^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 29th April 2002" (PDF). ARIA. April 29, 2002. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2021. ^ Stone, Jen (April 27, 2002). "Airborne" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 18. p. 14. Retrieved October 25, 2020. ^ "New Releases – For Week Starting 29 April 2002: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. April 27, 2002. p. 31. Retrieved August 23, 2021. ^ "New Releases – For Week Starting 13 May 2002: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. May 11, 2002. p. 27. Retrieved August 26, 2021. ^ "Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1452. May 10, 2002. p. 32. Retrieved April 28, 2021. External links "We Are All Made of Stars" at Discogs (list of releases) vteMoby Discography Studio albums Moby Ambient Everything Is Wrong Animal Rights Play 18 Hotel Last Night Wait for Me Destroyed Innocents Long Ambients 1: Calm. Sleep. These Systems Are Failing More Fast Songs About the Apocalypse Everything Was Beautiful, and Nothing Hurt Long Ambients 2 All Visible Objects Live Ambients – Improvised Recordings Vol. 1 Reprise Resound NYC Always Centered at Night EPs Move – The E.P. Compilations Instinct Dance Early Underground I Like to Score MobySongs 1993–1998 Play: The B Sides 18 B Sides + DVD Go – The Very Best of Moby Last Night Remixed Wait for Me: Ambient Wait for Me. Remixes! Singles "Mobility" "Go" "Drop a Beat" "Next Is the E" "I Feel It"/"Thousand" "Move (You Make Me Feel So Good)" "All That I Need Is to Be Loved" "Hymn" "Feeling So Real" "Everytime You Touch Me" "Into the Blue" "Bring Back My Happiness" "That's When I Reach for My Revolver" "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" "Honey" "Run On" "Bodyrock" "Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?" "Natural Blues" "Porcelain" "South Side" "Find My Baby" "We Are All Made of Stars" "Extreme Ways" "In This World" "Sunday (The Day Before My Birthday)" "In My Heart" "Jam for the Ladies" "Make Love Fuck War" "Lift Me Up" "Raining Again" "Spiders" "Dream About Me" "Beautiful" "Slipping Away" "New York, New York" "Extreme Ways (Bourne's Ultimatum)" "Disco Lies" "Alice" "I Love to Move in Here" "Ooh Yeah" "Shot in the Back of the Head" "Pale Horses" "Mistake" "Be the One" "The Day" "Lie Down in Darkness" "Extreme Ways (Bourne's Legacy)" "A Case for Shame" "Extreme Ways (Jason Bourne)" "ASAP Forever" as Voodoo Child The End of Everything Baby Monkey Books Porcelain: A Memoir Then It Fell Apart Related articles Little Pine Teany Vatican Commandos Moby Presents: Alien Sex Party Moby Doc Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"Moby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_(Moby_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"\"We Are All Made of Stars\" is a song by American electronica musician Moby. It was released as the first single from his sixth studio album, 18 (2002), on April 1, 2002. It reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and became a top-10 hit in several other European countries.","title":"We Are All Made of Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(Galaxie_500_album)"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Galaxie 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_500"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"quantum physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"We Are All Made of Stars\" was written by Moby in New York after the September 11 attacks to express a sense of hopefulness.[1] Moby has stated that the song was inspired by the song \"Flowers\" from the album Today by American alternative rock band Galaxie 500,[citation needed] as well as quantum physics in that \"On a basic quantum level, all the matter in the universe is essentially made up of stardust.\"[2] He disclosed the reason behind choosing the song as the lead single from the album:The reason is very simple. I know how a lot of people choose work songs, with record label bosses in meetings with a lot of people. But as I have creative control, at the end of the day I make these decisions. And I chose this song because every time I listen to this song, it makes me smile. I made the song, I've heard it a million times, but every time the chorus comes, it makes me smile. So there's no marketing reason behind this, it was just my decision.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"},{"link_name":"David Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackburn_(film_editor)"},{"link_name":"Brad Rushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Rushing"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"spaceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Kato Kaelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_Kaelin"},{"link_name":"Verne Troyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verne_Troyer"},{"link_name":"Corey Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Todd Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Gary Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Coleman"},{"link_name":"JC Chasez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Chasez"},{"link_name":"Dave Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Navarro"},{"link_name":"Sean Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bean"},{"link_name":"Dominique Swain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Swain"},{"link_name":"Ron Jeremy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Jeremy"},{"link_name":"Thora Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora_Birch"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Molly Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Sims"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"Angelyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelyne"},{"link_name":"The Toxic Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toxic_Avenger_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Leelee Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leelee_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Kabukiman_N.Y.P.D."},{"link_name":"Robert Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Evans_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Philip-Lorca diCorcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip-Lorca_diCorcia"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The song's music video, directed by Joseph Kahn, edited by David Blackburn and photographed by Brad Rushing, points out the excesses of the typical \"Hollywood\" lifestyle, showing celebrities in seedy environments, while Moby, an outsider to that world, portrays a spaceman. Celebrities who make appearances in the video include Kato Kaelin, Verne Troyer, Corey Feldman, Todd Bridges, Gary Coleman, JC Chasez, Dave Navarro, Sean Bean, Dominique Swain, Ron Jeremy, Thora Birch, Tommy Lee, Molly Sims, Ritchie Blackmore, Angelyne, The Toxic Avenger, Leelee Sobieski, Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D., and Robert Evans. The atmosphere of the video was inspired by photographs by Philip-Lorca diCorcia. The theme and some of the imagery also derives from the 1968 film and novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, particularly the Star Child motif (\"We are all stars\") and Moby's appearance throughout much of the video wearing a space suit.The video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards.[4]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Timo Maas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Maas"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bob Sinclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sinclar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"US 2×12-inch single (63881-27745-1)[5]\nA1. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (Timo Maas vocal remix) – 7:03\nA2. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (Bob Sinclar main vocal mix) – 5:28\nB1. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (DJ Tiësto dub remix) – 8:06\nB2. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (downtempo remix – edit) – 3:31\nC1. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (DJ Tiësto full vocal remix) – 7:56\nD1. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (Forward mix) – 6:30\nD2. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (Timo Maas dub remix – edit) – 6:25\nUK and Australian CD1 (CDMUTE268)[6]\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\"\n\"Landing\"\n\"Soul to Love\"\nUK and Australian CD2 (LCDMUTE268)[7]\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\" (downtempo)\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\" (DJ Tiësto's full vocal remix)\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\" (Timo Maas dub mix)\n\n\nUK 12-inch single (12 MUTE 268)[8]\nA1. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (Timo Maas dub mix)\nB1. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (Bob Sinclar main vocal mix)\nB2. \"We Are All Made of Stars\" (DJ Tiësto's edited dub)\nUK cassette single (CMUTE268)[9]\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\"\n\"Landing\"\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\" (DJ Tiesto's full vocal remix – radio edit)\nEuropean CD single (724354646324)[10]\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\"\n\"Landing\"\nJapanese CD single (V2CP 125)[11]\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\" (single edit)\n\"Landing\"\n\"We Are All Made of Stars\" (DJ Tiesto's full vocal remix)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[{}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Moby - We are all made of stars (Live at Glastonbury 06.29.2003)\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW8teYk-7LE","url_text":"\"Moby - We are all made of stars (Live at Glastonbury 06.29.2003)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/oW8teYk-7LE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Abbey (March 11, 2002). \"Moby Cavorts With Gary Coleman, Todd Bridges In New Video\". MTV. Retrieved September 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1452825/mobys-new-video-diffrent.jhtml","url_text":"\"Moby Cavorts With Gary Coleman, Todd Bridges In New Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"Forlani, Marcelo (April 18, 2002). \"Omelete entrevista: MOBY\" (in Portuguese). Omelete. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omelete.com.br/musica/omelete-entrevista-moby","url_text":"\"Omelete entrevista: MOBY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omelete","url_text":"Omelete"}]},{"reference":"\"2002 MTV Video Music Awards Winners\". Billboard. September 1, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners","url_text":"\"2002 MTV Video Music Awards Winners\""}]},{"reference":"We Are All Made of Stars (US 2×12-inch single sleeve). Moby. V2 Records. 2002. 63881-27745-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby","url_text":"Moby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2_Records","url_text":"V2 Records"}]},{"reference":"We Are All Made of Stars (UK & Australian CD1 liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. CDMUTE268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_Records","url_text":"Mute Records"}]},{"reference":"We Are All Made of Stars (UK & Australian CD2 liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. LCDMUTE268.","urls":[]},{"reference":"We Are All Made of Stars (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. 12 MUTE 268.","urls":[]},{"reference":"We Are All Made of Stars (UK cassette single sleeve). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. CMUTE268.","urls":[]},{"reference":"We Are All Made of Stars (European CD single liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. 724354646324.","urls":[]},{"reference":"We Are All Made of Stars (Japanese CD single liner notes). Moby. Mute Records. 2002. V2CP 125.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 21. May 18, 2002. p. 8. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-05-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Singles\" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on June 2, 2002. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020602200316/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart02.htm","url_text":"\"Top 50 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.gr/chart02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top National Sellers\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 21. May 18, 2002. p. 11. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-05-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Top National Sellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tipparade-lijst van week 20, 2002\" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/tipparade/2002/week-20","url_text":"\"Tipparade-lijst van week 20, 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40","url_text":"Dutch Top 40"}]},{"reference":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 21, saptamina 27.05–2.06, 2002\" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on February 15, 2005. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050215113045/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10022.html","url_text":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 21, saptamina 27.05–2.06, 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10022.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1446. March 29, 2002. p. 32. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2002/RR-2002-03-29.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Adds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"ウィ・アー・オール・メイド・オヴ・スターズ \| モービー\" [We Are All Made of Stars \| Moby] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved September 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/169716/products/475896/1/","url_text":"\"ウィ・アー・オール・メイド・オヴ・スターズ \| モービー\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 29th April 2002\" (PDF). ARIA. April 29, 2002. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020514140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020515-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue635.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 29th April 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue635.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Jen (April 27, 2002). \"Airborne\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 18. p. 14. Retrieved October 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-04-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Airborne\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting 29 April 2002: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. April 27, 2002. p. 31. Retrieved August 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/2002/Music-Week-2002-04-27.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting 29 April 2002: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting 13 May 2002: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. May 11, 2002. p. 27. Retrieved August 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/2002/Music-Week-2002-05-11.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting 13 May 2002: Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1452. May 10, 2002. p. 32. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2002/RR-2002-05-10.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Adds\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1rFAaAKpVc","external_links_name":"\"We Are All Made of Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW8teYk-7LE","external_links_name":"\"Moby - We are all made of stars (Live at Glastonbury 06.29.2003)\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/oW8teYk-7LE","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1452825/mobys-new-video-diffrent.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Moby Cavorts With Gary Coleman, Todd Bridges In New Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.omelete.com.br/musica/omelete-entrevista-moby","external_links_name":"\"Omelete entrevista: MOBY\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners","external_links_name":"\"2002 MTV Video Music Awards 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_style	Writing style	["1 Choice of words","2 Choice of sentence structure","3 Choice of paragraph structure","4 Examples","5 Writer's voice","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]	Manner of expression in writing In literature, writing style is the manner of expressing thought in language characteristic of an individual, period, school, or nation. As Bryan Ray notes, however, style is a broader concern, one that can describe "readers' relationships with, texts, the grammatical choices writers make, the importance of adhering to norms in certain contexts and deviating from them in others, the expression of social identity, and the emotional effects of particular devices on audiences." Thus, style is a term that may refer, at one and the same time, to singular aspects of an individual's writing habits or a particular document and to aspects that go well-beyond the individual writer. Beyond the essential elements of spelling, grammar, and punctuation, writing style is the choice of words, sentence structure, and paragraph structure, used to convey the meaning effectively. The former are referred to as rules, elements, essentials, mechanics, or handbook; the latter are referred to as style, or rhetoric. The rules are about what a writer does; style is about how the writer does it. While following the rules drawn from established English usage, a writer has great flexibility in how to express a concept. Some have suggested that the point of writing style is to: express the message to the reader simply, clearly, and convincingly; keep the reader attentive, engaged, and interested; Some have suggested that writing style should not be used to: display the writer's personality; demonstrate the writer's skills, knowledge, or abilities; although these aspects may be part of a writer's individual style. While this article focuses on practical approaches to style, style has been analyzed from a number of systematic approaches, including corpus linguistics, historical variation, rhetoric, sociolinguistics, sylistics, and World Englishes. Choice of words Diction, or the choice of words, is an element of a writer's style. Suggestions for using diction include the use of a dictionary, and the avoidance of redundancy and clichés. Such advice can be found in style guides. Choice of sentence structure The choice of sentence structure pertains to how meaning is conveyed, to phrasing, to word choice, and to tone. Advice on these and other topics can be found in style guides. Choice of paragraph structure Paragraphs may express a single unfolding idea. Paragraphs may be particular steps in the expression of a larger thesis. The sentences within a paragraph may support and extend one another in various ways. Advice on the use of paragraphs may include the avoidance of incoherence, choppiness, or long-windedness, and rigid construction; and can be found in style guides. Examples The following rewrite of the sentence, "These are the times that try men's souls." by Thomas Paine, changes the impact of the message. Times like these try men's souls. How trying it is to live in these times! These are trying times for men's souls. Soulwise, these are trying times. Authors convey their messages in different manners. For example: Hamlet, Act II, Scene 2 (1599–1602) by William Shakespeare: HAMLET. I will tell you why; so shall my anticipation prevent your discovery, and your secrecy to the king and queen moult no feather. I have of late—but wherefore I know not—lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises; and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory; this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appears no other thing to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how expressed and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals! And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? man delights not me; no, nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so. A Tale of Two Cities (1859) by Charles Dickens: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way – in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. "Memories of Christmas" (1945) by Dylan Thomas: One Christmas was so much like another, in those years, around the sea-town corner now, and out of all sound except the distant speaking of the voices I sometimes hear a moment before sleep, that I can never remember whether it snowed for six days and six nights when I was twelve or whether it snowed for twelve days and twelve nights when I was six; or whether the ice broke and the skating grocer vanished like a snowman through a white trap-door on that same Christmas Day that the mince-pies finished Uncle Arnold and we tobogganed down the seaward hill, all the afternoon, on the best tea-tray, and Mrs. Griffiths complained, and we threw a snowball at her niece, and my hands burned so, with the heat and the cold, when I held them in front of the fire, that I cried for twenty minutes and then had some jelly. "The Strawberry Window" (1955) by Ray Bradbury: In his dream he was shutting the front door with its strawberry windows and lemon windows and windows like white clouds and windows like clear water in a country stream. Two dozen panes squared round the one big pane, colored of fruit wines and gelatins and cool water ices. He remembered his father holding him up as a child. "Look!" And through the green glass the world was emerald, moss, and summer mint. "Look!" The lilac pane made livid grapes of all the passers-by. And at last the strawberry glass perpetually bathed the town in roseate warmth, carpeted the world in pink sunrise, and made the cut lawn seem imported from some Persian rug bazaar. The strawberry window, best of all, cured people of their paleness, warmed the cold rain, and set the blowing, shifting February snows afire. "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963) by Martin Luther King Jr.: Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds. Writer's voice Not to be confused with Character's voice or Grammatical voice. The writer's voice (or writing voice) is a term some critics use to refer to distinctive features of a written work in terms of spoken utterance. The voice of a literary work is then the specific group of characteristics displayed by the narrator or poetic "speaker" (or, in some uses, the actual author behind them), assessed in terms of tone, style, or personality. Distinctions between various kinds of narrative voice tend to be distinctions between kinds of narrator in terms of how they address the reader (rather than in terms of their perception of events, as in the distinct concept of point of view). Likewise in non-narrative poems, distinctions are sometimes made between the personal voice of a private lyric and the assumed voice (the persona) of a dramatic monologue. An author uses sentence patterns not only to make a point or tell a story, but to do it in a characteristic way. Writing coaches, teachers, and authors of creative writing books often speak of the writer's voice as distinguished from other literary elements. In some instances, voice is defined nearly the same as style; in others, as genre, literary mode, point of view, mood, or tone. See also Elocutio Figure of speech Rhetorical device Notes ^ Webster (1969) ^ Ray (2015, p. 16) ^ Aquilina (2014) ^ Sebranek et al. (2006, p. 111) ^ Crews (1977, pp. 100, 129, 156) ^ Strunk & White (1979, p. 66) ^ Hacker (1991, p. 78) ^ Ross-Larson (1991, p. 17) ^ Sebranek et al. (2006, pp. 85, 99, 112) ^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 69, 79, 81) ^ Ross-Larson (1991, pp. 18–19) ^ Sebranek et al. (2006, pp. 21, 26, 112) ^ Gardner (1991, p. 163) ^ Sebranek et al. (2006, p. 112) ^ Strunk & White (1979, p. 69) ^ Ross-Larson (1999, p. 18) ^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 66, 68) ^ Biber (1988) ^ Ray (2015) ^ Fahnestock (2011) ^ Lanham (2003) ^ Weber (1996) ^ Canagarajah (2013) ^ Crews (1977, p. 100) ^ Crews (1977, pp. 100–105) ^ Hacker (1991, pp. 187–189, 191) ^ Crews (1977, pp. 107–108) ^ Hacker (1991, pp. 166–172) ^ Lamb (2008, pp. 225–226) ^ Crews (1977, pp. 108–109) ^ Hacker (1991, pp. 194–196) ^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 80–81) ^ Hacker (1991, pp. 194–196) ^ Strunk & White (1979) ^ Crews (1977, p. 129) ^ Hacker (1991, pp. 157–161) ^ Lamb (2008, p. 226) ^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 32–33) ^ Crews (1977, p. 156) ^ Hacker (1991, pp. 80–81) ^ Lamb (2008, p. 226) ^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 15–17) ^ Strunk & White (1979, p. 67) ^ Mack et al. (1985, pp. 1923–1924) ^ Dickens (2000, p. 5) ^ Eastman et al. (1977, p. 1) ^ Bradbury (1971, p. 164) ^ Eastman et al. (1977, p. 810) ^ Baldick (2004) ^ Browne & King (1993, pp. 175–177) ^ Crews (1977, p. 148) ^ Lamb (2008, pp. 198–206) ^ Rozelle (2005, p. 3) ^ Crews (1977, p. 148) ^ Rozelle (2005, p. 3) ^ Lamb (2008, p. 209) ^ Gardner (1991, pp. 24, 26, 100, 116) ^ Lamb (2008, pp. 201–202) ^ Gardner (1991, pp. 158–159) ^ Pianka (1998, p. 94) ^ Lamb (2008, p. 198) ^ Pianka (1998, p. 94) References Aquilina, Mario (2014), The Event of Style in Literature, Basingbroke: Palgrave Macmillan Baldick, Chris (2004), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860883-7 Biber, D. (1988), Variation across speech and writing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Bradbury, Ray (1971), "The Strawberry Window", A Medicine for Melancholy, New York: Bantam Browne, Renni; King, Dave (1993), Self-Editing for Fiction Writers, New York: Harper Perennial, ISBN 0-06-272046-5 * Canagarajah, S. (2013), Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations, New York: Routledge Crews, Frederick (1977), The Random House Handbook (2nd ed.), New York: Random House, ISBN 0-394-31211-2 Dickens, Charles (2000) , A Tale of Two Cities, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-141-19690-9 Eastman, Arthur M.; Blake, Caesar; English, Hubert M. Jr.; et al., eds. (1977), The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Expository Prose (4th ed.), New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-09145-7 Fahnestock, J. (2011), Rhetorical Style: The Uses of Language in Persuasion, Oxford: Oxford University Press Gardner, John (1991), The Art of Fiction: Notes on Craft for Young Writers, New York: Vintage Books, ISBN 0-679-73403-1 Gosse, Edmund William (1911), "Style (literary)" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 25 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1055–1058 Hacker, Diana (1991), The Bedford Handbook for Writers (3rd ed.), Boston: Bedford Books, ISBN 0-312-05599-4 Lamb, Nancy (2008), The Art and Craft of Storytelling: A Comprehensive Guide to Classic Writing Techniques, Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, ISBN 978-1-58297-559-7 Lanham, R. (2003), Analyzing Prose, Bloomsbury Academic Mack, Maynard; Knox, Bernard M. W.; McGaillard, John C.; et al., eds. (1985), The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, vol. 1 (5th ed.), New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-95432-3 Pianka, Phyllis Taylor (1998), How to Write Romances, Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, ISBN 0-89879-867-1 Ray, Brian (2015), Style: An Introduction to History, Theory, Research, and Pedagogy, Fort Collins, CO: U of Colorado P; WAC Clearinghouse, ISBN 978-1-60235-614-6 Ross-Larson, Bruce (1991), The Effective Writing Series: Powerful Paragraphs, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-31794-3 Ross-Larson, Bruce (1999), The Effective Writing Series: Stunning Sentences, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-31795-1 Rozelle, Ron (2005), Writing Great Fiction: Description & Setting, Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, ISBN 1-58297-327-X Sebranek, Patrick; Kemper, Dave; Meyer, Verne (2006), Writers Inc.: A Student Handbook for Writing and Learning, Wilmington: Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 978-0-669-52994-4 Strunk, William Jr.; White, E. B. (1979), The Elements of Style (3rd ed.), New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., ISBN 0-02-418220-6 Weber, J. J., ed. (1996), The Stylistics Reader: From Roman Jakobsen to the Present, London: Arnold Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1969 vteWriting and writing materialEnduringPlant-based Amate Trema micrantha Ficus aurea Bamboo and wooden slips Birch bark (Betula) Folding-book manuscript Streblus asper Broussonetia papyrifera Ola leaf (Corypha umbraculifera) Palm leaf (Borassus) Paper Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) Other materials Animal skin Parchment Vellum Ink Metals Intaglio Stamping Oracle bone Photographic film Stone Geoglyph Petroglyph Tablets Clay tablet Slate Wax tablet Textile printing Silk text Impermanent Electronic paper Screen Skywriting Carrier objects Book Codex Notebook Electronic media Hu/Shaku (baton) Inscription Bas-relief Manuscript Palimpsest Microform Scroll Sign Related topics Writing systems History of writing List of writing systems Written language vteNarrativeCharacter Antagonist Archenemy Character arc Character flaw Characterization Confidant Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Gothic double Hamartia Hero Anti Byronic Tragic Narrator Protagonist Stock character Straight man Supporting character Title character Tritagonist Villain Plot Ab ovo Action Backstory Origin story Chekhov's gun Cliché Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Kishōtenketsu MacGuffin Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Red herring Reveal Self-insertion Shaggy dog story Stereotype Story arc Story within a story Subplot Suspense Trope Setting Alternate history Backstory Crossover Dreamworld Dystopia Fictional location city country universe parallel Utopia Worldbuilding Theme Irony Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Moral development Motif Deal with the Devil Conflict between good and evil Self-fulfilling prophecy Time travel Style Allegory Bathos Comic relief Diction Figure of speech Imagery Mode Mood Narration Narrative techniques Hook Show, don't tell Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Structure Act Act structure Three-act structure Freytag's Pyramid Exposition/Protasis Rising action/Epitasis Climax/Peripeteia Falling action/Catastasis Denouement/Catastrophe Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Premise Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Drama Fabliau Flash fiction Folklore Fable Fairy tale Legend Myth Tall tale Gamebook Narrative art Narrative poetry Epic poetry Novel Novella Parable Short story Vignette Genre(List) Autobiography Biography Fiction Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docu Epistolary Ergodic Erotic Historical Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Pop culture Psychological Religious Rogue Romance Chivalric Prose Saga Satire Speculative fiction Fantasy Gothic Southern Horror Magic realism Science Hard Utopian and dystopian Underwater Superhero Theological Thriller Urban Western Nonfiction Novel Creative Narration Diegesis First-person Second-person Third-person Third-person omniscient narrative Subjectivity Unreliable narrator Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Tense Past Present Future Related Dominant narrative Fiction writing Continuity Canon Reboot Retcon Parallel novel Prequel / Sequel Genre List Literary science Literary theory Narrative identity Narrative paradigm Narrative therapy Narratology Metafiction Political narrative Rhetoric Glossary Screenwriting Storytelling Tellability Verisimilitude vteLiterary compositionGeneral topics Characterization Description Exposition Fiction writing Literature Writer Writer's block Techniques / devices Linguistic contrast Literary contrast Cliché Idiom Trope Methods Writing process Prewriting Assemblage Cut-up technique Diegesis Mimesis Pastiche Plagiarism Features Writing style Writer's voice Grammatical mood Register Rhetorical modes Stylistics Tone Forms Creative nonfiction Essay Joke Novel Poetry Screenplay Short story Beyond the arts Articulation (sociological) Composition studies Technical writing Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States 2 Latvia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling"},{"link_name":"grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"},{"link_name":"punctuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation"},{"link_name":"words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word"},{"link_name":"sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"paragraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragraph"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"corpus linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"sociolinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics"},{"link_name":"sylistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"World Englishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Englishes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In literature, writing style is the manner of expressing thought in language characteristic of an individual, period, school, or nation.[1] As Bryan Ray notes, however, style is a broader concern, one that can describe \"readers' relationships with, texts, the grammatical choices writers make, the importance of adhering to norms in certain contexts and deviating from them in others, the expression of social identity, and the emotional effects of particular devices on audiences.\"[2] Thus, style is a term that may refer, at one and the same time, to singular aspects of an individual's writing habits or a particular document and to aspects that go well-beyond the individual writer.[3] Beyond the essential elements of spelling, grammar, and punctuation, writing style is the choice of words, sentence structure, and paragraph structure, used to convey the meaning effectively.[4] The former are referred to as rules, elements, essentials, mechanics, or handbook; the latter are referred to as style, or rhetoric.[5] The rules are about what a writer does; style is about how the writer does it. While following the rules drawn from established English usage, a writer has great flexibility in how to express a concept.[6] Some have suggested that the point of writing style is to:express the message to the reader simply, clearly, and convincingly;[7][8][9][10]\nkeep the reader attentive, engaged, and interested;[11][12]Some have suggested that writing style should not be used to:display the writer's personality;[13]\ndemonstrate the writer's skills, knowledge, or abilities;[14][15]although these aspects may be part of a writer's individual style.[16][17]While this article focuses on practical approaches to style, style has been analyzed from a number of systematic approaches, including corpus linguistics,[18] historical variation,[19] rhetoric,[20][21] sociolinguistics, sylistics,[22] and World Englishes.[23]","title":"Writing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diction"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Diction, or the choice of words, is an element of a writer's style.[24]Suggestions for using diction include the use of a dictionary,[25][26] and the avoidance of redundancy[27][28][29] and clichés.[30][31][32] Such advice can be found in style guides.[33][34]","title":"Choice of words"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"The choice of sentence structure pertains to how meaning is conveyed, to phrasing, to word choice, and to tone. Advice on these and other topics can be found in style guides.[35][36][37][38]","title":"Choice of sentence structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Paragraphs may express a single unfolding idea. Paragraphs may be particular steps in the expression of a larger thesis. The sentences within a paragraph may support and extend one another in various ways. Advice on the use of paragraphs may include the avoidance of incoherence, choppiness, or long-windedness, and rigid construction; and can be found in style guides.[39][40][41][42]","title":"Choice of paragraph structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"These are the times that try men's souls.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Thomas Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Memories of Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child%27s_Christmas_in_Wales#Publishing_history"},{"link_name":"Dylan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Strawberry Window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury_short_fiction_bibliography#1955"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Letter from Birmingham Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"outside agitator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_agitator"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The following rewrite of the sentence, \"These are the times that try men's souls.\" by Thomas Paine, changes the impact of the message.Times like these try men's souls.\nHow trying it is to live in these times!\nThese are trying times for men's souls.\nSoulwise, these are trying times.[43]Authors convey their messages in different manners. For example:Hamlet, Act II, Scene 2 (1599–1602) by William Shakespeare:HAMLET. I will tell you why; so shall my anticipation prevent your discovery, and your secrecy to the king and queen moult no feather. I have of late—but wherefore I know not—lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises; and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory; this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appears no other thing to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how expressed and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals! And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? man delights not me; no, nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so.[44]A Tale of Two Cities (1859) by Charles Dickens:It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way – in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.[45]\"Memories of Christmas\" (1945) by Dylan Thomas:One Christmas was so much like another, in those years, around the sea-town corner now, and out of all sound except the distant speaking of the voices I sometimes hear a moment before sleep, that I can never remember whether it snowed for six days and six nights when I was twelve or whether it snowed for twelve days and twelve nights when I was six; or whether the ice broke and the skating grocer vanished like a snowman through a white trap-door on that same Christmas Day that the mince-pies finished Uncle Arnold and we tobogganed down the seaward hill, all the afternoon, on the best tea-tray, and Mrs. Griffiths complained, and we threw a snowball at her niece, and my hands burned so, with the heat and the cold, when I held them in front of the fire, that I cried for twenty minutes and then had some jelly.[46]\"The Strawberry Window\" (1955) by Ray Bradbury:In his dream he was shutting the front door with its strawberry windows and lemon windows and windows like white clouds and windows like clear water in a country stream. Two dozen panes squared round the one big pane, colored of fruit wines and gelatins and cool water ices. He remembered his father holding him up as a child. \"Look!\" And through the green glass the world was emerald, moss, and summer mint. \"Look!\" The lilac pane made livid grapes of all the passers-by. And at last the strawberry glass perpetually bathed the town in roseate warmth, carpeted the world in pink sunrise, and made the cut lawn seem imported from some Persian rug bazaar. The strawberry window, best of all, cured people of their paleness, warmed the cold rain, and set the blowing, shifting February snows afire.[47]\"Letter from Birmingham Jail\" (1963) by Martin Luther King Jr.:Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial \"outside agitator\" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.[48]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Character's voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%27s_voice"},{"link_name":"Grammatical voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice"},{"link_name":"narrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative#Types_of_narrators_and_their_modes"},{"link_name":"point of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_view_(literature)"},{"link_name":"persona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona#In_literature"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"creative writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_writing"},{"link_name":"literary elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_element"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"literary mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_mode"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Character's voice or Grammatical voice.The writer's voice (or writing voice) is a term some critics use to refer to distinctive features of a written work in terms of spoken utterance. The voice of a literary work is then the specific group of characteristics displayed by the narrator or poetic \"speaker\" (or, in some uses, the actual author behind them), assessed in terms of tone, style, or personality. Distinctions between various kinds of narrative voice tend to be distinctions between kinds of narrator in terms of how they address the reader (rather than in terms of their perception of events, as in the distinct concept of point of view). Likewise in non-narrative poems, distinctions are sometimes made between the personal voice of a private lyric and the assumed voice (the persona) of a dramatic monologue.[49]An author uses sentence patterns not only to make a point or tell a story, but to do it in a characteristic way.[50][51]Writing coaches, teachers, and authors of creative writing books often speak of the writer's voice as distinguished from other literary elements.[52][53] In some instances, voice is defined nearly the same as style;[54][55] in others, as genre,[56] literary mode,[57][58] point of view,[59] mood,[60] or tone.[61][62]","title":"Writer's voice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Webster (1969)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWebster1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ray (2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRay2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Aquilina (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAquilina2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Sebranek et al. (2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSebranek_et_al.2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Hacker (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHacker1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Ross-Larson (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoss-Larson1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Sebranek et al. (2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSebranek_et_al.2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Ross-Larson (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoss-Larson1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Sebranek et al. (2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSebranek_et_al.2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Gardner (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGardner1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Sebranek et al. (2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSebranek_et_al.2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Ross-Larson (1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoss-Larson1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Biber (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBiber1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Ray (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRay2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Fahnestock (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFahnestock2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Lanham (2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLanham2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Weber (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeber1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Canagarajah (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCanagarajah2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Hacker (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHacker1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Hacker (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHacker1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Lamb (2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Hacker (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHacker1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Hacker (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHacker1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Hacker (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHacker1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Lamb (2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Hacker (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHacker1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Lamb (2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Strunk & White (1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrunkWhite1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Mack et al. (1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMack_et_al.1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Dickens (2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDickens2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Eastman et al. (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEastman_et_al.1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Bradbury (1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBradbury1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Eastman et al. (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEastman_et_al.1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Baldick (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaldick2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Browne & King (1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrowneKing1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"Lamb (2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"Rozelle (2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRozelle2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Crews (1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrews1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"Rozelle (2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRozelle2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"Lamb (2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"Gardner (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGardner1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"Lamb (2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"Gardner (1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGardner1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Pianka (1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPianka1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"Lamb (2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLamb2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"Pianka (1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPianka1998"}],"text":"^ Webster (1969)\n\n^ Ray (2015, p. 16)\n\n^ Aquilina (2014)\n\n^ Sebranek et al. (2006, p. 111)\n\n^ Crews (1977, pp. 100, 129, 156)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, p. 66)\n\n^ Hacker (1991, p. 78)\n\n^ Ross-Larson (1991, p. 17)\n\n^ Sebranek et al. (2006, pp. 85, 99, 112)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 69, 79, 81)\n\n^ Ross-Larson (1991, pp. 18–19)\n\n^ Sebranek et al. (2006, pp. 21, 26, 112)\n\n^ Gardner (1991, p. 163)\n\n^ Sebranek et al. (2006, p. 112)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, p. 69)\n\n^ Ross-Larson (1999, p. 18)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 66, 68)\n\n^ Biber (1988)\n\n^ Ray (2015)\n\n^ Fahnestock (2011)\n\n^ Lanham (2003)\n\n^ Weber (1996)\n\n^ Canagarajah (2013)\n\n^ Crews (1977, p. 100)\n\n^ Crews (1977, pp. 100–105)\n\n^ Hacker (1991, pp. 187–189, 191)\n\n^ Crews (1977, pp. 107–108)\n\n^ Hacker (1991, pp. 166–172)\n\n^ Lamb (2008, pp. 225–226)\n\n^ Crews (1977, pp. 108–109)\n\n^ Hacker (1991, pp. 194–196)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 80–81)\n\n^ Hacker (1991, pp. 194–196)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979)\n\n^ Crews (1977, p. 129)\n\n^ Hacker (1991, pp. 157–161)\n\n^ Lamb (2008, p. 226)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 32–33)\n\n^ Crews (1977, p. 156)\n\n^ Hacker (1991, pp. 80–81)\n\n^ Lamb (2008, p. 226)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, pp. 15–17)\n\n^ Strunk & White (1979, p. 67)\n\n^ Mack et al. (1985, pp. 1923–1924)\n\n^ Dickens (2000, p. 5)\n\n^ Eastman et al. (1977, p. 1)\n\n^ Bradbury (1971, p. 164)\n\n^ Eastman et al. (1977, p. 810)\n\n^ Baldick (2004)\n\n^ Browne & King (1993, pp. 175–177)\n\n^ Crews (1977, p. 148)\n\n^ Lamb (2008, pp. 198–206)\n\n^ Rozelle (2005, p. 3)\n\n^ Crews (1977, p. 148)\n\n^ Rozelle (2005, p. 3)\n\n^ Lamb (2008, p. 209)\n\n^ Gardner (1991, pp. 24, 26, 100, 116)\n\n^ Lamb (2008, pp. 201–202)\n\n^ Gardner (1991, pp. 158–159)\n\n^ Pianka (1998, p. 94)\n\n^ Lamb (2008, p. 198)\n\n^ Pianka (1998, p. 94)","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Elocutio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocutio"},{"title":"Figure of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech"},{"title":"Rhetorical device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_device"}]	[{"reference":"Aquilina, Mario (2014), The Event of Style in Literature, Basingbroke: Palgrave Macmillan","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"}]},{"reference":"Baldick, Chris (2004), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860883-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860883-7","url_text":"978-0-19-860883-7"}]},{"reference":"Biber, D. (1988), Variation across speech and writing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bradbury, Ray (1971), \"The Strawberry Window\", A Medicine for Melancholy, New York: Bantam","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Books","url_text":"Bantam"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Renni; King, Dave (1993), Self-Editing for Fiction Writers, New York: Harper Perennial, ISBN 0-06-272046-5","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/selfeditingforfi00brow","url_text":"Self-Editing for Fiction Writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Perennial","url_text":"Harper Perennial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-272046-5","url_text":"0-06-272046-5"}]},{"reference":"Canagarajah, S. (2013), Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations, New York: Routledge","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crews, Frederick (1977), The Random House Handbook (2nd ed.), New York: Random House, ISBN 0-394-31211-2","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/randomhousehand00crew","url_text":"The Random House Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-31211-2","url_text":"0-394-31211-2"}]},{"reference":"Dickens, Charles (2000) [First published 1859], A Tale of Two Cities, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-141-19690-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-19690-9","url_text":"978-0-141-19690-9"}]},{"reference":"Eastman, Arthur M.; Blake, Caesar; English, Hubert M. Jr.; et al., eds. (1977), The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Expository Prose (4th ed.), New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-09145-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09145-7","url_text":"0-393-09145-7"}]},{"reference":"Fahnestock, J. (2011), Rhetorical Style: The Uses of Language in Persuasion, Oxford: Oxford University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gardner, John (1991), The Art of Fiction: Notes on Craft for Young Writers, New York: Vintage Books, ISBN 0-679-73403-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books","url_text":"Vintage Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73403-1","url_text":"0-679-73403-1"}]},{"reference":"Gosse, Edmund William (1911), \"Style (literary)\" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 25 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1055–1058","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse","url_text":"Gosse, Edmund William"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Style_(literary)","url_text":"\"Style (literary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Hacker, Diana (1991), The Bedford Handbook for Writers (3rd ed.), Boston: Bedford Books, ISBN 0-312-05599-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Books","url_text":"Bedford Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-05599-4","url_text":"0-312-05599-4"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Nancy (2008), The Art and Craft of Storytelling: A Comprehensive Guide to Classic Writing Techniques, Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, ISBN 978-1-58297-559-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer%27s_Digest_Books","url_text":"Writer's Digest Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-559-7","url_text":"978-1-58297-559-7"}]},{"reference":"Lanham, R. (2003), Analyzing Prose, Bloomsbury Academic","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mack, Maynard; Knox, Bernard M. W.; McGaillard, John C.; et al., eds. (1985), The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, vol. 1 (5th ed.), New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-95432-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. 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W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-31794-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31794-3","url_text":"0-393-31794-3"}]},{"reference":"Ross-Larson, Bruce (1999), The Effective Writing Series: Stunning Sentences, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-31795-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. 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Merriam Company"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/selfeditingforfi00brow","external_links_name":"Self-Editing for Fiction Writers"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/randomhousehand00crew","external_links_name":"The Random House Handbook"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Style_(literary)","external_links_name":"\"Style (literary)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/howtowriteromanc00pian_0","external_links_name":"How to Write Romances"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1136323/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976573b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976573b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074271-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543857805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129379","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2001009058","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000053279&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_Shaffy	Ramses Shaffy	["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Portrayal","4 Accolades","5 Discography","6 References","7 External links"]	Dutch singer and actor Ramses ShaffyRamses Shaffy, circa 1965Background informationBirth nameRamses II ShaffyAlso known asDidiBorn(1933-08-29)29 August 1933Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceDied1 December 2009(2009-12-01) (aged 76)Amsterdam, NetherlandsGenresChansonOccupation(s)chanteur/musician, actorInstrument(s)PianoYears active1955–2009LabelsPolyGramMusical artist Shaffy as an actor together with Kitty Courbois 1964 Shaffy with Liesbeth List in 1971, presenting his new LP Zonder bagage Ramses Shaffy (29 August 1933 – 1 December 2009) was a Dutch-French singer and actor who became popular during the 1960s. His most famous songs include "Zing, vecht, huil, bid, lach, werk en bewonder", "We zullen doorgaan", "Pastorale", "Sammy" and "Laat me". He frequently collaborated with Dutch singer Liesbeth List. Biography Shaffy was born on 29 August 1933 in Paris, in the suburb Neuilly-sur-Seine. His father was an Egyptian diplomat Ramsès Shaffy Bey, and his mother was a Polish-Russian countess Alexandra de Wysocka. He grew up with his mother in Cannes. When she was infected with tuberculosis, Shaffy was sent to an aunt in Utrecht. Eventually, he ended up in a foster family in Leiden. He did not finish high school, but he was accepted at the Amsterdam school of theatre arts in 1952. In 1955, he made his debut with the Nederlandse Comedie. He went to Rome in 1960 aspiring to be a film actor, but was unsuccessful in the endeavour. In the 1960s, Shaffy had a relationship with Dutch actor Joop Admiraal (1937–2006). In 1964 he founded Shaffy Chantant, a theatre group, which led to his first collaborations with chanteuse Liesbeth List. He worked with Dutch pianist Louis van Dijk. Among others, musician Thijs van Leer was a member of the group for a short period of time. With Liesbeth List, Shaffy recorded the classic song "Pastorale" (Sun and Moon). His hit song "We zullen doorgaan" was parodied by comedian André van Duin in 1975. He temporarily stopped his habit of heavy drinking when he became a member of the Rajneesh movement in the 1980s. In the 1980s, Shaffy returned to the stage and the set as an actor. He played Don Quixote in the musical De man van La Mancha in 1993. He also played the role of Count of Egmont in the Flemish/Dutch miniseries Willem van Oranje. Pieter Fleury made a documentary about Shaffy in 2002, titled Ramses. It won a Golden Calf, the award of the Netherlands Film Festival. The film shows Shaffy's life in a rest home in Amsterdam. He had to move to a rest home, suffering from Korsakoff-like symptoms, caused by heavy alcohol use. Shaffy's condition slightly improved in the years following the film. His memory improved and he sometimes made public appearances again. In the fall of 2005, he re-recorded his 1978 hit song "Laat me", together with List and the band Alderliefste , which became a minor hit. Death On 5 May 2009 it was made public that Shaffy suffered from esophageal cancer. He died of the disease in the Dr. Sarphati House, Amsterdam, where he had lived the last seven years, on 1 December 2009, aged 76. The public took leave of him at the Royal Carré Theatre in Amsterdam. Portrayal In 2014, a four-part drama series about the young Ramses Shaffy titled Ramses was produced by the AVRO for Dutch television. Actor Maarten Heijmans portrayed Shaffy. The municipal artwork in Vijzelgracht metro station, Amsterdam is a highly stylised transit map which portrays events in Shaffy's life. Accolades In 2002, Ramses Shaffy received a Knighthood of the Order of the Dutch Lion. On 23 June 2017, the Ramses Shaffy Home (residential space for artists) was opened in Amsterdam. Discography Shaffy in 1970 with a sleeve for album Sunset Sunkiss Shaffy Chantant (1966) Ramses II (1966) Shaffy Chantate (1967) Sunset Sunkiss (1970) Zonder bagage (1971) We zullen doorgaan (1972) We leven nog (1975) Samen (1976, with Liesbeth List) Ramses en Liesbeth live (1977, with Liesbeth List) Dag en nacht (1978) Live (1980) Sterven van geluk (1988) References ^ a b c "Ramses Shaffy". Top 40. ^ "Ramses gaat al 75 jaar zijn eigen gang" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Ramses Shaffy is niet meer" (in Dutch). Gay. 1 December 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ a b RNW (1 January 2012). "Larger-than-life artist Ramses Shaffy dies at 76 – archief". NRC Handelsblad. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Shaffy intro". Shaffy.nl. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "'Ramses Shaffy zal doorgaan!' \| Prive". De Telegraaf. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "RTL Boulevard". Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009. ^ "Incubate Blog » Blog Archive » R.I.P. Ramses Shaffy (1933 – 2009)". Inlog.org. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Openbaar afscheid van Shaffy in Carré \| nu.nl/binnenland \| Het laatste nieuws het eerst op" (in Dutch). Nu.nl. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "AVRO maakt dramaserie over Ramses Shaffy" (in Dutch). AVRO. Retrieved 9 September 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ramses Shaffy. Official site Ramses Shaffy at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz RKD Artists Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitty_Courbois_and_Ramses_Shaffy_1964_in_%27Francois_Villon%27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kitty Courbois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Courbois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liesbeth_List_(l)_en_Ramses_Shaffy,_Bestanddeelnr_924-3933_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Liesbeth List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesbeth_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top40-1"},{"link_name":"Liesbeth List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesbeth_List"}],"text":"Musical artistShaffy as an actor together with Kitty Courbois 1964Shaffy with Liesbeth List in 1971, presenting his new LP Zonder bagageRamses Shaffy (29 August 1933 – 1 December 2009) was a Dutch-French singer and actor who became popular during the 1960s. His most famous songs include \"Zing, vecht, huil, bid, lach, werk en bewonder\", \"We zullen doorgaan\", \"Pastorale\", \"Sammy\" and \"Laat me\".[1] He frequently collaborated with Dutch singer Liesbeth List.","title":"Ramses Shaffy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuilly-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top40-1"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Joop Admiraal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joop_Admiraal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_Admiraal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Louis van Dijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_van_Dijk"},{"link_name":"Thijs van Leer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thijs_van_Leer"},{"link_name":"André van Duin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_van_Duin"},{"link_name":"Rajneesh movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajneesh_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Count of Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top40-1"},{"link_name":"Pieter Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Fleury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Fleury"},{"link_name":"Golden Calf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Calf_(award)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Korsakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsakoff%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"Alderliefste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alderliefste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderliefste"}],"text":"Shaffy was born on 29 August 1933 in Paris, in the suburb Neuilly-sur-Seine. His father was an Egyptian diplomat Ramsès Shaffy Bey, and his mother was a Polish-Russian countess Alexandra de Wysocka.[1] He grew up with his mother in Cannes. When she was infected with tuberculosis, Shaffy was sent to an aunt in Utrecht. Eventually, he ended up in a foster family in Leiden.He did not finish high school, but he was accepted at the Amsterdam school of theatre arts in 1952. In 1955, he made his debut with the Nederlandse Comedie. He went to Rome in 1960 aspiring to be a film actor, but was unsuccessful in the endeavour. In the 1960s, Shaffy had a relationship with Dutch actor Joop Admiraal [nl] (1937–2006).[2][3] In 1964 he founded Shaffy Chantant, a theatre group, which led to his first collaborations with chanteuse Liesbeth List. He worked with Dutch pianist Louis van Dijk. Among others, musician Thijs van Leer was a member of the group for a short period of time. With Liesbeth List, Shaffy recorded the classic song \"Pastorale\" (Sun and Moon). His hit song \"We zullen doorgaan\" was parodied by comedian André van Duin in 1975.He temporarily stopped his habit of heavy drinking when he became a member of the Rajneesh movement in the 1980s.[4]In the 1980s, Shaffy returned to the stage and the set as an actor. He played Don Quixote in the musical De man van La Mancha in 1993. He also played the role of Count of Egmont in the Flemish/Dutch miniseries Willem van Oranje.[1] Pieter Fleury [nl] made a documentary about Shaffy in 2002, titled Ramses. It won a Golden Calf, the award of the Netherlands Film Festival. The film shows Shaffy's life in a rest home in Amsterdam.[5] He had to move to a rest home, suffering from Korsakoff-like symptoms, caused by heavy alcohol use.[4]Shaffy's condition slightly improved in the years following the film. His memory improved and he sometimes made public appearances again. In the fall of 2005, he re-recorded his 1978 hit song \"Laat me\", together with List and the band Alderliefste [nl], which became a minor hit.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"esophageal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Carré Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 5 May 2009 it was made public that Shaffy suffered from esophageal cancer.[6][7] He died of the disease in the Dr. Sarphati House, Amsterdam, where he had lived the last seven years, on 1 December 2009, aged 76.[8] The public took leave of him at the Royal Carré Theatre in Amsterdam.[9]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AVRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVRO"},{"link_name":"Maarten Heijmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Heijmans"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vijzelgracht metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijzelgracht_metro_station"},{"link_name":"transit map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_map"}],"text":"In 2014, a four-part drama series about the young Ramses Shaffy titled Ramses was produced by the AVRO for Dutch television. Actor Maarten Heijmans portrayed Shaffy.[10]The municipal artwork in Vijzelgracht metro station, Amsterdam is a highly stylised transit map which portrays events in Shaffy's life.","title":"Portrayal"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2002, Ramses Shaffy received a Knighthood of the Order of the Dutch Lion.\nOn 23 June 2017, the Ramses Shaffy Home (residential space for artists) was opened in Amsterdam.","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramses_Shaffy_1970.jpg"}],"text":"Shaffy in 1970 with a sleeve for album Sunset SunkissShaffy Chantant (1966)\nRamses II (1966)\nShaffy Chantate (1967)\nSunset Sunkiss (1970)\nZonder bagage (1971)\nWe zullen doorgaan (1972)\nWe leven nog (1975)\nSamen (1976, with Liesbeth List)\nRamses en Liesbeth live (1977, with Liesbeth List)\nDag en nacht (1978)\nLive (1980)\nSterven van geluk (1988)","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Shaffy as an actor together with Kitty Courbois 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kitty_Courbois_and_Ramses_Shaffy_1964_in_%27Francois_Villon%27.jpg/220px-Kitty_Courbois_and_Ramses_Shaffy_1964_in_%27Francois_Villon%27.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shaffy with Liesbeth List in 1971, presenting his new LP Zonder bagage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Liesbeth_List_%28l%29_en_Ramses_Shaffy%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-3933_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Liesbeth_List_%28l%29_en_Ramses_Shaffy%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-3933_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shaffy in 1970 with a sleeve for album Sunset Sunkiss","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ramses_Shaffy_1970.jpg/245px-Ramses_Shaffy_1970.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ramses Shaffy\". 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Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nu.nl/binnenland/2135582/openbaar-afscheid-van-shaffy-in-carre.html","url_text":"\"Openbaar afscheid van Shaffy in Carré \| nu.nl/binnenland \| Het laatste nieuws het eerst op\""}]},{"reference":"\"AVRO maakt dramaserie over Ramses Shaffy\" (in Dutch). AVRO. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)	116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)	["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 Western Front","2 Commanders","3 Order of battle","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Citations","7 References"]	German army division during World War II This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "116th Panzer Division" Wehrmacht – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 116th Panzer Division116. Panzer-DivisionUnit insigniaActive1944–45Country GermanyBranchArmyTypePanzerRoleArmoured warfareSizeDivisionNickname(s)Greyhound Division (Windhund-Division)Motto(s)Schnell wie ein Windhund, Zäh wie Leder, Hart wie Kruppstahl, Windhund Vor!"Fast as a greyhound, tough as leather, hard as Kruppsteel, Greyhound forward!"EngagementsWestern Front (1944-45) Operation Overlord Operation Cobra Siegfried Line campaign Battle of Aachen Battle of Hürtgen Forest Battle of the Bulge Western invasion of Germany Ruhr Pocket CommandersNotable CommandersGerhard Graf von Schwerin Gerhard WilckMilitary unit The 116th Panzer Division, also known as the "Windhund (Greyhound) Division", was a German armoured formation that saw combat during World War II. History Formation The 116th Division was constituted in the Rhineland and Westphalia areas of western Germany in March 1944 from the remnants of the 16th Panzergrenadier Division, and the 179th Reserve Panzer Division. The 16th had suffered heavy casualties in combat on the Eastern Front near Stalingrad, and the 179th was a second-line formation that had been on occupation duty in France since 1943. Western Front In 1944, it participated in opposing the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and was later trapped in the Falaise Pocket following Operation Cobra. German Sd.Kfz. 234/3 armored car at The Tank Museum, Bovington. This vehicle bears the insignia of the 116th Panzer Division. Along with the 2nd SS Panzer Division, it was responsible for holding the pocket open to allow German troops to escape. It managed to escape, although with only 600 infantry and 12 tanks intact. In October, it fought against American forces in the Battle of Aachen, with the town falling to the Americans on 21 October. It was moved to Düsseldorf for refitting. On 8 November, the division repulsed an attack from the U.S. 28th Infantry Division in the Hürtgen Forest during the larger Battle of Hürtgen Forest, recapturing the town of Schmidt, thus providing the name to the 28th of the "Bloody Bucket Division". The 116th then participated in the failed "Wacht am Rhein" Operation in the Ardennes. On 10 December, before the offensive, it was partly refitted, with 26 Panzer IV and 43 Panther tanks and 25 Jagdpanzer IV tank destroyers (of which 13 were combat ready). However, it was still missing much of its organic transport. Initially stalled by the resistance and then poor bridges in attacks to cross the Our River at Luetzkampen and Ouren, it back-tracked to march through Belgium from Dasburg to Houffalize. The division then fought its way as the middle spearhead of the advance on the Meuse from Samree to La Roche. It was then involved in heavy fighting at Hotton and Verdenne, where it was turned back at its furthest advance in the Ardennes. It later delayed Allied forces allowing other German units to retreat, before being withdrawn over the Rhine in March. It then opposed the U.S. Ninth Army's advance across the Rhine, thus stopping the planned Allied breakthrough as well as opposing Operation Varsity's airborne landings. With 2,800 men and 10 tanks against 50,000 Allied troops and supporting tanks, the division faced the U.S. 30th, the U.S. 35th, the U.S. 84th, the 4th Canadian and the U.S. 8th Armored Divisions. On 16 April 1945, the majority of the division was forced to surrender to the U.S. Ninth Army, having been trapped in the Ruhr Pocket. Remnants of the division continued to fight in the Harz mountains until 30 April, surrendering only after all of their resources had been exhausted. Commanders Oberst Günther von Manteuffel, creation – 30 April 1944 General der Panzertruppe Gerhard Graf von Schwerin, 1 May 1944 – 7 August 1944 and 24 August 1944 – 14 September 1944 Generalmajor Heinrich Voigtsberger - 15 September 1944 – 19 September 1944 Generalmajor Siegfried von Waldenburg, 19 September 1944 – German surrender (4 May 1945) Order of battle 16th Panzer Regiment 60th Panzergrenadier Regiment 156th Panzergrenadier Regiment 146th Panzer Artillery Regiment 116th Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion 281st Army Flak Battalion 228th Panzerjager Battalion 675th Panzer Engineer Battalion 228th Panzer Signals Battalion 146th Field-Replacement Battalion See also List of German divisions in World War II Organisation of a SS Panzer Division Panzer division Notes Citations ^ Blumenson 1961, p. 577. ^ MacDonald 1963, p. 316. ^ MacDonald 1963, p. 357. ^ Jung 1971, p. 343. ^ Cole 1965, p. 198. ^ Cole 1965, pp. 319–320. ^ Cole 1965, p. 378. ^ Cole 1965, pp. 574–577. ^ MacDonald 1973, p. 370. ^ Axis History Factbook: 116. Panzer-Division ^ "From Normandy to the Ruhr", by Heinz Gunther Guderian References Blumenson, Martin (1961). Breakout and Pursuit. Retrieved 9 July 2016. Cole, Hugh M. (1965). The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge. Retrieved 3 July 2015. Jung, Hermann (1971). Die Ardennen Offensive: 1944/45. ISBN 3-7881-1413-4. MacDonald, Charles B. (1963). The Siegfried Line Campaign. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2016. MacDonald, Charles B. (1973). The Last Offensive. Retrieved 9 July 2016. Rosado, Jorge; Bishop, Chris (2005). The Essential Tank Identification Guide—Wehrmacht Panzer Divisions 1939–1945. Amber Books. ISBN 1-904687-46-6. Deprin, Yves (2011). Panzer En Normandie : Histoire des Équipages de Char de la 116. Panzerdivision (Juillet-Août 1944). YSEC Éditions. ISBN 978-2-84673-135-5. vteGerman Panzer divisions of World War IIArmyNumbered1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 27th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 116Named Clausewitz Feldherrnhalle 1 Feldherrnhalle 2 Holstein Jüterbog Kempf Panzer Lehr Müncheberg Tatra Reserve 155 179 233 273 Waffen-SS 1 Leibstandarte 2 Das Reich 3 Totenkopf 5 Wiking 9 Hohenstaufen 10 Frundsberg 12 Hitlerjugend Luftwaffe 1 Hermann Göring See also: Heavy tank battalion, SS Panzer Division order of battle 116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"armoured formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_division"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Military unitThe 116th Panzer Division, also known as the \"Windhund (Greyhound) Division\", was a German armoured formation that saw combat during World War II.","title":"116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"16th Panzergrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Panzergrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"179th Reserve Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th_Reserve_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The 116th Division was constituted in the Rhineland and Westphalia areas of western Germany in March 1944 from the remnants of the 16th Panzergrenadier Division, and the 179th Reserve Panzer Division. The 16th had suffered heavy casualties in combat on the Eastern Front near Stalingrad, and the 179th was a second-line formation that had been on occupation duty in France since 1943.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"Battle of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Falaise Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Operation Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cobra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SdKfz_234-3_1_Bovington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sd.Kfz. 234/3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._234"},{"link_name":"The Tank Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tank_Museum"},{"link_name":"2nd SS Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenson1961577-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963316-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. 28th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hürtgen Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hürtgen Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963357-3"},{"link_name":"\"Wacht am Rhein\" Operation in the Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Panzer IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV"},{"link_name":"Panther tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank"},{"link_name":"Jagdpanzer IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdpanzer_IV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1971343-4"},{"link_name":"Our River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_River"},{"link_name":"Luetzkampen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luetzkampen"},{"link_name":"Ouren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouren"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1965198-5"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dasburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasburg"},{"link_name":"Houffalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houffalize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1965319%E2%80%93320-6"},{"link_name":"La Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roche-en-Ardenne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1965378-7"},{"link_name":"Hotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotton"},{"link_name":"Verdenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verdenne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1965574%E2%80%93577-8"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ninth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Operation Varsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Varsity"},{"link_name":"U.S. 30th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 35th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 84th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"4th Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"U.S. 8th Armored Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ruhr Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1973370-9"},{"link_name":"Harz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Western Front","text":"In 1944, it participated in opposing the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and was later trapped in the Falaise Pocket following Operation Cobra.German Sd.Kfz. 234/3 armored car at The Tank Museum, Bovington. This vehicle bears the insignia of the 116th Panzer Division.Along with the 2nd SS Panzer Division, it was responsible for holding the pocket open to allow German troops to escape. It managed to escape, although with only 600 infantry and 12 tanks intact.[1] In October, it fought against American forces in the Battle of Aachen, with the town falling to the Americans on 21 October.[2] It was moved to Düsseldorf for refitting. On 8 November, the division repulsed an attack from the U.S. 28th Infantry Division in the Hürtgen Forest during the larger Battle of Hürtgen Forest, recapturing the town of Schmidt,[3] thus providing the name to the 28th of the \"Bloody Bucket Division\".The 116th then participated in the failed \"Wacht am Rhein\" Operation in the Ardennes. On 10 December, before the offensive, it was partly refitted, with 26 Panzer IV and 43 Panther tanks and 25 Jagdpanzer IV tank destroyers (of which 13 were combat ready). However, it was still missing much of its organic transport.[4] Initially stalled by the resistance and then poor bridges in attacks to cross the Our River at Luetzkampen and Ouren,[5] it back-tracked to march through Belgium from Dasburg to Houffalize.[6] The division then fought its way as the middle spearhead of the advance on the Meuse from Samree to La Roche.[7] It was then involved in heavy fighting at Hotton and Verdenne, where it was turned back at its furthest advance in the Ardennes.[8]It later delayed Allied forces allowing other German units to retreat, before being withdrawn over the Rhine in March. It then opposed the U.S. Ninth Army's advance across the Rhine, thus stopping the planned Allied breakthrough as well as opposing Operation Varsity's airborne landings. With 2,800 men and 10 tanks against 50,000 Allied troops and supporting tanks, the division faced the U.S. 30th, the U.S. 35th, the U.S. 84th, the 4th Canadian and the U.S. 8th Armored Divisions. On 16 April 1945, the majority of the division was forced to surrender to the U.S. Ninth Army, having been trapped in the Ruhr Pocket.[9] Remnants of the division continued to fight in the Harz mountains until 30 April, surrendering only after all of their resources had been exhausted.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberst"},{"link_name":"Günther von Manteuffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_von_Manteuffel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General der Panzertruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_der_Panzertruppe"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Graf von Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_von_Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Generalmajor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalmajor"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Voigtsberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Voigtsberger"},{"link_name":"Siegfried von Waldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_von_Waldenburg"}],"text":"Oberst Günther von Manteuffel, creation – 30 April 1944\nGeneral der Panzertruppe Gerhard Graf von Schwerin, 1 May 1944 – 7 August 1944 and 24 August 1944 – 14 September 1944\nGeneralmajor Heinrich Voigtsberger - 15 September 1944 – 19 September 1944\nGeneralmajor Siegfried von Waldenburg, 19 September 1944 – German surrender (4 May 1945)","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"16th Panzer Regiment\n60th Panzergrenadier Regiment\n156th Panzergrenadier Regiment\n146th Panzer Artillery Regiment\n116th Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion\n281st Army Flak Battalion\n228th Panzerjager Battalion\n675th Panzer Engineer Battalion\n228th Panzer Signals Battalion\n146th Field-Replacement Battalion","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenson1961577_1-0"},{"link_name":"Blumenson 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlumenson1961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963316_2-0"},{"link_name":"MacDonald 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacDonald1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963357_3-0"},{"link_name":"MacDonald 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacDonald1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1971343_4-0"},{"link_name":"Jung 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJung1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1965198_5-0"},{"link_name":"Cole 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCole1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1965319%E2%80%93320_6-0"},{"link_name":"Cole 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCole1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1965378_7-0"},{"link_name":"Cole 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCole1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1965574%E2%80%93577_8-0"},{"link_name":"Cole 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCole1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1973370_9-0"},{"link_name":"MacDonald 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacDonald1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Axis History Factbook: 116. Panzer-Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/4008-116-panzer-division"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"^ Blumenson 1961, p. 577.\n\n^ MacDonald 1963, p. 316.\n\n^ MacDonald 1963, p. 357.\n\n^ Jung 1971, p. 343.\n\n^ Cole 1965, p. 198.\n\n^ Cole 1965, pp. 319–320.\n\n^ Cole 1965, p. 378.\n\n^ Cole 1965, pp. 574–577.\n\n^ MacDonald 1973, p. 370.\n\n^ Axis History Factbook: 116. Panzer-Division\n\n^ \"From Normandy to the Ruhr\", by Heinz Gunther Guderian","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"German Sd.Kfz. 234/3 armored car at The Tank Museum, Bovington. This vehicle bears the insignia of the 116th Panzer Division.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SdKfz_234-3_1_Bovington.jpg/220px-SdKfz_234-3_1_Bovington.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of German divisions in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_divisions_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"Organisation of a SS Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_a_SS_Panzer_Division"},{"title":"Panzer division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_division"}]	[{"reference":"Blumenson, Martin (1961). Breakout and Pursuit. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Blumenson","url_text":"Blumenson, Martin"},{"url":"http://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-5-1/index.html","url_text":"Breakout and Pursuit"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Hugh M. (1965). The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge. Retrieved 3 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_M._Cole","url_text":"Cole, Hugh M."},{"url":"http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/7-8/7-8_cont.htm","url_text":"The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge"}]},{"reference":"Jung, Hermann (1971). Die Ardennen Offensive: 1944/45. ISBN 3-7881-1413-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7881-1413-4","url_text":"3-7881-1413-4"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Charles B. (1963). The Siegfried Line Campaign. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._MacDonald","url_text":"MacDonald, Charles B."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100615174621/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-fm.htm","url_text":"The Siegfried Line Campaign"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-fm.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Charles B. (1973). The Last Offensive. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._MacDonald","url_text":"MacDonald, Charles B."},{"url":"http://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-9-1/index.html","url_text":"The Last Offensive"}]},{"reference":"Rosado, Jorge; Bishop, Chris (2005). The Essential Tank Identification Guide—Wehrmacht Panzer Divisions 1939–1945. Amber Books. ISBN 1-904687-46-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904687-46-6","url_text":"1-904687-46-6"}]},{"reference":"Deprin, Yves (2011). Panzer En Normandie : Histoire des Équipages de Char de la 116. Panzerdivision (Juillet-Août 1944). YSEC Éditions. ISBN 978-2-84673-135-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84673-135-5","url_text":"978-2-84673-135-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22116th+Panzer+Division%22+Wehrmacht","external_links_name":"\"116th Panzer Division\" Wehrmacht"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22116th+Panzer+Division%22+Wehrmacht+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22116th+Panzer+Division%22+Wehrmacht&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22116th+Panzer+Division%22+Wehrmacht+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22116th+Panzer+Division%22+Wehrmacht","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22116th+Panzer+Division%22+Wehrmacht&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/4008-116-panzer-division","external_links_name":"Axis History Factbook: 116. Panzer-Division"},{"Link":"http://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-5-1/index.html","external_links_name":"Breakout and Pursuit"},{"Link":"http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/7-8/7-8_cont.htm","external_links_name":"The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100615174621/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-fm.htm","external_links_name":"The Siegfried Line Campaign"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-fm.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-9-1/index.html","external_links_name":"The Last Offensive"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135543733","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2087962-3","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Psychological_Society	Singapore Psychological Society	["1 References","2 External links"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Singapore Psychological Society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Singapore Psychological SocietyAbbreviationSPSFormation11 January 1979TypeSocietyRegistration no.S79SS0025ELocationSingaporeRegion served SingaporeMembership 1,185 (2020)PresidentCherie ChanVice PresidentMok Kai Chuen, Adrian TohWebsitesingaporepsychologicalsociety.org The Singapore Psychological Society (SPS) was founded in 1979 by a small group of psychologists, and has since grown to over 1,150 members (2020), about 480 of which are registered psychologists in Singapore. During the COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore, the SPS offered psychological counselling pro bono or at reduced rates. References ^ a b "Registry of Societies". Registry of Societies, Government of Singapore. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ a b "Singapore Psychological Society (S79SS0025E)". Companies.sg. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ a b "SPS Membership Directory". Singapore Psychological Society. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ a b c "SPS COUNCIL MEMBERS 2019 - 2021". Singapore Psychological Society. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "Directory of Registered Psychologists". Singapore Psychological Society. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "Roles of the Singapore Psychological Society and its contributions to education" (PDF). MERA-ERA Joint Conference, Malacca, Malaysia. 3 November 1999. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "Charities offer free online counselling to ease fear, anxiety about outbreak". The Straits Times. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020. External links Official website This Singaporean organisation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-companiessg-2"},{"link_name":"psychologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spsmembership-3"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srpmembership-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"pro bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_bono"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Singapore Psychological Society (SPS) was founded in 1979[2] by a small group of psychologists, and has since grown to over 1,150 members (2020),[3] about 480 of which are registered psychologists in Singapore.[5][6]During the COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore, the SPS offered psychological counselling pro bono or at reduced rates.[7]","title":"Singapore Psychological Society"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Registry of Societies\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Stadium	Sanford Stadium	["1 History","2 Stadium expansions","3 Notable Sanford Stadium games","4 1996 Summer Olympics","5 Features","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Stadium in Athens, Georgia US This article is about the University of Georgia stadium. For the Florida stadium, see Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium. Not to be confused with Stanford Stadium or Samford Stadium. Sanford Stadium“Between the Hedges”Sanford Stadium, September 2019Full nameDooley Field at Sanford StadiumLocationSanford Dr and Field St, Athens, Georgia 30602 Coordinates 33°56'59.29"N 83°22'24.11"WCapacity92,746 (2004–present) Former List 30,000 (1929–1948) 36,000 (1949–1963) 43,621 (1964–1966) 59,200 (1967–1980) 82,122 (1981–1990) 85,434 (1991–1993) 86,117 (1994–1999) 86,520 (2000–2002) 92,058 (2003) Record attendance2019 vs. Notre Dame (93,246)SurfaceTifton 419 Bermuda GrassConstructionBroke ground1928OpenedOctober 12, 1929Renovated1994, 2018Expanded1949, 1964, 1967, 1981, 1991, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2018Construction costUS$360,000($6.39 million in 2023 dollars)ArchitectAtwood and NashHeery International (1967 expansion)TenantsGeorgia Bulldogs (NCAA) (1929–present) Sanford Stadium is the on-campus playing venue for football at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, United States (also known as UGA). The 92,746-seat stadium is the ninth-largest football stadium in the NCAA (and in the United States), and the 17th-largest such stadium in the world. Games played there are said to be played "between the hedges" due to the field being surrounded by privet hedges, which have been a part of the design of the stadium since it opened in 1929. The current hedges were planted in 1996 after the originals were taken out to accommodate the football tournaments for the 1996 Summer Olympics. The stadium is often considered one of college football's "best, loudest, and most intimidating atmospheres". Whereas many college football stadiums have artificial playing surfaces, Sanford Stadium from the outset had, and continues to have, a natural grass surface, planted with Tifton 419 Bermuda Grass. History The stadium is named for Dr. Steadman Vincent Sanford, an early major force behind UGA athletics. Sanford arrived at the University of Georgia as an English instructor in 1903. He later became the faculty representative to the athletics committee and would eventually become president of the university and chancellor of the entire University System of Georgia. In 1911, he moved the university's football venue from its first location, Herty Field, to a location at the center of campus which was named Sanford Field in his honor. Early postcard of Sanford Stadium, c. 1930–1945 In those early years of football, Georgia played a series of controversial games against in-state rival Georgia Tech. Sanford Field was too small to accommodate the large crowds, forcing Georgia to travel to Tech's Grant Field in Atlanta every year. Sanford wanted Georgia to have a venue that would equal Tech's, and the "final straw" came in 1927 when UGA's undefeated (9–0) team traveled to Tech and lost 12–0. It was alleged that Tech watered the field all night to slow UGA's running backs. Afterwards, Sanford vowed to "build a stadium bigger than Tech", and play the game at Athens every other year. To fund his vision, Sanford had an idea that members of the athletic association would sign notes guaranteeing a bank loan to fund the stadium construction. Those guarantors would be granted lifetime seats. The response was overwhelming, and in 1928 a loan of $150,000 supported by fans and alumni allowed construction to begin on a stadium whose total cost was $360,000. Near the existing Sanford Field was a low area between the historic North Campus and the Science Campus (to the south) with a small creek (Tanyard Creek) running through it, creating a clearly preferable choice for the location of the new stadium. This natural valley containing Tanyard Creek would result in reduced costs, as stands could be built on the rising sides of the hill, while the creek could be enclosed in a concrete culvert, on top of which the field would be constructed. The architect for the stadium was TC Atwood of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where North Carolina's Kenan Memorial Stadium had just been completed with a similar design. The 30,000-seat stadium was built in large part with convict labor, as were many public works projects of that era. While the location was, then as now, preferable for construction, the result is an uphill walk in any direction leaving the stadium. Georgia fans "light up" Sanford Stadium with their cell phones at night during a game against Mississippi State in 2017. The stadium was completed on time, and UGA convinced perennial powerhouse Yale, which has historically maintained close ties with UGA, to be their first opponent in the new stadium. (This also was Yale's first ever football game played in the South.) On October 12, 1929, a capacity crowd of over 30,000 paid $3 per ticket to watch the Bulldogs, under coach Harry Mehre, beat Yale 15–0 in Sanford Stadium's dedication game. The crowd was at the time the largest to witness a college football game in the South, and governors from all nine southern states also were in attendance. Yale donated its half of the game receipts to UGA to help pay off the construction loans, which would subsequently be completely repaid in just five years. Dr. Sanford also was at this game, and attended many Georgia games at the stadium named in his honor until his death on September 15, 1945. I have played in many stadiums, but to me there are only two special stadiums – Yankee Stadium in New York and Sanford Stadium in Athens, and there is no comparison between the two. There is no place in the world precisely like the grass that grows between the hedges in Athens, Georgia. Fran Tarkenton Sanford Stadium's hedges have encircled the field since the stadium's first game against Yale in 1929. The idea to put hedges around the field came from the Business Manager of the UGA Athletic Department, Charlie Martin. Martin claimed to have received inspiration for the idea during a visit to the Rose Bowl, where he saw the hedge of roses in that stadium. Roses were not a suitable choice for the climate in Athens, so privet hedges were used instead. Six other SEC stadiums now have hedges, making them no longer unique to Sanford Stadium, but they remain an important symbol at UGA. There is a disagreement as to the exact type of hedge planted at Sanford Stadium. The UGA Media Guide claims that the hedge is an "English privet hedge". A county extension agent in Athens, however, claims online that the hedge is composed of Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense. In addition to being a cosmetic touch, the hedges have proven to be an effective (though perhaps unintended) measure of crowd control. While not apparent in photos, the hedges are growing around a chain link fence which stops people who try to push through to the field. Even though a major traffic path to exit the stadium from both stands runs directly alongside the hedges, fans have only stormed the field and torn down the goalposts once in the entire history of Sanford Stadium. This occurred after the Georgia vs. Tennessee game on Oct. 7, 2000. In May 2019, university officials announced that the playing surface of Sanford Stadium would be named in honor of former long time Bulldog head coach and athletic director Vince Dooley. Official dedication of Dooley Field took place in a pregame ceremony on the Bulldogs' 2019 home opener on September 7. On September 21, 2019, Sanford Stadium would set an attendance record of 93,246 in the Bulldogs victory against #7 Notre Dame. Aluminum bleachers were added to raise the capacity of the stadium by 500 due to the agreement between both UGA and the University of Notre Dame to allocate 8,000 visitor tickets for each game in the home and away series. Stadium expansions The original stadium consisted of the lower half of the current facility's grandstand seats. In 1940, field-level lights were added, and Georgia played its first night game against Kentucky to a 7–7 tie. The stadium's first major expansion took place in 1949, with the addition of 6,000 seats on the south side, bringing total capacity to 36,000. During the 1960s, many universities in the South were significantly expanding their stadiums, and Georgia was no different. Soon after the arrival of head coach Vince Dooley in 1964, UGA began updating Sanford Stadium, removing the field-level lighting (which obstructed views from the stands) and adding 7,621 bleacher seats in the end zones, which brought total capacity to 43,621. Architects Heery and Heery of Atlanta were then hired to plan a major expansion. This expansion planning was very tricky, since by that time the stadium was encroached by academic buildings. The plans went forward, however, and the grandstand seats were double-decked in 1967 without the need to demolish or alter any of the surrounding buildings. In addition to the new upper decks, this first major addition included a new pressbox and club seating. In total, 19,640 seats were added to the stadium (bringing total capacity to 59,000), at a cost of $3 million. The new addition was christened with a victory over Mississippi State in 1967. In 1981, the east endzone was enclosed at a cost of $11.5 million, turning the stadium into a "horseshoe" and eliminating the free view enjoyed by the "Track People". This addition added 19,000 seats, bringing total stadium capacity to 82,122. The first game in the newly expanded stadium was on September 5, 1981, against Tennessee, with Georgia delivering a 44–0 drubbing. Lights were re-installed in the stadium in 1981. This time, the lights were not located at field level, but built above the upper level, thus not obscuring views of the field. The first game under the "new lights" was a 13–7 victory against Clemson on September 6, 1982. In 1991, a portion of the west endzone was enclosed, creating a "partial bowl" around the lower level of Sanford Stadium. The west stands could not be completely enclosed due to the proximity of Gillis Bridge (usually called "Sanford Bridge"), a major campus transportation artery, to the stadium. This expansion cost $3.7 million and added 4,205 new seats, bringing total capacity to 85,434. 30 luxury suites were added above the south stands in 1994, and were expanded to 50 suites in 2000. These expansions cost a total of $18 million, and raised total capacity to 86,520. In 2003, another upper deck was added to the north side of the stadium. It added 5,500 new seats at a cost of $25 million, bringing total stadium capacity to 92,058. Most of these "upper-upper deck" seats are reserved for the fans of the visiting team. In 2005, installation of a new video display above the west end zone was completed. Ribbon boards were also added along the sides of the stadium. These additions, constructed and maintained by Daktronics, established Sanford Stadium as one of the most visually media intensive venues in the SEC. The stadium reached its capacity of 92,746 in 2004, when 27 SkySuites were added to the north side of the stadium at a cost of $8 million. The video board installed from 2005 underwent a $1.4 million overhaul before the 2011 season. The screen size expanded from 25×46 feet to the full scoreboard size of the 52×76 feet. The new video board has full high definition (HD) capability. On February 14, 2017, the UGA Athletic Board approved a $63 million expansion to renovate the west side of the stadium. The approved design relocated the locker room from the east side to the west side and added a new plaza and recruiting pavilion. Construction began following the 2017 season and was officially opened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on August 31, 2018, a day before Georgia's first home game of the 2018 season. In 2019, the floodlighting system was upgraded to a state-of-the-art LED system, which cost around $950,000. The first game that demonstrated them was the Notre Dame game on September 21, 2019. Notable Sanford Stadium games Panoramic view from Sanford's upper North Deck during the October 14, 2006, home game against the Vanderbilt Commodores. The views of Georgia's campus from the open end zone have led many to label Sanford as college football's most beautiful on-campus stadium October 12, 1929: In the first game played at Sanford Stadium, Georgia upset heavily favored Yale 15–0. October 25, 1940: In the first game played under the lights, Georgia tied Kentucky 7–7. November 14, 1959: A game winning touchdown in the final seconds from Fran Tarkenton to Bill Heron led the Bulldogs to a 14–13 victory over rival Auburn, and the 1959 SEC Championship. September 9, 1965: In the first game of Coach Vince Dooley's second season, Georgia beat Bear Bryant's defending national champions, the Alabama Crimson Tide, 18–17 on a fourth quarter 73 yard flea-flicker touchdown and ensuing two-point conversion. September 22, 1984: Georgia beat rival, #2 Clemson, on a last-second 60-yard field goal from Kevin Butler. October 28, 1995: The University of Florida becomes the first team to score 50+ points against Georgia in Sanford Stadium in a game deemed "Half a Hundred between the Hedges Game". The Gators' 52 points remains the record for most scored against Georgia "between the hedges." October 7, 2000: The Bulldogs snapped a 9-game losing streak to the rival Tennessee Volunteers in a 21–10 victory. This marked the first and only time that fans have successfully rushed the field at Sanford Stadium. November 10, 2007: In the first blackout game, the Bulldogs surprised the black-clad crowd by wearing black jerseys for the first time in school history. Georgia went on to defeat #20 Auburn, 45–20. September 7, 2019: The field was officially dedicated as Dooley Field. September 21, 2019: In front of a record crowd of 93,246, the Bulldogs defeated #7 Notre Dame 23–17. November 5, 2022: The AP No. 1 Bulldogs defeated the AP No. 2 and CFP No. 1 Tennessee Volunteers in what would be a Game of the Century. 1996 Summer Olympics The stadium played host to the Olympic medal competition of men's and women's association football at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Because the required dimensions of an association football field are wider than those of an American football field, the hedges surrounding the field had to be removed. This proved to be a controversial measure, as it had not been general public knowledge that the hedges would have to be removed to accommodate the Olympic football competition. In preparation for this necessity, cuttings were taken from the original hedges, three years prior to the Olympics, and cultivated at a secret, off-campus site. It was later discovered that this 'secret site' were in fact two sites - one 70 miles (110 km) away at R.A. Dudley Nurseries in Thomson, Georgia and another 280 miles (450 km) away at Hackney Nursery in Quincy, Florida; both run by alumni. During the Olympics, Nigeria and the United States won the men's and women's football gold medals, respectively, at the hedge-less stadium. Once the Olympics were over, the newly grown hedges were transplanted from the two nurseries to the stadium. Sanford Stadium told the United States Football Federation it would not be interested in future FIFA World Cup matches being held at the stadium, with an American-held tourney being held 2026, though Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta will host matches and was designed to do so.The north stands of Sanford Stadium seen in July 2020 Features Georgia's deceased Uga mascots are entombed in a mausoleum in the southwest corner of the stadium. Sanford Stadium is one of the few college stadiums, and one of only two in the Southeastern Conference, in which the football field is oriented to face east–west as opposed to north–south (the other is Kroger Field). Many of UGA's opponents have found it difficult to see as the west end zone is still open and the sun shines in the players' faces. Until the end of the era of rail travel, executives of the Central of Georgia Railway Co. would park the company president's luxury office rail car on the tracks overlooking the end zone for an excellent view of the spectacle. With food served on china by white-coated porters to the Central of Georgia executives and their guests, the rail car "Atlanta" could be considered Sanford Stadium's original luxury skybox. Sanford Stadium in November 2022In the 1970s, a multitude of fans began watching games from the railroad tracks that overlooked the end zone. These "Track People", as they came to be known, were able to watch the game for free and became a tradition. The 1981 expansion, however, enclosed the end zone stands and eliminated the view of the field, thus ending the tradition. Georgia's fans have only rushed the field and torn down the goal posts once in the stadium's history. It happened on October 7, 2000, after the Bulldogs beat rival Tennessee for the first time since 1988. This statistic is usually credited to the fact that the hedges serve not only cosmetic purposes, but also help with crowd control. Aiding this cause is that the hedges surround, and largely conceal, a low chain-link fence running through their branches around the circumference of the field. Through the 1994 season, the field only had the basic markings required for play. There weren't any logos at midfield or writing in the end zone, as had become commonplace in many stadiums. The goal line markers on each endzone are marked with the famous oval "G" logo. See also Georgia Bulldogs football List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums Lists of stadiums References ^ "Sanford Stadium". stadiumdb.com. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ "Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium". Georgia Bulldogs. University of Georgia Athletic Association. ^ Miller, Andrew (June 30, 2017). "Top 20 College Football Stadiums You Must See in Your Lifetime". Fox Sports. Retrieved September 14, 2018. ^ Steadman Vincent Sanford ^ Lukacs, John D. (October 12, 2009). "A Journey Back "Between the Hedges"". ESPN. Retrieved October 12, 2009. ^ Sharpe, Wilton (2005). "Chapter 11". Bulldog Madness: Great Eras in Georgia Football. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House. p. 209. ISBN 1-58182-447-5. ^ Newcomb, Tim (August 29, 2014). "Stadium Spotlight: Meet the Caretaker for Georgia's Famous Hedges". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 14, 2018. ^ Henning, Frank (October 3, 2003). "Between the Hedges and Beyond". Athens Banner-Herald. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011. ^ "UGA plans to name football field after Vince Dooley". University of Georgia. 2 May 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019. ^ a b "Notre Dame vs. Georgia - Game Summary - September 21, 2019 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2019-09-22. ^ Weiszer, Marc. "Georgia adds seats for Notre Dame football game". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2019-09-22. ^ Weiszer, Marc (February 25, 2011). "UGA-Florida Ticket Hike Delayed". Athens Banner-Herald. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2011. ^ Emerson, Seth (February 14, 2017). "Georgia Approves $63 Million Renovation to Sanford Stadium". Dawg Nation. Retrieved February 15, 2017. ^ Bhika, Yash (August 31, 2018). "Georgia Unveils New Sanford Stadium End Zone, Locker Rooms". The Red & Black. University of Georgia. Retrieved August 31, 2018. ^ Fryburger, Jackson (February 21, 2019). "Sanford Stadium to add LED lights for Georgia football". University of Georgia Wire. Retrieved September 24, 2022. ^ Carvell, Michael (September 20, 2019). "WATCH: UGA's fancy new LED lights make Sanford Stadium look like a rock concert". DawgNation. Retrieved September 24, 2022. ^ a b Queen, Henry (November 8, 2019). "Georgia football ready for another LED light show, this time with a twist". The Red and Black. Retrieved September 24, 2022. ^ "All-Americans" (PDF). University of Georgia Athletic Association. p. 177. ^ "Sanford Stadium - Game Day". University of Georgia Athletic Association. June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Erickson, Joel A. (November 15, 2013). "Taking a Look Back: The Top 10 Games in Deep South's Oldest Rivalry". The Birmingham News. Retrieved November 15, 2013. ^ Pope, Bobby (September 28, 2015). "Bobby Pope: Georgia-Alabama Game Brings Back Memories of Key Flea-Flicker". The Telegraph. Macon. Retrieved September 14, 2018. ^ Jones, Brian (March 25, 2012). "Georgia Football: 5 Most Memorable Games Played at Sanford Stadium". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 25, 2012. ^ Bulldogs Athletics, Georgia (August 2, 2011). "2011 Georgia Football Media Guide pgs 129-131". issuu. Retrieved October 24, 2018. ^ a b c "Tennessee vs. Georgia - Game Summary - November 5, 2019 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05. ^ "Between the Hedges: Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium". University of Georgia Athletics. Retrieved 2021-02-24. ^ Tucker, Tim (August 2, 1996). "This is football? You bet your UGA". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 138. Retrieved September 24, 2022. ^ a b Newlin, William (August 1, 2020). "1996 Olympics: A different kind of football in Sanford Stadium". The Red and Black. Retrieved September 24, 2022. ^ a b Kraft, Chris (August 28, 2018). "Go Between the Hedges". Garden & Gun. Retrieved September 24, 2022. ^ "Federation Services". United States Football Federation. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sanford Stadium. Official website Events and tenants Preceded byCamp NouBarcelona Summer OlympicsFootball Men's Finals (Sanford Stadium) 1996 Succeeded bySydney Olympic StadiumSydney Preceded by Summer OlympicsFootball Women's Finals (Sanford Stadium) 1996 Succeeded bySydney Football StadiumSydney vteGeorgia Bulldogs footballVenues Herty Field (1892–1910) Sanford Field (1911–1928) Sanford Stadium (1929–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Auburn: Deep South's Oldest Rivalry Clemson Florida Georgia Tech: Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate South Carolina Tennessee Vanderbilt Culture & lore History Hairy Dawg Uga "Glory, Glory" Georgia Redcoat Marching Band First forward pass 1927 Yale game Prayer at Jordan-Hare Squidbillies People Head coaches Steadman V. Sanford Georgia Joker Larry Munson Morgan Blake NFL draftees Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917–1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold Links to related articles vteUniversity of GeorgiaLocated in: Athens, GeorgiaAcademics College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Franklin College of Arts and Sciences Terry College of Business College of Computing Odum School of Ecology Mary Frances Early College of Education College of Engineering Environment & Design Family and Consumer Sciences Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Graduate School Jere W. Morehead Honors College Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication School of Law College of Pharmacy College of Public Health School of Public and International Affairs School of Social Work College of Veterinary Medicine Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Athletics Uga Hairy Dawg Football Basketball men's women's Baseball Equestrian Women's gymnastics Swimming and diving Track and field men's women's Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate Deep South's Oldest Rivalry Florida–Georgia football rivalry Southeastern Conference Sanford Stadium Stegeman Coliseum Gabrielsen Natatorium Foley Field Turner Soccer Complex "Glory, Glory" People, history,and campus life Alumni and faculty Greek life Campus Arboretum Housing Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Demosthenian Literary Society Phi Kappa Literary Society UGA Campus Transit Presidents 1961 desegregation riot Killing of Laken Riley Media The Georgia Review The Red & Black University of Georgia Press Georgia Political Review WUOG WUGA Founded: 1785 Students: 37,606 (2017) Endowment: $1.152 billion (2017) vteFootball stadiums of the Southeastern ConferenceCurrent home stadiums Bryant–Denny Stadium (Alabama) Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium (Arkansas) Little Rock War Memorial Stadium (Arkansas, alternate) Jordan-Hare Stadium (Auburn) Ben Hill Griffin Stadium (Florida) Sanford Stadium (Georgia) Kroger Field (Kentucky) Tiger Stadium (LSU) Davis Wade Stadium (Mississippi State) Faurot Field (Missouri) Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium (Oklahoma) Vaught–Hemingway Stadium (Ole Miss) Williams–Brice Stadium (South Carolina) Neyland Stadium (Tennessee) Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium (Texas) Kyle Field (Texas A&M) FirstBank Stadium (Vanderbilt) Neutral sites AT&T Stadium (Arkansas vs. Texas A&M) EverBank Stadium (Florida vs. Georgia) Cotton Bowl (Oklahoma vs. Texas) SEC Championship Game Mercedes-Benz Stadium (2017–present) Georgia Dome (1994–2016) Legion Field (1992–1993) Bowl games Caesars Superdome (Sugar Bowl) Camping World Stadium (Citrus Bowl) Bank of America Stadium (Duke's Mayo Bowl) EverBank Stadium (Gator Bowl) Allegiant Stadium (Las Vegas Bowl) Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium (Liberty Bowl) Nissan Stadium (Music City Bowl) Raymond James Stadium (Outback Bowl & Gasparilla Bowl) NRG Stadium (Texas Bowl) Protective Stadium (Birmingham Bowl) vteCollege football venues in GeorgiaDivision IFBSACC Bobby Dodd Stadium (Georgia Tech) CUSA Fifth Third Bank Stadium (Kennesaw State) SEC Sanford Stadium (Georgia) Sun Belt Center Parc Stadium (Georgia State) Paulson Stadium (Georgia Southern) Division IFCSSoCon Moye Complex (Mercer) The United University Stadium (West Georgia) Division IICarolinas Barron Stadium (Shorter) Gulf South Bazemore–Hyder Stadium (Valdosta State) SIAC Albany State University Coliseum (Albany State) Panther Stadium (Clark Atlanta) Wildcat Stadium (Fort Valley State) B. T. Harvey Stadium (Morehouse) Ted Wright Stadium (Savannah State) Division IIISAA Valhalla (Berry) USA South Callaway Stadium (LaGrange) NAIAAppalachian Ken White Field (Reinhardt) A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium Memorial Stadium Mercedes-Benz Stadium vte Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics (Atlanta)Olympic Ring Alexander Memorial Coliseum Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium Clark Atlanta University Stadium Cycling road course Georgia Dome Georgia State University Gymnasium Georgia Tech Aquatic Center Georgia World Congress Center Marathon course Morehouse College Gymnasium Morris Brown College Stadium Centennial Olympic Stadium Omni Coliseum Walking course Metro Atlanta Atlanta Beach Georgia International Horse Park Lake Lanier Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome Stone Mountain Tennis Center Wolf Creek Shooting Complex Other venues Florida Citrus Bowl (Orlando, Florida) Golden Park (Columbus, Georgia) Legion Field (Birmingham, Alabama) Ocoee Whitewater Center (Polk County, Tennessee) Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida) RFK Memorial Stadium (Washington, D.C.) Sanford Stadium (Athens, Georgia) University of Georgia Coliseum (Athens, Georgia) Wassaw Sound (Savannah, Georgia) vteOlympic venues in association football1890s 1896 Neo Phaliron Velodrome 1900s 1900 Vélodrome de Vincennes 1904 Francis Olympic Field 1908 White City Stadium 1910s 1912 Råsunda IP, Stockholm Olympic Stadium (final), Tranebergs Idrottsplats 1920s 1920 Jules Ottenstadion, Olympisch Stadion (final), Stade Joseph Marien, Stadion Broodstraat 1924 Stade Bergeyre, Stade Yves-du-Manoir (final), Stade de Paris, Stade Pershing 1928 Monnikenhuize, Olympic Stadium (final), Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel 1930s 1936 Hertha-BSC Field, Mommsenstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Poststadion 1940s 1948 Arsenal Stadium, Champion Hill, Craven Cottage, Empire Stadium (medal matches), Fratton Park, Goldstone Ground, Green Pond Road, Griffin Park, Lynn Road, Selhurst Park, White Hart Lane 1950s 1952 Kotkan urheilukeskus, Kupittaan jalkapallostadion, Lahden kisapuisto, Olympic Stadium (final), Ratina Stadion, Töölön Pallokenttä 1956 Melbourne Cricket Ground (final), Olympic Park Stadium 1960s 1960 Florence Communal Stadium, Grosseto Communal Stadium, L'Aquila Communal Stadium, Livorno Ardenza Stadium, Naples Saint Paul's Stadium, Pescara Adriatic Stadium, Stadio Flaminio (final) 1964 Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium, Mitsuzawa Football Field, Nagai Stadium, Tokyo National Stadium (final), Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium, Ōmiya Football Field, Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field 1968 Estadio Azteca (final), Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Estadio Nou Camp, Jalisco Stadium 1970s 1972 Dreiflüssestadion, ESV-Stadion, Jahnstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Rosenaustadion, Urban Stadium 1976 Lansdowne Park, Olympic Stadium (final), Sherbrooke Stadium, Varsity Stadium 1980s 1980 Dinamo Stadium, Dynamo Central Stadium – Grand Arena, Central Lenin Stadium – Grand Arena (final), Kirov Stadium, Republican Stadium 1984 Harvard Stadium, Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Rose Bowl (final), Stanford Stadium 1988 Busan Stadium, Daegu Stadium, Daejeon Stadium, Dongdaemun Stadium, Gwangju Stadium, Olympic Stadium (final) 1990s 1992 Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta, Camp Nou (final), Estadio Luís Casanova, La Romareda, Sarrià Stadium 1996 Florida Citrus Bowl, Legion Field, Orange Bowl, RFK Memorial Stadium, Sanford Stadium (both finals) 2000s 2000 Brisbane Cricket Ground, Bruce Stadium, Hindmarsh Stadium, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Olympic Stadium (men's final), Sydney Football Stadium (women's final) 2004 Kaftanzoglio Stadium, Karaiskakis Stadium (women's final), Olympic Stadium (men's final), Pampeloponnisiako Stadium, Pankritio Stadium, Panthessaliko Stadium 2008 Beijing National Stadium (men's final), Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Shanghai Stadium, Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, Workers' Stadium (women's final) 2010s 2012 Coventry Arena, Hampden Park, Millennium Stadium, St James' Park, Old Trafford, Wembley Stadium (both finals) 2016 Estádio Nacional de Brasília, Arena Fonte Nova, Mineirão, Arena Corinthians, Arena da Amazônia, Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Maracanã (both finals) 2020s 2020 International Stadium Yokohama (both finals), Kashima Soccer Stadium, Miyagi Stadium, Saitama Stadium, Sapporo Dome, Tokyo Stadium 2024 Parc des Princes (both finals), Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Stade de la Beaujoire, Stade de Nice, Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Stade Matmut Atlantique, Stade Vélodrome 2028 SoFi Stadium (men's final), BMO Stadium, Rose Bowl (women's final), Levi's Stadium, PayPal Park, Stanford Stadium, California Memorial Stadium, Snapdragon Stadium 2030s 2032 Barlow Park, Lang Park (both finals), Melbourne Cricket Ground, North Queensland Stadium, Sunshine Coast Stadium, Stadium Australia, Robina Stadium	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Sanford_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Stanford Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Samford Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samford_Stadium_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Athens, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"ninth-largest football stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_stadiums"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_football_stadiums_by_capacity"},{"link_name":"17th-largest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums_by_capacity"},{"link_name":"privet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privet"},{"link_name":"football tournaments for the 1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This article is about the University of Georgia stadium. For the Florida stadium, see Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium.Not to be confused with Stanford Stadium or Samford Stadium.Sanford Stadium is the on-campus playing venue for football at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, United States (also known as UGA). The 92,746-seat stadium is the ninth-largest football stadium in the NCAA (and in the United States), and the 17th-largest such stadium in the world. Games played there are said to be played \"between the hedges\" due to the field being surrounded by privet hedges, which have been a part of the design of the stadium since it opened in 1929. The current hedges were planted in 1996 after the originals were taken out to accommodate the football tournaments for the 1996 Summer Olympics. The stadium is often considered one of college football's \"best, loudest, and most intimidating atmospheres\".[4]Whereas many college football stadiums have artificial playing surfaces, Sanford Stadium from the outset had, and continues to have, a natural grass surface, planted with Tifton 419 Bermuda Grass.[citation needed]","title":"Sanford Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Steadman Vincent Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steadman_Vincent_Sanford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Georgia_presidents"},{"link_name":"University System of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_System_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Herty Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herty_Field"},{"link_name":"Sanford Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Field"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanford_Stadium,_University_of_Ga._Athens,_Georgia_(8343896302).jpg"},{"link_name":"in-state rival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean,_Old-Fashioned_Hate"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football"},{"link_name":"Grant Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Field"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chapel Hill, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football"},{"link_name":"Kenan Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Memorial_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanford_Stadium_at_night.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Harry Mehre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Mehre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Fran Tarkenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Tarkenton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BulldogMadness-7"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"privet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"crowd control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_control"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vince Dooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Dooley"},{"link_name":"Bulldogs' 2019 home opener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dooley_Field-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The stadium is named for Dr. Steadman Vincent Sanford, an early major force behind UGA athletics.[5] Sanford arrived at the University of Georgia as an English instructor in 1903. He later became the faculty representative to the athletics committee and would eventually become president of the university and chancellor of the entire University System of Georgia. In 1911, he moved the university's football venue from its first location, Herty Field, to a location at the center of campus which was named Sanford Field in his honor.Early postcard of Sanford Stadium, c. 1930–1945In those early years of football, Georgia played a series of controversial games against in-state rival Georgia Tech. Sanford Field was too small to accommodate the large crowds, forcing Georgia to travel to Tech's Grant Field in Atlanta every year. Sanford wanted Georgia to have a venue that would equal Tech's, and the \"final straw\" came in 1927 when UGA's undefeated (9–0) team traveled to Tech and lost 12–0. It was alleged that Tech watered the field all night to slow UGA's running backs. Afterwards, Sanford vowed to \"build a stadium bigger than Tech\", and play the game at Athens every other year.[citation needed]To fund his vision, Sanford had an idea that members of the athletic association would sign notes guaranteeing a bank loan to fund the stadium construction. Those guarantors would be granted lifetime seats. The response was overwhelming, and in 1928 a loan of $150,000 supported by fans and alumni allowed construction to begin on a stadium whose total cost was $360,000.[citation needed]Near the existing Sanford Field was a low area between the historic North Campus and the Science Campus (to the south) with a small creek (Tanyard Creek) running through it, creating a clearly preferable choice for the location of the new stadium. This natural valley containing Tanyard Creek would result in reduced costs, as stands could be built on the rising sides of the hill, while the creek could be enclosed in a concrete culvert, on top of which the field would be constructed. The architect for the stadium was TC Atwood of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where North Carolina's Kenan Memorial Stadium had just been completed with a similar design. The 30,000-seat stadium was built in large part with convict labor, as were many public works projects of that era.While the location was, then as now, preferable for construction, the result is an uphill walk in any direction leaving the stadium.Georgia fans \"light up\" Sanford Stadium with their cell phones at night during a game against Mississippi State in 2017.The stadium was completed on time, and UGA convinced perennial powerhouse Yale, which has historically maintained close ties with UGA, to be their first opponent in the new stadium. (This also was Yale's first ever football game played in the South.) On October 12, 1929, a capacity crowd of over 30,000 paid $3 per ticket to watch the Bulldogs, under coach Harry Mehre, beat Yale 15–0 in Sanford Stadium's dedication game. The crowd was at the time the largest to witness a college football game in the South, and governors from all nine southern states also were in attendance.[6] Yale donated its half of the game receipts to UGA to help pay off the construction loans, which would subsequently be completely repaid in just five years. Dr. Sanford also was at this game, and attended many Georgia games at the stadium named in his honor until his death on September 15, 1945.I have played in many stadiums, but to me there are only two special stadiums – Yankee Stadium in New York and Sanford Stadium in Athens, and there is no comparison between the two. There is no place in the world precisely like the grass that grows between the hedges in Athens, Georgia.\n\n\nFran Tarkenton[7]Sanford Stadium's hedges have encircled the field since the stadium's first game against Yale in 1929. The idea to put hedges around the field came from the Business Manager of the UGA Athletic Department, Charlie Martin. Martin claimed to have received inspiration for the idea during a visit to the Rose Bowl, where he saw the hedge of roses in that stadium. Roses were not a suitable choice for the climate in Athens, so privet hedges were used instead. Six other SEC stadiums now have hedges, making them no longer unique to Sanford Stadium, but they remain an important symbol at UGA.There is a disagreement as to the exact type of hedge planted at Sanford Stadium. The UGA Media Guide claims that the hedge is an \"English privet hedge\".[8] A county extension agent in Athens, however, claims online that the hedge is composed of Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense.[9]In addition to being a cosmetic touch, the hedges have proven to be an effective (though perhaps unintended) measure of crowd control. While not apparent in photos, the hedges are growing around a chain link fence which stops people who try to push through to the field. Even though a major traffic path to exit the stadium from both stands runs directly alongside the hedges, fans have only stormed the field and torn down the goalposts once in the entire history of Sanford Stadium.[citation needed] This occurred after the Georgia vs. Tennessee game on Oct. 7, 2000.In May 2019, university officials announced that the playing surface of Sanford Stadium would be named in honor of former long time Bulldog head coach and athletic director Vince Dooley. Official dedication of Dooley Field took place in a pregame ceremony on the Bulldogs' 2019 home opener on September 7.[10]On September 21, 2019, Sanford Stadium would set an attendance record of 93,246 in the Bulldogs victory against #7 Notre Dame.[11] Aluminum bleachers were added to raise the capacity of the stadium by 500 due to the agreement between both UGA and the University of Notre Dame to allocate 8,000 visitor tickets for each game in the home and away series.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South"},{"link_name":"Vince Dooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Dooley"},{"link_name":"Heery and Heery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heery_International"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football"},{"link_name":"Clemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"Daktronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktronics"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"LED system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LED-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LED-18"}],"text":"The original stadium consisted of the lower half of the current facility's grandstand seats. In 1940, field-level lights were added, and Georgia played its first night game against Kentucky to a 7–7 tie. The stadium's first major expansion took place in 1949, with the addition of 6,000 seats on the south side, bringing total capacity to 36,000.During the 1960s, many universities in the South were significantly expanding their stadiums, and Georgia was no different. Soon after the arrival of head coach Vince Dooley in 1964, UGA began updating Sanford Stadium, removing the field-level lighting (which obstructed views from the stands) and adding 7,621 bleacher seats in the end zones, which brought total capacity to 43,621. Architects Heery and Heery of Atlanta were then hired to plan a major expansion. This expansion planning was very tricky, since by that time the stadium was encroached by academic buildings. The plans went forward, however, and the grandstand seats were double-decked in 1967 without the need to demolish or alter any of the surrounding buildings. In addition to the new upper decks, this first major addition included a new pressbox and club seating. In total, 19,640 seats were added to the stadium (bringing total capacity to 59,000), at a cost of $3 million. The new addition was christened with a victory over Mississippi State in 1967.In 1981, the east endzone was enclosed at a cost of $11.5 million, turning the stadium into a \"horseshoe\" and eliminating the free view enjoyed by the \"Track People\". This addition added 19,000 seats, bringing total stadium capacity to 82,122. The first game in the newly expanded stadium was on September 5, 1981, against Tennessee, with Georgia delivering a 44–0 drubbing.Lights were re-installed in the stadium in 1981. This time, the lights were not located at field level, but built above the upper level, thus not obscuring views of the field. The first game under the \"new lights\" was a 13–7 victory against Clemson on September 6, 1982.In 1991, a portion of the west endzone was enclosed, creating a \"partial bowl\" around the lower level of Sanford Stadium. The west stands could not be completely enclosed due to the proximity of Gillis Bridge (usually called \"Sanford Bridge\"), a major campus transportation artery, to the stadium. This expansion cost $3.7 million and added 4,205 new seats, bringing total capacity to 85,434.30 luxury suites were added above the south stands in 1994, and were expanded to 50 suites in 2000. These expansions cost a total of $18 million, and raised total capacity to 86,520.In 2003, another upper deck was added to the north side of the stadium. It added 5,500 new seats at a cost of $25 million, bringing total stadium capacity to 92,058. Most of these \"upper-upper deck\" seats are reserved for the fans of the visiting team.In 2005, installation of a new video display above the west end zone was completed. Ribbon boards were also added along the sides of the stadium. These additions, constructed and maintained by Daktronics, established Sanford Stadium as one of the most visually media intensive venues in the SEC.The stadium reached its capacity of 92,746 in 2004, when 27 SkySuites were added to the north side of the stadium at a cost of $8 million.The video board installed from 2005 underwent a $1.4 million overhaul before the 2011 season. The screen size expanded from 25×46 feet to the full scoreboard size of the 52×76 feet. The new video board has full high definition (HD) capability.[13]On February 14, 2017, the UGA Athletic Board approved a $63 million expansion to renovate the west side of the stadium. The approved design relocated the locker room from the east side to the west side and added a new plaza and recruiting pavilion.[14] Construction began following the 2017 season and was officially opened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on August 31, 2018, a day before Georgia's first home game of the 2018 season.[15] In 2019, the floodlighting system was upgraded to a state-of-the-art LED system,[16][17] which cost around $950,000.[18] The first game that demonstrated them was the Notre Dame game on September 21, 2019.[18]","title":"Stadium expansions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanfordNorthStandsPanorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanfordNorthStandsPanorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_football"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maff-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Fran Tarkenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Tarkenton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Kevin Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Butler_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-25"}],"text":"Panoramic view from Sanford's upper North Deck during the October 14, 2006, home game against the Vanderbilt Commodores. The views of Georgia's campus from the open end zone have led many to label Sanford as college football's most beautiful on-campus stadiumOctober 12, 1929: In the first game played at Sanford Stadium, Georgia upset heavily favored Yale 15–0.[19]\nOctober 25, 1940: In the first game played under the lights, Georgia tied Kentucky 7–7.[20]\nNovember 14, 1959: A game winning touchdown in the final seconds from Fran Tarkenton to Bill Heron led the Bulldogs to a 14–13 victory over rival Auburn, and the 1959 SEC Championship.[21]\nSeptember 9, 1965: In the first game of Coach Vince Dooley's second season, Georgia beat Bear Bryant's defending national champions, the Alabama Crimson Tide, 18–17 on a fourth quarter 73 yard flea-flicker touchdown and ensuing two-point conversion.[22]\nSeptember 22, 1984: Georgia beat rival, #2 Clemson, on a last-second 60-yard field goal from Kevin Butler.[23]\nOctober 28, 1995: The University of Florida becomes the first team to score 50+ points against Georgia in Sanford Stadium in a game deemed \"Half a Hundred between the Hedges Game\". The Gators' 52 points remains the record for most scored against Georgia \"between the hedges.\"[24]\nOctober 7, 2000: The Bulldogs snapped a 9-game losing streak to the rival Tennessee Volunteers in a 21–10 victory. This marked the first and only time that fans have successfully rushed the field at Sanford Stadium.[25]\nNovember 10, 2007: In the first blackout game, the Bulldogs surprised the black-clad crowd by wearing black jerseys for the first time in school history. Georgia went on to defeat #20 Auburn, 45–20.[25]\nSeptember 7, 2019: The field was officially dedicated as Dooley Field.[26]\nSeptember 21, 2019: In front of a record crowd of 93,246, the Bulldogs defeated #7 Notre Dame 23–17.[11]\nNovember 5, 2022: The AP No. 1 Bulldogs defeated the AP No. 2 and CFP No. 1 Tennessee Volunteers in what would be a Game of the Century.[25]","title":"Notable Sanford Stadium games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996Olympics-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nursery-29"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996Olympics-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nursery-29"},{"link_name":"United States Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myref31-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_north_side_of_the_stadium_seen_in_July_2020.jpg"}],"text":"The stadium played host to the Olympic medal competition of men's and women's association football at the 1996 Summer Olympics.[27][28] Because the required dimensions of an association football field are wider than those of an American football field, the hedges surrounding the field had to be removed. This proved to be a controversial measure, as it had not been general public knowledge that the hedges would have to be removed to accommodate the Olympic football competition. In preparation for this necessity, cuttings were taken from the original hedges, three years prior to the Olympics, and cultivated at a secret, off-campus site. It was later discovered that this 'secret site' were in fact two sites - one 70 miles (110 km) away at R.A. Dudley Nurseries in Thomson, Georgia and another 280 miles (450 km) away at Hackney Nursery in Quincy, Florida; both run by alumni.[29] During the Olympics, Nigeria and the United States won the men's and women's football gold medals, respectively, at the hedge-less stadium.[28] Once the Olympics were over, the newly grown hedges were transplanted from the two nurseries to the stadium.[29] Sanford Stadium told the United States Football Federation it would not be interested in future FIFA World Cup matches being held at the stadium, with an American-held tourney being held 2026, though Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta will host matches and was designed to do so.[30]The north stands of Sanford Stadium seen in July 2020","title":"1996 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uga mascots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uga_(mascot)"},{"link_name":"Kroger Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger_Field"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanford_Stadium_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"crowd control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_control"}],"text":"Georgia's deceased Uga mascots are entombed in a mausoleum in the southwest corner of the stadium.\nSanford Stadium is one of the few college stadiums, and one of only two in the Southeastern Conference, in which the football field is oriented to face east–west as opposed to north–south (the other is Kroger Field). Many of UGA's opponents have found it difficult to see as the west end zone is still open and the sun shines in the players' faces.\nUntil the end of the era of rail travel, executives of the Central of Georgia Railway Co. would park the company president's luxury office rail car on the tracks overlooking the end zone for an excellent view of the spectacle. With food served on china by white-coated porters to the Central of Georgia executives and their guests, the rail car \"Atlanta\" could be considered Sanford Stadium's original luxury skybox.\nSanford Stadium in November 2022In the 1970s, a multitude of fans began watching games from the railroad tracks that overlooked the end zone. These \"Track People\", as they came to be known, were able to watch the game for free and became a tradition. The 1981 expansion, however, enclosed the end zone stands and eliminated the view of the field, thus ending the tradition.\nGeorgia's fans have only rushed the field and torn down the goal posts once in the stadium's history. It happened on October 7, 2000, after the Bulldogs beat rival Tennessee for the first time since 1988. This statistic is usually credited to the fact that the hedges serve not only cosmetic purposes, but also help with crowd control. Aiding this cause is that the hedges surround, and largely conceal, a low chain-link fence running through their branches around the circumference of the field.\nThrough the 1994 season, the field only had the basic markings required for play. There weren't any logos at midfield or writing in the end zone, as had become commonplace in many stadiums.\nThe goal line markers on each endzone are marked with the famous oval \"G\" logo.","title":"Features"}]	[{"image_text":"Early postcard of Sanford Stadium, c. 1930–1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sanford_Stadium%2C_University_of_Ga._Athens%2C_Georgia_%288343896302%29.jpg/300px-Sanford_Stadium%2C_University_of_Ga._Athens%2C_Georgia_%288343896302%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georgia fans \"light up\" Sanford Stadium with their cell phones at night during a game against Mississippi State in 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sanford_Stadium_at_night.jpg/300px-Sanford_Stadium_at_night.jpg"},{"image_text":"The north stands of Sanford Stadium seen in July 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_north_side_of_the_stadium_seen_in_July_2020.jpg/293px-The_north_side_of_the_stadium_seen_in_July_2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sanford Stadium in November 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sanford_Stadium_2022.jpg/293px-Sanford_Stadium_2022.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Georgia Bulldogs football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"title":"List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_stadiums"},{"title":"Lists of stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stadiums"}]	[{"reference":"\"Sanford Stadium\". stadiumdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/usa/sanford_stadium","url_text":"\"Sanford Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium\". Georgia Bulldogs. University of Georgia Athletic Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgiadogs.com/sports/2017/6/16/sanford-stadium.aspx","url_text":"\"Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Andrew (June 30, 2017). \"Top 20 College Football Stadiums You Must See in Your Lifetime\". Fox Sports. Retrieved September 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com/college-football/story/top-20-college-football-stadiums-you-must-see-in-your-lifetime-053017","url_text":"\"Top 20 College Football Stadiums You Must See in Your Lifetime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(United_States)","url_text":"Fox Sports"}]},{"reference":"Lukacs, John D. (October 12, 2009). \"A Journey Back \"Between the Hedges\"\". ESPN. Retrieved October 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=4552978","url_text":"\"A Journey Back \"Between the Hedges\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Sharpe, Wilton (2005). \"Chapter 11\". Bulldog Madness: Great Eras in Georgia Football. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House. p. 209. ISBN 1-58182-447-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58182-447-5","url_text":"1-58182-447-5"}]},{"reference":"Newcomb, Tim (August 29, 2014). \"Stadium Spotlight: Meet the Caretaker for Georgia's Famous Hedges\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college-football/2014/08/29/stadium-spotlight-sanford-stadium-georgia","url_text":"\"Stadium Spotlight: Meet the Caretaker for Georgia's Famous Hedges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Henning, Frank (October 3, 2003). \"Between the Hedges and Beyond\". Athens Banner-Herald. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614073301/http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/100303/hga_20031003002.shtml","url_text":"\"Between the Hedges and Beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Banner-Herald","url_text":"Athens Banner-Herald"},{"url":"http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/100303/hga_20031003002.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UGA plans to name football field after Vince Dooley\". University of Georgia. 2 May 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.uga.edu/uga-announces-plans-to-name-football-field-after-vince-dooley/","url_text":"\"UGA plans to name football field after Vince Dooley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notre Dame vs. Georgia - Game Summary - September 21, 2019 - ESPN\". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2019-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/game?gameId=401110800","url_text":"\"Notre Dame vs. Georgia - Game Summary - September 21, 2019 - ESPN\""}]},{"reference":"Weiszer, Marc. \"Georgia adds seats for Notre Dame football game\". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2019-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.savannahnow.com/sports/20190911/georgia-adds-seats-for-notre-dame-football-game","url_text":"\"Georgia adds seats for Notre Dame football game\""}]},{"reference":"Weiszer, Marc (February 25, 2011). \"UGA-Florida Ticket Hike Delayed\". Athens Banner-Herald. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120524010627/http://onlineathens.com/stories/022511/foo_790598944.shtml","url_text":"\"UGA-Florida Ticket Hike Delayed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Banner-Herald","url_text":"Athens Banner-Herald"},{"url":"http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/022511/foo_790598944.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emerson, Seth (February 14, 2017). \"Georgia Approves $63 Million Renovation to Sanford Stadium\". Dawg Nation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawgnation.com/football/team-news/breaking-georgia-plans-63-million-renovation-sanford-stadium","url_text":"\"Georgia Approves $63 Million Renovation to Sanford Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Bhika, Yash (August 31, 2018). \"Georgia Unveils New Sanford Stadium End Zone, Locker Rooms\". The Red & Black. University of Georgia. Retrieved August 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redandblack.com/sports/football/georgia-unveils-new-sanford-stadium-end-zone-locker-rooms/article_26db7dfc-ad3c-11e8-8059-67804e025615.html","url_text":"\"Georgia Unveils New Sanford Stadium End Zone, Locker Rooms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_%26_Black_(University_of_Georgia)","url_text":"The Red & Black"}]},{"reference":"Fryburger, Jackson (February 21, 2019). \"Sanford Stadium to add LED lights for Georgia football\". University of Georgia Wire. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ugawire.usatoday.com/2019/02/21/sanford-stadium-to-add-led-lights-for-georgia-football/","url_text":"\"Sanford Stadium to add LED lights for Georgia football\""}]},{"reference":"Carvell, Michael (September 20, 2019). \"WATCH: UGA's fancy new LED lights make Sanford Stadium look like a rock concert\". DawgNation. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawgnation.com/football/ugas-fancy-new-led-lights-make-sanford-stadium-look-like-a-rock-concert/","url_text":"\"WATCH: UGA's fancy new LED lights make Sanford Stadium look like a rock concert\""}]},{"reference":"Queen, Henry (November 8, 2019). \"Georgia football ready for another LED light show, this time with a twist\". The Red and Black. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redandblack.com/sports/georgia-football-ready-for-another-led-light-show-this-time-with-a-twist/article_0c6ce9b4-01dd-11ea-be4b-3ba9ca29f953.html","url_text":"\"Georgia football ready for another LED light show, this time with a twist\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-Americans\" (PDF). University of Georgia Athletic Association. p. 177.","urls":[{"url":"http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/geo/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/all-americans.pdf","url_text":"\"All-Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanford Stadium - Game Day\". University of Georgia Athletic Association. June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://georgiadogs.com/sports/2017/6/17/sanford-stadium-gameday.aspx","url_text":"\"Sanford Stadium - Game Day\""}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Joel A. (November 15, 2013). \"Taking a Look Back: The Top 10 Games in Deep South's Oldest Rivalry\". The Birmingham News. Retrieved November 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.al.com/auburnfootball/index.ssf/2013/11/taking_a_look_back_the_top_10.html","url_text":"\"Taking a Look Back: The Top 10 Games in Deep South's Oldest Rivalry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birmingham_News","url_text":"The Birmingham News"}]},{"reference":"Pope, Bobby (September 28, 2015). \"Bobby Pope: Georgia-Alabama Game Brings Back Memories of Key Flea-Flicker\". The Telegraph. Macon. Retrieved September 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macon.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/bobby-pope/article36842628.html","url_text":"\"Bobby Pope: Georgia-Alabama Game Brings Back Memories of Key Flea-Flicker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Macon)","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Brian (March 25, 2012). \"Georgia Football: 5 Most Memorable Games Played at Sanford Stadium\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1118647-georgia-football-5-most-memorable-games-at-sanford-stadium","url_text":"\"Georgia Football: 5 Most Memorable Games Played at Sanford Stadium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleacher_Report","url_text":"Bleacher Report"}]},{"reference":"Bulldogs Athletics, Georgia (August 2, 2011). \"2011 Georgia Football Media Guide pgs 129-131\". issuu. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/georgiadogs/docs/uga_football_web-final4","url_text":"\"2011 Georgia Football Media Guide pgs 129-131\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issuu","url_text":"issuu"}]},{"reference":"\"Tennessee vs. Georgia - Game Summary - November 5, 2019 - ESPN\". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/game/_/gameId/401403933","url_text":"\"Tennessee vs. Georgia - Game Summary - November 5, 2019 - ESPN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Between the Hedges: Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium\". University of Georgia Athletics. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgiadogs.com/news/2019/9/3/football-between-the-hedges-dooley-field-at-sanford-stadium.aspx","url_text":"\"Between the Hedges: Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Tim (August 2, 1996). \"This is football? You bet your UGA\". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 138. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110110967/this-is-football-you-bet-your-uga-tim/","url_text":"\"This is football? You bet your UGA\""}]},{"reference":"Newlin, William (August 1, 2020). \"1996 Olympics: A different kind of football in Sanford Stadium\". The Red and Black. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redandblack.com/sports/1996-olympics-a-different-kind-of-football-in-sanford-stadium/article_cb70c4b0-d398-11ea-b6c9-8f9bbd1e9b3c.html","url_text":"\"1996 Olympics: A different kind of football in Sanford Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Kraft, Chris (August 28, 2018). \"Go Between the Hedges\". Garden & Gun. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gardenandgun.com/articles/between-the-hedges-georgia-football-tradition/","url_text":"\"Go Between the Hedges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federation Services\". United States Football Federation. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090426125912/http://www.usfootball.com/articles/viewArticle.jsp_14155776.html","url_text":"\"Federation Services\""},{"url":"http://www.usfootball.com/articles/viewArticle.jsp_14155776.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/usa/sanford_stadium","external_links_name":"\"Sanford Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","external_links_name":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"Link":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","external_links_name":"How Much Is That in Real Money? 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You bet your UGA\""},{"Link":"https://www.redandblack.com/sports/1996-olympics-a-different-kind-of-football-in-sanford-stadium/article_cb70c4b0-d398-11ea-b6c9-8f9bbd1e9b3c.html","external_links_name":"\"1996 Olympics: A different kind of football in Sanford Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://gardenandgun.com/articles/between-the-hedges-georgia-football-tradition/","external_links_name":"\"Go Between the Hedges\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090426125912/http://www.usfootball.com/articles/viewArticle.jsp_14155776.html","external_links_name":"\"Federation Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.usfootball.com/articles/viewArticle.jsp_14155776.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.georgiadogs.com/facilities/sanford-stadium.html","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps	NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps	["1 Mission","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps","2.3 ESSA Corps","2.4 NOAA Corps","3 Directors of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and NOAA Corps","4 Commissioned officers","4.1 Ranks and insignia","4.2 Rank flags","4.3 Militarization","5 Uniforms","6 Awards and decoration","7 Flag","8 Official song","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	US federal uniformed service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer CorpsEmblem of the NOAA Commissioned Officer CorpsFounded22 May 1917 (1917-05-22)(107 years)Country United StatesTypeUniformed serviceSize321 officers15 ships10 aircraftPart of NOAAGarrison/HQSilver Spring, Maryland, U.S.Nickname(s)"NOAA Corps"Motto(s)"Science, service, stewardship."Colors March "Forward with NOAA" (1988–2017) "Into the Oceans and the Air" (2017–present) Playⓘ EngagementsWorld War IWorld War IICold WarWebsiteNOAA CorpsCommandersDirector, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps RADM Nancy HannDeputy Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps RDML Chad M. CaryDirector, Office of Coast Survey RDML Benjamin K. EvansNotablecommanders VADM H. Arnold Karo RADM Evelyn J. Fields VADM Michael S. DevanyInsigniaFlagAircraft flownReconnaissanceWP-3D, G-IV, AC-695A, DHC-6, 350CER, DHC-6-300Military unit The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (informally the NOAA Corps) is one of eight federal uniformed services of the United States, and operates under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a scientific agency overseen by the Department of Commerce. The NOAA Corps is made up of scientifically and technically trained officers. The NOAA Corps and the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are the only U.S. uniformed services that consist only of commissioned officers, with no enlisted or warrant officer ranks. The NOAA Corps' primary mission is to monitor oceanic conditions, support major waterways, and monitor atmospheric conditions. The NOAA Corps traces its origins to the establishment of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps on May 22, 1917, which the service recognizes as its official date of establishment. The Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps became the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps in 1965, which in turn became the NOAA Corps in 1970. Mission The NOAA Corps is the smallest of the eight uniformed services of the United States government. It has over 300 commissioned officers, but no enlisted or warrant officer personnel. The NOAA Corps today employs professionals trained in engineering, earth sciences, oceanography, meteorology, fisheries science, and other related disciplines. NOAA Corps officers operate NOAA ships, fly NOAA aircraft, manage research projects, conduct diving operations, and serve in staff positions throughout NOAA, as well as in positions in the United States Merchant Marine, the United States Department of Defense, the United States Coast Guard, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the United States Department of State. Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and the ESSA Corps, the NOAA Corps provides a source of technically skilled officers which can be incorporated into the U.S. Armed Forces in times of war, and in peacetime supports defense requirements in addition to its non-military scientific projects. History Early history The NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps traces its roots to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The Coast and Geodetic Survey was founded as the United States Survey of the Coast under President Thomas Jefferson in 1807 and renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836. Until the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Coast Survey was staffed by civilian personnel working with United States Army and United States Navy officers. During the American Civil War, Army officers were withdrawn from Coast Survey duty, never to return, while all but two Navy officers also were withdrawn from Coast Survey service for the duration of the war. Since most men of the Survey had Union sympathies, most stayed on with the Survey rather than resigning to serve the Confederate States of America; their work shifted in emphasis to support of the United States Navy and Union Army, and these Coast Surveyors are the professional ancestors of today's NOAA Corps. Those Coast Surveyors supporting the Union Army were given assimilated military rank while attached to a specific command, but those supporting the U.S. Navy operated as civilians and ran the risk of being executed as spies if captured by the Confederates while working in support of Union forces. After the war, U.S. Navy officers returned to duty with the Coast Survey, which was given authority over geodetic activities in the interior of the United States in 1871 and was subsequently renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878. With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, the U.S. Navy again withdrew all of its officers from Coast and Geodetic Survey assignments. They returned after the war ended in August 1898, but the system of U.S. Navy officers and men crewing the Survey's ships that had prevailed for most of the 19th century came to an end when the appropriation law approved on June 6, 1900, provided for "all necessary employees to man and equip the vessels," instead of U.S. Navy personnel. The law took effect on July 1, 1900; at that point, all U.S. Navy personnel assigned to the Survey's ships remained aboard until the first call at each ship's home port, where they transferred off, with the Survey reimbursing the Navy for their pay accrued after July 1, 1900. From July 1900, the Coast and Geodetic Survey continued as an entirely civilian-run organization until after the United States entered World War I in April 1917. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps The seal of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in which the NOAA Corps originated as the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps in 1917. To avoid the dangers that Coast Survey personnel had faced during the Civil War of being executed as spies if captured by the enemy, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps was established on 22 May 1917, giving Coast and Geodetic Survey officers a commissioned status so that under the laws of war, they could not be executed as spies if they were captured while serving as surveyors on a battlefield during World War I. The creation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps also ensured that in wartime a set of officers with technical skills in surveying could be assimilated rapidly into the United States armed forces so that their skills could be employed in military and naval work essential to the war effort. Before World War I ended in November 1918, over half of all Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps officers had served in the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, or United States Marine Corps, performing duty as artillery orienteering officers, as minelaying officers in the North Sea (where they were involved in the laying of the North Sea Mine Barrage), as navigators aboard troop transports, as intelligence officers, and as officers on the staff of American Expeditionary Force commanding officer General John "Black Jack" Pershing. The Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps returned to peacetime scientific pursuits after the war. Its first flag officer was Rear Admiral Raymond S. Patton, who was promoted from captain to rear admiral in 1936. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps again suspended its peacetime activities to support the war effort, often seeing front-line service. Over half of all Coast and Geodetic Survey officers were transferred to the U.S. Army, the United States Army Air Forces, the U.S. Navy, or the U.S. Marine Corps, and deployed in North Africa, Europe, the Pacific, and the defense of North America as artillery surveyors, hydrographers, amphibious engineers, beachmasters (i.e., directors of disembarkation), instructors at service schools, and in a wide variety of technical positions. They also served as reconnaissance surveyors for a worldwide aeronautical charting effort, and a Coast and Geodetic Survey officer was the first commanding officer of the Army Air Forces Aeronautical Chart Plant at St. Louis, Missouri. Three officers who remained in Coast and Geodetic Survey service were killed during the war, as were eleven other Survey personnel. After the war ended in August 1945, the Coast and Geodetic Survey again returned to peacetime scientific duties, although a significant amount of its work in the succeeding years was related to support of military and naval requirements during the Cold War. ESSA Corps The seal of the ESSA Corps, a predecessor of the NOAA Corps that existed from 1965 to 1970. ESSA Corps Basic Officer Training Class 21, 9 September 1966. When the Coast and Geodetic Survey was transferred to the newly established Environmental Science Services Administration on July 13, 1965, control of the corps was transferred from the Coast and Geodetic Survey to ESSA itself, and accordingly, the corps was redesignated the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps, known informally as the ESSA Corps. The ESSA Corps retained the responsibility of providing commissioned officers to operate Coast and Geodetic Survey ships and of providing a set of officers with technical skills in surveying for incorporation into the U.S. armed forces during wartime. Following the establishment of the ESSA, Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo was promoted to vice admiral to help lead the agency. He served as the first Deputy Administrator of ESSA and was the first vice admiral, and at the time the highest-ranking officer, in the combined history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and ESSA Corps. Rear Admiral James C. Tison Jr. was the first director of the ESSA Corps. NOAA Corps The ESSA was reorganized and expanded to become the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on October 3, 1970. As a result, the ESSA Corps was redesignated the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, known informally as the NOAA Corps. Rear Admiral Harley D. Nygren was appointed as the first director of the new NOAA Corps. In 1972, the NOAA Corps became the first uniformed service of the U.S. Government to recruit women on the same basis as men. On June 1, 2012, the NOAA research vessel RV Gloria Michelle, a boat crewed by two NOAA Corps personnel, became the first vessel in the history of NOAA (or its ancestor organizations) to have an all-female crew. On January 2, 2014, Michael S. Devany was promoted to vice admiral upon assuming duties as Deputy Under Secretary for Operations at NOAA, becoming only the second vice admiral in the combined history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and NOAA Corps, and the first since the promotion of Vice Admiral Karo in 1965. Directors of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and NOAA Corps No. Portrait Name Tenure Notes United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps 1 Ernest L. Jones(1876–1929) 1917–1929 Superintendent (title changed to "Director" in 1919) of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1915 until he died in 1929. As such, led the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps from its creation in 1917 until 1929. Was a colonel and intelligence officer in the U.S. Army during World War I. 2 Rear AdmiralRaymond S. Patton(1882–1937) 1929–1937 Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, which included leadership of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, from 1929 until he died in 1937. Served as director in the rank of captain until he was promoted to rear admiral in 1936. Was the first flag officer in Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps history. 3 Rear AdmiralLeo O. Colbert(1883–1968) 1938–1950 Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, from 1938 to 1950, which included leadership of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps. 4 Rear AdmiralRobert F.A. Studds(1896–1962) 1950–1955 Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, from 1950 to 1955, which included leadership of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps. 5 Rear AdmiralH. Arnold Karo(1903–1986) 1955–1965 Last Director, Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps (1955–1965); served as Director of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. At end of the tour as Director, simultaneously transferred to the new ESSA Corps and received a promotion to vice admiral on 13 July 1965 to serve as Deputy Administrator, Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), from 1965 to 1967. The first officer in the combined history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and ESSA Corps officer to achieve the rank of vice admiral. United States Environmental Science Services Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (ESSA Corps) 6 Rear AdmiralJames C. Tison Jr.(1908–1991) 1965–1968 First Director, ESSA Corps. Served simultaneously as Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1965–1968). 7 Rear AdmiralDon A. Jones(1912–2000) 1968–1970 Last Director, ESSA Corps. Served as Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1968–1970). Then served in NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps and was the first Director, National Ocean Survey, from 1970 to 1972. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps) 8 Rear AdmiralHarley D. Nygren(1924–2019) 1970–1981 First Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps 9 Rear AdmiralKelly E. Taggart(1932–2014) 1981–1986 10 Rear AdmiralFrancis D. Moran(b. 1935) 1986–1990 11 Rear AdmiralSigmund R. Petersen 1990–1995 12 Rear AdmiralWilliam L. Stubblefield(b. 1940) 1995–1999 13 Rear AdmiralEvelyn J. Fields(b. 1949) 1999–2003 The first woman and first African-American in the combined history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and NOAA Corps to serve as director. 14 Rear AdmiralSamuel P. De Bow Jr. 2003–2007 15 Rear AdmiralJonathan W. Bailey 2007–2012 16 Rear AdmiralMichael S. Devany 2012–2014 Promoted to vice admiral on 2 January 2014, only the second officer to achieve that rank in the combined history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and NOAA Corps, and the first to do so since Vice Admiral Karo in 1965. After a tour as Director, became Deputy Under Secretary for Operations, NOAA. 17 Rear AdmiralDavid A. Score 2014–2017 18 Rear AdmiralMichael J. Silah 2017–2021 19 Rear AdmiralNancy A. Hann 2021–Present Commissioned officers Ranks and insignia The NOAA Corps uses the same naval commissioned officer ranks as the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, and United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. While the grade of admiral has been established as a rank in the NOAA Corps, the rank has not been authorized for use by the United States Congress. Current NOAA Corps ranks rise from ensign to vice admiral, pay grades O-1 through O-9, respectively, although the rank of vice admiral has been used only rarely in the history of the NOAA Corps and its predecessors. Unless already on active duty as a commissioned officer in any of the other U.S. military services and transferring their commission from that service, new NOAA Corps officers are appointed via direct commission and must complete a 19-week basic officer training class (BOTC) at the United States Coast Guard Officer Candidate School at the United States Coast Guard Academy before entering active duty. NOAA Corps officers receive the same pay as other members of the uniformed services. They cannot hold a dual commission with another U.S. military service but, as previously indicated, inter-service transfers are sometimes permitted from other services via 10 U.S.C. § 716. Unlike their United States Armed Forces counterparts, NOAA Corps officers do not require their rank appointments and promotions to be confirmed by the United States Senate, and only require approval from the president. Uniformed services pay grade Special grade O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 Officer candidate/Cadet NOAAvte Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral(lower half) Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant(junior grade) Ensign Abbreviation VADM RADM RDML CAPT CDR LCDR LT LTJG ENS NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer Rank flags NOAA Corps flag officers are authorized the use of rank flags. Flag of a NOAA Corpsvice admiral Flag of a NOAA Corpsrear admiral Flag of a NOAA Corpsrear admiral (lower half) Militarization NOAA Corps officers can be militarized by the President of the United States under the provisions of 33 U.S.C. § 3061, which states: The President may, whenever in the judgment of the President a sufficient national emergency exists, transfer to the service and jurisdiction of a military department such vessels, equipment, stations, and officers of the Administration as the President considers to be in the best interest of the country. An officer of the Administration transferred under this section, shall, while under the jurisdiction of a military department, have proper military status and shall be subject to the laws, regulations, and orders for the government of the Army, Navy, or Air Force, as the case may be, insofar as the same may be applicable to persons whose retention permanently in the military service of the United States is not contemplated by law. Uniforms For formal service uniforms, the NOAA Corps wears the same Service Dress Blues and Service Dress Whites as the U.S. Navy, but with NOAA Corps insignia in place of U.S. Navy insignia. For daily work uniforms, the NOAA Corps wears the same Operational Dress Uniform (ODU) as the U.S. Coast Guard, but with NOAA Corps insignia in place of U.S. Coast Guard insignia. NOAA Corps Combination Cap Device NOAA Corps Device An ODU uniform ball cap, with lieutenant commander rank insignia NOAA Corps officers wearing service dress blues Awards and decoration Main article: Awards and decorations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Flag Although the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and ESSA had their own flags, neither the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps or ESSA Corps did. The NOAA Corps adopted its flag on 7 March 2002, the last of the then-seven uniformed services of the United States to have its own distinctive flag. The flag has a navy blue background. Centered on the background is a white circle inscribed with "NOAA COMMISSIONED CORPS" and "1917", the latter referring to the year of the founding of the NOAA Corps's original ancestor, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps. A red triangle symbolizing the discipline of triangulation used in hydrographic surveying — as a similar triangle does in the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, ESSA, and NOAA flags and the commission pennants flown by Coast and Geodetic Survey and NOAA vessels — lies within the circle, and the NOAA Corps insignia is set within the triangle. The flag is displayed in accordance with the customs and traditions of the uniformed services of the United States. Official song Main article: Music of the NOAA Corps In 1988, the NOAA Corps adopted a march, "Forward with NOAA," as its first official service song. In 2017 it adopted a sea chanty, "Into the Oceans and the Air," as its new official service song. See also National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement NOAA ships and aircraft References ^ As the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps. ^ "About Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. Retrieved January 2, 2022. ^ "Ships Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. Retrieved January 2, 2022. ^ "Aircraft Operations Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. Retrieved January 2, 2022. ^ Goodwin, Mel (July 19, 2012). Sbeih, Nadia (ed.). "NOAA Introduction" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service. p. 1.http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/edufun/book/NOAAintroduction.pdf ^ "About the NOAA emblem and logo". noaa.gov. March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ "Forward With NOAA (NOAA Corps Song) - Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". ^ a b "History of the NOAA Commissioned Corps". Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. ^ Note: Also concurrently serves as Director, Office of Marine and Aviation Operations ^ Note: Also concurrently serves as Deputy Director for Operations, Office of Marine and Aviation Operations ^ "The NOAA Corps: Celebrating a Century of Service (1917-2017) \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". NOAA Corps. Retrieved February 21, 2021. ^ a b US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "NOAA Ocean Podcast: Celebrating 100 Years of NOAA Corps". NOAA Corps. Retrieved February 21, 2021. ^ "History of the NOAA Corps". Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. ^ a b Rensberger, Boyce (September 10, 1986). "The Few, the Proud -- the NOAA?" – via washingtonpost.com. ^ a b c d e f g "NOAA History /NOAA Legacy/NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey". ^ "NOAA History - NOAA Legacy Timeline - 1800s". ^ U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1901). Report Of The Superintendent of the Coast And Geodetic Survey Showing The Progress Of Work From July 1, 1900 To June 30, 1901. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 15, 17, 109. ^ "NOAA History - NOAA Legacy/Historic Documents - Reorg Plan Establishing ESSA Under Dept. of Commerce". ^ Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, reprinted with amendments in 5 U.S.C. app. at 1557–61. Section 3(d) states: "The Commissioned Officer Corps of the Environmental Science Services Administration shall become the Commissioned Officer Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration." ^ "NOAA History - NOAA Legacy Timeline - 1970-2000". ^ teehan, sean. "NOAA ship leaves Woods Hole with first all-female crew". ^ Hefler, Janet (June 6, 2012). "Lt. Anna-Liza Villard-Howe takes command of NOAA research vessel". ^ a b Adams, Amilynn E. (December 9, 2016). "NOAA Corps Commissioned Personnel Center". NOAA Commissioned Personnel Center Cyberflash. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved March 22, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g "Leaders of Coast Survey" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 29, 2013. ^ "NOAA History - Tools of the Trade/Ships/C&GS Ships/LESTER JONES". www.history.noaa.gov. ^ "C&GS Biographies". Profiles in Time NOAA History. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 29, 2013. ^ "Jimmy Carter: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nomination of Capt. Kelly E. Taggart To Be Director of the Commissioned Officer Corps". ^ "Ronald Reagan: Nomination of Rear admiral Francis D. Moran To Be Director of the Commissioned Officer Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". ^ "Nation's Smallest Service to Get New Leader". Associated Press. ^ "Rear admiral William Stubblefield Confirmed By Senate As Director Of Office Of NOAA Corps Operations". Archived from the original on August 6, 2013. ^ "Rear admiral Evelyn J. Fields Formally Assumes Command of Office of NOAA Corps Operations and NOAA Commissioned Corps". Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. ^ "President Bush Appoints Rear admiral Samuel P. De DeBow Jr. to Mississippi River Commission". Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. ^ Schrader, Kurt (September 19, 2012). "H.Res.792 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Honoring Rear Admiral Jonathan W. Bailey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Commissioned Officer Corps for his lifetime of selfless commitment and exemplary service to the United States". www.congress.gov. ^ "Vice Adm. Devany named NOAA Deputy Under Secretary". ^ "RADM Michael S. Devany, NOAA Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Director, NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations" (PDF). US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014. ^ "Rear Adm. David A. Score to lead NOAA Corps and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 10, 2014. ^ "Michael Silah to lead NOAA Corps and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 14, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017. ^ "Nancy Hann \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". www.omao.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 25, 2021. ^ 10 USC 201. Pay grades: assignment to; general rules ^ a b S.2388 – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps Amendments Act of 2012 ^ "Heraldry \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations". www.omao.noaa.gov. ^ "Basic Officer Training". www.omao.noaa.gov. ^ "S.679 - Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011, 112th Congress (2011-2012)". U.S. Congress. Retrieved October 20, 2021. ^ "33 U.S. Code § 3061 - Cooperation with and transfer to military departments". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2022. ^ a b c d "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.)". Flags of the World. April 4, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2022. ^ "NAO 201-6 A: Official Flags of NOAA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 11, 2021 . Retrieved November 8, 2022. ^ "Forward With NOAA (NOAA Corps Song)". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. NOAA. June 12, 2019. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019. ^ "'Post' Discovers U.S. Agencies' Marching Songs". NPR. September 5, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2019. ^ "NOAA: The Musical". govexec.com. Government Executive Magazine. September 5, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2019. ^ "Message from the Deputy Director". noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved July 25, 2019. ^ "U.S. Coast Guard Band Presents "In Storm and Sunshine" on Sunday". Norwich Bulletin. June 15, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2019. External links NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps vteUniformed services of the United StatesArmed Forces United States Army United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Air Force United States Space Force United States Coast Guard Non-combatant uniformed services National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps vteUnited States Department of Commerce Headquarters: Herbert C. Hoover Building Gina Raimondo, Secretary of Commerce Don Graves, Deputy Secretary of Commerce Deputy Secretary of Commerce Economic Development Administration National Technical Information Service Minority Business Development Agency National Telecommunications and Information Administration Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs Bureau of the Census Federal Audit Clearinghouse Bureau of Economic Analysis Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Bureau of Industry and Security Office of Export Enforcement Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property United States Patent and Trademark Office Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade International Trade Administration Commercial Service Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Marine Fisheries Service Ocean Service Weather Service Marine & Aviation Operations Oceanic & Atmospheric Research Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology vteUnited States Uniformed Services rank and rate insigniaOfficer Army Marine Corps Navy (midshipman) Air Force Space Force Coast Guard PHS Commissioned Corps NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Warrant officer Enlisted Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uniformed services of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps"},{"link_name":"commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"enlisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlisted_rank"},{"link_name":"warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"atmospheric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_NOAA_Corps-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_NOAA_Corps-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_NOAA_Corps2-13"}],"text":"Military unitThe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (informally the NOAA Corps) is one of eight federal uniformed services of the United States, and operates under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a scientific agency overseen by the Department of Commerce. The NOAA Corps is made up of scientifically and technically trained officers. The NOAA Corps and the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are the only U.S. uniformed services that consist only of commissioned officers, with no enlisted or warrant officer ranks. The NOAA Corps' primary mission is to monitor oceanic conditions, support major waterways, and monitor atmospheric conditions.The NOAA Corps traces its origins to the establishment of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps on May 22, 1917, which the service recognizes as its official date of establishment.[11][12] The Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps became the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps in 1965, which in turn became the NOAA Corps in 1970.[12][13]","title":"NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rensberger19860910-14"},{"link_name":"eight uniformed services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government"},{"link_name":"commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_Officers"},{"link_name":"enlisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlisted_rank"},{"link_name":"warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"earth sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science"},{"link_name":"oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"fisheries science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science"},{"link_name":"NOAA ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft"},{"link_name":"NOAA aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft"},{"link_name":"research projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_project"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"United States Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"U.S. Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaahistorynoaacorps-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rensberger19860910-14"}],"text":"The NOAA Corps is the smallest[14] of the eight uniformed services of the United States government. It has over 300 commissioned officers, but no enlisted or warrant officer personnel. The NOAA Corps today employs professionals trained in engineering, earth sciences, oceanography, meteorology, fisheries science, and other related disciplines. NOAA Corps officers operate NOAA ships, fly NOAA aircraft, manage research projects, conduct diving operations, and serve in staff positions throughout NOAA, as well as in positions in the United States Merchant Marine, the United States Department of Defense, the United States Coast Guard, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the United States Department of State. Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and the ESSA Corps, the NOAA Corps provides a source of technically skilled officers which can be incorporated into the U.S. Armed Forces in times of war, and in peacetime supports defense requirements in addition to its non-military scientific projects.[15][14]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Coast and Geodetic Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian"},{"link_name":"personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Army officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Officer"},{"link_name":"Navy officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Officer"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"spies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"geodetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaahistorynoaacorps-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"home port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_port"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaahistorynoaacorps-15"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps traces its roots to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The Coast and Geodetic Survey was founded as the United States Survey of the Coast under President Thomas Jefferson in 1807 and renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836. Until the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Coast Survey was staffed by civilian personnel working with United States Army and United States Navy officers. During the American Civil War, Army officers were withdrawn from Coast Survey duty, never to return, while all but two Navy officers also were withdrawn from Coast Survey service for the duration of the war. Since most men of the Survey had Union sympathies, most stayed on with the Survey rather than resigning to serve the Confederate States of America; their work shifted in emphasis to support of the United States Navy and Union Army, and these Coast Surveyors are the professional ancestors of today's NOAA Corps. Those Coast Surveyors supporting the Union Army were given assimilated military rank while attached to a specific command, but those supporting the U.S. Navy operated as civilians and ran the risk of being executed as spies if captured by the Confederates while working in support of Union forces. After the war, U.S. Navy officers returned to duty with the Coast Survey, which was given authority over geodetic activities in the interior of the United States in 1871 and was subsequently renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878.[15][16]With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, the U.S. Navy again withdrew all of its officers from Coast and Geodetic Survey assignments. They returned after the war ended in August 1898, but the system of U.S. Navy officers and men crewing the Survey's ships that had prevailed for most of the 19th century came to an end when the appropriation law approved on June 6, 1900, provided for \"all necessary employees to man and equip the vessels,\" instead of U.S. Navy personnel. The law took effect on July 1, 1900; at that point, all U.S. Navy personnel assigned to the Survey's ships remained aboard until the first call at each ship's home port, where they transferred off, with the Survey reimbursing the Navy for their pay accrued after July 1, 1900.[17] From July 1900, the Coast and Geodetic Survey continued as an entirely civilian-run organization until after the United States entered World War I in April 1917.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_emblem.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Coast and Geodetic Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"laws of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law"},{"link_name":"surveyors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_(surveying)"},{"link_name":"United States armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forces"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"minelaying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minelaying"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"North Sea Mine Barrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage"},{"link_name":"navigators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator"},{"link_name":"troop transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"American Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John \"Black Jack\" Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pershing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaahistorynoaacorps-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaahistorynoaacorps-15"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Raymond S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Stanton_Patton"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)"},{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Theater_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"hydrographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"link_name":"amphibious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaahistorynoaacorps-15"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaahistorynoaacorps-15"}],"sub_title":"Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps","text":"The seal of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in which the NOAA Corps originated as the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps in 1917.To avoid the dangers that Coast Survey personnel had faced during the Civil War of being executed as spies if captured by the enemy, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps was established on 22 May 1917, giving Coast and Geodetic Survey officers a commissioned status so that under the laws of war, they could not be executed as spies if they were captured while serving as surveyors on a battlefield during World War I. The creation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps also ensured that in wartime a set of officers with technical skills in surveying could be assimilated rapidly into the United States armed forces so that their skills could be employed in military and naval work essential to the war effort. Before World War I ended in November 1918, over half of all Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps officers had served in the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, or United States Marine Corps, performing duty as artillery orienteering officers, as minelaying officers in the North Sea (where they were involved in the laying of the North Sea Mine Barrage), as navigators aboard troop transports, as intelligence officers, and as officers on the staff of American Expeditionary Force commanding officer General John \"Black Jack\" Pershing.[15]The Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps returned to peacetime scientific pursuits after the war.[15] Its first flag officer was Rear Admiral Raymond S. Patton, who was promoted from captain to rear admiral in 1936.When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps again suspended its peacetime activities to support the war effort, often seeing front-line service. Over half of all Coast and Geodetic Survey officers were transferred to the U.S. Army, the United States Army Air Forces, the U.S. Navy, or the U.S. Marine Corps, and deployed in North Africa, Europe, the Pacific, and the defense of North America as artillery surveyors, hydrographers, amphibious engineers, beachmasters (i.e., directors of disembarkation), instructors at service schools, and in a wide variety of technical positions. They also served as reconnaissance surveyors for a worldwide aeronautical charting effort, and a Coast and Geodetic Survey officer was the first commanding officer of the Army Air Forces Aeronautical Chart Plant at St. Louis, Missouri. Three officers who remained in Coast and Geodetic Survey service were killed during the war, as were eleven other Survey personnel.[15]After the war ended in August 1945, the Coast and Geodetic Survey again returned to peacetime scientific duties, although a significant amount of its work in the succeeding years was related to support of military and naval requirements during the Cold War.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESSA_Corps_seal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Environmental_Science_Services_Administration_Corps_Basic_Officer_Training_Class_21.PNG"},{"link_name":"Environmental Science Services Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAALegis1965-18"},{"link_name":"commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_Officers"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"U.S. armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Arnold_Karo"},{"link_name":"promoted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(rank)"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"James C. Tison Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Tison_Jr."}],"sub_title":"ESSA Corps","text":"The seal of the ESSA Corps, a predecessor of the NOAA Corps that existed from 1965 to 1970.ESSA Corps Basic Officer Training Class 21, 9 September 1966.When the Coast and Geodetic Survey was transferred to the newly established Environmental Science Services Administration on July 13, 1965,[18] control of the corps was transferred from the Coast and Geodetic Survey to ESSA itself, and accordingly, the corps was redesignated the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps, known informally as the ESSA Corps. The ESSA Corps retained the responsibility of providing commissioned officers to operate Coast and Geodetic Survey ships and of providing a set of officers with technical skills in surveying for incorporation into the U.S. armed forces during wartime.Following the establishment of the ESSA, Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo was promoted to vice admiral to help lead the agency. He served as the first Deputy Administrator of ESSA and was the first vice admiral, and at the time the highest-ranking officer, in the combined history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and ESSA Corps. Rear Admiral James C. Tison Jr. was the first director of the ESSA Corps.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAALegis1970-19"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harley D. Nygren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_D._Nygren"},{"link_name":"uniformed service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government"},{"link_name":"women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman"},{"link_name":"men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"research vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_vessel"},{"link_name":"RV Gloria Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Gloria_Michelle"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Michael S. Devany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Devany"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Vice Admiral Karo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Arnold_Karo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"}],"sub_title":"NOAA Corps","text":"The ESSA was reorganized and expanded to become the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on October 3, 1970.[19] As a result, the ESSA Corps was redesignated the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, known informally as the NOAA Corps. Rear Admiral Harley D. Nygren was appointed as the first director of the new NOAA Corps.In 1972, the NOAA Corps became the first uniformed service of the U.S. Government to recruit women on the same basis as men.[20] On June 1, 2012, the NOAA research vessel RV Gloria Michelle, a boat crewed by two NOAA Corps personnel, became the first vessel in the history of NOAA (or its ancestor organizations) to have an all-female crew.[21][22]On January 2, 2014, Michael S. Devany was promoted to vice admiral upon assuming duties as Deputy Under Secretary for Operations at NOAA, becoming only the second vice admiral in the combined history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and NOAA Corps, and the first since the promotion of Vice Admiral Karo in 1965.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Directors of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and NOAA Corps"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commissioned officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law.cornell.edu-39"},{"link_name":"authorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ranks-40"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ranks-40"},{"link_name":"pay grades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._uniformed_services_pay_grades"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"direct commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_commission_officer"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy"},{"link_name":"pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Pay"},{"link_name":"uniformed services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"10 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/716"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Ranks and insignia","text":"The NOAA Corps uses the same naval commissioned officer ranks as the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, and United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. While the grade of admiral has been established as a rank in the NOAA Corps,[39] the rank has not been authorized for use by the United States Congress.[40] Current NOAA Corps ranks rise from ensign to vice admiral,[41][40] pay grades O-1 through O-9, respectively, although the rank of vice admiral has been used only rarely in the history of the NOAA Corps and its predecessors.Unless already on active duty as a commissioned officer in any of the other U.S. military services and transferring their commission from that service, new NOAA Corps officers are appointed via direct commission and must complete a 19-week basic officer training class (BOTC)[42] at the United States Coast Guard Officer Candidate School at the United States Coast Guard Academy before entering active duty.NOAA Corps officers receive the same pay as other members of the uniformed services. They cannot hold a dual commission with another U.S. military service but, as previously indicated, inter-service transfers are sometimes permitted from other services via 10 U.S.C. § 716.Unlike their United States Armed Forces counterparts, NOAA Corps officers do not require their rank appointments and promotions to be confirmed by the United States Senate, and only require approval from the president.[43]","title":"Commissioned officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flag officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_officer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Vice_Admiral_Flag.png"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Rear_Admiral_(upper_half)_Flag.png"},{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Rear_Admiral_(lower_half)_Flag.png"},{"link_name":"rear admiral (lower half)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Rank flags","text":"NOAA Corps flag officers are authorized the use of rank flags.Flag of a NOAA Corpsvice admiral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of a NOAA Corpsrear admiral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of a NOAA Corpsrear admiral (lower half)","title":"Commissioned officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"33 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 3061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/3061"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Militarization","text":"NOAA Corps officers can be militarized by the President of the United States under the provisions of 33 U.S.C. § 3061, which states:The President may, whenever in the judgment of the President a sufficient national emergency exists, transfer to the service and jurisdiction of a military department such vessels, equipment, stations, and officers of the Administration as the President considers to be in the best interest of the country. An officer of the Administration transferred under this section, shall, while under the jurisdiction of a military department, have proper military status and shall be subject to the laws, regulations, and orders for the government of the Army, Navy, or Air Force, as the case may be, insofar as the same may be applicable to persons whose retention permanently in the military service of the United States is not contemplated by law.[44]","title":"Commissioned officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"service uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_uniform"},{"link_name":"Service Dress Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy#Service_Dress"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia"},{"link_name":"work uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform"},{"link_name":"Operational Dress Uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Dress_Uniform"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Corps_Combination_Cap_device.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Corps_Device.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ODU2.JPG"},{"link_name":"uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform"},{"link_name":"ball cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_cap"},{"link_name":"lieutenant commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botc112_group.jpg"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"service dress blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Dress_Blue"}],"text":"For formal service uniforms, the NOAA Corps wears the same Service Dress Blues and Service Dress Whites as the U.S. Navy, but with NOAA Corps insignia in place of U.S. Navy insignia. For daily work uniforms, the NOAA Corps wears the same Operational Dress Uniform (ODU) as the U.S. Coast Guard, but with NOAA Corps insignia in place of U.S. Coast Guard insignia.NOAA Corps Combination Cap Device\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNOAA Corps Device\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn ODU uniform ball cap, with lieutenant commander rank insignia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNOAA Corps officers wearing service dress blues","title":"Uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps.svg"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crwflags-45"},{"link_name":"navy blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_blue"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crwflags-45"},{"link_name":"triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation"},{"link_name":"hydrographic surveying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrographic_survey"},{"link_name":"commission pennants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_pennant"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crwflags-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crwflags-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Although the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and ESSA had their own flags, neither the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps or ESSA Corps did. The NOAA Corps adopted its flag on 7 March 2002, the last of the then-seven uniformed services of the United States to have its own distinctive flag.[45]The flag has a navy blue background.[45] Centered on the background is a white circle inscribed with \"NOAA COMMISSIONED CORPS\" and \"1917\", the latter referring to the year of the founding of the NOAA Corps's original ancestor, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps. A red triangle symbolizing the discipline of triangulation used in hydrographic surveying — as a similar triangle does in the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, ESSA, and NOAA flags and the commission pennants flown by Coast and Geodetic Survey and NOAA vessels — lies within the circle,[45] and the NOAA Corps insignia is set within the triangle.[45] The flag is displayed in accordance with the customs and traditions of the uniformed services of the United States.[46]","title":"Flag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(music)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"sea chanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_chanty"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n1-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"In 1988, the NOAA Corps adopted a march, \"Forward with NOAA,\" as its first official service song.[47][48][49] In 2017 it adopted a sea chanty, \"Into the Oceans and the Air,\" as its new official service song.[50][51]","title":"Official song"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The seal of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in which the NOAA Corps originated as the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps in 1917.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_emblem.jpg/220px-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_emblem.jpg"},{"image_text":"The seal of the ESSA Corps, a predecessor of the NOAA Corps that existed from 1965 to 1970.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ESSA_Corps_seal.jpg/220px-ESSA_Corps_seal.jpg"},{"image_text":"ESSA Corps Basic Officer Training Class 21, 9 September 1966.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration_Corps_Basic_Officer_Training_Class_21.PNG/220px-Environmental_Science_Services_Administration_Corps_Basic_Officer_Training_Class_21.PNG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Fisheries_Office_of_Law_Enforcement"},{"title":"NOAA ships and aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft"}]	[{"reference":"\"About Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. Retrieved January 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/noaa-corps/about","url_text":"\"About Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ships Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. Retrieved January 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/marine-operations/ships","url_text":"\"Ships Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aircraft Operations Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. Retrieved January 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/aircraft-operations","url_text":"\"Aircraft Operations Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Mel (July 19, 2012). Sbeih, Nadia (ed.). \"NOAA Introduction\" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/edufun/book/NOAAintroduction.pdf","url_text":"\"NOAA Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the NOAA emblem and logo\". noaa.gov. March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.noaa.gov/office-of-communication/about-noaa-emblem-and-logo","url_text":"\"About the NOAA emblem and logo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forward With NOAA (NOAA Corps Song) - Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omao.noaa.gov/find/media/audio/forward-noaa-noaa-corps-song","url_text":"\"Forward With NOAA (NOAA Corps Song) - Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the NOAA Commissioned Corps\". Archived from the original on August 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090825120553/http://www.noaacorps.noaa.gov/about/history1.html","url_text":"\"History of the NOAA Commissioned Corps\""},{"url":"http://www.noaacorps.noaa.gov/about/history1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The NOAA Corps: Celebrating a Century of Service (1917-2017) \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". NOAA Corps. Retrieved February 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/noaa-corps/about/noaa-corps-celebrating-century-service-1917-2017","url_text":"\"The NOAA Corps: Celebrating a Century of Service (1917-2017) \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. \"NOAA Ocean Podcast: Celebrating 100 Years of NOAA Corps\". NOAA Corps. Retrieved February 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/podcast/may17/nop07-noaa-corps.html","url_text":"\"NOAA Ocean Podcast: Celebrating 100 Years of NOAA Corps\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the NOAA Corps\". Archived from the original on August 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090825120553/http://www.noaacorps.noaa.gov/about/history1.html","url_text":"\"History of the NOAA Corps\""},{"url":"http://www.noaacorps.noaa.gov/about/history1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rensberger, Boyce (September 10, 1986). \"The Few, the Proud -- the NOAA?\" – via washingtonpost.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/09/10/the-few-the-proud-the-noaa/deb89a01-efee-4f0a-bc43-dc9031e90947/","url_text":"\"The Few, the Proud -- the NOAA?\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA History /NOAA Legacy/NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html","url_text":"\"NOAA History /NOAA Legacy/NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA History - NOAA Legacy Timeline - 1800s\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/time1800.html","url_text":"\"NOAA History - NOAA Legacy Timeline - 1800s\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1901). Report Of The Superintendent of the Coast And Geodetic Survey Showing The Progress Of Work From July 1, 1900 To June 30, 1901. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 15, 17, 109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NOAA History - NOAA Legacy/Historic Documents - Reorg Plan Establishing ESSA Under Dept. of Commerce\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/act5.html","url_text":"\"NOAA History - NOAA Legacy/Historic Documents - Reorg Plan Establishing ESSA Under Dept. of Commerce\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA History - NOAA Legacy Timeline - 1970-2000\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/time1900_2.html","url_text":"\"NOAA History - NOAA Legacy Timeline - 1970-2000\""}]},{"reference":"teehan, sean. \"NOAA ship leaves Woods Hole with first all-female crew\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capecodtimes.com/article//20120602/NEWS/206020315","url_text":"\"NOAA ship leaves Woods Hole with first all-female crew\""}]},{"reference":"Hefler, Janet (June 6, 2012). \"Lt. Anna-Liza Villard-Howe takes command of NOAA research vessel\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mvtimes.com/2012/06/06/lt-anna-liza-villard-howe-takes-command-noaa-research-vessel-10944/","url_text":"\"Lt. Anna-Liza Villard-Howe takes command of NOAA research vessel\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Amilynn E. (December 9, 2016). \"NOAA Corps Commissioned Personnel Center\". NOAA Commissioned Personnel Center Cyberflash. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corpscpc.noaa.gov/cyberflash/cyberflash2016/cyb20161209.html","url_text":"\"NOAA Corps Commissioned Personnel Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leaders of Coast Survey\" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 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Taggart To Be Director of the Commissioned Officer Corps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronald Reagan: Nomination of Rear admiral Francis D. Moran To Be Director of the Commissioned Officer Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=37470","url_text":"\"Ronald Reagan: Nomination of Rear admiral Francis D. Moran To Be Director of the Commissioned Officer Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nation's Smallest Service to Get New Leader\". Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/b53461e84e2d07795dc5c2b00c93816d","url_text":"\"Nation's Smallest Service to Get New Leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Rear admiral William Stubblefield Confirmed By Senate As Director Of Office Of NOAA Corps Operations\". Archived from the original on August 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806174518/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/pr95/may95/stubble.html","url_text":"\"Rear admiral William Stubblefield Confirmed By Senate As Director Of Office Of NOAA Corps Operations\""},{"url":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/pr95/may95/stubble.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rear admiral Evelyn J. Fields Formally Assumes Command of Office of NOAA Corps Operations and NOAA Commissioned Corps\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212011311/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases99/july99/noaa99052.html","url_text":"\"Rear admiral Evelyn J. Fields Formally Assumes Command of Office of NOAA Corps Operations and NOAA Commissioned Corps\""},{"url":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases99/july99/noaa99052.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"President Bush Appoints Rear admiral Samuel P. De DeBow Jr. to Mississippi River Commission\". Archived from the original on June 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100615094357/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2006/oct06/noaa06-r827.html","url_text":"\"President Bush Appoints Rear admiral Samuel P. De DeBow Jr. to Mississippi River Commission\""},{"url":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2006/oct06/noaa06-r827.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schrader, Kurt (September 19, 2012). \"H.Res.792 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Honoring Rear Admiral Jonathan W. Bailey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Commissioned Officer Corps for his lifetime of selfless commitment and exemplary service to the United States\". www.congress.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/792","url_text":"\"H.Res.792 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Honoring Rear Admiral Jonathan W. Bailey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Commissioned Officer Corps for his lifetime of selfless commitment and exemplary service to the United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vice Adm. Devany named NOAA Deputy Under Secretary\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2014/20140102_devany.html","url_text":"\"Vice Adm. Devany named NOAA Deputy Under Secretary\""}]},{"reference":"\"RADM Michael S. Devany, NOAA Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Director, NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\" (PDF). US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063528/http://www.omao.noaa.gov/pdffiles/Devany_Bio_New.pdf","url_text":"\"RADM Michael S. Devany, NOAA Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Director, NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""},{"url":"http://www.omao.noaa.gov/pdffiles/Devany_Bio_New.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rear Adm. David A. Score to lead NOAA Corps and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2014/20140102_score.html","url_text":"\"Rear Adm. David A. Score to lead NOAA Corps and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Silah to lead NOAA Corps and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 14, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/michael-silah-to-lead-noaa-corps-and-office-of-marine-and-aviation-operations","url_text":"\"Michael Silah to lead NOAA Corps and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nancy Hann \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". www.omao.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/find/people/nancy-hann","url_text":"\"Nancy Hann \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heraldry \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\". www.omao.noaa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/noaa-corps/about/heraldry","url_text":"\"Heraldry \| Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basic Officer Training\". www.omao.noaa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/noaa-corps/join/basic-training","url_text":"\"Basic Officer Training\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.679 - Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011, 112th Congress (2011-2012)\". U.S. Congress. Retrieved October 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/senate-bill/679?","url_text":"\"S.679 - Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011, 112th Congress (2011-2012)\""}]},{"reference":"\"33 U.S. Code § 3061 - Cooperation with and transfer to military departments\". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/3061","url_text":"\"33 U.S. Code § 3061 - Cooperation with and transfer to military departments\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.)\". Flags of the World. April 4, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us~noaa.html","url_text":"\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAO 201-6 A: Official Flags of NOAA\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 11, 2021 [March 15, 2015]. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.noaa.gov/organization/administration/nao-201-6-official-flags-of-noaa","url_text":"\"NAO 201-6 A: Official Flags of NOAA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forward With NOAA (NOAA Corps Song)\". Office of Marine and Aviation Operations. NOAA. June 12, 2019. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190726065815/https://www.omao.noaa.gov/find/media/audio/forward-noaa-noaa-corps-song","url_text":"\"Forward With NOAA (NOAA Corps Song)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"NOAA"},{"url":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/find/media/audio/forward-noaa-noaa-corps-song","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Post' Discovers U.S. Agencies' Marching Songs\". NPR. September 5, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=14191429","url_text":"\"'Post' Discovers U.S. Agencies' Marching Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA: The Musical\". govexec.com. Government Executive Magazine. September 5, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govexec.com/federal-news/2007/09/noaa-the-musical/37795/","url_text":"\"NOAA: The Musical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Message from the Deputy Director\". noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved July 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corpscpc.noaa.gov/cyberflash/cyberflash2017/cyb20170616.html","url_text":"\"Message from the Deputy Director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"NOAA"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Coast Guard Band Presents \"In Storm and Sunshine\" on Sunday\". Norwich Bulletin. June 15, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.norwichbulletin.com/entertainmentlife/20170615/us-coast-guard-band-presents-in-storm-and-sunshine-on-sunday","url_text":"\"U.S. Coast Guard Band Presents \"In Storm and Sunshine\" on Sunday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Bulletin","url_text":"Norwich Bulletin"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.noaacorps.noaa.gov/","external_links_name":"NOAA Corps"},{"Link":"https://www.omao.noaa.gov/omao/rear-admiral-lower-half-chad-cary-deputy-director-operations-noaa-office-marine-and-aviation-operations-and-deputy-director-noaa-commissioned","external_links_name":"Chad M. Cary"},{"Link":"https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/about/bio.html","external_links_name":"Benjamin K. 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Anna-Liza Villard-Howe takes command of NOAA research vessel\""},{"Link":"https://www.corpscpc.noaa.gov/cyberflash/cyberflash2016/cyb20161209.html","external_links_name":"\"NOAA Corps Commissioned Personnel Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/staff/docs/Leaders_of_Coast_Survey.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Leaders of Coast Survey\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.noaa.gov/ships/jones.html","external_links_name":"\"NOAA History - Tools of the Trade/Ships/C&GS Ships/LESTER JONES\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.noaa.gov/cgsbios/bion3.html","external_links_name":"\"C&GS Biographies\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=45524","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Carter: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nomination of Capt. Kelly E. Taggart To Be Director of the Commissioned Officer Corps\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=37470","external_links_name":"\"Ronald Reagan: Nomination of Rear admiral Francis D. Moran To Be Director of the Commissioned Officer Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/b53461e84e2d07795dc5c2b00c93816d","external_links_name":"\"Nation's Smallest Service to Get New Leader\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806174518/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/pr95/may95/stubble.html","external_links_name":"\"Rear admiral William Stubblefield Confirmed By Senate As Director Of Office Of NOAA Corps Operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/pr95/may95/stubble.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212011311/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases99/july99/noaa99052.html","external_links_name":"\"Rear admiral Evelyn J. Fields Formally Assumes Command of Office of NOAA Corps Operations and NOAA Commissioned Corps\""},{"Link":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases99/july99/noaa99052.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100615094357/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2006/oct06/noaa06-r827.html","external_links_name":"\"President Bush Appoints Rear admiral Samuel P. De DeBow Jr. to Mississippi River Commission\""},{"Link":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2006/oct06/noaa06-r827.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/792","external_links_name":"\"H.Res.792 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Honoring Rear Admiral Jonathan W. Bailey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Commissioned Officer Corps for his lifetime of selfless commitment and exemplary service to the United States\""},{"Link":"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2014/20140102_devany.html","external_links_name":"\"Vice Adm. Devany named NOAA Deputy Under Secretary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063528/http://www.omao.noaa.gov/pdffiles/Devany_Bio_New.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RADM Michael S. Devany, NOAA Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Director, NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.omao.noaa.gov/pdffiles/Devany_Bio_New.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2014/20140102_score.html","external_links_name":"\"Rear Adm. David A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_Robot_League	Rescue Robot League	["1 History","2 Format","2.1 Qualification","2.2 Tournament","3 Test Arena","4 References","5 External links"]	Technische Universität Damstadt's robot identifies a victim using a probabilistic world model, based on information from heterogeneous sensors A map generated by Darmstadt Rescue Robot Team The RoboCup Rescue Robot League is an international competition for urban search and rescue robots, in which robots compete to find victims in a simulated earthquake environment. The rescue robot league is run alongside Robocup Rescue Simulation, as part of the RoboCup robot competition. Robots perform 20 minute search and rescue missions in a test arena measuring approximately 10m by 6m, which features a number of obstacle zones designed to challenge autonomous operation, mobility during tele-operation, and object manipulation. Points are allocated based on the number of victims found, the detail with which victims were detected, and the quality with which the arena has been mapped. History Inspired by the Kobe earthquake, the first RoboCup Rescue competition was held at RoboCup 2001. The aim of the competition is to encourage the transfer of academic research into the disaster-rescue domain, and to encourage research in a socially significant real-world domain. Format Qualification RoboCup Rescue competitions happen such as the Iran Open, German Open, and Japan Open and some countries run individual competition for Rescue Robot such as in Thailand where 100 and more team participate for qualify round open to all entrants without qualification. Successful teams at these competitions can qualify to attend the RoboCup world championships, which is held in a different location every year. Tournament At tournaments, a number of preliminary rounds are run in which every team attending performs a 20-minute mission; the highest scoring teams then take part in a final round to determine an overall winner. In larger competitions a semi-final round may also be run. Test Arena Test arena from 2008 RoboCup Rescue German open A robot from the University of Warwick traverses full-cubic step fields in the RoboCup Rescue arena at the 2009 RoboCup German Open Test arenas vary between competitions, though they are composed of obstacles designed to allow for repeatable results. The obstacles are arranged in color-coded areas, including a yellow area in which robots must operate autonomously; a red area containing stairs and a 45° ramp; an orange area containing intermediate-difficulty obstacles; a pick-and-place area; and a radio drop-out area. Simulated victims are distributed throughout the arena, with points allocated for locating victims and providing clear information on them to the operator. Points are also allocated for robots which construct an accurate map of the arena with victims marked on it. References ^ Johannes Meyer, Paul Schnitzspan, Stefan Kohlbrecher, Karen Petersen, Oliver Schwahn, Mykhaylo Andriluka, Uwe Klingauf, Stefan Roth, Bernt Schiele and Oskar von Stryk (25 June 2010), "A Semantic World Model for Urban Search and Rescue Based on Heterogeneous Sensors" (PDF), RoboCup Symposium, Singapore {{citation}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Tandy, Michael J.; Winkvist, Stefan; Young, Ken W. (20–21 January 2010), "Competing in the RoboCup Rescue Robot League", Proc. Robotics for Risky Interventions and Surveillance of the Environment (RISE) 2010, Sheffield, England, ISBN 978-1-84387-318-1 {{citation}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Kitano, Hiroaki; Tadokoro, Satoshi (2001), "RoboCup Rescue: A Grand Challenge for Multiagent and Intelligent Systems", AI Magazine, vol. 22 {{citation}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) External links NIST Performance Metrics and Test Arenas for Autonomous Mobile Robots RoboCup 2010 Rescue Robot League competition page Urban Search and Rescue Competitions page at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Team CASualty vteRoboCup LeaguesRoboCup Soccer Standard Platform League Small Size League Middle Size League Simulation League ( 2D Soccer Simulation 3D Soccer Simulation 3D Development Soccer Simulation Mixed Reality Soccer Simulation Humanoid League RoboCup Rescue Rescue Robot League Robocup Rescue Simulation RoboCup@Home RoboCup@Home RoboCup Junior Soccer Challenge Dance Challenge Rescue Challenge Premier Rescue Challenge	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoboCup_Rescue_arena_map_generated_by_robot_Hector_from_Darmstadt_at_2010_German_open.jpg"},{"link_name":"search and rescue robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue_robot"},{"link_name":"Robocup Rescue Simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robocup_Rescue_Simulation"},{"link_name":"RoboCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tandy2010-2"}],"text":"A map generated by Darmstadt Rescue Robot TeamThe RoboCup Rescue Robot League is an international competition for urban search and rescue robots, in which robots compete to find victims in a simulated earthquake environment. The rescue robot league is run alongside Robocup Rescue Simulation, as part of the RoboCup robot competition.Robots perform 20 minute search and rescue missions in a test arena measuring approximately 10m by 6m, which features a number of obstacle zones designed to challenge autonomous operation, mobility during tele-operation, and object manipulation. Points are allocated based on the number of victims found, the detail with which victims were detected, and the quality with which the arena has been mapped.[2]","title":"Rescue Robot League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kobe earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitano2001-3"}],"text":"Inspired by the Kobe earthquake, the first RoboCup Rescue competition was held at RoboCup 2001. The aim of the competition is to encourage the transfer of academic research into the disaster-rescue domain, and to encourage research in a socially significant real-world domain.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RoboCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCup"}],"sub_title":"Qualification","text":"RoboCup Rescue competitions happen such as the Iran Open, German Open, and Japan Open and some countries run individual competition for Rescue Robot such as in Thailand where 100 and more team participate for qualify round open to all entrants without qualification. Successful teams at these competitions can qualify to attend the RoboCup world championships, which is held in a different location every year.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tournament","text":"At tournaments, a number of preliminary rounds are run in which every team attending performs a 20-minute mission; the highest scoring teams then take part in a final round to determine an overall winner. In larger competitions a semi-final round may also be run.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoboCup_Rescue_2008_German_open_test_arena.JPG"},{"link_name":"University of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick"}],"text":"Test arena from 2008 RoboCup Rescue German openA robot from the University of Warwick traverses full-cubic step fields in the RoboCup Rescue arena at the 2009 RoboCup German OpenTest arenas vary between competitions, though they are composed of obstacles designed to allow for repeatable results. The obstacles are arranged in color-coded areas, including a yellow area in which robots must operate autonomously; a red area containing stairs and a 45° ramp; an orange area containing intermediate-difficulty obstacles; a pick-and-place area; and a radio drop-out area.Simulated victims are distributed throughout the arena, with points allocated for locating victims and providing clear information on them to the operator. Points are also allocated for robots which construct an accurate map of the arena with victims marked on it.","title":"Test Arena"}]	[{"image_text":"Technische Universität Damstadt's robot identifies a victim using a probabilistic world model, based on information from heterogeneous sensors [1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RoboCup_Rescue_robot_Hector_from_Darmstadt_at_2010_German_open.jpg/220px-RoboCup_Rescue_robot_Hector_from_Darmstadt_at_2010_German_open.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map generated by Darmstadt Rescue Robot Team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RoboCup_Rescue_arena_map_generated_by_robot_Hector_from_Darmstadt_at_2010_German_open.jpg/220px-RoboCup_Rescue_arena_map_generated_by_robot_Hector_from_Darmstadt_at_2010_German_open.jpg"},{"image_text":"Test arena from 2008 RoboCup Rescue German open","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RoboCup_Rescue_2008_German_open_test_arena.JPG/220px-RoboCup_Rescue_2008_German_open_test_arena.JPG"},{"image_text":"A robot from the University of Warwick traverses full-cubic step fields in the RoboCup Rescue arena at the 2009 RoboCup German Open"}]	null	[{"reference":"Johannes Meyer, Paul Schnitzspan, Stefan Kohlbrecher, Karen Petersen, Oliver Schwahn, Mykhaylo Andriluka, Uwe Klingauf, Stefan Roth, Bernt Schiele and Oskar von Stryk (25 June 2010), \"A Semantic World Model for Urban Search and Rescue Based on Heterogeneous Sensors\" (PDF), RoboCup Symposium, Singapore","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gris.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/~sroth/pubs/robocup2010.pdf","url_text":"\"A Semantic World Model for Urban Search and Rescue Based on Heterogeneous Sensors\""}]},{"reference":"Tandy, Michael J.; Winkvist, Stefan; Young, Ken W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqis	Iraqis	["1 History","2 Genetics","3 Language","4 Religion and ethnic groups","4.1 Ethnicity","4.2 Religion","5 Diaspora","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Citizens or residents of Iraq This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Iraqis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group IraqisالعراقيونMap of the Iraqi diaspora in the world including descendantsTotal population48+- million worldwideRegions with significant populations Iraq45,504,560 Iran500,000 Israel450,000 Germany321,000 United Kingdom400,000–850,000 United States350,000 to 450,000 United Arab Emirates250,000 Sweden145,586 Jordan131,000 Turkey115,000 Australia80,000–130,000 Netherlands85,000 Lebanon50,000 Canada49,680 Finland26,653 Austria13,000+ Greece8,000 More countriesLanguagesMesopotamian Arabic (Semitic): 100% (as the official formal language spoken by Iraqis) and native only language spoken to 65–70%;Neo-Aramaic languages (Semitic): 10%;Kurdish languages (Indo-Iranian): 20%;Iraqi Turkmen Turkish (Turkic): 7–13%;Other indigenous Mesopotamian languages; 1% Including: Hebrew, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, Mandaic, Armenian (diasporic), Shabaki, Domari and othersReligionPredominantlyIslam (Shia and Sunni) Smaller MinoritiesChristianity (Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, Western Christianity), Irreligion, Judaism, Mandaeism, Yazidism, YarsanismRelated ethnic groupsSumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and other Arabs Iraqis (Arabic: العراقيون) are people who originate from the country of Iraq. Iraqi Arabs are the largest ethnic group in Iraq, followed by Iraqi Kurds, then Iraqi Turkmen as the third largest ethnic group. Other ethnic groups include Yazidis, Assyrians, Mandaeans, Armenians, and Marsh Arabs. Iraq consists largely of most of ancient Mesopotamia, the native land of the indigenous Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian civilizations, which was subsequently conquered, invaded and ruled by foreigners for centuries after the fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires. As a direct consequence of this long history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a significant number of different ethnicities. However, recent studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics, likely due to centuries of assimilation between invading populations and the indigenous ethnic groups. The daily language of the majority of Iraqis is Mesopotamian Arabic, and has been ever since the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and the replacement of various Eastern Aramaic languages, most notably during the Abbasid Caliphate during which Baghdad became the capital of the caliphate and the center of Islamic Golden Age. However, Mesopotamian Arabic is considered to be the most Aramaic-influenced dialect of Arabic, due to Aramaic having originated in Mesopotamia, and spread throughout the Fertile Crescent during the Neo-Assyrian period, eventually becoming the lingua franca of the entire region prior to the Islamic invasions of Mesopotamia. In addition, Kurdish, Turkish (Turkmen), Neo-Aramaic and Mandaic are other languages spoken by Iraqis and recognized by Iraq's constitution. History Part of a series on theCulture of Iraq History People Languages Cuisine Religion Art Literature Music Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem Iraq portalvte Main articles: Mesopotamia, History of Mesopotamia, and History of Iraq In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires and civilizations, such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Assyrian Empire and Babylon Empire. The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world, and thus Iraq is widely known as the Cradle Of Civilization. Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia, up until the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and subsequently Abbasid Caliphate (of which Baghdad was the capital), which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world (see Islamic Golden Age). Hence Mesopotamia has witnessed several emigration and immigration in the past. Further information on Iraq's civilization and cultural history can be found in the following chronology of Iraqi history: Nemrik 9 (9800 BC – 8200 BC) Jarmo (7000 – 5000 BC) Sumer (6500 – 1940 BC) Ubaid period (6500 – 4000 BC) Uruk period (4000 – 3000 BC) Early Dynastic period (3000 – 2334 BC) Sumer and Akkad (1900 – 539 BC) Akkadian Empire (2334 – 2218 BC) Gutian dynasty (2218 – 2047 BC) Neo-Sumerian Empire (2047 – 1940 BC) Akkadian era Babylonia (1900 - 539 BC) Assyria (1900 – 609 BC) Neo-Assyrian Empire (745 – 626 BC) Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC) Fall of Babylon (539 BC) Achaemenid Empire (539 – 330 BC) Achaemenid Assyria (539 – 330 BC) Seleucid Babylonia (331 – 141 BC) Parthian Babylonia (141 BC – 224) Araba (100 BC – 240) Adiabene (15 – 116) Sassanid Persia (224 – 638) Asuristan (224 – 638) Lakhmids (266 – 633) Islamic conquest (632 – 1258) Rashidun Caliphate (638 – 661) Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750) Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258) Ilkhanate (1258 – 1335) Turkic dynasties (1335 – 1501) Jalayirid Sultanate (1335 – 1410) Kara Koyunlu (1410 – 1468) Ak Koyunlu (1468 – 1501) Safavid dynasty (1501 – 1533) Ottoman Empire (1533 – 1918) Mamluk dynasty (1747 – 1831) British Mandate for Mesopotamia (1920 – 1932) Kingdom of Iraq (1932 – 1958) Republic of Iraq (1958 – present) Iraqi Republic (1958 – 1968) Ba'athist Iraq (1968 – 2003) Genetics Further information: Genetic history of the Middle East, Genetic history of the Arab world, and Assyrian people § Genetics One study found that Haplogroup J-M172 originated in northern Iraq. In spite of the importance of this region, genetic studies on the Iraqi people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq's modern political instability, although there have been several published studies displaying a genealogical connection between all Iraqi peoples and the neighboring countries, across religious, ethnic and linguistic barriers. Studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics and that Mesopotamian Arabs, who make up the majority of Iraqis, are more genetically similar to Iraqi Kurds than other Arab populations in the Middle East and Arabia. No significant differences in Y-DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs, Assyrians, or Kurds. Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Iraqi Kurds are distantly related, though Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs are more related to Iraqi-Assyrians than they are to Iraqi Kurds. For both mtDNA and Y-DNA variation, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Iraqi population (H, J, T, and U for the mtDNA, J-M172 and J-M267 for the Y-DNA) are those considered to have originated in Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in West Asia. The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool, the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq. Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians—the oldest human civilization in the world and most ancient inhabitants of central-southern Iraq. The Iraqi-Assyrian population was found to be significantly related to other Iraqis, especially Mesopotamian Arabs, likely due to the assimilation of indigenous Assyrians with other people groups who occupied and settled Mesopotamia after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left ancient Mesopotamia over 10,000 years ago. Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that, on average, four out of five (80%) Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East. In another study, scientists analyzed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq. Language Iraq's national languages are Arabic and the Kurdish languages. The two main regional dialects of Arabic spoken by the Iraqi people are Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Babylonian alluvial plain and Middle Euphrates valley) and South Mesopotamian Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Assyrian highlands). The two main dialects of Kurdish spoken by Kurdish people are Central Kurdish (spoken in the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates) and Northern Kurdish (spoken in Dohuk Governorate). In addition to Arabic, most Assyrians and Mandaeans speak Neo-Aramaic languages. Mesopotamian Arabic has an Aramaic substratum. Religion and ethnic groups See also: Irreligion in Iraq Mor Mattai MonasteryHaydar-Khana Mosque Ethnicity Iraq's population was estimated to be 39,650,145 in 2021 (residing in Iraq). Arabs are the majority ethnic group in Iraq, at around 80%. The Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in the country. This is followed by Assyrians and Armenians (500,000), Yazidis (500,000), Marsh Arabs, and Shabaks, Persians (500,000) (250,000). Other minorities include Mandaeans (6,000), Roma (50,000) and Circassians (2,000). The most spoken language is Mesopotamian Arabic, followed by Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. The percentages of different ethno-religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago. A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020. Religion Iraqis are diverse in their faiths. Over 95% of Iraqis are Muslim, divided between 55% Shias and 40% Sunnis. In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state. Religion in Iraq (2019) Islam (95%) Yazidism (1.25%) Christianity (1.25%) others (incl.Yarsanism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá'í, Mandaeism, Irreligion) (2%) In addition, Christianity in Iraq consists of various denominations. The majority of Iraqi Christians are Chaldean Catholic Assyrians, whilst non-Syriac Christians are mostly Iraqi Arabs and Armenians. Iraqi-Assyrians largely belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Ancient Church of the East, and the Syriac Catholic Church. Iraqi Arab Christians belong to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch, and Iraqi-Armenians belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church and Armenian Catholic Church. Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled to around 500,000+ since 2003. Other religious groups include Mandaeans, Shabaks, Yazidis and followers of other minority religions. Furthermore, Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically, and Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, but their population dwindled, after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1952. From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia (named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B.C.E.); another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran. Diaspora Main articles: Iraqi diaspora and Refugees of Iraq The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120,000–130,000 of its Jewish population under the Israel-led "Operation Ezra and Nehemiah". There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Iraq war and its aftermath. See also Demographics of Iraq List of Iraqis References ^ "Iraq Population". worldpopulationreview.com. World Bank. 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External links Mesopotamia: Birthplace of civilisation Iraqi identity - Forces for Integration/ Divisiveness vte Demographics of IraqReligions Islam Sunni Shia Christianity Evangelical Oriental Orthodox Roman Catholicism Jews Yazidism Yarsanism Mandaeism Shabakism Ethnic groups Afro-Iraqis Arabs Bedouins Marsh Arabs Armenians Assyrians Circassians Persians Kurds Feylis Shabaks Yazidis Jews Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati Solluba Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks) Foreign nationals Palestinians Sudanese vte Iraq topicsHistoryChronology Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638–1958 Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation Republic 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011–present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (National Command) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis Geography Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives 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Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) Mandaean New Year Category Portal WikiProject Commons vte Iraqi diasporaAmericas Canada United States Detroit AsiaMiddle East Iran Israel Jordan Lebanon Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates South Asia India Baghdadi Jews Europe Denmark Finland Germany Greece Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Yazidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Mandaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Marsh Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Arabs"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Eastern Aramaic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMK-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"Turkish (Turkmen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_language"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages"},{"link_name":"Mandaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaic_language"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Ethnic groupIraqis (Arabic: العراقيون) are people who originate from the country of Iraq.[24]Iraqi Arabs are the largest ethnic group in Iraq,[25] followed by Iraqi Kurds, then Iraqi Turkmen as the third largest ethnic group.[26][27] Other ethnic groups include Yazidis, Assyrians, Mandaeans, Armenians, and Marsh Arabs.[28][29][30]Iraq consists largely of most of ancient Mesopotamia, the native land of the indigenous Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian civilizations, which was subsequently conquered, invaded and ruled by foreigners for centuries after the fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires. As a direct consequence of this long history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a significant number of different ethnicities.[31] However, recent studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics, likely due to centuries of assimilation between invading populations and the indigenous ethnic groups.[32]The daily language of the majority of Iraqis is Mesopotamian Arabic, and has been ever since the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and the replacement of various Eastern Aramaic languages, most notably during the Abbasid Caliphate during which Baghdad became the capital of the caliphate and the center of Islamic Golden Age. However, Mesopotamian Arabic is considered to be the most Aramaic-influenced dialect of Arabic, due to Aramaic having originated in Mesopotamia, and spread throughout the Fertile Crescent during the Neo-Assyrian period, eventually becoming the lingua franca of the entire region prior to the Islamic invasions of Mesopotamia. [33][34][35][36] In addition, Kurdish, Turkish (Turkmen), Neo-Aramaic and Mandaic are other languages spoken by Iraqis and recognized by Iraq's constitution.[37]","title":"Iraqis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Akkadian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Babylon Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JM-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-39"},{"link_name":"Sumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-40"},{"link_name":"Cradle Of Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JM-38"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"medieval world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Nemrik 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrik_9"},{"link_name":"Jarmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmo"},{"link_name":"Sumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Ubaid period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaid_period"},{"link_name":"Uruk period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period"},{"link_name":"Early Dynastic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sumer#Early_Dynastic_period"},{"link_name":"Sumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Akkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city)"},{"link_name":"Akkadian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gutian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer"},{"link_name":"Neo-Sumerian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur"},{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Fall of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria"},{"link_name":"Seleucid Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthian Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Araba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araba"},{"link_name":"Adiabene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabene"},{"link_name":"Sassanid Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Asuristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuristan"},{"link_name":"Lakhmids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmids"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Turkic dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Middle_Ages_to_Early_Modern_Period"},{"link_name":"Jalayirid Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirids"},{"link_name":"Kara Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Ak Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Safavid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Mamluk dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_rule_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"British Mandate for Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Republic of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)"},{"link_name":"Ba'athist Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"}],"text":"In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires and civilizations, such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Assyrian Empire and Babylon Empire.[38][39] The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world,[40] and thus Iraq is widely known as the Cradle Of Civilization.[38] Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia, up until the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and subsequently Abbasid Caliphate (of which Baghdad was the capital), which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world (see Islamic Golden Age). Hence Mesopotamia has witnessed several emigration and immigration in the past.Further information on Iraq's civilization and cultural history can be found in the following chronology of Iraqi history:Nemrik 9 (9800 BC – 8200 BC)\nJarmo (7000 – 5000 BC)\nSumer (6500 – 1940 BC)Ubaid period (6500 – 4000 BC)\nUruk period (4000 – 3000 BC)\nEarly Dynastic period (3000 – 2334 BC)Sumer and Akkad (1900 – 539 BC)Akkadian Empire (2334 – 2218 BC)\nGutian dynasty (2218 – 2047 BC)\nNeo-Sumerian Empire (2047 – 1940 BC)Akkadian eraBabylonia (1900 - 539 BC)\nAssyria (1900 – 609 BC)\nNeo-Assyrian Empire (745 – 626 BC)\nNeo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)\nFall of Babylon (539 BC)Achaemenid Empire (539 – 330 BC)Achaemenid Assyria (539 – 330 BC)Seleucid Babylonia (331 – 141 BC)\nParthian Babylonia (141 BC – 224)Araba (100 BC – 240)\nAdiabene (15 – 116)Sassanid Persia (224 – 638)Asuristan (224 – 638)\nLakhmids (266 – 633)Islamic conquest (632 – 1258)Rashidun Caliphate (638 – 661)\nUmayyad Caliphate (661 – 750)\nAbbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258)Ilkhanate (1258 – 1335)\nTurkic dynasties (1335 – 1501)Jalayirid Sultanate (1335 – 1410)\nKara Koyunlu (1410 – 1468)\nAk Koyunlu (1468 – 1501)Safavid dynasty (1501 – 1533)\nOttoman Empire (1533 – 1918)Mamluk dynasty (1747 – 1831)British Mandate for Mesopotamia (1920 – 1932)\nKingdom of Iraq (1932 – 1958)\nRepublic of Iraq (1958 – present)Iraqi Republic (1958 – 1968)\nBa'athist Iraq (1968 – 2003)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genetic history of the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Genetic history of the Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Arab_world"},{"link_name":"Assyrian people § Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people#Genetics"},{"link_name":"Haplogroup J-M172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahery-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahery-41"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayder_Lazim,_Eida_Khalaf_Almohammed,_Sibte_Hadi_&_Judith_Smith_-_Scientific_Reports_volume_10,_Article_number:_15289_(2020)-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahery-41"},{"link_name":"Iraqi-Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi-Assyrians"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genetic-44"},{"link_name":"haplogroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"J-M172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172"},{"link_name":"J-M267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267"},{"link_name":"Western Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahery-41"},{"link_name":"R1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b"},{"link_name":"R1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahery-41"},{"link_name":"Marsh Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Arabs"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-40"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genetic-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-40"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Y chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-47"}],"text":"Further information: Genetic history of the Middle East, Genetic history of the Arab world, and Assyrian people § GeneticsOne study found that Haplogroup J-M172 originated in northern Iraq.[41] In spite of the importance of this region, genetic studies on the Iraqi people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq's modern political instability,[41] although there have been several published studies displaying a genealogical connection between all Iraqi peoples and the neighboring countries, across religious, ethnic and linguistic barriers. Studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics and that Mesopotamian Arabs, who make up the majority of Iraqis, are more genetically similar to Iraqi Kurds than other Arab populations in the Middle East and Arabia.[42]No significant differences in Y-DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs, Assyrians, or Kurds.[41] Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Iraqi Kurds are distantly related, though Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs are more related to Iraqi-Assyrians than they are to Iraqi Kurds.[43][44]For both mtDNA and Y-DNA variation, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Iraqi population (H, J, T, and U for the mtDNA, J-M172 and J-M267 for the Y-DNA) are those considered to have originated in Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in West Asia.[41] The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool, the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq.[41]Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians[40][45]—the oldest human civilization in the world and most ancient inhabitants of central-southern Iraq.The Iraqi-Assyrian population was found to be significantly related to other Iraqis, especially Mesopotamian Arabs,[44][40] likely due to the assimilation of indigenous Assyrians with other people groups who occupied and settled Mesopotamia after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[46]Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left ancient Mesopotamia over 10,000 years ago. Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that, on average, four out of five (80%) Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East. In another study, scientists analyzed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq.[47]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Kurdish languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"South Mesopotamian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"North Mesopotamian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Kurdish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"Central Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Kurdish"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Sulaymaniyah Governorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KRG-49"},{"link_name":"Northern Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Kurdish"},{"link_name":"Dohuk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KRG-49"},{"link_name":"Mandaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans"},{"link_name":"Neo-Aramaic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"substratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMK-33"}],"text":"Iraq's national languages are Arabic and the Kurdish languages. The two main regional dialects of Arabic spoken by the Iraqi people are Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Babylonian alluvial plain and Middle Euphrates valley) and South Mesopotamian Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Assyrian highlands).[48] The two main dialects of Kurdish spoken by Kurdish people are Central Kurdish (spoken in the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates)[49] and Northern Kurdish (spoken in Dohuk Governorate).[49] In addition to Arabic, most Assyrians and Mandaeans speak Neo-Aramaic languages. Mesopotamian Arabic has an Aramaic substratum.[33]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irreligion in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Monastery_of_Saint_Matthew_and_its_environs_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mor Mattai Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Mattai_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haydar-Khana Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydar-Khana_Mosque"}],"text":"See also: Irreligion in IraqMor Mattai MonasteryHaydar-Khana Mosque","title":"Religion and ethnic groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Turkmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Yazidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis"},{"link_name":"Marsh Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Arabs"},{"link_name":"Shabaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabak_people"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Mandaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people"},{"link_name":"Circassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","text":"Iraq's population was estimated to be 39,650,145 in 2021 (residing in Iraq).[50] Arabs are the majority ethnic group in Iraq, at around 80%.[51] The Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in the country. This is followed by Assyrians and Armenians (500,000), Yazidis (500,000), Marsh Arabs, and Shabaks, Persians (500,000) (250,000). Other minorities include Mandaeans (6,000), Roma (50,000) and Circassians (2,000). The most spoken language is Mesopotamian Arabic, followed by Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. The percentages of different ethno-religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago. A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020.[52][28][29][30][53]","title":"Religion and ethnic groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Yazidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Yarsanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarsanism"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Bahá'í","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Mandaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism"},{"link_name":"Irreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Christianity in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi-Assyrians"},{"link_name":"Iraqi-Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi-Assyrians"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Ancient Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Iraqi-Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Armenian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Armenian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Mandaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans"},{"link_name":"Shabaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabak_people"},{"link_name":"Yazidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis"},{"link_name":"minority religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_religion"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Iraqis are diverse in their faiths. Over 95% of Iraqis are Muslim, divided between 55% Shias and 40% Sunnis.[54] In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state.Religion in Iraq (2019)[55]\n\n Islam (95%) Yazidism (1.25%) Christianity (1.25%) others (incl.Yarsanism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá'í, Mandaeism, Irreligion) (2%)In addition, Christianity in Iraq consists of various denominations. The majority of Iraqi Christians are Chaldean Catholic Assyrians, whilst non-Syriac Christians are mostly Iraqi Arabs and Armenians. Iraqi-Assyrians largely belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Ancient Church of the East, and the Syriac Catholic Church. Iraqi Arab Christians belong to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch, and Iraqi-Armenians belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church and Armenian Catholic Church. Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled to around 500,000+ since 2003.[56]Other religious groups include Mandaeans, Shabaks, Yazidis and followers of other minority religions. Furthermore, Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically, and Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, but their population dwindled, after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1952. From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia (named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B.C.E.); another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran.[57][58][59]","title":"Religion and ethnic groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraqi diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Operation Ezra and Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Iraq war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"}],"text":"The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120,000–130,000 of its Jewish population under the Israel-led \"Operation Ezra and Nehemiah\". There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Iraq war and its aftermath.","title":"Diaspora"}]	[]	[{"title":"Demographics of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq"},{"title":"List of Iraqis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iraqis"}]	[{"reference":"\"Iraq Population\". worldpopulationreview.com. World Bank. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/iraq-population","url_text":"\"Iraq Population\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank","url_text":"World Bank"}]},{"reference":"\"500,000 Iraqis in Iran\". Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. 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OCLC 18020063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198151519","url_text":"0198151519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18020063","url_text":"18020063"}]},{"reference":"Office, Great Britain Foreign (1958). Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 719. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JJpnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116124147/https://books.google.com/books?id=JJpnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Minorities in Iraq: EU Research Service\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychobabble	Psychobabble	["1 Origin","2 Likely contexts","3 Examples","4 See also","5 References"]	A form of speech or writing that uses psychological jargon in a misleading way This article is about the neologism. For the Frou Frou song, see Details (album). For the Alan Parsons Project song, see Eye in the Sky (album). Part of a series onPsychology Outline History Subfields Basic psychology Abnormal Affective neuroscience Affective science Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive/Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Coaching Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Positive Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Concepts Behavior Behavioral engineering Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Cognition Competence Consciousness Consumer behavior Emotions Feelings Human factors and ergonomics Intelligence Mind Psychology of religion Psychometrics Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Psychology portalvte Psychobabble (a portmanteau of "psychology" or "psychoanalysis" and "babble") is a derogatory name for therapy speech or writing that uses psychological jargon, buzzwords, and esoteric language to create an impression of truth or plausibility. The term implies that the speaker or writer lacks the experience and understanding necessary for the proper use of psychological terms. Additionally, it may imply that the content of speech deviates markedly from common sense and good judgement. Some buzzwords that are commonly heard in psychobabble have come into widespread use in business management, motivational seminars, self-help, folk psychology, and popular psychology. Frequent use of psychobabble can associate a clinical, psychological word with meaningless, or less meaningful, buzzword definitions. Laypersons often use such words when they describe life problems as clinical maladies even though the clinical terms are not meaningful or appropriate. Most professions develop a unique vocabulary or jargon which, with frequent use, may become commonplace buzzwords. Professional psychologists may reject the "psychobabble" label when it is applied to their own special terminology. The allusions to psychobabble imply that some psychological concepts lack precision and have become meaningless or pseudoscientific. Origin Psychobabble was defined by the writer who coined the word, R.D. Rosen, as a set of repetitive verbal formalities that kills off the very spontaneity, candour, and understanding it pretends to promote. It’s an idiom that reduces psychological insight to a collection of standardized observations that provides a frozen lexicon to deal with an infinite variety of problems. The word itself came into popular use after his 1977 publication of Psychobabble: Fast Talk and Quick Cure in the Era of Feeling. Rosen coined the word in 1975 in a book review for The Boston Phoenix, then featured it in a cover story for the magazine New Times titled "Psychobabble: The New Language of Candor." His book Psychobabble explores the dramatic expansion of psychological treatments and terminology in both professional and non-professional settings. Likely contexts Certain terms considered to be psychological jargon may be dismissed as psychobabble when they are used by laypersons or in discussions of popular psychology themes. New Age philosophies, self-help groups, personal development coaching, and large-group awareness training are often said to employ psychobabble. The word "psychobabble" may refer contemptuously to pretentious psychological gibberish. Automated talk-therapy offered by various ELIZA computer programs produce notable examples of conversational patterns that are psychobabble, even though they may not be loaded with jargon. ELIZA programs parody clinical conversations in which a therapist replies to a statement with a question that requires little or no specific knowledge. "Neurobabble" is a related term. Beyerstein (1990) wrote that neurobabble can appear in "ads suggest that brain 'repatterning' will foster effortless learning, creativity, and prosperity." He associated neuromythologies of left/right brain pseudoscience with specific New Age products and techniques. He stated that "the purveyors of neurobabble urge us to equate truth with what feels right and to abandon the commonsense insistence that those who would enlighten us provide at least as much evidence as we demand of politicians or used-car salesmen." Examples Psychobabble terms are typically words or phrases which have their roots in psychotherapeutic practice. Psychobabblers commonly overuse such terms as if they possessed some special value or meaning. Rosen has suggested that the following terms often appear in psychobabble: co-dependent, delusion, denial, dysfunctional, empowerment, holistic, meaningful relationship, multiple personality disorder, narcissism, psychosis, self-actualization, synergy, and mindfulness. Extensive examples of psychobabble appear in Cyra McFadden's satirical novel The Serial: A Year in the Life of Marin County (1977). In his collection of critical essays, Working with Structuralism (1981), the British scholar and novelist David Lodge gives a structural analysis of the language used in the novel and notes that McFadden endorsed the use of the term. In 2010, Theodore Dalrymple defined psychobabble as "the means by which people talk about themselves without revealing anything." See also Psychology portal Christianese – Christian religious terminology and jargon Corporatese – Buzzwords and specialized vocabulary used by businesspeoplePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Legalese – Pleading in civil and criminal lawPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Technobabble – Jargon-sounding nonsense Platitude – Trite, prosaic, or cliché truism Euphemism – Innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive Glittering generality – Phrase which appeals to positive emotion without supporting reason References ^ "Psychobabble - Richard Dean Rosen". Retrieved 16 June 2015. ^ "Psychobabble dictionary definition - psychobabble defined". Retrieved 16 June 2015. ^ Andrews, Robert (1993). The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations. Columbia University Press. p. 480. ISBN 9780231071949. Retrieved 16 June 2015. a set of repetitive verbal formalities that kills off the very spontaneity. ^ Rosen, R.D. (1977). Psychobabble: Fast Talk and Quick Cure in the Era of Feeling (1st ed.). New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-689-10775-7. ^ Compare: Hallenstein, Craig B. (February 1978). "Ethical problems of psychological jargon" (PDF). Professional Psychology. 9 (1). American Psychological Association: 111–116. ISSN 0735-7028. Retrieved 2010-01-31. RD Rosen (1975) pointed to the tyranny of 'psychological patter' in his article 'Psychobabble: The New Jargon of Candor.' ^ Beyerstein, B.L. (1990). "Unvalidated Fringe and Fraudulent Treatment of Mental Disorders". International Journal of Mental Health. 19 (3): 27–36. doi:10.1080/00207411.1990.11449169. ^ McFadden, Cyra (2000). The Serial: A Year in the Life of Marin County. Prion Books. ISBN 978-1-85375-383-1. ^ Lodge, David (1981). Working with Structuralism: Essays and Reviews on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Literature. Boston: Routledge & K. ISBN 978-0-7100-0658-5. ^ Dalrymple, Theodore (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. Gibson Square Books Ltd. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-906142-61-2. Wikiquote has quotations related to Psychobabble. Look up psychobabble in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. vtePsychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective neuroscience Affective science Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive/Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Coaching Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Positive Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Psychophysics Qualitative research Quantitative research Self-report inventory Statistical surveys Concepts Behavior Behavioral engineering Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Cognition Competence Consciousness Consumer behavior Emotions Feelings Human factors and ergonomics Intelligence Mind Psychology of religion PsychometricsPsychologists Wilhelm Wundt William James Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud Edward Thorndike Carl Jung John B. Watson Clark L. Hull Kurt Lewin Jean Piaget Gordon Allport J. P. Guilford Carl Rogers Erik Erikson B. F. Skinner Donald O. Hebb Ernest Hilgard Harry Harlow Raymond Cattell Abraham Maslow Neal E. Miller Jerome Bruner Donald T. Campbell Hans Eysenck Herbert A. Simon David McClelland Leon Festinger George A. Miller Richard Lazarus Stanley Schachter Robert Zajonc Albert Bandura Roger Brown Endel Tulving Lawrence Kohlberg Noam Chomsky Ulric Neisser Jerome Kagan Walter Mischel Elliot Aronson Daniel Kahneman Paul Ekman Michael Posner Amos Tversky Bruce McEwen Larry Squire Richard E. Nisbett Martin Seligman Ed Diener Shelley E. Taylor John Anderson Ronald C. Kessler Joseph E. LeDoux Richard Davidson Susan Fiske Roy Baumeister Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Details (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Details_(album)"},{"link_name":"Eye in the Sky (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_in_the_Sky_(album)"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"babble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbling"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon"},{"link_name":"buzzwords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzword"},{"link_name":"esoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/esoteric"},{"link_name":"plausibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plausibility"},{"link_name":"business management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"motivational seminars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivational_speaking"},{"link_name":"self-help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help"},{"link_name":"folk psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology"},{"link_name":"popular psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_psychology"},{"link_name":"life problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_life"},{"link_name":"professions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession"},{"link_name":"vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary"},{"link_name":"jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon"},{"link_name":"pseudoscientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"}],"text":"This article is about the neologism. For the Frou Frou song, see Details (album). For the Alan Parsons Project song, see Eye in the Sky (album).Psychobabble (a portmanteau of \"psychology\" or \"psychoanalysis\" and \"babble\") is a derogatory name for therapy speech or writing that uses psychological jargon, buzzwords, and esoteric language to create an impression of truth or plausibility. The term implies that the speaker or writer lacks the experience and understanding necessary for the proper use of psychological terms. Additionally, it may imply that the content of speech deviates markedly from common sense and good judgement.Some buzzwords that are commonly heard in psychobabble have come into widespread use in business management, motivational seminars, self-help, folk psychology, and popular psychology.Frequent use of psychobabble can associate a clinical, psychological word with meaningless, or less meaningful, buzzword definitions. Laypersons often use such words when they describe life problems as clinical maladies even though the clinical terms are not meaningful or appropriate.Most professions develop a unique vocabulary or jargon which, with frequent use, may become commonplace buzzwords. Professional psychologists may reject the \"psychobabble\" label when it is applied to their own special terminology.The allusions to psychobabble imply that some psychological concepts lack precision and have become meaningless or pseudoscientific.","title":"Psychobabble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Boston Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"New Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Times_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Psychobabble was defined by the writer who coined the word, R.D. Rosen,[1][2] asa set of repetitive verbal formalities that kills off the very spontaneity, candour, and understanding it pretends to promote. It’s an idiom that reduces psychological insight to a collection of standardized observations that provides a frozen lexicon to deal with an infinite variety of problems.[3]The word itself came into popular use after his 1977 publication of Psychobabble: Fast Talk and Quick Cure in the Era of Feeling.[4]Rosen coined the word in 1975 in a book review for The Boston Phoenix, then featured it in a cover story for the magazine New Times titled \"Psychobabble: The New Language of Candor.\"[5] His book Psychobabble explores the dramatic expansion of psychological treatments and terminology in both professional and non-professional settings.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychological jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon"},{"link_name":"popular psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_psychology"},{"link_name":"New Age philosophies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age"},{"link_name":"self-help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help"},{"link_name":"personal development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_development"},{"link_name":"large-group awareness training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-group_awareness_training"},{"link_name":"gibberish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberish"},{"link_name":"ELIZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"left/right brain pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function"}],"text":"Certain terms considered to be psychological jargon may be dismissed as psychobabble when they are used by laypersons or in discussions of popular psychology themes. New Age philosophies, self-help groups, personal development coaching, and large-group awareness training are often said to employ psychobabble.The word \"psychobabble\" may refer contemptuously to pretentious psychological gibberish. Automated talk-therapy offered by various ELIZA computer programs produce notable examples of conversational patterns that are psychobabble, even though they may not be loaded with jargon. ELIZA programs parody clinical conversations in which a therapist replies to a statement with a question that requires little or no specific knowledge.\"Neurobabble\" is a related term. Beyerstein (1990)[6] wrote that neurobabble can appear in \"ads [that] suggest that brain 'repatterning' will foster effortless learning, creativity, and prosperity.\" He associated neuromythologies of left/right brain pseudoscience with specific New Age products and techniques. He stated that \"the purveyors of neurobabble urge us to equate truth with what feels right and to abandon the commonsense insistence that those who would enlighten us provide at least as much evidence as we demand of politicians or used-car salesmen.\"","title":"Likely contexts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychotherapeutic practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"co-dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-dependent"},{"link_name":"delusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion"},{"link_name":"denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial"},{"link_name":"dysfunctional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional"},{"link_name":"empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment"},{"link_name":"holistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic"},{"link_name":"meaningful relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"},{"link_name":"multiple personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"narcissism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"self-actualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualization"},{"link_name":"synergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy"},{"link_name":"mindfulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness"},{"link_name":"Cyra McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyra_McFadden"},{"link_name":"The Serial: A Year in the Life of Marin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serial:_A_Year_in_the_Life_of_Marin_County"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-7"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Theodore Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Psychobabble terms are typically words or phrases which have their roots in psychotherapeutic practice. Psychobabblers commonly overuse such terms as if they possessed some special value or meaning.Rosen has suggested that the following terms often appear in psychobabble:\nco-dependent,\ndelusion,\ndenial,\ndysfunctional,\nempowerment,\nholistic,\nmeaningful relationship,\nmultiple personality disorder,\nnarcissism,\npsychosis,\nself-actualization, \nsynergy, and\nmindfulness.\nExtensive examples of psychobabble appear in Cyra McFadden's satirical novel The Serial: A Year in the Life of Marin County (1977).[7] In his collection of critical essays, Working with Structuralism (1981), the British scholar and novelist David Lodge gives a structural analysis of the language used in the novel and notes that McFadden endorsed the use of the term.[8]In 2010, Theodore Dalrymple defined psychobabble as \"the means by which people talk about themselves without revealing anything.\"[9]","title":"Examples"}]	[]	[{"title":"Psychology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology"},{"title":"Christianese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianese"},{"title":"Corporatese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatese"},{"title":"Legalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalese"},{"title":"Technobabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technobabble"},{"title":"Platitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platitude"},{"title":"Euphemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism"},{"title":"Glittering generality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glittering_generality"}]	[{"reference":"\"Psychobabble - Richard Dean Rosen\". 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American Psychological Association: 111–116. ISSN 0735-7028. Retrieved 2010-01-31. RD Rosen (1975) pointed to the tyranny of 'psychological patter' in his article 'Psychobabble: The New Jargon of Candor.'","urls":[{"url":"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pro/9/1/111.pdf","url_text":"\"Ethical problems of psychological jargon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Psychology:_Research_and_Practice","url_text":"Professional Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association","url_text":"American Psychological Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0735-7028","url_text":"0735-7028"}]},{"reference":"Beyerstein, B.L. (1990). \"Unvalidated Fringe and Fraudulent Treatment of Mental Disorders\". International Journal of Mental Health. 19 (3): 27–36. doi:10.1080/00207411.1990.11449169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207411.1990.11449169","url_text":"10.1080/00207411.1990.11449169"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Cyra (2000). The Serial: A Year in the Life of Marin County. Prion Books. ISBN 978-1-85375-383-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85375-383-1","url_text":"978-1-85375-383-1"}]},{"reference":"Lodge, David (1981). Working with Structuralism: Essays and Reviews on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Literature. Boston: Routledge & K. ISBN 978-0-7100-0658-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/workingwithstruc0000lodg","url_text":"Working with Structuralism: Essays and Reviews on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0658-5","url_text":"978-0-7100-0658-5"}]},{"reference":"Dalrymple, Theodore (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. Gibson Square Books Ltd. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-906142-61-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906142-61-2","url_text":"978-1-906142-61-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rdrosen.com/psychobabble-fast-talk-and-quick-cure-in-the-era-of-feelings/","external_links_name":"\"Psychobabble - Richard Dean Rosen\""},{"Link":"http://www.yourdictionary.com/psychobabble","external_links_name":"\"Psychobabble dictionary definition - psychobabble defined\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/columbiadictiona00andr","external_links_name":"The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/columbiadictiona00andr/page/480","external_links_name":"480"},{"Link":"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pro/9/1/111.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ethical problems of psychological jargon\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0735-7028","external_links_name":"0735-7028"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207411.1990.11449169","external_links_name":"10.1080/00207411.1990.11449169"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/workingwithstruc0000lodg","external_links_name":"Working with Structuralism: Essays and Reviews on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Literature"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DatGuy	User talk:DatGuy	["1 Administrators' newsletter – June 2024"]	Archives (Index) 2015/November 2015/December 2016/January 2016/February 2016/March 2016/April 2016/May 2016/June 2016/July 2016/August 2016/September 2016/October 2016/November 2016/December 2017/January 2017/February 2017/March 2017/April 2017/May 2017/June 2017/July 2017/September 2017/October 2017/November 2017/December 2018/January 2018/February 2018/March 2018/April 2018/May 2018/June 2018/July 2018/August 2018/September 2018/October 2018/December 2019/January 2019/February 2019/March 2019/April 2019/May 2019/June 2019/July 2019/August 2019/September 2019/October 2019/November 2019/December 2020/January 2020/February 2020/March 2020/April 2020/May 2020/June 2020/July 2020/August 2020/September 2020/October 2020/November 2020/December 2021/February 2021/March 2021/April 2021/May 2021/June 2021/July 2021/August 2021/October 2021/November 2021/December 2022/January 2022/February 2022/March 2022/April 2022/May 2022/June 2022/July 2022/August 2022/September 2022/October 2022/November 2022/December 2023/January 2023/February 2023/March 2023/April 2023/May 2023/June 2023/July 2023/August 2023/September 2023/October 2023/November 2023/December 2024/January 2024/February 2024/March 2024/April 2024/May This user is busy in real life and may not respond swiftly to queries. Administrators' newsletter – June 2024 News and updates for administrators from the past month (May 2024). Administrator changes Graham Beards DeskanaMets501Staxringold Bureaucrat changes Deskana Warofdreams Oversight changes Dreamy Jazz Guideline and policy news Phase II of the 2024 RfA review has commenced to improve and refine the proposals passed in Phase I. Technical news The Nuke feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. T43351 Arbitration The arbitration case Venezuelan politics has been closed. The Committee is seeking volunteers for various roles, including access to the conflict of interest VRT queue. Miscellaneous WikiProject Reliability's unsourced statements drive is happening in June 2024 to replace {{citation needed}} tags with references! Sign up here to participate! Discuss this newsletter Subscribe Archive Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:44, 5 June 2024 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DatGuy&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"News and updates for administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_newsletter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Administrator.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg"},{"link_name":"Graham Beards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1222103388#Resysop_request_(Graham_Beards)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg"},{"link_name":"Deskana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1221623112#Wikipedia:Inactive_administrators/2024#May_2024"},{"link_name":"Mets501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1221623112#Wikipedia:Inactive_administrators/2024#May_2024"},{"link_name":"Staxringold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1221692285#Desysop_request_Staxringold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_bureaucrat.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg"},{"link_name":"Deskana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1221620229#Inactive_bureaucrat_(Deskana)"},{"link_name":"Warofdreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1221956999#Standing_down_as_bureaucrat_(Warofdreams)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANEWSicon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oversight_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg"},{"link_name":"Dreamy Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1221703338#Changes_to_the_functionaries_team,_May_2024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_check.svg"},{"link_name":"Phase II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/2024_review/Phase_II"},{"link_name":"2024 RfA review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/2024_review"},{"link_name":"Phase I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/2024_review/Phase_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octicons-tools.svg"},{"link_name":"Nuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke"},{"link_name":"T43351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Venezuelan_politics"},{"link_name":"seeking volunteers for various roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1225426349#Conflict_of_interest_VRT_queue_and_call_for_volunteers"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest VRT queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COIVRT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Info_Simple_bw.svg"},{"link_name":"unsourced statements drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability/June_2024_Drive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sign up here to participate!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability/June_2024_Drive"},{"link_name":"Discuss this newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Administrators%27_newsletter"},{"link_name":"Subscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_newsletter/Subscribe"},{"link_name":"Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_newsletter/Archive"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Administrators' newsletter – June 2024[edit]News and updates for administrators from the past month (May 2024).Administrator changes\n\n Graham Beards\n DeskanaMets501Staxringold\n Bureaucrat changes\n\n Deskana Warofdreams\n\n\n\n Oversight changes\n\n Dreamy JazzGuideline and policy newsPhase II of the 2024 RfA review has commenced to improve and refine the proposals passed in Phase I.Technical newsThe Nuke feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. T43351ArbitrationThe arbitration case Venezuelan politics has been closed.\nThe Committee is seeking volunteers for various roles, including access to the conflict of interest VRT queue.MiscellaneousWikiProject Reliability's unsourced statements drive is happening in June 2024 to replace {{citation needed}} tags with references! Sign up here to participate!Discuss this newsletter\nSubscribe\nArchiveSent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:44, 5 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:DatGuy"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ANEWSicon.png/150px-ANEWSicon.png"}]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS-441524	GS-441524	["1 Use and research","1.1 Feline infectious peritonitis","1.2 COVID-19","1.3 USA regulations","1.4 Deuremidevir","2 Pharmacology","2.1 Pharmacodynamics","2.2 Pharmacokinetics","2.3 Mechanism of action","2.4 Tolerance","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]	Metabolite of remdesivir GS-441524Legal statusLegal status AU: Yes UK: Yes US: Investigational drug EU: No, legal treatment available in the Netherlands Identifiers IUPAC name (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo triazin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2-carbonitrile CAS Number1191237-69-0 YPubChem CID44468216DrugBankDB15686ChemSpider28499294UNII1BQK176DT6KEGGC22275ChEBICHEBI:147281ChEMBLChEMBL2016757Chemical and physical dataFormulaC12H13N5O4Molar mass291.267 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES C1=C2C(=NC=NN2C(=C1)3((((O3)CO)O)O)C#N)N InChI InChI=1S/C12H13N5O4/c13-4-12(10(20)9(19)7(3-18)21-12)8-2-1-6-11(14)15-5-16-17(6)8/h1-2,5,7,9-10,18-20H,3H2,(H2,14,15,16)/t7-,9-,10-,12+/m1/s1Key:BRDWIEOJOWJCLU-LTGWCKQJSA-N GS-441524 is a nucleoside analogue antiviral drug which was developed by Gilead Sciences. It is the main plasma metabolite of the antiviral prodrug remdesivir, and has a half-life of around 24 hours in human patients. Remdesivir and GS-441524 were both found to be effective in vitro against feline coronavirus strains responsible for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a lethal systemic disease affecting domestic cats. Remdesivir was never tested in cats (though some vets now offer it), but GS-441524 has been found to be effective treatment for FIP. It is widely used despite no official FDA approval due to Gilead's refusal to license this drug for veterinary use. In several countries oral GS-441524 tablets (and injectable remdesivir) became legally available to vets for the treatment of FIP in cats, for example Australia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Besides remdesivir, other prodrugs include obeldesivir (Gilead Sciences, Phase III) and deuremidevir (Vigonvita/Junshi, conditional approval in China). Use and research Feline infectious peritonitis Since untreated feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is fatal in almost all cases and in most countries there are no approved treatments available, GS-441524 has reportedly been sold illegally worldwide on the black market and used by pet owners to treat affected cats, although Gilead Sciences has refused to license the drug for veterinary use. Its efficacy for this purpose has been conclusively demonstrated in multiple trials, including field trials, and even in more complicated forms of FIP such as those with multisystemic or neurological involvement. In naturally infected cats, a recovery rate of over 80% has been observed with GS-441524 treatment in several studies and in treatment programs in countries where the drug is legalised. As of 2023, oral GS-441524 tablets or capsules (and injectable remdesivir) became legally available to vets for the treatment of FIP in cats in Australia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. COVID-19 GS-441524 is either similar to or more potent than remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture, with some researchers arguing that GS-441524 would be better than remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. Specific advantages cited include ease of synthesis, lower kidney and hepatotoxicity, as well as potential for oral delivery (which is precluded of remdesivir because of poor hepatic stability and first pass metabolism). The public health advocacy group, Public Citizen, in an open letter urged the DHHS and Gilead to investigate GS-441524 for the treatment of COVID-19, suggesting that Gilead was not doing so for financial motives related to the longer intellectual property lifespan of Remdesivir, whose patents expire no sooner than 2035. Direct efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated in a mouse model of COVID-19. GS-441524 has been directly administered in a healthy human, with highest plasma concentrations of 12 uM reached, which is >10 times the concentration required for activity against SARS-CoV-2 in culture. USA regulations GS-441524 is sold as a research chemical in very high purity (>99% by NMR and HPLC) by a number of suppliers. Such sales for research purposes do not constitute patent infringements which was affirmed by a U.S. Supreme Court decision. However, despite the high purity, under FDA regulations, such chemicals are not allowed for clinical trials since their manufacture is not performed under FDA cGMP certified conditions. Deuremidevir Main article: Deuremidevir A deuterium modified version of GS-441524 has been produced and has shown pre-clinical efficacy in both cell culture and mouse models by a team including members of Wuhan Institute of Virology. A subsidiary of Shanghai Junshi Biosciences received conditional approval for VV116, now named deuremidevir, to treat adults with COVID-19 from China's National Medical Products Administration on January 30, 2023. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics GS-441524 nucleoside is phosphorylated by nucleoside kinases (probably adenosine kinase (ADK), which is the enzyme that phosphorylates the structurally similar ribavirin), and then phosphorylated again by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK) to the active nucleotide triphosphate form. The triphosphate of GS-441524, GS-443902, is also the bioactive anti-viral agent generated by remdesivir, but is generated by a different biochemical mechanism from the later. Pharmacokinetics GS-441524 is a 1'-cyano-substituted adenosine analogue. It is remdesivir's predominant metabolite circulating in the serum due to rapid hydrolysis (half life less than 1 hour) followed by dephosphorylation. In response to the letter from Public Citizen, National Institutes of Health's drug discovery arm, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), has started systematic Investigational New Drug enabling experiments including pharmacokinetics in multiple pre-clinical species, and also (in October) in humans (results not yet published). Oral bioavailability was found to be excellent in dogs, good in mice, but modest in cynomolgus non-human primates. Prediction of human oral bioavailability from pre-clinical data is more art than science, and relies on modeling data from multiple species. Taking as reference point the clinical and pre-clinical data of other nucleoside analogues, human oral bioavailability of GS-441524 is expected to fall somewhere in between that seen in dog as a high point and that seen in non-human primates. Since GS-441524 has a bit less than half the molecular weight of remdesivir, it will deliver as much active metabolite to the blood as the same dose of remdesivir (for example, 100 mg), even if human oral bioavailability is 50%, comparable to (for example) ribavirin. More recent data releases from NCATS shows that GS-441524 is tolerated at 1000 mg/kg in dogs with a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of nearly 100 μM, or about 100-fold higher than the concentrations required for activity against the virus in cell culture. The elimination half-life of GS-441524 is around 2 hours in cynomolgus, much shorter than the 24 hours reported in humans. The longer half life suggests once-a-day dosing if the drug is approved for human oral use. Mechanism of action Intracellular triple-phosphorylation of GS-441524 yields its active 1'-cyano-substituted adenosine triphosphate analogue, which directly disrupts viral RNA replication by competing with endogenous NTPs for incorporation into nascent viral RNA transcripts and triggering delayed chain termination of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Tolerance In vitro experiments in Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells found GS-441524 was nontoxic at 100 μM concentrations, 100 times the dose effective at inhibiting FIPV replication in cultured CRFK cells and infected macrophages. Clinical trials in cats indicate the drug is well-tolerated, with the primary side effect being dermal irritation from the acidity of the injection mix. Some researchers suggesting its utility as a treatment for COVID-19 have pointed out advantages over remdesivir, including lack of on-target liver toxicity, longer half-life and exposure (AUC) and much cheaper and simpler synthesis. See also CMX521 NITD008 Notes ^ a b At the moment, legal treatment with GS-441524 in the Netherlands is only available through vets from the Veterinary medicine department of Utrecht University. The drug is made in the University pharmacy. After a successful trial period starting in June 2023, the drug will become legally available for FIP treatment in cats to all vets in the country. Remdesivir can be legally used for treatment by all vets in the Netherlands under the cascade, since its approval for the use in human COVID-19 treatment. References ^ "Veterinary advancements in managing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in cats". Australian Veterinary Association Ltd. 19 February 2021. ^ a b c Westgate J (7 May 2020). "Vet science 'being ignored' in quest for COVID-19 drug". vet times. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ a b Zhang S (8 May 2020). "A Much-Hyped COVID-19 Drug Is Almost Identical to a Black-Market Cat Cure". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ a b c Murphy BG, Perron M, Murakami E, Bauer K, Park Y, Eckstrand C, et al. (June 2018). "The nucleoside analog GS-441524 strongly inhibits feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in tissue culture and experimental cat infection studies". Veterinary Microbiology. 219: 226–233. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.026. PMC 7117434. PMID 29778200. ^ a b Pedersen NC, Perron M, Bannasch M, Montgomery E, Murakami E, Liepnieks M, Liu H (April 2019). "Efficacy and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 21 (4): 271–281. doi:10.1177/1098612X19825701. PMC 6435921. PMID 30755068. ^ a b c d e "Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)". icatcare.org. International Cat Care. Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ a b "Nu ook in Nederland behandeling voor katten met FIP". www.licg.nl (in Dutch). Landelijk InformatieCentrum Gezelschapsdieren (LICG). Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ "Cascade". cbg-meb.nl. Medicines Evaluation Board. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ "Feline Infectious Peritonitis". Vca. VCA Animal Hospitals. Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ Burns K (15 January 2020). "FIP drugs continue to show promise, while being sold on black market". JAVMAnews. Retrieved 2 May 2020. ^ a b c Izes AM, Yu J, Norris JM, Govendir M (December 2020). "Current status on treatment options for feline infectious peritonitis and SARS-CoV-2 positive cats". The Veterinary Quarterly. 40 (1): 322–330. doi:10.1080/01652176.2020.1845917. PMC 7671703. PMID 33138721. ^ "Successful Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treatment with Remdesivir at the RVC". www.rvc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ "FIP Antivirals \| Fight FIP". blogs.cornell.edu. Whittaker Lab - Cornell University. Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ Jones S, Novicoff W, Nadeau J, Evans S (July 2021). "Unlicensed GS-441524-Like Antiviral Therapy Can Be Effective for at-Home Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis". Animals. 11 (8): 2257. doi:10.3390/ani11082257. PMC 8388366. PMID 34438720. ^ Pruijssers AJ, George AS, Schäfer A, Leist SR, Gralinksi LE, Dinnon KH, et al. (July 2020). "Remdesivir Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Human Lung Cells and Chimeric SARS-CoV Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Polymerase in Mice". Cell Reports. 32 (3): 107940. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107940. PMC 7340027. PMID 32668216. ^ a b Yan VC, Muller FL (July 2020). "Advantages of the Parent Nucleoside GS-441524 over Remdesivir for Covid-19 Treatment". ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 11 (7): 1361–1366. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00316. PMC 7315846. PMID 32665809. S2CID 220056568. ^ a b Yan VC, Muller FL (14 May 2020). "Gilead should ditch remdesivir and focus on its simpler and safer ancestor". Statnews. Retrieved 5 July 2020. ^ Siebenand S (15 April 2020). "Remdesivir-Metabolit noch schärfere Waffe gegen Covid-19?". Pharmazeutische Zeitung. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ "Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of Veklrty® (remdesivir)". fda.gov. Food and Drug Administration. July 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ "Letter to Gilead and Senior Federal Health Officials Calling for Immediate Study of the Antiviral Drug GS-441524 as a Potential Treatment for COVID-19" (Press release). Public Citizen. Public Citizen. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ Imran M, Alshrari AS, Asdaq SM (August 2021). "Trends in the development of remdesivir based inventions against COVID-19 and other disorders: A patent review". Journal of Infection and Public Health. 14 (8): 1075–1086. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.06.013. PMC 8236076. PMID 34243049. ^ Li Y, Cao L, Li G, Cong F, Li Y, Sun J, et al. (February 2022). "Remdesivir Metabolite GS-441524 Effectively Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mouse Models". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 65 (4): 2785–2793. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01929. PMC 7875336. PMID 33523654. ^ Clinical trial number NCT04859244 for "First-in-Human Study of Orally Administered GS-441524 for COVID-19" at ClinicalTrials.gov ^ Russo AA, Johnson J (October 2014). "Research use exemptions to patent infringement for drug discovery and development in the United States". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 5 (2): a020933. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020933. PMC 4315915. PMID 25359549. ^ Yin W, Luan X, Li Z, Xie Y, Zhou Z, Liu J, Gao M, Wang X, Zhou F, Wang Q, Wang Q (January 2020). "Structural basis for repurpose and design of nucleoside drugs for treating COVID-19". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.363812. S2CID 226263471. ^ Cao Z, Gao W, Bao H, Feng H, Mei S, Chen P, et al. (February 2023). "VV116 versus Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19". The New England Journal of Medicine. 388 (5): 406–417. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208822. PMC 9812289. PMID 36577095. ^ Devarasetti H (2023-01-30). "China's NMPA conditionally approves two oral drugs for Covid-19". Pharmaceutical Technology. Retrieved 2023-02-04. ^ Warren TK, Jordan R, Lo MK, Ray AS, Mackman RL, Soloveva V, et al. (March 2016). "Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys". Nature. 531 (7594): 381–385. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..381W. doi:10.1038/nature17180. PMC 5551389. PMID 26934220. ^ Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Case JB, et al. (June 2017). "Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses". Science Translational Medicine. 9 (396): eaal3653. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3653. PMC 5567817. PMID 28659436. ^ Williamson BN, Feldmann F, Schwarz B, Meade-White K, Porter DP, Schulz J, et al. (April 2020). "Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2". bioRxiv: 2020.04.15.043166. doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043166. PMC 7239049. PMID 32511319. ^ WP:CALC ^ "GS-441524 Studies". National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). 21 April 2021. ^ Giovinco J (14 February 2020). "Feline coronavirus treatment could stop spread of COVID-19 in humans, doctor says". Fox 5. New York. vteRNA virus antivirals (primarily J05, also S01AD and D06BB)Hepatitis CNS3/4A protease inhibitors (–previr) Asunaprevir Boceprevir‡ Ciluprevir§ Danoprevir† Faldaprevir‡ Glecaprevir Grazoprevir Narlaprevir Paritaprevir Simeprevir Sovaprevir† Telaprevir‡ Vaniprevir Vedroprevir§ Voxilaprevir NS5A inhibitors (–asvir) Coblopasvir Daclatasvir# Elbasvir Ledipasvir Odalasvir† Ombitasvir Pibrentasvir Ravidasvir† Ruzasvir† Samatasvir† Velpatasvir NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitors (–buvir) Beclabuvir† Bemnifosbuvir† Dasabuvir# Deleobuvir§ Filibuvir§ GS-6620§ IDX-184§ Setrobuvir§ Sofosbuvir# Tegobuvir§ TMC-647055§ Radalbuvir† Uprifosbuvir† Combination drugs Elbasvir/grazoprevir Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir# Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir# Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir# Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir Hepatitis D Bulevirtide Picornavirus viral entry: Pleconaril† Anti-influenza agents Baloxavir marboxil Pimodivir† Umifenovir adamantane derivatives/M2 inhibitors (Adapromine Amantadine Rimantadine) neuraminidase inhibitors/release phase (Oseltamivir# Zanamivir Peramivir, Laninamivir†) Multiple/generalInterferon Interferon alfa 2b Peginterferon alfa-2a# Peginterferon alfa-2b# 3CL protease inhibitors (–trelvir) Ensitrelvir† Lufotrelvir Nirmatrelvir† (+ritonavir)† Rupintrivir Simnotrelvir (+ritonavir†) RNA pol inhibitors CMX521§ Deuremidevir† Favipiravir Galidesivir† GS-441524§ Remdesivir MK-608§ Mericitabine† Molnupiravir NITD008§ Ribavirin# Taribavirin† Triazavirin Valopicitabine† Multiple/Unknown/Other EICAR§ Merimepodib§ Moroxydine Presatovir† #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antiviral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral"},{"link_name":"Gilead Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"remdesivir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir"},{"link_name":"Remdesivir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir"},{"link_name":"feline coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_coronavirus"},{"link_name":"feline infectious peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_infectious_peritonitis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vettimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedersen-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLnote-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"obeldesivir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeldesivir"},{"link_name":"Gilead Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences"},{"link_name":"deuremidevir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuremidevir"}],"text":"GS-441524 is a nucleoside analogue antiviral drug which was developed by Gilead Sciences. It is the main plasma metabolite of the antiviral prodrug remdesivir, and has a half-life of around 24 hours in human patients. Remdesivir and GS-441524 were both found to be effective in vitro against feline coronavirus strains responsible for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a lethal systemic disease affecting domestic cats. Remdesivir was never tested in cats (though some vets now offer it[1]), but GS-441524 has been found to be effective treatment for FIP.It is widely used despite no official FDA approval due to Gilead's refusal to license this drug for veterinary use.[2][3][4][5] In several countries oral GS-441524 tablets (and injectable remdesivir) became legally available to vets for the treatment of FIP in cats, for example Australia,[6] the Netherlands,[7][a] and the United Kingdom.[6]Besides remdesivir, other prodrugs include obeldesivir (Gilead Sciences, Phase III) and deuremidevir (Vigonvita/Junshi, conditional approval in China).","title":"GS-441524"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Use and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vettimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Izes-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLnote-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Feline infectious peritonitis","text":"Since untreated feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is fatal in almost all cases[9] and in most countries there are no approved treatments available, GS-441524 has reportedly been sold illegally worldwide on the black market and used by pet owners to treat affected cats, although Gilead Sciences has refused to license the drug for veterinary use. Its efficacy for this purpose has been conclusively demonstrated in multiple trials, including field trials,[2][3][10] and even in more complicated forms of FIP such as those with multisystemic or neurological involvement.[11] In naturally infected cats, a recovery rate of over 80% has been observed with GS-441524 treatment in several studies and in treatment programs in countries where the drug is legalised.[6][12][13][14]As of 2023, oral GS-441524 tablets or capsules (and injectable remdesivir) became legally available to vets for the treatment of FIP in cats in Australia,[6] the Netherlands,[7][a] and the United Kingdom.[6]","title":"Use and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vettimes-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yan_2020-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statnews-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"hepatotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity"},{"link_name":"first pass metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_metabolism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Public Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Citizen"},{"link_name":"DHHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Gilead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid33523654-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19","text":"GS-441524 is either similar to or more potent than remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture,[15] with some researchers arguing that GS-441524 would be better than remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19.[2][16][17][18] Specific advantages cited include ease of synthesis, lower kidney and hepatotoxicity, as well as potential for oral delivery (which is precluded of remdesivir because of poor hepatic stability and first pass metabolism).[19] The public health advocacy group, Public Citizen, in an open letter urged the DHHS and Gilead to investigate GS-441524 for the treatment of COVID-19,[20] suggesting that Gilead was not doing so for financial motives related to the longer intellectual property lifespan of Remdesivir, whose patents expire no sooner than 2035.[21] Direct efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated in a mouse model of COVID-19.[22]GS-441524 has been directly administered in a healthy human,[23] with highest plasma concentrations of 12 uM reached, which is >10 times the concentration required for activity against SARS-CoV-2 in culture.","title":"Use and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR"},{"link_name":"HPLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPLC"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"cGMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_good_manufacturing_practice"}],"sub_title":"USA regulations","text":"GS-441524 is sold as a research chemical in very high purity (>99% by NMR and HPLC) by a number of suppliers. Such sales for research purposes do not constitute patent infringements which was affirmed by a U.S. Supreme Court decision.[24] However, despite the high purity, under FDA regulations, such chemicals are not allowed for clinical trials since their manufacture is not performed under FDA cGMP certified conditions.","title":"Use and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deuterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium"},{"link_name":"Wuhan Institute of Virology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"deuremidevir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuremidevir"},{"link_name":"National Medical Products Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medical_Products_Administration"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Deuremidevir","text":"A deuterium modified version of GS-441524 has been produced and has shown pre-clinical efficacy in both cell culture and mouse models by a team including members of Wuhan Institute of Virology.[25][26] A subsidiary of Shanghai Junshi Biosciences received conditional approval for VV116, now named deuremidevir, to treat adults with COVID-19 from China's National Medical Products Administration on January 30, 2023.[27]","title":"Use and research"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nucleoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"adenosine kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_kinase"},{"link_name":"phosphorylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"ribavirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribavirin"},{"link_name":"nucleoside-diphosphate kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside-diphosphate_kinase"},{"link_name":"nucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide"},{"link_name":"GS-443902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GS-443902&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"remdesivir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacodynamics","text":"GS-441524 nucleoside is phosphorylated by nucleoside kinases (probably adenosine kinase (ADK), which is the enzyme that phosphorylates the structurally similar ribavirin), and then phosphorylated again by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK) to the active nucleotide triphosphate form. The triphosphate of GS-441524, GS-443902, is also the bioactive anti-viral agent generated by remdesivir, but is generated by a different biochemical mechanism from the later.[citation needed]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adenosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Investigational New Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug"},{"link_name":"pharmacokinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oral bioavailability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_bioavailability"},{"link_name":"cynomolgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynomolgus"},{"link_name":"bioavailability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability"},{"link_name":"ribavirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribavirin"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"maximum plasma concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacokinetics","text":"GS-441524 is a 1'-cyano-substituted adenosine analogue. It is remdesivir's predominant metabolite circulating in the serum due to rapid hydrolysis (half life less than 1 hour) followed by dephosphorylation.[28][29][30]In response to the letter from Public Citizen, National Institutes of Health's drug discovery arm, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), has started systematic Investigational New Drug enabling experiments including pharmacokinetics in multiple pre-clinical species, and also (in October) in humans (results not yet published).[citation needed] Oral bioavailability was found to be excellent in dogs, good in mice, but modest in cynomolgus non-human primates. Prediction of human oral bioavailability from pre-clinical data is more art than science, and relies on modeling data from multiple species. Taking as reference point the clinical and pre-clinical data of other nucleoside analogues, human oral bioavailability of GS-441524 is expected to fall somewhere in between that seen in dog as a high point and that seen in non-human primates. Since GS-441524 has a bit less than half the molecular weight of remdesivir, it will deliver as much active metabolite to the blood as the same dose of remdesivir (for example, 100 mg), even if human oral bioavailability is 50%, comparable to (for example) ribavirin.[31] More recent data releases from NCATS shows that GS-441524 is tolerated at 1000 mg/kg in dogs with a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of nearly 100 μM, or about 100-fold higher than the concentrations required for activity against the virus in cell culture.[32]The elimination half-life of GS-441524 is around 2 hours in cynomolgus, much shorter than the 24 hours reported in humans. The longer half life suggests once-a-day dosing if the drug is approved for human oral use.[citation needed]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_replication"},{"link_name":"chain termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_termination"},{"link_name":"RNA-dependent RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-4"}],"sub_title":"Mechanism of action","text":"Intracellular triple-phosphorylation of GS-441524 yields its active 1'-cyano-substituted adenosine triphosphate analogue, which directly disrupts viral RNA replication by competing with endogenous NTPs for incorporation into nascent viral RNA transcripts and triggering delayed chain termination of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.[4]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Izes-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Izes-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedersen-5"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"AUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yan_2020-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statnews-18"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Tolerance","text":"In vitro experiments in Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells found GS-441524 was nontoxic at 100 μM concentrations, 100 times the dose effective at inhibiting FIPV replication in cultured CRFK cells and infected macrophages.[4][11] Clinical trials in cats indicate the drug is well-tolerated, with the primary side effect being dermal irritation from the acidity of the injection mix.[11][5]Some researchers suggesting its utility as a treatment for COVID-19 have pointed out advantages over remdesivir, including lack of on-target liver toxicity, longer half-life and exposure (AUC) and much cheaper and simpler synthesis.[16][17][33]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NLnote_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NLnote_9-1"},{"link_name":"Utrecht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"^ a b At the moment, legal treatment with GS-441524 in the Netherlands is only available through vets from the Veterinary medicine department of Utrecht University. The drug is made in the University pharmacy. After a successful trial period starting in June 2023, the drug will become legally available for FIP treatment in cats to all vets in the country. Remdesivir can be legally used for treatment by all vets in the Netherlands under the cascade,[8] since its approval for the use in human COVID-19 treatment.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"CMX521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMX521"},{"title":"NITD008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITD008"}]	[{"reference":"\"Veterinary advancements in managing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in cats\". Australian Veterinary Association Ltd. 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vetvoice.com.au/articles/veterinary-advancements-in-managing-feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip-in-cats-in/","url_text":"\"Veterinary advancements in managing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in cats\""}]},{"reference":"Westgate J (7 May 2020). \"Vet science 'being ignored' in quest for COVID-19 drug\". vet times. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vettimes.co.uk/news/vet-science-being-ignored-in-quest-for-covid-19-drug/","url_text":"\"Vet science 'being ignored' in quest for COVID-19 drug\""}]},{"reference":"Zhang S (8 May 2020). \"A Much-Hyped COVID-19 Drug Is Almost Identical to a Black-Market Cat Cure\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/05/remdesivir-cats/611341/","url_text":"\"A Much-Hyped COVID-19 Drug Is Almost Identical to a Black-Market Cat Cure\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy BG, Perron M, Murakami E, Bauer K, Park Y, Eckstrand C, et al. (June 2018). \"The nucleoside analog GS-441524 strongly inhibits feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in tissue culture and experimental cat infection studies\". Veterinary Microbiology. 219: 226–233. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.026. PMC 7117434. PMID 29778200.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117434","url_text":"\"The nucleoside analog GS-441524 strongly inhibits feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in tissue culture and experimental cat infection studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vetmic.2018.04.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117434","url_text":"7117434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29778200","url_text":"29778200"}]},{"reference":"Pedersen NC, Perron M, Bannasch M, Montgomery E, Murakami E, Liepnieks M, Liu H (April 2019). \"Efficacy and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis\". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 21 (4): 271–281. doi:10.1177/1098612X19825701. PMC 6435921. PMID 30755068.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6435921","url_text":"\"Efficacy and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098612X19825701","url_text":"10.1177/1098612X19825701"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6435921","url_text":"6435921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30755068","url_text":"30755068"}]},{"reference":"\"Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)\". icatcare.org. International Cat Care. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Faddeev	Ludvig Faddeev	["1 Biography","2 Honours and awards","3 Selected works","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Russian mathematician and physicist (1934–2017) Ludvig FaddeevЛюдвиг ФаддеевFaddeev in 2010Born(1934-03-23)23 March 1934Leningrad, Soviet UnionDied26 February 2017(2017-02-26) (aged 82)NationalityRussianAlma materSaint Petersburg State UniversityKnown forFaddeev equationsFaddeev–Popov ghostsFaddeev–Senjanovic quantizationFaddeev–Jackiw quantizationQuantum dilogarithmQuantum inverse scattering methodYangianAwardsDannie Heineman Prize (1975)Dirac Prize (1990)Max Planck Medal (1996)Pomeranchuk Prize (2002)Demidov Prize (2002)Poincaré Prize (2006)Shaw Prize (2008)Lomonosov Gold Medal (2013)Scientific careerFieldsMathematics, theoretical physicsInstitutionsSteklov Institute of MathematicsDoctoral advisorOlga LadyzhenskayaDoctoral studentsVladimir BuslaevNicolai ReshetikhinSamson ShatashviliEvgeny SklyaninLeon TakhtajanVladimir Korepin Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev (also Ludwig Dmitriyevich; Russian: Лю́двиг Дми́триевич Фадде́ев; 23 March 1934 – 26 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematical physicist. He is known for the discovery of the Faddeev equations in the quantum-mechanical three-body problem and for the development of path-integral methods in the quantization of non-abelian gauge field theories, including the introduction of the Faddeev–Popov ghosts (with Victor Popov). He led the Leningrad School, in which he along with many of his students developed the quantum inverse scattering method for studying quantum integrable systems in one space and one time dimension. This work led to the invention of quantum groups by Drinfeld and Jimbo. Biography Faddeev was born in Leningrad to a family of mathematicians. His father, Dmitry Faddeev, was a well known algebraist, professor of Leningrad University and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His mother, Vera Faddeeva, was known for her work in numerical linear algebra. Faddeev attended Leningrad University, receiving his undergraduate degree in 1956. He enrolled in physics, rather than mathematics, "to be independent of father". Nevertheless, he received a solid education in mathematics as well "due to the influence of V. A. Fock and V. I. Smirnov". His doctoral work on scattering theory was completed in 1959 under the direction of Olga Ladyzhenskaya. From 1976 to 2000, Faddeev was head of the St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences (PDMI RAS). He was an invited visitor to the CERN Theory Division for the first time in 1973 and made several further visits there. In 1988 he founded the Euler International Mathematical Institute, now a department of PDMI RAS. Honours and awards Faddeev was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1976, and was a member of a number of foreign academies, including the U. S. National Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society. He received numerous honors including USSR State Prize (1971), Dannie Heineman Prize (1975), Dirac Prize (1990), an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University, Sweden, Max Planck Medal (1996), Demidov Prize (2002 – "For outstanding contribution to the development of mathematics, quantum mechanics, string theory and solitons") and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995, 2004). He was president of the International Mathematical Union (1986–1990). He was awarded the Henri Poincaré Prize in 2006 and the Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences in 2008. Also the Karpinsky International Prize and the Max Planck Medal (German Physical Society). He also received the Lomonosov Gold Medal for 2013. Faddeev also received state awards: Order of Merit for the Fatherland; 3rd class (25 October 2004) – for outstanding contribution to the development of fundamental and applied domestic science and many years of fruitful activity 4th class (4 June 1999) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and training of highly qualified personnel in connection with the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences Order of Friendship (6 June 1994) – for his great personal contribution to the development of mathematical physics and training of highly qualified scientific personnel Order of Lenin Order of the Red Banner of Labour State Prize of the Russian Federation in Science and Technology 2004 (6 June 2005), for outstanding achievement in the development of mathematical physics and in 1995 for science and technology (20 June 1995), for the monograph "Introduction to quantum gauge field theory" USSR State Prize (1971) Honorary citizen of St. Petersburg (2010) Academician (Finland) (1991) Selected works Source: Faddeev, L. D.; Slavnov, A. A. (2018), Gauge Fields: An Introduction to Quantum Theory (2nd ed.), CRC Press, doi:10.1201/9780429493829, ISBN 978-0-201-52472-7, S2CID 226468912; translated from the Russian by G. B. Pontecorvo; 1st edition 1991{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Faddeev, L. D. (1995), 40 years in mathematical physics, Vol. 2, World Scientific series in 20th century mathematics, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-02-2199-7 Faddeev, L. D. (1996), "How Algebraic Bethe Ansatz works for integrable model", arXiv:hep-th/9605187 Faddeev, L. D. (2000), "Modern Mathematical Physics: what it should be?", arXiv:math-ph/0002018 Faddeev, L. D. (2009), "New variables for the Einstein theory of gravitation", arXiv:0911.0282 Ge, Molin; Niemi, Antti J., eds. (2016), Fifty years in mathematical physics: selected works of Ludwig Faddeev, World Scientific series in 20th century mathematics – Vol. 2, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-31-0933-9; 596 pages; pbk{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Notes ^ a b "Autobiography of Ludwig Faddeev". Shaw Prize Foundation. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ Ludvig Faddeev at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ a b "St. Petersburg Department of V. A. Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences". Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ Aref'eva, Irina; Slavnov, Andrey. "Ludwig Faddeev 1934–2017". CERN Courier. 57 (4): 55. ^ "The Euler International Mathematical Institute". Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ "Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev – ABC". ^ Takhtajan, Leon A. (2022). "Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev. 23 March 1934—26 February 2017". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 22: 251–275. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2022.0003. S2CID 251743979. ^ "1975 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Recipient". American Physical Society. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ Naylor, David. "Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden". www.uu.se. ^ "The Henri Poincaré Prize". International Association of Mathematical Physics. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ "Announcement and Citation: The Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences 2008". Shaw Prize Foundation. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ Scientific publications of L. D. Faddeev on INSPIRE-HEP ^ Politzer, H. David (1981). "Introduction to Quantum Theory. Gauge Fields ". Physics Today. 34 (10): 90–91. Bibcode:1981PhT....34j..90F. doi:10.1063/1.2914342. ^ Berg, Michael (12 May 2016). "review of Fifty Years of Mathematical Physics: Selected Works of Ludwig Faddeev". MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America (MAA). References L. A. Takhtajan et al., Scientific heritage of L. D. Faddeev. Review of works, Russian Mathematical Surveys (2017), 72 (6):977, doi:10.1070/RM9799 External links Media related to Ludvig Faddeev at Wikimedia Commons faddeev.com vteShaw Prize laureatesAstronomy Jim Peebles (2004) Geoffrey Marcy and Michel Mayor (2005) Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt (2006) Peter Goldreich (2007) Reinhard Genzel (2008) Frank Shu (2009) Charles Bennett, Lyman Page and David Spergel (2010) Enrico Costa and Gerald Fishman (2011) David C. Jewitt and Jane Luu (2012) Steven Balbus and John F. Hawley (2013) Daniel Eisenstein, Shaun Cole and John A. Peacock (2014) William J. Borucki (2015) Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss (2016) Simon White (2017) Jean-Loup Puget (2018) Edward C. Stone (2019) Roger Blandford (2020) Victoria Kaspi and Chryssa Kouveliotou (2021) Lennart Lindegren and Michael Perryman (2022) Matthew Bailes, Duncan Lorimer and Maura McLaughlin (2023) Shrinivas R. Kulkarni (2024) Life scienceand medicine Stanley Norman Cohen, Herbert Boyer, Yuet-Wai Kan and Richard Doll (2004) Michael Berridge (2005) Xiaodong Wang (2006) Robert Lefkowitz (2007) Ian Wilmut, Keith H. S. Campbell and Shinya Yamanaka (2008) Douglas Coleman and Jeffrey Friedman (2009) David Julius (2010) Jules Hoffmann, Ruslan Medzhitov and Bruce Beutler (2011) Franz-Ulrich Hartl and Arthur L. Horwich (2012) Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young (2013) Kazutoshi Mori and Peter Walter (2014) Bonnie Bassler and Everett Peter Greenberg (2015) Adrian Bird and Huda Zoghbi (2016) Ian R. Gibbons and Ronald Vale (2017) Mary-Claire King (2018) Maria Jasin (2019) Gero Miesenböck, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel (2020) Scott D. Emr (2021) Paul A. Negulescu and Michael J. Welsh (2022) Patrick Cramer and Eva Nogales (2023) Stuart H. Orkin and Swee Lay Thein (2024) Mathematicalscience Shiing-Shen Chern (2004) Andrew Wiles (2005) David Mumford and Wentsun Wu (2006) Robert Langlands and Richard Taylor (2007) Vladimir Arnold and Ludwig Faddeev (2008) Simon Donaldson and Clifford Taubes (2009) Jean Bourgain (2010) Demetrios Christodoulou and Richard S. Hamilton (2011) Maxim Kontsevich (2012) David Donoho (2013) George Lusztig (2014) Gerd Faltings and Henryk Iwaniec (2015) Nigel Hitchin (2016) János Kollár and Claire Voisin (2017) Luis Caffarelli (2018) Michel Talagrand (2019) Alexander Beilinson and David Kazhdan (2020) Jean-Michel Bismut and Jeff Cheeger (2021) Noga Alon and Ehud Hrushovski (2022) Vladimir Drinfeld and Shing-Tung Yau (2023) Peter Sarnak (2024) vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 2010Fellows Gabriel Aeppli Ian Affleck Paul Brakefield Andrea Brand Eleanor Campbell Philip Candelas Peter Cawley Nicola Susan Clayton John William Connor Russell Cowburn Gideon Davies Donald Dawson Raymond Dolan Hugh Durrant-Whyte Lyndon Evans Richard Evershed Georg Gottlob Ben Green Robert Griffiths Roger Hardie Michael Hastings Andrew Hattersley Craig Hawker Ron Hay Ian Hickson Peter Horton Jeremy Hutson Victoria Kaspi Lewis Kay Ondrej Krivanek Angus Lamond Alan Lehmann Malcolm McCulloch Robin Murray Robin Perutz Max Pettini Thomas Platts-Mills Wolf Reik Loren Rieseberg Peter Rigby Ezio Rizzardo Elizabeth Simpson Alan Smith Eric Wolff Honorary Melvyn Bragg Foreign Pascale Cossart Carl Djerassi Ludvig Faddeev Edmond H. Fischer Michael Goodchild John B. Goodenough Detlef Weigel Kurt Wüthrich Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Scopus zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"mathematical physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"Faddeev equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faddeev_equations"},{"link_name":"three-body problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-body_problem"},{"link_name":"path-integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation"},{"link_name":"gauge field theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory"},{"link_name":"Faddeev–Popov ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost"},{"link_name":"Victor Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Popov"},{"link_name":"quantum inverse scattering method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_inverse_scattering_method"},{"link_name":"quantum integrable systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrable_system#Quantum_integrable_systems"},{"link_name":"quantum groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_group"},{"link_name":"Drinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Drinfeld"},{"link_name":"Jimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Jimbo"}],"text":"Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev (also Ludwig Dmitriyevich; Russian: Лю́двиг Дми́триевич Фадде́ев; 23 March 1934 – 26 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematical physicist. He is known for the discovery of the Faddeev equations in the quantum-mechanical three-body problem and for the development of path-integral methods in the quantization of non-abelian gauge field theories, including the introduction of the Faddeev–Popov ghosts (with Victor Popov). He led the Leningrad School, in which he along with many of his students developed the quantum inverse scattering method for studying quantum integrable systems in one space and one time dimension. This work led to the invention of quantum groups by Drinfeld and Jimbo.","title":"Ludvig Faddeev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Faddeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Faddeev"},{"link_name":"Leningrad University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_University"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Vera Faddeeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Faddeeva"},{"link_name":"Leningrad University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESFaddeev-1"},{"link_name":"V. A. Fock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Fock"},{"link_name":"V. I. Smirnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ivanovich_Smirnov_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESFaddeev-1"},{"link_name":"scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering"},{"link_name":"Olga Ladyzhenskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Aleksandrovna_Ladyzhenskaya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Department_of_Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics_of_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESSteklov-3"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Euler International Mathematical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euler_International_Mathematical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESSteklov-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Faddeev was born in Leningrad to a family of mathematicians. His father, Dmitry Faddeev, was a well known algebraist, professor of Leningrad University and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His mother, Vera Faddeeva, was known for her work in numerical linear algebra. Faddeev attended Leningrad University, receiving his undergraduate degree in 1956. He enrolled in physics, rather than mathematics, \"to be independent of [his] father\".[1] Nevertheless, he received a solid education in mathematics as well \"due to the influence of V. A. Fock and V. I. Smirnov\".[1] His doctoral work on scattering theory was completed in 1959 under the direction of Olga Ladyzhenskaya.[2]From 1976 to 2000, Faddeev was head of the St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences (PDMI RAS).[3] \nHe was an invited visitor to the CERN Theory Division for the first time in 1973 and made several further visits there.[4]In 1988 he founded the Euler International Mathematical Institute, now a department of PDMI RAS.[3][5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"U. S. National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Austrian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"USSR State Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"Dannie Heineman Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dirac Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)"},{"link_name":"honorary doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Uppsala University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal"},{"link_name":"Demidov Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demidov_Prize"},{"link_name":"State Prize of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Mathematical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Prize"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shaw Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Prize"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lomonosov Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit for the Fatherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_the_Fatherland"},{"link_name":"Order of Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"State Prize of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"USSR State Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"Academician (Finland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academician#Finland"}],"text":"Faddeev was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1976,\nand was a member of a number of foreign academies, including the U. S. National Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences,[6] the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society.[7]\nHe received numerous honors including USSR State Prize (1971), Dannie Heineman Prize (1975),[8] Dirac Prize (1990), an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University, Sweden,[9] Max Planck Medal (1996), Demidov Prize (2002 – \"For outstanding contribution to the development of mathematics, quantum mechanics, string theory and solitons\") and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995, 2004). He was president of the International Mathematical Union (1986–1990). He was awarded the Henri Poincaré Prize[10] in 2006 and the Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences in 2008.[11] Also the Karpinsky International Prize and the Max Planck Medal (German Physical Society).\nHe also received the Lomonosov Gold Medal for 2013.Faddeev also received state awards:Order of Merit for the Fatherland;\n3rd class (25 October 2004) – for outstanding contribution to the development of fundamental and applied domestic science and many years of fruitful activity\n4th class (4 June 1999) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and training of highly qualified personnel in connection with the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences\nOrder of Friendship (6 June 1994) – for his great personal contribution to the development of mathematical physics and training of highly qualified scientific personnel\nOrder of Lenin\nOrder of the Red Banner of Labour\nState Prize of the Russian Federation in Science and Technology 2004 (6 June 2005), for outstanding achievement in the development of mathematical physics and in 1995 for science and technology (20 June 1995), for the monograph \"Introduction to quantum gauge field theory\"\nUSSR State Prize (1971)\nHonorary citizen of St. Petersburg (2010)\nAcademician (Finland) (1991)","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gauge Fields: An Introduction to Quantum Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=O3FQDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1201/9780429493829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429493829"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-201-52472-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-52472-7"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"226468912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226468912"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"40 years in mathematical physics, Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2B1ur2D_JD8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-02-2199-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2199-7"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"hep-th/9605187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9605187"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"math-ph/0002018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0002018"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0911.0282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0911.0282"},{"link_name":"hep-th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/archive/hep-th"},{"link_name":"Ge, Molin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Molin"},{"link_name":"Fifty years in mathematical physics: selected works of Ludwig Faddeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Fifty_Years_of_Mathematical_Physics.html?id=LaBEDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-31-0933-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-31-0933-9"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Source:[12]Faddeev, L. D.; Slavnov, A. A. (2018), Gauge Fields: An Introduction to Quantum Theory (2nd ed.), CRC Press, doi:10.1201/9780429493829, ISBN 978-0-201-52472-7, S2CID 226468912; translated from the Russian by G. B. Pontecorvo; 1st edition 1991{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[13]\nFaddeev, L. D. (1995), 40 years in mathematical physics, Vol. 2, World Scientific series in 20th century mathematics, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-02-2199-7\nFaddeev, L. D. (1996), \"How Algebraic Bethe Ansatz works for integrable model\", arXiv:hep-th/9605187\nFaddeev, L. D. (2000), \"Modern Mathematical Physics: what it should be?\", arXiv:math-ph/0002018\nFaddeev, L. D. (2009), \"New variables for the Einstein theory of gravitation\", arXiv:0911.0282 [hep-th]\nGe, Molin; Niemi, Antti J., eds. (2016), Fifty years in mathematical physics: selected works of Ludwig Faddeev, World Scientific series in 20th century mathematics – Vol. 2, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-31-0933-9; 596 pages; pbk{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[14]","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESFaddeev_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESFaddeev_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Autobiography of Ludwig Faddeev\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=3&twoid=49&threeid=57&fourid=77&fiveid=18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ludvig Faddeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=46697"},{"link_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESSteklov_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESSteklov_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"St. Petersburg Department of V. A. Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdmi.ras.ru/eng/institut/institut.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Ludwig Faddeev 1934–2017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/68438"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Euler International Mathematical Institute\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdmi.ras.ru/EIMI/imihist.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev – ABC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.org.br/membro/ludwig-dmitrievich-faddeev/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev. 23 March 1934—26 February 2017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2022.0003"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2022.0003"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"251743979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251743979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"1975 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Recipient\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?name=Ludwig%20Dmitriyevich%20Faddeev&year=1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"The Henri Poincaré Prize\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iamp.org/poincare/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Announcement and Citation: The Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences 2008\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=3&twoid=49&threeid=57&fourid=73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Scientific publications of L. D. Faddeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//inspirehep.net/author/profile/L.D.Faddeev.1"},{"link_name":"INSPIRE-HEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Politzer, H. David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_David"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1981PhT....34j..90F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhT....34j..90F"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1063/1.2914342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914342"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"review of Fifty Years of Mathematical Physics: Selected Works of Ludwig Faddeev\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//maa.org/press/maa-reviews/fifty-years-of-mathematical-physics-selected-works-of-ludwig-faddeev"}],"text":"^ a b \"Autobiography of Ludwig Faddeev\". Shaw Prize Foundation. Retrieved 5 February 2011.\n\n^ Ludvig Faddeev at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\n\n^ a b \"St. Petersburg Department of V. A. Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences\". Retrieved 5 February 2011.\n\n^ Aref'eva, Irina; Slavnov, Andrey. \"Ludwig Faddeev 1934–2017\". CERN Courier. 57 (4): 55.\n\n^ \"The Euler International Mathematical Institute\". Retrieved 5 February 2011.\n\n^ \"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev – ABC\".\n\n^ Takhtajan, Leon A. (2022). \"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev. 23 March 1934—26 February 2017\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 22: 251–275. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2022.0003. S2CID 251743979.\n\n^ \"1975 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Recipient\". American Physical Society. Retrieved 5 February 2011.\n\n^ Naylor, David. \"Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden\". www.uu.se.\n\n^ \"The Henri Poincaré Prize\". International Association of Mathematical Physics. Retrieved 5 February 2011.\n\n^ \"Announcement and Citation: The Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences 2008\". Shaw Prize Foundation. Retrieved 5 February 2011.\n\n^ Scientific publications of L. D. Faddeev on INSPIRE-HEP\n\n^ Politzer, H. David (1981). \"Introduction to Quantum Theory. Gauge Fields [book review]\". Physics Today. 34 (10): 90–91. Bibcode:1981PhT....34j..90F. doi:10.1063/1.2914342.\n\n^ Berg, Michael (12 May 2016). \"review of Fifty Years of Mathematical Physics: Selected Works of Ludwig Faddeev\". MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America (MAA).","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Faddeev, L. D.; Slavnov, A. A. (2018), Gauge Fields: An Introduction to Quantum Theory (2nd ed.), CRC Press, doi:10.1201/9780429493829, ISBN 978-0-201-52472-7, S2CID 226468912; translated from the Russian by G. B. Pontecorvo; 1st edition 1991","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3FQDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Gauge Fields: An Introduction to Quantum Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429493829","url_text":"10.1201/9780429493829"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-52472-7","url_text":"978-0-201-52472-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226468912","url_text":"226468912"}]},{"reference":"Faddeev, L. D. (1995), 40 years in mathematical physics, Vol. 2, World Scientific series in 20th century mathematics, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-02-2199-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2B1ur2D_JD8C","url_text":"40 years in mathematical physics, Vol. 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2199-7","url_text":"978-981-02-2199-7"}]},{"reference":"Faddeev, L. D. (1996), \"How Algebraic Bethe Ansatz works for integrable model\", arXiv:hep-th/9605187","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9605187","url_text":"hep-th/9605187"}]},{"reference":"Faddeev, L. D. (2000), \"Modern Mathematical Physics: what it should be?\", arXiv:math-ph/0002018","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0002018","url_text":"math-ph/0002018"}]},{"reference":"Faddeev, L. D. (2009), \"New variables for the Einstein theory of gravitation\", arXiv:0911.0282 [hep-th]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.0282","url_text":"0911.0282"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/hep-th","url_text":"hep-th"}]},{"reference":"Ge, Molin; Niemi, Antti J., eds. (2016), Fifty years in mathematical physics: selected works of Ludwig Faddeev, World Scientific series in 20th century mathematics – Vol. 2, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-31-0933-9; 596 pages; pbk","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Molin","url_text":"Ge, Molin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Fifty_Years_of_Mathematical_Physics.html?id=LaBEDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Fifty years in mathematical physics: selected works of Ludwig Faddeev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-31-0933-9","url_text":"978-981-31-0933-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Autobiography of Ludwig Faddeev\". Shaw Prize Foundation. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=3&twoid=49&threeid=57&fourid=77&fiveid=18","url_text":"\"Autobiography of Ludwig Faddeev\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Petersburg Department of V. A. Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences\". Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/eng/institut/institut.php","url_text":"\"St. Petersburg Department of V. A. Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"Aref'eva, Irina; Slavnov, Andrey. \"Ludwig Faddeev 1934–2017\". CERN Courier. 57 (4): 55.","urls":[{"url":"http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/68438","url_text":"\"Ludwig Faddeev 1934–2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Euler International Mathematical Institute\". Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/EIMI/imihist.html","url_text":"\"The Euler International Mathematical Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev – ABC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.org.br/membro/ludwig-dmitrievich-faddeev/","url_text":"\"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev – ABC\""}]},{"reference":"Takhtajan, Leon A. (2022). \"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev. 23 March 1934—26 February 2017\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 22: 251–275. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2022.0003. S2CID 251743979.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2022.0003","url_text":"\"Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev. 23 March 1934—26 February 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2022.0003","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.2022.0003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251743979","url_text":"251743979"}]},{"reference":"\"1975 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Recipient\". American Physical Society. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?name=Ludwig%20Dmitriyevich%20Faddeev&year=1975","url_text":"\"1975 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Recipient\""}]},{"reference":"Naylor, David. \"Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden\". www.uu.se.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/","url_text":"\"Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Henri Poincaré Prize\". International Association of Mathematical Physics. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iamp.org/poincare/","url_text":"\"The Henri Poincaré Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcement and Citation: The Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences 2008\". Shaw Prize Foundation. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=3&twoid=49&threeid=57&fourid=73","url_text":"\"Announcement and Citation: The Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Politzer, H. David (1981). \"Introduction to Quantum Theory. Gauge Fields [book review]\". Physics Today. 34 (10): 90–91. Bibcode:1981PhT....34j..90F. doi:10.1063/1.2914342.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_David","url_text":"Politzer, H. David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhT....34j..90F","url_text":"1981PhT....34j..90F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914342","url_text":"10.1063/1.2914342"}]},{"reference":"Berg, Michael (12 May 2016). \"review of Fifty Years of Mathematical Physics: Selected Works of Ludwig Faddeev\". MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America (MAA).","urls":[{"url":"https://maa.org/press/maa-reviews/fifty-years-of-mathematical-physics-selected-works-of-ludwig-faddeev","url_text":"\"review of Fifty Years of Mathematical Physics: Selected Works of Ludwig Faddeev\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3FQDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Gauge Fields: An Introduction to Quantum Theory"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429493829","external_links_name":"10.1201/9780429493829"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226468912","external_links_name":"226468912"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2B1ur2D_JD8C","external_links_name":"40 years in mathematical physics, Vol. 2"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9605187","external_links_name":"hep-th/9605187"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0002018","external_links_name":"math-ph/0002018"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.0282","external_links_name":"0911.0282"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/hep-th","external_links_name":"hep-th"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Fifty_Years_of_Mathematical_Physics.html?id=LaBEDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Fifty years in mathematical physics: selected works of Ludwig Faddeev"},{"Link":"http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=3&twoid=49&threeid=57&fourid=77&fiveid=18","external_links_name":"\"Autobiography of Ludwig Faddeev\""},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=46697","external_links_name":"Ludvig Faddeev"},{"Link":"http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/eng/institut/institut.php","external_links_name":"\"St. Petersburg Department of V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System_Research	Solar System Research	["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"]	Academic journalSolar System ResearchDisciplineAstronomyLanguageEnglishEdited byMikhail Y. MarovPublication detailsHistory1967-present (Russian)2000-present (English)PublisherSpringer Science+Business MediaFrequency8/yearImpact factor0.706 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Sol. Syst. Res.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0038-0946 (print)1608-3423 (web)Links Journal homepage Online archive Solar System Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which focuses on objects in the Solar System. The journal is published by Nauka through Springer Science+Business Media. It is the English version of the Russian publication Astronomicheskii Vestnik (Астрономический вестник), which was first published in 1967. The English version started in 2000 with Volume 34. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases: Academic OneFile Academic Search Astrophysics Data System CSA databases Chemical Abstracts Service Chemical and Earth Sciences Current Contents/Physical EBSCO databases INIS Atomindex Inspec International Bibliography of Periodical Literature Scopus Science Citation Index Expanded According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.706. References ^ "Астрономический вестник". maik.rssi.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 7 September 2015. ^ "Solar System Research - All Volumes & Issues". Springer. Retrieved 7 September 2015. ^ "Solar System Research". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_(company)	Conning (company)	["1 Company history","1.1 Early activities","1.2 Mergers and acquisitions (1985–1999)","1.3 Expansion (2000–2003)","1.4 New ownership (2009–present)","2 References","3 External links"]	Global investment management firm ConningCompany typePrivateIndustryInvestment managementFounded1912; 112 years ago (1912)HeadquartersHartford, Connecticut, United StatesKey peopleWoody Bradford (CEO and Chair)ProductsAsset managementPension plansAUM~US$202.9 billion (2022)Number of employees350ParentGeneral Group(2024–present)Websitewww.conning.com Conning is a global investment management firm serving the insurance industry. Conning supports institutional investors, including pension plans, with investment and asset management products, risk modeling software, and industry research. Founded in 1912, Conning has offices in Boston, Cologne, Hartford, Hong Kong, London, New York and Tokyo. Company history This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Conning" company – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Conning & Company was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1912 by William Smith Conning. Conning was born in Slingerlands, New York, just outside of Albany on September 16, 1877, and moved to Hartford in 1904 to serve as office manager for investment firm Hornblower & Weeks. He founded the firm together with William C. Goeben, a colleague of Conning's at Hornblower & Weeks. The firm embraced the technology of the day, providing election returns to clients by wire from New York during President Woodrow Wilson’s t narrow, re-election victory in 1916 over Charles Evans Hughes. In 1920, Conning & Company installed a bond ticker and moved into a newly constructed building on Lewis Street in Hartford. In January 1923, Conning Realty Company was incorporated for $50,000 by Conning, Goeben, Mitchell and Charles T. Treadway. In 1935, a year shy of celebrating its 60th anniversary, the Hartford Stock Exchange closed after failing to comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the firm was no longer registered with the exchange. Two of the oldest investment firms in Hartford joined forces when Conning & Company merged with Ballard & Company on December 4, 1942, to become Conning & Company and Ballard. In late 1948, William S. Conning’s wife, Carolyn Dermott Conning, died. Four months later, the widowed Conning died at the age of 71, leaving behind the couple’s daughter, Katharine S. Conning, who died in 1996. Early activities In 1950, Conning & Company began offering insurance stock research and advice to institutional investors. After Conning & Company celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1962, the firm continued to emphasize research and education. In 1968, the firm became a Registered Investment Advisor with the SEC. During 1970, the firm branched out into consulting and strategic industry research for senior insurance executives. By 1974, the firm had 13 Partners and 60 employees operating in Hartford with a subsidiary, Fox-Pitt Kelton Inc., headquartered in London. The subsidiary provided research on U.S. insurance companies and banks to institutional investors throughout Europe. Mergers and acquisitions (1985–1999) In the mid- to late-1980s, the firm formed two new groups: a venture capital unit to raise private equity for insurance investments and an asset management group to manage insurance companies’ assets. In 1995, Conning Corp. and its subsidiary Conning & Company. were acquired by General American Life Insurance Company (GALIC). Conning Corp.’s asset management business was merged with General American Investment Management Company (GAIMCO) to form Conning Asset Management Company (now known as Conning, Inc.). In 1997, GALIC took Conning Corp. public and completed an initial public offering of 2.875 million shares in 1997. The company began trading on NASDAQ as CNNG. In August 1998, Conning Asset Management acquired Schroeder Mortgage Associates LP, a small real estate investment company in Manhattan. Four months later, Conning Corp. and Conning Asset Management acquired Noddings Investment Group, a small convertible bond asset manager and broker-dealer located near Chicago. Conning Corp. also acquired the insurance company and high-grade fixed income management business of TCW Group, based in Los Angeles. In 1999, Forbes ranked Conning Corp. 82nd on its list of 200 Best Small Companies. Expansion (2000–2003) In 2000, MetLife acquired Conning Corp. and took it private, paying $12.50 a share in cash. Later that year, Conning acquired Charter Oak Asset Management of Hartford, and also spun out its MarketStance business in an MBO. Swiss Reinsurance Company acquired Conning Corp. in July 2001 to build the third-party asset management business. As part of these changes, Conning & Company’s broker-dealer business was shut down and the remnants were combined with Fox-Pitt Kelton Inc.’s similar business; also, its insurance industry research and publications business was transferred to Fox-Pitt Kelton management. In 2002, Swiss Re Asset Management's Americas’ asset liability management unit came under Conning's control with 20 employees relocating to Hartford. In June, Conning Asset Management Company sold its Mortgage Loan and Real Estate business to Key Corp, and in December, Conning & Company and Conning Asset Management Company sold Noddings to First Albany. In the first six months of 2003, the company spun out Schroeder Mortgage and Conning Capital Partners in MBOs. Conning US then took over management of SR Asset Management's European third-party asset management businesses in Dublin and London. Although Swiss Re continued to own the entities, they were renamed Conning Asset Management (Europe) Limited located in Dublin and Conning Asset Management Limited located in London. In 2004, Conning Corp. and Conning, Inc. merged with and into Conning & Company, leaving two entities: Conning & Company and Conning Asset Management Company which then changed its name to Conning, Inc. Also in 2004, Conning & Company acquired Conning Research & Consulting, Inc. a research business from its affiliate Fox-Pitt, Kelton, Inc. New ownership (2009–present) In October 2009, Aquiline Capital Partners acquired Conning & Company from Swiss Reinsurance Company. In 2010, Conning launched its High-Dividend Equity Fund strategy and acquired the assets of DFA Capital Management, a market leader in economic, capital markets and risk modeling software. The deal included some of DFA's management team, staff, and ADVISE and GEMS software suites. On September 20, 2011, Conning and Cathay Financial Holdings received regulatory approval for their previously announced joint venture to form a new Hong Kong-headquartered asset management company, now known as Conning Asia Pacific Limited. Later that year, Conning and The Phoenix Companies entered into a multiyear investment agreement under which Conning acquired Goodwin Capital Advisers, Inc. and took management control of the Phoenix's publicly traded fixed income general accounts insurance assets totaling approximately $8 billion. In June 2014, Conning completed the acquisition of certain assets of Brookfield Investment Management Inc.’s Core Fixed Income Insurance Business. The investment team managing these assets joined Conning in its newly formed midtown Manhattan investment office. On September 18, 2015, Cathay Financial Holding Co., Ltd. (TWSE: 2882), completed its acquisition of Conning through its subsidiary, Cathay Life Insurance Co, Ltd. This transaction provided complete continuity for Conning and its clients. On January 31, 2016, Conning acquired Octagon Credit Investors, LLC ("Octagon"), a U.S.-based investment manager with expertise in collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), bank loans and high yield bonds. In June 2020, Conning Holdings Limited completed the acquisition of a majority interest in the Danish asset management firm Global Evolution. In July 2023, Italian insurance group Assicurazioni Generali agreed to acquire Conning as part of a partnership with Taiwan's Cathay Financial Holding unit Cathay Life Insurance. On April 3, 2024, it was announced that the acquisition had been completed. References ^ "Stocks". Bloomberg News. ^ a b Jorgensen, Mathias (2020-07-20). "Magnusson Denmark assisted Conning on acquisition of majority interest in Global Evolution". Magnusson. Retrieved 2024-03-11. ^ "Home". conning.com. ^ "Stocks". Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. ^ "Cathay Financial to Buy $92 Billion Asset Manager Conning". Bloomberg.com. 12 November 2014. ^ "Conning Completes Octagon Acquisition". Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-04. ^ "Conning Acquired by Italian Insurer Generali \| Chief Investment Officer". www.ai-cio.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11. ^ "Fitch IBCA Affrms Conning Asset Mgmt Mstr & Spl Svcr Rtgs". www.fitchratings.com. Retrieved 2024-03-12. ^ "Conning to acquire Schroder Mortgage". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2024-03-12. ^ "Conning to buy TCW unit". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2024-03-14. ^ "TCW raises $330m for clean energy(2)". Private Equity International. 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2024-03-14. ^ Roundup, An Interactive Journal News. "MetLife Agrees to Pay $66.3 Million for Remaining Shares of Conning". WSJ. Retrieved 2024-04-02. ^ "MetLife Wants to Buy Rest of Conning". www.propertyandcasualty.com. Retrieved 2024-04-02. ^ "Conning Holdings Limited's Acquisition of Majority Interest in Global Evolution". ^ Semeraro, Gianluca (July 6, 2023). "Generali buys U.S. asset manager Conning under deal with Cathay Life". Reuters. ^ "Generali Completes Acquisition of Conning". Conning. Retrieved 2024-04-05. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"investment management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_management"},{"link_name":"insurance industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_industry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Conning is a global investment management firm serving the insurance industry.[1] Conning supports institutional investors, including pension plans, with investment and asset management products, risk modeling software, and industry research.[2] Founded in 1912, Conning has offices in Boston, Cologne, Hartford, Hong Kong, London, New York and Tokyo.[2][3][4][5][6][7]","title":"Conning (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slingerlands, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingerlands,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"President Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Charles Evans Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes"},{"link_name":"incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(business)"},{"link_name":"Securities Exchange Act of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934"}],"text":"Conning & Company was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1912 by William Smith Conning. Conning was born in Slingerlands, New York, just outside of Albany on September 16, 1877, and moved to Hartford in 1904 to serve as office manager for investment firm Hornblower & Weeks.He founded the firm together with William C. Goeben, a colleague of Conning's at Hornblower & Weeks. The firm embraced the technology of the day, providing election returns to clients by wire from New York during President Woodrow Wilson’s t narrow, re-election victory in 1916 over Charles Evans Hughes.In 1920, Conning & Company installed a bond ticker and moved into a newly constructed building on Lewis Street in Hartford. In January 1923, Conning Realty Company was incorporated for $50,000 by Conning, Goeben, Mitchell and Charles T. Treadway.In 1935, a year shy of celebrating its 60th anniversary, the Hartford Stock Exchange closed after failing to comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the firm was no longer registered with the exchange. Two of the oldest investment firms in Hartford joined forces when Conning & Company merged with Ballard & Company on December 4, 1942, to become Conning & Company and Ballard.In late 1948, William S. Conning’s wife, Carolyn Dermott Conning, died. Four months later, the widowed Conning died at the age of 71, leaving behind the couple’s daughter, Katharine S. Conning, who died in 1996.","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Early activities","text":"In 1950, Conning & Company began offering insurance stock research and advice to institutional investors.After Conning & Company celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1962, the firm continued to emphasize research and education. In 1968, the firm became a Registered Investment Advisor with the SEC.During 1970, the firm branched out into consulting and strategic industry research for senior insurance executives. By 1974, the firm had 13 Partners and 60 employees operating in Hartford with a subsidiary, Fox-Pitt Kelton Inc., headquartered in London. The subsidiary provided research on U.S. insurance companies and banks to institutional investors throughout Europe.","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General American Life Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_Life_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"General American Investment Management Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_American_Investment_Management_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Mergers and acquisitions (1985–1999)","text":"In the mid- to late-1980s, the firm formed two new groups: a venture capital unit to raise private equity for insurance investments and an asset management group to manage insurance companies’ assets.In 1995, Conning Corp. and its subsidiary Conning & Company. were acquired by General American Life Insurance Company (GALIC). Conning Corp.’s asset management business was merged with General American Investment Management Company (GAIMCO) to form Conning Asset Management Company (now known as Conning, Inc.). In 1997, GALIC took Conning Corp. public and completed an initial public offering of 2.875 million shares in 1997. The company began trading on NASDAQ as CNNG.[8]In August 1998, Conning Asset Management acquired Schroeder Mortgage Associates LP, a small real estate investment company in Manhattan.[9] Four months later, Conning Corp. and Conning Asset Management acquired Noddings Investment Group, a small convertible bond asset manager and broker-dealer located near Chicago.Conning Corp. also acquired the insurance company and high-grade fixed income management business of TCW Group, based in Los Angeles. In 1999, Forbes ranked Conning Corp. 82nd on its list of 200 Best Small Companies.[10][11]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MetLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetLife"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reinsurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reinsurance_Company"}],"sub_title":"Expansion (2000–2003)","text":"In 2000, MetLife acquired Conning Corp. and took it private,[12][13] paying $12.50 a share in cash. Later that year, Conning acquired Charter Oak Asset Management of Hartford, and also spun out its MarketStance business in an MBO.Swiss Reinsurance Company acquired Conning Corp. in July 2001 to build the third-party asset management business. As part of these changes, Conning & Company’s broker-dealer business was shut down and the remnants were combined with Fox-Pitt Kelton Inc.’s similar business; also, its insurance industry research and publications business was transferred to Fox-Pitt Kelton management.In 2002, Swiss Re Asset Management's Americas’ asset liability management unit came under Conning's control with 20 employees relocating to Hartford. In June, Conning Asset Management Company sold its Mortgage Loan and Real Estate business to Key Corp, and in December, Conning & Company and Conning Asset Management Company sold Noddings to First Albany.In the first six months of 2003, the company spun out Schroeder Mortgage and Conning Capital Partners in MBOs. Conning US then took over management of SR Asset Management's European third-party asset management businesses in Dublin and London. Although Swiss Re continued to own the entities, they were renamed Conning Asset Management (Europe) Limited located in Dublin and Conning Asset Management Limited located in London.In 2004, Conning Corp. and Conning, Inc. merged with and into Conning & Company, leaving two entities: Conning & Company and Conning Asset Management Company which then changed its name to Conning, Inc. Also in 2004, Conning & Company acquired Conning Research & Consulting, Inc. a research business from its affiliate Fox-Pitt, Kelton, Inc.","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss Reinsurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reinsurance_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Assicurazioni Generali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assicurazioni_Generali"},{"link_name":"Cathay Financial Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Financial_Holding"},{"link_name":"Cathay Life Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Life_Insurance"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"New ownership (2009–present)","text":"In October 2009, Aquiline Capital Partners acquired Conning & Company from Swiss Reinsurance Company.In 2010, Conning launched its High-Dividend Equity Fund strategy and acquired the assets of DFA Capital Management, a market leader in economic, capital markets and risk modeling software. The deal included some of DFA's management team, staff, and ADVISE and GEMS software suites.On September 20, 2011, Conning and Cathay Financial Holdings received regulatory approval for their previously announced joint venture to form a new Hong Kong-headquartered asset management company, now known as Conning Asia Pacific Limited. Later that year, Conning and The Phoenix Companies entered into a multiyear investment agreement under which Conning acquired Goodwin Capital Advisers, Inc. and took management control of the Phoenix's publicly traded fixed income general accounts insurance assets totaling approximately $8 billion.In June 2014, Conning completed the acquisition of certain assets of Brookfield Investment Management Inc.’s Core Fixed Income Insurance Business. The investment team managing these assets joined Conning in its newly formed midtown Manhattan investment office.On September 18, 2015, Cathay Financial Holding Co., Ltd. (TWSE: 2882), completed its acquisition of Conning through its subsidiary, Cathay Life Insurance Co, Ltd. This transaction provided complete continuity for Conning and its clients.On January 31, 2016, Conning acquired Octagon Credit Investors, LLC (\"Octagon\"), a U.S.-based investment manager with expertise in collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), bank loans and high yield bonds.In June 2020, Conning Holdings Limited completed the acquisition of a majority interest in the Danish asset management firm Global Evolution.[14]In July 2023, Italian insurance group Assicurazioni Generali agreed to acquire Conning as part of a partnership with Taiwan's Cathay Financial Holding unit Cathay Life Insurance.[15] On April 3, 2024, it was announced that the acquisition had been completed.[16]","title":"Company history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stocks\". Bloomberg News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=228781","url_text":"\"Stocks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"Jorgensen, Mathias (2020-07-20). \"Magnusson Denmark assisted Conning on acquisition of majority interest in Global Evolution\". Magnusson. Retrieved 2024-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.magnussonlaw.com/news/magnusson-denmark-assisted-conning-on-acquisition-of-majority-interest-in-global-evolution/","url_text":"\"Magnusson Denmark assisted Conning on acquisition of majority interest in Global Evolution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". conning.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conning.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stocks\". Archived from the original on July 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120712033941/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=228781","url_text":"\"Stocks\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=228781","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cathay Financial to Buy $92 Billion Asset Manager Conning\". Bloomberg.com. 12 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-12/cathay-to-buy-92-billion-asset-manager-conning.html","url_text":"\"Cathay Financial to Buy $92 Billion Asset Manager Conning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conning Completes Octagon Acquisition\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160416164256/http://www.conning.com/aboutconning/news-detail.aspx?id=13620","url_text":"\"Conning Completes Octagon Acquisition\""},{"url":"http://www.conning.com/aboutconning/news-detail.aspx?id=13620","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conning Acquired by Italian Insurer Generali \| Chief Investment Officer\". www.ai-cio.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ai-cio.com/news/conning-acquired-by-italian-insurer-generali/","url_text":"\"Conning Acquired by Italian Insurer Generali \| Chief Investment Officer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fitch IBCA Affrms Conning Asset Mgmt Mstr & Spl Svcr Rtgs\". www.fitchratings.com. Retrieved 2024-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fitchratings.com/research/uncategorized/fitch-ibca-affrms-conning-asset-mgmt-mstr-spl-svcr-rtgs-10-07-1998","url_text":"\"Fitch IBCA Affrms Conning Asset Mgmt Mstr & Spl Svcr Rtgs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conning to acquire Schroder Mortgage\". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2024-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/1998/06/29/daily14.html","url_text":"\"Conning to acquire Schroder Mortgage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conning to buy TCW unit\". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2024-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/1999/03/22/daily21.html","url_text":"\"Conning to buy TCW unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"TCW raises $330m for clean energy(2)\". Private Equity International. 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2024-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.privateequityinternational.com/tcw-raises-330m-for-clean-energy2/","url_text":"\"TCW raises $330m for clean energy(2)\""}]},{"reference":"Roundup, An Interactive Journal News. \"MetLife Agrees to Pay $66.3 Million for Remaining Shares of Conning\". WSJ. Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB952623450239159171","url_text":"\"MetLife Agrees to Pay $66.3 Million for Remaining Shares of Conning\""}]},{"reference":"\"MetLife Wants to Buy Rest of Conning\". www.propertyandcasualty.com. Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.propertyandcasualty.com/doc/metlife-wants-to-buy-rest-of-conning-0001","url_text":"\"MetLife Wants to Buy Rest of Conning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conning Holdings Limited's Acquisition of Majority Interest in Global Evolution\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globallegalchronicle.com/conning-holdings-limiteds-acquisition-of-majority-interest-in-global-evolution","url_text":"\"Conning Holdings Limited's Acquisition of Majority Interest in Global Evolution\""}]},{"reference":"Semeraro, Gianluca (July 6, 2023). \"Generali buys U.S. asset manager Conning under deal with Cathay Life\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/generali-buys-us-asset-manager-conning-under-deal-with-cathay-life-2023-07-06/","url_text":"\"Generali buys U.S. asset manager Conning under deal with Cathay Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Generali Completes Acquisition of Conning\". Conning. Retrieved 2024-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conning.com/about-us/news/conning-acquisition-by-generali-completed","url_text":"\"Generali Completes Acquisition of Conning\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.conning.com/","external_links_name":"www.conning.com"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Conning%22+company","external_links_name":"\"Conning\" company"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Conning%22+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Conning%22+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Conning%22+company+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Conning%22+company","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Conning%22+company&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=228781","external_links_name":"\"Stocks\""},{"Link":"https://www.magnussonlaw.com/news/magnusson-denmark-assisted-conning-on-acquisition-of-majority-interest-in-global-evolution/","external_links_name":"\"Magnusson Denmark assisted Conning on acquisition of majority interest in Global Evolution\""},{"Link":"http://www.conning.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120712033941/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=228781","external_links_name":"\"Stocks\""},{"Link":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=228781","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-12/cathay-to-buy-92-billion-asset-manager-conning.html","external_links_name":"\"Cathay Financial to Buy $92 Billion Asset Manager Conning\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160416164256/http://www.conning.com/aboutconning/news-detail.aspx?id=13620","external_links_name":"\"Conning Completes Octagon Acquisition\""},{"Link":"http://www.conning.com/aboutconning/news-detail.aspx?id=13620","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ai-cio.com/news/conning-acquired-by-italian-insurer-generali/","external_links_name":"\"Conning Acquired by Italian Insurer Generali \| Chief Investment Officer\""},{"Link":"https://www.fitchratings.com/research/uncategorized/fitch-ibca-affrms-conning-asset-mgmt-mstr-spl-svcr-rtgs-10-07-1998","external_links_name":"\"Fitch IBCA Affrms Conning Asset Mgmt Mstr & Spl Svcr Rtgs\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/1998/06/29/daily14.html","external_links_name":"\"Conning to acquire Schroder Mortgage\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/1999/03/22/daily21.html","external_links_name":"\"Conning to buy TCW unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.privateequityinternational.com/tcw-raises-330m-for-clean-energy2/","external_links_name":"\"TCW raises $330m for clean energy(2)\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB952623450239159171","external_links_name":"\"MetLife Agrees to Pay $66.3 Million for Remaining Shares of Conning\""},{"Link":"https://www.propertyandcasualty.com/doc/metlife-wants-to-buy-rest-of-conning-0001","external_links_name":"\"MetLife Wants to Buy Rest of Conning\""},{"Link":"https://www.globallegalchronicle.com/conning-holdings-limiteds-acquisition-of-majority-interest-in-global-evolution","external_links_name":"\"Conning Holdings Limited's Acquisition of Majority Interest in Global Evolution\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/generali-buys-us-asset-manager-conning-under-deal-with-cathay-life-2023-07-06/","external_links_name":"\"Generali buys U.S. asset manager Conning under deal with Cathay Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.conning.com/about-us/news/conning-acquisition-by-generali-completed","external_links_name":"\"Generali Completes Acquisition of Conning\""},{"Link":"http://www.conning.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/261303584","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80145745","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suish%C5%8D	Suishō	["1 Historical references","2 Notes","3 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Suishō" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Suishō (帥升, ca. AD 107) was a king of Wa (Japan). He is the earliest Japanese person whose name appeared in a Chinese history. He is mentioned in Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han, which was compiled in 445 C.E. Although Suishō is the earliest figure in Japanese history to be named in a text, he was not the first. Himiko, a shaman queen of Wa, lived over a century after Suishō, but was mentioned in a Chinese text written in 289 C.E., about 150 years before the text mentioning Suishō was written. Historical references The only historical record about Suishō is a brief sentence on Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han. In the first year of Yongchu during the reign of the Emperor An (AD 107), Suishō, the king of Wa, presented 160 生口 (slaves?) , and entreated an audience. Notes Ancient Japan portal ^ Translated from 魏志倭人伝・後漢書倭伝・宋書倭国伝・隋書倭国伝 edited by Kiyoshi Wada and Michihiro Ishihara, Iwanami Bunko, 1951, p. 58 External links (in Chinese) Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wa (Japan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Book of the Later Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han"},{"link_name":"Himiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiko"}],"text":"Suishō (帥升, ca. AD 107) was a king of Wa (Japan). He is the earliest Japanese person whose name appeared in a Chinese history. He is mentioned in Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han, which was compiled in 445 C.E. Although Suishō is the earliest figure in Japanese history to be named in a text, he was not the first. Himiko, a shaman queen of Wa, lived over a century after Suishō, but was mentioned in a Chinese text written in 289 C.E., about 150 years before the text mentioning Suishō was written.","title":"Suishō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of the Later Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han"},{"link_name":"Emperor An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The only historical record about Suishō is a brief sentence on Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han.In the first year of Yongchu during the reign of the Emperor An (AD 107), Suishō, the king of Wa, presented 160 生口 (slaves?) [to the emperor], and entreated an audience.[1]","title":"Historical references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Japan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"Ancient Japan portal^ Translated from 魏志倭人伝・後漢書倭伝・宋書倭国伝・隋書倭国伝 edited by Kiyoshi Wada and Michihiro Ishihara, Iwanami Bunko, 1951, p. 58","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Suish%C5%8D%22","external_links_name":"\"Suishō\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Suish%C5%8D%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Suish%C5%8D%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Suish%C5%8D%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Suish%C5%8D%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Suish%C5%8D%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.xysa.net/a200/h350/03houhanshu/t-115.htm","external_links_name":"Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise	Val-d'Oise	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Principal towns","3 Economy","4 Demographics","4.1 Place of birth of residents","5 Politics","5.1 Presidential elections 2nd round","5.2 Current National Assembly Representatives","6 Tourism","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°3′43″N 2°5′10″E / 49.06194°N 2.08611°E / 49.06194; 2.08611Department of France in Île-de-France Department in Île-de-France, FranceVal-d'OiseDepartmentChâteau d'Écouen FlagCoat of armsLocation of Val-d'Oise in FranceCoordinates: 49°3′43″N 2°5′10″E / 49.06194°N 2.08611°E / 49.06194; 2.08611CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FrancePrefecturePontoise (official)Cergy (disputed)Subprefectures Argenteuil Sarcelles Pontoise (disputed) Government • President of the Departmental CouncilMarie-Christine CavecchiArea1 • Total1,246 km2 (481 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total1,256,607 • Rank17th • Density1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)GDP • Total€38.861 billion (2021) • Per capita€30,925 (2021)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeFR-95Department number95Arrondissements3Cantons21Communes184^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km2 Val-d'Oise (French: ⓘ, "Vale of the Oise") is a department in the Île-de-France region, Northern France. It was created in 1968 following the split of the Seine-et-Oise department. In 2019, Val-d'Oise had a population of 1,249,674. It is named after the river Oise, a major tributary of the Seine, which crosses the region after having started in Belgium and flowed through Northeastern France. Val-d'Oise is Île-de-France's northernmost department. Charles de Gaulle Airport, France's main international airport, is partially located in Roissy-en-France, a commune of Val-d'Oise. Its INSEE and postcode number is 95. History The original departments of France were established in 1790 when the French National Assembly split the country into 83 departments of roughly the same size and population. They were designed as sets of communes, and when better maps became available, certain revisions had to be made. After defeat by the Prussians in 1871, certain territories were ceded to them and some rearrangements made. In 1955 and 1957, some departments changed their names. In 1964, it was determined to divide up the departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise. Val-d'Oise was one of the new departments so formed, and was created entirely from the previous department of Seine-et-Oise. Geography Val-d'Oise is a department in north central France and is part of the region of Île-de-France. To the south of the department lies the department of Hauts-de-Seine, to the southwest lies Yvelines, to the west lies Eure, to the north lies Oise, to the east lies Seine-et-Marne and to the southeast lies Seine-Saint-Denis. The official préfecture (capital) of the department is the commune of Pontoise, situated in the suburbs of Paris some 28 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of the centre of the city, but the préfecture building and administrative offices are in the neighbouring commune of Cergy. The River Oise is a right tributary of the River Seine, and flows through the province from northeast to southwest. The eastern part of the department is part of the Pays de France, an area of fertile plain traditionally used for agriculture (particularly cereals and sugar beet) based on its fine silty soils. This part is progressively diminishing in size as Paris expands. Part of Charles de Gaulle Airport falls in this eastern region, while other parts are in the departments of Seine-et-Marne and Seine-Saint-Denis. The southernmost region of the department forms part of the Seine Valley and occupies the whole of the small Vallée de Montmorency. These parts are heavily urbanised, but the ancient Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, which linked Paris and Rouen, passes through the latter. The central and southwestern parts of the department are also largely urbanised and part of the greater Paris sprawl. The western part of the department forms part of the historic county of Vexin français, a verdant, largely agricultural plateau. Its capital was Pontoise on the eastern extremity of the county. This commune is now combining with the neighbouring commune of Cergy to form the new town of Cergy-Pontoise. The Vexin area remains largely rural, and across the whole department, one fifth is covered with trees. Principal towns The most populous commune is Argenteuil; the prefecture Pontoise is the sixth-most populous. As of 2019, the 10 most populous communes are: Commune Population (2019) Argenteuil 111,038 Cergy 65,911 Sarcelles 59,196 Garges-lès-Gonesse 43,239 Franconville 37,394 Pontoise 32,405 Bezons 31,671 Herblay-sur-Seine 31,314 Goussainville 31,068 Ermont 28,939 Economy The economy of Val-d'Oise relies on two different themes. The northern, eastern and western parts are fertile areas of agricultural land producing large quantities of corn, sugar beet, and other crops. The urban parts to the south are dormitory towns, used by people working in the greater metropolitan area of Paris. The presence of Charles de Gaulle Airport and its associated TGV station provides access by rail to all parts of France. The department has nine business zones designated for high-tech industries. Demographics Population development since 1876: Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1876129,655— 1881134,859+0.79%1891143,387+0.62%1901164,962+1.41%1911196,599+1.77%1921227,220+1.46%1926283,256+4.51%1931353,374+4.52%1936350,487−0.16%1946344,744−0.17%YearPop.±% p.a.1954412,658+2.27%1962548,429+3.62%1968693,269+3.98%1975840,885+2.80%1982920,598+1.30%19901,049,598+1.65%19991,105,464+0.58%20061,157,054+0.65%20111,180,365+0.40%20161,221,923+0.69%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Sources: Place of birth of residents Place of birth of residents of Val-d'Oise in 1999 Born in metropolitan France Born outside metropolitan France 76.2% 24.8% Born inoverseas France Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth1 EU-15 immigrants2 Non-EU-15 immigrants 2.2% 2.9% 3.6% 15.1% 1 This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), as well as to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. A foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics. 2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. Politics The president of the Departmental Council is Marie-Christine Cavecchi, elected in 2017. Presidential elections 2nd round Election Winning Candidate Party % 2nd Place Candidate Party % 2022 Emmanuel Macron LREM 66.15 Marine Le Pen FN 33.85 2017 Emmanuel Macron LREM 72.53 Marine Le Pen FN 27.73 2012 François Hollande PS 53.91 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 46.09 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 52.30 Ségolène Royal PS 47.70 2002 Jacques Chirac RPR 82.74 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 17.26 1995 Jacques Chirac RPR 53.78 Lionel Jospin PS 46.22 Current National Assembly Representatives Constituency Member Party Val-d'Oise's 1st constituency Antoine Savignat The Republicans (France) Val-d'Oise's 2nd constituency Guillaume Vuilletet La République En Marche! Val-d'Oise's 3rd constituency Cécile Rilhac La République En Marche! Val-d'Oise's 4th constituency Naïma Moutchou La République En Marche! Val-d'Oise's 5th constituency Fiona Lazaar The New Democrats Val-d'Oise's 6th constituency David Corceiro MoDem Val-d'Oise's 7th constituency Dominique Da Silva La République En Marche! Val-d'Oise's 8th constituency François Pupponi Socialist Party Val-d'Oise's 9th constituency Zivka Park La République En Marche! Val-d'Oise's 10th constituency Aurélien Taché The New Democrats Tourism The department has a rich archaeological and historical heritage, but is not a region visited much by tourists, perhaps being overshadowed by the French capital. Places of interest include the following sites; La Roche-Guyon with a castle on top of a rocky hill and a twelfth century château; L'Isle-Adam, a historic small town on the bank of the River Oise; Auvers-sur-Oise, which owes its international fame to its landscapes and the impressionist painters such as Charles-François Daubigny, Paul Cézanne, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Camille Pissarro and Vincent van Gogh who immortalised them; Enghien-les-Bains, a spa resort with a hot, sulphurous spring, on the site of what was originally Lake Enghien; Écouen with a fine château which houses the Museum of the Renaissance; Cergy-Pontoise, the new administrative capital which has been created out of thirteen communes and has quadrupled in population since the 1960s. There is a branch of the Académie de Versailles in the city which provides tertiary education; Théméricourt, where as well as a fine château, there is the historic church of Notre-Dame, and the twelfth or thirteenth century Croix de l'Ormeteau-Marie. Royaumont Abbey, founded by St. Louis in the thirteenth century, is another important site. There are two protected nature areas in the department: the Parc naturel régional du Vexin français and the Parc naturel régional Oise-Pays de France. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture and is the second most populous of Paris' suburbs. It is in a scenic location by the River Seine and has been much-painted by Claude Monet, Eugène Delacroix, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, Alfred Sisley and Georges Braque. It has several historic buildings and a local museum. Château d'Écouen La Roche Guyon Château de Théméricourt See also Cantons of the Val-d'Oise department Communes of the Val-d'Oise department Arrondissements of the Val-d'Oise department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022. ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions". ec.europa.eu. ^ a b Populations légales 2019: 95 Val-d'Oise, INSEE ^ Gwillim Law (1999). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. ^ a b c Philips' Modern School Atlas. George Philip and Son, Ltd. 1973. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-540-05278-7. ^ "Val d'Oise" (in French). Comité d'Expansion Economique du Val d'Oise. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ "Historique du Val-d'Oise". Le SPLAF. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE. ^ a b l'Intérieur, Ministère de. "Présidentielles". interieur.gouv.fr. ^ "Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania". ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale. ^ a b "Val d'Oise: Must see places". Visit Paris. Agence de Développement et de Réservation Touristiques du Val d’Oise. Retrieved 3 October 2015. ^ Vasseur, Roland. la croix de l'Ormeteau-Marie à Théméricourt (in French). Mémoires de la Société historique et archéologique de Pontoise, du Val d'Oise et du Vexin. ISSN 1148-8077. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Dominique Auzias; Jean-Paul Labourdette (2012). Val-d'Oise 2012. Petit Futé. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-2-7469-6136-4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Val-d'Oise. (in French) Website of the Departmental council (in French) Prefecture website (in English) Val d'Oise Economic Expansion Committee (CEEVO) Website (in English) Committee of Tourism and Leisure in Val d'Oise vteConstituencies of Val-d'OiseConstituency 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th vte Departments of FranceMetropolitan 01 Ain 02 Aisne 03 Allier 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 05 Hautes-Alpes 06 Alpes-Maritimes 07 Ardèche 08 Ardennes 09 Ariège 10 Aube 11 Aude 12 Aveyron 13 Bouches-du-Rhône 14 Calvados 15 Cantal 16 Charente 17 Charente-Maritime 18 Cher 19 Corrèze 2A Corse-du-Sud 2B Haute-Corse 21 Côte-d'Or 22 Côtes-d'Armor 23 Creuse 24 Dordogne 25 Doubs 26 Drôme 27 Eure 28 Eure-et-Loir 29 Finistère 30 Gard 31 Haute-Garonne 32 Gers 33 Gironde 34 Hérault 35 Ille-et-Vilaine 36 Indre 37 Indre-et-Loire 38 Isère 39 Jura 40 Landes 41 Loir-et-Cher 42 Loire 43 Haute-Loire 44 Loire-Atlantique 45 Loiret 46 Lot 47 Lot-et-Garonne 48 Lozère 49 Maine-et-Loire 50 Manche 51 Marne 52 Haute-Marne 53 Mayenne 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle 55 Meuse 56 Morbihan 57 Moselle 58 Nièvre 59 Nord 60 Oise 61 Orne 62 Pas-de-Calais 63 Puy-de-Dôme 64 Pyrénées-Atlantiques 65 Hautes-Pyrénées 66 Pyrénées-Orientales 67 Bas-Rhin 68 Haut-Rhin 69D Rhône 70 Haute-Saône 71 Saône-et-Loire 72 Sarthe 73 Savoie 74 Haute-Savoie 76 Seine-Maritime 77 Seine-et-Marne 78 Yvelines 79 Deux-Sèvres 80 Somme 81 Tarn 82 Tarn-et-Garonne 83 Var 84 Vaucluse 85 Vendée 86 Vienne 87 Haute-Vienne 88 Vosges 89 Yonne 90 Territoire de Belfort 91 Essonne 92 Hauts-de-Seine 93 Seine-Saint-Denis 94 Val-de-Marne 95 Val-d'Oise Overseas 971 Guadeloupe 972 Martinique (territorial collectivity) 973 French Guiana (territorial collectivity) 974 Réunion 976 Mayotte Special 69M Lyon (collectivity with special status) 75 Paris (collectivity with special status) Former 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas collectivity) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[val dwaz]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Val-d%27Oise.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Val-d%27Oise.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-Val-d%27Oise.wav"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise_(river)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Oise"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop2019-4"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise_(river)"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport"},{"link_name":"Roissy-en-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roissy-en-France"},{"link_name":"INSEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques"}],"text":"Department of France in Île-de-FranceDepartment in Île-de-France, FranceVal-d'Oise (French: [val dwaz] ⓘ, \"Vale of the Oise\") is a department in the Île-de-France region, Northern France. It was created in 1968 following the split of the Seine-et-Oise department. In 2019, Val-d'Oise had a population of 1,249,674.[4]It is named after the river Oise, a major tributary of the Seine, which crosses the region after having started in Belgium and flowed through Northeastern France. Val-d'Oise is Île-de-France's northernmost department. Charles de Gaulle Airport, France's main international airport, is partially located in Roissy-en-France, a commune of Val-d'Oise.Its INSEE and postcode number is 95.","title":"Val-d'Oise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_(department)"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Oise"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The original departments of France were established in 1790 when the French National Assembly split the country into 83 departments of roughly the same size and population. They were designed as sets of communes, and when better maps became available, certain revisions had to be made. \nAfter defeat by the Prussians in 1871, certain territories were ceded to them and some rearrangements made. In 1955 and 1957, some departments changed their names. In 1964, it was determined to divide up the departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise. Val-d'Oise was one of the new departments so formed, and was created entirely from the previous department of Seine-et-Oise.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine"},{"link_name":"Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines"},{"link_name":"Eure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"Seine-Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philips-6"},{"link_name":"Pontoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoise"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Cergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cergy"},{"link_name":"River Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise_(river)"},{"link_name":"River Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philips-6"},{"link_name":"Pays de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_France"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport"},{"link_name":"Seine Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Vallée de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vall%C3%A9e_de_Montmorency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chaussée Jules César","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauss%C3%A9e_Jules_C%C3%A9sar"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Vexin français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexin"},{"link_name":"Pontoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoise"},{"link_name":"Cergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cergy"},{"link_name":"Cergy-Pontoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cergy-Pontoise"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philips-6"}],"text":"Val-d'Oise is a department in north central France and is part of the region of Île-de-France. To the south of the department lies the department of Hauts-de-Seine, to the southwest lies Yvelines, to the west lies Eure, to the north lies Oise, to the east lies Seine-et-Marne and to the southeast lies Seine-Saint-Denis.[6] The official préfecture (capital) of the department is the commune of Pontoise, situated in the suburbs of Paris some 28 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of the centre of the city, but the préfecture building and administrative offices are in the neighbouring commune of Cergy. The River Oise is a right tributary of the River Seine, and flows through the province from northeast to southwest.[6]The eastern part of the department is part of the Pays de France, an area of fertile plain traditionally used for agriculture (particularly cereals and sugar beet) based on its fine silty soils. This part is progressively diminishing in size as Paris expands. Part of Charles de Gaulle Airport falls in this eastern region, while other parts are in the departments of Seine-et-Marne and Seine-Saint-Denis. The southernmost region of the department forms part of the Seine Valley and occupies the whole of the small Vallée de Montmorency. These parts are heavily urbanised, but the ancient Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, which linked Paris and Rouen, passes through the latter. The central and southwestern parts of the department are also largely urbanised and part of the greater Paris sprawl. The western part of the department forms part of the historic county of Vexin français, a verdant, largely agricultural plateau. Its capital was Pontoise on the eastern extremity of the county. This commune is now combining with the neighbouring commune of Cergy to form the new town of Cergy-Pontoise. The Vexin area remains largely rural, and across the whole department, one fifth is covered with trees.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argenteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenteuil"},{"link_name":"Pontoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoise"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop2019-4"}],"sub_title":"Principal towns","text":"The most populous commune is Argenteuil; the prefecture Pontoise is the sixth-most populous. As of 2019, the 10 most populous communes are:[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The economy of Val-d'Oise relies on two different themes. The northern, eastern and western parts are fertile areas of agricultural land producing large quantities of corn, sugar beet, and other crops. The urban parts to the south are dormitory towns, used by people working in the greater metropolitan area of Paris. The presence of Charles de Gaulle Airport and its associated TGV station provides access by rail to all parts of France. The department has nine business zones designated for high-tech industries.[7]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Population development since 1876:","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Place of birth of residents","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The president of the Departmental Council is Marie-Christine Cavecchi, elected in 2017.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential elections 2nd round","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current National Assembly Representatives","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agence-13"},{"link_name":"La Roche-Guyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roche-Guyon"},{"link_name":"L'Isle-Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Isle-Adam,_Val-d%27Oise"},{"link_name":"Auvers-sur-Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvers-sur-Oise"},{"link_name":"Charles-François Daubigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Daubigny"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Enghien-les-Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enghien-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"Écouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89couen"},{"link_name":"Théméricourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9m%C3%A9ricourt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Royaumont Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaumont_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Parc naturel régional du Vexin français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_du_Vexin_fran%C3%A7ais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parc naturel régional Oise-Pays de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_Oise-Pays_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agence-13"},{"link_name":"Argenteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenteuil"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Gustave Caillebotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sisley"},{"link_name":"Georges Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau-decouen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château d'Écouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89couen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Roche-Guyon.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Roche Guyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roche_Guyon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1030360_chateau.JPG"},{"link_name":"Théméricourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9m%C3%A9ricourt"}],"text":"The department has a rich archaeological and historical heritage, but is not a region visited much by tourists, perhaps being overshadowed by the French capital. Places of interest include the following sites;[13] La Roche-Guyon with a castle on top of a rocky hill and a twelfth century château; L'Isle-Adam, a historic small town on the bank of the River Oise; Auvers-sur-Oise, which owes its international fame to its landscapes and the impressionist painters such as Charles-François Daubigny, Paul Cézanne, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Camille Pissarro and Vincent van Gogh who immortalised them; Enghien-les-Bains, a spa resort with a hot, sulphurous spring, on the site of what was originally Lake Enghien; Écouen with a fine château which houses the Museum of the Renaissance; Cergy-Pontoise, the new administrative capital which has been created out of thirteen communes and has quadrupled in population since the 1960s. There is a branch of the Académie de Versailles in the city which provides tertiary education; Théméricourt, where as well as a fine château, there is the historic church of Notre-Dame, and the twelfth or thirteenth century Croix de l'Ormeteau-Marie.[14] Royaumont Abbey, founded by St. Louis in the thirteenth century, is another important site. There are two protected nature areas in the department: the Parc naturel régional du Vexin français and the Parc naturel régional Oise-Pays de France.[13]Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture and is the second most populous of Paris' suburbs. It is in a scenic location by the River Seine and has been much-painted by Claude Monet, Eugène Delacroix, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, Alfred Sisley and Georges Braque. It has several historic buildings and a local museum.[15]Château d'Écouen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLa Roche Guyon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChâteau de Théméricourt","title":"Tourism"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cantons of the Val-d'Oise department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department"},{"title":"Communes of the Val-d'Oise department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department"},{"title":"Arrondissements of the Val-d'Oise department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux\""}]},{"reference":"\"Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7739582","url_text":"\"Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions\". ec.europa.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table","url_text":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions\""}]},{"reference":"Gwillim Law (1999). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132","url_text":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0447-3","url_text":"978-1-4766-0447-3"}]},{"reference":"Philips' Modern School Atlas. George Philip and Son, Ltd. 1973. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-540-05278-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-05278-7","url_text":"0-540-05278-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Val d'Oise\" (in French). Comité d'Expansion Economique du Val d'Oise. Retrieved 2 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ceevo95.fr/en/","url_text":"\"Val d'Oise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historique du Val-d'Oise\". Le SPLAF.","urls":[{"url":"http://splaf.free.fr/95his.html","url_text":"\"Historique du Val-d'Oise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Évolution et structure de la population en 2016\". INSEE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-95","url_text":"\"Évolution et structure de la population en 2016\""}]},{"reference":"l'Intérieur, Ministère de. \"Présidentielles\". interieur.gouv.fr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles","url_text":"\"Présidentielles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politiquemania.com/presidentielles-1995-departement.html","url_text":"\"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania\""}]},{"reference":"Nationale, Assemblée. \"Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français\". Assemblée nationale.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/","url_text":"\"Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français\""}]},{"reference":"\"Val d'Oise: Must see places\". Visit Paris. Agence de Développement et de Réservation Touristiques du Val d’Oise. Retrieved 3 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.valdoise-tourisme.com/en/val-d-oise/must-see-places/must-see-places.php","url_text":"\"Val d'Oise: Must see places\""}]},{"reference":"Vasseur, Roland. la croix de l'Ormeteau-Marie à Théméricourt (in French). Mémoires de la Société historique et archéologique de Pontoise, du Val d'Oise et du Vexin. ISSN 1148-8077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1148-8077","url_text":"1148-8077"}]},{"reference":"Dominique Auzias; Jean-Paul Labourdette (2012). Val-d'Oise 2012. Petit Futé. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-2-7469-6136-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YEO_JNQx1k0C&pg=PT22","url_text":"Val-d'Oise 2012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-6136-4","url_text":"978-2-7469-6136-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Val-d%27Oise&params=49_3_43_N_2_5_10_E_region:FR-95_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"49°3′43″N 2°5′10″E / 49.06194°N 2.08611°E / 49.06194; 2.08611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Val-d%27Oise&params=49_3_43_N_2_5_10_E_region:FR-95_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"49°3′43″N 2°5′10″E / 49.06194°N 2.08611°E / 49.06194; 2.08611"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7739582","external_links_name":"\"Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021\""},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table","external_links_name":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep95.pdf","external_links_name":"Populations légales 2019: 95 Val-d'Oise"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132","external_links_name":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"Link":"http://www.ceevo95.fr/en/","external_links_name":"\"Val d'Oise\""},{"Link":"http://splaf.free.fr/95his.html","external_links_name":"\"Historique du Val-d'Oise\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-95","external_links_name":"\"Évolution et structure de la population en 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles","external_links_name":"\"Présidentielles\""},{"Link":"https://www.politiquemania.com/presidentielles-1995-departement.html","external_links_name":"\"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania\""},{"Link":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/","external_links_name":"\"Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français\""},{"Link":"http://www.valdoise-tourisme.com/en/val-d-oise/must-see-places/must-see-places.php","external_links_name":"\"Val d'Oise: Must see places\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1148-8077","external_links_name":"1148-8077"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YEO_JNQx1k0C&pg=PT22","external_links_name":"Val-d'Oise 2012"},{"Link":"https://www.valdoise.fr/","external_links_name":"Website of the Departmental council"},{"Link":"http://www.val-doise.gouv.fr/","external_links_name":"Prefecture website"},{"Link":"http://www.ceevo95.fr/heading/heading3865.html","external_links_name":"Val d'Oise Economic Expansion Committee (CEEVO) Website"},{"Link":"http://www.valdoise-tourisme.com/","external_links_name":"Committee of Tourism and Leisure in Val d'Oise"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/173351565","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhH6mtBypQWgvmbVd3fbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119463766","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119463766","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4376522-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566911805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83225744","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/95a3d6aa-1271-462f-b8c3-898bf5cceba9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027910334","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/910_(number)	900 (number)	["1 In other fields","2 Integers from 901 to 999","2.1 900s","2.2 910s","2.3 920s","2.4 930s","2.5 940s","2.6 950s","2.7 960s","2.8 970s","2.9 980s","2.10 990s","3 References"]	For the year 900, see 900 BC and 900 AD. "976 (number)" redirects here. Not to be confused with 976 number. Natural number ← 899 900 901 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Cardinalnine hundredOrdinal900th(nine hundredth)Factorization22 × 32 × 52Divisors1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 36, 45, 50, 60, 75, 90, 100, 150, 180, 225, 300, 450, 900Greek numeralϠ´Roman numeralCMBinary11100001002Ternary10201003Senary41006Octal16048Duodecimal63012Hexadecimal38416ArmenianՋHebrewתת"ק / ץBabylonian cuneiform𒌋𒐙Egyptian hieroglyph𓍪 900 (nine hundred) is the natural number following 899 and preceding 901. It is the square of 30 and the sum of Euler's totient function for the first 54 positive integers. In base 10 it is a Harshad number. It is also the first number to be the square of a sphenic number. In other fields 900 is also: A telephone area code for "premium" telephone calls in the North American Numbering Plan (900 number) In Greek number symbols, the sign Sampi ("ϡ", literally "like a pi") A skateboarding trick in which the skateboarder spins two and a half times (360 degrees times 2.5 is 900) A 900 series refers to three consecutive perfect games in bowling Yoda's age in Star Wars Integers from 901 to 999 900s 901 = 17 × 53, centered triangular number, happy number 902 = 2 × 11 × 41, sphenic number, nontotient, Harshad number 903 = 3 × 7 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number, Schröder–Hipparchus number, Mertens function (903) returns 0, little Schroeder number 904 = 23 × 113 or 113 × 8, refactorable number, Mertens function(904) returns 0, lazy caterer number, number of 1's in all partitions of 26 into odd parts 905 = 5 × 181, sum of seven consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), smallest composite de Polignac number "The 905" is a common nickname for the suburban portions of the Greater Toronto Area in Canada, a region whose telephones used area code 905 before overlay plans added two more area codes. 906 = 2 × 3 × 151, strobogrammatic, sphenic number, Mertens function(906) returns 0 907 = prime number 908 = 22 × 227, nontotient, number of primitive sorting networks on 6 elements, number of rhombic tilings of a 12-gon 909 = 32 × 101, number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight 7 910s 910 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 13, Mertens function(910) returns 0, Harshad number, happy number, balanced number, number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order 7 under separate row and column permutations 911 = Sophie Germain prime number, also the emergency telephone number in North America 912 = 24 × 3 × 19, sum of four consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229 + 233), sum of ten consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), Harshad number. 913 = 11 × 83, Smith number, Mertens function(913) returns 0. 914 = 2 × 457, nontotient, number of compositions of 11 that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing 915 = 3 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Smith number, Mertens function(915) returns 0, Harshad number 916 = 22 × 229, Mertens function(916) returns 0, nontotient, strobogrammatic, member of the Mian–Chowla sequence 917 = 7 × 131, sum of five consecutive primes (173 + 179 + 181 + 191 + 193) 918 = 2 × 33 × 17, Harshad number 919 = prime number, cuban prime, prime index prime, Chen prime, palindromic prime, centered hexagonal number, Mertens function(919) returns 0 920s 920 = 23 × 5 × 23, Mertens function(920) returns 0, total number of nodes in all rooted trees with 8 nodes 921 = 3 × 307, number of enriched r-trees of size 7 922 = 2 × 461, nontotient, Smith number 923 = 13 × 71, number of combinations of 6 things from 1 to 6 at a time 924 = 22 × 3 × 7 × 11, sum of a twin prime (461 + 463), central binomial coefficient ( 12 6 ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {12}{6}}} 925 = 52 × 37, pentagonal number, centered square number The millesimal fineness number for Sterling silver 926 = 2 × 463, sum of six consecutive primes (139 + 149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient 927 = 32 × 103, tribonacci number 928 = 25 × 29, sum of four consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233 + 239), sum of eight consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), happy number 929 = prime number, Proth prime, palindromic prime, sum of nine consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127), Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part An area code in New York. 930s 930 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 31, pronic number 931 = 72 × 19; sum of three consecutive primes (307 + 311 + 313); double repdigit, 11130 and 77711; number of regular simple graphs spanning 7 vertices 932 = 22 × 233, number of regular simple graphs on 7 labeled nodes 933 = 3 × 311 934 = 2 × 467, nontotient 935 = 5 × 11 × 17, sphenic number, Lucas–Carmichael number, Harshad number 936 = 23 × 32 × 13, pentagonal pyramidal number, Harshad number 937 = prime number, Chen prime, star number, happy number 938 = 2 × 7 × 67, sphenic number, nontotient, number of lines through at least 2 points of an 8 × 8 grid of points 939 = 3 × 313, number of V-toothpicks after 31 rounds of the honeycomb sequence 940s 940 = 22 × 5 × 47, totient sum for first 55 integers 941 = prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (311 + 313 + 317), sum of five consecutive primes (179 + 181 + 191 + 193 + 197), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part 942 = 2 × 3 × 157, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (229 + 233 + 239 + 241), nontotient, convolved Fibonacci number 943 = 23 × 41 944 = 24 × 59, nontotient, Lehmer-Comtet number 945 = 33 × 5 × 7, double factorial of 9, smallest odd abundant number (divisors less than itself add up to 975); smallest odd primitive abundant number; smallest odd primitive semiperfect number; Leyland number 946 = 2 × 11 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number, hexagonal number, happy number 947 = prime number, sum of seven consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151), balanced prime, Chen prime, lazy caterer number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part 948 = 22 × 3 × 79, nontotient, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 949 under second definition, number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight 6. 949 = 13 × 73, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 948 under second definition 950s 950 = 2 × 52 × 19, nontotient, generalized pentagonal number one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina 951 = 3 × 317, centered pentagonal number one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland 952 = 23 × 7 × 17, number of reduced words of length 3 in the Weyl group D_17, number of regions in regular tetradecagon with all diagonals drawn. 952 is also 9-5-2, a card game similar to bridge. one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland 953 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, centered heptagonal number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Croatia 954 = 2 × 32 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), nontotient, Harshad number, sixth derivative of x^(x^x) at x=1. ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bulgaria. Also one of the Area Codes in the South Florida Area 955 = 5 × 191, number of transitive rooted trees with 17 nodes ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Sri Lanka 956 = 22 × 239, number of compositions of 13 into powers of 2. ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Chile 957 = 3 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, antisigma(45) one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China 958 = 2 × 479, nontotient, Smith number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Colombia The millesimal fineness number for Britannia silver 959 = 7 × 137, composite de Polignac number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Cuba 960s 960 = 26 × 3 × 5, sum of six consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173), Harshad number country calling code for Maldives, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Greece The number of possible starting positions for the chess variant Chess960 961 = 312, the largest 3-digit perfect square, sum of three consecutive primes (313 + 317 + 331), sum of five consecutive primes (181 + 191 + 193 + 197 + 199), centered octagonal number country calling code for Lebanon, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Slovenia 962 = 2 × 13 × 37, sphenic number, nontotient country calling code for Jordan, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong 963 = 32 × 107, sum of the first twenty-four primes country calling code for Syria, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Hungary 964 = 22 × 241, sum of four consecutive primes (233 + 239 + 241 + 251), nontotient, totient sum for first 56 integers country calling code for Iraq, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Iran, happy number 965 = 5 × 193 country calling code for Kuwait, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Israel 966 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 23 = { 8 3 } {\displaystyle \left\{{8 \atop 3}\right\}} , sum of eight consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Harshad number country calling code for Saudi Arabia, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Ukraine 967 = prime number, prime index prime country calling code for Yemen, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia 968 = 23 × 112, nontotient, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 44 country calling code for Oman, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico 969 = 3 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, nonagonal number, tetrahedral number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Pakistan, age of Methuselah according to Old Testament, anti-Muslim movement in Myanmar 970s 970 = 2 × 5 × 97, sphenic number, heptagonal number country calling code for Palestinian territories, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico 971 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part country calling code for United Arab Emirates, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Philippines 972 = 22 × 35, Harshad number, Achilles number country calling code for Israel, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal The Sum of Anti-Factors of 972 = number * (n/2) where n is an Odd number. So, it is a Hemi-Anti-Perfect Number. Other such Numbers include 2692, etc. 972 has Anti-Factors = 5, 8, 24, 29, 67, 72, 216, 389, 648 Sum of Anti-Factors = 5 + 8 + 24 + 29 + 67 + 72 + 216 + 389 + 648 = 1458 = 972 * 3/2 973 = 7 × 139, happy number country calling code for Bahrain, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Romania, 974 = 2 × 487, nontotient, 974! - 1 is prime country calling code for Qatar, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Thailand 975 = 3 × 52 × 13 country calling code for Bhutan, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Turkey 976 = 24 × 61, decagonal number country calling code for Mongolia, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Virgin Islands 977 = prime number, sum of nine consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), balanced prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Stern prime, strictly non-palindromic number country calling code for Nepal EAN prefix for ISSNs ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Egypt 978 = 2 × 3 × 163, sphenic number, nontotient, number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 11 nucleotides First EAN prefix for ISBNs ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Nigeria 979 = 11 × 89, the sum of the five smallest fourth powers: 979 = ∑ n = 1 5 n 4 {\displaystyle 979=\sum _{n=1}^{5}n^{4}} Second EAN prefix for ISBNs. Also for ISMNs ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Indonesia 980s 980 = 22 × 5 × 72, number of ways to tile a hexagon of edge 3 with calissons of side 1. ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Venezuela 981 = 32 × 109 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Singapore 982 = 2 × 491, happy number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa 983 = prime number, safe prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wedderburn–Etherington number, strictly non-palindromic number One of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia 984 = 23 × 3 × 41 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bangladesh 985 = 5 × 197, sum of three consecutive primes (317 + 331 + 337), Markov number, Pell number, Smith number one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Belarus 986 = 2 × 17 × 29, sphenic number, nontotient, strobogrammatic, number of unimodal compositions of 14 where the maximal part appears once one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China 987 = 3 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, Fibonacci number, number of partitions of 52 into prime parts one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina 988 = 22 × 13 × 19, nontotient. sum of four consecutive primes (239 + 241 + 251 + 257). A cake number. one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong. 989 = 23 × 43, Extra strong Lucas pseudoprime one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal 990s 990 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 11, sum of six consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173 + 179), triangular number, Harshad number best possible VantageScore credit score 991 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (191 + 193 + 197 + 199 + 211), sum of seven consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151 + 157), Chen prime, lucky prime, prime index prime 992 = 25 × 31, pronic number, nontotient; number of eleven-dimensional exotic spheres. country calling code for Tajikistan 993 = 3 × 331 country calling code for Turkmenistan 994 = 2 × 7 × 71, sphenic number, nontotient, number of binary words of length 13 with all distinct runs. country calling code for Azerbaijan 995 = 5 × 199 country calling code for Georgia Singapore fire brigade and emergency ambulance services hotline, Brunei Darussalam fire service emergency number 996 = 22 × 3 × 83 country calling code for Kyrgyzstan 997 = largest three-digit prime number, strictly non-palindromic number. It is also a lucky prime. 998 = 2 × 499, nontotient, number of 7-node graphs with two connected components. country calling code for Uzbekistan Main article: 999 (number) 999 = 33 × 37, Kaprekar number, Harshad number In some parts of the world, such as the UK and Commonwealth countries, 999 (pronounced as nine, nine, nine) is the emergency telephone number for all emergency services 999 was a London punk band active during the 1970s. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to 900 (number). ^ "Pay-Per-Call Information Services". Federal Communications Commission. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31. ^ "Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series". For The Win. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2021-03-31. ^ a b c "Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c d e "Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ "Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ "Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ a b "Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22. ^ "Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005727". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Higgins, Peter (2008). Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography. New York: Copernicus. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84800-000-1. ^ "Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ a b "Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13. ^ "Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A179230". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ (sequence A023359 in the OEIS) ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-11. ^ "Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001105". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ a b c "Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "A008793". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "week164". Math.ucr.edu. 2001-01-13. Retrieved 2014-05-12. ^ "A351016". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "A275165". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-02. vteIntegers0s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 ≥1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"900 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_BC"},{"link_name":"900 AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_AD"},{"link_name":"976 number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/976_number"},{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/899_(number)"},{"link_name":"901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/901_(number)"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_number"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_(number)"},{"link_name":"Euler's totient function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_totient_function"},{"link_name":"positive integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_integer"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"}],"text":"For the year 900, see 900 BC and 900 AD.\"976 (number)\" redirects here. Not to be confused with 976 number.Natural number900 (nine hundred) is the natural number following 899 and preceding 901. It is the square of 30 and the sum of Euler's totient function for the first 54 positive integers. In base 10 it is a Harshad number. It is also the first number to be the square of a sphenic number.","title":"900 (number)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"area code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code"},{"link_name":"\"premium\" telephone calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_900"},{"link_name":"North American Numbering Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"number symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals"},{"link_name":"Sampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampi"},{"link_name":"pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(letter)"},{"link_name":"skateboarding trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_(skateboarding_trick)"},{"link_name":"900 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_series_(bowling)"},{"link_name":"perfect games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_game_(bowling)"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yoda's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"}],"text":"900 is also:A telephone area code for \"premium\" telephone calls in the North American Numbering Plan (900 number)[1]\nIn Greek number symbols, the sign Sampi (\"ϡ\", literally \"like a pi\")\nA skateboarding trick in which the skateboarder spins two and a half times (360 degrees times 2.5 is 900)\nA 900 series refers to three consecutive perfect games in bowling[2]\nYoda's age in Star Wars","title":"In other fields"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centered triangular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_triangular_number"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Schröder–Hipparchus number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der%E2%80%93Hipparchus_number"},{"link_name":"Mertens function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens_function"},{"link_name":"little Schroeder number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A001003"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"lazy caterer number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_caterer%27s_sequence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"a common nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_905,_289_and_365#905_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Greater Toronto Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area"},{"link_name":"area code 905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_905,_289_and_365"},{"link_name":"overlay plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_plan"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A006245-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A006245-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"900s","text":"901 = 17 × 53, centered triangular number, happy number\n902 = 2 × 11 × 41, sphenic number, nontotient, Harshad number\n903 = 3 × 7 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number,[3] Schröder–Hipparchus number, Mertens function (903) returns 0, little Schroeder number\n904 = 23 × 113 or 113 × 8, refactorable number, Mertens function(904) returns 0, lazy caterer number, number of 1's in all partitions of 26 into odd parts[4]\n905 = 5 × 181, sum of seven consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), smallest composite de Polignac number[5]\n\"The 905\" is a common nickname for the suburban portions of the Greater Toronto Area in Canada, a region whose telephones used area code 905 before overlay plans added two more area codes.\n906 = 2 × 3 × 151, strobogrammatic, sphenic number, Mertens function(906) returns 0\n907 = prime number\n908 = 22 × 227, nontotient, number of primitive sorting networks on 6 elements,[6] number of rhombic tilings of a 12-gon [6]\n909 = 32 × 101, number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight 7 [7]","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/911_(number)"},{"link_name":"Sophie Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_and_Sophie_Germain_primes"},{"link_name":"emergency telephone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1"},{"link_name":"Smith number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_number"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic"},{"link_name":"Mian–Chowla sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%E2%80%93Chowla_sequence"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"cuban prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_prime"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"Chen prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_prime"},{"link_name":"palindromic prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic_prime"},{"link_name":"centered hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"910s","text":"910 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 13, Mertens function(910) returns 0, Harshad number, happy number, balanced number,[8] number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order 7 under separate row and column permutations[9]\n911 = Sophie Germain prime number, also the emergency telephone number in North America\n912 = 24 × 3 × 19, sum of four consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229 + 233), sum of ten consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), Harshad number.\n913 = 11 × 83, Smith number,[10] Mertens function(913) returns 0.\n914 = 2 × 457, nontotient, number of compositions of 11 that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing [11]\n915 = 3 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Smith number,[10] Mertens function(915) returns 0, Harshad number\n916 = 22 × 229, Mertens function(916) returns 0, nontotient, strobogrammatic, member of the Mian–Chowla sequence[12]\n917 = 7 × 131, sum of five consecutive primes (173 + 179 + 181 + 191 + 193)\n918 = 2 × 33 × 17, Harshad number\n919 = prime number, cuban prime,[13] prime index prime, Chen prime, palindromic prime, centered hexagonal number,[14] Mertens function(919) returns 0","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"central binomial coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_binomial_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"centered square number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_square_number"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"millesimal fineness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millesimal_fineness"},{"link_name":"Sterling silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_silver"},{"link_name":"tribonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"Proth prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proth_prime"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein_prime"},{"link_name":"area code in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_929"}],"sub_title":"920s","text":"920 = 23 × 5 × 23, Mertens function(920) returns 0, total number of nodes in all rooted trees with 8 nodes [15]\n921 = 3 × 307, number of enriched r-trees of size 7 [16]\n922 = 2 × 461, nontotient, Smith number[10]\n923 = 13 × 71, number of combinations of 6 things from 1 to 6 at a time [17]\n924 = 22 × 3 × 7 × 11, sum of a twin prime (461 + 463), central binomial coefficient \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 12\n 6\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {12}{6}}}\n \n[18]\n925 = 52 × 37, pentagonal number,[19] centered square number[20]\nThe millesimal fineness number for Sterling silver\n926 = 2 × 463, sum of six consecutive primes (139 + 149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient\n927 = 32 × 103, tribonacci number[21]\n928 = 25 × 29, sum of four consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233 + 239), sum of eight consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), happy number\n929 = prime number, Proth prime,[22] palindromic prime, sum of nine consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127), Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\nAn area code in New York.","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronic_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"repdigit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repdigit"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lucas–Carmichael number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%E2%80%93Carmichael_number"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"pentagonal pyramidal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal_pyramidal_number"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"star number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_number"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"930s","text":"930 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 31, pronic number[23]\n931 = 72 × 19; sum of three consecutive primes (307 + 311 + 313); double repdigit, 11130 and 77711; number of regular simple graphs spanning 7 vertices [24]\n932 = 22 × 233, number of regular simple graphs on 7 labeled nodes [25]\n933 = 3 × 311\n934 = 2 × 467, nontotient\n935 = 5 × 11 × 17, sphenic number, Lucas–Carmichael number,[26] Harshad number\n936 = 23 × 32 × 13, pentagonal pyramidal number,[27] Harshad number\n937 = prime number, Chen prime, star number,[28] happy number\n938 = 2 × 7 × 67, sphenic number, nontotient, number of lines through at least 2 points of an 8 × 8 grid of points [29]\n939 = 3 × 313, number of V-toothpicks after 31 rounds of the honeycomb sequence [30]","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"double factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_factorial"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(number)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundant_number"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"primitive abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_abundant_number"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"primitive semiperfect number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_semiperfect_number"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Leyland number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_number"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"balanced prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_prime"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-39"},{"link_name":"Chen prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_prime"},{"link_name":"lazy caterer number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_caterer%27s_sequence"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein_prime"},{"link_name":"Ruth–Aaron pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%E2%80%93Aaron_pair"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"940s","text":"940 = 22 × 5 × 47, totient sum for first 55 integers\n941 = prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (311 + 313 + 317), sum of five consecutive primes (179 + 181 + 191 + 193 + 197), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\n942 = 2 × 3 × 157, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (229 + 233 + 239 + 241), nontotient, convolved Fibonacci number [31]\n943 = 23 × 41\n944 = 24 × 59, nontotient, Lehmer-Comtet number[32]\n945 = 33 × 5 × 7, double factorial of 9,[33] smallest odd abundant number (divisors less than itself add up to 975);[34] smallest odd primitive abundant number;[35] smallest odd primitive semiperfect number;[36] Leyland number[37]\n946 = 2 × 11 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number,[3] hexagonal number,[38] happy number\n947 = prime number, sum of seven consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151), balanced prime,[39] Chen prime, lazy caterer number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\n948 = 22 × 3 × 79, nontotient, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 949 under second definition, number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight 6.[40]\n949 = 13 × 73, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 948 under second definition","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generalized pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"centered pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"9-5-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-5-2"},{"link_name":"card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridge"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"centered heptagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_heptagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Area Codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_954"},{"link_name":"South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Smith number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_number"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"millesimal fineness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millesimal_fineness"},{"link_name":"Britannia silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_silver"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"950s","text":"950 = 2 × 52 × 19, nontotient, generalized pentagonal number[41]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina\n951 = 3 × 317, centered pentagonal number[42]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland\n952 = 23 × 7 × 17, number of reduced words of length 3 in the Weyl group D_17,[43] number of regions in regular tetradecagon with all diagonals drawn. [44]\n952 is also 9-5-2, a card game similar to bridge.\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland\n953 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[45] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, centered heptagonal number[46]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Croatia\n954 = 2 × 32 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), nontotient, Harshad number, sixth derivative of x^(x^x) at x=1.[47]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bulgaria. Also one of the Area Codes in the South Florida Area\n955 = 5 × 191, number of transitive rooted trees with 17 nodes\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Sri Lanka\n956 = 22 × 239, \t\tnumber of compositions of 13 into powers of 2.[48]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Chile\n957 = 3 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, antisigma(45)[49]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China\n958 = 2 × 479, nontotient, Smith number[10]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Colombia\nThe millesimal fineness number for Britannia silver\n959 = 7 × 137, composite de Polignac number[50]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Cuba","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chess960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess960"},{"link_name":"centered octagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_octagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"{\n \n \n 8\n 3\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{{8 \\atop 3}\\right\\}}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers_of_the_second_kind"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area_of_a_square_with_diagonal_2n-52"},{"link_name":"nonagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"tetrahedral number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_number"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Methuselah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah"},{"link_name":"anti-Muslim movement in Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/969_Movement"}],"sub_title":"960s","text":"960 = 26 × 3 × 5, sum of six consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173), Harshad number\ncountry calling code for Maldives, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Greece\nThe number of possible starting positions for the chess variant Chess960\n961 = 312, the largest 3-digit perfect square, sum of three consecutive primes (313 + 317 + 331), sum of five consecutive primes (181 + 191 + 193 + 197 + 199), centered octagonal number[51]\ncountry calling code for Lebanon, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Slovenia\n962 = 2 × 13 × 37, sphenic number, nontotient\ncountry calling code for Jordan, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong\n963 = 32 × 107, sum of the first twenty-four primes\ncountry calling code for Syria, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Hungary\n964 = 22 × 241, sum of four consecutive primes (233 + 239 + 241 + 251), nontotient, totient sum for first 56 integers\ncountry calling code for Iraq, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Iran, happy number\n965 = 5 × 193\ncountry calling code for Kuwait, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Israel\n966 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 23 = \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n 8\n 3\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{{8 \\atop 3}\\right\\}}\n \n, sum of eight consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Harshad number\ncountry calling code for Saudi Arabia, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Ukraine\n967 = prime number, prime index prime\ncountry calling code for Yemen, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia\n968 = 23 × 112, nontotient, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 44[52]\ncountry calling code for Oman, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico\n969 = 3 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, nonagonal number,[53] tetrahedral number[54]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Pakistan, age of Methuselah according to Old Testament, anti-Muslim movement in Myanmar","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heptagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptagonal_number"},{"link_name":"971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/971_(number)"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"decagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"St. Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucia"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-39"},{"link_name":"Stern prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_prime"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"EAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Article_Number_(EAN)"},{"link_name":"ISSNs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"EAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Article_Number_(EAN)"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"EAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Article_Number_(EAN)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"sub_title":"970s","text":"970 = 2 × 5 × 97, sphenic number, heptagonal number\ncountry calling code for Palestinian territories, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico\n971 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\ncountry calling code for United Arab Emirates, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Philippines\n972 = 22 × 35, Harshad number, Achilles number\ncountry calling code for Israel, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal\nThe Sum of Anti-Factors of 972 = number * (n/2) where n is an Odd number. So, it is a Hemi-Anti-Perfect Number. Other such Numbers include 2692, etc.972 has Anti-Factors = 5, 8, 24, 29, 67, 72, 216, 389, 648Sum of Anti-Factors = 5 + 8 + 24 + 29 + 67 + 72 + 216 + 389 + 648 = 1458 = 972 * 3/2973 = 7 × 139, happy number\ncountry calling code for Bahrain, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Romania,\n974 = 2 × 487, nontotient, 974! - 1 is prime[55]\ncountry calling code for Qatar, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Thailand\n975 = 3 × 52 × 13\ncountry calling code for Bhutan, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Turkey\n976 = 24 × 61, decagonal number[56]\ncountry calling code for Mongolia, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Virgin Islands\n977 = prime number, sum of nine consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), balanced prime,[39] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Stern prime,[57] strictly non-palindromic number[58]\ncountry calling code for Nepal\nEAN prefix for ISSNs\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Egypt\n978 = 2 × 3 × 163, sphenic number, nontotient, number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 11 nucleotides[59]\nFirst EAN prefix for ISBNs\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Nigeria\n979 = 11 × 89, the sum of the five smallest fourth powers: \n \n \n \n 979\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n n\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 979=\\sum _{n=1}^{5}n^{4}}\n \n\nSecond EAN prefix for ISBNs. Also for ISMNs\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Indonesia","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD10xx/EWD1055.html"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Western Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Samoa"},{"link_name":"safe prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_prime"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Wedderburn–Etherington number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedderburn%E2%80%93Etherington_number"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Markov number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_number"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Pell number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_number"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"number of partitions of 52 into prime parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000607"},{"link_name":"cake number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake_number"},{"link_name":"Lucas pseudoprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_pseudoprime"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"980s","text":"980 = 22 × 5 × 72, number of ways to tile a hexagon of edge 3 with calissons of side 1.[60]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Venezuela\n981 = 32 × 109\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Singapore\n982 = 2 × 491, happy number\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa\n983 = prime number, safe prime,[61] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wedderburn–Etherington number,[62] strictly non-palindromic number[58]\nOne of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia\n984 = 23 × 3 × 41\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bangladesh\n985 = 5 × 197, sum of three consecutive primes (317 + 331 + 337), Markov number,[63] Pell number,[64] Smith number[10]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Belarus\n986 = 2 × 17 × 29, sphenic number, nontotient, strobogrammatic, number of unimodal compositions of 14 where the maximal part appears once[65]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China\n987 = 3 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, Fibonacci number,[66] number of partitions of 52 into prime parts\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina\n988 = 22 × 13 × 19, nontotient. sum of four consecutive primes (239 + 241 + 251 + 257). A cake number.\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong.\n989 = 23 × 43, Extra strong Lucas pseudoprime[67]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"VantageScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VantageScore"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"pronic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronic_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"exotic spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_sphere"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Brunei Darussalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"lucky prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_prime"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Kaprekar number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaprekar_number"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"nine, nine, nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(emergency_telephone_number)"},{"link_name":"emergency telephone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number"},{"link_name":"999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(band)"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"}],"sub_title":"990s","text":"990 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 11, sum of six consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173 + 179), triangular number,[3] Harshad number\nbest possible VantageScore credit score\n991 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (191 + 193 + 197 + 199 + 211), sum of seven consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151 + 157), Chen prime, lucky prime, prime index prime\n992 = 25 × 31, pronic number,[23] nontotient; number of eleven-dimensional exotic spheres.[68]\ncountry calling code for Tajikistan\n993 = 3 × 331\ncountry calling code for Turkmenistan\n994 = 2 × 7 × 71, sphenic number, nontotient, number of binary words of length 13 with all distinct runs.[69]\ncountry calling code for Azerbaijan\n995 = 5 × 199\ncountry calling code for Georgia\nSingapore fire brigade and emergency ambulance services hotline, Brunei Darussalam fire service emergency number\n996 = 22 × 3 × 83\ncountry calling code for Kyrgyzstan\n997 = largest three-digit prime number, strictly non-palindromic number.[58] It is also a lucky prime.\n998 = 2 × 499, nontotient, number of 7-node graphs with two connected components.[70]\ncountry calling code for Uzbekistan999 = 33 × 37, Kaprekar number,[71] Harshad number\nIn some parts of the world, such as the UK and Commonwealth countries, 999 (pronounced as nine, nine, nine) is the emergency telephone number for all emergency services\n999 was a London punk band active during the 1970s.","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pay-Per-Call Information Services\". Federal Communications Commission. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/faqs-900-number-pay-call-services-and-fees","url_text":"\"Pay-Per-Call Information Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series\". For The Win. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2021-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/01/bowler-throws-36-consecutive-strikes-for-incredible-900-series","url_text":"\"Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000217","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036469","url_text":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A098237","url_text":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006245","url_text":"\"Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A303546","url_text":"\"Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A020492","url_text":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A007716","url_text":"\"Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006753","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A332834","url_text":"\"Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005282","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002407","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003215","url_text":"\"Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A055544","url_text":"\"Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A301462","url_text":"\"Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A030662","url_text":"\"Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000984","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000326","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001844","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000073","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A080076","url_text":"\"Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002378","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A319612","url_text":"\"Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A295193","url_text":"\"Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006972","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002411","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003154","url_text":"\"Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A018808","url_text":"\"Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A161206","url_text":"\"Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001628","url_text":"\"Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005727\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005727","url_text":"\"Sequence A005727\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006882","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials\""}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Peter (2008). Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography. New York: Copernicus. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84800-000-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612","url_text":"Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612/page/n22","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84800-000-1","url_text":"978-1-84800-000-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006038","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006036","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A076980","url_text":"\"Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000384","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006562","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A269134","url_text":"\"Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001318","url_text":"\"Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005891","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A162328","url_text":"\"Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A007678","url_text":"\"Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005384","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A069099","url_text":"\"Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A179230\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A179230","url_text":"\"Sequence A179230\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A024816","url_text":"\"Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A098237","url_text":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016754","url_text":"\"Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001105\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001105","url_text":"\"Sequence A001105\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001106","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000292","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002982","url_text":"\"A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001107","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A042978","url_text":"\"Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016038","url_text":"\"Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A004148","url_text":"\"Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"A008793\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A008793","url_text":"\"A008793\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005385","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001190","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002559","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000129","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006330","url_text":"\"Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000045","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A217719","url_text":"\"Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes\""}]},{"reference":"\"week164\". Math.ucr.edu. 2001-01-13. Retrieved 2014-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week164.html","url_text":"\"week164\""}]},{"reference":"\"A351016\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A351016","url_text":"\"A351016\""}]},{"reference":"\"A275165\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A275165","url_text":"\"A275165\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006886","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD10xx/EWD1055.html","external_links_name":"calissons"},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/faqs-900-number-pay-call-services-and-fees","external_links_name":"\"Pay-Per-Call Information Services\""},{"Link":"https://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/01/bowler-throws-36-consecutive-strikes-for-incredible-900-series","external_links_name":"\"Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000217","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036469","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A098237","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006245","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A303546","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A020492","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A007716","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006753","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A332834","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005282","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002407","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003215","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A055544","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A301462","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A030662","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000984","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000326","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001844","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000073","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A080076","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002378","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A319612","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A295193","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006972","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002411","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003154","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A018808","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A161206","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001628","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005727","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005727\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006882","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612","external_links_name":"Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612/page/n22","external_links_name":"13"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006038","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006036","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A076980","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000384","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006562","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A269134","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001318","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005891","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A162328","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A007678","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005384","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A069099","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A179230","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A179230\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A024816","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A098237","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016754","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001105","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001105\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001106","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000292","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002982","external_links_name":"\"A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001107","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A042978","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016038","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A004148","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A008793","external_links_name":"\"A008793\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005385","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001190","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002559","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000129","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006330","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000045","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A217719","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes\""},{"Link":"http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week164.html","external_links_name":"\"week164\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A351016","external_links_name":"\"A351016\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A275165","external_links_name":"\"A275165\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006886","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITS_America	ITS America	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Intelligent transport systems lobby organization This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "ITS America" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Intelligent Transportation Society of AmericaAbbreviationITS AmericaFormation1991TypeNon-governmental organizationPurposePromoting research and deployment of intelligent transportation systemsHeadquarters1100 New Jersey Ave. SESuite 850Washington, DC 20003Region served United StatesWebsitewww.itsa.org The Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITS America) is a Washington, D.C.-based membership and advocacy group for the development and deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the United States. ITS America was established in 1991 as a not-for-profit organization with the intention to foster the use of advanced technologies in surface transportation systems. In late 2017, Shailen Bhatt was named as the CEO of ITS America and served in that post until 2021 and now serves as Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Administrator. ITS America membership is composed of state and city public agencies, private companies, research institutions, academia, and includes automakers, telecommunications, traditional IT, emerging technology, consumer apps, industrial electronics, road, transit as well as other transportation infrastructure operators and the research community. The organization is one of the participants and hosts of the 2017 World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems was hosted in 2022 by ITS World Congress in Los Angeles, California. Past ITS America Annual Meetings were held in Detroit, Michigan, and Washington, D.C. The 2020 ITS World Congress was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 ITS America Annual Meeting was held in Charlotte, North Carolina. See also Internet of Things List of ITS associations References "Top 5 Takeaways from ITS America 2018 on the V2X Path Forward". June 7, 2018. ^ "Our Members". ITS America. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"advocacy group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group"},{"link_name":"intelligent transportation systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system"},{"link_name":"Shailen Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shailen_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEM1-1"},{"link_name":"World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_on_Intelligent_Transport_Systems"}],"text":"The Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITS America) is a Washington, D.C.-based membership and advocacy group for the development and deployment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the United States. ITS America was established in 1991 as a not-for-profit organization with the intention to foster the use of advanced technologies in surface transportation systems. In late 2017, Shailen Bhatt was named as the CEO of ITS America and served in that post until 2021 and now serves as Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Administrator.ITS America membership is composed of state and city public agencies, private companies, research institutions, academia, and includes automakers, telecommunications, traditional IT, emerging technology, consumer apps, industrial electronics, road, transit as well as other transportation infrastructure operators and the research community.[1]The organization is one of the participants and hosts of the 2017 World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems was hosted in 2022 by ITS World Congress in Los Angeles, California. Past ITS America Annual Meetings were held in Detroit, Michigan, and Washington, D.C. The 2020 ITS World Congress was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 ITS America Annual Meeting was held in Charlotte, North Carolina.","title":"ITS America"}]	[]	[{"title":"Internet of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things"},{"title":"List of ITS associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITS_associations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Our Members\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Goldsmiths	Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths	["1 History","2 List of recent Prime Wardens","2.1 Goldsmiths' Centre","2.2 Current activities","3 See also","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°30′57″N 0°05′45″W / 51.5158°N 0.0957°W / 51.5158; -0.0957Livery company of the City of London Goldsmiths' CompanyGoldsmiths' arms: Quarterly Gules and Azure in the first and fourth quarters a Leopard's Face Or in the second and third quarters a Covered Cup and in chief two Round Buckles the tongues fesswise points to the dexter all of the Third. The Company's hallmark for gold is a leopard's face ducally crowned.MottoJustitia Virtutum ReginaLocationGoldsmiths' Hall, London EC2, EnglandDate of formation1327; 697 years ago (1327)Company associationGold and silversmithingOrder of precedence5thMaster of companyRichard Reid (Prime Warden 2024/25)Websitethegoldsmiths.co.uk The third and present Goldsmiths' Hall in the late 19th century The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths (commonly known as The Goldsmiths' Company and formally styled The Wardens and Commonalty of the Mystery of Goldsmiths of the City of London), is one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London, headquartered at Goldsmiths' Hall, London EC2. The company, which originates from twelfth-century London, received a Royal Charter in 1327 and ranks fifth in precedence of the City Livery Companies. Its motto is Justitia Virtutum Regina, Latin for Justice is Queen of Virtues. History Frontage of Goldsmiths' Hall, EC2 Established as a medieval guild for the goldsmith trade, the term hallmarking derives from precious metals being officially inspected and marked at Goldsmiths' Hall in the City of London. Goldsmiths' Alms Houses, Acton W3 In 1812, twenty almshouses were built on the former Perryn estate in Acton, on land bequeathed to the company by John Perryn in 1657. In 1891, the Goldsmiths' Company founded the Goldsmiths' Technical and Recreative Institute, becoming Goldsmiths' College then Goldsmiths, University of London. One of the few Livery Companies today playing a formal role in its ancient trade, it oversees the Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office, where objects made of precious metals are tested for purity, and then marked with an official symbol should they pass the necessary tests. At the Trial of the Pyx, the Goldsmiths' Company is also responsible for checking the validity of British coinage. The Goldsmiths' Company also maintains a library and archive for those wishing to research goldsmithing, silversmithing and hallmarking. List of recent Prime Wardens 1950/52: Godfrey Allen 1984: Arthur Grimwade 2004: Bryan Toye 2008: Grant Macdonald 2012: Hector Miller 2013: Richard Agutter 2014: William Parente 2016: Michael Wainwright 2017: Judith Cobham-Lowe 2018: Michael Prideaux 2019: Timothy Schroder 2020: Richard Fox 2021: Dame Lynne Brindley 2022: Lord Bridges 2023: Charles Mackworth Young 2024: Richard Reid (697th) Goldsmiths' Centre Goldsmiths’ Centre in Clerkenwell, EC1 In 2012 the Goldsmiths’ Centre, a space for workshops, exhibitions and events, and education including apprentice training, opened in Clerkenwell. Current activities In July 2017, the Goldsmiths' Company announced it was to become a founding partner of the new Museum of London, donating £10 million to the new site. It also announced a contribution of £250,000 to Westminster Abbey for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries, which opened in 2018. The Goldsmiths’ Company supports two large educational initiatives, providing funding for a science initiative in primary schools created by Imperial College London and the National Theatre’s programme of streamed recordings for primary schools. See also Great Twelve City Livery Companies Harache family Further reading Lisa Jefferson (ed.). 2023. The Register of the Goldsmiths' Company: Deeds and Documents, c. 1190 to c. 1666, Vol. 1–3. Boydell and Brewer. References ^ www.jewellerymonthly.co.uk ^ "History of the Company". Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ a b Engel, Matthew (21 December 2012). "British institutions: livery companies". ft.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ www.actonhistory.co.uk ^ www.british-history.ac.uk ^ Official history Retrieved 18 June 2018 ^ "Arthur Grimwade", in The Times; published 3 December 2002; p. 34 ^ www.burkespeerage.com ^ Hailes. S (30 May 2019). "Goldsmiths' Company names new prime warden". Professional Jeweller. ^ www.imperial.nhs.uk ^ "Goldsmiths' Centre". Goldsmiths’ Centre. Retrieved 25 January 2019. ^ "Museum of London strikes gold with £10m donation and loan of treasures". The Evening Standard. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017. ^ "The Goldsmiths' Company Makes A Major Contribution To Westminster Abbey". Church and Heritage Building. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017. ^ "Imperial and Tigtag launch new resource to boost primary science". Imperial College London. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2017. ^ "Sir Lenny Henry launches On Demand in Schools Primary". 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. The Goldsmiths' Company The Goldsmiths' Centre vteLivery companies and guilds in the City of LondonLivery companies in order of precedence Mercers Grocers Drapers Fishmongers Goldsmiths Skinners Merchant Taylors Haberdashers Salters Ironmongers Vintners Clothworkers Dyers Brewers Leathersellers Pewterers Barbers Cutlers Bakers Wax Chandlers Tallow Chandlers Armourers and Brasiers Girdlers Butchers Saddlers Carpenters Cordwainers Painter-Stainers Curriers Masons Plumbers Innholders Founders Poulters Cooks Coopers Tylers and Bricklayers Bowyers Fletchers Blacksmiths Joiners and Ceilers Weavers Woolmen Scriveners Fruiterers Plaisterers Stationers and Newspaper Makers Broderers Upholders Musicians Turners Basketmakers Glaziers and Painters of Glass Horners Farriers Paviors Loriners Apothecaries Shipwrights Spectacle Makers Clockmakers Glovers Feltmakers Framework Knitters Needlemakers Gardeners Tin Plate Workers Wheelwrights Distillers Pattenmakers Glass Sellers Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers Gunmakers Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers Makers of Playing Cards Fanmakers Carmen Master Mariners Solicitors Farmers Air Pilots Tobacco Pipe Makers and Tobacco Blenders Furniture Makers Scientific Instrument Makers Chartered Surveyors Chartered Accountants Chartered Secretaries and Administrators Builders' Merchants Launderers Marketors Actuaries Insurers Arbitrators Engineers Fuellers Lightmongers Environmental Cleaners Chartered Architects Constructors Information Technologists World Traders Water Conservators Firefighters Hackney Carriage Drivers Management Consultants International Bankers Tax Advisers Security Professionals Educators Arts Scholars Nurses Companies without livery Parish Clerks (Worshipful Company of) Watermen and Lightermen (Company of) Public Relations Practitioners Entrepreneurs HR Professionals Category:Organisations based in the City of London 51°30′57″N 0°05′45″W / 51.5158°N 0.0957°W / 51.5158; -0.0957 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Artists Museum of Modern Art People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goldsmith_Hall_-_2nd_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Great Twelve Livery Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Twelve_City_Livery_Companies"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths' Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths%27_Hall"},{"link_name":"London EC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_EC2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-3"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_company"},{"link_name":"Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Charter"},{"link_name":"precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_company#List_of_companies_in_order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"}],"text":"Livery company of the City of LondonThe third and present Goldsmiths' Hall in the late 19th centuryThe Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths (commonly known as The Goldsmiths' Company and formally styled The Wardens and Commonalty of the Mystery of Goldsmiths of the City of London),[2] is one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London, headquartered at Goldsmiths' Hall, London EC2.[3]The company, which originates from twelfth-century London, received a Royal Charter in 1327 and ranks fifth in precedence of the City Livery Companies. Its motto is Justitia Virtutum Regina, Latin for Justice is Queen of Virtues.","title":"Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EH1286469_Goldsmiths_Hall_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade"},{"link_name":"hallmarking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark"},{"link_name":"precious metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metal"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worshipful_Company_of_Goldsmiths%27_Alms_Houses,_Acton.jpg"},{"link_name":"almshouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouses"},{"link_name":"Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Perryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_London#History"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths' Technical and Recreative Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths%27_Technical_and_Recreative_Institute"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths' College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths%27_College"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"the Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goldsmiths%27_Company_Assay_Office"},{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgical_assay"},{"link_name":"Trial of the Pyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_Pyx"},{"link_name":"British coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_coinage"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"hallmarking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark"}],"text":"Frontage of Goldsmiths' Hall, EC2Established as a medieval guild for the goldsmith trade, the term hallmarking derives from precious metals being officially inspected and marked at Goldsmiths' Hall in the City of London.Goldsmiths' Alms Houses, Acton W3In 1812, twenty almshouses were built on the former Perryn estate in Acton,[4] on land bequeathed to the company by John Perryn in 1657.[5][6]In 1891, the Goldsmiths' Company founded the Goldsmiths' Technical and Recreative Institute, becoming Goldsmiths' College then Goldsmiths, University of London.One of the few Livery Companies today playing a formal role in its ancient trade, it oversees the Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office, where objects made of precious metals are tested for purity, and then marked with an official symbol should they pass the necessary tests. At the Trial of the Pyx, the Goldsmiths' Company is also responsible for checking the validity of British coinage.The Goldsmiths' Company also maintains a library and archive for those wishing to research goldsmithing, silversmithing and hallmarking.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godfrey Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Godfrey_Allen"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grimwade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grimwade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwade-7"},{"link_name":"Bryan Toye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toye,_Kenning_%26_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Grant Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"William Parente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Michael Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boodles_(company)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Timothy Schroder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der_family"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dame Lynne Brindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Brindley"},{"link_name":"Lord Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bridges,_3rd_Baron_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"1950/52: Godfrey Allen\n1984: Arthur Grimwade[7]\n2004: Bryan Toye\n2008: Grant Macdonald\n2012: Hector Miller\n2013: Richard Agutter\n2014: William Parente\n2016: Michael Wainwright\n2017: Judith Cobham-Lowe\n2018: Michael Prideaux[8]\n2019: Timothy Schroder[9]\n2020: Richard Fox\n2021: Dame Lynne Brindley\n2022: Lord Bridges\n2023: Charles Mackworth Young[10]\n2024: Richard Reid (697th)","title":"List of recent Prime Wardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goldsmiths_Centre_(geograph_6029785).jpg"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gc-11"}],"sub_title":"Goldsmiths' Centre","text":"Goldsmiths’ Centre in Clerkenwell, EC1In 2012 the Goldsmiths’ Centre, a space for workshops, exhibitions and events, and education including apprentice training, opened in Clerkenwell.[3][11]","title":"List of recent Prime Wardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Museum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Current activities","text":"In July 2017, the Goldsmiths' Company announced it was to become a founding partner of the new Museum of London, donating £10 million to the new site.[12] It also announced a contribution of £250,000 to Westminster Abbey for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries, which opened in 2018.[13]The Goldsmiths’ Company supports two large educational initiatives, providing funding for a science initiative in primary schools created by Imperial College London[14] and the National Theatre’s programme of streamed recordings for primary schools.[15]","title":"List of recent Prime Wardens"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lisa Jefferson (ed.). 2023. The Register of the Goldsmiths' Company: Deeds and Documents, c. 1190 to c. 1666, Vol. 1–3. Boydell and Brewer.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The third and present Goldsmiths' Hall in the late 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Goldsmith_Hall_-_2nd_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg/240px-Goldsmith_Hall_-_2nd_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frontage of Goldsmiths' Hall, EC2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EH1286469_Goldsmiths_Hall_03.jpg/220px-EH1286469_Goldsmiths_Hall_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goldsmiths' Alms Houses, Acton W3","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Worshipful_Company_of_Goldsmiths%27_Alms_Houses%2C_Acton.jpg/230px-Worshipful_Company_of_Goldsmiths%27_Alms_Houses%2C_Acton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goldsmiths’ Centre in Clerkenwell, EC1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Goldsmiths_Centre_%28geograph_6029785%29.jpg/240px-Goldsmiths_Centre_%28geograph_6029785%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Great Twelve City Livery Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Twelve_City_Livery_Companies"},{"title":"Harache family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harache_family"}]	[{"reference":"\"History of the Company\". Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegoldsmiths.co.uk/company/history/history-of-the-company/","url_text":"\"History of the Company\""}]},{"reference":"Engel, Matthew (21 December 2012). \"British institutions: livery companies\". ft.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/e42e19a0-47da-11e2-a899-00144feab49a.html#slide0","url_text":"\"British institutions: livery companies\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/0R5vc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hailes. S (30 May 2019). \"Goldsmiths' Company names new prime warden\". Professional Jeweller.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.professionaljeweller.com/goldsmiths-company-names-new-prime-warden-2/?amp=1","url_text":"\"Goldsmiths' Company names new prime warden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goldsmiths' Centre\". Goldsmiths’ Centre. Retrieved 25 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldsmiths-centre.org/","url_text":"\"Goldsmiths' Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum of London strikes gold with £10m donation and loan of treasures\". The Evening Standard. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/arts/museum-of-london-strikes-gold-with-10m-donation-and-loan-of-treasures-a3578481.html","url_text":"\"Museum of London strikes gold with £10m donation and loan of treasures\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Goldsmiths' Company Makes A Major Contribution To Westminster Abbey\". Church and Heritage Building. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchbuilding.co.uk/goldsmiths-company-makes-major-contribution-westminster-abbey/","url_text":"\"The Goldsmiths' Company Makes A Major Contribution To Westminster Abbey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imperial and Tigtag launch new resource to boost primary science\". Imperial College London. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_8-12-2016-12-10-20","url_text":"\"Imperial and Tigtag launch new resource to boost primary science\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Lenny Henry launches On Demand in Schools Primary\". 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kosuth	Joseph Kosuth	["1 Early life and career","2 Work","2.1 Collaborations","2.2 Commissions","2.3 Lecturer","2.4 Writings","3 Exhibitions","3.1 Curator","4 Recognition","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	American conceptual artist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. The reason given is: Large sections of text with no citations, including quotations. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Joseph Kosuth" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Joseph KosuthBorn (1945-01-31) January 31, 1945 (age 79)Toledo, OhioNationalityAmericanEducationSchool of Visual Arts, New York CityKnown forConceptual art Joseph Kosuth (/kəˈsuːt, -ˈsuːθ/; born January 31, 1945) is an American conceptual artist, who lives in New York and London, after having resided in various cities in Europe, including Ghent and Rome. A giant copy of the Rosetta stone, by Joseph Kosuth in Figeac, France, the birthplace of Jean-François Champollion Early life and career Born in Toledo, Ohio, Kosuth had an American mother and a Hungarian father. (A relative, Lajos Kossuth, achieved notability for his role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.) Joseph Kosuth attended the Toledo Museum School of Design from 1955 to 1962 and studied privately under the Belgian painter Line Bloom Draper. In 1963 Kosuth enrolled at the Cleveland Institute of Art on a scholarship. He spent the following year in Paris and traveled throughout Europe and North Africa. He moved to New York in 1965 and attended the School of Visual Arts there until 1967. From 1971 he studied anthropology and philosophy with Stanley Diamond and Bob Scholte at the New School for Social Research, New York. At the School of Visual Arts he made a significant impact while technically a student, influencing fellow students as well as more traditional teachers there at the time such as Mel Bochner. As Kosuth's reputation grew, he was removed from the student body and given a position as a teacher, by Silas Rhodes the founder and President of the school, in 1967. This caused a near revolt of the faculty, as he had been a disruptive presence in the opinion of many of the instructors, several who had unhappily faced his questioning of basic presumptions. His elevation to a teacher was also a result of Kosuth's outside activities, which included the co-founding of the Museum of Normal Art (giving the first exposure to artists such as Robert Ryman, On Kawara, Hanne Darboven, among others) along with proselytizing and organizing artists in a direction which was later identified as the conceptual art movement. Through his art, writing and organizing, he emphasized his interest in the dialectical process of idea formation in relation to language and context. He introduced the notion that art, as he put it, "was not a question of forms and colors but one of the production of meaning." His writing began a re-reading of modernism, initiating a major re-evaluation of the importance of Marcel Duchamp and signaling the shift into what we now identify, in art, as post-modernism. His analysis had a major impact on his practice as an artist and, soon after, on that of others. During this period he also maintained his academic interests. His position on the Faculty, Department of Fine Art, The School of Visual Arts, New York City continued until 1985. He since been Professor at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste, Hamburg, 1988–90; and at the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart, 1991–1997. Currently he is Professor at the Kunstakademie Munich and at the Istituto Universitario di Architettura, Faculty of Design and Art, in Venice. He has been invited as a visiting professor and guest lecturer at various universities and institutions for nearly thirty years, some of which include: Yale University; Cornell University; New York University; Duke University; UCLA; Cal Arts; Cooper Union; Pratt Institute; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; Art Institute of Chicago; Royal Academy, Copenhagen; Ashmoleon Museum, Oxford University; University of Rome; Berlin Kunstakademie; Royal College of Art, London; Glasgow School of Art; The Hayward Gallery, London; The Sorbonne, Paris; The Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. Kosuth continued his work, writing, exhibiting and exhibition organizing and rapidly became acknowledged as one of the pioneers of Conceptual art and installation art; initiating language-based works as well as photo-based works and appropriation strategies since the beginning of his work in the mid-1960s. His activity has consistently explored the production and role of language and meaning within art. Kosuth's nearly thirty-five year inquiry into the relation of language to art has taken the form of installations, museum exhibitions, public commissions and publications throughout Europe, the Americas and the Far East, including five Documenta(s) and four Venice Biennale(s). His earliest work, the Protoinvestigations, were done when he was only twenty years old and as they are considered among the first works of the Conceptual art movement they are included in collections such as The Museum of Modern Art, The Guggenheim, The Whitney, Centre Pompidou, The Tate Gallery, The Reina Sophia, Madrid, among many others, and constitute a youthful record in most of these major collections. Joseph Kosuth's career includes over 170 one-person exhibitions in museums and galleries around the world, twenty-two of them by the time he was twenty-five years old. In 1989 Kosuth, along with Peter Pakesch, founded The Foundation for the Arts as part of The Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. He is the President of the foundation. The foundation was established on the 50th anniversary of Sigmund Freud's death, and is a society of artists engaged, through contributions by members, in forming a collection of contemporary art in honor of and in relevance to Sigmund Freud. The foundation's exhibition space is in the former offices of Anna Freud at the Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. Work Kosuth's "The Boundaries of the Limitless" in Queen's Square YOKOHAMA, Japan, 1997 Kosuth belongs to a broadly international generation of conceptual artists that began to emerge in the mid-1960s, stripping art of personal emotion, reducing it to nearly pure information or idea and greatly playing down the art object. Along with Lawrence Weiner, On Kawara, Hanne Darboven and others, Kosuth gives special prominence to language. His art generally strives to explore the nature of art rather than producing what is traditionally called "art". Kosuth's works are frequently self-referential. He remarked in 1969: "The 'value' of particular artists after Duchamp can be weighed according to how much they questioned the nature of art." Kosuth's works frequently reference Sigmund Freud's psycho-analysis and Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of language. His first conceptual work Leaning Glass, consisted of an object, a photograph of it and dictionary definitions of the words denoting it. In 1966 Kosuth also embarked upon a series of works entitled Art as Idea as Idea, involving texts, through which he probed the condition of art. The works in this series took the form of photostat reproductions of dictionary definitions of words such as "water", "meaning", and "idea". Accompanying these photographic images are certificates of documentation and ownership (not for display) indicating that the works can be made and remade for exhibition purposes. One of his most famous works is One and Three Chairs. The piece features a physical chair, a photograph of that chair, and the text of a dictionary definition of the word "chair". The photograph is a representation of the actual chair situated on the floor, in the foreground of the work. The definition, posted on the same wall as the photograph, delineates in words the concept of what a chair is, in its various incarnations. In this and other, similar works, Four Colors Four Words and Glass One and Three, Kosuth forwards tautological statements, where the works literally are what they say they are. A collaboration with independent filmmaker Marion Cajori, Sept. 11, 1972 was a Minimalist portrait of sunlight in Cajori's studio. His seminal text Art after Philosophy, written in 1968–69, had a major impact on the thinking about art at the time and has been seen since as a kind of "manifesto" of Conceptual art insofar as it provided the only theoretical framework for the practice at the time. (As a result, it has since been translated into 14 languages, and included in a score of anthologies.) It was, for the twenty-four year old Kosuth that wrote it, in fact more of a "agitprop" attack on Greenbergian formalism, what Kosuth saw as the last bastion of late, institutionalized modernism more than anything else. It also for him concluded at the time what he had learned from Wittgenstein - dosed with Walter Benjamin among others - as applied to that very transitional moment in art. In the early 1970s, concerned with his "ethnocentricity as a white, male artist", Kosuth enrolled in the New School to study anthropology. He visited the Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific (made famous in studies by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski), and the Huallaga Indians in the Peruvian Amazon. For Kosuth, his studies in cultural anthropology were a logical outgrowth that followed from his interest in the "anthropological" dimension of the later Wittgenstein. Indeed, it was the later Wittgenstein of the Investigation - which by accident he had read first - that led to works such as One and Three Chairs (among other influences), not the Tractatus as is often assumed. His anthropological "field work" was organized by him only for the purpose of informing his practice as an artist. (As he said to friends at the time: "some artists learn how to weld, others go back to school.") By the early 1970s, he had an internationally recognized career and was in his late 20s. He found that he was, as he put it, "a Eurocentric, white, male artist", and was increasingly culturally and politically uncomfortable with all that seemed naturally acceptable to his location. His study of cultural anthropology (and it was the New School perspective of Vico, Rousseau, Marx that provided him a direction out of the Ango-American philosophical context) led him to decide to spend time within other cultures, deeply embedded in other world views. He spent time in the Peruvian Amazon with the Yagua Indians living deep into the Peruvian side of the Amazon basin. He also lived in an area of Australia some hundreds of kilometers north of Alice Springs with an Aboriginal tribe that, before they were re-located four years previously from an area farther north, had not known of the existence of white people. Later, he spent time in the Trobriand islands with the Aboriginal tribe that Malinowski had studied and wrote on. From Kosuth's point of view, "I knew I could, would, never enter into their cultural reality, but I wanted to experience the edge of my own." It was this experience and study which lead to his well-known text The Artist as Anthropologist in 1975. Hung on walls, his signature dark gray, Kosuth's later, large photomontages trace a kind of artistic and intellectual autobiography. Each consists of a photograph of one of the artist's own older works or installations, overlaid in top and bottom corners by two passages of philosophical prose quoted from intellectuals identified only by initials (they include Jacques Derrida, Martin Buber and Julia Kristeva). Collaborations In 1992, Kosuth designed the album cover for Fragments of a Rainy Season by John Cale. Two years later, Kosuth collaborated with Ilya Kabakov to produce The Corridor of Two Banalities, shown at the Centre for Contemporary Art in Warsaw. This installation included 120 tables in a row to present text somewhat symptomatic of the cultures of which they both came from. Commissions Since 1990 Kosuth has also begun working on various permanent public commissions. In the early 1990s, he designed a Government-sponsored monument to the Egyptologist Jean Francois Champollion who deciphered the Rosetta Stone in Figeac; in Japan, he took on the curatorship of a show celebrating the Tokyo opening of Barneys New York; and in Frankfurt, Germany, and in Columbus, Ohio, he conceived neon monuments to the German cultural historian Walter Benjamin. In 1994, for the city of Tachikawa, Kosuth designed Words of a Spell, for Noëma, a 136-foot-long mural composed of quotes from Michiko Ishimure and James Joyce. After projects at public buildings such as the Deutsche Bundesbank (1997), the Parliament House, Stockholm (1998), and the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (1999), Kosuth was commissioned to propose a work for the newly renovated Bundestag in 2001, he designed a floor installation with texts by Ricarda Huch and Thomas Mann for the Paul Löbe Haus . In 2003, he created three installations in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, employing text, archival material, and objects from the museum's collection to comment on the politics and philosophy behind museum collections. In 2009, Kosuth's exhibition entitled ni apparence ni illusion (Neither Appearance Nor Illusion), an installation work throughout the 12th century walls of the Louvre Palace, opened at the Musée du Louvre in Paris and became a permanent work in October 2012. In 2011, celebrating the work of Charles Darwin, Kosuth created a commission in the library where Darwin was inspired to pursue his evolutionary theory. His work on the façade of the Council of State of the Netherlands will be inaugurated in October 2011 and he is currently working on a permanent work for the four towers of the façade of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, expected to be completed in 2012. Lecturer Kosuth has taught widely, as a guest lecturer and as a member of faculties at the School of Visual Arts, New York City (1967–85); Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (1988–90); State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart (1991–97); and the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (2001–06). Currently Professor at Istituto Universitario di Architettura, Venice, Kosuth has functioned as visiting professor and guest lecturer at various universities and institutions for nearly forty years, some of which include: Yale University; Cornell University: New York University; Duke University; UCLA; Cal Arts; Cooper Union; Pratt Institute; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Art Institute of Chicago, Royal Academy, Copenhagen; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford University; University of Rome, Berlin Kunstakademie; Royal College of Art, London; Glasgow School of Art; Hayward Gallery, London; Sorbonne, Paris; and the Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. His students have included, among others, Michel Majerus. Writings Kosuth became the American editor of the Art & Language journal in 1969. He later was coeditor of The Fox magazine in 1975–76 and art editor of Marxist Perspectives in 1977–78. In addition, he has written several books on the nature of art and artists, including Artist as Anthropologist. In his essay "Art after Philosophy" (1969), he argued that art is the continuation of philosophy, which he saw at an end. He was unable to define art in so far as such a definition would destroy his private self-referential definition of art. Like the Situationists, he rejected formalism as an exercise in aesthetics, with its function to be aesthetic. Formalism, he said, limits the possibilities for art with minimal creative effort put forth by the formalist. Further, since concept is overlooked by the formalist, "Formalist criticism is no more than an analysis of the physical attributes of particular objects which happen to exist in a morphological context". He further argues that the "change from 'appearance' to 'conception' (which begins with Duchamp's first unassisted readymade) was the beginning of 'modern art' and the beginning of 'conceptual art'." Kosuth explains that works of conceptual art are analytic propositions. They are linguistic in character because they express definitions of art. This makes them tautological. Art After Philosophy and After Collected Writings, 1966-1990 reveals between the lines a definition of "art" of which Joseph Kosuth meant to assure us. "Art is an analytical proposition of context, thought, and what we do that is intentionally designated by the artist by making the implicit nature of culture, of what happens to us, explicit - internalizing its 'explicitness' (making it again, 'implicit') and so on, for the purpose of understanding that is continually interacting and socio-historically located. These words, like actual works of art, are little more than historical curiosities, but the concept becomes a machine that makes the art beneficial, modest, rustic, contiguous, and humble." Exhibitions In 1969 Kosuth held his first solo exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery, New York. That same year, he organized an exhibition of his work, Fifteen Locations, which took place simultaneously at fifteen museums and galleries worldwide; he also participated in the seminal exhibition of Conceptual art at the Seth Siegelaub Gallery, New York. In 1973, the Kunstmuseum Luzern presented a major retrospective of his art that traveled in Europe. In 1981, the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and the Kunsthalle Bielefeld organized another major Kosuth retrospective. He was invited to exhibit at documentas V, VI, VII and IX (1972, 1978, 1982, 1992) and the Biennale di Venezia in 1976, 1993 and 1999. He continued to exhibit in Venice during the Biennale from 2011 onwards, with the European Cultural Centre. His most recent exhibition with this organisation was in 2017, where he exhibited in Palazzo Bembo. Curator For Fifteen People Present Their Favorite Book, a show mounted at Lannis Gallery, New York, in 1967, Kosuth assembled fellow artists Robert Morris, Ad Reinhardt, Sol LeWitt, Robert Mangold, Dan Graham, Robert Smithson, Carl Andre, Robert Ryman, among others. That same year, with fellow artist Christine Kozlov, he founded the Museum of Normal Art, New York, while they were both students at the School of Visual Arts. After giving a work in 1989 to the Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna, Kosuth, heavily influenced by Freud, he invited other artists to do likewise; today the museum owns 13 works by 13 Freud-influenced Conceptualists. Also in 1989 Kosuth curated the show Ludwig Wittgenstein Das Spiel des Unsagbaren to commemorate the 100th birthday of the philosopher, in which he showed numerous works by fellow artists. The exhibition was shown at the Wiener Secession, Vienna, and the Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels. In response to the debate surrounding conservative attacks on the National Endowment for the Arts in 1990, Kosuth organized an exhibition entitled "A Play of the Unmentionable" focusing on issues of censorship and using works from the permanent collection of the Brooklyn Museum of Art. He culled objects from nearly every department of the museum, including religious paintings, many depictions of nudes, social satire and some erotica; among the selected works, therew were sculptures by Auguste Rodin of lesbians embracing, and furniture from the Bauhaus, the avant-garde German design school closed down by the Nazis. These were then juxtaposed with pithy and frequently moving observations from a number of writers in a way that emphasizes how perceptions of art are constantly changing. The works' sometimes extensive labels were written by their curators, while the larger type statements emanated from various art historians, philosophers and social critics. Recognition Kosuth was awarded a Cassandra Foundation Grant in 1968, at the age of 23, as the choice of Marcel Duchamp one week before he died. In 1993, he received the Menzione d'Onore at the Venice Biennale and was named a Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 1999, in honour of his work, the French government issued a 3-franc postage stamp in Figeac. In 2001, he received the Laurea Honoris Causa doctorate in Philosophy and Letters from the University of Bologna. In 2003, Kosuth was awarded the Austrian Republic's highest honour for accomplishments in science and culture, the Decoration of Honour in Gold. In 2017 European Cultural Centre Art Award was awarded to Kosuth for his lifelong dedication to create meaning through contemporary art. Other awards include the Brandeis Award (1990) and the Frederick Weisman Award (1991). The Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Massachusetts), the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art (Norman, Oklahoma), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Centre for International Light Art (Unna, Germany), the Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon (Lyon, France), the National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia), the Saint Louis Art Museum (St. Louis, Missouri), the University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona), and the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City) are among the museums holding work by Joseph Kosuth. See also One and Three Chairs - one of Kosuth's most well known pieces Notes ^ a b c d e Joseph Kosuth Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Guggenheim Collection. ^ a b c d Joseph Kosuth, June 20 - July 4, 2000 Archived July 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Wiener Secession, Vienna. ^ Joseph Kosuth Studio (September 2008), Maison Martin Margiela Interview. ^ Joseph Kosuth Gets Wordy in Enniskillen Archived 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, Culture Northern Ireland, 15/08/2012 ^ Joseph Kosuth Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston. ^ a b c d e Grace Glueck (December 17, 1990), At Brooklyn Museum, an Artist Surveys the Objectionable New York Times. ^ a b Joseph Kosuth Tate. ^ Roberta Smith (July 15, 2014), On Kawara, Artist Who Found Elegance in Every Day, Dies at 81 New York Times. ^ a b c Kosuth J., (1969), Art after Philosophy ^ a b neither appearance nor illusion, A Selection of Early Works from the 1960s by Joseph Kosuth, October 25 - December 6, 2008 Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Sean Kelly Gallery, New York. ^ Joseph Kosuth: Titled (Art as Idea as Idea), Guggenheim Collection., 1966 ^ Alexander Alberro and Blake Stimson, Conceptual Art: A Critical Anthology, MIT Press, 1999, pxl. ISBN 0-262-51117-7 ^ Roberta Smith (August 29, 2006), Marion Cajori, 56, Filmmaker Who Explored Artistic Process, Dies New York Times. ^ Ken Johnson (November 17, 2000), ART IN REVIEW; Joseph Kosuth New York Times. ^ Kabakov, Ilʹi︠a︡ Iosifovich (1994). Ilya Kabokov/Joseph Kosuth : korytarz dwóch banalności = the corridor of two banalities = koridor dvukh banalʹnosteĭ : 25.04.1994-3.09.1994. Kosuth, Joseph., Ślizińska, Milada., Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej (Warsaw, Poland). Warszawa: Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej Zamek Ujazdowski. ISBN 9788385142140. OCLC 81404252. ^ Guests and Foreigners, Rules and Meanings (Te Kore), 2 March - 30 April 2000 Adam Art Gallery, Wellington ^ Henry Scott-Stokes (October 30, 1994), Japan Plunges Into Public Art New York Times. ^ Joseph Kosuth, The Mind's Image of Itself #3, September 10 - October 1, 2011, Sprüth Magers, London ^ Global Conceptualism, Art as An Installation — Some History and Some Theory, 8 February 2011 Courtauld Institute of Art, London. ^ Joseph Kosuth Sean Kelly Gallery, New York. ^ "PERSONAL STRUCTURES Venice 2017". Harikleia PAPAPOSTOLOU. Archived from the original on 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2017-07-11. ^ "PERSONAL STRUCTURES - Cornerhouse Publications". Cornerhouse Publications. Archived from the original on 2022-05-29. Retrieved 2017-07-11. ^ Grace Glueck (June 16, 2006), Art in Review New York Times. ^ Joseph Kosuth: Double Reading: An Allegory of Limits, October 23 - December 18, 1993 Margo Leavin Gallery, Los Angeles. ^ Roberta Smith (November 11, 1990), 'Unmentionable' Art Through the Ages New York Times. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1582. Retrieved 4 October 2012. ^ Joseph Kosuth, The Mind's Image of Itself #3, September 10 - October 1, 2011, Sprüth Magers, London. ^ "All Ecc Awards". ^ Joseph Kosuth on AskArt.com References Alexander Alberro and Blake Stimson, Conceptual Art: A Critical Anthology, MIT Press, 1999, pxl. ISBN 0-262-51117-7 Joseph Kosuth, Art After Philosophy and After, Collected Writings, 1966–1990. Ed. by G. Guercio, foreword by Jean-François Lyotard, MIT Press, 1991 (ISBN 0-262-11157-8 /ISBN 978-0-262-11157-7) Dreher, Thomas: Konzeptuelle Kunst in Amerika und England zwischen 1963 und 1976, Thesis Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich 1991/Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1992, p. 70ff. (One and Three Chairs, 1965), 167 (Xerox Book, 1968), 169ff. (The Second Investigation, since 1968), 281-294 (The Tenth Investigation, Proposition One, 1974); ISBN 3-631-43215-1 (in German) Jean-François Lyotard, "Forward: After the Words", in: Jean-Francois Lyotard, Miscellaneous Texts II: Contemporary Artists (Leuven University Press, 2012.) ISBN 978-90-586-7886-7 'A Biographical Sketch', Fiona Biggiero, ed. 2003 Guide to Contemporary Art, Special Edition. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Charta edizioni, 2003 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Joseph Kosuth. 2013 Exhibition Joseph Kosuth: 'À Propos (Réflecteur de Réflecteur) #58' at The Jewish Museum, NY. Thomas Dreher: Joseph Kosuth – "Zero & Not" 1985-86 vteArt & LanguageArt & Language artists Terry Atkinson David Bainbridge Michael Baldwin Kathryn Bigelow Ian Burn Michael Corris Charles Harrison Harold Hurrell Joseph Kosuth Mel Ramsden David Rushton Mayo Thompson Related artists and musicians Victor Burgin Sarah Charlesworth Dan Graham Hans Haacke Jackson Pollock Bar Red Krayola Christine Kozlov Sol LeWitt Robert Morris Robert Smithson Frank Stella Bernar Venet Lawrence Weiner Art & Language works Air-Conditioning Show Art-Language Mirror Piece Incident: Now They Are Index 01 Index: Incident in a Museum Map to not Indicate... Painting by Mouth Secret Painting Victorine (opera) Related articles Anti-art Conceptual art Contemporary art Documenta 5 Fluxus Intermedia Minimal art Critics and historians Walter Benjamin Benjamin Buchloh Charles Harrison Clement Greenberg Lucy Lippard Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists KulturNav MusicBrainz Museum of Modern Art National Gallery of Canada Victoria Photographers' Identities RKD Artists Städel ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/kəˈsuːt, -ˈsuːθ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"conceptual artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Kosuth-1"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secession.at-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Place_des_ecritures_Figeac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Figeac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figeac"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Champollion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion"}],"text":"Joseph Kosuth (/kəˈsuːt, -ˈsuːθ/; born January 31, 1945) is an American conceptual artist, who lives in New York and London,[1] after having resided in various cities in Europe, including Ghent and Rome.[2][3]A giant copy of the Rosetta stone, by Joseph Kosuth in Figeac, France, the birthplace of Jean-François Champollion","title":"Joseph Kosuth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lajos Kossuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Line Bloom Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_Bloom_Draper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-6"},{"link_name":"School of Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Kosuth-1"},{"link_name":"New School for Social Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tate.org.uk-7"},{"link_name":"State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Stuttgart"}],"text":"Born in Toledo, Ohio, Kosuth had an American mother and a Hungarian father.[4]\n(A relative, Lajos Kossuth, achieved notability for his role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.)\nJoseph Kosuth attended the Toledo Museum School of Design from 1955 to 1962 and studied privately under the Belgian painter Line Bloom Draper.[5] In 1963 Kosuth enrolled at the Cleveland Institute of Art on a scholarship.[6] He spent the following year in Paris and traveled throughout Europe and North Africa. He moved to New York in 1965 and attended the School of Visual Arts there until 1967.[1] From 1971 he studied anthropology and philosophy with Stanley Diamond and Bob Scholte at the New School for Social Research, New York.[7]At the School of Visual Arts he made a significant impact while technically a student, influencing fellow students as well as more traditional teachers there at the time such as Mel Bochner. As Kosuth's reputation grew, he was removed from the student body and given a position as a teacher, by Silas Rhodes the founder and President of the school, in 1967. This caused a near revolt of the faculty, as he had been a disruptive presence in the opinion of many of the instructors, several who had unhappily faced his questioning of basic presumptions. His elevation to a teacher was also a result of Kosuth's outside activities, which included the co-founding of the Museum of Normal Art (giving the first exposure to artists such as Robert Ryman, On Kawara, Hanne Darboven, among others) along with proselytizing and organizing artists in a direction which was later identified as the conceptual art movement. Through his art, writing and organizing, he emphasized his interest in the dialectical process of idea formation in relation to language and context. He introduced the notion that art, as he put it, \"was not a question of forms and colors but one of the production of meaning.\" His writing began a re-reading of modernism, initiating a major re-evaluation of the importance of Marcel Duchamp and signaling the shift into what we now identify, in art, as post-modernism. His analysis had a major impact on his practice as an artist and, soon after, on that of others. During this period he also maintained his academic interests. His position on the Faculty, Department of Fine Art, The School of Visual Arts, New York City continued until 1985. He since been Professor at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste, Hamburg, 1988–90; and at the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart, 1991–1997. Currently he is Professor at the Kunstakademie Munich and at the Istituto Universitario di Architettura, Faculty of Design and Art, in Venice. He has been invited as a visiting professor and guest lecturer at various universities and institutions for nearly thirty years, some of which include: Yale University; Cornell University; New York University; Duke University; UCLA; Cal Arts; Cooper Union; Pratt Institute; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; Art Institute of Chicago; Royal Academy, Copenhagen; Ashmoleon Museum, Oxford University; University of Rome; Berlin Kunstakademie; Royal College of Art, London; Glasgow School of Art; The Hayward Gallery, London; The Sorbonne, Paris; The Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna.Kosuth continued his work, writing, exhibiting and exhibition organizing and rapidly became acknowledged as one of the pioneers of Conceptual art and installation art; initiating language-based works as well as photo-based works and appropriation strategies since the beginning of his work in the mid-1960s. His activity has consistently explored the production and role of language and meaning within art. Kosuth's nearly thirty-five year inquiry into the relation of language to art has taken the form of installations, museum exhibitions, public commissions and publications throughout Europe, the Americas and the Far East, including five Documenta(s) and four Venice Biennale(s). His earliest work, the Protoinvestigations, were done when he was only twenty years old and as they are considered among the first works of the Conceptual art movement they are included in collections such as The Museum of Modern Art, The Guggenheim, The Whitney, Centre Pompidou, The Tate Gallery, The Reina Sophia, Madrid, among many others, and constitute a youthful record in most of these major collections. Joseph Kosuth's career includes over 170 one-person exhibitions in museums and galleries around the world, twenty-two of them by the time he was twenty-five years old.In 1989 Kosuth, along with Peter Pakesch, founded The Foundation for the Arts as part of The Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. He is the President of the foundation. The foundation was established on the 50th anniversary of Sigmund Freud's death, and is a society of artists engaged, through contributions by members, in forming a collection of contemporary art in honor of and in relevance to Sigmund Freud. The foundation's exhibition space is in the former offices of Anna Freud at the Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Escalators_(Queen%27s_Square)_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"conceptual artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Weiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Weiner"},{"link_name":"On Kawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Kawara"},{"link_name":"Hanne Darboven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanne_Darboven"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"},{"link_name":"self-referential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-referential"},{"link_name":"Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchamp"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosuth1-9"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"psycho-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-analysis"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secession.at-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tate.org.uk-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skny.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"One and Three Chairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_and_Three_Chairs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"New School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_School"},{"link_name":"Trobriand Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobriand_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bronislaw Malinowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislaw_Malinowski"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-6"},{"link_name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida"},{"link_name":"Martin Buber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber"},{"link_name":"Julia Kristeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Kosuth's \"The Boundaries of the Limitless\" in Queen's Square YOKOHAMA, Japan, 1997Kosuth belongs to a broadly international generation of conceptual artists that began to emerge in the mid-1960s, stripping art of personal emotion, reducing it to nearly pure information or idea and greatly playing down the art object. Along with Lawrence Weiner, On Kawara, Hanne Darboven and others, Kosuth gives special prominence to language.[8] His art generally strives to explore the nature of art rather than producing what is traditionally called \"art\". Kosuth's works are frequently self-referential. He remarked in 1969:\"The 'value' of particular artists after Duchamp can be weighed according to how much they questioned the nature of art.\"[9]Kosuth's works frequently reference Sigmund Freud's psycho-analysis and Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of language.[2]His first conceptual work Leaning Glass, consisted of an object, a photograph of it and dictionary definitions of the words denoting it.[7] In 1966 Kosuth also embarked upon a series of works entitled Art as Idea as Idea, involving texts, through which he probed the condition of art. The works in this series took the form of photostat reproductions of dictionary definitions[10] of words such as \"water\", \"meaning\", and \"idea\". Accompanying these photographic images are certificates of documentation and ownership (not for display) indicating that the works can be made and remade for exhibition purposes.[11]One of his most famous works is One and Three Chairs. The piece features a physical chair, a photograph of that chair, and the text of a dictionary definition of the word \"chair\". The photograph is a representation of the actual chair situated on the floor, in the foreground of the work. The definition, posted on the same wall as the photograph, delineates in words the concept of what a chair is, in its various incarnations. In this and other, similar works, Four Colors Four Words and Glass One and Three, Kosuth forwards tautological statements, where the works literally are what they say they are.[12] A collaboration with independent filmmaker Marion Cajori, Sept. 11, 1972 was a Minimalist portrait of sunlight in Cajori's studio.[13]His seminal text Art after Philosophy, written in 1968–69, had a major impact on the thinking about art at the time and has been seen since as a kind of \"manifesto\" of Conceptual art insofar as it provided the only theoretical framework for the practice at the time. (As a result, it has since been translated into 14 languages, and included in a score of anthologies.) It was, for the twenty-four year old Kosuth that wrote it, in fact more of a \"agitprop\" attack on Greenbergian formalism, what Kosuth saw as the last bastion of late, institutionalized modernism more than anything else. It also for him concluded at the time what he had learned from Wittgenstein - dosed with Walter Benjamin among others - as applied to that very transitional moment in art.In the early 1970s, concerned with his \"ethnocentricity as a white, male artist\", Kosuth enrolled in the New School to study anthropology. He visited the Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific (made famous in studies by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski), and the Huallaga Indians in the Peruvian Amazon.[6]For Kosuth, his studies in cultural anthropology were a logical outgrowth that followed from his interest in the \"anthropological\" dimension of the later Wittgenstein. Indeed, it was the later Wittgenstein of the Investigation - which by accident he had read first - that led to works such as One and Three Chairs (among other influences), not the Tractatus as is often assumed. His anthropological \"field work\" was organized by him only for the purpose of informing his practice as an artist. (As he said to friends at the time: \"some artists learn how to weld, others go back to school.\") By the early 1970s, he had an internationally recognized career and was in his late 20s. He found that he was, as he put it, \"a Eurocentric, white, male artist\", and was increasingly culturally and politically uncomfortable with all that seemed naturally acceptable to his location. His study of cultural anthropology (and it was the New School perspective of Vico, Rousseau, Marx that provided him a direction out of the Ango-American philosophical context) led him to decide to spend time within other cultures, deeply embedded in other world views. He spent time in the Peruvian Amazon with the Yagua Indians living deep into the Peruvian side of the Amazon basin. He also lived in an area of Australia some hundreds of kilometers north of Alice Springs with an Aboriginal tribe that, before they were re-located four years previously from an area farther north, had not known of the existence of white people. Later, he spent time in the Trobriand islands with the Aboriginal tribe that Malinowski had studied and wrote on. From Kosuth's point of view, \"I knew I could, would, never enter into their cultural reality, but I wanted to experience the edge of my own.\" It was this experience and study which lead to his well-known text The Artist as Anthropologist in 1975.Hung on walls, his signature dark gray, Kosuth's later, large photomontages trace a kind of artistic and intellectual autobiography. Each consists of a photograph of one of the artist's own older works or installations, overlaid in top and bottom corners by two passages of philosophical prose quoted from intellectuals identified only by initials (they include Jacques Derrida, Martin Buber and Julia Kristeva).[14]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fragments of a Rainy Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragments_of_a_Rainy_Season"},{"link_name":"John Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cale"},{"link_name":"Ilya Kabakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Kabakov"},{"link_name":"Centre for Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle#Centre_for_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Collaborations","text":"In 1992, Kosuth designed the album cover for Fragments of a Rainy Season by John Cale.Two years later, Kosuth collaborated with Ilya Kabakov to produce The Corridor of Two Banalities, shown at the Centre for Contemporary Art in Warsaw. This installation included 120 tables in a row to present text somewhat symptomatic of the cultures of which they both came from.[15]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jean Francois Champollion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Francois_Champollion"},{"link_name":"Rosetta Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone"},{"link_name":"Figeac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figeac"},{"link_name":"Barneys New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barneys_New_York"},{"link_name":"Walter Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-6"},{"link_name":"Tachikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa"},{"link_name":"Michiko Ishimure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Ishimure"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundesbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank"},{"link_name":"Parliament House, Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Paul Löbe Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_L%C3%B6be_Haus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secession.at-2"},{"link_name":"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Kosuth-1"},{"link_name":"Musée du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Council of State of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Commissions","text":"Since 1990 Kosuth has also begun working on various permanent public commissions.[16] In the early 1990s, he designed a Government-sponsored monument to the Egyptologist Jean Francois Champollion who deciphered the Rosetta Stone in Figeac; in Japan, he took on the curatorship of a show celebrating the Tokyo opening of Barneys New York; and in Frankfurt, Germany, and in Columbus, Ohio, he conceived neon monuments to the German cultural historian Walter Benjamin.[6] In 1994, for the city of Tachikawa, Kosuth designed Words of a Spell, for Noëma, a 136-foot-long mural composed of quotes from Michiko Ishimure and James Joyce.[17]After projects at public buildings such as the Deutsche Bundesbank (1997), the Parliament House, Stockholm (1998), and the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (1999), Kosuth was commissioned to propose a work for the newly renovated Bundestag in 2001, he designed a floor installation with texts by Ricarda Huch and Thomas Mann for the Paul Löbe Haus [de].[2] In 2003, he created three installations in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, employing text, archival material, and objects from the museum's collection to comment on the politics and philosophy behind museum collections.[1] In 2009, Kosuth's exhibition entitled ni apparence ni illusion (Neither Appearance Nor Illusion), an installation work throughout the 12th century walls of the Louvre Palace, opened at the Musée du Louvre in Paris and became a permanent work in October 2012. In 2011, celebrating the work of Charles Darwin, Kosuth created a commission in the library where Darwin was inspired to pursue his evolutionary theory. His work on the façade of the Council of State of the Netherlands will be inaugurated in October 2011 and he is currently working on a permanent work for the four towers of the façade of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, expected to be completed in 2012.[18]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_bildende_K%C3%BCnste_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts, Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich"},{"link_name":"Istituto Universitario di Architettura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Iuav_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"Cal Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Arts"},{"link_name":"Cooper Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Union"},{"link_name":"Pratt Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_Institute"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Glasgow School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Hayward Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Michel Majerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Majerus"}],"sub_title":"Lecturer","text":"Kosuth has taught widely, as a guest lecturer and as a member of faculties at the School of Visual Arts, New York City (1967–85); Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (1988–90); State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart (1991–97); and the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (2001–06). Currently Professor at Istituto Universitario di Architettura, Venice, Kosuth has functioned as visiting professor and guest lecturer at various universities and institutions for nearly forty years, some of which include: Yale University; Cornell University: New York University; Duke University; UCLA; Cal Arts; Cooper Union; Pratt Institute; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Art Institute of Chicago, Royal Academy, Copenhagen; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford University; University of Rome, Berlin Kunstakademie; Royal College of Art, London; Glasgow School of Art; Hayward Gallery, London; Sorbonne, Paris; and the Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna.[19] His students have included, among others, Michel Majerus.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art & Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_%26_Language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skny.com-10"},{"link_name":"The Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Kosuth-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosuth1-9"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Situationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationists"},{"link_name":"formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(art)"},{"link_name":"aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosuth1-9"},{"link_name":"tautological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic)"}],"sub_title":"Writings","text":"Kosuth became the American editor of the Art & Language journal in 1969.[10] He later was coeditor of The Fox magazine in 1975–76 and art editor of Marxist Perspectives in 1977–78.[1] In addition, he has written several books on the nature of art and artists, including Artist as Anthropologist. In his essay \"Art after Philosophy\" (1969),[9] he argued that art is the continuation of philosophy, which he saw at an end. He was unable to define art in so far as such a definition would destroy his private self-referential definition of art. Like the Situationists, he rejected formalism as an exercise in aesthetics, with its function to be aesthetic. Formalism, he said, limits the possibilities for art with minimal creative effort put forth by the formalist. Further, since concept is overlooked by the formalist, \"Formalist criticism is no more than an analysis of the physical attributes of particular objects which happen to exist in a morphological context\". He further argues that the \"change from 'appearance' to 'conception' (which begins with Duchamp's first unassisted readymade) was the beginning of 'modern art' and the beginning of 'conceptual art'.\"[9] Kosuth explains that works of conceptual art are analytic propositions. They are linguistic in character because they express definitions of art. This makes them tautological. Art After Philosophy and After Collected Writings, 1966-1990 reveals between the lines a definition of \"art\" of which Joseph Kosuth meant to assure us. \"Art is an analytical proposition of context, thought, and what we do that is intentionally designated by the artist by making the implicit nature of culture, of what happens to us, explicit - internalizing its 'explicitness' (making it again, 'implicit') and so on, for the purpose of understanding that is continually interacting and socio-historically located. These words, like actual works of art, are little more than historical curiosities, but the concept becomes a machine that makes the art beneficial, modest, rustic, contiguous, and humble.\"","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo Castelli Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Castelli"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Seth Siegelaub Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Siegelaub"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Kosuth-1"},{"link_name":"Staatsgalerie Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsgalerie_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Kunsthalle Bielefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle_Bielefeld"},{"link_name":"documentas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta"},{"link_name":"Biennale di Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_di_Venezia"},{"link_name":"European Cultural Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Cultural_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1969 Kosuth held his first solo exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery, New York.[20] That same year, he organized an exhibition of his work, Fifteen Locations, which took place simultaneously at fifteen museums and galleries worldwide; he also participated in the seminal exhibition of Conceptual art at the Seth Siegelaub Gallery, New York.[1] In 1973, the Kunstmuseum Luzern presented a major retrospective of his art that traveled in Europe. In 1981, the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and the Kunsthalle Bielefeld organized another major Kosuth retrospective. He was invited to exhibit at documentas V, VI, VII and IX (1972, 1978, 1982, 1992) and the Biennale di Venezia in 1976, 1993 and 1999. He continued to exhibit in Venice during the Biennale from 2011 onwards, with the European Cultural Centre. His most recent exhibition with this organisation was in 2017, where he exhibited in Palazzo Bembo.[21][22]","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ad Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"Sol LeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_LeWitt"},{"link_name":"Robert Mangold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mangold"},{"link_name":"Dan Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Graham"},{"link_name":"Robert Smithson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smithson"},{"link_name":"Carl Andre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Andre"},{"link_name":"Robert Ryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ryman"},{"link_name":"Christine Kozlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Kozlov"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secession.at-2"},{"link_name":"Wiener Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Secession"},{"link_name":"Palais des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-6"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Auguste Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Curator","text":"For Fifteen People Present Their Favorite Book, a show mounted at Lannis Gallery, New York, in 1967, Kosuth assembled fellow artists Robert Morris, Ad Reinhardt, Sol LeWitt, Robert Mangold, Dan Graham, Robert Smithson, Carl Andre, Robert Ryman, among others. That same year, with fellow artist Christine Kozlov, he founded the Museum of Normal Art, New York, while they were both students at the School of Visual Arts. After giving a work in 1989 to the Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna, Kosuth, heavily influenced by Freud, he invited other artists to do likewise; today the museum owns 13 works by 13 Freud-influenced Conceptualists.[23] Also in 1989 Kosuth curated the show Ludwig Wittgenstein Das Spiel des Unsagbaren to commemorate the 100th birthday of the philosopher, in which he showed numerous works by fellow artists.[2] The exhibition was shown at the Wiener Secession, Vienna, and the Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels.In response to the debate surrounding conservative attacks on the National Endowment for the Arts in 1990,[6] Kosuth organized an exhibition entitled \"A Play of the Unmentionable\" focusing on issues of censorship and using works from the permanent collection of the Brooklyn Museum of Art.[24] He culled objects from nearly every department of the museum, including religious paintings, many depictions of nudes, social satire and some erotica; among the selected works, therew were sculptures by Auguste Rodin of lesbians embracing, and furniture from the Bauhaus, the avant-garde German design school closed down by the Nazis.[6] These were then juxtaposed with pithy and frequently moving observations from a number of writers in a way that emphasizes how perceptions of art are constantly changing. The works' sometimes extensive labels were written by their curators, while the larger type statements emanated from various art historians, philosophers and social critics.[25]","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Decoration of Honour in Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Frederick Weisman Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_R._Weisman_Art_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Addison Gallery of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Gallery_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Jones_Jr._Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Centre for International Light Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_International_Light_Art"},{"link_name":"Unna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unna"},{"link_name":"Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_contemporain_de_Lyon"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Kosuth was awarded a Cassandra Foundation Grant in 1968, at the age of 23, as the choice of Marcel Duchamp one week before he died. In 1993, he received the Menzione d'Onore at the Venice Biennale and was named a Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 1999, in honour of his work, the French government issued a 3-franc postage stamp in Figeac. In 2001, he received the Laurea Honoris Causa doctorate in Philosophy and Letters from the University of Bologna. In 2003, Kosuth was awarded the Austrian Republic's highest honour for accomplishments in science and culture, the Decoration of Honour in Gold.[26][27] In 2017 European Cultural Centre Art Award was awarded to Kosuth for his lifelong dedication to create meaning through contemporary art.[28] Other awards include the Brandeis Award (1990) and the Frederick Weisman Award (1991). The Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Massachusetts), the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art (Norman, Oklahoma), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Centre for International Light Art (Unna, Germany), the Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon (Lyon, France), the National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia), the Saint Louis Art Museum (St. Louis, Missouri), the University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona), and the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City) are among the museums holding work by Joseph Kosuth.[29]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joseph_Kosuth_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joseph_Kosuth_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joseph_Kosuth_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joseph_Kosuth_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Joseph_Kosuth_1-4"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kosuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Joseph%20Kosuth"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120205042409/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Joseph+Kosuth"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-secession.at_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-secession.at_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-secession.at_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-secession.at_2-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kosuth, June 20 - 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December 6, 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skny.com/exhibitions/2008-10-25_neither-appearance-nor-illusion/pressrelease/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110722165311/http://www.skny.com/exhibitions/2008-10-25_neither-appearance-nor-illusion/pressrelease/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kosuth: Titled (Art as Idea as Idea), [Water] Guggenheim Collection., 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110429100510/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=Joseph%20Kosuth&page=1&f=People&cr=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-51117-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-51117-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Roberta Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Smith"},{"link_name":"Marion Cajori, 56, Filmmaker Who Explored Artistic Process, Dies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2006/08/29/obituaries/29cajori.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"ART IN REVIEW; Joseph Kosuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2000/11/17/arts/art-in-review-joseph-kosuth.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788385142140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385142140"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81404252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/81404252"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Guests and Foreigners, Rules and Meanings (Te Kore), 2 March - 30 April 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.adamartgallery.org.nz/past-exhibitions/rules-and-meanings-te-kore/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Japan Plunges Into Public Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1994/10/30/arts/art-japan-plunges-into-public-art.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Sprüth Magers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%BCth_Magers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Global Conceptualism, Art as An Installation — Some History and Some Theory, 8 February 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120729034103/http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/researchforum/events/2011/spring/feb08_friendslecture.shtml"},{"link_name":"Courtauld Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kosuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skny.com/artists/joseph-kosuth/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"PERSONAL STRUCTURES Venice 2017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171125180323/http://www.hpapapostolou.com/personal-structures-venice-2017.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hpapapostolou.com/personal-structures-venice-2017.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"PERSONAL STRUCTURES - Cornerhouse Publications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220529054322/https://www.cornerhousepublications.org/publications/personal-structures/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cornerhousepublications.org/publications/personal-structures/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Art in Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2006/06/16/arts/design/16gall.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kosuth: Double Reading: An Allegory of Limits, October 23 - December 18, 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.margoleavingallery.com/exhibitions/113?artist=60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Roberta Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Smith"},{"link_name":"'Unmentionable' Art Through the Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1990/11/11/arts/art-view-unmentionable-art-through-the-ages.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Sprüth Magers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%BCth_Magers_(art_gallery)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"All Ecc Awards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//europeanculturalcentre.eu/eccaward/alleccawards"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kosuth on AskArt.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.askart.com/artist/Joseph%20Kosuth/35040/Joseph%20Kosuth.aspx"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Joseph Kosuth Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Guggenheim Collection.\n\n^ a b c d Joseph Kosuth, June 20 - July 4, 2000 Archived July 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Wiener Secession, Vienna.\n\n^ \nJoseph Kosuth Studio (September 2008), Maison Martin Margiela Interview.\n\n^ \nJoseph Kosuth Gets Wordy in Enniskillen Archived 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, Culture Northern Ireland, 15/08/2012\n\n^ Joseph Kosuth Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston.\n\n^ a b c d e \nGrace Glueck (December 17, 1990), At Brooklyn Museum, an Artist Surveys the Objectionable New York Times.\n\n^ a b \nJoseph Kosuth Tate.\n\n^ Roberta Smith (July 15, 2014), On Kawara, Artist Who Found Elegance in Every Day, Dies at 81 New York Times.\n\n^ a b c Kosuth J., (1969), Art after Philosophy\n\n^ a b neither appearance nor illusion, A Selection of Early Works from the 1960s by Joseph Kosuth, October 25 - December 6, 2008 Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Sean Kelly Gallery, New York.\n\n^ Joseph Kosuth: Titled (Art as Idea as Idea), [Water] Guggenheim Collection., 1966\n\n^ Alexander Alberro and Blake Stimson, Conceptual Art: A Critical Anthology, MIT Press, 1999, pxl. ISBN 0-262-51117-7\n\n^ Roberta Smith (August 29, 2006), Marion Cajori, 56, Filmmaker Who Explored Artistic Process, Dies New York Times.\n\n^ \nKen Johnson (November 17, 2000), ART IN REVIEW; Joseph Kosuth New York Times.\n\n^ Kabakov, Ilʹi︠a︡ Iosifovich (1994). Ilya Kabokov/Joseph Kosuth : korytarz dwóch banalności = the corridor of two banalities = koridor dvukh banalʹnosteĭ : 25.04.1994-3.09.1994. Kosuth, Joseph., Ślizińska, Milada., Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej (Warsaw, Poland). Warszawa: Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej Zamek Ujazdowski. ISBN 9788385142140. OCLC 81404252.\n\n^ Guests and Foreigners, Rules and Meanings (Te Kore), 2 March - 30 April 2000 Adam Art Gallery, Wellington\n\n^ Henry Scott-Stokes (October 30, 1994), Japan Plunges Into Public Art New York Times.\n\n^ Joseph Kosuth, The Mind's Image of Itself #3, September 10 - October 1, 2011, Sprüth Magers, London\n\n^ Global Conceptualism, Art as An Installation — Some History and Some Theory, 8 February 2011 Courtauld Institute of Art, London.\n\n^ Joseph Kosuth Sean Kelly Gallery, New York.\n\n^ \"PERSONAL STRUCTURES Venice 2017\". Harikleia PAPAPOSTOLOU. Archived from the original on 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2017-07-11.\n\n^ \"PERSONAL STRUCTURES - Cornerhouse Publications\". Cornerhouse Publications. Archived from the original on 2022-05-29. Retrieved 2017-07-11.\n\n^ Grace Glueck (June 16, 2006), Art in Review New York Times.\n\n^ Joseph Kosuth: Double Reading: An Allegory of Limits, October 23 - December 18, 1993 Margo Leavin Gallery, Los Angeles.\n\n^ Roberta Smith (November 11, 1990), 'Unmentionable' Art Through the Ages New York Times.\n\n^ \"Reply to a parliamentary question\" (PDF) (in German). p. 1582. Retrieved 4 October 2012.\n\n^ Joseph Kosuth, The Mind's Image of Itself #3, September 10 - October 1, 2011, Sprüth Magers, London.\n\n^ \"All Ecc Awards\".\n\n^ Joseph Kosuth on AskArt.com","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"A giant copy of the Rosetta stone, by Joseph Kosuth in Figeac, France, the birthplace of Jean-François Champollion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Place_des_ecritures_Figeac.jpg/235px-Place_des_ecritures_Figeac.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kosuth's \"The Boundaries of the Limitless\" in Queen's Square YOKOHAMA, Japan, 1997","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Red_Escalators_%28Queen%27s_Square%29_3.JPG/220px-Red_Escalators_%28Queen%27s_Square%29_3.JPG"}]	[{"title":"One and Three Chairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_and_Three_Chairs"}]	[{"reference":"Kabakov, Ilʹi︠a︡ Iosifovich (1994). Ilya Kabokov/Joseph Kosuth : korytarz dwóch banalności = the corridor of two banalities = koridor dvukh banalʹnosteĭ : 25.04.1994-3.09.1994. Kosuth, Joseph., Ślizińska, Milada., Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej (Warsaw, Poland). Warszawa: Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej Zamek Ujazdowski. ISBN 9788385142140. OCLC 81404252.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385142140","url_text":"9788385142140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81404252","url_text":"81404252"}]},{"reference":"\"PERSONAL STRUCTURES Venice 2017\". Harikleia PAPAPOSTOLOU. Archived from the original on 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2017-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171125180323/http://www.hpapapostolou.com/personal-structures-venice-2017.html","url_text":"\"PERSONAL STRUCTURES Venice 2017\""},{"url":"http://www.hpapapostolou.com/personal-structures-venice-2017.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PERSONAL STRUCTURES - Cornerhouse Publications\". Cornerhouse Publications. Archived from the original on 2022-05-29. Retrieved 2017-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220529054322/https://www.cornerhousepublications.org/publications/personal-structures/","url_text":"\"PERSONAL STRUCTURES - Cornerhouse Publications\""},{"url":"http://www.cornerhousepublications.org/publications/personal-structures/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question\" (PDF) (in German). p. 1582. Retrieved 4 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","url_text":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question\""}]},{"reference":"\"All Ecc Awards\".","urls":[{"url":"https://europeanculturalcentre.eu/eccaward/alleccawards","url_text":"\"All Ecc Awards\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Joseph+Kosuth%22","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Kosuth\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Joseph+Kosuth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Joseph+Kosuth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Joseph+Kosuth%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Joseph+Kosuth%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Joseph+Kosuth%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Joseph%20Kosuth","external_links_name":"Joseph Kosuth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042409/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Joseph+Kosuth","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.secession.at/fassade/09_e.html","external_links_name":"Joseph Kosuth, June 20 - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Link	North Sea Link	["1 Route","2 Technical description","3 Project participants","4 Project history","4.1 Operation","5 Economic effect","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Subsea electricity transmission line Not to be confused with Scotland-Norway interconnector. North Sea LinkLocation of HVDC Norway–UKLocationCountryNorway, United KingdomGeneral directionnortheast–southwestFromKvilldal, NorwayPasses throughNorth SeaToBlyth, EnglandOwnership informationPartnersStatnettNational Grid plcConstruction informationManufacturer of conductor/cablePrysmian (offshore section)Nexans (onshore section)Cable layerC/S Giulio VerneC/S Nexans SkagerrakManufacturer of substationsABBInstaller of substationsABBCommissioned1 October 2021Technical informationTypesubmarine cableType of currentHVDCTotal length720 km (450 mi)Power rating1,400 MWDC voltage±515 kVNo. of poles2 (bipole)No. of circuits2 The North Sea Link is a 1,400 MW high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Norway and the United Kingdom. At 720 km (450 mi) it was the longest subsea interconnector in the world when it became operational on 1 October 2021. Route Map of cable route The cable runs from Kvilldal, Suldal, in Norway, to Cambois near Blyth in England. The converter station is located near to the cable landfall in East Sleekburn and is connected to the National Grid at the Blyth substation. Technical description The cable is 730 kilometres (390 nautical miles) long, and has a capacity of 1,400 MW. The estimated cost of the project was €2 billion, and it became operational in 2021, as planned. Project participants It is a joint project of the transmission system operators Statnett and National Grid. The offshore cable was supplied by Prysmian and manufactured at the Arco Felice factory in Naples, Italy. It was installed by the cable-laying vessel Giulio Verne. Cable for the fjord, tunnel and lake sections, and the onshore connection in Norway, was supplied by Nexans and manufactured at Nexans' plant in Halden, Norway. It was laid by using the Capjet trenching system and the cable-laying vessel Skagerrak. The HVDC converter stations were built and installed by the ABB Group. Project history The project was first proposed in 2003, when Statnett and National Grid planned a 1,200 MW interconnector between Suldal in Norway and Easington, County Durham, in the United Kingdom. This project was suspended. In October 2009, Statnett and National Grid announced they were conducting a feasibility study of the cable. According to the pre-feasibility study the project would be economically and technologically feasible. It would be a commercial cable jointly owned by Statnett and National Grid NSN Link, a subsidiary of National Grid. In 2010, there was speculation that the interconnection may also connect the North Sea wind farms as well as offshore oil and gas platforms, becoming the backbone of the proposed North Sea Offshore Grid. In 2014, National Grid quoted various groups in favour of more interconnections. The route survey of the offshore section was conducted by MMT in 2012. In March 2015, Statnett and National Grid announced a decision to start the construction phase, a month after Nemo link, a similar connection between the United Kingdom and Belgium, was announced. Along with Viking Link from Denmark, they would increase the UK's electricity interconnection level (transmission capacity relative to production capacity) from the 6% it was in 2014. Construction of the UK on-shore cable between the landfall at Bucca headland and the converter station site at East Sleekburn was completed in February 2020, with the converter station under construction. The cable crossed the 700-metre-deep (2,300 ft) Norwegian trench. A 2.3-kilometre (1+7⁄16-mile) tunnel was drilled from the fjord through the mountain to the lake Suldalsvatnet, and the cable was floated across the lake to the Kvilldal connection point. As of January 2021, the converter station in Suldal had been connected to the grid. Operation On 8 June 2021, it was announced that construction had been completed, and after a period of testing the interconnector became operational on 1 October 2021. Initially the link operated at a maximum of 700 MW, half its capacity, and then increased to a gigawatt. A flaw in the English converter temporarily restricted power until the full 1,400 MW could be achieved. The interconnector was switched from monopole to bipole operation in January 2022. 1,300 MW was achieved in April 2023, and full 1,400 MW operated by June 2023. While the main direction is from Norway to England, the cable is only fully utilized occasionally. Economic effect HVDC connections around Europe In operation Under construction Proposed/planned After being fully operational, the North Sea Link gives the UK access to the south Norway bidding area (NO2) of Nord Pool Spot via the cable's own auction function. It has an annual transmission capacity of 12.3 TWh. According to analysis by the United Kingdom market regulator Ofgem, in the base case scenario the cable would contribute around £490 million to the welfare of the United Kingdom and around £330 million to the welfare of Norway. In this analysis, over the 25-year cap and floor regime (a regulation for how much money a developer can earn once the interconnector is in operation) the benefit to United Kingdom consumers is expected to be around £3.5 billion under the base case scenario. This could reduce the average domestic consumer bill in the United Kingdom by around £2 per year. According to Auke Lont, CEO of Statnett, Norway can use the interconnector to import electricity at times of peak supply in the United Kingdom, allowing a temporary reduction in hydroelectric output in Norway and a corresponding increase at peak Norwegian demand times. When England has negative pricing, Norway imports near the maximum 1.4 GW. In 2014, the Norwegian energy service provider Markedskraft analysed the impact of two interconnectors under construction from Norway: the North Sea Link and NorGer, a submarine cable of identical capacity connecting Norway with Germany. The electricity will at any moment flow towards the country with the highest price and these price differentials generate income for the interconnector whether the electricity flows one way or the other. Markedskraft estimated that while the Norwegian import and export via NorGer will zero out in 2020, the annual net export to the UK via North Sea Link is projected to be about 10 TWh, i.e. almost all of the interconnector's annual capacity. Markedskraft go on to estimate that the increased demand for Norwegian electricity via North Sea Link will increase the price of electricity in Norway by 25 NOK/MWh (ca. 2.6 €/MWh). A 2016 study expects the two cables to increase price in South Norway by 2 øre/kWh, less than other factors. Statnett said in March 2022 that the very high European gas prices were the main factor of the large increase in electricity prices in Southern Norway in late 2021. The two new cables NSL and NordLink, were responsible for €5―15/MWh, or 10% of the increase for the entire year. Statnett predicted more hours with imports of zero price electricity, as the rest of Europe gets more solar and wind power, and this happens sometimes, allowing South Norway to act as a "battery" and transit area between shifting high and low price areas in Europe. June 2023 was the first time the cable "bought" power in Norway at negative prices. See also the United Kingdom portalNorway portalEnergy portal List of high-voltage transmission links in the United Kingdom List of high-voltage transmission links in Norway Icelink NorthConnect NeuConnect References ^ Hook, Leslie (15 June 2021). "UK and Norway complete world's longest subsea electricity cable". Financial Times. Retrieved 2021-06-15. ^ a b c d e Lee, Andrew (2015-07-14). "ABB, Prysmian and Nexans share UK-Norway link bounty". ReCharge. Retrieved 2015-07-14. ^ a b c National Grid. "The world's longest interconnector gets underway". Archived from the original on 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2015-03-26. ^ "Cable to the UK". Statnett. 2014-10-17. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17. ^ a b Bradbury, John (2009-10-06). "UK Norway "supergrid" agreement". Offshore247.com. Offshore Media Group AS. Retrieved 2010-11-14. ^ "National Grid plans UK-Norway interconnector". Power Engineering International. PennWell Corporation. 2009-10-07. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 2010-11-14. ^ "Will explore HVDC connection between Norway and Great Britain" (Press release). Statnett. 2009-10-06. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. Retrieved 2010-11-14. ^ Gibbs, Walter (2010-08-17). "Norway hydro can aid Europe move to renewables-IEA". Fox Business. FOX News Network. Retrieved 2010-11-14. ^ Getting more connected, pp. 3–4. National Grid, 2014. ^ "MMT to Survey UK-Norway HVDC Cable Route". Offshore WIND. 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2014-11-20. ^ Pagnamenta, Robin (2009-10-07). "North Sea cable could bring Norway's energy to UK". The Sunday Times. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2010-11-14. ^ "Norge og Storbritannia nær avgjørelse om verdens lengste sjøkabel" . Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-07-14. ^ "UK, Norway roll with 1.4GW link". reNEWS. 2015-03-23. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-14. ^ "National Grid rolls with Nemo link". reNEWS. 2015-02-27. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-14. ^ COM/2015/082 final: "Achieving the 10% electricity interconnection target" Text PDF pp. 2–5. European Commission, 25 February 2015. Archive Mirror ^ "What's happening in your area?". North Sea Link. North Sea Link. p. Construction Update: February 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-08. ^ Excell, Jon (21 October 2019). "Power sharing: building the world's longest subsea electricity interconnector". The Engineer. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. ^ "NSL's first converter station connected to Norwegian Electricity system". Submarine Cable Consulting & Intelligence Services (4C Offshore). ^ Thicknesse, Edward (2021-06-15). "Construction of North Sea Link cable completed ahead of October power-up". City A.M. London. Retrieved 2021-06-16. ^ "National Grid powers up world's longest subsea interconnector between the UK and Norway". 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2021-10-01. ^ "Unavailability of electricity facilities : Transmission". Nordpool REMIT UMM. Nord Pool (site) Statnett (message). 2021-01-05. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ Lingjærde, Magnus (21 April 2023). "Statnetts press mot britene har fungert - Englandskabelen åpnes for større strømeksport". Europower (in Norwegian). ^ "Fortsatt billigst i Europa: Dette har ikke skjedd på 2,5 år". Europower \| Siste nyheter fra fornybarbransjen (in Norwegian). 21 July 2023. ^ "Southern Norway towards new HVDC-connections". nordpoolspot.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2016-08-02. ^ a b "Gratis strøm i fem timer lørdag – og rekordimport fra England". Europower \| Siste nyheter fra fornybarbransjen (in Norwegian). 14 July 2023. ^ a b Lie, Øyvind (2014-08-20). "Norges kraftoverskudd forsvinner til England" . Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2016-08-05. ^ "Cap and floor regime: Initial Project Assessment for the NSN interconnector to Norway" (PDF). Ofgem. 17 December 2014. p. 4. Retrieved 2016-08-07. ^ Kavanagh, Michael (2015-03-26). "UK draws on Norwegian green power with €2bn cable". Financial Times. Retrieved 2016-08-07. ^ a b "Årets billigste hverdag i Sør-Norge mandag – halve landet får gratis strøm i seks timer". Europower \| Siste nyheter fra fornybarbransjen (in Norwegian). 16 July 2023. Norway has net import of 16 GWh. Thus producers can save water. ^ "Dette er årsakene til at strømmen blir dyrere" . Teknisk Ukeblad. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-27. ^ Bartnes Gudmund (2016-12-22). "Kraftmarkedsanalyse mot 2030" (PDF). www.nve.no. Retrieved 2020-12-11. ^ "Prisvirkning av NordLink og NSL" (PDF). www.statnett.no (in Norwegian). Statnett. March 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2022. ^ Lingjærde, Magnus (21 April 2023). "Ny strømpris-kollaps – men denne gangen blir det billigere også i Norge". Europower (in Norwegian). ^ "For første gang søndag: Betaler for å levere strøm til England". Europower (in Norwegian). 10 June 2023. 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Authority Offshore Energies UK Oil fields Oil-fired power stations Oil infrastructure Oil refineries Petroleum Revenue Tax RenewablesBiofuels Biofuel power stations NNFCC Renewable Fuels Agency Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Geothermal Geothermal power stations Hydroelectricity Hydroelectric power stations Mersey Barrage Severn Barrage Wave farms Solar power Wind power Offshore wind power List of offshore wind farms List of onshore wind farms North Seas Energy Cooperation Wind power in Scotland Government and regulationOrganisations Carbon Trust Cenex Climate Change Committee Department for Energy Security and Net Zero Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Energy Saving Trust Environment Agency Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Legislation andinitiatives Carbon Emission Reduction Target Climate Change Act 2008 Climate Change Agreement Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 Climate Change Levy CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform Display Energy Certificate Energy Act 2013 Energy performance certificate Fossil Fuel Levy Low Carbon Building Programme Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation Planning Act 2008 Renewable Heat Incentive Renewables Obligation United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Non-governmental organisationsCharities andpressure groups Ashden Award Bioregional Campaign against Climate Change Centre for Alternative Technology National Energy Action Stop Climate Chaos Tyndall Centre Industry bodies Association for Decentralised Energy Energy Institute Energy Networks Association Energy Retail Association Green Power Forum RenewableUK Utilities Intermediaries Association Research Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology Energy Technologies Institute Met Office Hadley Centre Narec Oil Depletion Analysis Centre Sunbury Research Centre UK Energy Research Centre Energy conservation Association for the Conservation of Energy British Energy Efficiency Federation Close the Door campaign Code for Sustainable Homes Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Energy Saving Trust Energy Saving Trust Recommended Greenhouse gas emissions HTB National Home Energy Rating Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland-Norway interconnector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland-Norway_interconnector"},{"link_name":"high-voltage direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current"},{"link_name":"submarine power cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_power_cable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"interconnector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnector"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Scotland-Norway interconnector.The North Sea Link is a 1,400 MW high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Norway and the United Kingdom.[1]At 720 km (450 mi) it was the longest subsea interconnector in the world when it became operational on 1 October 2021.","title":"North Sea Link"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norway_United_Kingdom_North_Sea_Link.png"},{"link_name":"Kvilldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla-F%C3%B8rre#Kvilldal_Hydroelectric_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Suldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suldal"},{"link_name":"Cambois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambois"},{"link_name":"Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recharge140715-2"},{"link_name":"National Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)"}],"text":"Map of cable routeThe cable runs from Kvilldal, Suldal, in Norway, to Cambois near Blyth in England.[2]\nThe converter station is located near to the cable landfall in East Sleekburn and is connected to the National Grid at the Blyth substation.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recharge140715-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalGrid2015-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalGrid2015-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statnett-cable-4"}],"text":"The cable is 730 kilometres (390 nautical miles) long,[2] and has a capacity of 1,400 MW.[3] \nThe estimated cost of the project was €2 billion, and it became operational in 2021, as planned.[3][4]","title":"Technical description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transmission system operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_system_operator"},{"link_name":"Statnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statnett"},{"link_name":"National Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_plc"},{"link_name":"Prysmian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prysmian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recharge140715-2"},{"link_name":"Nexans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recharge140715-2"},{"link_name":"ABB Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recharge140715-2"}],"text":"It is a joint project of the transmission system operators Statnett and National Grid.The offshore cable was supplied by Prysmian and manufactured at the Arco Felice factory in Naples, Italy. It was installed by the cable-laying vessel Giulio Verne.[2] Cable for the fjord, tunnel and lake sections, and the onshore connection in Norway, was supplied by Nexans and manufactured at Nexans' plant in Halden, Norway. It was laid by using the Capjet trenching system and the cable-laying vessel Skagerrak.[2] The HVDC converter stations were built and installed by the ABB Group.[2]","title":"Project participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suldal"},{"link_name":"Easington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easington_(district)"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offshore061009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerengineering071009-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statnett071009-7"},{"link_name":"wind farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm"},{"link_name":"oil and gas platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas_platform"},{"link_name":"North Sea Offshore Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Offshore_Grid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offshore061009-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox270810-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offshore300312-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times071009-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalGrid2015-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tu050115-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renews230315-13"},{"link_name":"Nemo link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo_link"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renews270215-14"},{"link_name":"Viking Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Link"},{"link_name":"electricity interconnection level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_grid_of_Continental_Europe#List_of_electricity_interconnection_levels"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eil-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NorthSeaLink1-16"},{"link_name":"Norwegian trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_trench"},{"link_name":"Suldalsvatnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suldalsvatnet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Excell-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Link&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The project was first proposed in 2003, when Statnett and National Grid planned a 1,200 MW interconnector between Suldal in Norway and Easington, County Durham, in the United Kingdom. This project was suspended.[5][6]In October 2009, Statnett and National Grid announced they were conducting a feasibility study of the cable. According to the pre-feasibility study the project would be economically and technologically feasible. It would be a commercial cable jointly owned by Statnett and National Grid NSN Link, a subsidiary of National Grid.[7]In 2010, there was speculation that the interconnection may also connect the North Sea wind farms as well as offshore oil and gas platforms, becoming the backbone of the proposed North Sea Offshore Grid.[5][8] In 2014, National Grid quoted various groups in favour of more interconnections.[9]The route survey of the offshore section was conducted by MMT in 2012.[10][11]In March 2015, Statnett and National Grid announced a decision to start the construction phase,[3][12][13] a month after Nemo link, a similar connection between the United Kingdom and Belgium, was announced.[14] Along with Viking Link from Denmark, they would increase the UK's electricity interconnection level (transmission capacity relative to production capacity) from the 6% it was in 2014.[15]Construction of the UK on-shore cable between the landfall at Bucca headland and the converter station site at East Sleekburn was completed in February 2020, with the converter station under construction.[16] The cable crossed the 700-metre-deep (2,300 ft) Norwegian trench. A 2.3-kilometre (1+7⁄16-mile) tunnel was drilled from the fjord through the mountain to the lake Suldalsvatnet, and the cable was floated across the lake to the Kvilldal connection point.[17] As of January 2021[update], the converter station in Suldal had been connected to the grid.[18]","title":"Project history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thicknesse-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Operation","text":"On 8 June 2021, it was announced that construction had been completed,[19] and after a period of testing the interconnector became operational on 1 October 2021. Initially the link operated at a maximum of 700 MW, half its capacity, and then increased to a gigawatt. A flaw in the English converter temporarily restricted power until the full 1,400 MW could be achieved.[20] The interconnector was switched from monopole to bipole operation in January 2022.[21] 1,300 MW was achieved in April 2023,[22] and full 1,400 MW operated by June 2023. While the main direction is from Norway to England, the cable is only fully utilized occasionally.[23]","title":"Project history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HVDC_Europe.svg"},{"link_name":"HVDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVDC"},{"link_name":"Nord Pool Spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Pool_Spot"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-neg-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Markedskraft-26"},{"link_name":"Ofgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofgem"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofgem171214-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft260315-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zero-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-neg-25"},{"link_name":"NorGer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorGer"},{"link_name":"NOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Markedskraft-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nve-31"},{"link_name":"the very high European gas prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st2022m-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zero-29"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neg-34"}],"text":"HVDC connections around Europe In operation Under construction Proposed/plannedAfter being fully operational, the North Sea Link gives the UK access to the south Norway bidding area (NO2) of Nord Pool Spot[24] via the cable's own auction function.[25] It has an annual transmission capacity of 12.3 TWh.[26] According to analysis by the United Kingdom market regulator Ofgem, in the base case scenario the cable would contribute around £490 million to the welfare of the United Kingdom and around £330 million to the welfare of Norway. In this analysis, over the 25-year cap and floor regime (a regulation for how much money a developer can earn once the interconnector is in operation) the benefit to United Kingdom consumers is expected to be around £3.5 billion under the base case scenario. This could reduce the average domestic consumer bill in the United Kingdom by around £2 per year.[27]According to Auke Lont, CEO of Statnett, Norway can use the interconnector to import electricity at times of peak supply in the United Kingdom, allowing a temporary reduction in hydroelectric output in Norway and a corresponding increase at peak Norwegian demand times.[28][29] When England has negative pricing, Norway imports near the maximum 1.4 GW.[25]In 2014, the Norwegian energy service provider Markedskraft analysed the impact of two interconnectors under construction from Norway: the North Sea Link and NorGer, a submarine cable of identical capacity connecting Norway with Germany. The electricity will at any moment flow towards the country with the highest price and these price differentials generate income for the interconnector whether the electricity flows one way or the other. Markedskraft estimated that while the Norwegian import and export via NorGer will zero out in 2020, the annual net export to the UK via North Sea Link is projected to be about 10 TWh, i.e. almost all of the interconnector's annual capacity. Markedskraft go on to estimate that the increased demand for Norwegian electricity via North Sea Link will increase the price of electricity in Norway by 25 NOK/MWh[26] (ca. 2.6 €/MWh). A 2016 study expects the two cables to increase price in South Norway by 2 øre/kWh, less than other factors.[30][31] Statnett said in March 2022 that the very high European gas prices were the main factor of the large increase in electricity prices in Southern Norway in late 2021. The two new cables NSL and NordLink, were responsible for €5―15/MWh, or 10% of the increase for the entire year. Statnett predicted more hours with imports of zero price electricity, as the rest of Europe gets more solar and wind power,[32] and this happens sometimes,[33] allowing South Norway to act as a \"battery\" and transit area between shifting high and low price areas in Europe.[29] June 2023 was the first time the cable \"bought\" power in Norway at negative prices.[34]","title":"Economic effect"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of cable route","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Norway_United_Kingdom_North_Sea_Link.png/220px-Norway_United_Kingdom_North_Sea_Link.png"},{"image_text":"HVDC connections around Europe In operation Under construction Proposed/planned","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HVDC_Europe.svg/220px-HVDC_Europe.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"the United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:The_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Norway portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"List of high-voltage transmission links in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high-voltage_transmission_links_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of high-voltage transmission links in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high-voltage_transmission_links_in_Norway"},{"title":"Icelink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelink"},{"title":"NorthConnect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorthConnect"},{"title":"NeuConnect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuConnect"}]	[{"reference":"Hook, Leslie (15 June 2021). \"UK and Norway complete world's longest subsea electricity cable\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2021-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/399c1c37-3f7a-4770-af13-66741df01135","url_text":"\"UK and Norway complete world's longest subsea electricity cable\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Andrew (2015-07-14). \"ABB, Prysmian and Nexans share UK-Norway link bounty\". ReCharge. Retrieved 2015-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1405859/abb-prysmian-and-nexans-share-uk-norway-link-bounty","url_text":"\"ABB, Prysmian and Nexans share UK-Norway link bounty\""}]},{"reference":"National Grid. \"The world's longest interconnector gets underway\". Archived from the original on 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2015-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150328234545/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/Mediacentral/UK-Press-releases/2015/The-world-s-longest-interconnector-gets-underway/","url_text":"\"The world's longest interconnector gets underway\""},{"url":"http://www2.nationalgrid.com/Mediacentral/UK-Press-releases/2015/The-world-s-longest-interconnector-gets-underway/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cable to the UK\". Statnett. 2014-10-17. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025051652/http://www.statnett.no/en/Projects/Cable-to-the-UK/News-archive/Cooperation-agreement-confirmed/","url_text":"\"Cable to the UK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statnett","url_text":"Statnett"},{"url":"http://www.statnett.no/en/Projects/Cable-to-the-UK/News-archive/Cooperation-agreement-confirmed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bradbury, John (2009-10-06). \"UK Norway \"supergrid\" agreement\". Offshore247.com. Offshore Media Group AS. Retrieved 2010-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2010/08/27/norway-hydro-aid-europe-renewables-iea/","url_text":"\"UK Norway \"supergrid\" agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Grid plans UK-Norway interconnector\". Power Engineering International. PennWell Corporation. 2009-10-07. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 2010-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130131171308/http://www.powergenworldwide.com/index/display/articledisplay.articles.powergenworldwide.t-and-d.t-and-d-infrastructure.2009.10.national-grid-plans-uk-norway-interconnector.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.html","url_text":"\"National Grid plans UK-Norway interconnector\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation","url_text":"PennWell Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.powergenworldwide.com/index/display/articledisplay.articles.powergenworldwide.t-and-d.t-and-d-infrastructure.2009.10.national-grid-plans-uk-norway-interconnector.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Will explore HVDC connection between Norway and Great Britain\" (Press release). Statnett. 2009-10-06. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. Retrieved 2010-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100904163933/http://www.statnett.no/en/News/News-archive-Temp/News-archive-2009/Will-explore-HVDC-connection-between-Norway-and-Great-Britain/","url_text":"\"Will explore HVDC connection between Norway and Great Britain\""},{"url":"http://www.statnett.no/en/News/News-archive-Temp/News-archive-2009/Will-explore-HVDC-connection-between-Norway-and-Great-Britain/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Walter (2010-08-17). \"Norway hydro can aid Europe move to renewables-IEA\". Fox Business. FOX News Network. Retrieved 2010-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2010/08/27/norway-hydro-aid-europe-renewables-iea/","url_text":"\"Norway hydro can aid Europe move to renewables-IEA\""}]},{"reference":"\"MMT to Survey UK-Norway HVDC Cable Route\". Offshore WIND. 2012-03-30. 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Retrieved 2015-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tu.no/kraft/2015/01/05/norge-og-storbritannia-nar-avgjorelse-om-verdens-lengste-sjokabel","url_text":"\"Norge og Storbritannia nær avgjørelse om verdens lengste sjøkabel\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK, Norway roll with 1.4GW link\". reNEWS. 2015-03-23. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715031416/http://renews.biz/86241/uk-norway-roll-with-1-4gw-link/","url_text":"\"UK, Norway roll with 1.4GW link\""},{"url":"http://renews.biz/86241/uk-norway-roll-with-1-4gw-link/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Grid rolls with Nemo link\". reNEWS. 2015-02-27. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715021617/http://renews.biz/84908/national-grid-rolls-with-nemo-link/","url_text":"\"National Grid rolls with Nemo link\""},{"url":"http://renews.biz/84908/national-grid-rolls-with-nemo-link/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What's happening in your area?\". North Sea Link. North Sea Link. p. Construction Update: February 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://northsealink.com/en/locations/whats-happening-in-your-area-uk/","url_text":"\"What's happening in your area?\""}]},{"reference":"Excell, Jon (21 October 2019). \"Power sharing: building the world's longest subsea electricity interconnector\". The Engineer. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theengineer.co.uk/power-sharing-building-worlds-longest-subsea-interconnector/","url_text":"\"Power sharing: building the world's longest subsea electricity interconnector\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172632/https://www.theengineer.co.uk/power-sharing-building-worlds-longest-subsea-interconnector/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NSL's first converter station connected to Norwegian Electricity system\". Submarine Cable Consulting & Intelligence Services (4C Offshore).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.4coffshore.com/news/nsl27s-first-converter-station-connected-to-norwegian-electricity-system-nid20842.html","url_text":"\"NSL's first converter station connected to Norwegian Electricity system\""}]},{"reference":"Thicknesse, Edward (2021-06-15). \"Construction of North Sea Link cable completed ahead of October power-up\". City A.M. London. Retrieved 2021-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityam.com/construction-of-north-sea-link-cable-completed-ahead-of-october-power-up/","url_text":"\"Construction of North Sea Link cable completed ahead of October power-up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_A.M.","url_text":"City A.M"}]},{"reference":"\"National Grid powers up world's longest subsea interconnector between the UK and Norway\". 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2021-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northsealink.com/en/news/national-grid-powers-up-world-s-longest-subsea-interconnector-between-the-uk-and-norway/","url_text":"\"National Grid powers up world's longest subsea interconnector between the UK and Norway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unavailability of electricity facilities : Transmission\". Nordpool REMIT UMM. Nord Pool (site) Statnett (message). 2021-01-05. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20211007135555/https://umm.nordpoolgroup.com/%23/messages/2529ad9b-bb06-44fc-8789-5992af30e9c5/1","url_text":"\"Unavailability of electricity facilities : Transmission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Pool","url_text":"Nord Pool"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statnett","url_text":"Statnett"},{"url":"https://umm.nordpoolgroup.com/#/messages/2529ad9b-bb06-44fc-8789-5992af30e9c5/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lingjærde, Magnus (21 April 2023). \"Statnetts press mot britene har fungert - Englandskabelen åpnes for større strømeksport\". Europower (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europower.no/kraftmarked/statnetts-press-mot-britene-har-fungert-englandskabelen-apnes-for-storre-stromeksport/2-1-1438723","url_text":"\"Statnetts press mot britene har fungert - Englandskabelen åpnes for større strømeksport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fortsatt billigst i Europa: Dette har ikke skjedd på 2,5 år\". Europower \| Siste nyheter fra fornybarbransjen (in Norwegian). 21 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europower.no/kraftmarked/fortsatt-billigst-i-europa-dette-har-ikke-skjedd-pa-2-5-ar/2-1-1489978","url_text":"\"Fortsatt billigst i Europa: Dette har ikke skjedd på 2,5 år\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Norway towards new HVDC-connections\". nordpoolspot.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2016-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819122442/http://nordpoolspot.com/message-center-container/nordicbaltic/exchange-message-list/2015/q2/no.-152015---prognosis-for-future-elspotelbas-bidding-areas-in-norway/","url_text":"\"Southern Norway towards new HVDC-connections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Pool_Spot","url_text":"nordpoolspot.com"},{"url":"http://nordpoolspot.com/message-center-container/nordicbaltic/exchange-message-list/2015/q2/no.-152015---prognosis-for-future-elspotelbas-bidding-areas-in-norway/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gratis strøm i fem timer lørdag – og rekordimport fra England\". Europower \| Siste nyheter fra fornybarbransjen (in Norwegian). 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europower.no/kraftmarked/gratis-strom-i-fem-timer-lordag-og-rekordimport-fra-england/2-1-1486560","url_text":"\"Gratis strøm i fem timer lørdag – og rekordimport fra England\""}]},{"reference":"Lie, Øyvind (2014-08-20). \"Norges kraftoverskudd forsvinner til England\" [Norway's power surplus disappears to England]. Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2016-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tu.no/artikler/norges-kraftoverskudd-forsvinner-til-england/230246","url_text":"\"Norges kraftoverskudd forsvinner til England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_Ukeblad","url_text":"Teknisk Ukeblad"}]},{"reference":"\"Cap and floor regime: Initial Project Assessment for the NSN interconnector to Norway\" (PDF). Ofgem. 17 December 2014. p. 4. Retrieved 2016-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/sites/default/files/docs/2014/12/nsn_ipa_consultation_-_final_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Cap and floor regime: Initial Project Assessment for the NSN interconnector to Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofgem","url_text":"Ofgem"}]},{"reference":"Kavanagh, Michael (2015-03-26). \"UK draws on Norwegian green power with €2bn cable\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2016-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6f861176-d3af-11e4-99bd-00144feab7de.html#axzz4GdgWBIHX","url_text":"\"UK draws on Norwegian green power with €2bn cable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Årets billigste hverdag i Sør-Norge mandag – halve landet får gratis strøm i seks timer\". Europower \| Siste nyheter fra fornybarbransjen (in Norwegian). 16 July 2023. Norway has net import of 16 GWh. Thus producers can save water.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europower.no/kraftmarked/-rets-billigste-hverdag-i-sor-norge-mandag-halve-landet-far-gratis-strom-i-seks-timer/2-1-1487011","url_text":"\"Årets billigste hverdag i Sør-Norge mandag – halve landet får gratis strøm i seks timer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dette er årsakene til at strømmen blir dyrere\" [These are the reasons why electricity is becoming more expensive \"]. Teknisk Ukeblad. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tu.no/artikler/dette-er-arsakene-til-at-strommen-blir-dyrere/366880","url_text":"\"Dette er årsakene til at strømmen blir dyrere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_Ukeblad","url_text":"Teknisk Ukeblad"}]},{"reference":"Bartnes Gudmund (2016-12-22). \"Kraftmarkedsanalyse mot 2030\" [Power market analysis towards 2030] (PDF). www.nve.no. 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Europower (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europower.no/kraftmarked/ny-strompris-kollaps-men-denne-gangen-blir-det-billigere-ogsa-i-norge/2-1-1438894","url_text":"\"Ny strømpris-kollaps – men denne gangen blir det billigere også i Norge\""}]},{"reference":"\"For første gang søndag: Betaler for å levere strøm til England\". Europower (in Norwegian). 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europower.no/kraftmarked/for-forste-gang-sondag-betaler-for-a-levere-strom-til-england/2-1-1465442","url_text":"\"For første gang søndag: Betaler for å levere strøm til England\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Link&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/399c1c37-3f7a-4770-af13-66741df01135","external_links_name":"\"UK and Norway complete world's longest subsea electricity cable\""},{"Link":"http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1405859/abb-prysmian-and-nexans-share-uk-norway-link-bounty","external_links_name":"\"ABB, Prysmian and Nexans share UK-Norway link bounty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150328234545/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/Mediacentral/UK-Press-releases/2015/The-world-s-longest-interconnector-gets-underway/","external_links_name":"\"The world's longest interconnector gets 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarp_(musician)	Sarp (musician)	["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 External links"]	Turkish musician This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sarp SaninBorn (1977-10-22) 22 October 1977 (age 46)Ankara, TurkeyGenresRockOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, guitaristLabelsRec By SaatchiMusical artist Sarp Sanin (born 22 October 1977, in Ankara), better known as Sarp, is a Turkish rock musician Biography Born in 1977 in Ankara, Sarp spent his childhood and younger years in Denizli. He grew listening to Elvis Presley, Deep Purple and his favorite band The Doors. Sarp learned to play the guitar with a close friend of his. While studying at Denizli Anatolian High School, he formed a music group called "Butterfly" and began playing at cafes in Denizli. In 1996, he moved to İzmir and began studying chemical engineering at Ege University. There, he founded a group called "Trap". Sarp released his first album Siyahın Matemi (Mourning of the dark) in 2001. Despite the economic crises, it sold well and produced the hit songs Siyahın Matemi and Bu Gece (Tonight)s. Sarp had a disagreement with his record company about the creative aspect of his next work. He performed at numerous concerts and festivals throughout the country. In 2006, he signed with the label, Rec By Saatchi, and released his second album Eski Aşklar to great success. Eski Aşklar (Old produced hits like Tek Başına, Bana Öyle Bakma, and the title song Eski Aşklar) was written in memory of his brother who died in 1999. Discography Siyahın Matemi (2000) Eski Aşklar (2006) Çırılçıplak (2013) External links Official site Myspace page Last fm profile Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"}],"text":"Musical artistSarp Sanin (born 22 October 1977, in Ankara), better known as Sarp, is a Turkish rock musician","title":"Sarp (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Denizli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizli"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"The Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir"},{"link_name":"Ege University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ege_University"}],"text":"Born in 1977 in Ankara, Sarp spent his childhood and younger years in Denizli. He grew listening to Elvis Presley, Deep Purple and his favorite band The Doors. Sarp learned to play the guitar with a close friend of his. While studying at Denizli Anatolian High School, he formed a music group called \"Butterfly\" and began playing at cafes in Denizli. In 1996, he moved to İzmir and began studying chemical engineering at Ege University. There, he founded a group called \"Trap\".Sarp released his first album Siyahın Matemi (Mourning of the dark) in 2001. Despite the economic crises, it sold well and produced the hit songs Siyahın Matemi and Bu Gece (Tonight)s. Sarp had a disagreement with his record company about the creative aspect of his next work. He performed at numerous concerts and festivals throughout the country.In 2006, he signed with the label, Rec By Saatchi, and released his second album Eski Aşklar to great success. Eski Aşklar (Old produced hits like Tek Başına, Bana Öyle Bakma, and the title song Eski Aşklar) was written in memory of his brother who died in 1999.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Siyahın Matemi (2000)\nEski Aşklar (2006)\nÇırılçıplak (2013)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.sarprock.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/sarpmusic","external_links_name":"Myspace page"},{"Link":"http://www.last.fm/music/Sarp","external_links_name":"Last fm profile"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/76283813-77c5-462c-9ecd-0ca36d4f9306","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_genome	Neanderthal genetics	["1 Genome sequencing","2 Interbreeding with anatomically modern humans","3 Epigenetics","4 See also","5 References"]	Genetic study of ancient Neanderthal DNA This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Rapid progress in the field since 2010 has resulted in a pile-up of disconnected and poorly referenced sources.Rewrite as a synthesis of what is known from the current perspective.Also, avoid WP:CFORK overlap and integrate and update the material present at Neanderthal admixture and Neanderthal#Genetic evidence Please, AVOID JOURNALISM, use scientific publications for presentations aimed at a non-expert audience. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Genetic studies on Neanderthal ancient DNA became possible in the late 1990s. The Neanderthal genome project, established in 2006, presented the first fully sequenced Neanderthal genome in 2013. Since 2005, evidence for substantial admixture of Neanderthal DNA in modern populations is accumulating. The divergence time between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages is estimated at between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago. The recent time is suggested by Endicott et al. (2010) and Rieux et al. (2014). A significantly deeper time of parallelism, combined with repeated early admixture events, was calculated by Rogers et al. (2017). Genome sequencing Main article: Neanderthal genome project In July 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and 454 Life Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next two years. It was hoped the comparison would expand understanding of Neanderthals, as well as the evolution of humans and human brains. In 2008 Richard E. Green et al. from Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, published the full sequence of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and suggested "Neanderthals had a long-term effective population size smaller than that of modern humans." In the same publication, it was disclosed by Svante Pääbo that in the previous work at the Max Planck Institute, "Contamination was indeed an issue," and they eventually realised that 11% of their sample was modern human DNA. Since then, more of the preparation work has been done in clean areas and 4-base pair 'tags' have been added to the DNA as soon as it is extracted so the Neanderthal DNA can be identified. Geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology extracting ancient DNA (2005 photograph) The project first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal in 2013 by extracting it from the phalanx bone of a 50,000-year-old Siberian Neanderthal. Among the genes shown to differ between present-day humans and Neanderthals were RPTN, SPAG17, CAN15, TTF1, and PCD16. A visualisation map of the reference modern-human containing the genome regions with high degree of similarity or with novelty according to a Neanderthal of 50 ka has been built by Pratas et al. Interbreeding with anatomically modern humans Main article: Neanderthal admixture Researchers addressed the question of possible interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMH) from the early archaeogenetic studies of the 1990s. As late as 2006, no evidence for interbreeding was found. As late as 2009, analysis of about one third of the full genome of the Altai individual showed "no sign of admixture". The variant of microcephalin common outside Africa, suggested to be of Neanderthal origin and responsible for rapid brain growth in humans, was not found in Neanderthals; nor was a very old MAPT variant found primarily in Europeans. However, more recent studies have concluded that gene flow between Neanderthals and AMH occurred multiple times over thousands of years. Positive evidence for admixture was first published in May 2010. Neanderthal-inherited genetic material is found in all non- Sub Saharan African populations and was initially reported to comprise 1 to 4 percent of the genome. This fraction was refined to 1.5 to 2.1 percent. Further analyses have found that Neanderthal gene flow is even detectable in African populations, suggesting that some variants obtained from Neanderthals posed a survival advantage. Approximately 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survives in modern humans; however, a single human has an average of around 2% Neanderthal DNA overall with some countries and backgrounds having a maximum of 3% per human. Modern human genes involved in making keratin, a protein constituent of skin, hair, and nails, contain high levels of introgression. For example, the genes of approximately 66% of East Asians contain a POUF23L variant introgressed from Neanderthals, while 70% of Europeans possess an introgressed allele of BNC2. Neanderthal variants affect the risk of developing several diseases, including lupus, biliary cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2. The Neanderthal allele of MC1R (a gene with mutations linked to red hair in modern populations) is found at a frequency of 5% in Europeans, but is present in Taiwanese Aborigines at a frequency of 70% and at 30% in other East Asian populations. While interbreeding is the most parsimonious interpretation of these genetic findings, the 2010 research of five present-day humans from different parts of the world does not rule out an alternative scenario, in which the source population of several non-African modern humans was more closely related than other Africans to Neanderthals because of ancient genetic divisions within early Hominoids. Le Moustier Neanderthal skull reconstruction, Neues Museum Berlin Research since 2010 refined the picture of interbreeding between Neanderthals, Denisovans, and anatomically modern humans. Interbreeding appears asymmetrically among the ancestors of modern-day humans, and this may explain differing frequencies of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of modern humans. Vernot and Akey (2015) concluded the greater quantity of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of individuals of East Asian descent (compared with those of European descent) cannot be explained by differences in selection. They suggest "two additional demographic models, involving either a second pulse of Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of East Asians or a dilution of Neanderthal lineages in Europeans by admixture with an unknown ancestral population" are parsimonious with their data. Kim and Lohmueller (2015) reached similar conclusions: " According to some researchers, the greater proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans or West Asians is due to purifying selection is less effective at removing the so-called 'weakly-deleterious' Neanderthal alleles from East Asian populations. Computer simulations of a broad range of models of selection and demography indicate this hypothesis cannot account for the higher proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Instead, complex demographic scenarios, likely involving multiple pulses of Neanderthal admixture, are required to explain the data." Khrameeva et al. (2014), a German-Russian-Chinese collaboration, compiled an elementary Neanderthal genome based on the Altai individual and three Vindjia individuals. This was compared to a consensus chimpanzee genome as the out-group and to the genome of eleven modern populations (three African, three East Asian, three European). Beyond confirming a greater similarity to the Neanderthal genome in several non-Africans than in Africans, the study also found a difference in the distribution of Neanderthal-derived sites between Europeans and East Asians, suggesting recent evolutionary pressures. Asian populations showed clustering in functional groups related to immune and haematopoietic pathways, while Europeans showed clustering in functional groups related to the lipid catabolic process. Kuhlwilm et al. (2016) presented evidence for AMH admixture to Neanderthals at roughly 100,000 years ago. At minimum, research indicates three episodes of interbreeding. The first occurred with some modern humans. The second occurred after the ancestral Melanesians branched; these people seem to have bred with Denisovans. The third involved Neanderthals and the ancestors of East Asians only. 2016 research indicates some Neanderthal males might not have viable male offspring with some AMH females. This could explain the reason why no modern man has a Neanderthal Y chromosome. In October 2023, scientists reported that an anatomically-modern-human-to-Neanderthal admixture event occurred roughly 250,000 years ago, and also noted that roughly 6% of the Altai Neanderthal genome was inherited from anatomically modern humans. In December 2023, scientists reported that genes inherited by modern humans from Neanderthals and Denisovans may biologically influence the daily routine of modern humans, including the ability for some humans to wake earlier than others. Similar to Europeans, modern Indians derive around 1-2% genetic make-up from ancient hominins, Neanderthals and Denisovans, however, Indians carry a much larger variety of these ancient genes compared with other populations. It is unclear what, if any, advantage these genes may have provided. Epigenetics Complete DNA methylation maps for Neanderthal and Denisovan individuals were reconstructed in 2014. Differential activity of HOX cluster genes lie behind many of the anatomical differences between Neanderthals and modern humans, especially in regards to limb morphology. In general, Neanderthals possessed shorter limbs with curved bones. See also Human evolutionary genetics Recent human evolution Accretion model of Neanderthal origins References ^ Ovchinnikov, Igor V.; Götherström, Anders; Romanova, Galina P.; Kharitonov, Vitaliy M.; Lidén, Kerstin; Goodwin, William (2000). "Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus". Nature. 404 (6777): 490–93. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..490O. doi:10.1038/35006625. PMID 10761915. S2CID 3101375. ^ Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Botigué, Laura R.; Civit, Sergi; Arenas, Conxita; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David; Lalueza-Fox, Carles (17 October 2012). "North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e47765. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747765S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. PMC 3474783. PMID 23082212. ^ Fu, Qiaomei; Li, Heng; Moorjani, Priya; Jay, Flora; Slepchenko, Sergey M.; Bondarev, Aleksei A.; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Prüfer, Kay; de Filippo, Cesare; Meyer, Matthias; Zwyns, Nicolas; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.; Keates, Susan G.; Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Razhev, Dmitry I.; Richards, Michael P.; Peristov, Nikolai V.; Lachmann, Michael; Douka, Katerina; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Slatkin, Montgomery; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Reich, David; Kelso, Janet; Viola, T. Bence; Pääbo, Svante (October 2014). "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia". Nature. 514 (7523): 445–449. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..445F. doi:10.1038/nature13810. PMC 4753769. PMID 25341783. ^ Brahic, Catherine (3 February 2014). "Humanity's forgotten return to Africa revealed in DNA". New Scientist. ^ Endicott, Phillip; Ho, Simon Y.W.; Stringer, Chris (July 2010). "Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.005. PMID 20510437. S2CID 223433. ^ 295–498 ka. A. Rieux (2014). "Improved calibration of the human mitochondrial clock using ancient genomes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (10): 2780–92. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu222. PMC 4166928. PMID 25100861. ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Bohlender, Ryan J.; Huff, Chad D. (12 September 2017). "Early history of Neanderthals and Denisovans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (37): 9859–9863. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.9859R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706426114. PMC 5604018. PMID 28784789.; see also: Jordana Cepelewicz, Genetics Spills Secrets From Neanderthals' Lost History, Quanta Magazine, 18 September 2017. "The dating of that schism between the Neanderthals and the Denisovans is surprising because previous research pegged it as much more recent: a 2016 study, for instance, set it at only 450,000 years ago. An earlier separation means we should expect to find many more fossils of both eventually. It also changes the interpretation of some fossils. Take the large-brained hominid bones belonging to a species called Homo heidelbergensis, which lived in Europe and Asia around 600,000 years ago. Paleoanthropologists disagreed about how they relate to other human groups, some positing they were ancestors of both modern humans and Neanderthals, others claim they were a non-ancestral species replaced by the Neanderthals in their spread across Europe." ^ Moulson, Geir; Associated Press (July 20, 2006). "Neanderthal genome project launches". NBC News. Retrieved August 22, 2006. ^ Green, RE; Malaspinas, AS; Krause, J; Briggs, Aw; Johnson, PL; Uhler, C; Meyer, M; Good, JM; Maricic, T; Stenzel, U; Prüfer, K; Siebauer, M; Burbano, HA; Ronan, M; Rothberg, JM; Egholm, M; Rudan, P; Brajković, D; Kućan, Z; Gusić, I; Wikström, M; Laakkonen, L; Kelso, J; Slatkin, M; Pääbo, S (2008). "A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing". Cell. 134 (3): 416–26. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.021. PMC 2602844. PMID 18692465. ^ a b Elizabeth Pennisi (2009). "Tales of a Prehistoric Human Genome". Science. 323 (5916): 866–71. doi:10.1126/science.323.5916.866. PMID 19213888. S2CID 206584252. ^ Green RE, Briggs AW, Krause J, Prüfer K, Burbano HA, Siebauer M, Lachmann M, Pääbo S (2009). "The Neandertal genome and ancient DNA authenticity". EMBO J. 28 (17): 2494–502. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.222. PMC 2725275. PMID 19661919. ^ a b c K. Prüfer; et al. (2014). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains". Nature. 505 (7481): 43–49. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...43P. doi:10.1038/nature12886. PMC 4031459. PMID 24352235. ^ a b c d Green, Richard E.; Krause, Johannes; Briggs, Adrian W.; Maricic, Tomislav; Stenzel, Udo; Kircher, Martin; Patterson, Nick; Li, Heng; Zhai, Weiwei; Fritz, Markus Hsi-Yang; Hansen, Nancy F.; Durand, Eric Y.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Jensen, Jeffrey D.; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Alkan, Can; Prüfer, Kay; Meyer, Matthias; Burbano, Hernán A.; Good, Jeffrey M.; Schultz, Rigo; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Butthof, Anne; Höber, Barbara; Höffner, Barbara; Siegemund, Madlen; Weihmann, Antje; Nusbaum, Chad; Lander, Eric S.; Russ, Carsten (2010). "A Draft Sequence of the Neanderthal Genome". Science. 328 (5979): 710–22. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..710G. doi:10.1126/science.1188021. PMC 5100745. PMID 20448178. ^ Pratas, Diogo; Hosseini, Morteza; Silva, Raquel M.; Pinho, Armando J.; Ferreira, Paulo J. S. G. (2017). "Visualization of Distinct DNA Regions of the Modern Human Relatively to a Neanderthal Genome". Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10255. pp. 235–242. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58838-4_26. ISBN 978-3-319-58837-7. ^ "Neanderthal Genome Sequencing Yields Surprising Results And Opens A New Door To Future Studies" (Press release). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. November 16, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2009. ^ Evans PD, Mekel-Bobrov N, Vallender EJ, Hudson RR, Lahn BT (November 2006). "Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (48): 18178–83. ^ a b Chen, Lu; Wolf, Aaron B.; Fu, Wenqing; Li, Liming; Akey, Joshua M. (20 February 2020). "Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals". Cell. 180 (4): 677–687.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.012. PMID 32004458. S2CID 210955842. ^ a b "Surprise! 20 Percent of Neanderthal Genome Lives On in Modern Humans, Scientists Find". National Geographic. 29 January 2014. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2016. ^ Zimmer, Carl (4 July 2020). "DNA Linked to Covid-19 Was Inherited From Neanderthals, Study Finds - The stretch of six genes seems to increase the risk of severe illness from the coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2020. ^ Zeberg, Hugo; Pääbo, Svante (July 3, 2020). "The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.186296. hdl:21.11116/0000-0006-AB4F-2. S2CID 220366134. ^ Ding, Qiliang; Hu, Ya; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Zhang, Ruyue; Yan, Shi; Wang, Jiucun; Jin, Li (August 2014). "Neanderthal Origin of the Haplotypes Carrying the Functional Variant Val92Met in the MC1R in Modern Humans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (8): 1994–2003. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu180. PMID 24916031. ^ Lowery, Robert K.; Uribe, Gabriel; Jimenez, Eric B.; Weiss, Mark A.; Herrera, Kristian J.; Regueiro, Maria; Herrera, Rene J. (November 2013). "Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms". Gene. 530 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005. PMID 23872234. ^ Bekker, Henk (23 October 2017). "Neues Museum in Berlin 1175". ^ a b Vernot, Benjamin; Akey, Joshua M (2015). "Complex History of Admixture between Modern Humans and Neanderthals". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (3): 454–61. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.006. PMC 4375686. PMID 25683119. ^ Kim, BY; Lohmueller, KE (2015). "Selection and Reduced Population Size Cannot Explain Higher Amounts of Neanderthal Ancestry in East Asian than in European Human Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (3): 448–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.029. PMC 4375557. PMID 25683122. ^ "Specifically, genes in the LCP term had the greatest excess of NLS in populations of European descent, with an average NLS frequency of 20.8±2.6% versus 5.9±0.08% genome wide (two-sided t-test, P<0.0001, n=379 Europeans and n=246 Africans). Further, among examined out-of-Africa human populations, the excess of NLS in LCP genes was only observed in individuals of European descent: the average NLS frequency in Asians is 6.7±0.7% in LCP genes versus 6.2±0.06% genome wide." Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Bozek, Katarzyna; He, Liu; Yan, Zheng; Jiang, Xi; Wei, Yuning; Tang, Kun; Gelfand, Mikhail S.; Prufer, Kay; Kelso, Janet; Paabo, Svante; Giavalisco, Patrick; Lachmann, Michael; Khaitovich, Philipp (2014). "Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans". Nature Communications. 5: 3584. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3584K. doi:10.1038/ncomms4584. PMC 3988804. PMID 24690587.. ^ Kuhlwilm, Martin; Gronau, Ilan; Hubisz, Melissa J.; de Filippo, Cesare; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Kircher, Martin; Fu, Qiaomei; Burbano, Hernán A.; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Marco; Rosas, Antonio; Rudan, Pavao; Brajkovic, Dejana; Kucan, Željko; Gušic, Ivan; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Andrés, Aida M.; Viola, Bence; Pääbo, Svante; Meyer, Matthias; Siepel, Adam; Castellano, Sergi (2016). "Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals". Nature. 530 (7591): 429–33. Bibcode:2016Natur.530..429K. doi:10.1038/nature16544. PMC 4933530. PMID 26886800. ^ S. Sankararaman; S. Mallick; M. Dannemann; K. Prüfer; J. Kelso; N. Patterson; D. Reich (2014). "The landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans". Nature. 507 (7492): 354–57. Bibcode:2014Natur.507..354S. doi:10.1038/nature12961. PMC 4072735. PMID 24476815. ^ Sankararaman, Sriram; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (2016). "The Combined Landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans". Current Biology. 26 (9): 1241–47. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.1241S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.037. PMC 4864120. PMID 27032491. ^ "Neanderthals mated with modern humans much earlier than thought, study finds: First genetic evidence of modern human DNA in a Neanderthal individual". ScienceDaily. February 17, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016. ^ Mendez, Fernando L.; et al. (April 7, 2016). "The Divergence of Neanderthal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 98 (4): 728–34. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.023. PMC 4833433. PMID 27058445. ^ Daniel Harris; Alexander Platt; Matthew E.B. Hansen; Shaohua Fan; Michael A. McQuillan; Thomas Nyambo; Sununguko Wata Mpoloka; Gaonyadiwe George Mokone; Gurja Belay; Charles Fokunang; Alfred K. Njamnshi; Sarah A. Tishkoff (2023). "Diverse African genomes reveal selection on ancient modern human introgressions in Neanderthals". Current Biology. 33 (22): 4905-4916.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.066. ISSN 0960-9822. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ Zimmer, Carl (14 December 2023). "Morning Person? You Might Have Neanderthal Genes to Thank. - Hundreds of genetic variants carried by Neanderthals and Denisovans are shared by people who like to get up early". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023. ^ Kerdoncuff, Elise; Skov, Laurits; Patterson, Nick; Zhao, Wei; Lueng, Yuk Yee; Schellenberg, Gerard D.; Smith, Jennifer A.; Dey, Sharmistha; Ganna, Andrea (2024-02-20), 50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ∼2,700 Whole Genome Sequences, doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580575, PMC 10888882, retrieved 2024-05-04 ^ Skov, Laurits; Coll Macià, Moisès; Sveinbjörnsson, Garðar; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Lucotte, Elise A.; Einarsdóttir, Margret S.; Jonsson, Hakon; Halldorsson, Bjarni; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.; Helgason, Agnar; Schierup, Mikkel Heide; Stefansson, Kari (June 2020). "The nature of Neanderthal introgression revealed by 27,566 Icelandic genomes". Nature. 582 (7810): 78–83. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2225-9. ISSN 1476-4687. ^ a b Gokhman D, Lavi E, Prüfer K, Fraga MF, Riancho JA, Kelso J, Pääbo S, Meshorer E, Carmel L (2014). "Reconstructing the DNA methylation maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan". Science. 344 (6183): 523–27. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..523G. doi:10.1126/science.1250368. PMID 24786081. S2CID 28665590. ^ Tibayrenc, Michel; Ayala, Francisco J. (2016-09-12). On Human Nature: Biology, Psychology, Ethics, Politics, and Religion. Academic Press. ISBN 9780127999159. vteNeanderthalAncestors Homo habilis → Homo erectus (→ Homo antecessor)? → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo neanderthalensis Biology Anatomy Behaviour Genetics Admixture with H. sapiens Extinction Tool traditions Acheulean Mousterian Châtelperronian (controversial) Levallois technique Regional variants Gibraltar Neanderthals Southwest Asian Neanderthals Notable specimensArchaic (430 ka) Miguelón Intermediate (250–130 ka) Saccopastore skulls Ehringsdorf 9 Altamura 1 Typical(130–50 ka) La Ferrassie 1 (site) La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 (site) La Quina 5 and 18 Krijn Scladina Saccopastore 1 and 2 Altamura man Mt. Circeo 1 Krapina Neanderthal site Shanidar 1-4 Teshik-Tash 1 Kebara 2 (site) Tabun C1 Amud 1 and 7 (site) OR-1 In radiocarbonrange (50–40 ka) Neanderthal 1 (site) Spy 1 and 2 Engis 2 (site) Sidrón remains Gibraltar 1 and 2 (site) Saint-Césaire 1 Le Moustier Fontéchevade Mezmaiskaya 1 Fossils with claimedNeanderthal traitsH. heidelbergensis Bontnewydd tooth Atapuerca Samu Azykhantrop Homo sapiens Peștera cu Oase Lagar Velho 1 Contemporary species Homo erectus Denisovan Homo floresiensis Homo naledi Homo sapiens Research Excavation sites Neanderthal Museum Neanderthal genome project (In Search of Lost Genomes) Popular culture The Quest for Fire (film) The Grisly Folk The Neanderthal Man The Inheritors The Ugly Little Boy Neanderthal Planet Dance of the Tiger Earth's Children (film) Neanderthal The Neanderthal Parallax Documentaries Prehistoric Autopsy vteHuman geneticsSub-topics Human genome Human Genome Project Evolutionary genetics Human-chimp MRCA Neanderthal genetics Neanderthal genome project Timeline Genetic variation Blood type distribution by country Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Race and genetics Recent evolution Surname DNA project Genetic enhancement Genetic history by region Africa North Africa West Africa‎‎ Central Africa Eastern Africa‎‎ Southern Africa African diaspora South Asia India Middle East Early Anatolian Farmers Caucasus Caucasus hunter-gatherer Europe Early European Farmers Western Hunter-Gatherer British Isles Iberia Italy Eastern Hunter-Gatherer Central Asia Ancient North Eurasian East Asia Ancient Northeast Asian Ancient Paleo-Siberian China Southeast Asia Thailand America Ancient Beringian Population genetics by group Europe Basques Bosniaks Bulgarians Croats Romanians Russians Sami Serbs Azerbaijanis Jews Turks MENA Arabs Egyptians Moroccans South Asia Gujaratis Sinhalese Tamils (Sri Lankan) East Asia Han Chinese Japanese Southeast Asia Filipinos Sub-Saharan Africa Hutu/Tutsi Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"ancient DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_DNA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OvchinnikovG%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m2000-1"},{"link_name":"Neanderthal genome project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project"},{"link_name":"admixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Genetic studies on Neanderthal ancient DNA became possible in the late 1990s.[1]\nThe Neanderthal genome project, established in 2006, presented the first fully sequenced Neanderthal genome in 2013.Since 2005, evidence for substantial admixture of Neanderthal DNA in modern populations is accumulating.[2][3][4]The divergence time between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages is estimated at between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago.\nThe recent time is suggested by Endicott et al. (2010)[5]\nand Rieux et al. (2014).[6]\nA significantly deeper time of parallelism, combined with repeated early admixture events, was calculated by Rogers et al. (2017).[7]","title":"Neanderthal genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology"},{"link_name":"454 Life Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454_Life_Sciences"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreenMalaspinas2008-9"},{"link_name":"Svante Pääbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_genome_tales-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19661919-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neanderthal_DNA_extraction.jpg"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"phalanx bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prufer2014-12"},{"link_name":"RPTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPTN"},{"link_name":"SPAG17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPAG17&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CAN15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAN15&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TTF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTF1"},{"link_name":"PCD16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PCD16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green2010-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prufer2014-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sing-14"}],"text":"In July 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and 454 Life Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next two years. It was hoped the comparison would expand understanding of Neanderthals, as well as the evolution of humans and human brains.[8]In 2008 Richard E. Green et al. from Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, published the full sequence of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and suggested \"Neanderthals had a long-term effective population size smaller than that of modern humans.\"[9]\nIn the same publication, it was disclosed by Svante Pääbo that in the previous work at the Max Planck Institute, \"Contamination was indeed an issue,\" and they eventually realised that 11% of their sample was modern human DNA.[10][11] Since then, more of the preparation work has been done in clean areas and 4-base pair 'tags' have been added to the DNA as soon as it is extracted so the Neanderthal DNA can be identified.Geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology extracting ancient DNA (2005 photograph)The project first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal in 2013 by extracting it from the phalanx bone of a 50,000-year-old Siberian Neanderthal.[12]Among the genes shown to differ between present-day humans and Neanderthals were RPTN, SPAG17, CAN15, TTF1, and PCD16.[13]A visualisation map of the reference modern-human containing the genome regions with high degree of similarity or with novelty according to a Neanderthal of 50 ka[12] has been built by Pratas et al.[14]","title":"Genome sequencing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anatomically modern humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lbnl2006-15"},{"link_name":"microcephalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephalin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MAPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPT"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_genome_tales-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_Wolf_Fu_2020-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green2010-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green2010-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prufer2014-12"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_Wolf_Fu_2020-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Geographic-18"},{"link_name":"keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"introgression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introgression"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"BNC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_basonuclin-2"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus"},{"link_name":"biliary cirrhosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_cirrhosis"},{"link_name":"Crohn's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Geographic-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20200704-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeberg_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo_2020-20"},{"link_name":"MC1R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"parsimonious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green2010-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowery_et_al_2013-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Moustier_skull_in_Berlin_reconstitution.jpg"},{"link_name":"Le Moustier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Moustier"},{"link_name":"Neues Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Museum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Denisovans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovans"},{"link_name":"anatomically modern humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-different_pattern-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-different_pattern-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concurring-25"},{"link_name":"recent evolutionary pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_human_evolution"},{"link_name":"immune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system"},{"link_name":"haematopoietic pathways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis"},{"link_name":"lipid catabolic process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Melanesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians"},{"link_name":"Denisovans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan"},{"link_name":"East Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asians"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SankararamanMallick2016-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20160412Mendez-31"},{"link_name":"Altai Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisova_Cave#Neanderthal_remains:_the_Altai_Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023Harris-32"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"modern humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_human"},{"link_name":"Neanderthals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"Denisovans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20231214-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Researchers addressed the question of possible interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMH) from the early archaeogenetic studies of the 1990s. \nAs late as 2006, no evidence for interbreeding was found.[15] As late as 2009, analysis of about one third of the full genome of the Altai individual showed \"no sign of admixture\". The variant of microcephalin common outside Africa, suggested[16] to be of Neanderthal origin and responsible for rapid brain growth in humans, was not found in Neanderthals; nor was a very old MAPT variant found primarily in Europeans.[10] However, more recent studies have concluded that gene flow between Neanderthals and AMH occurred multiple times over thousands of years.[17]Positive evidence for admixture was first published in May 2010.[13] Neanderthal-inherited genetic material is found in all non- Sub Saharan African populations and was initially reported to comprise 1 to 4 percent of the genome.[13] This fraction was refined to 1.5 to 2.1 percent.[12] Further analyses have found that Neanderthal gene flow is even detectable in African populations, suggesting that some variants obtained from Neanderthals posed a survival advantage.[17]Approximately 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survives in modern humans; however, a single human has an average of around 2% Neanderthal DNA overall with some countries and backgrounds having a maximum of 3% per human.[18]\nModern human genes involved in making keratin, a protein constituent of skin, hair, and nails, contain high levels of introgression. For example, the genes of approximately 66% of East Asians contain a POUF23L variant introgressed from Neanderthals,[clarification needed] while 70% of Europeans possess an introgressed allele of BNC2. Neanderthal variants affect the risk of developing several diseases, including lupus, biliary cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2.[18][19][20] The Neanderthal allele of MC1R (a gene with mutations linked to red hair in modern populations) is found at a frequency of 5% in Europeans, but is present in Taiwanese Aborigines at a frequency of 70% and at 30% in other East Asian populations.[21] \nWhile interbreeding is the most parsimonious interpretation of these genetic findings, the 2010 research of five present-day humans from different parts of the world does not rule out an alternative scenario, in which the source population of several non-African modern humans was more closely related than other Africans to Neanderthals because of ancient genetic divisions within early Hominoids.[13][22]Le Moustier Neanderthal skull reconstruction, Neues Museum Berlin[23]Research since 2010 refined the picture of interbreeding between Neanderthals, Denisovans, and anatomically modern humans.\nInterbreeding appears asymmetrically among the ancestors of modern-day humans, and this may explain differing frequencies of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of modern humans. Vernot and Akey (2015) concluded the greater quantity of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of individuals of East Asian descent (compared with those of European descent) cannot be explained by differences in selection.[24] \nThey suggest \"two additional demographic models, involving either a second pulse of Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of East Asians or a dilution of Neanderthal lineages in Europeans by admixture with an unknown ancestral population\" are parsimonious with their data.[24]Kim and Lohmueller (2015) reached similar conclusions:\" According to some researchers, the greater proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans or West Asians is due to purifying selection is less effective at removing the so-called 'weakly-deleterious' Neanderthal alleles from East Asian populations. Computer simulations of a broad range of models of selection and demography indicate this hypothesis cannot account for the higher proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Instead, complex demographic scenarios, likely involving multiple pulses of Neanderthal admixture, are required to explain the data.\"[25]Khrameeva et al. (2014), a German-Russian-Chinese collaboration, \ncompiled an elementary Neanderthal genome based on the Altai individual and three Vindjia individuals. \nThis was compared to a consensus chimpanzee genome as the out-group\nand to the genome of eleven modern populations (three African, three East Asian, three European). \nBeyond confirming a greater similarity to the Neanderthal genome in several non-Africans than in Africans, the study also found\na difference in the distribution of Neanderthal-derived sites between Europeans and East Asians, suggesting recent evolutionary pressures. Asian populations showed clustering in \nfunctional groups related to immune and haematopoietic pathways,\nwhile Europeans showed clustering in functional groups related to the lipid catabolic process.[26]Kuhlwilm et al. (2016) presented evidence for AMH admixture to Neanderthals at roughly 100,000 years ago.[27]At minimum, research indicates three episodes of interbreeding. The first occurred with some modern humans. The second occurred after the ancestral Melanesians branched; these people seem to have bred with Denisovans. The third involved Neanderthals and the ancestors of East Asians only.[28][29][30]2016 research indicates some Neanderthal males might not have viable male offspring with some AMH females.\nThis could explain the reason why no modern man has a Neanderthal Y chromosome.[31]In October 2023, scientists reported that an anatomically-modern-human-to-Neanderthal admixture event occurred roughly 250,000 years ago, and also noted that roughly 6% of the Altai Neanderthal genome was inherited from anatomically modern humans. [32]In December 2023, scientists reported that genes inherited by modern humans from Neanderthals and Denisovans may biologically influence the daily routine of modern humans, including the ability for some humans to wake earlier than others.[33] Similar to Europeans, modern Indians derive around 1-2% genetic make-up from ancient hominins, Neanderthals and Denisovans, however, Indians carry a much larger variety of these ancient genes compared with other populations.[34][35] It is unclear what, if any, advantage these genes may have provided.","title":"Interbreeding with anatomically modern humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation"},{"link_name":"Denisovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gokhman_D,_Lavi_E,_Pr%C3%BCfer_K,_Fraga_MF,_Riancho_JA,_Kelso_J,_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo_S,_Meshorer_E,_Carmel_L._2014_523%E2%80%937-36"},{"link_name":"HOX cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOX_cluster"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gokhman_D,_Lavi_E,_Pr%C3%BCfer_K,_Fraga_MF,_Riancho_JA,_Kelso_J,_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo_S,_Meshorer_E,_Carmel_L._2014_523%E2%80%937-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Complete DNA methylation maps for Neanderthal and Denisovan individuals were reconstructed in 2014.[36] \nDifferential activity of HOX cluster genes lie behind many of the anatomical differences between Neanderthals and modern humans, especially in regards to limb morphology. In general, Neanderthals possessed shorter limbs with curved bones.[36][37]","title":"Epigenetics"}]	[{"image_text":"Geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology extracting ancient DNA (2005 photograph)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Neanderthal_DNA_extraction.jpg/220px-Neanderthal_DNA_extraction.jpg"},{"image_text":"Le Moustier Neanderthal skull reconstruction, Neues Museum Berlin[23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Le_Moustier_skull_in_Berlin_reconstitution.jpg/220px-Le_Moustier_skull_in_Berlin_reconstitution.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Human evolutionary genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolutionary_genetics"},{"title":"Recent human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_human_evolution"},{"title":"Accretion model of Neanderthal origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_model_of_Neanderthal_origins"}]	[{"reference":"Ovchinnikov, Igor V.; Götherström, Anders; Romanova, Galina P.; Kharitonov, Vitaliy M.; Lidén, Kerstin; Goodwin, William (2000). \"Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus\". Nature. 404 (6777): 490–93. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..490O. doi:10.1038/35006625. PMID 10761915. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok	Grok	["1 Descriptions in Stranger in a Strange Land","2 Etymology","3 Adoption and modern usage","3.1 In computer programmer culture","3.2 In counterculture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	This article is about the word Grok. For the chatbot by xAI, see Grok (chatbot). For other uses, see Grok (disambiguation). Neologism coined by Robert Heinlein, adopted by computer culture Grok /ˈɡrɒk/ is a neologism coined by American writer Robert A. Heinlein for his 1961 science fiction novel Stranger in a Strange Land. While the Oxford English Dictionary summarizes the meaning of grok as "to understand intuitively or by empathy, to establish rapport with" and "to empathize or communicate sympathetically (with); also, to experience enjoyment", Heinlein's concept is far more nuanced, with critic Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. observing that "the book's major theme can be seen as an extended definition of the term." The concept of grok garnered significant critical scrutiny in the years after the book's initial publication. The term and aspects of the underlying concept have become part of communities such as computer science. Descriptions in Stranger in a Strange Land Critic David E. Wright Sr. points out that in the 1991 "uncut" edition of Stranger, the word grok "was used first without any explicit definition on page 22" and continued to be used without being explicitly defined until page 253 (emphasis in original). He notes that this first intensional definition is simply "to drink", but that this is only a metaphor "much as English 'I see' often means the same as 'I understand'". Critics have bridged this absence of explicit definition by citing passages from Stranger that illustrate the term. A selection of these passages follows: Grok means "to understand", of course, but Dr. Mahmoud, who might be termed the leading Terran expert on Martians, explains that it also means, "to drink" and "a hundred other English words, words which we think of as antithetical concepts. 'Grok' means all of these. It means 'fear', it means 'love', it means 'hate' – proper hate, for by the Martian 'map' you cannot hate anything unless you grok it, understand it so thoroughly that you merge with it and it merges with you – then you can hate it. By hating yourself. But this implies that you love it, too, and cherish it and would not have it otherwise. Then you can hate – and (I think) Martian hate is an emotion so black that the nearest human equivalent could only be called mild distaste. Grok means "identically equal". The human cliché "This hurts me worse than it does you" has a distinctly Martian flavor. The Martian seems to know instinctively what we learned painfully from modern physics, that observer acts with observed through the process of observation. Grok means to understand so thoroughly that the observer becomes a part of the observed – to merge, blend, intermarry, lose identity in group experience. It means almost everything that we mean by religion, philosophy, and science and it means as little to us as color does to a blind man. The Martian Race had encountered the people of the fifth planet, grokked them completely, and had taken action; asteroid ruins were all that remained, save that the Martians continued to praise and cherish the people they had destroyed. All that groks is God. Etymology This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Robert A. Heinlein originally coined the term grok in his 1961 novel Stranger in a Strange Land as a Martian word that could not be defined in Earthling terms, but can be associated with various literal meanings such as "water", "to drink", "to relate", "life", or "to live", and had a much more profound figurative meaning that is hard for terrestrial culture to understand because of its assumption of a singular reality. According to the book, drinking water is a central focus on Mars, where it is scarce. Martians use the merging of their bodies with water as a simple example or symbol of how two entities can combine to create a new reality greater than the sum of its parts. The water becomes part of the drinker, and the drinker part of the water. Both grok each other. Things that once had separate realities become entangled in the same experiences, goals, history, and purpose. Within the book, the statement of divine immanence verbalized among the main characters, "thou art God", is logically derived from the concept inherent in the term grok. Heinlein describes Martian words as "guttural" and "jarring". Martian speech is described as sounding "like a bullfrog fighting a cat". Accordingly, grok is generally pronounced as a guttural gr terminated by a sharp k with very little or no vowel sound (a narrow IPA transcription might be ). William Tenn suggests Heinlein in creating the word might have been influenced by Tenn's very similar concept of griggo, earlier introduced in Tenn's story "Venus and the Seven Sexes" (published in 1949). In his later afterword to the story, Tenn says Heinlein considered such influence "very possible". Adoption and modern usage In computer programmer culture Uses of the word in the decades after the 1960s are more concentrated in computer culture, such as an InfoWorld columnist in 1984 imagining a computer saying, "There isn't any software! Only different internal states of hardware. It's all hardware! It's a shame programmers don't grok that better." The Jargon File, which describes itself as a "Hacker's Dictionary" and has been published under that name three times, puts grok in a programming context: When you claim to "grok" some knowledge or technique, you are asserting that you have not merely learned it in a detached instrumental way but that it has become part of you, part of your identity. For example, to say that you "know" Lisp is simply to assert that you can code in it if necessary – but to say you "grok" Lisp is to claim that you have deeply entered the world-view and spirit of the language, with the implication that it has transformed your view of programming. Contrast zen, which is a similar supernatural understanding experienced as a single brief flash. The entry existed in the very earliest forms of the Jargon File in the early 1980s. A typical tech usage from the Linux Bible, 2005 characterizes the Unix software development philosophy as "one that can make your life a lot simpler once you grok the idea". The book Perl Best Practices defines grok as understanding a portion of computer code in a profound way. It goes on to suggest that to re-grok code is to reload the intricacies of that portion of code into one's memory after some time has passed and all the details of it are no longer remembered. In that sense, to grok means to load everything into memory for immediate use. It is analogous to the way a processor caches memory for short term use, but the only implication by this reference was that it was something a human (or perhaps a Martian) would do. The main web page for cURL, an open source tool and programming library, describes the function of cURL as "cURL groks URLs". The book Cyberia covers its use in this subculture extensively: This is all latter day usage, the original derivation was from an early text processing utility from so long ago that no one remembers but, grok was the output when it understood the file. K&R would remember. The keystroke logging software used by the NSA for its remote intelligence gathering operations is named GROK. One of the most powerful parsing filters used in ElasticSearch software's logstash component is named grok. A reference book by Carey Bunks on the use of the GNU Image Manipulation Program is titled Grokking the GIMP In counterculture See also: Counterculture of the 1960s Tom Wolfe, in his book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968), describes a character's thoughts during an acid trip: "He looks down, two bare legs, a torso rising up at him and like he is just noticing them for the first time ... he has never seen any of this flesh before, this stranger. He groks over that ..." In his counterculture Volkswagen repair manual, How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive: A Manual of Step-by-Step Procedures for the Compleat Idiot (1969), dropout aerospace engineer John Muir instructs prospective used VW buyers to "grok the car" before buying. The word was used numerous times by Robert Anton Wilson in his works The Illuminatus! Trilogy and Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy. See also Speculative fiction portalLinguistics portal (in German) Anschauung – related "sense-perception" concept in Kantian philosophy Appropriation (sociology) – Assimilation of concepts into a governing framework Being-in-the-world – a term in the existentialist philosophy of Martin Heidegger, aimed at deconstructing the subject–object distinction Grokking (machine learning) - a transition to generalization that occurs many training iterations after the interpolation threshold, after many iterations of seemingly little progress Introjection vs assimilation in Fritz and Laura Perls' gestalt therapy – analogous to memorizing vs grokking Knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description – a distinction in philosophy between familiarity with a person, place, or thing and knowledge of facts Logos – a term in Western philosophy that has been used to describe various forms of knowledge and reasoning Phenomenology (psychology) – the study of subjective experience Qi – Vital force in traditional Chinese philosophy References ^ "grok". Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. ^ Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan (2008). The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction. Wesleyan University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8195-6889-2. ^ a b Wright Sr., David E. (April 2008). "Do Words Have Inherent Meaning?". ETC: A Review of General Semantics. Vol. 65, no. 2. Institute of General Semantics 42578827. pp. 177–190. JSTOR 42578827. ^ a b c McGiveron, Rafeeq O. (2001). "From Free Love to the Free-Fire Zone: Heinlein's Mars, 1939–1987". Extrapolation. Vol. 42, no. 2. Kent State UP. ^ Singer, Joseph William (November 1984). "The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory". The Yale Law Journal. Vol. 94, no. 1. pp. 1–70. ^ Berger, Albert I. (March 1988). "Theories of History and Social Order in "Astounding Science Fiction"". Science Fiction Studies. 15 (1): 12–35. ^ Doug Clapp (21 May 1984). "The Sixth Generation". Infoworld. p. 32. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "curl groks URLs". cURL. Retrieved 9 September 2013. ^ Ryan Gallagher; Glenn Greenwald (12 March 2014). "How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware". The Intercept. Retrieved 23 May 2016. ^ Tom Wolfe (1968). The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. p. 96. ^ John Muir; Tosh Gregg (1971). How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive. John Muir Publications. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-912528-33-5. External links Look up grok in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "Grok". The Jargon File (version 4.4.7). Retrieved 9 September 2013. SF citations for grok gathered for the Oxford English Dictionary by Jesse Sheidlower Lee, Charles (February 2002). "Grok and the Vanguard of Science". Groks Science Radio Show and Podcast. Retrieved 2 August 2022. "grok". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 2 August 2022. "grok". The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Incorporated. Retrieved 2 August 2022. WikiQuote on Stranger in a Strange Land includes many uses of grok vteRobert A. Heinlein Bibliography Future History The Man Who Sold the Moon (1950) The Green Hills of Earth (1951) Revolt in 2100 (1953) Methuselah's Children (1958) Orphans of the Sky (1963) The Past Through Tomorrow (1967) Time Enough for Love (1973) The Notebooks of Lazarus Long (1978) World as Myth The Number of the Beast (1980) The Cat Who Walks Through Walls (1985) To Sail Beyond the Sunset (1987) The Pursuit of the Pankera (2020) Scribner's juveniles Rocket Ship Galileo (1947) Space Cadet (1948) Red Planet (1949) Farmer in the Sky (1950) Between Planets (1951) The Rolling Stones (1952) Starman Jones (1953) The Star Beast (1954) Tunnel in the Sky (1955) Time for the Stars (1956) Citizen of the Galaxy (1957) Have Space Suit—Will Travel (1958) Other novels For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs (1939/2003) Beyond This Horizon (1948) Sixth Column (1949) The Puppet Masters (1951) Variable Star (1955/2006) Double Star (1956) The Door into Summer (1957) Starship Troopers (1959) Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) Podkayne of Mars (1963) Glory Road (1963) Farnham's Freehold (1964) The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966) I Will Fear No Evil (1970) Friday (1982) Job: A Comedy of Justice (1984) Collections The Robert Heinlein Omnibus (1958) The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag (1959) The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein (1966) Expanded Universe (1980) Requiem (1992) Non-fiction Take Back Your Government (1946/1992) Tramp Royale (1954/1992) Grumbles from the Grave (1989) Screenplays Destination Moon (1950) Project Moonbase (1953) Characters Delos D. Harriman Jubal Harshaw Maureen Johnson Andrew Jackson Libby Lazarus Long Hazel Stone Legacy Heinlein Centennial Heinlein Society Robert A. Heinlein Award Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization Related Virginia Heinlein The Robert Heinlein Interview and Other Heinleiniana Starship Troopers (film) Tribbles Grok	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grok (chatbot)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)"},{"link_name":"Grok (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈɡrɒk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"neologism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Stranger in a Strange Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR-2"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"}],"text":"This article is about the word Grok. For the chatbot by xAI, see Grok (chatbot). For other uses, see Grok (disambiguation).Neologism coined by Robert Heinlein, adopted by computer cultureGrok /ˈɡrɒk/ is a neologism coined by American writer Robert A. Heinlein for his 1961 science fiction novel Stranger in a Strange Land. While the Oxford English Dictionary summarizes the meaning of grok as \"to understand intuitively or by empathy, to establish rapport with\" and \"to empathize or communicate sympathetically (with); also, to experience enjoyment\",[1] Heinlein's concept is far more nuanced, with critic Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. observing that \"the book's major theme can be seen as an extended definition of the term.\"[2] The concept of grok garnered significant critical scrutiny in the years after the book's initial publication. The term and aspects of the underlying concept have become part of communities such as computer science.","title":"Grok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-3"},{"link_name":"intensional definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensional_definition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGiveron-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGiveron-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGiveron-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger-6"}],"text":"Critic David E. Wright Sr. points out that in the 1991 \"uncut\" edition of Stranger, the word grok \"was used first without any explicit definition on page 22\" and continued to be used without being explicitly defined until page 253 (emphasis in original).[3] He notes that this first intensional definition is simply \"to drink\", but that this is only a metaphor \"much as English 'I see' often means the same as 'I understand'\".[3] Critics have bridged this absence of explicit definition by citing passages from Stranger that illustrate the term. A selection of these passages follows:Grok means \"to understand\", of course, but Dr. Mahmoud, who might be termed the leading Terran expert on Martians, explains that it also means, \"to drink\" and \"a hundred other English words, words which we think of as antithetical concepts. 'Grok' means all of these. It means 'fear', it means 'love', it means 'hate' – proper hate, for by the Martian 'map' you cannot hate anything unless you grok it, understand it so thoroughly that you merge with it and it merges with you – then you can hate it. By hating yourself. But this implies that you love it, too, and cherish it and would not have it otherwise. Then you can hate – and (I think) Martian hate is an emotion so black that the nearest human equivalent could only be called mild distaste.[4]Grok means \"identically equal\". The human cliché \"This hurts me worse than it does you\" has a distinctly Martian flavor. The Martian seems to know instinctively what we learned painfully from modern physics, that observer acts with observed through the process of observation. Grok means to understand so thoroughly that the observer becomes a part of the observed – to merge, blend, intermarry, lose identity in group experience. It means almost everything that we mean by religion, philosophy, and science and it means as little to us as color does to a blind man.[4][5]The Martian Race had encountered the people of the fifth planet, grokked them completely, and had taken action; asteroid ruins were all that remained, save that the Martians continued to praise and cherish the people they had destroyed.[4]All that groks is God.[6]","title":"Descriptions in Stranger in a Strange Land"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism"},{"link_name":"Stranger in a Strange Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land#Grok"},{"link_name":"Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian"},{"link_name":"Mars, where it is scarce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"immanence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanence"},{"link_name":"IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"William Tenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tenn"},{"link_name":"Venus and the Seven Sexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_the_Seven_Sexes"}],"text":"Robert A. Heinlein originally coined the term grok in his 1961 novel Stranger in a Strange Land as a Martian word that could not be defined in Earthling terms, but can be associated with various literal meanings such as \"water\", \"to drink\", \"to relate\", \"life\", or \"to live\", and had a much more profound figurative meaning that is hard for terrestrial culture to understand because of its assumption of a singular reality.According to the book, drinking water is a central focus on Mars, where it is scarce. Martians use the merging of their bodies with water as a simple example or symbol of how two entities can combine to create a new reality greater than the sum of its parts. The water becomes part of the drinker, and the drinker part of the water. Both grok each other. Things that once had separate realities become entangled in the same experiences, goals, history, and purpose. Within the book, the statement of divine immanence verbalized among the main characters, \"thou art God\", is logically derived from the concept inherent in the term grok.Heinlein describes Martian words as \"guttural\" and \"jarring\". Martian speech is described as sounding \"like a bullfrog fighting a cat\". Accordingly, grok is generally pronounced as a guttural gr terminated by a sharp k with very little or no vowel sound (a narrow IPA transcription might be [ɡɹ̩kʰ]). William Tenn suggests Heinlein in creating the word might have been influenced by Tenn's very similar concept of griggo, earlier introduced in Tenn's story \"Venus and the Seven Sexes\" (published in 1949). In his later afterword to the story, Tenn says Heinlein considered such influence \"very possible\".","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adoption and modern usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberculture"},{"link_name":"InfoWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jargon File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon_File"},{"link_name":"Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development"},{"link_name":"Perl Best Practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_Best_Practices"},{"link_name":"caches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"cURL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CURL"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curl-8"},{"link_name":"Cyberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberia_(book)"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"keystroke logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intercept-9"},{"link_name":"ElasticSearch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElasticSearch"},{"link_name":"Grokking the GIMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tinf2.vub.ac.be/~dvermeir/manuals/gimp/Grokking-the-GIMP-v1.0/index.html"}],"sub_title":"In computer programmer culture","text":"Uses of the word in the decades after the 1960s are more concentrated in computer culture, such as an InfoWorld columnist in 1984 imagining a computer saying, \"There isn't any software! Only different internal states of hardware. It's all hardware! It's a shame programmers don't grok that better.\"[7]The Jargon File, which describes itself as a \"Hacker's Dictionary\" and has been published under that name three times, puts grok in a programming context:When you claim to \"grok\" some knowledge or technique, you are asserting that you have not merely learned it in a detached instrumental way but that it has become part of you, part of your identity. For example, to say that you \"know\" Lisp is simply to assert that you can code in it if necessary – but to say you \"grok\" Lisp is to claim that you have deeply entered the world-view and spirit of the language, with the implication that it has transformed your view of programming. Contrast zen, which is a similar supernatural understanding experienced as a single brief flash.The entry existed in the very earliest forms of the Jargon File in the early 1980s. A typical tech usage from the Linux Bible, 2005 characterizes the Unix software development philosophy as \"one that can make your life a lot simpler once you grok the idea\".The book Perl Best Practices defines grok as understanding a portion of computer code in a profound way. It goes on to suggest that to re-grok code is to reload the intricacies of that portion of code into one's memory after some time has passed and all the details of it are no longer remembered. In that sense, to grok means to load everything into memory for immediate use. It is analogous to the way a processor caches memory for short term use, but the only implication by this reference was that it was something a human (or perhaps a Martian) would do.The main web page for cURL, an open source tool and programming library, describes the function of cURL as \"cURL groks URLs\".[8]The book Cyberia covers its use in this subculture extensively:This is all latter day usage, the original derivation was from an early text processing utility from so long ago that no one remembers but, grok was the output when it understood the file. K&R would remember.The keystroke logging software used by the NSA for its remote intelligence gathering operations is named GROK.[9]One of the most powerful parsing filters used in ElasticSearch software's logstash component is named grok.A reference book by Carey Bunks on the use of the GNU Image Manipulation Program is titled Grokking the GIMP","title":"Adoption and modern usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Counterculture of the 1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"Tom Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electric_Kool-Aid_Acid_Test"},{"link_name":"acid trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_experience"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolfe1968-10"},{"link_name":"John Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuirGregg1971-11"},{"link_name":"Robert Anton Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson"},{"link_name":"The Illuminatus! Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illuminatus!_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_Cat_Trilogy"}],"sub_title":"In counterculture","text":"See also: Counterculture of the 1960sTom Wolfe, in his book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968), describes a character's thoughts during an acid trip: \"He looks down, two bare legs, a torso rising up at him and like he is just noticing them for the first time ... he has never seen any of this flesh before, this stranger. He groks over that ...\"[10]In his counterculture Volkswagen repair manual, How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive: A Manual of Step-by-Step Procedures for the Compleat Idiot (1969), dropout aerospace engineer John Muir instructs prospective used VW buyers to \"grok the car\" before buying.[11]The word was used numerous times by Robert Anton Wilson in his works The Illuminatus! Trilogy and Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy.","title":"Adoption and modern usage"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg"},{"title":"Speculative fiction portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg"},{"title":"Linguistics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics"},{"title":"Anschauung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschauung"},{"title":"Kantian philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantianism"},{"title":"Appropriation (sociology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)"},{"title":"Being-in-the-world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being-in-the-world"},{"title":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"title":"Grokking (machine learning)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grokking_(machine_learning)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"generalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalization_(learning)"},{"title":"interpolation threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_threshold"},{"title":"Introjection vs assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introjection#Fritz_and_Laura_Perls"},{"title":"Knowledge by acquaintance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_by_acquaintance"},{"title":"Logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos"},{"title":"Phenomenology (psychology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)"},{"title":"Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"}]	[{"reference":"\"grok\". Oxford English Dictionary. 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=grok","url_text":"\"grok\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan (2008). The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction. Wesleyan University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8195-6889-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VQZtIqYCshEC&pg=PT67","url_text":"The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6889-2","url_text":"978-0-8195-6889-2"}]},{"reference":"Wright Sr., David E. (April 2008). \"Do Words Have Inherent Meaning?\". ETC: A Review of General Semantics. Vol. 65, no. 2. Institute of General Semantics 42578827. pp. 177–190. JSTOR 42578827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42578827","url_text":"42578827"}]},{"reference":"McGiveron, Rafeeq O. (2001). \"From Free Love to the Free-Fire Zone: Heinlein's Mars, 1939–1987\". Extrapolation. Vol. 42, no. 2. Kent State UP.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/db0060c4efb1ebd6d786815404df56b1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar","url_text":"\"From Free Love to the Free-Fire Zone: Heinlein's Mars, 1939–1987\""}]},{"reference":"Singer, Joseph William (November 1984). \"The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory\". The Yale Law Journal. Vol. 94, no. 1. pp. 1–70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Berger, Albert I. (March 1988). \"Theories of History and Social Order in \"Astounding Science Fiction\"\". Science Fiction Studies. 15 (1): 12–35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Doug Clapp (21 May 1984). \"The Sixth Generation\". Infoworld. p. 32. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uS4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32","url_text":"\"The Sixth Generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"curl groks URLs\". cURL. Retrieved 9 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://curl.haxx.se/","url_text":"\"curl groks URLs\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan Gallagher; Glenn Greenwald (12 March 2014). \"How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware\". The Intercept. Retrieved 23 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://theintercept.com/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/","url_text":"\"How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Wolfe (1968). The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. p. 96.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9io09MPj55EC&q=%22He+groks+over+that%22","url_text":"The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test"}]},{"reference":"John Muir; Tosh Gregg (1971). How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive. John Muir Publications. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-912528-33-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=guPXAAAAMAAJ&q=grok","url_text":"How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912528-33-5","url_text":"978-0-912528-33-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Grok\". The Jargon File (version 4.4.7). Retrieved 9 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/G/grok.html","url_text":"\"Grok\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon_File","url_text":"Jargon File"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Charles (February 2002). \"Grok and the Vanguard of Science\". Groks Science Radio Show and Podcast. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://grokscience.wordpress.com/groks/","url_text":"\"Grok and the Vanguard of Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"grok\". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grok","url_text":"\"grok\""}]},{"reference":"\"grok\". The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Incorporated. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/grokking","url_text":"\"grok\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://tinf2.vub.ac.be/~dvermeir/manuals/gimp/Grokking-the-GIMP-v1.0/index.html","external_links_name":"Grokking the GIMP"},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=grok","external_links_name":"\"grok\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VQZtIqYCshEC&pg=PT67","external_links_name":"The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42578827","external_links_name":"42578827"},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/db0060c4efb1ebd6d786815404df56b1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar","external_links_name":"\"From Free Love to the Free-Fire Zone: Heinlein's Mars, 1939–1987\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uS4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"\"The Sixth Generation\""},{"Link":"http://curl.haxx.se/","external_links_name":"\"curl groks URLs\""},{"Link":"https://theintercept.com/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/","external_links_name":"\"How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9io09MPj55EC&q=%22He+groks+over+that%22","external_links_name":"The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=guPXAAAAMAAJ&q=grok","external_links_name":"How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive"},{"Link":"http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/G/grok.html","external_links_name":"\"Grok\""},{"Link":"http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1646","external_links_name":"SF citations for grok"},{"Link":"https://grokscience.wordpress.com/groks/","external_links_name":"\"Grok and the Vanguard of Science\""},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grok","external_links_name":"\"grok\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/grokking","external_links_name":"\"grok\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Tagge	Jerry Tagge	["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 Post-football career and life","5 Career highlights","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	American gridiron football player (born 1950) Jerry TaggeNo. 8, 14, 17Born: (1950-04-12) April 12, 1950 (age 74)Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.Career informationCFL statusAmericanPosition(s)QBHeight6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight215 lb (98 kg)CollegeNebraskaHigh schoolGreen Bay West (Green Bay, Wisconsin)NFL draft1972, Round: 1, Pick: 11Drafted byGreen Bay PackersCareer historyAs player1972–1974Green Bay Packers1975San Antonio Wings1977–1979BC Lions Career highlights and awards Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy (1977) 2× National champion (1970, 1971) Second-team All-American (1971) CFL All-Star1977CFL West All-Star1977Career statsCmp–Att136–281Passing Yards1,583Touchdowns3Interceptions17 Jerry Lee Tagge (born April 12, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), World Football League (WFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers, leading them to consecutive national championships in 1970 and 1971. Tagge played professionally with the Green Bay Packers of the NFL from 1972 to 1974, the San Antonio Wings of the WFL in 1975, and the BC Lions of the CFL from 1977 to 1979. Early life Tagge was born at Offutt Air Force Base south of Omaha, Nebraska, the third child and second son of William Robert (Billy) Tagge and Lois Jurczyk Tagge. As a teenager in the mid-1960s in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Tagge sold concessions at Lambeau Field, the home of the Green Bay Packers, then coached by Vince Lombardi. He graduated from Green Bay West High School in 1968. College career Tagge played college football at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln under head coach Bob Devaney. In his sophomore year in 1969, Tagge rose to second-string quarterback for the Cornhuskers. His playing time increased until midway through his junior year when he took over the starting position from Van Brownson, leading the team to a 10–0–1 season and a matchup with LSU in the 1971 Orange Bowl. Tagge scored the game-winning touchdown in a 17–12 victory over the Tigers on a quarterback sneak, earning himself Most Valuable Player honors, and the Huskers the AP national championship for 1970. Both #1 Texas and #2 Ohio State lost their bowl games on New Year's Day. (Through the 1973 season, the final UPI coaches' poll was released in December, before the bowls.) In his senior season in 1971, Tagge quarterbacked the Huskers for the entire season, including the "Game of the Century" against the undefeated Oklahoma Sooners in Norman, a 35–31 victory on Thanksgiving Day. Nebraska crushed undefeated Alabama, 38–6, in the 1972 Orange Bowl, earning Tagge MVP honors for the second time. The Huskers finished 13–0 in 1971 and were a consensus choice, earning consecutive national titles. Nebraska had defeated the next three teams in the final AP poll: Oklahoma, Colorado (31–7 in Lincoln), and Alabama. Tagge then played in the Hula Bowl in Honolulu, leading the North to a 24–7 win over the South. Tagge was the first of three Nebraska Cornhuskers selected in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft, along with running back Jeff Kinney and defensive tackle Larry Jacobson. The eleventh overall pick, Tagge was the first quarterback selected. Professional career Tagge's performance earned the notice of Dan Devine, head coach of the Green Bay Packers. Devine was formerly the head coach at Missouri in the Big Eight Conference, through the 1970 season. On his recommendation, the Packers selected Tagge in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft (11th overall). Tagge did not enjoy the success in his hometown that he had at Nebraska, completing only three touchdown passes in 17 games played during three seasons from 1972 to 1974. Following the 1974 season, Devine left the Packers for Notre Dame. The Packers' new head coach was Bart Starr, who released Tagge during the 1975 preseason, in early September. Tagge signed with the San Antonio Wings of the short-lived World Football League. He started in the Wings' final game on October 19, 1975 and was intercepted five times; he ran for two touchdowns and threw for another. The Wings folded three days later with the rest of the WFL on October 22. Tagge then moved north to Canada to the CFL, joining the BC Lions in 1977. He finally saw plenty of playing time as a starter, and was awarded the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy in his first season. He played three seasons with BC, until a knee injury ended his career in 1979. Post-football career and life In 1981, Tagge moved to St. Louis, where he sold apartment buildings. He also met his future wife, Betty, whom he married the following year. He returned to Nebraska in 1986, initially selling life insurance, then founded Tagge-Rutherford Financial Services in Omaha, for which he serves as executive vice president. Career highlights As the Nebraska Cornhuskers' quarterback, he led his team to national titles in 1970 and 1971, was named Orange Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1971 and 1972 and shared honors as Hula Bowl MVP with Walt Patulski of Notre Dame, the first selection in the 1972 Draft. Additionally, Tagge was an All-American in 1971 and is a member of the University of Nebraska Hall of Fame. At Nebraska, Tagge threw for 5,071 yards, completing 377 of 637 passes (59.2%), 32 for touchdowns. He was a first-round draft choice, 11th overall, of the Green Bay Packers in 1972. In three years with the Packers, Tagge played 17 games completing 136 of 281 passes for 1583 yards,3 TDs, and 17 interceptions. In 1975, he played briefly for the Wings in the WFL, where completed 18 of 34 passes for 265 yards, 1 TD, and 5 interceptions. In 1977, he moved north to Canada, where he was named a CFL all-star and winner of the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy and runner-up for the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award. In 1977, he completed 232 of 405 passes for 2787 yards, and in 1978, he hit 243 of 430 passes for 3134 yards. He played part of the 1979 season before injuries forced him to retire. As a professional quarterback, Tagge had 718 completions in 1,304 attempts for 9,277 yards and 38 TDs. See also List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders References ^ Hendricks, Martin (October 7, 2009). "Years later, Tagge is finally at peace". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved November 10, 2013. ^ "Tagge cut by Packers". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. September 5, 1975. p. 17. ^ Hofmann, Dale (September 6, 1975). "Packers cut Tagge, but he won't give up". Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 1, part 2. ^ "Steamer, 41-31". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. October 20, 1975. p. 6C. ^ "WFL finally drowns in its own red ink". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. October 23, 1975. p. 6C. Buechler, August F., History of Hall County, Nebraska. Western Publishing and Engraving, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1920. Kelly, Michael, "Tagge Finds Peace Off Field," Omaha World-Herald, October 3, 2004. Rodgers, Johnny, An Era of Greatness. Champion Publishing, Inc., 2006. External links Career statistics and player information from Pro Football Reference · vteNebraska Cornhuskers starting quarterbacks Gerrard Morrow Pace Spooner Placek Cowgill Elliot Drain Benedict Morse Cooke Bentley Warner Potter Towle Cook Newman McGlasson Preston Hartley Lewellen Bloodgood J. Brown Marrow Bronson Russell Peaker Manley L. Brown Masterson Bauer LaNoue Howell Phelps Petsch Cooper Wilkins Dedrick Gillaspie Vacanti Wiegand C. Fischer Nagle Bordogna Erway Stinnett Harshman Tolly P. Fischer Claridge Faiman Duda Churchich Patrick Sigler Brownson Tagge Humm Luck Ferragamo Sorley Quinn Mauer Gill Mathison Sundberg Turner Clayton S. Taylor Blakeman Gdowski Joseph McCant Grant Frazier Berringer Turman Frost Christo Newcombe Crouch Lord Dailey Z. Taylor Keller Ganz Z. Lee Green T. Martinez Armstrong Kellogg Fyfe T. Lee A. Martinez Bunch Vedral McCaffrey Smothers Thompson Purdy Sims Haarberg vte1970 Nebraska Cornhuskers football—AP national champions Joe Blahak Doug Dumler Rich Glover Willie Harper Larry Jacobson Carl Johnson Monte Johnson Jeff Kinney Dave Mason Bob Newton Bill Olds Joe Orduna Johnny Rodgers Jerry Tagge Ted Vactor Keith Wortman Head coach: Bob Devaney Assistant coaches: Cletus Fischer Monte Kiffin Tom Osborne Warren Powers Carl Selmer Bill Thornton vte1971 Nebraska Cornhuskers football—consensus national champions Joe Blahak Burton Burns Maury Damkroger Doug Dumler John Dutton Rich Glover Willie Harper David Humm Larry Jacobson Carl Johnson Monte Johnson Jeff Kinney Dave Mason Bill Olds Tom Pate Johnny Rodgers Jerry Tagge Don Westbrook Keith Wortman Head coach: Bob Devaney Assistant coaches: Cletus Fischer Monte Kiffin Tom Osborne Warren Powers Carl Selmer Bill Thornton Jim Walden vteGreen Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Adolph Kliebhan (1921) Norman Barry (1921) Charlie Mathys (1922–1926) Curly Lambeau (1925) Pid Purdy (1926) Red Dunn (1927–1931) Bullet Baker (1928–1929) Jack Evans (1929) Arnie Herber (1930–1940) Paul Fitzgibbon (1931) Roger Grove (1931) Cecil Isbell (1938–1942) Hal Van Every (1940) Tony Canadeo (1942–1943) Irv Comp (1943–1948) Roy McKay (1945) Cliff Aberson (1946) Jack Jacobs (1947–1949) Perry Moss (1948) Earl Girard (1949) Stan Heath (1949) Tobin Rote (1950–1956) Bobby Thomason (1951) Babe Parilli (1952–1953, 1957–1958) Bart Starr (1956–1971) Joe Francis (1958) Lamar McHan (1959–1960) John Roach (1963) Zeke Bratkowski (1966–1968, 1971) Don Horn (1969–1970) Scott Hunter (1971–1973) Jerry Tagge (1973–1974) Jim Del Gaizo (1973) John Hadl (1974–1975) Jack Concannon (1974) Don Milan (1975) Lynn Dickey (1976–1977, 1979–1985) Carlos Brown (1976) Randy Johnson (1976) David Whitehurst (1977–1979, 1981) Randy Wright (1984–1988) Jim Zorn (1985) Don Majkowski (1987–1992) Alan Risher (1987) Anthony Dilweg (1990) Blair Kiel (1990–1991) Mike Tomczak (1991) Brett Favre (1992–2007) Aaron Rodgers (2008–2022) Matt Flynn (2010–2011, 2013) Seneca Wallace (2013) Scott Tolzien (2013) Brett Hundley (2017) Jordan Love (2021, 2023–present) vteBC Lions starting quarterbacks Mazur Tuttle Robillard Galiffa Clinkscale Teresa Gustafson Villanueva M. Duncan Vann Herring Dorow R. Duncan Walden Keeley Schloredt Kapp Faloney Schichtle Ohler Parker Brothers Moorhead Bunce Douglas Liske Guthrie Sciarra Cassata Tagge Keithley Paopao Dewalt Nott Cowan Vavra Dunigan Foggie Flutie Barrett Kimbrough Johnson Renfroe McManus Austin Caravatta Ware Allen Corbin Dickenson Wynn Printers Pierce Jackson Lulay Reilly DeMarco Glenn Beck Jennings O'Brien Rourke O'Connor Pipkin Adams Evans vte1972 NFL draft first-round selections Walt Patulski Sherman White Lionel Antoine Bobby Moore Riley Odoms Greg Sampson Willie Buchanon Royce Smith Jerome Barkum Jeff Siemon Jerry Tagge Craig Clemons Franco Harris John Reaves Clarence Ellis Herb Orvis Eldridge Small Thom Darden Terry Beasley Mike Taylor Mike Siani Tom Drougas Jeff Kinney Larry Jacobson Mike Kadish Bill Thomas vteGreen Bay Packers 1972 NFL draft selections Willie Buchanon Jerry Tagge Chester Marcol Eric Patton Nathaniel Ross Dave Pureifory Bob Hudson Bill Bushong Leland Glass Keith Wortman David Bailey Mike Rich Jesse Lakes Larry Hefner Rich Thone Charles Burrell vteGreen Bay Packers first-round draft picks Letlow Jankowski Isbell Buhler Van Every Paskvan Odson Wildung Pregulman Schlinkman Strzykalski Case Girard Heath Tonnemaker Gain Parilli Carmichael Hunter Switzer Bettis Losch Hornung Kramer Currie Duncan Moore Adderley Gros Robinson Voss Anderson Elkins Grabowski Gillingham Hyland Horn Carr Lueck Moore McCoy McGeorge Brockington Buchanon Tagge Barry Smith Barty Smith Koncar Butler E. Johnson Lofton J. Anderson Ivery B. Clark Cumby Campbell Hallstrom Lewis Carreker Ruettgers Fullwood Sharpe Mandarich Bennett Thompson V. Clark Buckley Simmons Teague Taylor Newsome Michels Verba Holliday Edwards Franks Reynolds J. Walker Barnett Carroll Rodgers Hawk Harrell Raji Matthews Bulaga Sherrod Perry Jones Clinton-Dix Randall K. Clark Alexander Gary Savage Love Stokes Q. Walker Wyatt Van Ness Morgan vteJeff Nicklin Memorial TrophyJeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy winners (1946–1972)Prior to 1973, the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy was awarded in the WIFU/WFC to the player considered to be the most valuable to his team. 1946: Wusyk 1947: Sandberg 1948: Spaith 1949: Spaith 1950: Berry 1951: Dobbs 1952: Jacobs 1953: Johnson 1954: Parker 1955: Carpenter 1956: Parker 1957: Parker 1958: Parker 1959: Parker 1960: Parker 1961: Parker 1962: Day 1963: Kapp 1964: Brown 1965: Reed 1966: Lancaster 1967: Liske 1968: Lancaster 1969: Lancaster 1970: Lancaster 1971: Jonas 1972: HerronJeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy winners (1973–present)From 1973, the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy is awarded to the West Division's Most Outstanding Player. 1973: McGowan 1974: Wilkinson 1975: Burden 1976: Lancaster 1977: Tagge 1978: Wilkinson 1979: Smith 1980: Brock 1981: Brock 1982: Scott 1983: Moon 1984: Reaves 1985: Fernandez 1986: Murphy 1987: Kelly 1988: Williams 1989: Ham 1990: Ellis 1991: Flutie 1992: Flutie 1993: Flutie 1994: Flutie 1995: Sapunjis 1996: Mimbs 1997: Garcia 1998: Anderson 1999: Pitts 2000: Dickenson 2001: Anderson 2002: Stegall 2003: Dickenson 2004: Printers 2005: Holmes 2006: Simon 2007: Joseph 2008: Burris 2009: Reynolds 2010: Burris 2011: Lulay 2012: Cornish 2013: Cornish 2014: Elimimian 2015: Mitchell 2016: Mitchell 2017: Reilly 2018: Mitchell 2019: Fajardo 2021: Collaros 2022: Collaros 2023: OliveiraMost Outstanding Player in the Western Interprovincial Football Union or Western Football Conference (1946–1972)Prior to 1973, the WIFU/WFC's Most Outstanding Player was separate from the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy. 1953: Vessels 1954: Miles 1955: Parker, Carpenter 1956: Parker 1957: Parker 1958: Parker 1959: Bright 1960: Parker 1961: Parker 1962: Coffey 1963: Kapp 1964: Coleman 1965: Reed 1966: Lancaster 1967: Liske 1968: Reed 1969: Reed 1970: Lancaster 1971: Jonas 1972: Herron	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"World Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football"},{"link_name":"national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Wings"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"}],"text":"Jerry Lee Tagge (born April 12, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), World Football League (WFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers, leading them to consecutive national championships in 1970 and 1971. Tagge played professionally with the Green Bay Packers of the NFL from 1972 to 1974, the San Antonio Wings of the WFL in 1975, and the BC Lions of the CFL from 1977 to 1979.","title":"Jerry Tagge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Offutt Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offutt_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Lambeau Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeau_Field"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Vince Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Lombardi"},{"link_name":"Green Bay West High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_West_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yljtifap-1"}],"text":"Tagge was born at Offutt Air Force Base south of Omaha, Nebraska, the third child and second son of William Robert (Billy) Tagge and Lois Jurczyk Tagge.As a teenager in the mid-1960s in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Tagge sold concessions at Lambeau Field, the home of the Green Bay Packers, then coached by Vince Lombardi. He graduated from Green Bay West High School in 1968.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska–Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Bob Devaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Devaney"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"1971 Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Texas_Longhorns_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team"},{"link_name":"bowl games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"1973 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_NCAA_Division_I_football_season"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Game of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_the_Century_(college_football)"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"1972 Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"national titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_National_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes_football"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Hula Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"1972 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Jeff Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kinney_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Larry Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Jacobson"}],"text":"Tagge played college football at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln under head coach Bob Devaney. In his sophomore year in 1969, Tagge rose to second-string quarterback for the Cornhuskers. His playing time increased until midway through his junior year when he took over the starting position from Van Brownson, leading the team to a 10–0–1 season and a matchup with LSU in the 1971 Orange Bowl. Tagge scored the game-winning touchdown in a 17–12 victory over the Tigers on a quarterback sneak, earning himself Most Valuable Player honors, and the Huskers the AP national championship for 1970. Both #1 Texas and #2 Ohio State lost their bowl games on New Year's Day. (Through the 1973 season, the final UPI coaches' poll was released in December, before the bowls.)In his senior season in 1971, Tagge quarterbacked the Huskers for the entire season, including the \"Game of the Century\" against the undefeated Oklahoma Sooners in Norman, a 35–31 victory on Thanksgiving Day. Nebraska crushed undefeated Alabama, 38–6, in the 1972 Orange Bowl, earning Tagge MVP honors for the second time. The Huskers finished 13–0 in 1971 and were a consensus choice, earning consecutive national titles. Nebraska had defeated the next three teams in the final AP poll: Oklahoma, Colorado (31–7 in Lincoln), and Alabama. Tagge then played in the Hula Bowl in Honolulu, leading the North to a 24–7 win over the South.Tagge was the first of three Nebraska Cornhuskers selected in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft, along with running back Jeff Kinney and defensive tackle Larry Jacobson. The eleventh overall pick, Tagge was the first quarterback selected.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Devine"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"1972 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bart Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Starr"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcbpc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pctbwgu-3"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Wings"},{"link_name":"World Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stmr43-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfdrns-5"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"CFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Nicklin_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_CFL_season"}],"text":"Tagge's performance earned the notice of Dan Devine, head coach of the Green Bay Packers. Devine was formerly the head coach at Missouri in the Big Eight Conference, through the 1970 season. On his recommendation, the Packers selected Tagge in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft (11th overall). Tagge did not enjoy the success in his hometown that he had at Nebraska, completing only three touchdown passes in 17 games played during three seasons from 1972 to 1974. Following the 1974 season, Devine left the Packers for Notre Dame. The Packers' new head coach was Bart Starr, who released Tagge during the 1975 preseason, in early September.[2][3]Tagge signed with the San Antonio Wings of the short-lived World Football League. He started in the Wings' final game on October 19, 1975 and was intercepted five times; he ran for two touchdowns and threw for another.[4] The Wings folded three days later with the rest of the WFL on October 22.[5]Tagge then moved north to Canada to the CFL, joining the BC Lions in 1977. He finally saw plenty of playing time as a starter, and was awarded the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy in his first season. He played three seasons with BC, until a knee injury ended his career in 1979.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"}],"text":"In 1981, Tagge moved to St. Louis, where he sold apartment buildings. He also met his future wife, Betty, whom he married the following year. He returned to Nebraska in 1986, initially selling life insurance, then founded Tagge-Rutherford Financial Services in Omaha, for which he serves as executive vice president.","title":"Post-football career and life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Bowl_(game)"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Hula Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Walt Patulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Patulski"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish"},{"link_name":"1972 Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"WFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Nicklin_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFL%27s_Most_Outstanding_Player_Award"}],"text":"As the Nebraska Cornhuskers' quarterback, he led his team to national titles in 1970 and 1971, was named Orange Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1971 and 1972 and shared honors as Hula Bowl MVP with Walt Patulski of Notre Dame, the first selection in the 1972 Draft. Additionally, Tagge was an All-American in 1971 and is a member of the University of Nebraska Hall of Fame.At Nebraska, Tagge threw for 5,071 yards, completing 377 of 637 passes (59.2%), 32 for touchdowns. He was a first-round draft choice, 11th overall, of the Green Bay Packers in 1972.In three years with the Packers, Tagge played 17 games completing 136 of 281 passes for 1583 yards,3 TDs, and 17 interceptions. In 1975, he played briefly for the Wings in the WFL, where completed 18 of 34 passes for 265 yards, 1 TD, and 5 interceptions.In 1977, he moved north to Canada, where he was named a CFL all-star and winner of the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy and runner-up for the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award. In 1977, he completed 232 of 405 passes for 2787 yards, and in 1978, he hit 243 of 430 passes for 3134 yards. He played part of the 1979 season before injuries forced him to retire.As a professional quarterback, Tagge had 718 completions in 1,304 attempts for 9,277 yards and 38 TDs.","title":"Career highlights"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_major_college_football_yearly_passing_leaders"}]	[{"reference":"Hendricks, Martin (October 7, 2009). \"Years later, Tagge is finally at peace\". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved November 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/sports/packers/63625577.html","url_text":"\"Years later, Tagge is finally at peace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tagge cut by Packers\". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. September 5, 1975. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U8opAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yvgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4016%2C2123919","url_text":"\"Tagge cut by Packers\""}]},{"reference":"Hofmann, Dale (September 6, 1975). \"Packers cut Tagge, but he won't give up\". Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 1, part 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=C4BQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zhEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4771%2C1032014","url_text":"\"Packers cut Tagge, but he won't give up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steamer, 41-31\". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. October 20, 1975. p. 6C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JtZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JuADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3651%2C6203816","url_text":"\"Steamer, 41-31\""}]},{"reference":"\"WFL finally drowns in its own red ink\". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. October 23, 1975. p. 6C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KdZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JuADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6812%2C7026439","url_text":"\"WFL finally drowns in its own red ink\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.jsonline.com/sports/packers/63625577.html","external_links_name":"\"Years later, Tagge is finally at peace\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U8opAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yvgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4016%2C2123919","external_links_name":"\"Tagge cut by Packers\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=C4BQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zhEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4771%2C1032014","external_links_name":"\"Packers cut Tagge, but he won't give up\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JtZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JuADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3651%2C6203816","external_links_name":"\"Steamer, 41-31\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KdZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JuADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6812%2C7026439","external_links_name":"\"WFL finally drowns in its own red ink\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaggJe00.htm","external_links_name":"Pro Football Reference"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_strategy	Control theory	["1 History","2 Open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control","3 Classical control theory","4 Linear and nonlinear control theory","5 Analysis techniques - frequency domain and time domain","6 System interfacing - SISO & MIMO","6.1 Classical SISO system design","6.2 Modern MIMO system design","7 Topics in control theory","7.1 Stability","7.2 Controllability and observability","7.3 Control specification","7.4 Model identification and robustness","8 System classifications","8.1 Linear systems control","8.2 Nonlinear systems control","8.3 Decentralized systems control","8.4 Deterministic and stochastic systems control","9 Main control strategies","10 People in systems and control","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]	Branch of engineering and mathematics This article is about control theory in engineering. For control theory in linguistics, see control (linguistics). For control theory in psychology and sociology, see control theory (sociology) and Perceptual control theory. This is currently being merged. After a discussion, consensus to merge this with content from Classical control theory was found. You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at Help:Merging and the resolution on the discussion. Process started in March 2023. Control theory is a field of control engineering and applied mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any delay, overshoot, or steady-state error and ensuring a level of control stability; often with the aim to achieve a degree of optimality. To do this, a controller with the requisite corrective behavior is required. This controller monitors the controlled process variable (PV), and compares it with the reference or set point (SP). The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the error signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are controllability and observability. Control theory is used in control system engineering to design automation that have revolutionized manufacturing, aircraft, communications and other industries, and created new fields such as robotics. Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the block diagram. In it the transfer function, also known as the system function or network function, is a mathematical model of the relation between the input and output based on the differential equations describing the system. Control theory dates from the 19th century, when the theoretical basis for the operation of governors was first described by James Clerk Maxwell. Control theory was further advanced by Edward Routh in 1874, Charles Sturm and in 1895, Adolf Hurwitz, who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria; and from 1922 onwards, the development of PID control theory by Nicolas Minorsky. Although a major application of mathematical control theory is in control systems engineering, which deals with the design of process control systems for industry, other applications range far beyond this. As the general theory of feedback systems, control theory is useful wherever feedback occurs - thus control theory also has applications in life sciences, computer engineering, sociology and operations research. History See also: Control engineering § History Centrifugal governor in a Boulton & Watt engine of 1788 Although control systems of various types date back to antiquity, a more formal analysis of the field began with a dynamics analysis of the centrifugal governor, conducted by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1868, entitled On Governors. A centrifugal governor was already used to regulate the velocity of windmills. Maxwell described and analyzed the phenomenon of self-oscillation, in which lags in the system may lead to overcompensation and unstable behavior. This generated a flurry of interest in the topic, during which Maxwell's classmate, Edward John Routh, abstracted Maxwell's results for the general class of linear systems. Independently, Adolf Hurwitz analyzed system stability using differential equations in 1877, resulting in what is now known as the Routh–Hurwitz theorem. A notable application of dynamic control was in the area of crewed flight. The Wright brothers made their first successful test flights on December 17, 1903, and were distinguished by their ability to control their flights for substantial periods (more so than the ability to produce lift from an airfoil, which was known). Continuous, reliable control of the airplane was necessary for flights lasting longer than a few seconds. By World War II, control theory was becoming an important area of research. Irmgard Flügge-Lotz developed the theory of discontinuous automatic control systems, and applied the bang-bang principle to the development of automatic flight control equipment for aircraft. Other areas of application for discontinuous controls included fire-control systems, guidance systems and electronics. Sometimes, mechanical methods are used to improve the stability of systems. For example, ship stabilizers are fins mounted beneath the waterline and emerging laterally. In contemporary vessels, they may be gyroscopically controlled active fins, which have the capacity to change their angle of attack to counteract roll caused by wind or waves acting on the ship. The Space Race also depended on accurate spacecraft control, and control theory has also seen an increasing use in fields such as economics and artificial intelligence. Here, one might say that the goal is to find an internal model that obeys the good regulator theorem. So, for example, in economics, the more accurately a (stock or commodities) trading model represents the actions of the market, the more easily it can control that market (and extract "useful work" (profits) from it). In AI, an example might be a chatbot modelling the discourse state of humans: the more accurately it can model the human state (e.g. on a telephone voice-support hotline), the better it can manipulate the human (e.g. into performing the corrective actions to resolve the problem that caused the phone call to the help-line). These last two examples take the narrow historical interpretation of control theory as a set of differential equations modeling and regulating kinetic motion, and broaden it into a vast generalization of a regulator interacting with a plant. Open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control This section is an excerpt from Control loop § Open-loop and closed-loop. Fundamentally, there are two types of control loop: open-loop control (feedforward), and closed-loop control (feedback). An electromechanical timer, normally used for open-loop control based purely on a timing sequence, with no feedback from the process In open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" (or "controlled process variable"). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler, but the controlled variable should be the building temperature, but is not because this is open-loop control of the boiler, which does not give closed-loop control of the temperature. In closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy this would include a thermostat to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feed back a signal to ensure the controller maintains the building at the temperature set on the thermostat. A closed loop controller therefore has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output the same as the "reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers. The definition of a closed loop control system according to the British Standards Institution is "a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero." Likewise; "A Feedback Control System is a system which tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control." Classical control theory This section is an excerpt from Closed-loop controller. Example of a single industrial control loop; showing continuously modulated control of process flow. A closed-loop controller or feedback controller is a control loop which incorporates feedback, in contrast to an open-loop controller or non-feedback controller. A closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system. Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g., voltage applied to an electric motor) have an effect on the process outputs (e.g., speed or torque of the motor), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is "fed back" as input to the process, closing the loop. In the case of linear feedback systems, a control loop including sensors, control algorithms, and actuators is arranged in an attempt to regulate a variable at a setpoint (SP). An everyday example is the cruise control on a road vehicle; where external influences such as hills would cause speed changes, and the driver has the ability to alter the desired set speed. The PID algorithm in the controller restores the actual speed to the desired speed in an optimum way, with minimal delay or overshoot, by controlling the power output of the vehicle's engine. Control systems that include some sensing of the results they are trying to achieve are making use of feedback and can adapt to varying circumstances to some extent. Open-loop control systems do not make use of feedback, and run only in pre-arranged ways. Closed-loop controllers have the following advantages over open-loop controllers: disturbance rejection (such as hills in the cruise control example above) guaranteed performance even with model uncertainties, when the model structure does not match perfectly the real process and the model parameters are not exact unstable processes can be stabilized reduced sensitivity to parameter variations improved reference tracking performance improved rectification of random fluctuations In some systems, closed-loop and open-loop control are used simultaneously. In such systems, the open-loop control is termed feedforward and serves to further improve reference tracking performance. A common closed-loop controller architecture is the PID controller. A basic feedback loop Linear and nonlinear control theory The field of control theory can be divided into two branches: Linear control theory – This applies to systems made of devices which obey the superposition principle, which means roughly that the output is proportional to the input. They are governed by linear differential equations. A major subclass is systems which in addition have parameters which do not change with time, called linear time invariant (LTI) systems. These systems are amenable to powerful frequency domain mathematical techniques of great generality, such as the Laplace transform, Fourier transform, Z transform, Bode plot, root locus, and Nyquist stability criterion. These lead to a description of the system using terms like bandwidth, frequency response, eigenvalues, gain, resonant frequencies, zeros and poles, which give solutions for system response and design techniques for most systems of interest. Nonlinear control theory – This covers a wider class of systems that do not obey the superposition principle, and applies to more real-world systems because all real control systems are nonlinear. These systems are often governed by nonlinear differential equations. The few mathematical techniques which have been developed to handle them are more difficult and much less general, often applying only to narrow categories of systems. These include limit cycle theory, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov stability theorem, and describing functions. Nonlinear systems are often analyzed using numerical methods on computers, for example by simulating their operation using a simulation language. If only solutions near a stable point are of interest, nonlinear systems can often be linearized by approximating them by a linear system using perturbation theory, and linear techniques can be used. Analysis techniques - frequency domain and time domain Mathematical techniques for analyzing and designing control systems fall into two different categories: Frequency domain – In this type the values of the state variables, the mathematical variables representing the system's input, output and feedback are represented as functions of frequency. The input signal and the system's transfer function are converted from time functions to functions of frequency by a transform such as the Fourier transform, Laplace transform, or Z transform. The advantage of this technique is that it results in a simplification of the mathematics; the differential equations that represent the system are replaced by algebraic equations in the frequency domain which is much simpler to solve. However, frequency domain techniques can only be used with linear systems, as mentioned above. Time-domain state space representation – In this type the values of the state variables are represented as functions of time. With this model, the system being analyzed is represented by one or more differential equations. Since frequency domain techniques are limited to linear systems, time domain is widely used to analyze real-world nonlinear systems. Although these are more difficult to solve, modern computer simulation techniques such as simulation languages have made their analysis routine. In contrast to the frequency domain analysis of the classical control theory, modern control theory utilizes the time-domain state space representation, a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations. To abstract from the number of inputs, outputs, and states, the variables are expressed as vectors and the differential and algebraic equations are written in matrix form (the latter only being possible when the dynamical system is linear). The state space representation (also known as the "time-domain approach") provides a convenient and compact way to model and analyze systems with multiple inputs and outputs. With inputs and outputs, we would otherwise have to write down Laplace transforms to encode all the information about a system. Unlike the frequency domain approach, the use of the state-space representation is not limited to systems with linear components and zero initial conditions. "State space" refers to the space whose axes are the state variables. The state of the system can be represented as a point within that space. System interfacing - SISO & MIMO Control systems can be divided into different categories depending on the number of inputs and outputs. Single-input single-output (SISO) – This is the simplest and most common type, in which one output is controlled by one control signal. Examples are the cruise control example above, or an audio system, in which the control input is the input audio signal and the output is the sound waves from the speaker. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) – These are found in more complicated systems. For example, modern large telescopes such as the Keck and MMT have mirrors composed of many separate segments each controlled by an actuator. The shape of the entire mirror is constantly adjusted by a MIMO active optics control system using input from multiple sensors at the focal plane, to compensate for changes in the mirror shape due to thermal expansion, contraction, stresses as it is rotated and distortion of the wavefront due to turbulence in the atmosphere. Complicated systems such as nuclear reactors and human cells are simulated by a computer as large MIMO control systems. Classical SISO system design The scope of classical control theory is limited to single-input and single-output (SISO) system design, except when analyzing for disturbance rejection using a second input. The system analysis is carried out in the time domain using differential equations, in the complex-s domain with the Laplace transform, or in the frequency domain by transforming from the complex-s domain. Many systems may be assumed to have a second order and single variable system response in the time domain. A controller designed using classical theory often requires on-site tuning due to incorrect design approximations. Yet, due to the easier physical implementation of classical controller designs as compared to systems designed using modern control theory, these controllers are preferred in most industrial applications. The most common controllers designed using classical control theory are PID controllers. A less common implementation may include either or both a Lead or Lag filter. The ultimate end goal is to meet requirements typically provided in the time-domain called the step response, or at times in the frequency domain called the open-loop response. The step response characteristics applied in a specification are typically percent overshoot, settling time, etc. The open-loop response characteristics applied in a specification are typically Gain and Phase margin and bandwidth. These characteristics may be evaluated through simulation including a dynamic model of the system under control coupled with the compensation model. Modern MIMO system design Modern control theory is carried out in the state space, and can deal with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems. This overcomes the limitations of classical control theory in more sophisticated design problems, such as fighter aircraft control, with the limitation that no frequency domain analysis is possible. In modern design, a system is represented to the greatest advantage as a set of decoupled first order differential equations defined using state variables. Nonlinear, multivariable, adaptive and robust control theories come under this division. Matrix methods are significantly limited for MIMO systems where linear independence cannot be assured in the relationship between inputs and outputs. Being fairly new, modern control theory has many areas yet to be explored. Scholars like Rudolf E. Kálmán and Aleksandr Lyapunov are well known among the people who have shaped modern control theory. Topics in control theory Stability The stability of a general dynamical system with no input can be described with Lyapunov stability criteria. A linear system is called bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable if its output will stay bounded for any bounded input. Stability for nonlinear systems that take an input is input-to-state stability (ISS), which combines Lyapunov stability and a notion similar to BIBO stability. For simplicity, the following descriptions focus on continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems. Mathematically, this means that for a causal linear system to be stable all of the poles of its transfer function must have negative-real values, i.e. the real part of each pole must be less than zero. Practically speaking, stability requires that the transfer function complex poles reside in the open left half of the complex plane for continuous time, when the Laplace transform is used to obtain the transfer function. inside the unit circle for discrete time, when the Z-transform is used. The difference between the two cases is simply due to the traditional method of plotting continuous time versus discrete time transfer functions. The continuous Laplace transform is in Cartesian coordinates where the x {\displaystyle x} axis is the real axis and the discrete Z-transform is in circular coordinates where the ρ {\displaystyle \rho } axis is the real axis. When the appropriate conditions above are satisfied a system is said to be asymptotically stable; the variables of an asymptotically stable control system always decrease from their initial value and do not show permanent oscillations. Permanent oscillations occur when a pole has a real part exactly equal to zero (in the continuous time case) or a modulus equal to one (in the discrete time case). If a simply stable system response neither decays nor grows over time, and has no oscillations, it is marginally stable; in this case the system transfer function has non-repeated poles at the complex plane origin (i.e. their real and complex component is zero in the continuous time case). Oscillations are present when poles with real part equal to zero have an imaginary part not equal to zero. If a system in question has an impulse response of x [ n ] = 0.5 n u [ n ] {\displaystyle \ x=0.5^{n}u} then the Z-transform (see this example), is given by X ( z ) = 1 1 − 0.5 z − 1 {\displaystyle \ X(z)={\frac {1}{1-0.5z^{-1}}}} which has a pole in z = 0.5 {\displaystyle z=0.5} (zero imaginary part). This system is BIBO (asymptotically) stable since the pole is inside the unit circle. However, if the impulse response was x [ n ] = 1.5 n u [ n ] {\displaystyle \ x=1.5^{n}u} then the Z-transform is X ( z ) = 1 1 − 1.5 z − 1 {\displaystyle \ X(z)={\frac {1}{1-1.5z^{-1}}}} which has a pole at z = 1.5 {\displaystyle z=1.5} and is not BIBO stable since the pole has a modulus strictly greater than one. Numerous tools exist for the analysis of the poles of a system. These include graphical systems like the root locus, Bode plots or the Nyquist plots. Mechanical changes can make equipment (and control systems) more stable. Sailors add ballast to improve the stability of ships. Cruise ships use antiroll fins that extend transversely from the side of the ship for perhaps 30 feet (10 m) and are continuously rotated about their axes to develop forces that oppose the roll. Controllability and observability Main articles: Controllability and Observability Controllability and observability are main issues in the analysis of a system before deciding the best control strategy to be applied, or whether it is even possible to control or stabilize the system. Controllability is related to the possibility of forcing the system into a particular state by using an appropriate control signal. If a state is not controllable, then no signal will ever be able to control the state. If a state is not controllable, but its dynamics are stable, then the state is termed stabilizable. Observability instead is related to the possibility of observing, through output measurements, the state of a system. If a state is not observable, the controller will never be able to determine the behavior of an unobservable state and hence cannot use it to stabilize the system. However, similar to the stabilizability condition above, if a state cannot be observed it might still be detectable. From a geometrical point of view, looking at the states of each variable of the system to be controlled, every "bad" state of these variables must be controllable and observable to ensure a good behavior in the closed-loop system. That is, if one of the eigenvalues of the system is not both controllable and observable, this part of the dynamics will remain untouched in the closed-loop system. If such an eigenvalue is not stable, the dynamics of this eigenvalue will be present in the closed-loop system which therefore will be unstable. Unobservable poles are not present in the transfer function realization of a state-space representation, which is why sometimes the latter is preferred in dynamical systems analysis. Solutions to problems of an uncontrollable or unobservable system include adding actuators and sensors. Control specification Several different control strategies have been devised in the past years. These vary from extremely general ones (PID controller), to others devoted to very particular classes of systems (especially robotics or aircraft cruise control). A control problem can have several specifications. Stability, of course, is always present. The controller must ensure that the closed-loop system is stable, regardless of the open-loop stability. A poor choice of controller can even worsen the stability of the open-loop system, which must normally be avoided. Sometimes it would be desired to obtain particular dynamics in the closed loop: i.e. that the poles have R e [ λ ] < − λ ¯ {\displaystyle Re<-{\overline {\lambda }}} , where λ ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\lambda }}} is a fixed value strictly greater than zero, instead of simply asking that R e [ λ ] < 0 {\displaystyle Re<0} . Another typical specification is the rejection of a step disturbance; including an integrator in the open-loop chain (i.e. directly before the system under control) easily achieves this. Other classes of disturbances need different types of sub-systems to be included. Other "classical" control theory specifications regard the time-response of the closed-loop system. These include the rise time (the time needed by the control system to reach the desired value after a perturbation), peak overshoot (the highest value reached by the response before reaching the desired value) and others (settling time, quarter-decay). Frequency domain specifications are usually related to robustness (see after). Modern performance assessments use some variation of integrated tracking error (IAE, ISA, CQI). Model identification and robustness A control system must always have some robustness property. A robust controller is such that its properties do not change much if applied to a system slightly different from the mathematical one used for its synthesis. This requirement is important, as no real physical system truly behaves like the series of differential equations used to represent it mathematically. Typically a simpler mathematical model is chosen in order to simplify calculations, otherwise, the true system dynamics can be so complicated that a complete model is impossible. System identification Further information: System identification The process of determining the equations that govern the model's dynamics is called system identification. This can be done off-line: for example, executing a series of measures from which to calculate an approximated mathematical model, typically its transfer function or matrix. Such identification from the output, however, cannot take account of unobservable dynamics. Sometimes the model is built directly starting from known physical equations, for example, in the case of a mass-spring-damper system we know that m x ¨ ( t ) = − K x ( t ) − B x ˙ ( t ) {\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}(t)=-Kx(t)-\mathrm {B} {\dot {x}}(t)} . Even assuming that a "complete" model is used in designing the controller, all the parameters included in these equations (called "nominal parameters") are never known with absolute precision; the control system will have to behave correctly even when connected to a physical system with true parameter values away from nominal. Some advanced control techniques include an "on-line" identification process (see later). The parameters of the model are calculated ("identified") while the controller itself is running. In this way, if a drastic variation of the parameters ensues, for example, if the robot's arm releases a weight, the controller will adjust itself consequently in order to ensure the correct performance. Analysis Analysis of the robustness of a SISO (single input single output) control system can be performed in the frequency domain, considering the system's transfer function and using Nyquist and Bode diagrams. Topics include gain and phase margin and amplitude margin. For MIMO (multi-input multi output) and, in general, more complicated control systems, one must consider the theoretical results devised for each control technique (see next section). I.e., if particular robustness qualities are needed, the engineer must shift their attention to a control technique by including these qualities in its properties. Constraints A particular robustness issue is the requirement for a control system to perform properly in the presence of input and state constraints. In the physical world every signal is limited. It could happen that a controller will send control signals that cannot be followed by the physical system, for example, trying to rotate a valve at excessive speed. This can produce undesired behavior of the closed-loop system, or even damage or break actuators or other subsystems. Specific control techniques are available to solve the problem: model predictive control (see later), and anti-wind up systems. The latter consists of an additional control block that ensures that the control signal never exceeds a given threshold. System classifications Linear systems control Main article: State space (controls) For MIMO systems, pole placement can be performed mathematically using a state space representation of the open-loop system and calculating a feedback matrix assigning poles in the desired positions. In complicated systems this can require computer-assisted calculation capabilities, and cannot always ensure robustness. Furthermore, all system states are not in general measured and so observers must be included and incorporated in pole placement design. Nonlinear systems control Main article: Nonlinear control Processes in industries like robotics and the aerospace industry typically have strong nonlinear dynamics. In control theory it is sometimes possible to linearize such classes of systems and apply linear techniques, but in many cases it can be necessary to devise from scratch theories permitting control of nonlinear systems. These, e.g., feedback linearization, backstepping, sliding mode control, trajectory linearization control normally take advantage of results based on Lyapunov's theory. Differential geometry has been widely used as a tool for generalizing well-known linear control concepts to the nonlinear case, as well as showing the subtleties that make it a more challenging problem. Control theory has also been used to decipher the neural mechanism that directs cognitive states. Decentralized systems control Main article: Distributed control system When the system is controlled by multiple controllers, the problem is one of decentralized control. Decentralization is helpful in many ways, for instance, it helps control systems to operate over a larger geographical area. The agents in decentralized control systems can interact using communication channels and coordinate their actions. Deterministic and stochastic systems control Main article: Stochastic control A stochastic control problem is one in which the evolution of the state variables is subjected to random shocks from outside the system. A deterministic control problem is not subject to external random shocks. Main control strategies Every control system must guarantee first the stability of the closed-loop behavior. For linear systems, this can be obtained by directly placing the poles. Nonlinear control systems use specific theories (normally based on Aleksandr Lyapunov's Theory) to ensure stability without regard to the inner dynamics of the system. The possibility to fulfill different specifications varies from the model considered and the control strategy chosen. List of the main control techniques Optimal control is a particular control technique in which the control signal optimizes a certain "cost index": for example, in the case of a satellite, the jet thrusts needed to bring it to desired trajectory that consume the least amount of fuel. Two optimal control design methods have been widely used in industrial applications, as it has been shown they can guarantee closed-loop stability. These are Model Predictive Control (MPC) and linear-quadratic-Gaussian control (LQG). The first can more explicitly take into account constraints on the signals in the system, which is an important feature in many industrial processes. However, the "optimal control" structure in MPC is only a means to achieve such a result, as it does not optimize a true performance index of the closed-loop control system. Together with PID controllers, MPC systems are the most widely used control technique in process control. Robust control deals explicitly with uncertainty in its approach to controller design. Controllers designed using robust control methods tend to be able to cope with small differences between the true system and the nominal model used for design. The early methods of Bode and others were fairly robust; the state-space methods invented in the 1960s and 1970s were sometimes found to lack robustness. Examples of modern robust control techniques include H-infinity loop-shaping developed by Duncan McFarlane and Keith Glover, Sliding mode control (SMC) developed by Vadim Utkin, and safe protocols designed for control of large heterogeneous populations of electric loads in Smart Power Grid applications. Robust methods aim to achieve robust performance and/or stability in the presence of small modeling errors. Stochastic control deals with control design with uncertainty in the model. In typical stochastic control problems, it is assumed that there exist random noise and disturbances in the model and the controller, and the control design must take into account these random deviations. Adaptive control uses on-line identification of the process parameters, or modification of controller gains, thereby obtaining strong robustness properties. Adaptive controls were applied for the first time in the aerospace industry in the 1950s, and have found particular success in that field. A hierarchical control system is a type of control system in which a set of devices and governing software is arranged in a hierarchical tree. When the links in the tree are implemented by a computer network, then that hierarchical control system is also a form of networked control system. Intelligent control uses various AI computing approaches like artificial neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms or a combination of these methods, such as neuro-fuzzy algorithms, to control a dynamic system. Self-organized criticality control may be defined as attempts to interfere in the processes by which the self-organized system dissipates energy. People in systems and control Main article: People in systems and control Many active and historical figures made significant contribution to control theory including Pierre-Simon Laplace invented the Z-transform in his work on probability theory, now used to solve discrete-time control theory problems. The Z-transform is a discrete-time equivalent of the Laplace transform which is named after him. Irmgard Flugge-Lotz developed the theory of discontinuous automatic control and applied it to automatic aircraft control systems. Alexander Lyapunov in the 1890s marks the beginning of stability theory. Harold S. Black invented the concept of negative feedback amplifiers in 1927. He managed to develop stable negative feedback amplifiers in the 1930s. Harry Nyquist developed the Nyquist stability criterion for feedback systems in the 1930s. Richard Bellman developed dynamic programming in the 1940s. Warren E. Dixon, control theorist and a professor Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis, developed synchronous reinforcement learning algorithms to solve optimal control and game theoretic problems Andrey Kolmogorov co-developed the Wiener–Kolmogorov filter in 1941. Norbert Wiener co-developed the Wiener–Kolmogorov filter and coined the term cybernetics in the 1940s. John R. Ragazzini introduced digital control and the use of Z-transform in control theory (invented by Laplace) in the 1950s. Lev Pontryagin introduced the maximum principle and the bang-bang principle. Pierre-Louis Lions developed viscosity solutions into stochastic control and optimal control methods. Rudolf E. Kálmán pioneered the state-space approach to systems and control. Introduced the notions of controllability and observability. Developed the Kalman filter for linear estimation. Ali H. Nayfeh who was one of the main contributors to nonlinear control theory and published many books on perturbation methods Jan C. Willems Introduced the concept of dissipativity, as a generalization of Lyapunov function to input/state/output systems. The construction of the storage function, as the analogue of a Lyapunov function is called, led to the study of the linear matrix inequality (LMI) in control theory. He pioneered the behavioral approach to mathematical systems theory. See also Systems science portal Examples of control systems Automation Deadbeat controller Distributed parameter systems Fractional-order control H-infinity loop-shaping Hierarchical control system Model predictive control Optimal control Process control Robust control Servomechanism State space (controls) Vector control Topics in control theory Coefficient diagram method Control reconfiguration Feedback H infinity Hankel singular value Krener's theorem Lead-lag compensator Minor loop feedback Multi-loop feedback Positive systems Radial basis function Root locus Signal-flow graphs Stable polynomial State space representation Steady state Transient response Transient state Underactuation Youla–Kucera parametrization Markov chain approximation method Other related topics Adaptive system Automation and remote control Bond graph Control engineering Control–feedback–abort loop Controller (control theory) Cybernetics Intelligent control Mathematical system theory Negative feedback amplifier Outline of management People in systems and control Perceptual control theory Systems theory References ^ Maxwell, J. C. (1868). "On Governors" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. 100. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2008. ^ Minorsky, Nicolas (1922). "Directional stability of automatically steered bodies". Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 34 (2): 280–309. doi:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1922.tb04958.x. ^ GND. "Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Authority control)". portal.dnb.de. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ Maxwell, J.C. (1868). "On Governors". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 16: 270–283. doi:10.1098/rspl.1867.0055. JSTOR 112510. ^ Fernandez-Cara, E.; Zuazua, E. "Control Theory: History, Mathematical Achievements and Perspectives". Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Matematica Aplicada. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.302.5633. ISSN 1575-9822. ^ Routh, E.J.; Fuller, A.T. (1975). Stability of motion. Taylor & Francis. ^ Routh, E.J. (1877). A Treatise on the Stability of a Given State of Motion, Particularly Steady Motion: Particularly Steady Motion. Macmillan and co. ^ Hurwitz, A. (1964). "On The Conditions Under Which An Equation Has Only Roots With Negative Real Parts". Selected Papers on Mathematical Trends in Control Theory. ^ Flugge-Lotz, Irmgard; Titus, Harold A. (October 1962). "Optimum and Quasi-Optimum Control of Third and Fourth-Order Systems" (PDF). Stanford University Technical Report (134): 8–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2019. ^ Hallion, Richard P. (1980). Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd; Kantrov, Ilene; Walker, Harriette (eds.). Notable American Women: The Modern Period: A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9781849722704. ^ "Feedback and control systems" - JJ Di Steffano, AR Stubberud, IJ Williams. Schaums outline series, McGraw-Hill 1967 ^ Mayr, Otto (1970). The Origins of Feedback Control. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc. ^ Mayr, Otto (1969). The Origins of Feedback Control. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc. ^ Bechhoefer, John (August 31, 2005). "Feedback for physicists: A tutorial essay on control". Reviews of Modern Physics. 77 (3): 783–836. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.783. ^ Cao, F. J.; Feito, M. (April 10, 2009). "Thermodynamics of feedback controlled systems". Physical Review E. 79 (4): 041118. arXiv:0805.4824. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.79.041118. ^ "trim point". ^ Donald M Wiberg (1971). State space & linear systems. Schaum's outline series. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-070096-3. ^ Terrell, William (1999). "Some fundamental control theory I: Controllability, observability, and duality —AND— Some fundamental control Theory II: Feedback linearization of single input nonlinear systems". American Mathematical Monthly. 106 (9): 705–719 and 812–828. doi:10.2307/2589614. JSTOR 2589614. ^ Gu Shi; et al. (2015). "Controllability of structural brain networks (Article Number 8414)". Nature Communications. 6 (6): 8414. arXiv:1406.5197. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8414G. doi:10.1038/ncomms9414. PMC 4600713. PMID 26423222. Here we use tools from control and network theories to offer a mechanistic explanation for how the brain moves between cognitive states drawn from the network organization of white matter microstructure ^ Melby, Paul; et., al. (2002). "Robustness of Adaptation in Controlled Self-Adjusting Chaotic Systems". Fluctuation and Noise Letters. 02 (4): L285–L292. doi:10.1142/S0219477502000919. ^ N. A. Sinitsyn. S. Kundu, S. Backhaus (2013). "Safe Protocols for Generating Power Pulses with Heterogeneous Populations of Thermostatically Controlled Loads". Energy Conversion and Management. 67: 297–308. arXiv:1211.0248. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.021. S2CID 32067734. ^ Liu, Jie; Wilson Wang; Farid Golnaraghi; Eric Kubica (2010). "A novel fuzzy framework for nonlinear system control". Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 161 (21): 2746–2759. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2010.04.009. ^ Richard Bellman (1964). "Control Theory". Scientific American. Vol. 211, no. 3. pp. 186–200. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0964-186. Further reading Levine, William S., ed. (1996). The Control Handbook. New York: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-8570-4. Karl J. Åström; Richard M. Murray (2008). Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers (PDF). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13576-2. Christopher Kilian (2005). Modern Control Technology. Thompson Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-1-4018-5806-3. Vannevar Bush (1929). Operational Circuit Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Robert F. Stengel (1994). Optimal Control and Estimation. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68200-6. Franklin; et al. (2002). Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems (4 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-032393-4. Joseph L. Hellerstein; Dawn M. Tilbury; Sujay Parekh (2004). Feedback Control of Computing Systems. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-26637-2. Diederich Hinrichsen and Anthony J. Pritchard (2005). Mathematical Systems Theory I – Modelling, State Space Analysis, Stability and Robustness. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-44125-0. Sontag, Eduardo (1998). Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems. Second Edition (PDF). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98489-6. Goodwin, Graham (2001). Control System Design. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-958653-8. Christophe Basso (2012). Designing Control Loops for Linear and Switching Power Supplies: A Tutorial Guide. Artech House. ISBN 978-1608075577. Boris J. Lurie; Paul J. Enright (2019). Classical Feedback Control with Nonlinear Multi-loop Systems (3 ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-1385-4114-6. For Chemical Engineering Luyben, William (1989). Process Modeling, Simulation, and Control for Chemical Engineers. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-039159-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Control theory. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Control Systems Control Tutorials for Matlab, a set of worked-through control examples solved by several different methods. 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West Churchman Manfred Clynes George Dantzig Edsger W. Dijkstra Fred Emery Heinz von Foerster Stephanie Forrest Jay Wright Forrester Barbara Grosz Charles A. S. Hall Mike Jackson Lydia Kavraki James J. Kay Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James Grier Miller Radhika Nagpal Howard T. Odum Talcott Parsons Ilya Prigogine Qian Xuesen Anatol Rapoport John Seddon Peter Senge Claude Shannon Katia Sycara Eric Trist Francisco Varela Manuela M. 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For control theory in linguistics, see control (linguistics). For control theory in psychology and sociology, see control theory (sociology) and Perceptual control theory.Control theory is a field of control engineering and applied mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any delay, overshoot, or steady-state error and ensuring a level of control stability; often with the aim to achieve a degree of optimality.To do this, a controller with the requisite corrective behavior is required. This controller monitors the controlled process variable (PV), and compares it with the reference or set point (SP). The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the error signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are controllability and observability. Control theory is used in control system engineering to design automation that have revolutionized manufacturing, aircraft, communications and other industries, and created new fields such as robotics.Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the block diagram. In it the transfer function, also known as the system function or network function, is a mathematical model of the relation between the input and output based on the differential equations describing the system.Control theory dates from the 19th century, when the theoretical basis for the operation of governors was first described by James Clerk Maxwell.[1] Control theory was further advanced by Edward Routh in 1874, Charles Sturm and in 1895, Adolf Hurwitz, who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria; and from 1922 onwards, the development of PID control theory by Nicolas Minorsky.[2]\nAlthough a major application of mathematical control theory is in control systems engineering, which deals with the design of process control systems for industry, other applications range far beyond this. As the general theory of feedback systems, control theory is useful wherever feedback occurs - thus control theory also has applications in life sciences, computer engineering, sociology and operations research.[3]","title":"Control theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Control engineering § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering#History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Centrifugal governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_governor"},{"link_name":"Boulton & Watt engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_%26_Watt_engine"},{"link_name":"centrifugal governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_governor"},{"link_name":"James Clerk Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxwell1867-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"self-oscillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-oscillation"},{"link_name":"Edward John Routh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_John_Routh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routh1975-6"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hurwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hurwitz"},{"link_name":"Routh–Hurwitz theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routh%E2%80%93Hurwitz_theorem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routh1877-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurwitz1964-8"},{"link_name":"Wright brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Irmgard Flügge-Lotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Fl%C3%BCgge-Lotz"},{"link_name":"bang-bang principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang%E2%80%93bang_control"},{"link_name":"automatic flight control equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"fire-control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"guidance systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidance_system"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"ship stabilizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Space Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race"},{"link_name":"internal model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_model_(motor_control)"},{"link_name":"good regulator theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_regulator"},{"link_name":"regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller_(control_theory)"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_(control_theory)"}],"text":"See also: Control engineering § HistoryCentrifugal governor in a Boulton & Watt engine of 1788Although control systems of various types date back to antiquity, a more formal analysis of the field began with a dynamics analysis of the centrifugal governor, conducted by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1868, entitled On Governors.[4] A centrifugal governor was already used to regulate the velocity of windmills.[5] Maxwell described and analyzed the phenomenon of self-oscillation, in which lags in the system may lead to overcompensation and unstable behavior. This generated a flurry of interest in the topic, during which Maxwell's classmate, Edward John Routh, abstracted Maxwell's results for the general class of linear systems.[6] Independently, Adolf Hurwitz analyzed system stability using differential equations in 1877, resulting in what is now known as the Routh–Hurwitz theorem.[7][8]A notable application of dynamic control was in the area of crewed flight. The Wright brothers made their first successful test flights on December 17, 1903, and were distinguished by their ability to control their flights for substantial periods (more so than the ability to produce lift from an airfoil, which was known). Continuous, reliable control of the airplane was necessary for flights lasting longer than a few seconds.By World War II, control theory was becoming an important area of research. Irmgard Flügge-Lotz developed the theory of discontinuous automatic control systems, and applied the bang-bang principle to the development of automatic flight control equipment for aircraft.[9][10] Other areas of application for discontinuous controls included fire-control systems, guidance systems and electronics.Sometimes, mechanical methods are used to improve the stability of systems. For example, ship stabilizers are fins mounted beneath the waterline and emerging laterally. In contemporary vessels, they may be gyroscopically controlled active fins, which have the capacity to change their angle of attack to counteract roll caused by wind or waves acting on the ship.The Space Race also depended on accurate spacecraft control, and control theory has also seen an increasing use in fields such as economics and artificial intelligence. Here, one might say that the goal is to find an internal model that obeys the good regulator theorem. So, for example, in economics, the more accurately a (stock or commodities) trading model represents the actions of the market, the more easily it can control that market (and extract \"useful work\" (profits) from it). In AI, an example might be a chatbot modelling the discourse state of humans: the more accurately it can model the human state (e.g. on a telephone voice-support hotline), the better it can manipulate the human (e.g. into performing the corrective actions to resolve the problem that caused the phone call to the help-line). These last two examples take the narrow historical interpretation of control theory as a set of differential equations modeling and regulating kinetic motion, and broaden it into a vast generalization of a regulator interacting with a plant.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Control loop § Open-loop and closed-loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_loop#Open-loop_and_closed-loop"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_loop&action=edit#Open-loop_and_closed-loop"},{"link_name":"open-loop control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-loop_control"},{"link_name":"closed-loop control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromechanicaltimer.JPG"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Control_loop_auto-11"},{"link_name":"British Standards Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standards_Institution"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Control loop § Open-loop and closed-loop.[edit]\nFundamentally, there are two types of control loop: open-loop control (feedforward), and closed-loop control (feedback).\n\nAn electromechanical timer, normally used for open-loop control based purely on a timing sequence, with no feedback from the process\nIn open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the \"process output\" (or \"controlled process variable\"). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler, but the controlled variable should be the building temperature, but is not because this is open-loop control of the boiler, which does not give closed-loop control of the temperature.\nIn closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy this would include a thermostat to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feed back a signal to ensure the controller maintains the building at the temperature set on the thermostat. A closed loop controller therefore has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output the same as the \"reference input\" or \"set point\". For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.[11]\nThe definition of a closed loop control system according to the British Standards Institution is \"a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero.\"[12]\n\nLikewise; \"A Feedback Control System is a system which tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control.\"[13]","title":"Open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Closed-loop controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop_controller"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closed-loop_controller&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Industrial_control_loop.jpg"},{"link_name":"closed-loop controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop_controller"},{"link_name":"control loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_loop"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"},{"link_name":"open-loop controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-loop_controller"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(controls)"},{"link_name":"outputs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback#Overview"},{"link_name":"dynamical system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_system"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"},{"link_name":"control loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_loop"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"setpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setpoint_(control_system)"},{"link_name":"cruise control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_control"},{"link_name":"PID algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_algorithm"},{"link_name":"overshoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overshoot_(signal)"},{"link_name":"Open-loop control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-loop_controller"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model"},{"link_name":"unstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instability"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"feedforward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_forward_(control)"},{"link_name":"PID controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ideal_feedback_model.svg"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Closed-loop controller.[edit]\nExample of a single industrial control loop; showing continuously modulated control of process flow.\nA closed-loop controller or feedback controller is a control loop which incorporates feedback, in contrast to an open-loop controller or non-feedback controller.\nA closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system. Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g., voltage applied to an electric motor) have an effect on the process outputs (e.g., speed or torque of the motor), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is \"fed back\" as input to the process, closing the loop.[14]\nIn the case of linear feedback systems, a control loop including sensors, control algorithms, and actuators is arranged in an attempt to regulate a variable at a setpoint (SP). An everyday example is the cruise control on a road vehicle; where external influences such as hills would cause speed changes, and the driver has the ability to alter the desired set speed. The PID algorithm in the controller restores the actual speed to the desired speed in an optimum way, with minimal delay or overshoot, by controlling the power output of the vehicle's engine.\nControl systems that include some sensing of the results they are trying to achieve are making use of feedback and can adapt to varying circumstances to some extent. Open-loop control systems do not make use of feedback, and run only in pre-arranged ways.\nClosed-loop controllers have the following advantages over open-loop controllers:\n\ndisturbance rejection (such as hills in the cruise control example above)\nguaranteed performance even with model uncertainties, when the model structure does not match perfectly the real process and the model parameters are not exact\nunstable processes can be stabilized\nreduced sensitivity to parameter variations\nimproved reference tracking performance\nimproved rectification of random fluctuations[15]\nIn some systems, closed-loop and open-loop control are used simultaneously. In such systems, the open-loop control is termed feedforward and serves to further improve reference tracking performance.\nA common closed-loop controller architecture is the PID controller.\n\nA basic feedback loop","title":"Classical control theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linear control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_control_theory"},{"link_name":"superposition principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle"},{"link_name":"linear differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"linear time invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_time_invariant"},{"link_name":"frequency domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"Z transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_transform"},{"link_name":"Bode plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_plot"},{"link_name":"root locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_locus"},{"link_name":"Nyquist stability criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"frequency response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_response"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"resonant frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency"},{"link_name":"zeros and poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeros_and_poles"},{"link_name":"Nonlinear control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_control_theory"},{"link_name":"nonlinear differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"limit cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_cycle"},{"link_name":"Poincaré maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_map"},{"link_name":"Lyapunov stability theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_function"},{"link_name":"describing functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Describing_function"},{"link_name":"numerical methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_method"},{"link_name":"simulating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation"},{"link_name":"simulation language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_language"},{"link_name":"linearized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearization"},{"link_name":"perturbation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_theory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The field of control theory can be divided into two branches:Linear control theory – This applies to systems made of devices which obey the superposition principle, which means roughly that the output is proportional to the input. They are governed by linear differential equations. A major subclass is systems which in addition have parameters which do not change with time, called linear time invariant (LTI) systems. These systems are amenable to powerful frequency domain mathematical techniques of great generality, such as the Laplace transform, Fourier transform, Z transform, Bode plot, root locus, and Nyquist stability criterion. These lead to a description of the system using terms like bandwidth, frequency response, eigenvalues, gain, resonant frequencies, zeros and poles, which give solutions for system response and design techniques for most systems of interest.\nNonlinear control theory – This covers a wider class of systems that do not obey the superposition principle, and applies to more real-world systems because all real control systems are nonlinear. These systems are often governed by nonlinear differential equations. The few mathematical techniques which have been developed to handle them are more difficult and much less general, often applying only to narrow categories of systems. These include limit cycle theory, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov stability theorem, and describing functions. Nonlinear systems are often analyzed using numerical methods on computers, for example by simulating their operation using a simulation language. If only solutions near a stable point are of interest, nonlinear systems can often be linearized by approximating them by a linear system using perturbation theory, and linear techniques can be used.[16]","title":"Linear and nonlinear control theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frequency domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain"},{"link_name":"state variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_variable"},{"link_name":"variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"transfer function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function"},{"link_name":"transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"Z transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_transform"},{"link_name":"differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation"},{"link_name":"algebraic equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_equation"},{"link_name":"Time-domain state space representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-domain_state_space_representation"},{"link_name":"state variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_variable"},{"link_name":"differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_function"},{"link_name":"simulation languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_language"},{"link_name":"state space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_space_(controls)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Mathematical techniques for analyzing and designing control systems fall into two different categories:Frequency domain – In this type the values of the state variables, the mathematical variables representing the system's input, output and feedback are represented as functions of frequency. The input signal and the system's transfer function are converted from time functions to functions of frequency by a transform such as the Fourier transform, Laplace transform, or Z transform. The advantage of this technique is that it results in a simplification of the mathematics; the differential equations that represent the system are replaced by algebraic equations in the frequency domain which is much simpler to solve. However, frequency domain techniques can only be used with linear systems, as mentioned above.\nTime-domain state space representation – In this type the values of the state variables are represented as functions of time. With this model, the system being analyzed is represented by one or more differential equations. Since frequency domain techniques are limited to linear systems, time domain is widely used to analyze real-world nonlinear systems. Although these are more difficult to solve, modern computer simulation techniques such as simulation languages have made their analysis routine.In contrast to the frequency domain analysis of the classical control theory, modern control theory utilizes the time-domain state space representation,[citation needed] a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations. To abstract from the number of inputs, outputs, and states, the variables are expressed as vectors and the differential and algebraic equations are written in matrix form (the latter only being possible when the dynamical system is linear). The state space representation (also known as the \"time-domain approach\") provides a convenient and compact way to model and analyze systems with multiple inputs and outputs. With inputs and outputs, we would otherwise have to write down Laplace transforms to encode all the information about a system. Unlike the frequency domain approach, the use of the state-space representation is not limited to systems with linear components and zero initial conditions. \"State space\" refers to the space whose axes are the state variables. The state of the system can be represented as a point within that space.[17][18]","title":"Analysis techniques - frequency domain and time domain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Single-input single-output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-input_single-output_system"},{"link_name":"audio system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_system"},{"link_name":"Multiple-input multiple-output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output_system"},{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"Keck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck_telescopes"},{"link_name":"MMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMT_Observatory"},{"link_name":"actuator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"active optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_optics"},{"link_name":"wavefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"}],"text":"Control systems can be divided into different categories depending on the number of inputs and outputs.Single-input single-output (SISO) – This is the simplest and most common type, in which one output is controlled by one control signal. Examples are the cruise control example above, or an audio system, in which the control input is the input audio signal and the output is the sound waves from the speaker.\nMultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) – These are found in more complicated systems. For example, modern large telescopes such as the Keck and MMT have mirrors composed of many separate segments each controlled by an actuator. The shape of the entire mirror is constantly adjusted by a MIMO active optics control system using input from multiple sensors at the focal plane, to compensate for changes in the mirror shape due to thermal expansion, contraction, stresses as it is rotated and distortion of the wavefront due to turbulence in the atmosphere. Complicated systems such as nuclear reactors and human cells are simulated by a computer as large MIMO control systems.","title":"System interfacing - SISO & MIMO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single-input and single-output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-input_single-output_system"},{"link_name":"differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equations"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"PID controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller"}],"sub_title":"Classical SISO system design","text":"The scope of classical control theory is limited to single-input and single-output (SISO) system design, except when analyzing for disturbance rejection using a second input. The system analysis is carried out in the time domain using differential equations, in the complex-s domain with the Laplace transform, or in the frequency domain by transforming from the complex-s domain. Many systems may be assumed to have a second order and single variable system response in the time domain. A controller designed using classical theory often requires on-site tuning due to incorrect design approximations. Yet, due to the easier physical implementation of classical controller designs as compared to systems designed using modern control theory, these controllers are preferred in most industrial applications. The most common controllers designed using classical control theory are PID controllers. A less common implementation may include either or both a Lead or Lag filter. The ultimate end goal is to meet requirements typically provided in the time-domain called the step response, or at times in the frequency domain called the open-loop response. The step response characteristics applied in a specification are typically percent overshoot, settling time, etc. The open-loop response characteristics applied in a specification are typically Gain and Phase margin and bandwidth. These characteristics may be evaluated through simulation including a dynamic model of the system under control coupled with the compensation model.","title":"System interfacing - SISO & MIMO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_space_(controls)"},{"link_name":"multiple-input and multiple-output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output_system"},{"link_name":"differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation"},{"link_name":"state variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_variables"},{"link_name":"Nonlinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_control"},{"link_name":"multivariable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multivariable_control&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"adaptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_control"},{"link_name":"robust control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_control"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rudolf E. Kálmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Lyapunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Lyapunov"}],"sub_title":"Modern MIMO system design","text":"Modern control theory is carried out in the state space, and can deal with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems. This overcomes the limitations of classical control theory in more sophisticated design problems, such as fighter aircraft control, with the limitation that no frequency domain analysis is possible. In modern design, a system is represented to the greatest advantage as a set of decoupled first order differential equations defined using state variables. Nonlinear, multivariable, adaptive and robust control theories come under this division. Matrix methods are significantly limited for MIMO systems where linear independence cannot be assured in the relationship between inputs and outputs.[citation needed] Being fairly new, modern control theory has many areas yet to be explored. Scholars like Rudolf E. Kálmán and Aleksandr Lyapunov are well known among the people who have shaped modern control theory.","title":"System interfacing - SISO & MIMO"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Topics in control theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamical system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_system"},{"link_name":"Lyapunov stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_stability"},{"link_name":"linear system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_system"},{"link_name":"bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIBO_stability"},{"link_name":"bounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_function"},{"link_name":"nonlinear systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system"},{"link_name":"input-to-state stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input-to-state_stability"},{"link_name":"poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_(complex_analysis)"},{"link_name":"transfer function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function"},{"link_name":"complex plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"unit circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_circle"},{"link_name":"Z-transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform"},{"link_name":"Cartesian coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinates"},{"link_name":"circular coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_coordinates"},{"link_name":"asymptotically stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_stability"},{"link_name":"marginally stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_stability"},{"link_name":"impulse response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_response"},{"link_name":"this example","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform#Example_2_(causal_ROC)"},{"link_name":"imaginary part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_number"},{"link_name":"root locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_locus"},{"link_name":"Bode plots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_plot"},{"link_name":"Nyquist plots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_plot"},{"link_name":"antiroll fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_stability#Stabilizer_fins"}],"sub_title":"Stability","text":"The stability of a general dynamical system with no input can be described with Lyapunov stability criteria.A linear system is called bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable if its output will stay bounded for any bounded input.\nStability for nonlinear systems that take an input is input-to-state stability (ISS), which combines Lyapunov stability and a notion similar to BIBO stability.For simplicity, the following descriptions focus on continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems.Mathematically, this means that for a causal linear system to be stable all of the poles of its transfer function must have negative-real values, i.e. the real part of each pole must be less than zero. Practically speaking, stability requires that the transfer function complex poles residein the open left half of the complex plane for continuous time, when the Laplace transform is used to obtain the transfer function.\ninside the unit circle for discrete time, when the Z-transform is used.The difference between the two cases is simply due to the traditional method of plotting continuous time versus discrete time transfer functions. The continuous Laplace transform is in Cartesian coordinates where the \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n axis is the real axis and the discrete Z-transform is in circular coordinates where the \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n axis is the real axis.When the appropriate conditions above are satisfied a system is said to be asymptotically stable; the variables of an asymptotically stable control system always decrease from their initial value and do not show permanent oscillations. Permanent oscillations occur when a pole has a real part exactly equal to zero (in the continuous time case) or a modulus equal to one (in the discrete time case). If a simply stable system response neither decays nor grows over time, and has no oscillations, it is marginally stable; in this case the system transfer function has non-repeated poles at the complex plane origin (i.e. their real and complex component is zero in the continuous time case). Oscillations are present when poles with real part equal to zero have an imaginary part not equal to zero.If a system in question has an impulse response ofx\n [\n n\n ]\n =\n \n 0.5\n \n n\n \n \n u\n [\n n\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ x[n]=0.5^{n}u[n]}then the Z-transform (see this example), is given byX\n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n 0.5\n \n z\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ X(z)={\\frac {1}{1-0.5z^{-1}}}}which has a pole in \n \n \n \n z\n =\n 0.5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=0.5}\n \n (zero imaginary part). This system is BIBO (asymptotically) stable since the pole is inside the unit circle.However, if the impulse response wasx\n [\n n\n ]\n =\n \n 1.5\n \n n\n \n \n u\n [\n n\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ x[n]=1.5^{n}u[n]}then the Z-transform isX\n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n 1.5\n \n z\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ X(z)={\\frac {1}{1-1.5z^{-1}}}}which has a pole at \n \n \n \n z\n =\n 1.5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=1.5}\n \n and is not BIBO stable since the pole has a modulus strictly greater than one.Numerous tools exist for the analysis of the poles of a system. These include graphical systems like the root locus, Bode plots or the Nyquist plots.Mechanical changes can make equipment (and control systems) more stable. Sailors add ballast to improve the stability of ships. Cruise ships use antiroll fins that extend transversely from the side of the ship for perhaps 30 feet (10 m) and are continuously rotated about their axes to develop forces that oppose the roll.","title":"Topics in control theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Controllability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controllability"},{"link_name":"observability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observability"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues"}],"sub_title":"Controllability and observability","text":"Controllability and observability are main issues in the analysis of a system before deciding the best control strategy to be applied, or whether it is even possible to control or stabilize the system. Controllability is related to the possibility of forcing the system into a particular state by using an appropriate control signal. If a state is not controllable, then no signal will ever be able to control the state. If a state is not controllable, but its dynamics are stable, then the state is termed stabilizable. Observability instead is related to the possibility of observing, through output measurements, the state of a system. If a state is not observable, the controller will never be able to determine the behavior of an unobservable state and hence cannot use it to stabilize the system. However, similar to the stabilizability condition above, if a state cannot be observed it might still be detectable.From a geometrical point of view, looking at the states of each variable of the system to be controlled, every \"bad\" state of these variables must be controllable and observable to ensure a good behavior in the closed-loop system. That is, if one of the eigenvalues of the system is not both controllable and observable, this part of the dynamics will remain untouched in the closed-loop system. If such an eigenvalue is not stable, the dynamics of this eigenvalue will be present in the closed-loop system which therefore will be unstable. Unobservable poles are not present in the transfer function realization of a state-space representation, which is why sometimes the latter is preferred in dynamical systems analysis.Solutions to problems of an uncontrollable or unobservable system include adding actuators and sensors.","title":"Topics in control theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"integrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrator"},{"link_name":"rise time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_time"},{"link_name":"overshoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overshoot_(signal)"},{"link_name":"settling time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_time"},{"link_name":"robustness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_control"}],"sub_title":"Control specification","text":"Several different control strategies have been devised in the past years. These vary from extremely general ones (PID controller), to others devoted to very particular classes of systems (especially robotics or aircraft cruise control).A control problem can have several specifications. Stability, of course, is always present. The controller must ensure that the closed-loop system is stable, regardless of the open-loop stability. A poor choice of controller can even worsen the stability of the open-loop system, which must normally be avoided. Sometimes it would be desired to obtain particular dynamics in the closed loop: i.e. that the poles have \n \n \n \n R\n e\n [\n λ\n ]\n <\n −\n \n \n λ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Re[\\lambda ]<-{\\overline {\\lambda }}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n \n λ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {\\lambda }}}\n \n is a fixed value strictly greater than zero, instead of simply asking that \n \n \n \n R\n e\n [\n λ\n ]\n <\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Re[\\lambda ]<0}\n \n.Another typical specification is the rejection of a step disturbance; including an integrator in the open-loop chain (i.e. directly before the system under control) easily achieves this. Other classes of disturbances need different types of sub-systems to be included.Other \"classical\" control theory specifications regard the time-response of the closed-loop system. These include the rise time (the time needed by the control system to reach the desired value after a perturbation), peak overshoot (the highest value reached by the response before reaching the desired value) and others (settling time, quarter-decay). Frequency domain specifications are usually related to robustness (see after).Modern performance assessments use some variation of integrated tracking error (IAE, ISA, CQI).","title":"Topics in control theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"robust controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_control"},{"link_name":"system dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics"},{"link_name":"System identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_identification"},{"link_name":"system identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_identification"},{"link_name":"transfer function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function"},{"link_name":"mass-spring-damper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-spring-damper_model"},{"link_name":"Nyquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_diagram"},{"link_name":"Bode diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_diagram"},{"link_name":"gain and phase margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_plot#Gain_margin_and_phase_margin"},{"link_name":"model predictive control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_predictive_control"},{"link_name":"anti-wind up systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-wind_up_system_(control)"}],"sub_title":"Model identification and robustness","text":"A control system must always have some robustness property. A robust controller is such that its properties do not change much if applied to a system slightly different from the mathematical one used for its synthesis. This requirement is important, as no real physical system truly behaves like the series of differential equations used to represent it mathematically. Typically a simpler mathematical model is chosen in order to simplify calculations, otherwise, the true system dynamics can be so complicated that a complete model is impossible.System identificationFurther information: System identificationThe process of determining the equations that govern the model's dynamics is called system identification. This can be done off-line: for example, executing a series of measures from which to calculate an approximated mathematical model, typically its transfer function or matrix. Such identification from the output, however, cannot take account of unobservable dynamics. Sometimes the model is built directly starting from known physical equations, for example, in the case of a mass-spring-damper system we know that \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n ¨\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n −\n K\n x\n (\n t\n )\n −\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n x\n ˙\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m{\\ddot {x}}(t)=-Kx(t)-\\mathrm {B} {\\dot {x}}(t)}\n \n. Even assuming that a \"complete\" model is used in designing the controller, all the parameters included in these equations (called \"nominal parameters\") are never known with absolute precision; the control system will have to behave correctly even when connected to a physical system with true parameter values away from nominal.Some advanced control techniques include an \"on-line\" identification process (see later). The parameters of the model are calculated (\"identified\") while the controller itself is running. In this way, if a drastic variation of the parameters ensues, for example, if the robot's arm releases a weight, the controller will adjust itself consequently in order to ensure the correct performance.AnalysisAnalysis of the robustness of a SISO (single input single output) control system can be performed in the frequency domain, considering the system's transfer function and using Nyquist and Bode diagrams. Topics include gain and phase margin and amplitude margin. For MIMO (multi-input multi output) and, in general, more complicated control systems, one must consider the theoretical results devised for each control technique (see next section). I.e., if particular robustness qualities are needed, the engineer must shift their attention to a control technique by including these qualities in its properties.ConstraintsA particular robustness issue is the requirement for a control system to perform properly in the presence of input and state constraints. In the physical world every signal is limited. It could happen that a controller will send control signals that cannot be followed by the physical system, for example, trying to rotate a valve at excessive speed. This can produce undesired behavior of the closed-loop system, or even damage or break actuators or other subsystems. Specific control techniques are available to solve the problem: model predictive control (see later), and anti-wind up systems. The latter consists of an additional control block that ensures that the control signal never exceeds a given threshold.","title":"Topics in control theory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"System classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state space representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_space_(controls)"}],"sub_title":"Linear systems control","text":"For MIMO systems, pole placement can be performed mathematically using a state space representation of the open-loop system and calculating a feedback matrix assigning poles in the desired positions. In complicated systems this can require computer-assisted calculation capabilities, and cannot always ensure robustness. Furthermore, all system states are not in general measured and so observers must be included and incorporated in pole placement design.","title":"System classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"aerospace industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_industry"},{"link_name":"feedback linearization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_linearization"},{"link_name":"backstepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstepping"},{"link_name":"sliding mode control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_mode_control"},{"link_name":"Lyapunov's theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%27s_theory"},{"link_name":"Differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shi_Gu_et_al-19"}],"sub_title":"Nonlinear systems control","text":"Processes in industries like robotics and the aerospace industry typically have strong nonlinear dynamics. In control theory it is sometimes possible to linearize such classes of systems and apply linear techniques, but in many cases it can be necessary to devise from scratch theories permitting control of nonlinear systems. These, e.g., feedback linearization, backstepping, sliding mode control, trajectory linearization control normally take advantage of results based on Lyapunov's theory. Differential geometry has been widely used as a tool for generalizing well-known linear control concepts to the nonlinear case, as well as showing the subtleties that make it a more challenging problem. Control theory has also been used to decipher the neural mechanism that directs cognitive states.[19]","title":"System classifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Decentralized systems control","text":"When the system is controlled by multiple controllers, the problem is one of decentralized control. Decentralization is helpful in many ways, for instance, it helps control systems to operate over a larger geographical area. The agents in decentralized control systems can interact using communication channels and coordinate their actions.","title":"System classifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deterministic and stochastic systems control","text":"A stochastic control problem is one in which the evolution of the state variables is subjected to random shocks from outside the system. A deterministic control problem is not subject to external random shocks.","title":"System classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_system"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Lyapunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Lyapunov"},{"link_name":"Optimal control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_control"},{"link_name":"Model Predictive Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Predictive_Control"},{"link_name":"linear-quadratic-Gaussian control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-quadratic-Gaussian_control"},{"link_name":"process control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control"},{"link_name":"Robust control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_control"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Wade_Bode"},{"link_name":"H-infinity loop-shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-infinity_loop-shaping"},{"link_name":"Keith Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Glover"},{"link_name":"Sliding mode control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_mode_control"},{"link_name":"Vadim Utkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Utkin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCL1-21"},{"link_name":"stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_theory"},{"link_name":"Stochastic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_control"},{"link_name":"Adaptive control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_control"},{"link_name":"aerospace industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_industry"},{"link_name":"hierarchical control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system"},{"link_name":"control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_system"},{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)"},{"link_name":"computer network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"networked control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_control_system"},{"link_name":"Intelligent control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_control"},{"link_name":"artificial neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks"},{"link_name":"Bayesian probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability"},{"link_name":"fuzzy logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"evolutionary computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation"},{"link_name":"genetic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithms"},{"link_name":"neuro-fuzzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-fuzzy"},{"link_name":"dynamic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_system"},{"link_name":"Self-organized criticality control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organized_criticality_control"},{"link_name":"self-organized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organized"}],"text":"Every control system must guarantee first the stability of the closed-loop behavior. For linear systems, this can be obtained by directly placing the poles. Nonlinear control systems use specific theories (normally based on Aleksandr Lyapunov's Theory) to ensure stability without regard to the inner dynamics of the system. The possibility to fulfill different specifications varies from the model considered and the control strategy chosen.List of the main control techniquesOptimal control is a particular control technique in which the control signal optimizes a certain \"cost index\": for example, in the case of a satellite, the jet thrusts needed to bring it to desired trajectory that consume the least amount of fuel. Two optimal control design methods have been widely used in industrial applications, as it has been shown they can guarantee closed-loop stability. These are Model Predictive Control (MPC) and linear-quadratic-Gaussian control (LQG). The first can more explicitly take into account constraints on the signals in the system, which is an important feature in many industrial processes. However, the \"optimal control\" structure in MPC is only a means to achieve such a result, as it does not optimize a true performance index of the closed-loop control system. Together with PID controllers, MPC systems are the most widely used control technique in process control.\nRobust control deals explicitly with uncertainty in its approach to controller design. Controllers designed using robust control methods tend to be able to cope with small differences between the true system and the nominal model used for design.[20] The early methods of Bode and others were fairly robust; the state-space methods invented in the 1960s and 1970s were sometimes found to lack robustness. Examples of modern robust control techniques include H-infinity loop-shaping developed by Duncan McFarlane and Keith Glover, Sliding mode control (SMC) developed by Vadim Utkin, and safe protocols designed for control of large heterogeneous populations of electric loads in Smart Power Grid applications.[21] Robust methods aim to achieve robust performance and/or stability in the presence of small modeling errors.\nStochastic control deals with control design with uncertainty in the model. In typical stochastic control problems, it is assumed that there exist random noise and disturbances in the model and the controller, and the control design must take into account these random deviations.\nAdaptive control uses on-line identification of the process parameters, or modification of controller gains, thereby obtaining strong robustness properties. Adaptive controls were applied for the first time in the aerospace industry in the 1950s, and have found particular success in that field.\nA hierarchical control system is a type of control system in which a set of devices and governing software is arranged in a hierarchical tree. When the links in the tree are implemented by a computer network, then that hierarchical control system is also a form of networked control system.\nIntelligent control uses various AI computing approaches like artificial neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic,[22] machine learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms or a combination of these methods, such as neuro-fuzzy algorithms, to control a dynamic system.\nSelf-organized criticality control may be defined as attempts to interfere in the processes by which the self-organized system dissipates energy.","title":"Main control strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre-Simon Laplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace"},{"link_name":"Z-transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"Irmgard Flugge-Lotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Flugge-Lotz"},{"link_name":"discontinuous automatic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang-bang_control"},{"link_name":"automatic aircraft control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lyapunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lyapunov"},{"link_name":"stability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_theory"},{"link_name":"Harold S. Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Stephen_Black"},{"link_name":"negative feedback amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback_amplifier"},{"link_name":"Harry Nyquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nyquist"},{"link_name":"Nyquist stability criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"Richard Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bellman"},{"link_name":"dynamic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Warren E. Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Dixon"},{"link_name":"Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyriakos_G._Vamvoudakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrey Kolmogorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov"},{"link_name":"Wiener–Kolmogorov filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_filter"},{"link_name":"Norbert Wiener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener"},{"link_name":"cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"John R. Ragazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Ragazzini"},{"link_name":"digital control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_control"},{"link_name":"Z-transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform"},{"link_name":"Lev Pontryagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Pontryagin"},{"link_name":"maximum principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontryagin%27s_minimum_principle"},{"link_name":"bang-bang principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang-bang_control"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Louis Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Lions"},{"link_name":"viscosity solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity_solutions"},{"link_name":"optimal control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_control"},{"link_name":"Rudolf E. Kálmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"state-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-space"},{"link_name":"controllability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controllability"},{"link_name":"observability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observability"},{"link_name":"Kalman filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter"},{"link_name":"Ali H. Nayfeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_H._Nayfeh"},{"link_name":"Jan C. Willems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Camiel_Willems"},{"link_name":"Lyapunov function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_function"},{"link_name":"linear matrix inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_matrix_inequality"}],"text":"Many active and historical figures made significant contribution to control theory includingPierre-Simon Laplace invented the Z-transform in his work on probability theory, now used to solve discrete-time control theory problems. The Z-transform is a discrete-time equivalent of the Laplace transform which is named after him.\nIrmgard Flugge-Lotz developed the theory of discontinuous automatic control and applied it to automatic aircraft control systems.\nAlexander Lyapunov in the 1890s marks the beginning of stability theory.\nHarold S. Black invented the concept of negative feedback amplifiers in 1927. He managed to develop stable negative feedback amplifiers in the 1930s.\nHarry Nyquist developed the Nyquist stability criterion for feedback systems in the 1930s.\nRichard Bellman developed dynamic programming in the 1940s.[23]\nWarren E. Dixon, control theorist and a professor\nKyriakos G. Vamvoudakis, developed synchronous reinforcement learning algorithms to solve optimal control and game theoretic problems\nAndrey Kolmogorov co-developed the Wiener–Kolmogorov filter in 1941.\nNorbert Wiener co-developed the Wiener–Kolmogorov filter and coined the term cybernetics in the 1940s.\nJohn R. Ragazzini introduced digital control and the use of Z-transform in control theory (invented by Laplace) in the 1950s.\nLev Pontryagin introduced the maximum principle and the bang-bang principle.\nPierre-Louis Lions developed viscosity solutions into stochastic control and optimal control methods.\nRudolf E. Kálmán pioneered the state-space approach to systems and control. Introduced the notions of controllability and observability. Developed the Kalman filter for linear estimation.\nAli H. Nayfeh who was one of the main contributors to nonlinear control theory and published many books on perturbation methods\nJan C. Willems Introduced the concept of dissipativity, as a generalization of Lyapunov function to input/state/output systems. The construction of the storage function, as the analogue of a Lyapunov function is called, led to the study of the linear matrix inequality (LMI) in control theory. He pioneered the behavioral approach to mathematical systems theory.","title":"People in systems and control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8493-8570-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8570-4"},{"link_name":"Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cds.caltech.edu/~murray/books/AM08/pdf/am08-complete_28Sep12.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-13576-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13576-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4018-5806-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4018-5806-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-68200-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-68200-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-032393-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-032393-4"},{"link_name":"Dawn M. Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Tilbury"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-26637-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26637-2"},{"link_name":"Diederich Hinrichsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diederich_Hinrichsen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-44125-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44125-0"},{"link_name":"Sontag, Eduardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_D._Sontag"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems. Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sontaglab.org/FTPDIR/sontag_mathematical_control_theory_springer98.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-98489-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98489-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-958653-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-958653-8"},{"link_name":"Designing Control Loops for Linear and Switching Power Supplies: A Tutorial Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cbasso.pagesperso-orange.fr/Spice.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1608075577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608075577"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-1385-4114-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1385-4114-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-039159-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-039159-8"}],"text":"Levine, William S., ed. (1996). The Control Handbook. New York: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-8570-4.\nKarl J. Åström; Richard M. Murray (2008). Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers (PDF). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13576-2.\nChristopher Kilian (2005). Modern Control Technology. Thompson Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-1-4018-5806-3.\nVannevar Bush (1929). Operational Circuit Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.\nRobert F. Stengel (1994). Optimal Control and Estimation. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68200-6.\nFranklin; et al. (2002). Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems (4 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-032393-4.\nJoseph L. Hellerstein; Dawn M. Tilbury; Sujay Parekh (2004). Feedback Control of Computing Systems. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-26637-2.\nDiederich Hinrichsen and Anthony J. Pritchard (2005). Mathematical Systems Theory I – Modelling, State Space Analysis, Stability and Robustness. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-44125-0.\nSontag, Eduardo (1998). Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems. Second Edition (PDF). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98489-6.\nGoodwin, Graham (2001). Control System Design. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-958653-8.\nChristophe Basso (2012). Designing Control Loops for Linear and Switching Power Supplies: A Tutorial Guide. Artech House. ISBN 978-1608075577.\nBoris J. Lurie; Paul J. Enright (2019). Classical Feedback Control with Nonlinear Multi-loop Systems (3 ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-1385-4114-6.For Chemical EngineeringLuyben, William (1989). Process Modeling, Simulation, and Control for Chemical Engineers. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-039159-8.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Centrifugal governor in a Boulton & Watt engine of 1788","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg/220px-Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg"},{"image_text":"An electromechanical timer, normally used for open-loop control based purely on a timing sequence, with no feedback from the process","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Electromechanicaltimer.JPG/170px-Electromechanicaltimer.JPG"},{"image_text":"Example of a single industrial control loop; showing continuously modulated control of process flow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Industrial_control_loop.jpg/300px-Industrial_control_loop.jpg"},{"image_text":"A basic feedback loop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ideal_feedback_model.svg/220px-Ideal_feedback_model.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Systems science portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Systems_science"},{"title":"Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"title":"Deadbeat controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadbeat_controller"},{"title":"Distributed parameter systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_parameter_systems"},{"title":"Fractional-order control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-order_control"},{"title":"H-infinity loop-shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-infinity_loop-shaping"},{"title":"Hierarchical control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system"},{"title":"Model predictive control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_predictive_control"},{"title":"Optimal 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Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 34 (2): 280–309. doi:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1922.tb04958.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Minorsky","url_text":"Minorsky, Nicolas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-3584.1922.tb04958.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1559-3584.1922.tb04958.x"}]},{"reference":"GND. \"Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Authority control)\". portal.dnb.de. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid=4032317-1","url_text":"\"Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Authority control)\""}]},{"reference":"Maxwell, J.C. (1868). \"On Governors\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 16: 270–283. doi:10.1098/rspl.1867.0055. 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ISSN 1575-9822.","urls":[{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/doc/10.1.1.302.5633","url_text":"\"Control Theory: History, Mathematical Achievements and Perspectives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.302.5633","url_text":"10.1.1.302.5633"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1575-9822","url_text":"1575-9822"}]},{"reference":"Routh, E.J.; Fuller, A.T. (1975). Stability of motion. Taylor & Francis.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Routh, E.J. (1877). A Treatise on the Stability of a Given State of Motion, Particularly Steady Motion: Particularly Steady Motion. Macmillan and co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonstab00routgoog","url_text":"A Treatise on the Stability of a Given State of Motion, Particularly Steady Motion: Particularly Steady Motion"}]},{"reference":"Hurwitz, A. (1964). \"On The Conditions Under Which An Equation Has Only Roots With Negative Real Parts\". Selected Papers on Mathematical Trends in Control Theory.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flugge-Lotz, Irmgard; Titus, Harold A. (October 1962). \"Optimum and Quasi-Optimum Control of Third and Fourth-Order Systems\" (PDF). Stanford University Technical Report (134): 8–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427142417/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/621137.pdf","url_text":"\"Optimum and Quasi-Optimum Control of Third and Fourth-Order Systems\""},{"url":"http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/621137.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hallion, Richard P. (1980). Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd; Kantrov, Ilene; Walker, Harriette (eds.). Notable American Women: The Modern Period: A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9781849722704.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00sich","url_text":"Notable American Women: The Modern Period: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00sich/page/241","url_text":"241–242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849722704","url_text":"9781849722704"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Otto (1970). The Origins of Feedback Control. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, Otto"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Otto (1969). The Origins of Feedback Control. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, Otto"}]},{"reference":"Bechhoefer, John (August 31, 2005). \"Feedback for physicists: A tutorial essay on control\". 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Physical Review E. 79 (4): 041118. arXiv:0805.4824. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.79.041118.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.041118","url_text":"\"Thermodynamics of feedback controlled systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0805.4824","url_text":"0805.4824"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevE.79.041118","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevE.79.041118"}]},{"reference":"\"trim point\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/simulink/slref/trim.html","url_text":"\"trim point\""}]},{"reference":"Donald M Wiberg (1971). State space & linear systems. Schaum's outline series. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-070096-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-070096-3","url_text":"978-0-07-070096-3"}]},{"reference":"Terrell, William (1999). \"Some fundamental control theory I: Controllability, observability, and duality —AND— Some fundamental control Theory II: Feedback linearization of single input nonlinear systems\". American Mathematical Monthly. 106 (9): 705–719 and 812–828. doi:10.2307/2589614. JSTOR 2589614.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/some-fundamental-control-theory-i-controllability-observability-and-duality-and-some-fundamental","url_text":"\"Some fundamental control theory I: Controllability, observability, and duality —AND— Some fundamental control Theory II: Feedback linearization of single input nonlinear systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2589614","url_text":"10.2307/2589614"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2589614","url_text":"2589614"}]},{"reference":"Gu Shi; et al. (2015). \"Controllability of structural brain networks (Article Number 8414)\". Nature Communications. 6 (6): 8414. arXiv:1406.5197. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8414G. doi:10.1038/ncomms9414. PMC 4600713. PMID 26423222. Here we use tools from control and network theories to offer a mechanistic explanation for how the brain moves between cognitive states drawn from the network organization of white matter microstructure","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4600713","url_text":"\"Controllability of structural brain networks (Article Number 8414)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.5197","url_text":"1406.5197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8414G","url_text":"2015NatCo...6.8414G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9414","url_text":"10.1038/ncomms9414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4600713","url_text":"4600713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26423222","url_text":"26423222"}]},{"reference":"Melby, Paul; et., al. (2002). \"Robustness of Adaptation in Controlled Self-Adjusting Chaotic Systems\". Fluctuation and Noise Letters. 02 (4): L285–L292. doi:10.1142/S0219477502000919.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0219477502000919","url_text":"10.1142/S0219477502000919"}]},{"reference":"N. A. Sinitsyn. S. Kundu, S. Backhaus (2013). \"Safe Protocols for Generating Power Pulses with Heterogeneous Populations of Thermostatically Controlled Loads\". Energy Conversion and Management. 67: 297–308. arXiv:1211.0248. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.021. S2CID 32067734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Conversion_and_Management","url_text":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.0248","url_text":"1211.0248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enconman.2012.11.021","url_text":"10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32067734","url_text":"32067734"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Jie; Wilson Wang; Farid Golnaraghi; Eric Kubica (2010). \"A novel fuzzy framework for nonlinear system control\". Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 161 (21): 2746–2759. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2010.04.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fss.2010.04.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.fss.2010.04.009"}]},{"reference":"Richard Bellman (1964). \"Control Theory\". Scientific American. Vol. 211, no. 3. pp. 186–200. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0964-186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bellman","url_text":"Richard Bellman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0964-186","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican0964-186"}]},{"reference":"Levine, William S., ed. (1996). The Control Handbook. New York: CRC Press. 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Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems. Second Edition (PDF). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98489-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_D._Sontag","url_text":"Sontag, Eduardo"},{"url":"http://www.sontaglab.org/FTPDIR/sontag_mathematical_control_theory_springer98.pdf","url_text":"Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems. Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98489-6","url_text":"978-0-387-98489-6"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Graham (2001). Control System Design. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-958653-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-958653-8","url_text":"978-0-13-958653-8"}]},{"reference":"Christophe Basso (2012). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser	Budweiser	["1 Name origin and dispute","2 Marketing","3 Containers and packaging","3.1 Containers","3.2 Cans","4 The beer","5 Budweiser brands","6 Temporary \"America\" labeling","7 International production","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Brand of beer produced by Anheuser-Busch This article is about the AB InBev brand of beer. For the Czech-made Budweiser beer, see Budweiser Budvar Brewery. For other uses, see Budweiser (disambiguation). BudweiserTypeAmerican lagerManufacturerAnheuser–BuschCountry of origin United StatesIntroduced1876; 148 years ago (1876)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Alcohol by volume 5%, U.S., Netherlands, Thailand, India, Canada, Colombia 4.5% Bottle, Australia4.5% U.K., Ireland, Australia 3.6% ChinaWebsitebudweiser.com Budweiser (/ˈbʌdwaɪzər/) is an American-style pale lager, a brand of Belgian company AB InBev. Introduced in 1876 by Carl Conrad & Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, Budweiser has become a large selling beer company in the United States. Budweiser is a filtered beer, available on draft and in bottles and cans, made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt. There is an ongoing series of trademark disputes between Anheuser-Busch and the Czech company Budweiser Budvar Brewery over the use of the name. Usually, either Anheuser-Busch or Budweiser Budvar is granted the exclusive use of the Budweiser name in a given market. The Anheuser-Busch lager is available in over 80 countries, but is marketed as "Bud" in areas where Budvar has use of the Budweiser name. Name origin and dispute Main article: Budweiser trademark dispute American Budweiser is sold in most of the European Union as "Bud" (left). At right is a bottle of Czech Budweiser. The name Budweiser is a German derivative adjective, meaning "of Budweis". Beer has been brewed in Budweis, Bohemia (now České Budějovice, Czech Republic) since it was founded in 1265. In 1876, Adolphus Busch and his friend Carl Conrad developed a "Bohemian-style" lager in the United States, inspired after a trip to Bohemia, and produced it in their brewery in St. Louis, Missouri. Anheuser–Busch has been involved in multiple trademark disputes with the Budweiser Budvar Brewery of České Budějovice over the trademark rights to the name "Budweiser". In the European Union, except Ireland, Sweden, Finland and Spain, the American beer may only be marketed as Bud, as the Budweiser trademark name is owned solely by the Czech beer maker Budweiser Budvar. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, both the Budvar and Anheuser–Busch lagers are available under the Budweiser name, though their logos differ. Marketing One of the Budweiser Clydesdales The Budweiser from Budějovice has been called "The Beer of Kings" since the 16th century. Adolphus Busch adapted this slogan to "The King of Beers." This history notwithstanding, Anheuser Busch owns the trademark to these slogans in the United States. In 1969 AB introduced the Superman-esque advertising character of Bud Man. Bud Man served as one of the inspiration behind several characters including The Simpsons's Duffman. From 1987 to 1989, Bud Light ran an advertising campaign centered around canine mascot Spuds MacKenzie. In 2010, the Bud Light brand paid $1 billion for a six-year licensing agreement with the NFL. Budweiser pays $20 million annually for MLB licensing rights. Budweiser has produced a number of TV advertisements, such as the Budweiser Frogs, lizards impersonating the Budweiser frogs, a campaign built around the phrase "Whassup?", and a team of Clydesdale horses commonly known as the Budweiser Clydesdales. Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s No. 8 Budweiser-sponsored car in 2007 Budweiser also advertises in motorsports, from Bernie Little's Miss Budweiser hydroplane boat to sponsorship of the Budweiser King Top Fuel Dragster driven by Brandon Bernstein. Anheuser-Busch has sponsored the CART championship. It is the "Official Beer of NHRA" and it was the "Official Beer of NASCAR" from 1998 to 2007. It has sponsored motorsport events such as the Daytona Speedweeks, Budweiser Shootout, Budweiser Duel, Budweiser Pole Award, Budweiser 500, Budweiser 400, Budweiser 300, Budweiser 250, Budweiser 200, and Carolina Pride / Budweiser 200. However, starting in 2016, the focus of A-B's NASCAR sponsorship became its Busch brand. Budweiser beer in a Bangkok bar Budweiser has sponsored NASCAR teams such as Junior Johnson, Hendrick Motorsports, DEI, and Stewart-Haas Racing. Sponsored drivers include Dale Earnhardt Jr. (1999–2007), Kasey Kahne (2008–2010), and Kevin Harvick (2011–2015). In IndyCar, Budweiser sponsored Mario Andretti (1983–1984), Bobby Rahal (1985–1988), Scott Pruett (1989–1992), Roberto Guerrero (1993), Scott Goodyear (1994), Paul Tracy (1995), Christian Fittipaldi (1996–1997), and Richie Hearn (1998–1999). Between 2003 and 2006, Budweiser was a sponsor of the BMW Williams Formula One team. Anheuser-Busch has placed Budweiser as an official partner and sponsor of Major League Soccer and Los Angeles Galaxy and was the headline sponsor of the British Basketball League in the 1990s. Anheuser-Busch has also placed Budweiser as an official sponsor of the Premier League and the presenting sponsor of the FA Cup. In the early 20th century, the company commissioned a play-on-words song called "Under the Anheuser Bush," which was recorded by several early phonograph companies. In 2009, Anheuser-Busch partnered with popular Chinese video-sharing site Tudou.com for a user-generated online video contest. The contest encouraged users to submit ideas that included ants for a Bud TV spot set to run in February 2010 during Chinese New Year. In 2010, Budweiser produced an online reality TV series centered around the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa called Bud House, following the lives of 32 international soccer fans (one representing each nation in the World Cup) living together in a house in South Africa. Anheuser-Busch advertises the Budweiser brand heavily, expending $449 million in 2012 in the United States alone. Presenting Budweiser as the most advertised drink brand in America, and accounted for a third of the company's US marketing budget. On November 5, 2012, Anheuser-Busch asked Paramount Pictures to obscure or remove the Budweiser logo from the film Flight (2012), directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Denzel Washington. In an advertisement titled "Brewed the Hard Way" which aired during Super Bowl XLIX, Budweiser touted itself as "Proudly A Macro Beer", distinguishing it from smaller production craft beers. In 2016, Beer Park by Budweiser opened on the Las Vegas Strip. On October 7, 2016, the Budweiser Clydesdales made a special appearance on the Danforth Campus at Washington University in St. Louis ahead of the presidential debate. A special batch beer named Lilly's Lager was exclusively brewed for the occasion. In December 2020, Budweiser sent personalized bottles of beer to every goalkeeper who Lionel Messi had scored against. In April 2023, a single Bud Light can was made with the face of trans TikToker Dylan Mulvaney as Budweiser attempted to rebrand its image away from its previous "fratty" image. This has caused a massive drop in sales for the company. In July 2023 Budweiser had dropped from the top-selling beer to 14th place because of the backlash. Containers and packaging The packaging plant at the Anheuser-Busch headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri Containers Budweiser has been distributed in many sizes and variety of containers. Until the early 1950s, Budweiser was primarily distributed in three packages: kegs, 12 U.S. fl oz (355 mL) bottles and 1 US quart (0.95 L) bottles. Cans were first introduced in 1936. In 1955 August Busch Jr. made a strategic move to expand Budweiser's national brand and distributor presence. Along with this expansion came advances in bottling automation, bottling materials and distribution methods. These advances brought new containers and package designs. As of 2011 Budweiser is distributed in four large container volumes: half-barrel kegs (15.5 US gal; 58.7 L), quarter-barrel kegs (7.75 US gal; 29.3 L), 1/6 barrel kegs (5.17 US gal; 19.6 L) and 5.2 US gallons (20 L) "beer balls". Budweiser produces a variety of cans and bottles ranging from 7–40 US fluid ounces (210–1,180 ml). On August 3, 2011, Anheuser-Busch announced its twelfth can design since 1936, one which emphasizes the bowtie. Packages are sometimes tailored to local customs and traditions. In St. Mary's County, Maryland, 10 US fl oz (300 ml) fluid ounce cans are the preferred package. Cans Budweiser 500 mL (17 US fl oz) can with an alcohol content of 5% ABV In an attempt to re-stimulate interest in their beer after the repeal of Prohibition, Budweiser began canning their beer in 1936. This new packaging led to an increase in sales which lasted until the start of World War II in 1939. Over the years, Budweiser cans have undergone various design changes in response to market conditions and consumer tastes. Since 1936, 12 major can design changes have occurred, not including the temporary special edition designs. Budweiser cans have traditionally displayed patriotic American symbols, such as eagles and the colors red, white, and blue. In 2011, there was a branding redesign that eliminated some of the traditional imagery. The new design was largely in response to a large decline in sales threatening Budweiser's status as America's best-selling beer. In order to regain the domestic market share that Budweiser had lost, the company tried to update its appearance by giving the can a more contemporary look. The company hoped that the new design will offset the effects that unemployment had on its sales. Although the more modern design was intended for young male Americans, the new design was also part of an attempt to focus on the international market. Budweiser began selling its beer in Russia in 2010, and is currently expanding its operations in China. The beer Budweiser delivery truck, Romulus, Michigan Budweiser is produced using malted barley, rice, water, hops and yeast. The brewing happens in seven steps: milling, mashing, straining, brew kettle, primary fermentation, beechwood lagering and finishing. It is lagered with beechwood chips in the aging vessel. Because the beechwood chips are boiled in sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) for seven hours beforehand, there is little to no flavor contribution from the wood. The maturation tanks that Anheuser-Busch uses are horizontal, causing flocculation of yeast to occur much more quickly. Anheuser-Busch refers to this process as a secondary fermentation, with the idea being that the chips give the yeast more surface area to rest on. This is combined with a krausening procedure that re-introduces wort into the chip tank, reactivating the fermentation process. Placing beechwood chips at the bottom of the tank keeps the yeast in suspension longer, giving it more time to reabsorb and process green beer flavors such as acetaldehyde and diacetyl that Anheuser-Busch believes are off-flavors which detract from overall drinkability. Budweiser and Bud Light are sometimes advertised as vegan beers, in that their ingredients and conditioning do not use animal by-products. Some people object to the inclusion of genetically engineered rice and animal products used in the brewing process. In July 2006, Anheuser-Busch brewed a version of Budweiser with organic rice for sale in Mexico. It has yet to extend this practice to any other countries. Budweiser brands Main article: Anheuser-Busch brands § Budweiser In addition to the regular Budweiser, Anheuser-Busch brews several different beers under the Budweiser brand, including Bud Light, Bud Ice, and Bud Light Lime. In July 2010, Anheuser-Busch launched Budweiser 66 in the United Kingdom. Budweiser Brew No.66 has 4% alcohol by volume, and is brewed and distributed in the UK by Inbev UK Limited. In 2020, Budweiser introduced Bud Light Seltzer. In August 2020, Bud Light Seltzers added grapefruit, cranberry and pineapple flavors, to its original offerings of black cherry, mango, lemon lime and strawberry. In October 2020, Bud Light Seltzers added Apple Crisp, Peppermint Pattie, and Gingersnap, with the cans sporting "ugly sweater" designs. In July 2020, Budweiser introduced Bud Zero, its first alcohol-free low-calorie beer. It has zero sugar, zero alcohol, and 50 calories. Temporary "America" labeling On May 10, 2016, Advertising Age reported that the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau had approved new Budweiser labels to be used on 12-ounce cans and bottles from May 23 until the November elections. The name "Budweiser" was changed to "America". Much of the text on the packaging was replaced with patriotic American slogans, such as E pluribus unum and "Liberty & Justice For All". International production Budweiser is licensed, produced and distributed in Canada by Labatt Brewing Company (also owned by AB InBev). 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Retrieved May 10, 2016. ^ "The Molson Amphitheatre is now the Budweiser Stage, and not everyone is happy about it". Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017. ^ "An Average US Brand in the China Market – The Budweiser Story". Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012. ^ New Budweiser Beer “The King of Beers” Specification Manufacturing External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch). Official website Belgian official Budweiser website (archived 31 January 2010) Collection of mid-twentieth century advertising featuring Budweiser beer from the TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design (archived 14 June 2020) vteAB InBevSubsidiaries AmBev Anheuser-Busch Four Peaks Brewery Grupo Modelo Intafact Beverages InBev Interbrew International Breweries plc Nile Breweries SAB South African Breweries Sechaba Brewery Holdings Kgalagadi Breweries St. Louis Refrigerated Car Co. Tanzania Breweries Equity investments Craft Brew Alliance (32.2%) Brands AB InBev brands People Michel Doukeris (CEO) August Busch IV Anson Frericks Jorge Paulo Lemann Arnoud de Pret Roose de Calesberg Philippe de Spoelberch Category Commons vteBeer in the United StatesRegional or state Beer in the Caribbean (incl. Puerto Rico and USVI) Milwaukee Oregon San Diego Vermont Breweries List of breweries in the United States List of defunct breweries in the United States Major brands Blue Moon Bud Ice Bud Light Budweiser Busch Coors Banquet Coors Light Icehouse Keystone Light Michelob Ultra Miller High Life Miller Lite Milwaukee's Best Natural Light Pabst Blue Ribbon Steel Reserve Yuengling American beer styles American lager American pale ale American wild ale Bourbon barrel aged beer Cream ale Kentucky common beer Pumpkin ale Spruce beer Steam beer Related topics Applejack Beer in Canada Beer in Mexico Prohibition in the United States Authority control databases MusicBrainz label	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budweiser Budvar Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Budvar_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Budweiser (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈbʌdwaɪzər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"American-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lager"},{"link_name":"pale lager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_lager"},{"link_name":"AB InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_InBev"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"beer company in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beers_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"filtered beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtered_beer"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_beer"},{"link_name":"hops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Protz-CgtwBeer-3"},{"link_name":"trademark disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_trademark_dispute"},{"link_name":"Budweiser Budvar Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Budvar_Brewery"}],"text":"This article is about the AB InBev brand of beer. For the Czech-made Budweiser beer, see Budweiser Budvar Brewery. For other uses, see Budweiser (disambiguation).Budweiser (/ˈbʌdwaɪzər/) is an American-style pale lager, a brand of Belgian company AB InBev.[1] Introduced in 1876 by Carl Conrad & Co. of St. Louis, Missouri,[2] Budweiser has become a large selling beer company in the United States. Budweiser is a filtered beer, available on draft and in bottles and cans, made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt.[3]There is an ongoing series of trademark disputes between Anheuser-Busch and the Czech company Budweiser Budvar Brewery over the use of the name. Usually, either Anheuser-Busch or Budweiser Budvar is granted the exclusive use of the Budweiser name in a given market. The Anheuser-Busch lager is available in over 80 countries, but is marketed as \"Bud\" in areas where Budvar has use of the Budweiser name.","title":"Budweiser"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bud_and_Budvar.jpg"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Budvar_Brewery"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"České Budějovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Adolphus Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Busch"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"American Budweiser is sold in most of the European Union as \"Bud\" (left). At right is a bottle of Czech Budweiser.The name Budweiser is a German derivative adjective, meaning \"of Budweis\". Beer has been brewed in Budweis, Bohemia (now České Budějovice, Czech Republic) since it was founded in 1265.[4] In 1876, Adolphus Busch and his friend Carl Conrad developed a \"Bohemian-style\" lager in the United States, inspired after a trip to Bohemia, and produced it in their brewery in St. Louis, Missouri.Anheuser–Busch has been involved in multiple trademark disputes with the Budweiser Budvar Brewery of České Budějovice over the trademark rights to the name \"Budweiser\".In the European Union, except Ireland, Sweden, Finland and Spain, the American beer may only be marketed as Bud, as the Budweiser trademark name is owned solely by the Czech beer maker Budweiser Budvar.[5][6] In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, both the Budvar and Anheuser–Busch lagers are available under the Budweiser name, though their logos differ.[7]","title":"Name origin and dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClydeWithBlanket.jpg"},{"link_name":"Budějovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Budvar_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Duffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffman"},{"link_name":"Spuds MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuds_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imr-13"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imr-13"},{"link_name":"Budweiser Frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Frogs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Whassup?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whassup%3F"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Clydesdale horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydesdale_horse"},{"link_name":"Budweiser Clydesdales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Clydesdales"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaleEarnhardtJr.Texas2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dale Earnhardt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr."},{"link_name":"motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Bernie Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Little"},{"link_name":"Miss Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Budweiser"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"NHRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHRA"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhra-22"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Daytona Speedweeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Speedweeks"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Budweiser Shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Shootout"},{"link_name":"Budweiser Duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Duel"},{"link_name":"Budweiser Pole Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Pole_Award"},{"link_name":"Budweiser 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_500_(Spring_Dover)"},{"link_name":"Budweiser 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_400"},{"link_name":"Budweiser 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_300"},{"link_name":"Budweiser 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_250"},{"link_name":"Budweiser 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_200_(Dover)"},{"link_name":"Carolina Pride / Budweiser 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Pride_/_Budweiser_200"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budweiser_beer_served_in_glass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Junior Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"DEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Stewart-Haas Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing"},{"link_name":"Dale Earnhardt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Kasey Kahne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasey_Kahne"},{"link_name":"Kevin Harvick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Harvick"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"IndyCar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Scott Pruett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruett"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Scott Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Goodyear"},{"link_name":"Paul Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Christian Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Richie Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Hearn"},{"link_name":"BMW Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"British Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Under the Anheuser Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Anheuser_Bush"},{"link_name":"video-sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video-sharing"},{"link_name":"Tudou.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudou.com"},{"link_name":"Chinese New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adage_dreams-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adage-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adage-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statista-31"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Zemeckis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis"},{"link_name":"Denzel Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzel_Washington"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX"},{"link_name":"craft beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbrewery#Craft_brewing"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Budweiser Clydesdales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Clydesdales"},{"link_name":"Danforth Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danforth_Campus"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"presidential debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Dylan Mulvaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Mulvaney"},{"link_name":"drop in sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bud_Light_boycott"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalesFall-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"One of the Budweiser ClydesdalesThe Budweiser from Budějovice has been called \"The Beer of Kings\" since the 16th century. Adolphus Busch adapted this slogan to \"The King of Beers.\"[8][9] This history notwithstanding, Anheuser Busch owns the trademark to these slogans in the United States.[10]In 1969 AB introduced the Superman-esque advertising character of Bud Man.[11] Bud Man served as one of the inspiration behind several characters including The Simpsons's Duffman.From 1987 to 1989, Bud Light ran an advertising campaign centered around canine mascot Spuds MacKenzie.[12]In 2010, the Bud Light brand paid $1 billion for a six-year licensing agreement with the NFL.[13] Budweiser pays $20 million annually for MLB licensing rights.[13]Budweiser has produced a number of TV advertisements, such as the Budweiser Frogs,[14][15] lizards impersonating the Budweiser frogs,[16] a campaign built around the phrase \"Whassup?\",[17] and a team of Clydesdale horses commonly known as the Budweiser Clydesdales.[18]Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s No. 8 Budweiser-sponsored car in 2007Budweiser also advertises in motorsports, from Bernie Little's Miss Budweiser hydroplane boat[19] to sponsorship of the Budweiser King Top Fuel Dragster driven by Brandon Bernstein.[20] Anheuser-Busch has sponsored the CART championship.[21] It is the \"Official Beer of NHRA\"[22] and it was the \"Official Beer of NASCAR\" from 1998 to 2007.[23] It has sponsored motorsport events such as the Daytona Speedweeks,[24] Budweiser Shootout, Budweiser Duel, Budweiser Pole Award, Budweiser 500, Budweiser 400, Budweiser 300, Budweiser 250, Budweiser 200, and Carolina Pride / Budweiser 200. However, starting in 2016, the focus of A-B's NASCAR sponsorship became its Busch brand.[25]Budweiser beer in a Bangkok barBudweiser has sponsored NASCAR teams such as Junior Johnson, Hendrick Motorsports, DEI, and Stewart-Haas Racing. Sponsored drivers include Dale Earnhardt Jr. (1999–2007), Kasey Kahne (2008–2010), and Kevin Harvick (2011–2015).[26] In IndyCar, Budweiser sponsored Mario Andretti (1983–1984), Bobby Rahal (1985–1988),[27] Scott Pruett (1989–1992), Roberto Guerrero (1993), Scott Goodyear (1994), Paul Tracy (1995), Christian Fittipaldi (1996–1997), and Richie Hearn (1998–1999).Between 2003 and 2006, Budweiser was a sponsor of the BMW Williams Formula One team.Anheuser-Busch has placed Budweiser as an official partner and sponsor of Major League Soccer and Los Angeles Galaxy and was the headline sponsor of the British Basketball League in the 1990s. Anheuser-Busch has also placed Budweiser as an official sponsor of the Premier League and the presenting sponsor of the FA Cup.In the early 20th century, the company commissioned a play-on-words song called \"Under the Anheuser Bush,\" which was recorded by several early phonograph companies.In 2009, Anheuser-Busch partnered with popular Chinese video-sharing site Tudou.com for a user-generated online video contest. The contest encouraged users to submit ideas that included ants for a Bud TV spot set to run in February 2010 during Chinese New Year.[28]In 2010, Budweiser produced an online reality TV series centered around the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa called Bud House, following the lives of 32 international soccer fans (one representing each nation in the World Cup) living together in a house in South Africa.[29]Anheuser-Busch advertises the Budweiser brand heavily, expending $449 million in 2012 in the United States alone.[30] Presenting Budweiser as the most advertised drink brand in America,[30] and accounted for a third of the company's US marketing budget.[31]On November 5, 2012, Anheuser-Busch asked Paramount Pictures to obscure or remove the Budweiser logo from the film Flight (2012), directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Denzel Washington.[32]In an advertisement titled \"Brewed the Hard Way\" which aired during Super Bowl XLIX, Budweiser touted itself as \"Proudly A Macro Beer\", distinguishing it from smaller production craft beers.[33]In 2016, Beer Park by Budweiser opened on the Las Vegas Strip.[34]On October 7, 2016, the Budweiser Clydesdales made a special appearance on the Danforth Campus at Washington University in St. Louis ahead of the presidential debate. A special batch beer named Lilly's Lager was exclusively brewed for the occasion.[35]In December 2020, Budweiser sent personalized bottles of beer to every goalkeeper who Lionel Messi had scored against.[36]In April 2023, a single Bud Light can was made with the face of trans TikToker Dylan Mulvaney as Budweiser attempted to rebrand its image away from its previous \"fratty\" image. This has caused a massive drop in sales for the company. [37][38] In July 2023 Budweiser had dropped from the top-selling beer to 14th place because of the backlash.[39]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"}],"text":"The packaging plant at the Anheuser-Busch headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri","title":"Containers and packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budweiser&action=edit"},{"link_name":"bottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_bottle"},{"link_name":"bowtie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowtie"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"fluid ounce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ounce"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Containers","text":"Budweiser has been distributed in many sizes and variety of containers. Until the early 1950s, Budweiser was primarily distributed in three packages: kegs, 12 U.S. fl oz (355 mL) bottles and 1 US quart (0.95 L) bottles. Cans were first introduced in 1936.[40] In 1955 August Busch Jr.[41] made a strategic move to expand Budweiser's national brand and distributor presence. Along with this expansion came advances in bottling automation, bottling materials and distribution methods. These advances brought new containers and package designs. As of 2011[update] Budweiser is distributed in four large container volumes: half-barrel kegs (15.5 US gal; 58.7 L), quarter-barrel kegs (7.75 US gal; 29.3 L), 1/6 barrel kegs (5.17 US gal; 19.6 L) and 5.2 US gallons (20 L) \"beer balls\". Budweiser produces a variety of cans and bottles ranging from 7–40 US fluid ounces (210–1,180 ml). On August 3, 2011, Anheuser-Busch announced its twelfth can design since 1936, one which emphasizes the bowtie.[42]Packages are sometimes tailored to local customs and traditions. In St. Mary's County, Maryland, 10 US fl oz (300 ml) fluid ounce cans[43][44] are the preferred package.","title":"Containers and packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budweiser_Can.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowtie-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Budweiser_Can_Redesigned-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowtie-46"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Budweiser_Can_Redesigned-48"}],"sub_title":"Cans","text":"Budweiser 500 mL (17 US fl oz) can with an alcohol content of 5% ABVIn an attempt to re-stimulate interest in their beer after the repeal of Prohibition, Budweiser began canning their beer in 1936. This new packaging led to an increase in sales which lasted until the start of World War II in 1939.[45]Over the years, Budweiser cans have undergone various design changes in response to market conditions and consumer tastes. Since 1936, 12 major can design changes have occurred, not including the temporary special edition designs.[46]Budweiser cans have traditionally displayed patriotic American symbols, such as eagles and the colors red, white, and blue. In 2011, there was a branding redesign that eliminated some of the traditional imagery. The new design was largely in response to a large decline in sales threatening Budweiser's status as America's best-selling beer.[47] In order to regain the domestic market share that Budweiser had lost, the company tried to update its appearance by giving the can a more contemporary look. The company hoped that the new design will offset the effects that unemployment had on its sales.[48] Although the more modern design was intended for young male Americans, the new design was also part of an attempt to focus on the international market.[46] Budweiser began selling its beer in Russia in 2010, and is currently expanding its operations in China.[48]","title":"Containers and packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budweiser_beverage_delivery_truck_Romulus_Michigan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Romulus, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"malted barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malted_barley"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"hops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"lagering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagering"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"beechwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"flocculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculation"},{"link_name":"krausening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing#Conditioning"},{"link_name":"acetaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde"},{"link_name":"diacetyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetyl"},{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan"},{"link_name":"genetically engineered rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_engineered_rice"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gp2-51"},{"link_name":"organic rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_rice"}],"text":"Budweiser delivery truck, Romulus, MichiganBudweiser is produced using malted barley, rice, water, hops and yeast. The brewing happens in seven steps: milling, mashing, straining, brew kettle, primary fermentation, beechwood lagering and finishing.[49] It is lagered with beechwood chips in the aging vessel. Because the beechwood chips are boiled in sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) for seven hours beforehand, there is little to no flavor contribution from the wood.[50]The maturation tanks that Anheuser-Busch uses are horizontal, causing flocculation of yeast to occur much more quickly. Anheuser-Busch refers to this process as a secondary fermentation, with the idea being that the chips give the yeast more surface area to rest on. This is combined with a krausening procedure that re-introduces wort into the chip tank, reactivating the fermentation process.Placing beechwood chips at the bottom of the tank keeps the yeast in suspension longer, giving it more time to reabsorb and process green beer flavors such as acetaldehyde and diacetyl that Anheuser-Busch believes are off-flavors which detract from overall drinkability.Budweiser and Bud Light are sometimes advertised as vegan beers, in that their ingredients and conditioning do not use animal by-products. Some people object to the inclusion of genetically engineered rice[51] and animal products used in the brewing process. In July 2006, Anheuser-Busch brewed a version of Budweiser with organic rice for sale in Mexico. It has yet to extend this practice to any other countries.","title":"The beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"},{"link_name":"Inbev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbev"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"In addition to the regular Budweiser, Anheuser-Busch brews several different beers under the Budweiser brand, including Bud Light, Bud Ice, and Bud Light Lime.In July 2010, Anheuser-Busch launched Budweiser 66 in the United Kingdom. Budweiser Brew No.66 has 4% alcohol by volume, and is brewed and distributed in the UK by Inbev UK Limited.In 2020, Budweiser introduced Bud Light Seltzer.[52] In August 2020, Bud Light Seltzers added grapefruit, cranberry and pineapple flavors,[53] to its original offerings of black cherry, mango, lemon lime and strawberry.[54] In October 2020, Bud Light Seltzers added Apple Crisp, Peppermint Pattie, and Gingersnap,[55] with the cans sporting \"ugly sweater\" designs.[56]In July 2020, Budweiser introduced Bud Zero, its first alcohol-free low-calorie beer.[57] It has zero sugar, zero alcohol, and 50 calories.[58]","title":"Budweiser brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advertising Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Age"},{"link_name":"Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau"},{"link_name":"November elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irby-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"E pluribus unum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_pluribus_unum"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irby-59"}],"text":"On May 10, 2016, Advertising Age reported that the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau had approved new Budweiser labels to be used on 12-ounce cans and bottles from May 23 until the November elections.[59][60] The name \"Budweiser\" was changed to \"America\". Much of the text on the packaging was replaced with patriotic American slogans, such as E pluribus unum and \"Liberty & Justice For All\".[59]","title":"Temporary \"America\" labeling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labatt Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labatt_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Budweiser is licensed, produced and distributed in Canada by Labatt Brewing Company (also owned by AB InBev).[61] Of the 15 Anheuser-Busch breweries outside of the United States, 14 of them are positioned in China. Budweiser is the fourth leading brand in the Chinese beer market.[62]","title":"International production"}]	[{"image_text":"American Budweiser is sold in most of the European Union as \"Bud\" (left). At right is a bottle of Czech Budweiser.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bud_and_Budvar.jpg/220px-Bud_and_Budvar.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the Budweiser Clydesdales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ClydeWithBlanket.jpg/220px-ClydeWithBlanket.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s No. 8 Budweiser-sponsored car in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/DaleEarnhardtJr.Texas2007.jpg/220px-DaleEarnhardtJr.Texas2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Budweiser beer in a Bangkok bar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Budweiser_beer_served_in_glass.jpg/220px-Budweiser_beer_served_in_glass.jpg"},{"image_text":"The packaging plant at the Anheuser-Busch headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG/220px-StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG"},{"image_text":"Budweiser 500 mL (17 US fl oz) can with an alcohol content of 5% ABV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Budweiser_Can.jpg/110px-Budweiser_Can.jpg"},{"image_text":"Budweiser delivery truck, Romulus, Michigan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Budweiser_beverage_delivery_truck_Romulus_Michigan.JPG/220px-Budweiser_beverage_delivery_truck_Romulus_Michigan.JPG"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png"},{"title":"Beer portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Beer"},{"title":"Drink portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Drink"},{"title":"Beer Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Wars"},{"title":"Ulterior Emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulterior_Emotions"},{"title":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}]	[{"reference":"Brown, Lisa (October 11, 2016). \"A-B InBev finalizes $100B billion acquisition of SABMiller, creating world's largest beer company\". Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-megabrew-ab-inbev-sabmiller-merger-20161010-story.html","url_text":"\"A-B InBev finalizes $100B billion acquisition of SABMiller, creating world's largest beer company\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191115132552/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-megabrew-ab-inbev-sabmiller-merger-20161010-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lockhart, Bill; et al. (2006). \"Carl Conrad & Co. – The Original American Budweiser\" (PDF). Society for Historical Archeology. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2015. 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Retrieved April 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110504131220/http://gamhof.org/bio1.html","url_text":"\"GAMHOF Adolphus Busch Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.gamhof.org/bio1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGrath Goodman, Leah (November 3, 2016). \"Budweiser's Battle for Beer Market Dominance Hinges on the U.S.\" Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/2016/11/11/budweiser-merger-beer-market-516396.html","url_text":"\"Budweiser's Battle for Beer Market Dominance Hinges on the U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170507192047/http://www.newsweek.com/2016/11/11/budweiser-merger-beer-market-516396.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Rob (June 4, 2002). \"The King of Beers vs. the Beer of Kings\". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon. 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Retrieved November 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worthpoint.com/dictionary/p/alcohol-smoking/beer-advertising/budweiser-bud-man","url_text":"\"Budweiser Bud Man - Guide to Value, Marks, History \| WorthPoint Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221121162612/https://www.worthpoint.com/dictionary/p/alcohol-smoking/beer-advertising/budweiser-bud-man","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Kate. \"Bud Light just revived its most controversial mascot of all time\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-bud-light-dog-spuds-mackenzie","url_text":"\"Bud Light just revived its most controversial mascot of all time\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200605161516/https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-bud-light-dog-spuds-mackenzie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Beer – global sponsorship analysis\". imrpublications.com. IMR Publications. n.d. 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Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-10-fi-48136-story.html","url_text":"\"Don't Leap on Budweiser Lizards, Just Enforce the Laws\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200605161648/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-10-fi-48136-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Budweiser : Wassup\". adage.com. March 19, 2006. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://adage.com/creativity/work/wassup/7177","url_text":"\"Budweiser : Wassup\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200605162748/https://adage.com/creativity/work/wassup/7177","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shikes, Jonathan (August 23, 2011). \"The five most memorable Budweiser Clydesdale commercials; the horses are leaving Fort Collins\". West World Blogs. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_distribution	Degree distribution	["1 Definition","2 Observed degree distributions","3 Excess degree distribution","4 Generating functions method","5 Degree distribution for directed networks","6 Degree distribution for signed networks","7 See also","8 References"]	Part of a series onNetwork science Theory Graph Complex network Contagion Small-world Scale-free Community structure Percolation Evolution Controllability Graph drawing Social capital Link analysis Optimization Reciprocity Closure Homophily Transitivity Preferential attachment Balance theory Network effect Social influence Network types Informational (computing) Telecommunication Transport Social Scientific collaboration Biological Artificial neural Interdependent Semantic Spatial Dependency Flow on-Chip Graphs Features Clique Component Cut Cycle Data structure Edge Loop Neighborhood Path Vertex Adjacency list / matrix Incidence list / matrix Types Bipartite Complete Directed Hyper Labeled Multi Random Weighted MetricsAlgorithms Centrality Degree Motif Clustering Degree distribution Assortativity Distance Modularity Efficiency Models Topology Random graph Erdős–Rényi Barabási–Albert Bianconi–Barabási Fitness model Watts–Strogatz Exponential random (ERGM) Random geometric (RGG) Hyperbolic (HGN) Hierarchical Stochastic block Blockmodeling Maximum entropy Soft configuration LFR Benchmark Dynamics Boolean network agent based Epidemic/SIR ListsCategories Topics Software Network scientists Category:Network theory Category:Graph theory vte In the study of graphs and networks, the degree of a node in a network is the number of connections it has to other nodes and the degree distribution is the probability distribution of these degrees over the whole network. Definition The degree of a node in a network (sometimes referred to incorrectly as the connectivity) is the number of connections or edges the node has to other nodes. If a network is directed, meaning that edges point in one direction from one node to another node, then nodes have two different degrees, the in-degree, which is the number of incoming edges, and the out-degree, which is the number of outgoing edges. The degree distribution P(k) of a network is then defined to be the fraction of nodes in the network with degree k. Thus if there are n nodes in total in a network and nk of them have degree k, we have P ( k ) = n k n {\displaystyle P(k)={\frac {n_{k}}{n}}} . The same information is also sometimes presented in the form of a cumulative degree distribution, the fraction of nodes with degree smaller than k, or even the complementary cumulative degree distribution, the fraction of nodes with degree greater than or equal to k (1 - C) if one considers C as the cumulative degree distribution; i.e. the complement of C. Observed degree distributions The degree distribution is very important in studying both real networks, such as the Internet and social networks, and theoretical networks. The simplest network model, for example, the (Erdős–Rényi model) random graph, in which each of n nodes is independently connected (or not) with probability p (or 1 − p), has a binomial distribution of degrees k: P ( k ) = ( n − 1 k ) p k ( 1 − p ) n − 1 − k , {\displaystyle P(k)={n-1 \choose k}p^{k}(1-p)^{n-1-k},} (or Poisson in the limit of large n, if the average degree ⟨ k ⟩ = p ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle \langle k\rangle =p(n-1)} is held fixed). Most networks in the real world, however, have degree distributions very different from this. Most are highly right-skewed, meaning that a large majority of nodes have low degree but a small number, known as "hubs", have high degree. Some networks, notably the Internet, the World Wide Web, and some social networks were argued to have degree distributions that approximately follow a power law: P ( k ) ∼ k − γ {\displaystyle P(k)\sim k^{-\gamma }} , where γ is a constant. Such networks are called scale-free networks and have attracted particular attention for their structural and dynamical properties. However, a survey of a wide range of real world networks suggests that scale-free networks are rare when assessed using statistically rigorous measures. Some researchers have disputed these findings arguing that the definitions used in the study are inappropriately strict, while others have argued that the precise functional form of the degree distribution is less important than knowing whether the degree distribution is fat-tailed or not. The over-interpretation of specific forms of the degree distribution has also been criticised for failing to consider how networks may evolve over time. Excess degree distribution Excess degree distribution is the probability distribution, for a node reached by following an edge, of the number of other edges attached to that node. In other words, it is the distribution of outgoing links from a node reached by following a link. Suppose a network has a degree distribution P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} , by selecting one node (randomly or not) and going to one of its neighbors (assuming to have one neighbor at least), then the probability of that node to have k {\displaystyle k} neighbors is not given by P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} . The reason is that, whenever some node is selected in a heterogeneous network, it is more probable to reach the hubs by following one of the existing neighbors of that node. The true probability of such nodes to have degree k {\displaystyle k} is q ( k ) {\displaystyle q(k)} which is called the excess degree of that node. In the configuration model, which correlations between the nodes have been ignored and every node is assumed to be connected to any other nodes in the network with the same probability, the excess degree distribution can be found as: q ( k ) = k + 1 ⟨ k ⟩ P ( k + 1 ) , {\displaystyle q(k)={\frac {k+1}{\langle k\rangle }}P(k+1),} where ⟨ k ⟩ {\displaystyle {\langle k\rangle }} is the mean-degree (average degree) of the model. It follows to that fact that the average degree of the neighbor of any node is greater than the average degree of that node. In social networks, it mean that your friends, on average, have more friends than you. This is famous as the friendship paradox. It can be shown that a network can have a giant component, if its average excess degree is larger than one: ∑ k k q ( k ) > 1 ⇒ ⟨ k 2 ⟩ / ⟨ k ⟩ − 1 > 1 ⇒ ⟨ k 2 ⟩ − 2 ⟨ k ⟩ > 0 {\displaystyle \sum _{k}kq(k)>1\Rightarrow {\langle k^{2}\rangle }/{\langle k\rangle }-1>1\Rightarrow {\langle k^{2}\rangle }-2{\langle k\rangle }>0} Bear in mind that the last two equations are just for the configuration model and to derive the excess degree distribution of a real-word network, we should also add degree correlations into account. Generating functions method Generating functions can be used to calculate different properties of random networks. Given the degree distribution and the excess degree distribution of some network, P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} and q ( k ) {\displaystyle q(k)} respectively, it is possible to write two power series in the following forms: G 0 ( x ) = ∑ k P ( k ) x k {\displaystyle G_{0}(x)=\textstyle \sum _{k}\displaystyle P(k)x^{k}} and G 1 ( x ) = ∑ k q ( k ) x k = ∑ k k ⟨ k ⟩ P ( k ) x k − 1 {\displaystyle G_{1}(x)=\textstyle \sum _{k}\displaystyle q(k)x^{k}=\textstyle \sum _{k}\displaystyle {\frac {k}{\langle k\rangle }}P(k)x^{k-1}} G 1 ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{1}(x)} can also be obtained from derivatives of G 0 ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{0}(x)} : G 1 ( x ) = G 0 ′ ( x ) G 0 ′ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle G_{1}(x)={\frac {G'_{0}(x)}{G'_{0}(1)}}} If we know the generating function for a probability distribution P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} then we can recover the values of P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} by differentiating: P ( k ) = 1 k ! d k G d x k \| x = 0 {\displaystyle P(k)={\frac {1}{k!}}{\operatorname {d} ^{k}\!G \over \operatorname {d} \!x^{k}}{\biggl \vert }_{x=0}} Some properties, e.g. the moments, can be easily calculated from G 0 ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{0}(x)} and its derivatives: ⟨ k ⟩ = G 0 ′ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\langle k\rangle }=G'_{0}(1)} ⟨ k 2 ⟩ = G 0 ″ ( 1 ) + G 0 ′ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\langle k^{2}\rangle }=G''_{0}(1)+G'_{0}(1)} And in general: ⟨ k m ⟩ = [ ( x ⁡ d dx ) m G 0 ( x ) ] x = 1 {\displaystyle {\langle k^{m}\rangle }={\Biggl }_{x=1}} For Poisson-distributed random networks, such as the ER graph, G 1 ( x ) = G 0 ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{1}(x)=G_{0}(x)} , that is the reason why the theory of random networks of this type is especially simple. The probability distributions for the 1st and 2nd-nearest neighbors are generated by the functions G 0 ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{0}(x)} and G 0 ( G 1 ( x ) ) {\displaystyle G_{0}(G_{1}(x))} . By extension, the distribution of m {\displaystyle m} -th neighbors is generated by: G 0 ( G 1 ( . . . G 1 ( x ) . . . ) ) {\displaystyle G_{0}{\bigl (}G_{1}(...G_{1}(x)...){\bigr )}} , with m − 1 {\displaystyle m-1} iterations of the function G 1 {\displaystyle G_{1}} acting on itself. The average number of 1st neighbors, c 1 {\displaystyle c_{1}} , is ⟨ k ⟩ = d G 0 ( x ) d x \| x = 1 {\displaystyle {\langle k\rangle }={dG_{0}(x) \over dx}\|_{x=1}} and the average number of 2nd neighbors is: c 2 = [ d d x G 0 ( G 1 ( x ) ) ] x = 1 = G 1 ′ ( 1 ) G 0 ′ ( G 1 ( 1 ) ) = G 1 ′ ( 1 ) G 0 ′ ( 1 ) = G 0 ″ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle c_{2}={\biggl }_{x=1}=G_{1}'(1)G'_{0}{\big (}G_{1}(1){\big )}=G_{1}'(1)G'_{0}(1)=G''_{0}(1)} Degree distribution for directed networks In/out degree distribution for Wikipedia's hyperlink graph (logarithmic scales) In a directed network, each node has some in-degree k i n {\displaystyle k_{in}} and some out-degree k o u t {\displaystyle k_{out}} which are the number of links which have run into and out of that node respectfully. If P ( k i n , k o u t ) {\displaystyle P(k_{in},k_{out})} is the probability that a randomly chosen node has in-degree k i n {\displaystyle k_{in}} and out-degree k o u t {\displaystyle k_{out}} then the generating function assigned to this joint probability distribution can be written with two valuables x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} as: G ( x , y ) = ∑ k i n , k o u t P ( k i n , k o u t ) x k i n y k o u t . {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}(x,y)=\sum _{k_{in},k_{out}}\displaystyle P({k_{in},k_{out}})x^{k_{in}}y^{k_{out}}.} Since every link in a directed network must leave some node and enter another, the net average number of links entering a node is zero. Therefore, ⟨ k i n − k o u t ⟩ = ∑ k i n , k o u t ( k i n − k o u t ) P ( k i n , k o u t ) = 0 {\displaystyle \langle {k_{in}-k_{out}}\rangle =\sum _{k_{in},k_{out}}\displaystyle (k_{in}-k_{out})P({k_{in},k_{out}})=0} , which implies that, the generation function must satisfy: ∂ G ∂ x \| x , y = 1 = ∂ G ∂ y \| x , y = 1 = c , {\displaystyle {\partial {\mathcal {G}} \over \partial x}\vert _{x,y=1}={\partial {\mathcal {G}} \over \partial y}\vert _{x,y=1}=c,} where c {\displaystyle c} is the mean degree (both in and out) of the nodes in the network; ⟨ k i n ⟩ = ⟨ k o u t ⟩ = c . {\displaystyle \langle {k_{in}}\rangle =\langle {k_{out}}\rangle =c.} Using the function G ( x , y ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}(x,y)} , we can again find the generation function for the in/out-degree distribution and in/out-excess degree distribution, as before. G 0 i n ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{0}^{in}(x)} can be defined as generating functions for the number of arriving links at a randomly chosen node, and G 1 i n ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{1}^{in}(x)} can be defined as the number of arriving links at a node reached by following a randomly chosen link. We can also define generating functions G 0 o u t ( y ) {\displaystyle G_{0}^{out}(y)} and G 1 o u t ( y ) {\displaystyle G_{1}^{out}(y)} for the number leaving such a node: G 0 i n ( x ) = G ( x , 1 ) {\displaystyle G_{0}^{in}(x)={\mathcal {G}}(x,1)} G 1 i n ( x ) = 1 c ∂ G ∂ x \| y = 1 {\displaystyle G_{1}^{in}(x)={\frac {1}{c}}{\partial {\mathcal {G}} \over \partial x}\vert _{y=1}} G 0 o u t ( y ) = G ( 1 , y ) {\displaystyle G_{0}^{out}(y)={\mathcal {G}}(1,y)} G 1 o u t ( y ) = 1 c ∂ G ∂ y \| x = 1 {\displaystyle G_{1}^{out}(y)={\frac {1}{c}}{\partial {\mathcal {G}} \over \partial y}\vert _{x=1}} Here, the average number of 1st neighbors, c {\displaystyle c} , or as previously introduced as c 1 {\displaystyle c_{1}} , is ∂ G ∂ x \| x , y = 1 = ∂ G ∂ y \| x , y = 1 {\displaystyle {\partial {\mathcal {G}} \over \partial x}{\biggl \vert }_{x,y=1}={\partial {\mathcal {G}} \over \partial y}{\biggl \vert }_{x,y=1}} and the average number of 2nd neighbors reachable from a randomly chosen node is given by: c 2 = G 1 ′ ( 1 ) G 0 ′ ( 1 ) = ∂ 2 G ∂ x ∂ y \| x , y = 1 {\displaystyle c_{2}=G_{1}'(1)G'_{0}(1)={\partial ^{2}{\mathcal {G}} \over \partial x\partial y}{\biggl \vert }_{x,y=1}} . These are also the numbers of 1st and 2nd neighbors from which a random node can be reached, since these equations are manifestly symmetric in x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} . Degree distribution for signed networks In a signed network, each node has a positive-degree k + {\displaystyle k_{+}} and a negative degree k − {\displaystyle k_{-}} which are the positive number of links and negative number of links connected to that node respectfully. So P ( k + ) {\displaystyle P(k_{+})} and P ( k − ) {\displaystyle P(k_{-})} denote negative degree distribution and positive degree distribution of the signed network. See also Graph theory Complex network Scale-free network Random graph Structural cut-off References ^ Barabási, Albert-László; Albert, Réka (1999-10-15). "Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks". Science. 286 (5439): 509–512. arXiv:cond-mat/9910332. Bibcode:1999Sci...286..509B. doi:10.1126/science.286.5439.509. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10521342. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_network"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"}],"text":"In the study of graphs and networks, the degree of a node in a network is the number of connections it has to other nodes and the degree distribution is the probability distribution of these degrees over the whole network.","title":"Degree distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"connectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivity_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(graph_theory)#Graph"},{"link_name":"directed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph"}],"text":"The degree of a node in a network (sometimes referred to incorrectly as the connectivity) is the number of connections or edges the node has to other nodes. If a network is directed, meaning that edges point in one direction from one node to another node, then nodes have two different degrees, the in-degree, which is the number of incoming edges, and the out-degree, which is the number of outgoing edges.The degree distribution P(k) of a network is then defined to be the fraction of nodes in the network with degree k. Thus if there are n nodes in total in a network and nk of them have degree k, we haveP\n (\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n \n n\n \n k\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)={\\frac {n_{k}}{n}}}\n \n.The same information is also sometimes presented in the form of a cumulative degree distribution, the fraction of nodes with degree smaller than k, or even the complementary cumulative degree distribution, the fraction of nodes with degree greater than or equal to k (1 - C) if one considers C as the cumulative degree distribution; i.e. the complement of C.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"social networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networks"},{"link_name":"random graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_graph"},{"link_name":"binomial distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_distribution"},{"link_name":"Poisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution"},{"link_name":"right-skewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"power law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law"},{"link_name":"scale-free networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_networks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doro-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSY-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fat-tailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-tailed_distribution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The degree distribution is very important in studying both real networks, such as the Internet and social networks, and theoretical networks. The simplest network model, for example, the (Erdős–Rényi model) random graph, in which each of n nodes is independently connected (or not) with probability p (or 1 − p), has a binomial distribution of degrees k:P\n (\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n p\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n −\n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)={n-1 \\choose k}p^{k}(1-p)^{n-1-k},}(or Poisson in the limit of large n, if the average degree \n \n \n \n ⟨\n k\n ⟩\n =\n p\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle k\\rangle =p(n-1)}\n \n is held fixed). Most networks in the real world, however, have degree distributions very different from this. Most are highly right-skewed, meaning that a large majority of nodes have low degree but a small number, known as \"hubs\", have high degree. Some networks, notably the Internet, the World Wide Web, and some social networks were argued to have degree distributions that approximately follow a power law: \n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n ∼\n \n k\n \n −\n γ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)\\sim k^{-\\gamma }}\n \n, where γ is a constant. Such networks are called scale-free networks and have attracted particular attention for their structural and dynamical properties.[1][2][3][4] However, a survey of a wide range of real world networks suggests that scale-free networks are rare when assessed using statistically rigorous measures.[5] Some researchers have disputed these findings arguing that the definitions used in the study are inappropriately strict,[6] while others have argued that the precise functional form of the degree distribution is less important than knowing whether the degree distribution is fat-tailed or not.[7] The over-interpretation of specific forms of the degree distribution has also been criticised for failing to consider how networks may evolve over time.[8]","title":"Observed degree distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"configuration model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_model"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"friendship paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_paradox"},{"link_name":"giant component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_component"},{"link_name":"configuration model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_model"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"Excess degree distribution is the probability distribution, for a node reached by following an edge, of the number of other edges attached to that node.[9] In other words, it is the distribution of outgoing links from a node reached by following a link.Suppose a network has a degree distribution \n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)}\n \n, by selecting one node (randomly or not) and going to one of its neighbors (assuming to have one neighbor at least), then the probability of that node to have \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n neighbors is not given by \n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)}\n \n. The reason is that, whenever some node is selected in a heterogeneous network, it is more probable to reach the hubs by following one of the existing neighbors of that node. The true probability of such nodes to have degree \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is \n \n \n \n q\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q(k)}\n \n which is called the excess degree of that node. In the configuration model, which correlations between the nodes have been ignored and every node is assumed to be connected to any other nodes in the network with the same probability, the excess degree distribution can be found as:[9]q\n (\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n ⟨\n k\n ⟩\n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q(k)={\\frac {k+1}{\\langle k\\rangle }}P(k+1),}where \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n k\n ⟩\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\langle k\\rangle }}\n \n is the mean-degree (average degree) of the model. It follows to that fact that the average degree of the neighbor of any node is greater than the average degree of that node. In social networks, it mean that your friends, on average, have more friends than you. This is famous as the friendship paradox. It can be shown that a network can have a giant component, if its average excess degree is larger than one:∑\n \n k\n \n \n k\n q\n (\n k\n )\n >\n 1\n ⇒\n \n ⟨\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n /\n \n \n ⟨\n k\n ⟩\n \n −\n 1\n >\n 1\n ⇒\n \n ⟨\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n \n −\n 2\n \n ⟨\n k\n ⟩\n \n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{k}kq(k)>1\\Rightarrow {\\langle k^{2}\\rangle }/{\\langle k\\rangle }-1>1\\Rightarrow {\\langle k^{2}\\rangle }-2{\\langle k\\rangle }>0}Bear in mind that the last two equations are just for the configuration model and to derive the excess degree distribution of a real-word network, we should also add degree correlations into account.[9]","title":"Excess degree distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generating functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability-generating_function"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Poisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution"},{"link_name":"ER graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93R%C3%A9nyi_model"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"Generating functions can be used to calculate different properties of random networks. Given the degree distribution and the excess degree distribution of some network, \n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n q\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q(k)}\n \n respectively, it is possible to write two power series in the following forms:G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}(x)=\\textstyle \\sum _{k}\\displaystyle P(k)x^{k}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n q\n (\n k\n )\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n ⟨\n k\n ⟩\n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n x\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}(x)=\\textstyle \\sum _{k}\\displaystyle q(k)x^{k}=\\textstyle \\sum _{k}\\displaystyle {\\frac {k}{\\langle k\\rangle }}P(k)x^{k-1}}G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}(x)}\n \n can also be obtained from derivatives of \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}(x)}\n \n:G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}(x)={\\frac {G'_{0}(x)}{G'_{0}(1)}}}If we know the generating function for a probability distribution \n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)}\n \n then we can recover the values of \n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)}\n \n by differentiating:P\n (\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n k\n \n \n \n G\n \n \n d\n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n x\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)={\\frac {1}{k!}}{\\operatorname {d} ^{k}\\!G \\over \\operatorname {d} \\!x^{k}}{\\biggl \\vert }_{x=0}}Some properties, e.g. the moments, can be easily calculated from \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}(x)}\n \n and its derivatives:⟨\n k\n ⟩\n \n =\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\langle k\\rangle }=G'_{0}(1)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n \n =\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ″\n \n (\n 1\n )\n +\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\langle k^{2}\\rangle }=G''_{0}(1)+G'_{0}(1)}And in general:[9]⟨\n \n k\n \n m\n \n \n ⟩\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n ⁡\n \n \n \n d\n \n \n \n dx\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n x\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\langle k^{m}\\rangle }={\\Biggl [}{{\\bigg (}\\operatorname {x} {\\operatorname {d} \\! \\over \\operatorname {dx} \\!}{\\biggl )}^{m}}G_{0}(x){\\Biggl ]}_{x=1}}For Poisson-distributed random networks, such as the ER graph, \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}(x)=G_{0}(x)}\n \n, that is the reason why the theory of random networks of this type is especially simple. The probability distributions for the 1st and 2nd-nearest neighbors are generated by the functions \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}(x)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}(G_{1}(x))}\n \n. By extension, the distribution of \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n-th neighbors is generated by:G\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n .\n .\n .\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n .\n .\n .\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}{\\bigl (}G_{1}(...G_{1}(x)...){\\bigr )}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m-1}\n \n iterations of the function \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}}\n \n acting on itself.[10]The average number of 1st neighbors, \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{1}}\n \n, is \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n k\n ⟩\n \n =\n \n \n \n d\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n x\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\langle k\\rangle }={dG_{0}(x) \\over dx}\|_{x=1}}\n \n and the average number of 2nd neighbors is: \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n x\n =\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ′\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n =\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ″\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{2}={\\biggl [}{d \\over dx}G_{0}{\\big (}G_{1}(x){\\big )}{\\biggl ]}_{x=1}=G_{1}'(1)G'_{0}{\\big (}G_{1}(1){\\big )}=G_{1}'(1)G'_{0}(1)=G''_{0}(1)}","title":"Generating functions method"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enwiki-degree-distribution.png"},{"link_name":"joint probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"In/out degree distribution for Wikipedia's hyperlink graph (logarithmic scales)In a directed network, each node has some in-degree \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{in}}\n \n and some out-degree \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{out}}\n \n which are the number of links which have run into and out of that node respectfully. If \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n ,\n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k_{in},k_{out})}\n \n is the probability that a randomly chosen node has in-degree \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{in}}\n \n and out-degree \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{out}}\n \n then the generating function assigned to this joint probability distribution can be written with two valuables \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n as:G\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n ,\n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n ,\n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n x\n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}(x,y)=\\sum _{k_{in},k_{out}}\\displaystyle P({k_{in},k_{out}})x^{k_{in}}y^{k_{out}}.}Since every link in a directed network must leave some node and enter another, the net average number of links entering a node is zero. Therefore,⟨\n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n −\n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n ⟩\n =\n \n ∑\n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n ,\n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n −\n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n )\n P\n (\n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n ,\n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle {k_{in}-k_{out}}\\rangle =\\sum _{k_{in},k_{out}}\\displaystyle (k_{in}-k_{out})P({k_{in},k_{out}})=0}\n \n,which implies that, the generation function must satisfy:∂\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n x\n ,\n y\n =\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n x\n ,\n y\n =\n 1\n \n \n =\n c\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\partial {\\mathcal {G}} \\over \\partial x}\\vert _{x,y=1}={\\partial {\\mathcal {G}} \\over \\partial y}\\vert _{x,y=1}=c,}where \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n is the mean degree (both in and out) of the nodes in the network; \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n k\n \n i\n n\n \n \n \n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n \n \n k\n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n \n ⟩\n =\n c\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle {k_{in}}\\rangle =\\langle {k_{out}}\\rangle =c.}Using the function \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}(x,y)}\n \n, we can again find the generation function for the in/out-degree distribution and in/out-excess degree distribution, as before. \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n i\n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}^{in}(x)}\n \n can be defined as generating functions for the number of arriving links at a randomly chosen node, and \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n i\n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}^{in}(x)}\n \ncan be defined as the number of arriving links at a node reached by following a randomly chosen link. We can also define generating functions \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}^{out}(y)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}^{out}(y)}\n \n for the number leaving such a node:[10]G\n \n 0\n \n \n i\n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n G\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}^{in}(x)={\\mathcal {G}}(x,1)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n i\n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n y\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}^{in}(x)={\\frac {1}{c}}{\\partial {\\mathcal {G}} \\over \\partial x}\\vert _{y=1}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 0\n \n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n G\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{0}^{out}(y)={\\mathcal {G}}(1,y)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n o\n u\n t\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n x\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{1}^{out}(y)={\\frac {1}{c}}{\\partial {\\mathcal {G}} \\over \\partial y}\\vert _{x=1}}Here, the average number of 1st neighbors, \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n, or as previously introduced as \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{1}}\n \n, is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n =\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\partial {\\mathcal {G}} \\over \\partial x}{\\biggl \\vert }_{x,y=1}={\\partial {\\mathcal {G}} \\over \\partial y}{\\biggl \\vert }_{x,y=1}}\n \n and the average number of 2nd neighbors reachable from a randomly chosen node is given by: \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n G\n \n 0\n \n ′\n \n (\n 1\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{2}=G_{1}'(1)G'_{0}(1)={\\partial ^{2}{\\mathcal {G}} \\over \\partial x\\partial y}{\\biggl \\vert }_{x,y=1}}\n \n. These are also the numbers of 1st and 2nd neighbors from which a random node can be reached, since these equations are manifestly symmetric in \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n.[10]","title":"Degree distribution for directed networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1038/s41598-021-81767-7-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1016/j.physa.2014.11.062-12"}],"text":"In a signed network, each node has a positive-degree \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{+}}\n \n and a negative degree \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{-}}\n \n which are the positive number of links and negative number of links connected to that node respectfully. So \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n k\n \n +\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k_{+})}\n \n and \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n k\n \n −\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k_{-})}\n \n denote negative degree distribution and positive degree distribution of the signed network.[11][12]","title":"Degree distribution for signed networks"}]	[{"image_text":"In/out degree distribution for Wikipedia's hyperlink graph (logarithmic scales)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Enwiki-degree-distribution.png/320px-Enwiki-degree-distribution.png"}]	[{"title":"Graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"title":"Complex network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_network"},{"title":"Scale-free network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_network"},{"title":"Random graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_graph"},{"title":"Structural cut-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_cut-off"}]	[{"reference":"Barabási, Albert-László; Albert, Réka (1999-10-15). \"Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks\". Science. 286 (5439): 509–512. arXiv:cond-mat/9910332. Bibcode:1999Sci...286..509B. doi:10.1126/science.286.5439.509. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10521342. S2CID 524106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9910332","url_text":"cond-mat/9910332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...286..509B","url_text":"1999Sci...286..509B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5439.509","url_text":"10.1126/science.286.5439.509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10521342","url_text":"10521342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:524106","url_text":"524106"}]},{"reference":"Albert, Réka; Barabási, Albert-László (2000-12-11). \"Topology of Evolving Networks: Local Events and Universality\" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 85 (24): 5234–5237. arXiv:cond-mat/0005085. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.5234A. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.5234. hdl:2047/d20000695. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 11102229. S2CID 81784. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2019-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:331099/fulltext.pdf","url_text":"\"Topology of Evolving Networks: Local Events and Universality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0005085","url_text":"cond-mat/0005085"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvL..85.5234A","url_text":"2000PhRvL..85.5234A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.85.5234","url_text":"10.1103/physrevlett.85.5234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2047%2Fd20000695","url_text":"2047/d20000695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007","url_text":"0031-9007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11102229","url_text":"11102229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81784","url_text":"81784"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721070200/https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:331099/fulltext.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dorogovtsev, S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar	Millisecond pulsar	["1 Pulsar rotational speed limits","2 Gravitational wave detection using pulsar timing","3 References","4 External links"]	Pulsar with a rotational period less than about 10 milliseconds This diagram shows the steps astronomers say are needed to create a pulsar with a superfast spin. 1. A massive supergiant star and a "normal" Sun-like star orbit each other. 2. The massive star explodes, leaving a pulsar that eventually slows down, turns off, and becomes a cooling neutron star. 3. The Sun-like star eventually expands, spilling material on to the neutron star. This "accretion" speeds up the neutron star's spin. 4. Accretion ends, the neutron star is "recycled" into a millisecond pulsar. But in a densely packed globular cluster (2b)... The lowest mass stars are ejected, the remaining normal stars evolve, and the "recycling" scenario (3-4) takes place, creating many millisecond pulsars. A millisecond pulsar (MSP) is a pulsar with a rotational period less than about 10 milliseconds. Millisecond pulsars have been detected in radio, X-ray, and gamma ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The leading hypothesis for the origin of millisecond pulsars is that they are old, rapidly rotating neutron stars that have been spun up or "recycled" through accretion of matter from a companion star in a close binary system. For this reason, millisecond pulsars are sometimes called recycled pulsars. Millisecond pulsars are thought to be related to low-mass X-ray binary systems. It is thought that the X-rays in these systems are emitted by the accretion disk of a neutron star produced by the outer layers of a companion star that has overflowed its Roche lobe. The transfer of angular momentum from this accretion event can increase the rotation rate of the pulsar to hundreds of times per second, as is observed in millisecond pulsars. There has been recent evidence that the standard evolutionary model fails to explain the evolution of all millisecond pulsars, especially young millisecond pulsars with relatively high magnetic fields, e.g. PSR B1937+21. Bülent Kiziltan and S. E. Thorsett (UCSC) showed that different millisecond pulsars must form by at least two distinct processes. But the nature of the other process remains a mystery. Many millisecond pulsars are found in globular clusters. This is consistent with the spin-up hypothesis of their formation, as the extremely high stellar density of these clusters implies a much higher likelihood of a pulsar having (or capturing) a giant companion star. Currently there are approximately 130 millisecond pulsars known in globular clusters. The globular cluster Terzan 5 contains 37 of these, followed by 47 Tucanae with 22 and M28 and M15 with 8 pulsars each. Millisecond pulsars, which can be timed with high precision, have a stability comparable to atomic-clock-based time standards when averaged over decades. This also makes them very sensitive probes of their environments. For example, anything placed in orbit around them causes periodic Doppler shifts in their pulses' arrival times on Earth, which can then be analyzed to reveal the presence of the companion and, with enough data, provide precise measurements of the orbit and the object's mass. The technique is so sensitive that even objects as small as asteroids can be detected if they happen to orbit a millisecond pulsar. The first confirmed exoplanets, discovered several years before the first detections of exoplanets around "normal" solar-like stars, were found in orbit around a millisecond pulsar, PSR B1257+12. These planets remained, for many years, the only Earth-mass objects known outside of the Solar System. One of them, PSR B1257+12 D, has an even smaller mass, comparable to that of the Moon, and is still today the smallest-mass object known beyond the Solar System. Pulsar rotational speed limits The stellar grouping Terzan 5 The first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21, was discovered in 1982 by Backer et al. Spinning roughly 641 times per second, it remains the second fastest-spinning millisecond pulsar of the approximately 200 that have been discovered. Pulsar PSR J1748-2446ad, discovered in 2004, is the fastest-spinning pulsar known, as of 2023, spinning 716 times per second. Current models of neutron star structure and evolution predict that pulsars would break apart if they spun at a rate of c. 1500 rotations per second or more, and that at a rate of above about 1000 rotations per second they would lose energy by gravitational radiation faster than the accretion process would accelerate them. In early 2007 data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and INTEGRAL spacecraft discovered a neutron star XTE J1739-285 rotating at 1122 Hz. The result is not statistically significant, with a significance level of only 3 sigma. While it is an interesting candidate for further observations, current results are inconclusive. Still, it is believed that gravitational radiation plays a role in slowing the rate of rotation. One X-ray pulsar that spins at 599 revolutions per second, IGR J00291+5934, is a prime candidate for helping detect such waves in the future (most such X-ray pulsars only spin at around 300 rotations per second). Gravitational wave detection using pulsar timing Main article: Pulsar timing array Gravitational waves are an important prediction from Einstein's general theory of relativity and result from the bulk motion of matter, fluctuations during the early universe and the dynamics of space-time itself. Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars formed during the supernova explosions of massive stars. They act as highly accurate clocks with a wealth of physical applications ranging from celestial mechanics, neutron star seismology, tests of strong-field gravity and Galactic astronomy. The proposal to use pulsars as gravitational wave detectors was originally made by Sazhin and Detweiler in the late 1970s. The idea is to treat the solar system barycenter and a distant pulsar as opposite ends of an imaginary arm in space. The pulsar acts as the reference clock at one end of the arm sending out regular signals which are monitored by an observer on the Earth. The effect of a passing gravitational wave would be to perturb the local space-time metric and cause a change in the observed rotational frequency of the pulsar. Plot of correlation between pulsars observed by NANOGrav (2023) vs angular separation between pulsars, compared with a theoretical model (dashed purple) and if there were no gravitational wave background (solid green) Hellings and Downs extended this idea in 1983 to an array of pulsars and found that a stochastic background of gravitational waves would produce a quadrupolar correlation between different pulsar pairs as a function of their angular separations on the sky. This work was limited in sensitivity by the precision and stability of the pulsar clocks in the array. Following the discovery of the first millisecond pulsar in 1982, Foster and Backer improved the sensitivity to gravitational waves by applying in 1990 the Hellings-Downs analysis to an array of highly stable millisecond pulsars. The advent of digital data acquisition systems, new radio telescopes and receiver systems, and the discoveries of many new millisecond pulsars advanced the sensitivity of the pulsar timing array to gravitational waves in the early stages of the international effort. The five-year data release, analysis, and first NANOGrav limit on the stochastic gravitational wave background were described in 2013 by Demorest et al. It was followed by the nine-year and 11-year data releases in 2015 and 2018, respectively. Each further limited the gravitational wave background and, in the second case, techniques to precisely determine the barycenter of the solar system were refined. In 2020, the collaboration presented the 12.5-year data release, which included strong evidence for a power-law stochastic process with common strain amplitude and spectral index across all pulsars, but statistically inconclusive data for the critical Hellings-Downs quadrupolar spatial correlation. In June 2023, NANOGrav published the 15-year data release, which contained the first evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background. In particular, it included the first measurement of the Hellings-Downs curve, the tell-tale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observations. References ^ Bhattacharya, D.; Van Den Heuvel, E. P. J. (1991). "Formation and evolution of binary and millisecond radio pulsars". Physics Reports. 203 (1–2): 1. Bibcode:1991PhR...203....1B. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(91)90064-S. ^ Tauris, T. M.; Van Den Heuvel, E. P. J. (2006). Formation and evolution of compact stellar X-ray sources. Bibcode:2006csxs.book..623T. ^ Kızıltan, Bülent; Thorsett, S. E. (2009). "Constraints on Pulsar Evolution: The Joint Period-Spin-down Distribution of Millisecond Pulsars". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 693 (2): L109–L112. arXiv:0902.0604. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693L.109K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/L109. S2CID 2156395. ^ Naeye, Robert (2009). "Surprising Trove of Gamma-Ray Pulsars". Sky & Telescope. ^ Freire, Paulo. "Pulsars in globular clusters". Arecibo Observatory. Retrieved 2007-01-18. ^ Matsakis, D. N.; Taylor, J. H.; Eubanks, T. M. (1997). "A Statistic for Describing Pulsar and Clock Stabilities" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 326: 924–928. Bibcode:1997A&A...326..924M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-04-03. ^ Hartnett, John G.; Luiten, Andre N. (2011-01-07). "Colloquium: Comparison of astrophysical and terrestrial frequency standards". Reviews of Modern Physics. 83 (1): 1–9. arXiv:1004.0115. Bibcode:2011RvMP...83....1H. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.83.1. ISSN 0034-6861. S2CID 118396798. ^ Rasio, Frederic (2011). "Planet Discovery near Pulsars". Science. doi:10.1126/science.1212489. ^ Backer, D. C.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Heiles, C.; Davis, M. M.; Goss, W. M. (1982), "A millisecond pulsar", Nature, 300 (5893): 615–618, Bibcode:1982Natur.300..615B, doi:10.1038/300615a0, S2CID 4247734 ^ "The ATNF Pulsar Database". Retrieved 2009-05-17. ^ Hessels, Jason; Ransom, Scott M.; Stairs, Ingrid H.; Freire, Paulo C. C.; Kaspi, Victoria M.; Camilo, Fernando (2006). "A Radio Pulsar Spinning at 716 Hz". Science. 311 (5769): 1901–1904. arXiv:astro-ph/0601337. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1901H. doi:10.1126/science.1123430. PMID 16410486. S2CID 14945340. ^ Naeye, Robert (2006-01-13). "Spinning Pulsar Smashes Record". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-01-18. ^ Cook, G. B.; Shapiro, S. L.; Teukolsky, S. A. (1994). "Recycling Pulsars to Millisecond Periods in General Relativity". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 423: 117–120. Bibcode:1994ApJ...423L.117C. doi:10.1086/187250. ^ Haensel, P.; Lasota, J. P.; Zdunik, J. L. (1999). "On the minimum period of uniformly rotating neutron stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 344: 151–153. Bibcode:1999A&A...344..151H. ^ Chakrabarty, D.; Morgan, E. H.; Muno, M. P.; Galloway, D. K.; Wijnands, R.; van der Klis, M.; Markwardt, C. B. (2003). "Nuclear-powered millisecond pulsars and the maximum spin frequency of neutron stars". Nature. 424 (6944): 42–44. arXiv:astro-ph/0307029. Bibcode:2003Natur.424...42C. doi:10.1038/nature01732. PMID 12840751. S2CID 1938122. ^ Kiziltan, Bulent; Thorsett, Stephen E. (2007-02-19). "Integral points to the fastest spinning neutron star". Spaceflight Now. 693 (2). European Space Agency. arXiv:0902.0604. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693L.109K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/L109. S2CID 2156395. Retrieved 2007-02-20. ^ Sazhin, M.V. (1978). "Opportunities for detecting ultralong gravitational waves". Sov. Astron. 22: 36–38. Bibcode:1978SvA....22...36S. ^ Detweiler, S.L. (1979). "Pulsar timing measurements and the search for gravitational waves". Astrophysical Journal. 234: 1100–1104. Bibcode:1979ApJ...234.1100D. doi:10.1086/157593. ^ "ShieldSquare Captcha". iopscience.iop.org. ^ "After 15 years, pulsar timing yields evidence of cosmic gravitational wave background". Berkeley. August 11, 2022. ^ Hellings, R.W.; Downs, G.S. (1983). "Upper limits on the isotropic gravitational radiation background from pulsar timing analysis". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 265: L39–L42. Bibcode:1983ApJ...265L..39H. doi:10.1086/183954. ^ Foster, R.S.; Backer, D.C. (1990). "Constructing a pulsar timing array". Astrophysical Journal. 361: 300–308. Bibcode:1990ApJ...361..300F. doi:10.1086/169195. ^ Hobbs, G.; et al. (2010). "The International Pulsar Timing Array project: using pulsars as a gravitational wave detector". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 27 (8): 084013. arXiv:0911.5206. Bibcode:2010CQGra..27h4013H. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/27/8/084013. S2CID 56073764. ^ Demorest, P.; et al. (2013). "Limits on the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves". Astrophysical Journal. 762 (2): 94–118. arXiv:1201.6641. Bibcode:2013ApJ...762...94D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/94. S2CID 13883914. ^ Arzoumanian, Zaven; Baker, Paul T.; Blumer, Harsha; Bécsy, Bence; Brazier, Adam; Brook, Paul R.; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Chatterjee, Shami; Chen, Siyuan; Cordes, James M.; Cornish, Neil J.; Crawford, Fronefield; Cromartie, H. Thankful; Decesar, Megan E.; Demorest, Paul B. (2020-12-01). "The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Search for an Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 905 (2): L34. arXiv:2009.04496. Bibcode:2020ApJ...905L..34A. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abd401. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 221586395. ^ O'Neill, Ian; Cofield, Calla (11 January 2021). "Gravitational Wave Search Finds Tantalizing New Clue". NASA. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ "Hellings and Downs curve". astro.vaporia.com. Retrieved 29 June 2023. ^ Agazie, Gabriella; Anumarlapudi, Akash; Archibald, Anne M.; Arzoumanian, Zaven; Baker, Paul T.; Bécsy, Bence; Blecha, Laura; Brazier, Adam; Brook, Paul R.; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Burnette, Rand; Case, Robin; Charisi, Maria; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatziioannou, Katerina (2023-07-01). "The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 951 (1): L8. arXiv:2306.16213. Bibcode:2023ApJ...951L...8A. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acdac6. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 259274684. ^ NANOGrav Collaboration (29 June 2023). "Focus on NANOGrav's 15 yr Data Set and the Gravitational Wave Background". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. External links "Millisecond Pulsar Catalog". 30 September 2013. "How Millisecond Pulsars Spin So Fast". Universe Today. "Fast-Spinning Star Could Test Gravitational Waves". New Scientist. "Astronomical whirling dervishes hide their age well". Astronomy Now. Audio: Cain/Gay - Pulsars Astronomy Cast - Nov 2009. vteNeutron starTypes Radio-quiet Pulsar Single pulsars Magnetar Soft gamma repeater Anomalous X-ray Ultra-long period Rotating radio transient Binary pulsars Binary X-ray pulsar X-ray binary X-ray burster List Millisecond Be/X-ray Spin-up Hulse–Taylor pulsar Properties Blitzar Fast radio burst Bondi accretion Chandrasekhar limit Gamma-ray burst Glitch Neutron matter Neutron-star oscillation Optical Pulsar kick Quasi-periodic oscillation Relativistic Rp-process Starquake Timing noise Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit Urca process Related Gamma-ray burst progenitors Asteroseismology Compact star Quark star Exotic star Supernova Supernova remnant Related links Hypernova Kilonova Microquasar Neutron star merger Quark-nova White dwarf Related links Stellar black hole Related links Radio star Pulsar planet Pulsar wind nebula Thorne–Żytkow object QCD matter Discovery LGM-1 Centaurus X-3 Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae Satelliteinvestigation Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Chandra X-ray Observatory Other X-ray pulsar-based navigation Tempo software program Astropulse The Magnificent Seven Category Commons Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millisecond_Pulsar.jpg"},{"link_name":"pulsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar"},{"link_name":"milliseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_pulsar"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_pulsar"},{"link_name":"gamma ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"neutron stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_stars"},{"link_name":"accretion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"low-mass X-ray binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-mass_X-ray_binary"},{"link_name":"accretion disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_disk"},{"link_name":"neutron star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star"},{"link_name":"Roche lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_lobe"},{"link_name":"angular momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum"},{"link_name":"PSR B1937+21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1937%2B21"},{"link_name":"Bülent Kiziltan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BClent_Kiziltan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S. E. Thorsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._E._Thorsett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UCSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"globular clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_cluster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Terzan 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terzan_5"},{"link_name":"47 Tucanae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47_Tucanae"},{"link_name":"M28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_28"},{"link_name":"M15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_15"},{"link_name":"atomic-clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsakis1997-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Doppler shifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"},{"link_name":"exoplanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet"},{"link_name":"PSR B1257+12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"PSR B1257+12 D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_D"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This diagram shows the steps astronomers say are needed to create a pulsar with a superfast spin. 1. A massive supergiant star and a \"normal\" Sun-like star orbit each other. 2. The massive star explodes, leaving a pulsar that eventually slows down, turns off, and becomes a cooling neutron star. 3. The Sun-like star eventually expands, spilling material on to the neutron star. This \"accretion\" speeds up the neutron star's spin. 4. Accretion ends, the neutron star is \"recycled\" into a millisecond pulsar. But in a densely packed globular cluster (2b)... The lowest mass stars are ejected, the remaining normal stars evolve, and the \"recycling\" scenario (3-4) takes place, creating many millisecond pulsars.A millisecond pulsar (MSP) is a pulsar with a rotational period less than about 10 milliseconds. Millisecond pulsars have been detected in radio, X-ray, and gamma ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The leading hypothesis for the origin of millisecond pulsars is that they are old, rapidly rotating neutron stars that have been spun up or \"recycled\" through accretion of matter from a companion star in a close binary system.[1][2] For this reason, millisecond pulsars are sometimes called recycled pulsars.Millisecond pulsars are thought to be related to low-mass X-ray binary systems. It is thought that the X-rays in these systems are emitted by the accretion disk of a neutron star produced by the outer layers of a companion star that has overflowed its Roche lobe. The transfer of angular momentum from this accretion event can increase the rotation rate of the pulsar to hundreds of times per second, as is observed in millisecond pulsars.There has been recent evidence that the standard evolutionary model fails to explain the evolution of all millisecond pulsars, especially young millisecond pulsars with relatively high magnetic fields, e.g. PSR B1937+21. Bülent Kiziltan and S. E. Thorsett (UCSC) showed that different millisecond pulsars must form by at least two distinct processes.[3] But the nature of the other process remains a mystery.[4]Many millisecond pulsars are found in globular clusters. This is consistent with the spin-up hypothesis of their formation, as the extremely high stellar density of these clusters implies a much higher likelihood of a pulsar having (or capturing) a giant companion star. Currently there are approximately 130 millisecond pulsars known in globular clusters.[5] The globular cluster Terzan 5 contains 37 of these, followed by 47 Tucanae with 22 and M28 and M15 with 8 pulsars each.Millisecond pulsars, which can be timed with high precision, have a stability comparable to atomic-clock-based time standards when averaged over decades.[6][7] This also makes them very sensitive probes of their environments. For example, anything placed in orbit around them causes periodic Doppler shifts in their pulses' arrival times on Earth, which can then be analyzed to reveal the presence of the companion and, with enough data, provide precise measurements of the orbit and the object's mass. The technique is so sensitive that even objects as small as asteroids can be detected if they happen to orbit a millisecond pulsar. The first confirmed exoplanets, discovered several years before the first detections of exoplanets around \"normal\" solar-like stars, were found in orbit around a millisecond pulsar, PSR B1257+12. These planets remained, for many years, the only Earth-mass objects known outside of the Solar System. One of them, PSR B1257+12 D, has an even smaller mass, comparable to that of the Moon, and is still today the smallest-mass object known beyond the Solar System.[8]","title":"Millisecond pulsar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_star_cluster_Terzan_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Terzan 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terzan_5"},{"link_name":"PSR B1937+21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1937%2B21"},{"link_name":"Backer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Backer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atnf_list-10"},{"link_name":"PSR J1748-2446ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_J1748-2446ad"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr_recycling-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minimum_period-14"},{"link_name":"gravitational radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_radiation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chakrabarty-15"},{"link_name":"Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer"},{"link_name":"INTEGRAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTEGRAL"},{"link_name":"XTE J1739-285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTE_J1739-285"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"X-ray pulsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_pulsar"},{"link_name":"IGR J00291+5934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IGR_J00291%2B5934&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The stellar grouping Terzan 5The first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21, was discovered in 1982 by Backer et al.[9] Spinning roughly 641 times per second, it remains the second fastest-spinning millisecond pulsar of the approximately 200 that have been discovered.[10] Pulsar PSR J1748-2446ad, discovered in 2004, is the fastest-spinning pulsar known, as of 2023, spinning 716 times per second.[11][12]Current models of neutron star structure and evolution predict that pulsars would break apart if they spun at a rate of c. 1500 rotations per second or more,[13][14] and that at a rate of above about 1000 rotations per second they would lose energy by gravitational radiation faster than the accretion process would accelerate them.[15]In early 2007 data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and INTEGRAL spacecraft discovered a neutron star XTE J1739-285 rotating at 1122 Hz.[16] The result is not statistically significant, with a significance level of only 3 sigma. While it is an interesting candidate for further observations, current results are inconclusive. Still, it is believed that gravitational radiation plays a role in slowing the rate of rotation. One X-ray pulsar that spins at 599 revolutions per second, IGR J00291+5934, is a prime candidate for helping detect such waves in the future (most such X-ray pulsars only spin at around 300 rotations per second).","title":"Pulsar rotational speed limits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gravitational waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave"},{"link_name":"general theory of relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"space-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time"},{"link_name":"Pulsars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsars"},{"link_name":"neutron stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_stars"},{"link_name":"supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Backer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_C._Backer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Hellings-Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellings-Downs_curve"},{"link_name":"pulsar timing array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20210111-26"},{"link_name":"gravitational wave background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaporia-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Gravitational waves are an important prediction from Einstein's general theory of relativity and result from the bulk motion of matter, fluctuations during the early universe and the dynamics of space-time itself. Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars formed during the supernova explosions of massive stars. They act as highly accurate clocks with a wealth of physical applications ranging from celestial mechanics, neutron star seismology, tests of strong-field gravity and Galactic astronomy.The proposal to use pulsars as gravitational wave detectors was originally made by Sazhin[17] and Detweiler[18] in the late 1970s. The idea is to treat the solar system barycenter and a distant pulsar as opposite ends of an imaginary arm in space. The pulsar acts as the reference clock at one end of the arm sending out regular signals which are monitored by an observer on the Earth. The effect of a passing gravitational wave would be to perturb the local space-time metric and cause a change in the observed rotational frequency of the pulsar.Plot of correlation between pulsars observed by NANOGrav (2023) vs angular separation between pulsars, compared with a theoretical model (dashed purple) and if there were no gravitational wave background (solid green)[19][20]Hellings and Downs[21] extended this idea in 1983 to an array of pulsars and found that a stochastic background of gravitational waves would produce a quadrupolar correlation between different pulsar pairs as a function of their angular separations on the sky. This work was limited in sensitivity by the precision and stability of the pulsar clocks in the array. Following the discovery of the first millisecond pulsar in 1982, Foster and Backer[22] improved the sensitivity to gravitational waves by applying in 1990 the Hellings-Downs analysis to an array of highly stable millisecond pulsars.The advent of digital data acquisition systems, new radio telescopes and receiver systems, and the discoveries of many new millisecond pulsars advanced the sensitivity of the pulsar timing array to gravitational waves in the early stages of the international effort.[23] The five-year data release, analysis, and first NANOGrav limit on the stochastic gravitational wave background were described in 2013 by Demorest et al.[24] It was followed by the nine-year and 11-year data releases in 2015 and 2018, respectively. Each further limited the gravitational wave background and, in the second case, techniques to precisely determine the barycenter of the solar system were refined.In 2020, the collaboration presented the 12.5-year data release, which included strong evidence for a power-law stochastic process with common strain amplitude and spectral index across all pulsars, but statistically inconclusive data for the critical Hellings-Downs quadrupolar spatial correlation.[25][26]In June 2023, NANOGrav published the 15-year data release, which contained the first evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background. In particular, it included the first measurement of the Hellings-Downs curve,[27] the tell-tale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observations.[28][29]","title":"Gravitational wave detection using pulsar timing"}]	[{"image_text":"This diagram shows the steps astronomers say are needed to create a pulsar with a superfast spin. 1. A massive supergiant star and a \"normal\" Sun-like star orbit each other. 2. The massive star explodes, leaving a pulsar that eventually slows down, turns off, and becomes a cooling neutron star. 3. The Sun-like star eventually expands, spilling material on to the neutron star. This \"accretion\" speeds up the neutron star's spin. 4. Accretion ends, the neutron star is \"recycled\" into a millisecond pulsar. But in a densely packed globular cluster (2b)... The lowest mass stars are ejected, the remaining normal stars evolve, and the \"recycling\" scenario (3-4) takes place, creating many millisecond pulsars.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Millisecond_Pulsar.jpg/290px-Millisecond_Pulsar.jpg"},{"image_text":"The stellar grouping Terzan 5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_star_cluster_Terzan_5.jpg/220px-The_star_cluster_Terzan_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plot of correlation between pulsars observed by NANOGrav (2023) vs angular separation between pulsars, compared with a theoretical model (dashed purple) and if there were no gravitational wave background (solid green)[19][20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg/330px-Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bhattacharya, D.; Van Den Heuvel, E. P. J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso	Treviso	["1 History","1.1 Ancient era","1.2 Early Middle Ages","1.3 Middle Ages","1.4 Venetian rule","1.5 French and Austrian rule","1.6 20th century and later","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Government","4 Architecture","5 Parks and gardens","6 Education","6.1 Universities","7 Culture","7.1 Libraries","7.2 Museums","7.3 Cuisine","8 Sports","9 Transportation","10 Notable people","11 International relations","11.1 Twin towns – Sister cities","12 See also","13 References","14 Bibliography","15 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°40′N 12°15′E / 45.667°N 12.250°E / 45.667; 12.250This article is about the Italian city. For the Brazilian city, see Treviso, Santa Catarina. Not to be confused with Tarvisio. Comune in Veneto, ItalyTreviso Trevizo (Venetian)ComuneCittà di TrevisoPiazza dei Signori Coat of armsLocation of Treviso TrevisoLocation of Treviso in ItalyShow map of ItalyTrevisoTreviso (Veneto)Show map of VenetoCoordinates: 45°40′N 12°15′E / 45.667°N 12.250°E / 45.667; 12.250CountryItalyRegionVenetoProvinceTreviso (TV)FrazioniMonigo, San Paolo, Santa Bona, San Pelajo, Santa Maria del Rovere, Selvana, Fiera, Sant'Antonino, San Lazzaro, Sant'Angelo, San Giuseppe, CanizzanoGovernment • MayorMario Conte (Lega Nord)Area • Total55.5 km2 (21.4 sq mi)Elevation15 m (49 ft)Population (31 December 2019) • Total85,760 • Density1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi)DemonymTrevigiani or TrevisaniTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code31100Dialing code0422ISTAT code026086 Patron saintSt. LiberalisSaint day27 AprilWebsiteOfficial website Treviso (US: /treɪˈviːzoʊ/ tray-VEE-zoh, Italian: ⓘ; Venetian: Trevizo ) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 84,669 inhabitants (as of September 2017). Some 3,000 live within the Venetian walls (le Mura) or in the historical and monumental center; some 80,000 live in the urban center while the city hinterland has a population of approximately 170,000. The city is home to the headquarters of clothing retailer Benetton, Sisley, Stefanel, Geox, Diadora and Lotto Sport Italia, appliance maker De'Longhi, and bicycle maker Pinarello. Treviso is also known for being the original production area of Prosecco wine and radicchio, and is thought to have been the origin of the popular Italian dessert tiramisù. History See also: Timeline of Treviso Ancient era Some believe that Treviso derived its name from the Celtic word "tarvos" mixed with the Latin ending "isium" forming "Tarvisium", of the tarvos. Tarvos means bull in Celtic mythology, though the same word can relate to the lion, or Leo, in Eastern astrology. Others believe it comes from a word from the language of a tribe who first came to Treviso. Tarvisium, then a city of the Veneti, became a municipium in 89 BC after the Romans added Cisalpine Gaul to their dominions. Citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe of Claudia. The city lay in proximity of the Via Postumia, which connected Opitergium to Aquileia, two major cities of Roman Venetia during Ancient and early medieval times. Treviso is rarely mentioned by ancient writers, although Pliny writes of the Silis, that is the Sile River, as flowing ex montibus Tarvisanis. During the Roman period, Christianity spread to Treviso. Tradition records that St. Prosdocimus, a Greek who had been ordained bishop by St. Peter, brought the Catholic faith to Treviso and surrounding areas. By the 4th century, the Christian population grew sufficient to merit a resident bishop. The first documented bishop was John the Pious who began his episcopacy in 396 AD. Early Middle Ages Treviso went through a demographic and economic decline similar to the rest of Italy after the fall of the Western Empire; however, it was spared by Attila the Hun, and thus, remained an important center during the 6th century. According to tradition, Treviso was the birthplace of Totila, the leader of Ostrogoths during the Gothic Wars. Immediately after the Gothic Wars, Treviso fell under the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until 568 AD when it was taken by the Lombards, who made it one of 36 ducal seats and established an important mint. The latter was especially important during the reign of the last Lombard king, Desiderius, and continued to churn out coins when northern Italy was annexed to the Frankish Empire. People from the city also played a role in the founding of Venice. Charlemagne made it the capital of a border march, i.e. the Marca Trevigiana, which lasted for several centuries. Middle Ages Treviso joined the Lombard League, and gained independence after the Peace of Constance (1183). This lasted until the rise of seignories in northern Italy. In 1214, Treviso was the scene of the Castle of Love that turned into a war between Padua and Venice. Among the various families who ruled over Treviso, the Da Romano reigned from 1237 to 1260. Struggles between Guelph and Ghibelline factions followed, with the first triumphant in 1283 with Gherardo III da Camino, after which Treviso experienced significant economic and cultural growth which continued until 1312. Treviso and its satellite cities, including Castelfranco Veneto (founded by the Trevigiani in contraposition to Padua), had become attractive to neighbouring powers, including the da Carrara and Scaligeri. After the fall of the last Caminesi lord, Rizzardo IV, the Marca was the site of continuous struggles and ravages (1329–1388). Treviso notary and physician Oliviero Forzetta was an avid collector of antiquities and drawings; the collection was published in a catalog in 1369, the earliest such catalog to survive to this day. Venetian rule After a Scaliger domination in 1329–1339, the city gave itself to the Republic of Venice, becoming the first notable mainland possession of the Serenissima. From 1318 it was also, for a short time, the seat of a university. Venetian rule brought innumerable benefits; however, Treviso necessarily became involved in the wars of Venice. In 1381 the city was given to the duke of Austria, and between 1384 and 1388 it was ruled by the despotic Carraresi. Having returned to Venice, the city was fortified and given a massive line of walls and ramparts, still existing; these were renewed in the following century under the direction of Fra Giocondo, two of the gates being built by the Lombardi. The many waterways were exploited with several waterwheels which mainly powered mills for milling grain produced locally. The waterways were all navigable and "barconi" would arrive from Venice at the Port of Treviso (Porto de Fiera) pay duty and offload their merchandise and passengers along Riviera Santa Margherita. Fishermen were able to bring fresh catch every day to the Treviso fish market, which is held still today on an island connected to the rest of the city by two small bridges at either end. Gate San Tomaso, with the Lion of Saint Mark, emblem of the Venetian Republic French and Austrian rule Treviso was taken in 1797 by the French under Mortier, who was made duke of Treviso. French domination lasted until the defeat of Napoleon, after which it passed to the Austrian Empire. The citizens, still at heart loyal to the fallen Venetian Republic, were displeased with imperial rule and in March 1848, drove out the Austrian garrison. However, after the town was bombarded, the people were compelled to capitulate on the following 14 June. Austrian rule continued until Treviso was annexed with the rest of Veneto to the Kingdom of Italy in 1866. 20th century and later During World War I, Treviso held a strategic position close to the Austrian front. Just north, the Battle of Vittorio Veneto helped turn the tide of the War. During World War II, one of several Italian concentration camps was established for Slovene and Croatian civilians from the Province of Ljubljana in Monigo, near Treviso. The Monigo camp was disbanded with the Italian capitulation in 1943. The city suffered several bombing raids during World War II. A large part of the medieval structures of the city center were destroyed—including part of the Palazzo dei Trecento, later rebuilt—causing the death of about 1,600 people. In January 2005, a bomb enclosed in a candy egg and attributed to the so-called Italian Unabomber detonated on a Treviso street. Geography A bridge on the Sile river in Treviso Treviso stands at the confluence of Botteniga with the Sile, 30 kilometres (19 miles) north of Venice, 50 km (31 mi) east of Vicenza, 40 km (25 mi) north-east of Padua, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Cortina d'Ampezzo. The city is situated some 15 km (9 mi) south-west the right bank of the Piave River, on the plain between the Gulf of Venice and the Alps. Climate Climate in Treviso has mild differences between highs and lows, and has adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (temperate Humid subtropical climate). Climate data for Treviso (Treviso Airport) (1991–2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 16.3(61.3) 22.3(72.1) 24.6(76.3) 31.6(88.9) 33.4(92.1) 38.5(101.3) 37.4(99.3) 40.0(104.0) 33.0(91.4) 28.0(82.4) 24.6(76.3) 16.5(61.7) 40.0(104.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.9(46.2) 10.2(50.4) 14.7(58.5) 18.9(66.0) 23.7(74.7) 27.7(81.9) 30.2(86.4) 30.1(86.2) 25.0(77.0) 19.1(66.4) 13.4(56.1) 8.8(47.8) 19.2(66.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 3.3(37.9) 5.0(41.0) 9.3(48.7) 13.4(56.1) 18.4(65.1) 22.4(72.3) 24.6(76.3) 24.3(75.7) 19.3(66.7) 14.2(57.6) 9.1(48.4) 4.2(39.6) 14.0(57.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.3(31.5) 0.6(33.1) 4.5(40.1) 8.3(46.9) 13.1(55.6) 17.1(62.8) 19.1(66.4) 18.9(66.0) 14.4(57.9) 10.1(50.2) 5.5(41.9) 0.8(33.4) 9.3(48.7) Record low °C (°F) −9.6(14.7) −11.0(12.2) −8.0(17.6) −2.0(28.4) 1.6(34.9) 0.0(32.0) 9.9(49.8) 9.0(48.2) −2.6(27.3) −2.2(28.0) −5.2(22.6) −11.4(11.5) −11.4(11.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 45.24(1.78) 50.88(2.00) 59.95(2.36) 76.33(3.01) 99.16(3.90) 83.01(3.27) 71.91(2.83) 73.04(2.88) 97.74(3.85) 78.03(3.07) 94.15(3.71) 63.90(2.52) 893.34(35.17) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.43 5.20 5.80 8.53 9.07 8.21 6.89 6.59 6.86 6.83 8.36 6.41 84.18 Average relative humidity (%) 77.60 73.84 70.51 70.10 69.81 69.54 68.04 68.09 70.55 75.74 79.09 78.67 72.63 Average dew point °C (°F) 0.16(32.29) 0.72(33.30) 4.03(39.25) 7.81(46.06) 12.41(54.34) 16.24(61.23) 17.94(64.29) 17.81(64.06) 14.07(57.33) 10.57(51.03) 6.10(42.98) 1.37(34.47) 9.10(48.38) Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.76 166.88 196.23 200.10 245.83 248.10 293.57 260.40 204.90 166.47 132.00 151.28 2,419.52 Source: NOAA Government See also: List of mayors of Treviso Architecture The Late Romanesque–Early Gothic church of San Francesco, built by the Franciscan community in 1231–1270. Used by Napoleonic troops as a stable, it was reopened in 1928. The interior has a single nave with five chapels. On the left wall is a Romanesque-Byzantine fresco portraying St. Christopher (later 13th century). The Grand Chapel has a painting of the Four Evangelists by a pupil of Tommaso da Modena, to whom is instead directly attributed a fresco of Madonna with Child and Seven Saints (1350) in the first chapel on the left. The next chapel has instead a fresco with Madonna and Four Saints from 1351 by the so-called Master of Feltre. The church, among others, houses the tombs of Pietro Alighieri, son of Dante, and Francesca Petrarca, daughter of the poet Francesco. The Loggia dei Cavalieri, an example of Treviso's Romanesque influenced by Byzantine forms. It was built under the podestà Andrea da Perugia (1276) as a place for meetings, talks and games, although reserved only to the higher classes. Piazza dei Signori (Lords' Square), with the Palazzo di Podestà (later 15th century). Church of San Nicolò, a mix of 13th-century Venetian Romanesque and French Gothic elements. The interior has a nave and two aisles, with five apsed chapels. It houses important frescoes by Tommaso da Modena, depicting St Romuald, St Agnes and the Redemptor and St Jerome in his Study. Also the Glorious Mysteries of Santo Peranda can be seen. Noteworthy is also the fresco of St Christopher on the eastern side of the church, which is the most ancient depiction in glass in Europe. Cathedral is dedicated to St Peter. It was once a small church built in the Late Roman era, to which later were added a crypt and the Santissimo and Malchiostro Chapels (1520). After the numerous later restorations, only the gate remains of the original Roman edifice. The interior houses works by Il Pordenone and Titian (Malchiostro Annunciation) among others. The edifice has seven domes, five over the nave and two closing the chapels. Palazzo dei TrecentoPalazzo dei Trecento, built in the 13th–14th centuries. Piazza Rinaldi. It is the seat of three palaces of the Rinaldi family, the first built in the 12th century after their flight from Frederick Barbarossa. The second, with unusual ogival arches in the loggia of the first floor, is from the 15th century. The third was added in the 18th century. Ponte di Pria (Stone Bridge), along the city walls, where River Botteniga divides into the three channels that cross the city center (Cagnan Grande, Cagnan di Mezzo, Roggia). Monte di Pietà di Treviso and the Cappella dei Rettori. The Monte di Pietà was founded to house Jewish moneylenders. On the second floor is the Cappella dei Rettori, a lay hall for meetings, with frescoes by il Pozzoserrato. Teatro Mario Del Monaco, the main theatre and opera house of the city. It was built in 1869 to designs by Andrea Scala which kept the theatre's original facade. The internal decorations were by the painter Federico Andreotti and the sculptor Fausto Asteo. Dante Bridge in Treviso Ponte Dante (Dante Bridge) crosses the narrow Cagnan river at the point where it flows into the Sile. This place was mentioned by Dante Alighieri in the third part of the Divine Comedy ("Paradise"). The bridge was named after the great Italian poet in 1865. Parks and gardens Giardino Fenologico "Alessandro Marcello" Orto Botanico Conservativo Carlo Spegazzini, a botanical garden Orto Botanico Conservativo Francesco Busnello, another botanical garden Education Universities As early as 1231 the city was looking for a doctor able to teach a course in Treviso, but it was not until 1269 that the canon Florio de' Dovari of Cremona was appointed, probably the first professor of law. In 1313-1314, it is recorded that the municipality guaranteed the presence of two Law professors, an ordinary and an extraordinary one, a third professor to teach Canonic Law and a fourth to teach Medicine. Even though the city had its own university in the Middle Ages, only in recent times the University of Padua, Ca' Foscari and the IUAV of Venice established their own university campuses, giving once again the status of "university city" to Treviso. Classes are held at the former hospital of Battuti and the former Military District. In 2015 the University IUAV of Venice closed its campuses in Treviso, moving its degree courses to Venice. Culture Libraries The public library has five locations, three of which are located in the city center. There are also some private foundations, such as the documentation center of the Fondazione Benetton Studi e Ricerche with a library annex, at Palazzo Caotorta, the Biblioteca Capitolare and the Biblioteca del Seminario. The Liceo Canova also has an interesting library on the ground floor of its main headquarters, in Via San Teonisto. Museums In addition to various museums, the city also offers important exhibition areas such as Palazzo dei Trecento, the city council's headquarters, Ca' dei Carraresi, owned by the Fondazione Cassamarca, and Palazzo Bomben, the headquarters of the Fondazione Benetton Studi e Ricerche. The Civic Museums, inaugurated in 1879 with the name of Museo Trivigiano (Trivigiano Museum), are today divided into three locations: the Bailo Museum, which reopened in autumn 2015 after a renovation initiated in 2003 and named after Luigi Bailo, the founder and first curator; the Santa Caterina complex; the Ca' da Noal complex, Casa Robegan and Casa Karwath, acquired in 1935 by the municipality. The various sections preserve artifacts found in the city itself or in the surrounding areas, dating from the second millennium BC. to the Early Middle Ages, works of art from the Renaissance to the twentieth century (Giovanni Bellini, Paris Bordon, Lorenzo Lotto, Tiziano, Rosalba Carriera, Giambattista and Giandomenico Tiepolo, Francesco Guardi, Pietro Longhi, Medoro Coghetto, Sante Cancian, Guglielmo Ciardi, Arturo Martini, Francesco Podesti, Gino Rossi). Museo nazionale Collezione Salce, inaugurated in 2017, contains the collection of posters by Nando Salce, donated to the state at his death in 1962, and now kept at the Santa Margherita Complex, while the museum seat is the Complex of San Gaetano, which displays in rotation the graphic materials in temporary exhibitions. Ethnographic Provincial Museum, inaugurated in 2002 and set up in the rural architectural complex of the Piavone Houses, whose original nucleus dates back to the late seventeenth century, is located within the Natural Park of the Storga River, on the northern outskirts of Treviso. The various buildings, restored and transformed into a multifunctional structure, are also home to the Treviso Folk Group, dedicated to the protection and the promotion of the local culture. Diocesan Museum, inaugurated in 1988, the museum is housed in the building commonly called the Old Canons (12th century), the ancient seat of the canons of the Cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle. Museums of the Episcopal Seminary, in the suppressed Dominican convent annexed to the Church of San Nicolò, seat since 1840 of the Episcopal Seminary, where there are the collections of the Zoological Museum named after Giuseppe Scarpa, doctor in Natural Science who donated in 1914 his own animal collection, and the Ethnographic Museum of the Venezuelan Indios (Piaroa, Makiritare, Panare, Warao and Motilon), founded thanks to the contribution of the priest Dino Grossa. Cuisine Going in order, the most typical appetizer is the soppressa, a soft cured meat cut into thick slices, usually accompanied by polenta and radicchio. Among the first courses, the "risi" (with liver or accompanied by seasonal vegetables such as asparagus, radicchio, peas or "bisi"...) and soups (in particular the simple capon broth with tortellini, the bean soup and the sopa coada) can be mentioned. As for the main course, feathered game and poultry stand out: roasted guinea fowl with "pevarada" (a sauce made with liver and anchovy paste), boiled chicken, goose (often seasoned with celery), spit roasted duck and capon stew. Tiramisù, a typical dessert from Treviso. There is also fresh-water fish and in particular eel, "bisatto" in dialect, fried or stewed with polenta, fresh-water shrimp, trout and codfish (in Treviso and in the Triveneto commonly called "baccalà"). Even vegetables are often protagonists of the Trevisan table, and in particular, the famous Red Radicchio of Treviso. Although the province is rich in cheeses (Montasio, Asiago, Taleggio, Morlacco), the most typical is perhaps the soft Casatella of Treviso, a fresh cheese with protected designation of origin status prepared with pasteurized cow's milk. Among the most cultivated fruits in the province are the Marrone of Combai, cherries, especially from the Hills of Asolo, and grapes. The most characteristic dessert is definitely the Tiramisù, which according to the tradition was prepared for the first time in the restaurant "Alle Beccherie". Other desserts that can be cited are the "Fregolotta" cake and seasonal desserts such as frittelle, crostoli and castagnole for Carnival, the Easter "fugassa con le mandorle", the Favette dei Morti. The most famous white wine is certainly Prosecco, and in addition to it, the Tocai, the Verduzzo and those made with white, grey Pinot and Chardonnay grapes as far as white wines are concerned and Cabernet, Merlot, Pinot noir and Raboso as far as red wines are concerned. Sports Internal view of the Tenni Stadium Treviso is home to several notable Italian sport teams, thanks to the presence of the Benetton family, who owns and sponsors: Sisley Treviso (volleyball), winner of 9 scudetti, playing at the Palaverde. Monigo rugby stadium Benetton (rugby union), winner of 15 scudetti, playing at the Monigo stadium. Benetton is one of two Italian teams that compete in the URC, alongside existing teams from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and South Africa. Benetton Basket, winner of 5 scudetti, playing at the Palaverde. The local football team, A.S.D. Treviso 2009, played for the first time in the Italian Serie A in 2005. Its home stadium is the Omobono Tenni. Treviso is a popular stop on the professional cyclo-cross racing circuit and served as the site of the 2008 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships. Treviso is a popular area for cycling enthusiasts. From the city center there is an cycling path along the Sile river with connecting paths all the way to Jesolo, a seaside resort on the Adriatic sea. For road cyclists, Treviso is also a starting/finishing point for tours to the Montello hill and further into the hills of the area around Conegliano and Valdobbiadene. Transportation Treviso Centrale railway station has Trenitalia trains to Venice, Padua, Belluno, Portogruaro, Vicenza, Udine and Trieste. Treviso Airport, west of the city, specializes in low cost airlines. MOM is the major transport company in the city and provides for urban and suburban services in the Province of Treviso. Notable people Baduila, Ostrogothic king (ruled 541–552) Pope Benedict XI (1240–1304) Luciano Benetton (born 1935), chairman of the Benetton Group Gloria Aura Bortolini (born 1982), journalist, photographer and filmmaker Mario Botter (1896–1978), frescos restorer, superintended of monuments, art writer Pierre Cardin (1922–2020), fashion designer Giuliano Carmignola (born 1951), violinist Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), footballer Francesco Tullio Altan (born 1942), professionally known as Altan, comics artist and satirist. Angelo Ephrikian (1913–1982), musicologist and violinist Laura Efrikian (born 1940), actress and television personality Leonora Fani (born 1954), film actress Arturo Martini (1889–1947), sculptor Giovanni Masutto (1830–1894), musicologist and flautist Marius Mitrea, (born 1982), rugby union referee Marco Paolini (born 1956), stage actor Diletta Rizzo Marin (born 1984), opera singer and model Antonino Rocca (1921–1977), professional wrestler with the WWE he was the WWF International Heavyweight Championship 1959-1963 Simone Tempestini (born 1994), Romanian rally driver International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Twin towns – Sister cities Treviso is twinned with: Orléans, France Timișoara, Romania Curitiba, Brazil Neuquén, Argentina Griffith, Australia Guelph, Canada See also Treviso Arithmetic, a textbook of commercial mathematics published by an anonymous author in the 15th century References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Treviso". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ "Data at Istat website". Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ Kafka, Barbara (21 December 1988). "Radicchio: Tasty but So Misunderstood". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017. The radicchio that Italians eat most often is Treviso. ^ Pavan, Camillo (2013). Sull'origine del radicchio rosso di Treviso: La leggenda di Van den Borre e la scoperta di Tiziano Tempesta. Treviso. p. 6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ online, Redazione. "Crisi, chiude il ristorante dove nacque la prima ricetta del "Tiramisù"". Corriere del Veneto (in Italian). Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018. ^ "Storia di Treviso". Comune di Treviso. 17 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ "Chronotaxis". Diocesi di Treviso (in Italian). Diocese of Treviso. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ a b c d e "Treviso". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911. ^ Taylor, F. H. (1948). The Taste of Angels: a history of art collecting from Rameses to Napoleon Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 43. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ See Wikipedia page Veneto ^ Migliorini, Elio; Lavagnino, Emilio. "TREVISO". Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018. ^ La mostra Treviso il 7 aprile 1944 ^ Popham, Peter (27 January 2005). "Italian 'Unabomber' uses child's chocolate egg to hide explosive". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ "Climate Summary for Treviso, Italy". Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2013. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Treviso". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ Lynn, Karyl Charna (2005). Italian Opera Houses and Festivals, pp. 75–78. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 1461706785 ^ K, Ann (13 April 2022). "What to see in Treviso in 1 day or more in 2022?". good TIME for TRIP. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ "Biblioteche Comunali Treviso". www.bibliotecatreviso.it. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "Biblioteca". Fondazione Benetton Studi Ricerche (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "Spazi Bomben". Fondazione Benetton Studi Ricerche (in Italian). Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ srl, Q.-Web. "Musei Civici di Treviso". Sito di Musei Civici Treviso (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "Salce 1.0 - Soprintendenza SBSAE Venezia". www.collezionesalce.beniculturali.it. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ S.p.A, e-ntRA- CMS per siti accessibili- http://www e-ntra it/- Ra Computer. "Home Page". museo.provincia.treviso.it. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "Diocesan Museum". www3.diocesitv.it. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "Musei Civici di Treviso". Marcadoc (in Italian). 26 April 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "Home". tiramesu (in Italian). Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "Cantine di Marca". Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ a b "comuni-italiani.it". Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014. ^ "Câmara recebe delegação sul-coreana". CÂMARA MUNICIPAL CURITIBA (in Portuguese). Câmara Municipal de Curitiba. 24 July 2007. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018. Bibliography See also: Bibliography of the history of Treviso Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Treviso" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 256. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treviso. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Treviso. Official site vte Treviso Altivole Arcade Asolo Borso del Grappa Breda di Piave Caerano di San Marco Cappella Maggiore Carbonera Casale sul Sile Casier Castelcucco Castelfranco Veneto Castello di Godego Cavaso del Tomba Cessalto Chiarano Cimadolmo Cison di Valmarino Codognè Colle Umberto Conegliano Cordignano Cornuda Crocetta del Montello Farra di Soligo Follina Fontanelle Fonte Fregona Gaiarine Giavera del Montello Godega di Sant'Urbano Gorgo al Monticano Istrana Loria Mansuè Mareno di Piave Maser Maserada sul Piave Meduna di Livenza Miane Mogliano Veneto Monastier di Treviso Monfumo Montebelluna Morgano Moriago della Battaglia Motta di Livenza Nervesa della Battaglia Oderzo Ormelle Orsago Paese Pederobba Pieve del Grappa Pieve di Soligo Ponte di Piave Ponzano Veneto Portobuffolé Possagno Povegliano Preganziol Quinto di Treviso Refrontolo Resana Revine Lago Riese Pio X Roncade Salgareda San Biagio di Callalta San Fior San Pietro di Feletto San Polo di Piave San Vendemiano San Zenone degli Ezzelini Santa Lucia di Piave Sarmede Segusino Sernaglia della Battaglia Silea Spresiano Susegana Tarzo Trevignano Treviso Valdobbiadene Vazzola Vedelago Vidor Villorba Vittorio Veneto Volpago del Montello Zenson di Piave Zero Branco Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Spain Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Vatican Geographic MusicBrainz area Pleiades Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treviso, Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso,_Santa_Catarina"},{"link_name":"Tarvisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarvisio"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/treɪˈviːzoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"tray-VEE-zoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[treˈviːzo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/It-Treviso.ogg/It-Treviso.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:It-Treviso.ogg"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language"},{"link_name":"[tɾeˈʋizo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"province of Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Treviso"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Benetton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benetton_Group"},{"link_name":"Geox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geox"},{"link_name":"Diadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadora"},{"link_name":"Lotto Sport Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia"},{"link_name":"De'Longhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%27Longhi"},{"link_name":"Pinarello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinarello"},{"link_name":"Prosecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecco"},{"link_name":"radicchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicchio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"tiramisù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiramis%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"This article is about the Italian city. For the Brazilian city, see Treviso, Santa Catarina.Not to be confused with Tarvisio.Comune in Veneto, ItalyTreviso (US: /treɪˈviːzoʊ/ tray-VEE-zoh,[3] Italian: [treˈviːzo] ⓘ; Venetian: Trevizo [tɾeˈʋizo]) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 84,669 inhabitants (as of September 2017).[4] Some 3,000 live within the Venetian walls (le Mura) or in the historical and monumental center; some 80,000 live in the urban center while the city hinterland has a population of approximately 170,000.The city is home to the headquarters of clothing retailer Benetton, Sisley, Stefanel, Geox, Diadora and Lotto Sport Italia, appliance maker De'Longhi, and bicycle maker Pinarello.Treviso is also known for being the original production area of Prosecco wine and radicchio,[5][6] and is thought to have been the origin of the popular Italian dessert tiramisù.[7]","title":"Treviso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Treviso"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of Treviso","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Veneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti"},{"link_name":"municipium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipium"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Via Postumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Postumia"},{"link_name":"Opitergium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oderzo"},{"link_name":"Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Sile River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sile_(river)"},{"link_name":"Prosdocimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosdocimus"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Ancient era","text":"Some believe that Treviso derived its name from the Celtic word \"tarvos\" mixed with the Latin ending \"isium\" forming \"Tarvisium\", of the tarvos. Tarvos means bull in Celtic mythology, though the same word can relate to the lion, or Leo, in Eastern astrology. Others believe it comes from a word from the language of a tribe who first came to Treviso.[8]Tarvisium, then a city of the Veneti, became a municipium in 89 BC after the Romans added Cisalpine Gaul to their dominions. Citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe of Claudia. The city lay in proximity of the Via Postumia, which connected Opitergium to Aquileia, two major cities of Roman Venetia during Ancient and early medieval times. Treviso is rarely mentioned by ancient writers, although Pliny writes of the Silis, that is the Sile River, as flowing ex montibus Tarvisanis.During the Roman period, Christianity spread to Treviso. Tradition records that St. Prosdocimus, a Greek who had been ordained bishop by St. Peter, brought the Catholic faith to Treviso and surrounding areas. By the 4th century, the Christian population grew sufficient to merit a resident bishop. The first documented bishop was John the Pious[9] who began his episcopacy in 396 AD.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Attila the Hun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_the_Hun"},{"link_name":"Totila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totila"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Gothic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93552)"},{"link_name":"Exarchate of Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"ducal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-10"},{"link_name":"Desiderius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius"},{"link_name":"Frankish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Marca Trevigiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Treviso"}],"sub_title":"Early Middle Ages","text":"Treviso went through a demographic and economic decline similar to the rest of Italy after the fall of the Western Empire; however, it was spared by Attila the Hun, and thus, remained an important center during the 6th century. According to tradition, Treviso was the birthplace of Totila, the leader of Ostrogoths during the Gothic Wars. Immediately after the Gothic Wars, Treviso fell under the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until 568 AD when it was taken by the Lombards, who made it one of 36 ducal seats[10] and established an important mint. The latter was especially important during the reign of the last Lombard king, Desiderius, and continued to churn out coins when northern Italy was annexed to the Frankish Empire. People from the city also played a role in the founding of Venice.Charlemagne made it the capital of a border march, i.e. the Marca Trevigiana, which lasted for several centuries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lombard League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_League"},{"link_name":"Peace of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"seignories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seignories"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-10"},{"link_name":"Castle of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Castle_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Da Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezzelini"},{"link_name":"Guelph and Ghibelline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph_and_Ghibelline"},{"link_name":"Gherardo III da Camino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherardo_III_da_Camino"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-10"},{"link_name":"Castelfranco Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelfranco_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"da Carrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Carrara"},{"link_name":"Scaligeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaligeri"},{"link_name":"Caminesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Camino"},{"link_name":"Rizzardo IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzardo_IV_da_Camino"},{"link_name":"Oliviero Forzetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliviero_Forzetta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Treviso joined the Lombard League, and gained independence after the Peace of Constance (1183).[11] This lasted until the rise of seignories in northern Italy.[10] In 1214, Treviso was the scene of the Castle of Love that turned into a war between Padua and Venice. Among the various families who ruled over Treviso, the Da Romano reigned from 1237 to 1260. Struggles between Guelph and Ghibelline factions followed, with the first triumphant in 1283 with Gherardo III da Camino, after which Treviso experienced significant economic and cultural growth which continued until 1312.[10] Treviso and its satellite cities, including Castelfranco Veneto (founded by the Trevigiani in contraposition to Padua), had become attractive to neighbouring powers, including the da Carrara and Scaligeri. After the fall of the last Caminesi lord, Rizzardo IV, the Marca was the site of continuous struggles and ravages (1329–1388).Treviso notary and physician Oliviero Forzetta was an avid collector of antiquities and drawings; the collection was published in a catalog in 1369, the earliest such catalog to survive to this day.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-10"},{"link_name":"Fra Giocondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Giocondo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PortaSanTomaso3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Venetian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Venetian rule","text":"After a Scaliger domination in 1329–1339, the city gave itself to the Republic of Venice,[11] becoming the first notable mainland possession of the Serenissima. From 1318 it was also, for a short time, the seat of a university. Venetian rule brought innumerable benefits; however, Treviso necessarily became involved in the wars of Venice. In 1381 the city was given to the duke of Austria, and between 1384 and 1388 it was ruled by the despotic Carraresi.[10] Having returned to Venice, the city was fortified and given a massive line of walls and ramparts, still existing; these were renewed in the following century under the direction of Fra Giocondo, two of the gates being built by the Lombardi. The many waterways were exploited with several waterwheels which mainly powered mills for milling grain produced locally. The waterways were all navigable and \"barconi\" would arrive from Venice at the Port of Treviso (Porto de Fiera) pay duty and offload their merchandise and passengers along Riviera Santa Margherita. Fishermen were able to bring fresh catch every day to the Treviso fish market, which is held still today on an island connected to the rest of the city by two small bridges at either end.Gate San Tomaso, with the Lion of Saint Mark, emblem of the Venetian Republic","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"French and Austrian rule","text":"Treviso was taken in 1797 by the French under Mortier, who was made duke of Treviso. French domination lasted until the defeat of Napoleon, after which it passed to the Austrian Empire. The citizens, still at heart loyal to the fallen Venetian Republic, were displeased with imperial rule and in March 1848, drove out the Austrian garrison. However, after the town was bombarded, the people were compelled to capitulate on the following 14 June. Austrian rule continued until Treviso was annexed with the rest of Veneto to the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.[10][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Vittorio Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Italian concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Province of Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Monigo camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monigo"},{"link_name":"suffered several bombing raids during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Palazzo dei Trecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Trecento"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Italian Unabomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Unabomber"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"20th century and later","text":"During World War I, Treviso held a strategic position close to the Austrian front. Just north, the Battle of Vittorio Veneto helped turn the tide of the War.During World War II, one of several Italian concentration camps was established for Slovene and Croatian civilians from the Province of Ljubljana in Monigo, near Treviso. The Monigo camp was disbanded with the Italian capitulation in 1943.The city suffered several bombing raids during World War II.[14] A large part of the medieval structures of the city center were destroyed—including part of the Palazzo dei Trecento, later rebuilt—causing the death of about 1,600 people.[15]In January 2005, a bomb enclosed in a candy egg and attributed to the so-called Italian Unabomber detonated on a Treviso street.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_Sile_a_Treviso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Botteniga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botteniga_River"},{"link_name":"Sile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Sile"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"Piave River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piave_River"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"}],"text":"A bridge on the Sile river in TrevisoTreviso stands at the confluence of Botteniga with the Sile,[11] 30 kilometres (19 miles) north of Venice, 50 km (31 mi) east of Vicenza, 40 km (25 mi) north-east of Padua, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Cortina d'Ampezzo. The city is situated some 15 km (9 mi) south-west the right bank of the Piave River, on the plain between the Gulf of Venice and the Alps.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"Cfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates"},{"link_name":"Humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Treviso Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso_Airport"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMONormals-18"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate in Treviso has mild differences between highs and lows, and has adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Cfa\" (temperate Humid subtropical climate).[17]Climate data for Treviso (Treviso Airport) (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n38.5(101.3)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−9.6(14.7)\n\n−11.0(12.2)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n−11.4(11.5)\n\n−11.4(11.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n45.24(1.78)\n\n50.88(2.00)\n\n59.95(2.36)\n\n76.33(3.01)\n\n99.16(3.90)\n\n83.01(3.27)\n\n71.91(2.83)\n\n73.04(2.88)\n\n97.74(3.85)\n\n78.03(3.07)\n\n94.15(3.71)\n\n63.90(2.52)\n\n893.34(35.17)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n5.43\n\n5.20\n\n5.80\n\n8.53\n\n9.07\n\n8.21\n\n6.89\n\n6.59\n\n6.86\n\n6.83\n\n8.36\n\n6.41\n\n84.18\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n77.60\n\n73.84\n\n70.51\n\n70.10\n\n69.81\n\n69.54\n\n68.04\n\n68.09\n\n70.55\n\n75.74\n\n79.09\n\n78.67\n\n72.63\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n0.16(32.29)\n\n0.72(33.30)\n\n4.03(39.25)\n\n7.81(46.06)\n\n12.41(54.34)\n\n16.24(61.23)\n\n17.94(64.29)\n\n17.81(64.06)\n\n14.07(57.33)\n\n10.57(51.03)\n\n6.10(42.98)\n\n1.37(34.47)\n\n9.10(48.38)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n153.76\n\n166.88\n\n196.23\n\n200.10\n\n245.83\n\n248.10\n\n293.57\n\n260.40\n\n204.90\n\n166.47\n\n132.00\n\n151.28\n\n2,419.52\n\n\nSource: NOAA[18]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of mayors of Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Treviso"}],"text":"See also: List of mayors of Treviso","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Tommaso da Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_da_Modena"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante"},{"link_name":"Francesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"podestà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podest%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"apsed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"Glorious Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"Santo Peranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Peranda"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Il Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Pordenone"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Malchiostro Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malchiostro_Annunciation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_dei_Trecento_in_Treviso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palazzo dei Trecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Trecento"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Botteniga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botteniga"},{"link_name":"Monte di Pietà di Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_di_Piet%C3%A0_di_Treviso"},{"link_name":"il Pozzoserrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Pozzoserrato"},{"link_name":"Teatro Mario Del Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Mario_Del_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Andrea Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Scala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Scala"},{"link_name":"Federico Andreotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Andreotti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynn-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ponte_Dante_(Dante_Bridge).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"Divine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Late Romanesque–Early Gothic church of San Francesco, built by the Franciscan community in 1231–1270. Used by Napoleonic troops as a stable, it was reopened in 1928. The interior has a single nave with five chapels. On the left wall is a Romanesque-Byzantine fresco portraying St. Christopher (later 13th century). The Grand Chapel has a painting of the Four Evangelists by a pupil of Tommaso da Modena, to whom is instead directly attributed a fresco of Madonna with Child and Seven Saints (1350) in the first chapel on the left. The next chapel has instead a fresco with Madonna and Four Saints from 1351 by the so-called Master of Feltre. The church, among others, houses the tombs of Pietro Alighieri, son of Dante, and Francesca Petrarca, daughter of the poet Francesco.\nThe Loggia dei Cavalieri, an example of Treviso's Romanesque influenced by Byzantine forms. It was built under the podestà Andrea da Perugia (1276) as a place for meetings, talks and games, although reserved only to the higher classes.\nPiazza dei Signori (Lords' Square), with the Palazzo di Podestà (later 15th century).\nChurch of San Nicolò, a mix of 13th-century Venetian Romanesque and French Gothic elements. The interior has a nave and two aisles, with five apsed chapels. It houses important frescoes by Tommaso da Modena, depicting St Romuald, St Agnes and the Redemptor and St Jerome in his Study. Also the Glorious Mysteries of Santo Peranda can be seen. Noteworthy is also the fresco of St Christopher on the eastern side of the church, which is the most ancient depiction in glass in Europe.\nCathedral is dedicated to St Peter. It was once a small church built in the Late Roman era, to which later were added a crypt and the Santissimo and Malchiostro Chapels (1520). After the numerous later restorations, only the gate remains of the original Roman edifice. The interior houses works by Il Pordenone and Titian (Malchiostro Annunciation) among others. The edifice has seven domes, five over the nave and two closing the chapels.\nPalazzo dei TrecentoPalazzo dei Trecento, built in the 13th–14th centuries.\nPiazza Rinaldi. It is the seat of three palaces of the Rinaldi family, the first built in the 12th century after their flight from Frederick Barbarossa. The second, with unusual ogival arches in the loggia of the first floor, is from the 15th century. The third was added in the 18th century.\nPonte di Pria (Stone Bridge), along the city walls, where River Botteniga divides into the three channels that cross the city center (Cagnan Grande, Cagnan di Mezzo, Roggia).\nMonte di Pietà di Treviso and the Cappella dei Rettori. The Monte di Pietà was founded to house Jewish moneylenders. On the second floor is the Cappella dei Rettori, a lay hall for meetings, with frescoes by il Pozzoserrato.\nTeatro Mario Del Monaco, the main theatre and opera house of the city. It was built in 1869 to designs by Andrea Scala [it] which kept the theatre's original facade. The internal decorations were by the painter Federico Andreotti and the sculptor Fausto Asteo.[19]\nDante Bridge in Treviso Ponte Dante (Dante Bridge) crosses the narrow Cagnan river at the point where it flows into the Sile. This place was mentioned by Dante Alighieri in the third part of the Divine Comedy (\"Paradise\"). The bridge was named after the great Italian poet in 1865.[20]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giardino Fenologico \"Alessandro Marcello\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino_Fenologico_%22Alessandro_Marcello%22"},{"link_name":"Orto Botanico Conservativo Carlo Spegazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_Botanico_Conservativo_Carlo_Spegazzini"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"Orto Botanico Conservativo Francesco Busnello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_Botanico_Conservativo_Francesco_Busnello"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"}],"text":"Giardino Fenologico \"Alessandro Marcello\"\nOrto Botanico Conservativo Carlo Spegazzini, a botanical garden\nOrto Botanico Conservativo Francesco Busnello, another botanical garden","title":"Parks and gardens"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1231"},{"link_name":"Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"},{"link_name":"University of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Ca' Foscari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%27_Foscari_University_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"IUAV of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Iuav_di_Venezia"}],"sub_title":"Universities","text":"As early as 1231 the city was looking for a doctor able to teach a course in Treviso, but it was not until 1269 that the canon Florio de' Dovari of Cremona was appointed, probably the first professor of law. In 1313-1314, it is recorded that the municipality guaranteed the presence of two Law professors, an ordinary and an extraordinary one, a third professor to teach Canonic Law and a fourth to teach Medicine. Even though the city had its own university in the Middle Ages, only in recent times the University of Padua, Ca' Foscari and the IUAV of Venice established their own university campuses, giving once again the status of \"university city\" to Treviso. Classes are held at the former hospital of Battuti and the former Military District. In 2015 the University IUAV of Venice closed its campuses in Treviso, moving its degree courses to Venice.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Libraries","text":"The public library has five locations, three of which are located in the city center.[21] There are also some private foundations, such as the documentation center of the Fondazione Benetton Studi e Ricerche with a library annex,[22] at Palazzo Caotorta, the Biblioteca Capitolare and the Biblioteca del Seminario. The Liceo Canova also has an interesting library on the ground floor of its main headquarters, in Via San Teonisto.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palazzo dei Trecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Trecento"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Paris Bordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Bordone"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Lotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto"},{"link_name":"Tiziano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Rosalba Carriera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera"},{"link_name":"Giambattista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Giandomenico Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Francesco Guardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guardi"},{"link_name":"Pietro Longhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Longhi"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo Ciardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Ciardi"},{"link_name":"Arturo Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Martini"},{"link_name":"Francesco Podesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Podesti"},{"link_name":"Gino Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Rossi_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"In addition to various museums, the city also offers important exhibition areas such as Palazzo dei Trecento, the city council's headquarters, Ca' dei Carraresi, owned by the Fondazione Cassamarca, and Palazzo Bomben, the headquarters of the Fondazione Benetton Studi e Ricerche.[23]The Civic Museums, inaugurated in 1879 with the name of Museo Trivigiano (Trivigiano Museum), are today divided into three locations: the Bailo Museum, which reopened in autumn 2015 after a renovation initiated in 2003 and named after Luigi Bailo, the founder and first curator; the Santa Caterina complex; the Ca' da Noal complex, Casa Robegan and Casa Karwath, acquired in 1935 by the municipality.[24] The various sections preserve artifacts found in the city itself or in the surrounding areas, dating from the second millennium BC. to the Early Middle Ages, works of art from the Renaissance to the twentieth century (Giovanni Bellini, Paris Bordon, Lorenzo Lotto, Tiziano, Rosalba Carriera, Giambattista and Giandomenico Tiepolo, Francesco Guardi, Pietro Longhi, Medoro Coghetto, Sante Cancian, Guglielmo Ciardi, Arturo Martini, Francesco Podesti, Gino Rossi).\nMuseo nazionale Collezione Salce, inaugurated in 2017, contains the collection of posters by Nando Salce, donated to the state at his death in 1962, and now kept at the Santa Margherita Complex, while the museum seat is the Complex of San Gaetano, which displays in rotation the graphic materials in temporary exhibitions.[25]\nEthnographic Provincial Museum, inaugurated in 2002 and set up in the rural architectural complex of the Piavone Houses, whose original nucleus dates back to the late seventeenth century, is located within the Natural Park of the Storga River, on the northern outskirts of Treviso. The various buildings, restored and transformed into a multifunctional structure, are also home to the Treviso Folk Group, dedicated to the protection and the promotion of the local culture.[26]\nDiocesan Museum, inaugurated in 1988, the museum is housed in the building commonly called the Old Canons (12th century), the ancient seat of the canons of the Cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle.[27]\nMuseums of the Episcopal Seminary, in the suppressed Dominican convent annexed to the Church of San Nicolò, seat since 1840 of the Episcopal Seminary, where there are the collections of the Zoological Museum named after Giuseppe Scarpa, doctor in Natural Science who donated in 1914 his own animal collection, and the Ethnographic Museum of the Venezuelan Indios (Piaroa, Makiritare, Panare, Warao and Motilon), founded thanks to the contribution of the priest Dino Grossa.[28]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soppressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopressa"},{"link_name":"polenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polenta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treviso_tiramis%C3%B9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiramisù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiramisu"},{"link_name":"Montasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montasio"},{"link_name":"Asiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiago_cheese"},{"link_name":"Taleggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleggio_cheese"},{"link_name":"Morlacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlacco"},{"link_name":"Tiramisù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiramisu"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"crostoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_wings"},{"link_name":"Prosecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecco"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Cabernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Merlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"Raboso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raboso_(grape)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Going in order, the most typical appetizer is the soppressa, a soft cured meat cut into thick slices, usually accompanied by polenta and radicchio. Among the first courses, the \"risi\" (with liver or accompanied by seasonal vegetables such as asparagus, radicchio, peas or \"bisi\"...) and soups (in particular the simple capon broth with tortellini, the bean soup and the sopa coada) can be mentioned. As for the main course, feathered game and poultry stand out: roasted guinea fowl with \"pevarada\" (a sauce made with liver and anchovy paste), boiled chicken, goose (often seasoned with celery), spit roasted duck and capon stew.Tiramisù, a typical dessert from Treviso.There is also fresh-water fish and in particular eel, \"bisatto\" in dialect, fried or stewed with polenta, fresh-water shrimp, trout and codfish (in Treviso and in the Triveneto commonly called \"baccalà\"). Even vegetables are often protagonists of the Trevisan table, and in particular, the famous Red Radicchio of Treviso. Although the province is rich in cheeses (Montasio, Asiago, Taleggio, Morlacco), the most typical is perhaps the soft Casatella of Treviso, a fresh cheese with protected designation of origin status prepared with pasteurized cow's milk.Among the most cultivated fruits in the province are the Marrone of Combai, cherries, especially from the Hills of Asolo, and grapes. The most characteristic dessert is definitely the Tiramisù, which according to the tradition was prepared for the first time in the restaurant \"Alle Beccherie\".[29] Other desserts that can be cited are the \"Fregolotta\" cake and seasonal desserts such as frittelle, crostoli and castagnole for Carnival, the Easter \"fugassa con le mandorle\", the Favette dei Morti. The most famous white wine is certainly Prosecco, and in addition to it, the Tocai, the Verduzzo and those made with white, grey Pinot and Chardonnay grapes as far as white wines are concerned and Cabernet, Merlot, Pinot noir and Raboso as far as red wines are concerned.[30]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TrevisoStadioTenni1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sisley Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisley_Volley_Treviso"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"scudetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudetto"},{"link_name":"Palaverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaverde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TV_160147monigo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benetton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benetton_Rugby"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Monigo stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Comunale_di_Monigo"},{"link_name":"URC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"Benetton Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallacanestro_Treviso"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"A.S.D. Treviso 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Treviso_2009"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Omobono Tenni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Omobono_Tenni"},{"link_name":"cyclo-cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships"}],"text":"Internal view of the Tenni StadiumTreviso is home to several notable Italian sport teams, thanks to the presence of the Benetton family, who owns and sponsors:Sisley Treviso (volleyball), winner of 9 scudetti, playing at the Palaverde.Monigo rugby stadiumBenetton (rugby union), winner of 15 scudetti, playing at the Monigo stadium. Benetton is one of two Italian teams that compete in the URC, alongside existing teams from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and South Africa.\nBenetton Basket, winner of 5 scudetti, playing at the Palaverde.The local football team, A.S.D. Treviso 2009, played for the first time in the Italian Serie A in 2005. Its home stadium is the Omobono Tenni.Treviso is a popular stop on the professional cyclo-cross racing circuit and served as the site of the 2008 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships.Treviso is a popular area for cycling enthusiasts. From the city center there is an cycling path along the Sile river with connecting paths all the way to Jesolo, a seaside resort on the Adriatic sea. For road cyclists, Treviso is also a starting/finishing point for tours to the Montello hill and further into the hills of the area around Conegliano and Valdobbiadene.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treviso Centrale railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso_Centrale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trenitalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenitalia"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste_Centrale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Treviso Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso_Airport"},{"link_name":"low cost airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_cost_airline"},{"link_name":"MOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilit%C3%A0_di_Marca"},{"link_name":"Province of Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Treviso"}],"text":"Treviso Centrale railway station has Trenitalia trains to Venice, Padua, Belluno, Portogruaro, Vicenza, Udine and Trieste.Treviso Airport, west of the city, specializes in low cost airlines.MOM is the major transport company in the city and provides for urban and suburban services in the Province of Treviso.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baduila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduila"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI"},{"link_name":"Luciano Benetton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Benetton"},{"link_name":"Benetton Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benetton_Group"},{"link_name":"Gloria Aura Bortolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Aura_Bortolini"},{"link_name":"Pierre Cardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cardin"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Carmignola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Carmignola"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Del Piero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero"},{"link_name":"Francesco Tullio Altan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Tullio_Altan"},{"link_name":"Angelo Ephrikian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Ephrikian"},{"link_name":"Laura Efrikian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Efrikian"},{"link_name":"Leonora Fani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_Fani"},{"link_name":"Arturo Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Martini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Masutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Masutto"},{"link_name":"Marius Mitrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Mitrea"},{"link_name":"Marco Paolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Paolini"},{"link_name":"Diletta Rizzo Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diletta_Rizzo_Marin"},{"link_name":"Antonino Rocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Rocca"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Simone Tempestini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Tempestini"}],"text":"Baduila, Ostrogothic king (ruled 541–552)\nPope Benedict XI (1240–1304)\nLuciano Benetton (born 1935), chairman of the Benetton Group\nGloria Aura Bortolini (born 1982), journalist, photographer and filmmaker\nMario Botter (1896–1978), frescos restorer, superintended of monuments, art writer\nPierre Cardin (1922–2020), fashion designer\nGiuliano Carmignola (born 1951), violinist\nAlessandro Del Piero (born 1974), footballer\nFrancesco Tullio Altan (born 1942), professionally known as Altan, comics artist and satirist.\nAngelo Ephrikian (1913–1982), musicologist and violinist\nLaura Efrikian (born 1940), actress and television personality\nLeonora Fani (born 1954), film actress\nArturo Martini (1889–1947), sculptor\nGiovanni Masutto (1830–1894), musicologist and flautist\nMarius Mitrea, (born 1982), rugby union referee\nMarco Paolini (born 1956), stage actor\nDiletta Rizzo Marin (born 1984), opera singer and model\nAntonino Rocca (1921–1977), professional wrestler with the WWE he was the WWF International Heavyweight Championship 1959-1963\nSimone Tempestini (born 1994), Romanian rally driver","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twin-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twin-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Neuquén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Guelph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – Sister cities","text":"Treviso is twinned with:Orléans, France[31]\n Timișoara, Romania[31]\n Curitiba, Brazil[32]\n Neuquén, Argentina\n Griffith, Australia\n Guelph, Canada","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the history of Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Treviso#Bibliography"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Treviso\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Treviso"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of the history of TrevisoChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Treviso\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 256.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Gate San Tomaso, with the Lion of Saint Mark, emblem of the Venetian Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PortaSanTomaso3.JPG/250px-PortaSanTomaso3.JPG"},{"image_text":"A bridge on the Sile river in Treviso","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Il_Sile_a_Treviso.jpg/250px-Il_Sile_a_Treviso.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palazzo dei Trecento","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Palazzo_dei_Trecento_in_Treviso.jpg/220px-Palazzo_dei_Trecento_in_Treviso.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dante Bridge in Treviso","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ponte_Dante_%28Dante_Bridge%29.jpg/220px-Ponte_Dante_%28Dante_Bridge%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiramisù, a typical dessert from Treviso.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Treviso_tiramis%C3%B9.jpg/220px-Treviso_tiramis%C3%B9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Internal view of the Tenni Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TrevisoStadioTenni1.jpg/220px-TrevisoStadioTenni1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monigo rugby stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/TV_160147monigo.jpg/220px-TV_160147monigo.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Treviso Arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso_Arithmetic"}]	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treviso\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Treviso","url_text":"\"Treviso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"\"Data at Istat website\". Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2010gen/index.html","url_text":"\"Data at Istat website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110423085544/http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2010gen/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kafka, Barbara (21 December 1988). \"Radicchio: Tasty but So Misunderstood\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017. The radicchio that Italians eat most often is Treviso.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/21/garden/radicchio-tasty-but-so-misunderstood.html?","url_text":"\"Radicchio: Tasty but So Misunderstood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024193859/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/21/garden/radicchio-tasty-but-so-misunderstood.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pavan, Camillo (2013). Sull'origine del radicchio rosso di Treviso: La leggenda di Van den Borre e la scoperta di Tiziano Tempesta. Treviso. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRNIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6","url_text":"Sull'origine del radicchio rosso di Treviso: La leggenda di Van den Borre e la scoperta di Tiziano Tempesta"}]},{"reference":"online, Redazione. \"Crisi, chiude il ristorante dove nacque la prima ricetta del \"Tiramisù\"\". Corriere del Veneto (in Italian). Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/vino_e_cucina/2014/27-febbraio-2014/chiude-ristorante-che-invento-tiramisu-2224139667376.shtml","url_text":"\"Crisi, chiude il ristorante dove nacque la prima ricetta del \"Tiramisù\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921005319/https://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/vino_e_cucina/2014/27-febbraio-2014/chiude-ristorante-che-invento-tiramisu-2224139667376.shtml?refresh_ce-cp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storia di Treviso\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic(III)_oxide	Arsenic trioxide	["1 Uses","1.1 Medical","1.2 Manufacturing","1.3 Alternative medicine","2 Toxicology","3 Production and occurrence","4 Properties and reactions","4.1 Structure","5 Society and culture","5.1 Environmental effects","5.2 Arsenic poisoning in literature and society","6 References","7 External links"]	Chemical compound (industrial chemical and medication) Arsenic trioxideArsenic trioxide As OClinical dataPronunciationAR se nik tri OKS id Trade namesTrisenox, othersOther namesArsenic(III) oxide,Arsenic sesquioxide,Arseneous oxide,Ratsbane,Arseneous anhydride,White arsenic,Aqua TofaniAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa608017License data US DailyMed: Arsenic trioxide Pregnancycategory AU: X (High risk) Routes ofadministrationIntravenousDrug classAntineoplastic agentATC codeL01XX27 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) US: ℞-only EU: Rx-only Pharmacokinetic dataProtein binding75%ExcretionUrineIdentifiers IUPAC name Diarsenic trioxide CAS Number1327-53-3 YPubChem CID261004DrugBankDB01169ChemSpider452539UNIIS7V92P67HOKEGGC13619D02106ChEMBLChEMBL1200978CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID0020103 ECHA InfoCard100.014.075 Chemical and physical dataFormulaAs2O3Molar mass197.840 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageDensity3.74 g/cm3Melting point312.2 °C (594.0 °F)Boiling point465 °C (869 °F)Solubility in water20 g/L (25 °C) (see text) SMILES O13O2O(O3)O1O2 InChI InChI=1S/As2O3/c3-1-4-2(3)5-1 YKey:GOLCXWYRSKYTSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Arsenic trioxide Identifiers ECHA InfoCard 100.014.075 EC Number 215-481-4 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0020103 Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H300, H314, H350, H410 Precautionary statements P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340+P310, P305+P351+P338+P310, P308+P313, P363, P391, P405, P501 Safety data sheet (SDS) american elements SDS Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Arsenic trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula As2O3. As an industrial chemical, its major uses include the manufacture of wood preservatives, pesticides, and glass. It is sold under the brand name Trisenox among others when used as a medication to treat a type of cancer known as acute promyelocytic leukemia. For this use it is given by injection into a vein. Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, swelling, shortness of breath, and headaches. Severe side effects may include APL differentiation syndrome and heart problems. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding may harm the baby. Its mechanism in treating cancer is not entirely clear. Arsenic trioxide was approved for medical use in the United States in 2000. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Approximately 50,000 tonnes are produced a year. Due to its toxicity, a number of countries have regulations around its manufacture and sale. Uses Medical Arsenic trioxide is indicated in combination with tretinoin for treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia whose acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by the presence of the t(15;17) translocation or PML/RAR-alpha gene expression; and for induction of remission and consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia who are refractory to, or have relapsed from, retinoid and anthracycline chemotherapy, and whose acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by the presence of the t(15;17) translocation or PML/RAR-alpha gene expression. Arsenic trioxide is used to treat a type of cancer known as acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). It may be used both in cases that are unresponsive to other agents, such as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or as part of the initial treatment of newly diagnosed cases. This initial treatment may include combination therapy of arsenic trioxide with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Effectiveness appears similar to Realgar/Indigo naturalis, which can be taken by mouth and is less expensive but is less available. It works by encouraging the proteosome breakdown of retinoic acid receptor alpha, by moving the protein on to the nuclear matrix and increasing ubiquitination. In the 1970s, Chinese researcher Zhang Tingdong and colleagues discovered this use. It was approved for leukemia treatment in the United States in 2000. University of Hong Kong developed a liquid form of arsenic trioxide that can be given by mouth. Organoarsenic compounds, such as feed additives (roxarsone) and medication (neosalvarsan), are derived from arsenic trioxide. Manufacturing Industrial uses include usage as a precursor to forestry products, in colorless glass production, and in electronics. Being the main compound of arsenic, the trioxide is the precursor to elemental arsenic, arsenic alloys, and arsenide semiconductors. Bulk arsenic-based compounds sodium arsenite and sodium cacodylate are derived from the trioxide. A variety of applications exploit arsenic's toxicity, including the use of the oxide as a wood preservative. Copper arsenates, which are derived from arsenic trioxide, are used on a large scale as a wood preservative in the U.S. and Malaysia, but such materials are banned in many parts of the world. This practice remains controversial. In combination with copper(II) acetate, arsenic trioxide gives the vibrant pigment known as Paris green used in paints and as a rodenticide. This application has been discontinued. Alternative medicine Despite the well known toxicity of arsenic, arsenic trioxide was used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is known as pi-shuang (Chinese: 砒霜; pinyin: pīshuāng; lit. 'arsenic frost'). In homeopathy, it is called arsenicum album. Some discredited patent medicines, e.g., Fowler's solution, contained derivatives of arsenic oxide. Toxicology See also: Arsenic poisoning Arsenic trioxide is readily absorbed by the digestive system. Ingestion of as little as 0.1 grams can be fatal. Chronic arsenic poisoning is known as arsenicosis. This disorder affects workers in smelters, in populations whose drinking water contains high levels of arsenic (0.3–0.4 ppm), and in patients treated for long periods with arsenic-based pharmaceuticals. Long-term ingestion of arsenic trioxide either in drinking water or as a medical treatment can lead to skin cancer. Reproductive problems (high incidences of miscarriage, low birth weight, congenital deformations) have also been indicated in one study of women exposed to arsenic trioxide dust as employees or neighbours of a copper foundry. In the U.S., the OSHA 1910.1018 occupational permissible exposure limit for inorganic arsenic compounds in breathing zone air is 0.010 mg/m3. Production and occurrence Historic arsenic mine Sankt Blasen, Austria Arsenic trioxide can be generated via routine processing of arsenic compounds including the oxidation (combustion) of arsenic and arsenic-containing minerals in air. Illustrative is the roasting of orpiment, a typical arsenic sulfide ore. 2 As2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 As2O3 + 6 SO2 Most arsenic oxide is, however, obtained as a volatile by-product of the processing of other ores. For example, arsenopyrite, a common impurity in gold- and copper-containing ores, liberates arsenic trioxide upon heating in air. The processing of such minerals has led to numerous cases of poisonings, and after the mine is closed, the leftover trioxide waste will present environmental hazard (as was the case with the Giant Mine, for example). Only in China are arsenic ores intentionally mined. In the laboratory, it is prepared by hydrolysis of arsenic trichloride: 2 AsCl3 + 3 H2O → As2O3 + 6 HCl As2O3 occurs naturally as two minerals, arsenolite (cubic) and claudetite (monoclinic). Both are relatively rare secondary minerals found in oxidation zones of As-rich ore deposits. Sheets of As2O3 stand for part of structures of the recently discovered minerals lucabindiite, (K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br), and its sodium-analogue torrecillasite. Properties and reactions Arsenic trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, and its aqueous solutions are weakly acidic. Thus, it dissolves readily in alkaline solutions to give arsenites. It is less soluble in acids, although it will dissolve in hydrochloric acid. With anhydrous HF and HCl, it gives AsF3 and the trichloride: As2O3 + 6 HX → 2 AsX3 + 3 H2O (X = F, Cl) Only with strong oxidizing agents such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric acid does it yield arsenic pentoxide, As2O5 or its corresponding acid: 2 HNO3 + As2O3 + 2 H2O → 2 H3AsO4 + N2O3 In terms of its resistance to oxidation, arsenic trioxide differs from phosphorus trioxide, which readily combusts to phosphorus pentoxide. Reduction gives elemental arsenic or arsine (AsH3) depending on conditions: As2O3 + 6 Zn + 12 HNO3 → 2 AsH3 + 6 Zn(NO3)2 + 3 H2O This reaction is used in the Marsh test. Structure In the liquid and gas phase below 800 °C, arsenic trioxide has the formula As4O6 and is isostructural with P4O6. Above 800 °C As4O6 significantly dissociates into molecular As2O3, which adopts the same structure as N2O3. Three forms (polymorphs) are known in the solid state: a high temperature ( > 110 °C) cubic As4O6, containing molecular As4O6, and two related polymeric forms. The polymers, which both crystallize as monoclinic crystals, feature sheets of pyramidal AsO3 units that share O atoms. arsenolite(cubic) claudetite I(monoclinic) claudetite II(monoclinic) Society and culture Environmental effects Smelting and related ore processing often generate arsenic trioxide, which poses a risk to the environment. For example, the Giant Mine in Canada processed substantial amounts of arsenopyrite-contaminated gold ores. Arsenic poisoning in literature and society The poisonous properties of arsenic are the subject of an extensive literature. In Austria, there lived the so-called "arsenic eaters of Styria", who ingested doses far beyond the lethal dose of arsenic trioxide without any apparent harm. Arsenic is thought to enable strenuous work at high altitudes, e.g. in the Alps. References ^ Shakhashiri BZ. "Chemical of the Week: Arsenic". University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Dept. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008. ^ a b c "Trisenox- arsenic trioxide injection, solution". DailyMed. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ a b c "Trisenox EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ "Safety Data Sheet". American Elements. 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022. ^ Sun H (2010). Biological Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. John Wiley & Sons. p. 295. ISBN 9780470976227. ^ Landner L (2012). Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment: Advanced Hazard Assessment. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 259. ISBN 9783642613340. ^ a b c d e f g h "Arsenic Trioxide Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 907. ISBN 9780857113382. ^ "Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Retrieved 16 November 2019. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. ^ a b c d e Grund SC, Hanusch K, Wolf HU. "Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732. ^ Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments: Chemicals. United Nations Publications. 2009. p. 24. ISBN 9789211302196. ^ "Drug Approval Package: Trisenox (Arsenic Trioxide) NDA #21-248". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 12 July 2001. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ Zhu J, Chen Z, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, de Thé H (September 2002). "How acute promyelocytic leukaemia revived arsenic". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2 (9): 705–713. doi:10.1038/nrc887. PMID 12209159. S2CID 2815389. ^ Howard SC. "Proposal for the inclusion of arsenic therapies in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia" (PDF). WHO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ Zhu J, Koken MH, Quignon F, Chelbi-Alix MK, Degos L, Wang ZY, et al. (April 1997). "Arsenic-induced PML targeting onto nuclear bodies: implications for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (8): 3978–3983. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.3978Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3978. PMC 20553. PMID 9108090. ^ Rao Y, Li R, Zhang D (June 2013). "A drug from poison: how the therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia was discovered". Science China Life Sciences. 56 (6): 495–502. doi:10.1007/s11427-013-4487-z. PMID 23645104. ^ Bian Z, Chen S, Cheng C, Wang J, Xiao H, Qin H (2012). "Developing new drugs from annals of Chinese medicine". Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2011.12.007. ^ Au WY, Kumana CR, Kou M, Mak R, Chan GC, Lam CW, et al. (July 2003). "Oral arsenic trioxide in the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia". Blood. 102 (1): 407–408. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-01-0298. PMID 12814916. ^ Gibaud S, Jaouen G (2010). "Arsenic-Based Drugs: From Fowler's Solution to Modern Anticancer Chemotherapy". Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 32. pp. 1–20. Bibcode:2010moc..book....1G. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1. ISBN 978-3-642-13184-4. ^ "Giant Mine – Northwest Territories Region – Indian and Northern Affairs Canada". Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2007. ^ a b c d Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. ^ Garavelli et al. 2013, http://www.minsocam.org/msa/ammin/toc/Abstracts/2013_Abstracts/FM13_Abstracts/Garavelli_p470_13.pdf ^ Kampf et al. 2013, http://minmag.geoscienceworld.org/content/78/3/747.abstract ^ Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. ^ Wells A.F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry. 5th. London, England: Oxford University Press, 1984. Print. ISBN 0-19-855370-6 ^ Holleman AF, Wiberg E (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. ^ "Stanton v Benzler 9716830". U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. 17 June 1998. Retrieved 9 June 2008. (...) convicted by a jury of first degree murder for poisoning her ex-husband. Her ex-husband's body was found with traces of arsenic trioxide in it. ^ Emsley J (2006). "Arsenic". The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–197. ISBN 978-0-19-280600-0. ^ Flaubert G (1856). Madame Bovary. ^ "Arsenic Eaters". The New York Times. 26 July 1885. ^ Allesch RM (1959). Arsenik. Seine Geschichte in Österreich. Archiv für vaterländische Geschichte und Topographie. Vol. 54. Klagenfurt: Kleinmayr. ^ Przygoda G, Feldmann J, Cullen WR (2001). "The arsenic eaters of Styria: a different picture of people who were chronically exposed to arsenic". Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 15 (6): 457–462. doi:10.1002/aoc.126. ^ Whorton JC (2010). The Arsenic Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–273. ISBN 978-0-19-960599-6. External links Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Arsenic Toxicity "Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds". Summaries & Evaluations. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). February 1998. International Chemical Safety Card 0378 Safety Data Sheet from American Elements NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards NTP Report on Carcinogens – Inorganic Arsenic Compounds Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1989). "Trioxyde d'arsenic." Fiche toxicologique n° 89. Paris:INRS. (in French) vteIntracellular chemotherapeutic agents / antineoplastic agents (L01)SPs/MIs(M phase)Block microtubule assembly Vinca alkaloids (Vinblastine# Vincristine# Vindesine Vinflunine§ Vinorelbine#) Block microtubule disassembly Taxanes (Cabazitaxel Docetaxel# Larotaxel Ortataxel† Paclitaxel# Tesetaxel) Epothilones (Ixabepilone) DNA replicationinhibitorDNA precursors/antimetabolites(S phase)Folic acid Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (Aminopterin Methotrexate# Pemetrexed Pralatrexate) Thymidylate synthase inhibitor (Pemetrexed Raltitrexed) Purine Adenosine deaminase inhibitor (Pentostatin) Halogenated/ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors (Cladribine Clofarabine Fludarabine) Nelarabine Thiopurine (Mercaptopurine# Tioguanine#) Pyrimidine Thymidylate synthase inhibitor (Capecitabine# Carmofur Doxifluridine Floxuridine Fluorouracil# Tegafur (+gimeracil/oteracil)) DNA polymerase inhibitor (Cytarabine# +daunorubicin) Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (Gemcitabine#) Hypomethylating agent (Azacitidine Decitabine) Deoxyribonucleotide Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (Hydroxycarbamide#) Topoisomerase inhibitors(S phase)I Camptotheca (Belotecan Camptothecin Cositecan† Etirinotecan pegol† Exatecan Gimatecan Irinotecan# Lurtotecan‡ Rubitecan‡ Silatecan§ Topotecan) II Podophyllum (Etoposide# Teniposide) II+Intercalation Anthracyclines (Aclarubicin Amrubicin† Daunorubicin# (+cytarabine) Doxorubicin# Epirubicin Idarubicin Pirarubicin Valrubicin Zorubicin) Anthracenediones (Losoxantrone Mitoxantrone Pixantrone) Amsacrine Bisantrene Crisnatol Menogaril§ Crosslinking of DNA(CCNS)Alkylating Nitrogen mustards: Bendamustine# Chlormethine Cyclophosphamide# (Ifosfamide# Trofosfamide) Chlorambucil# Melphalan (Melphalan flufenamide) Prednimustine Uramustine Nitrosoureas: Carmustine Fotemustine Lomustine (Semustine) Nimustine Ranimustine Streptozocin Alkyl sulfonates: Busulfan (Mannosulfan Treosulfan) Aziridines: Carboquone Thiotepa Triaziquone Triethylenemelamine Platinum-based Carboplatin# Cisplatin# Dicycloplatin Nedaplatin Oxaliplatin# Satraplatin Nonclassical Altretamine Hydrazines (Procarbazine#) Etoglucid Mitobronitol Pipobroman Triazenes (Dacarbazine# Mitozolomide§ Temozolomide) Intercalation Streptomyces (Dactinomycin# Bleomycin# Mitomycins Plicamycin) Photosensitizers/PDT Aminolevulinic acid Efaproxiral Methyl aminolevulinate Padeliporfin Porphyrin derivatives (Porfimer sodium Talaporfin Temoporfin Verteporfin) OtherEnzyme inhibitors FI (Tipifarnib§) CDK inhibitors (Abemaciclib Alvocidib† Palbociclib Ribociclib Seliciclib†) PrI Bortezomib Carfilzomib Oprozomib Ixazomib PhI (Anagrelide) IMPDI (Tiazofurin§) LI (Masoprocol) PARP inhibitor (Fuzuloparib Niraparib +abiraterone acetate Olaparib Rucaparib) HDAC (Belinostat Entinostat Panobinostat Romidepsin Vorinostat) PIKI (Pi3K) (Alpelisib Copanlisib Duvelisib Idelalisib Umbralisib‡) Receptor antagonists ERA (Atrasentan) Retinoid X receptor (Bexarotene) Sex steroid (Testolactone) Other/ungrouped Adagrasib Aflibercept Arsenic trioxide Asparagine depleters (Asparaginase#/Pegaspargase) Axicabtagene ciloleucel Belzutifan Bexarotene Brexucabtagene autoleucel Celecoxib Ciltacabtagene autoleucel Demecolcine Denileukin diftitox Eflornithine Elesclomol§ Elsamitrucin Enasidenib Epacadostat Eribulin Estramustine Glasdegib Idecabtagene vicleucel Imetelstat Ivosidenib Lifileucel Lonidamine Lucanthone Lurbinectedin Mitoguazone Mitotane Navitoclax Oblimersen† Omacetaxine mepesuccinate Plitidepsin Retinoids (Alitretinoin Tretinoin#) Selinexor Sitimagene ceradenovec Sotorasib Tagraxofusp Talimogene laherparepvec Tazemetostat Tebentafusp Tiazofurine Tigilanol tiglate Tisagenlecleucel Trabectedin Veliparib Venetoclax Verdinexor Vosaroxin #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteArsenic compoundsArsenides AlAs BAs BiAs Cd3As2 CaAs CoAs DyAs HoAs GaAs InAs YAs LiAs MoAs2 MnAs NpAs NpAs2 PdAs2 PrAs PuAs SmAs Na3As TaAs WAs2 YAs Zn3As2 As(III) AsBr3 AsCl3 AsCl5 AsF3 AsH3 AsI3 As2O3 As2S3 As2Se3 As4S4 AsP As(III,V) As2O4 As(V) AsF5 AsCl5 As2O5 As2S5 vteOxidesMixed oxidation states Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4) Boron suboxide (B12O2) Carbon suboxide (C3O2) Chlorine perchlorate (Cl2O4) Chloryl perchlorate (Cl2O6) Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4) Dichlorine pentoxide (Cl2O5) Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4) Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4) Mellitic anhydride (C12O9) Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr6O11) Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2) Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7) Tribromine octoxide (Br3O8) Triuranium octoxide (U3O8) +1 oxidation state Aluminium(I) oxide (Al2O) Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) Caesium monoxide (Cs2O) Dicarbon monoxide (C2O) Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Gallium(I) oxide (Ga2O) Iodine(I) oxide (I2O) Lithium oxide (Li2O) Mercury(I) oxide (Hg2O) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Potassium oxide (K2O) Rubidium oxide (Rb2O) Silver oxide (Ag2O) Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O) Sodium oxide (Na2O) Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O) +2 oxidation state Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) Barium oxide (BaO) Berkelium monoxide (BkO) Beryllium oxide (BeO) Bromine monoxide (BrO) Cadmium oxide (CdO) Calcium oxide (CaO) Carbon monoxide (CO) Chlorine monoxide (ClO) Chromium(II) oxide (CrO) Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) Dinitrogen dioxide (N2O2) Europium(II) oxide (EuO) Germanium monoxide (GeO) Iron(II) oxide (FeO) Iodine monoxide (IO) Lead(II) oxide (PbO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Manganese(II) oxide (MnO) Mercury(II) oxide (HgO) Nickel(II) oxide (NiO) Nitric oxide (NO) Palladium(II) oxide (PdO) Phosphorus monoxide (PO) Polonium monoxide (PoO) Protactinium monoxide (PaO) Radium oxide (RaO) Silicon monoxide (SiO) Strontium oxide (SrO) Sulfur monoxide (SO) Disulfur dioxide (S2O2) Thorium monoxide (ThO) Tin(II) oxide (SnO) Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) Vanadium(II) oxide (VO) Yttrium(II) oxide (YO) Zinc oxide (ZnO) +3 oxidation state Actinium(III) oxide (Ac2O3) Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Americium(III) oxide (Am2O3) Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) Berkelium(III) oxide (Bk2O3) Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3) Boron trioxide (B2O3) Caesium sesquioxide (Cs2O3) Californium(III) oxide (Cf2O3) Cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3) Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) Cobalt(III) oxide (Co2O3) Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3) Einsteinium(III) oxide (Es2O3) Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3) Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3) Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3) Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3) Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3) Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3) Indium(III) oxide (In2O3) Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3) Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3) Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd2O3) Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3) Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6) Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr2O3) Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3) Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3) Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3) Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3) Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3) Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3) Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3) Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3) Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3) Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3) Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3) +4 oxidation state Americium dioxide (AmO2) Berkelium(IV) oxide (BkO2) Bromine dioxide (BrO2) Californium dioxide (CfO2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon trioxide (CO3) Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2) Curium(IV) oxide (CmO2) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Germanium dioxide (GeO2) Iodine dioxide (IO2) Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2) Lead dioxide (PbO2) Manganese dioxide (MnO2) Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Osmium dioxide (OsO2) Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2) Polonium dioxide (PoO2) Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO2) Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2) Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2) Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2) Selenium dioxide (SeO2) Silicon dioxide (SiO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Technetium(IV) oxide (TcO2) Tellurium dioxide (TeO2) Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO2) Thorium dioxide (ThO2) Tin dioxide (SnO2) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2) Uranium dioxide (UO2) Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) +5 oxidation state Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5) Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5) Bismuth pentoxide (Bi2O5) Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5) Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) +6 oxidation state Chromium trioxide (CrO3) Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) Polonium trioxide (PoO3) Rhenium trioxide (ReO3) Selenium trioxide (SeO3) Sulfur trioxide (SO3) Tellurium trioxide (TeO3) Tungsten trioxide (WO3) Uranium trioxide (UO3) Xenon trioxide (XeO3) +7 oxidation state Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7) Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7) Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re2O7) Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7) +8 oxidation state Iridium tetroxide (IrO4) Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) Xenon tetroxide (XeO4) Hassium tetroxide (HsO4) Related Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide Oxypnictide Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides Portal: Medicine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"wood preservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservative"},{"link_name":"pesticides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land2012-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trisenox_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trisenox_EPAR-3"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"acute promyelocytic 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breastfeeding may harm the baby.[8][9] Its mechanism in treating cancer is not entirely clear.[7]Arsenic trioxide was approved for medical use in the United States in 2000.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] Approximately 50,000 tonnes are produced a year.[11] Due to its toxicity, a number of countries have regulations around its manufacture and sale.[12]","title":"Arsenic trioxide"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicated"},{"link_name":"tretinoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretinoin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trisenox_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trisenox_EPAR-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drug_Approval_Package:_Trisenox-13"},{"link_name":"acute promyelocytic leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_promyelocytic_leukemia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-7"},{"link_name":"all-trans retinoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretinoin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Realgar/Indigo naturalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realgar/Indigo_naturalis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2019Apply-15"},{"link_name":"proteosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteosome"},{"link_name":"retinoic acid receptor alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_alpha"},{"link_name":"nuclear matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_matrix"},{"link_name":"ubiquitination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitination"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Zhang Tingdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Tingdong"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfp-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Organoarsenic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoarsenic_compound"},{"link_name":"roxarsone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxarsone"},{"link_name":"neosalvarsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosalvarsan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Medical","text":"Arsenic trioxide is indicated in combination with tretinoin for treatment of adults with newly-diagnosed low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia whose acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by the presence of the t(15;17) translocation or PML/RAR-alpha gene expression; and for induction of remission and consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia who are refractory to, or have relapsed from, retinoid and anthracycline chemotherapy, and whose acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by the presence of the t(15;17) translocation or PML/RAR-alpha gene expression.[2][3][13]Arsenic trioxide is used to treat a type of cancer known as acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).[7] It may be used both in cases that are unresponsive to other agents, such as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or as part of the initial treatment of newly diagnosed cases.[7] This initial treatment may include combination therapy of arsenic trioxide with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA).[14]Effectiveness appears similar to Realgar/Indigo naturalis, which can be taken by mouth and is less expensive but is less available.[15] It works by encouraging the proteosome breakdown of retinoic acid receptor alpha, by moving the protein on to the nuclear matrix and increasing ubiquitination.[16]In the 1970s, Chinese researcher Zhang Tingdong and colleagues discovered this use.[17] It was approved for leukemia treatment in the United States in 2000.[18] University of Hong Kong developed a liquid form of arsenic trioxide that can be given by mouth.[19] Organoarsenic compounds, such as feed additives (roxarsone) and medication (neosalvarsan), are derived from arsenic trioxide.[citation needed]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-11"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"arsenide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenide"},{"link_name":"semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"sodium arsenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_arsenite"},{"link_name":"sodium cacodylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cacodylate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"wood preservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservative"},{"link_name":"Copper arsenates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_arsenate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-11"},{"link_name":"copper(II) acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(II)_acetate"},{"link_name":"Paris green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_green"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Manufacturing","text":"Industrial uses include usage as a precursor to forestry products, in colorless glass production, and in electronics.[11] Being the main compound of arsenic, the trioxide is the precursor to elemental arsenic, arsenic alloys, and arsenide semiconductors. Bulk arsenic-based compounds sodium arsenite and sodium cacodylate are derived from the trioxide.[citation needed]A variety of applications exploit arsenic's toxicity, including the use of the oxide as a wood preservative. Copper arsenates, which are derived from arsenic trioxide, are used on a large scale as a wood preservative in the U.S. and Malaysia, but such materials are banned in many parts of the world. This practice remains controversial.[11] In combination with copper(II) acetate, arsenic trioxide gives the vibrant pigment known as Paris green used in paints and as a rodenticide. This application has been discontinued.[citation needed]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"homeopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy"},{"link_name":"arsenicum album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenicum_album"},{"link_name":"patent medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine"},{"link_name":"Fowler's solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler%27s_solution"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITOM-20"}],"sub_title":"Alternative medicine","text":"Despite the well known toxicity of arsenic, arsenic trioxide was used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is known as pi-shuang (Chinese: 砒霜; pinyin: pīshuāng; lit. 'arsenic frost'). In homeopathy, it is called arsenicum album. Some discredited patent medicines, e.g., Fowler's solution, contained derivatives of arsenic oxide.[20]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsenic poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-11"},{"link_name":"smelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelters"},{"link_name":"drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"OSHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration"},{"link_name":"permissible exposure limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit"},{"link_name":"breathing zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breathing_zone&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Arsenic poisoningArsenic trioxide is readily absorbed by the digestive system. Ingestion of as little as 0.1 grams can be fatal.[11]Chronic arsenic poisoning is known as arsenicosis. This disorder affects workers in smelters, in populations whose drinking water contains high levels of arsenic (0.3–0.4 ppm), and in patients treated for long periods with arsenic-based pharmaceuticals. Long-term ingestion of arsenic trioxide either in drinking water or as a medical treatment can lead to skin cancer. Reproductive problems (high incidences of miscarriage, low birth weight, congenital deformations) have also been indicated in one study of women exposed to arsenic trioxide dust as employees or neighbours of a copper foundry.In the U.S., the OSHA 1910.1018 occupational permissible exposure limit for inorganic arsenic compounds in breathing zone air is 0.010 mg/m3.","title":"Toxicology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St.BlasenArsenikstollen5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sankt Blasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Blasen"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"},{"link_name":"orpiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpiment"},{"link_name":"arsenopyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenopyrite"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Giant Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Mine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-11"},{"link_name":"arsenic trichloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brauer-22"},{"link_name":"arsenolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenolite"},{"link_name":"cubic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"claudetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudetite"},{"link_name":"monoclinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinic"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Historic arsenic mine Sankt Blasen, AustriaArsenic trioxide can be generated via routine processing of arsenic compounds including the oxidation (combustion) of arsenic and arsenic-containing minerals in air. Illustrative is the roasting of orpiment, a typical arsenic sulfide ore.2 As2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 As2O3 + 6 SO2Most arsenic oxide is, however, obtained as a volatile by-product of the processing of other ores. For example, arsenopyrite, a common impurity in gold- and copper-containing ores, liberates arsenic trioxide upon heating in air. The processing of such minerals has led to numerous cases of poisonings,[21] and after the mine is closed, the leftover trioxide waste will present environmental hazard (as was the case with the Giant Mine, for example). Only in China are arsenic ores intentionally mined.[11]In the laboratory, it is prepared by hydrolysis of arsenic trichloride:[22]2 AsCl3 + 3 H2O → As2O3 + 6 HClAs2O3 occurs naturally as two minerals, arsenolite (cubic) and claudetite (monoclinic). Both are relatively rare secondary minerals found in oxidation zones of As-rich ore deposits. Sheets of As2O3 stand for part of structures of the recently discovered minerals lucabindiite, (K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br),[23] and its sodium-analogue torrecillasite.[24]","title":"Production and occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amphoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoteric"},{"link_name":"acidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidic_oxide"},{"link_name":"arsenites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenite"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&W-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brauer-22"},{"link_name":"oxidizing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"nitric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid"},{"link_name":"arsenic pentoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brauer-22"},{"link_name":"phosphorus trioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide"},{"link_name":"phosphorus pentoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide"},{"link_name":"arsine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brauer-22"},{"link_name":"Marsh test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_test"}],"text":"Arsenic trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, and its aqueous solutions are weakly acidic. Thus, it dissolves readily in alkaline solutions to give arsenites. It is less soluble in acids, although it will dissolve in hydrochloric acid.[25]With anhydrous HF and HCl, it gives AsF3 and the trichloride:[22]As2O3 + 6 HX → 2 AsX3 + 3 H2O (X = F, Cl)Only with strong oxidizing agents such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric acid does it yield arsenic pentoxide, As2O5 or its corresponding acid:[22]2 HNO3 + As2O3 + 2 H2O → 2 H3AsO4 + N2O3In terms of its resistance to oxidation, arsenic trioxide differs from phosphorus trioxide, which readily combusts to phosphorus pentoxide.Reduction gives elemental arsenic or arsine (AsH3) depending on conditions:[22]As2O3 + 6 Zn + 12 HNO3 → 2 AsH3 + 6 Zn(NO3)2 + 3 H2OThis reaction is used in the Marsh test.","title":"Properties and reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P4O6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide"},{"link_name":"N2O3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide"},{"link_name":"polymorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wells-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiberg&Holleman-27"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"In the liquid and gas phase below 800 °C, arsenic trioxide has the formula As4O6 and is isostructural with P4O6. Above 800 °C As4O6 significantly dissociates into molecular As2O3, which adopts the same structure as N2O3. Three forms (polymorphs) are known in the solid state: a high temperature ( > 110 °C) cubic As4O6, containing molecular As4O6, and two related polymeric forms.[26] The polymers, which both crystallize as monoclinic crystals, feature sheets of pyramidal AsO3 units that share O atoms.[27]","title":"Properties and reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)"},{"link_name":"Giant Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Mine"},{"link_name":"arsenopyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenopyrite"}],"sub_title":"Environmental effects","text":"Smelting and related ore processing often generate arsenic trioxide, which poses a risk to the environment. For example, the Giant Mine in Canada processed substantial amounts of arsenopyrite-contaminated gold ores.","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murder-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Arsenic poisoning in literature and society","text":"The poisonous properties of arsenic are the subject of an extensive literature.[28][29][30]In Austria, there lived the so-called \"arsenic eaters of Styria\", who ingested doses far beyond the lethal dose of arsenic trioxide without any apparent harm. Arsenic is thought to enable strenuous work at high altitudes, e.g. in the Alps.[31][32][33][34]","title":"Society and culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Historic arsenic mine Sankt Blasen, Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/St.BlasenArsenikstollen5.jpg/170px-St.BlasenArsenikstollen5.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Shakhashiri BZ. \"Chemical of the Week: Arsenic\". University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Dept. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080802165618/http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/Arsenic/Arsenic.html","url_text":"\"Chemical of the Week: Arsenic\""},{"url":"http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/Arsenic/Arsenic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trisenox- arsenic trioxide injection, solution\". DailyMed. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=101fc347-d0ad-4aee-8b06-9feb187fd741","url_text":"\"Trisenox- arsenic trioxide injection, solution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trisenox EPAR\". European Medicines Agency. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/trisenox","url_text":"\"Trisenox EPAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safety Data Sheet\". American Elements. 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanelements.com/printpdf/arsenic-iii-oxide-1327-53-3/sds","url_text":"\"Safety Data Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"Sun H (2010). Biological Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. John Wiley & Sons. p. 295. ISBN 9780470976227.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nrKXcXQF0QAC&pg=PA295","url_text":"Biological Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470976227","url_text":"9780470976227"}]},{"reference":"Landner L (2012). Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment: Advanced Hazard Assessment. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 259. ISBN 9783642613340.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZb6CAAAQBAJ&dq=Arsenic+trioxide+industrial+chemical&pg=PA259","url_text":"Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment: Advanced Hazard Assessment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642613340","url_text":"9783642613340"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenic Trioxide Monograph for Professionals\". Drugs.com. Retrieved 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/arsenic-trioxide.html","url_text":"\"Arsenic Trioxide Monograph for Professionals\""}]},{"reference":"British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 907. ISBN 9780857113382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857113382","url_text":"9780857113382"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) Use During Pregnancy\". Drugs.com. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/arsenic-trioxide.html","url_text":"\"Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) Use During Pregnancy\""}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F371090","url_text":"10665/371090"}]},{"reference":"Grund SC, Hanusch K, Wolf HU. \"Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a03_113.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732","url_text":"978-3527306732"}]},{"reference":"Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments: Chemicals. United Nations Publications. 2009. p. 24. ISBN 9789211302196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OtVZqdPHsm8C&dq=%22Arsenic+Trioxide%22+industrial+uses&pg=PA24","url_text":"Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments: Chemicals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789211302196","url_text":"9789211302196"}]},{"reference":"\"Drug Approval Package: Trisenox (Arsenic Trioxide) NDA #21-248\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 12 July 2001. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2000/21-248_Trisenox.cfm","url_text":"\"Drug Approval Package: Trisenox (Arsenic Trioxide) NDA #21-248\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"}]},{"reference":"Zhu J, Chen Z, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, de Thé H (September 2002). \"How acute promyelocytic leukaemia revived arsenic\". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2 (9): 705–713. doi:10.1038/nrc887. PMID 12209159. S2CID 2815389.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc887","url_text":"10.1038/nrc887"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209159","url_text":"12209159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2815389","url_text":"2815389"}]},{"reference":"Howard SC. \"Proposal for the inclusion of arsenic therapies in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia\" (PDF). WHO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220309054858/https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/22/applications/s8.2_arsenic.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposal for the inclusion of arsenic therapies in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia\""},{"url":"https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/22/applications/s8.2_arsenic.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zhu J, Koken MH, Quignon F, Chelbi-Alix MK, Degos L, Wang ZY, et al. (April 1997). \"Arsenic-induced PML targeting onto nuclear bodies: implications for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (8): 3978–3983. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.3978Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3978. PMC 20553. PMID 9108090.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20553","url_text":"\"Arsenic-induced PML targeting onto nuclear bodies: implications for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.3978Z","url_text":"1997PNAS...94.3978Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.8.3978","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.94.8.3978"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20553","url_text":"20553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9108090","url_text":"9108090"}]},{"reference":"Rao Y, Li R, Zhang D (June 2013). \"A drug from poison: how the therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia was discovered\". Science China Life Sciences. 56 (6): 495–502. doi:10.1007/s11427-013-4487-z. PMID 23645104.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11427-013-4487-z","url_text":"\"A drug from poison: how the therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia was discovered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11427-013-4487-z","url_text":"10.1007/s11427-013-4487-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645104","url_text":"23645104"}]},{"reference":"Bian Z, Chen S, Cheng C, Wang J, Xiao H, Qin H (2012). \"Developing new drugs from annals of Chinese medicine\". Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2011.12.007.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apsb.2011.12.007","url_text":"\"Developing new drugs from annals of Chinese medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apsb.2011.12.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.apsb.2011.12.007"}]},{"reference":"Au WY, Kumana CR, Kou M, Mak R, Chan GC, Lam CW, et al. (July 2003). \"Oral arsenic trioxide in the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia\". Blood. 102 (1): 407–408. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-01-0298. PMID 12814916.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2003-01-0298","url_text":"\"Oral arsenic trioxide in the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2003-01-0298","url_text":"10.1182/blood-2003-01-0298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12814916","url_text":"12814916"}]},{"reference":"Gibaud S, Jaouen G (2010). \"Arsenic-Based Drugs: From Fowler's Solution to Modern Anticancer Chemotherapy\". Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 32. pp. 1–20. Bibcode:2010moc..book....1G. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1. ISBN 978-3-642-13184-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010moc..book....1G","url_text":"2010moc..book....1G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13185-1_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-13184-4","url_text":"978-3-642-13184-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Giant Mine – Northwest Territories Region – Indian and Northern Affairs Canada\". Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060627075016/http://nwt-tno.inac-ainc.gc.ca/giant/atg_e.html","url_text":"\"Giant Mine – Northwest Territories Region – Indian and Northern Affairs Canada\""},{"url":"http://nwt-tno.inac-ainc.gc.ca/giant/atg_e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holleman AF, Wiberg E (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-352651-5","url_text":"0-12-352651-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanton v Benzler 9716830\". U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. 17 June 1998. Retrieved 9 June 2008. (...) convicted by a jury of first degree murder for poisoning her ex-husband. Her ex-husband's body was found with traces of arsenic trioxide in it.","urls":[{"url":"http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&case=/data2/circs/9th/9716830.html&friend=usatoday","url_text":"\"Stanton v Benzler 9716830\""}]},{"reference":"Emsley J (2006). \"Arsenic\". The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–197. ISBN 978-0-19-280600-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280600-0","url_text":"978-0-19-280600-0"}]},{"reference":"Flaubert G (1856). Madame Bovary.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert","url_text":"Flaubert G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Bovary","url_text":"Madame Bovary"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenic Eaters\". The New York Times. 26 July 1885.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1885/07/26/archives/arsenic-eaters.html","url_text":"\"Arsenic Eaters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Allesch RM (1959). Arsenik. Seine Geschichte in Österreich. Archiv für vaterländische Geschichte und Topographie. Vol. 54. Klagenfurt: Kleinmayr.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Przygoda G, Feldmann J, Cullen WR (2001). \"The arsenic eaters of Styria: a different picture of people who were chronically exposed to arsenic\". Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 15 (6): 457–462. doi:10.1002/aoc.126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faoc.126","url_text":"10.1002/aoc.126"}]},{"reference":"Whorton JC (2010). The Arsenic Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–273. ISBN 978-0-19-960599-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/arseniccenturyho00whor","url_text":"The Arsenic Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/arseniccenturyho00whor/page/n292","url_text":"270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960599-6","url_text":"978-0-19-960599-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds\". Summaries & Evaluations. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). February 1998.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/suppl7/arsenic.html","url_text":"\"Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/arsenic-trioxide.html","external_links_name":"Monograph"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a608017.html","external_links_name":"a608017"},{"Link":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Arsenic+trioxide","external_links_name":"Arsenic 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Hospital	Lambeth Hospital	["1 History","2 Services","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°28′00″N 0°07′23″W / 51.4666°N 0.1231°W / 51.4666; -0.1231Psychiatric hospital in Lambeth, London Hospital in London, EnglandLambeth HospitalSouth London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustEntrance to the hospitalLocation within LambethGeographyLocationStockwell, London, EnglandCoordinates51°28′00″N 0°07′23″W / 51.4666°N 0.1231°W / 51.4666; -0.1231OrganisationCare systemNational Health ServiceTypeSpecialistAffiliated universityKing's College LondonServicesEmergency departmentnoBeds79SpecialityPsychiatric hospitalLinksWebsitehttp://www.slam.nhs.uk Lambeth Hospital is a mental health facility in Landor Road, South London. It was previously known as the "Landor Road hospital" and is now operated by the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and is affiliated with King's College London's Institute of Psychiatry. It is also part of the King's Health Partners academic health science centre and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health. History There were originally two hospitals on the site: the Stockwell Smallpox Hospital, which opened in 1871, and the Stockwell Fever Hospital, which opened shortly thereafter; these two hospitals combined in 1884 to form the South Western Fever Hospital. It joined the National Health Service in 1948 as the South Western Hospital and contained an out-patient facility, known as the "Landor Road Day Hospital" for psychiatric patients. It closed in the early 1990s and, following demolition in 1996, was replaced by a new mental health facility known as Lambeth Hospital. The new mental health facility was named after a previous Lambeth Hospital, which had opened on the site of Lambeth Workhouse in Renfrew Road, in 1922. In 2014, the Triage ward of the new hospital was featured in an episode of the Channel 4 documentary series Bedlam. The NHS South East London Clinical Commissioning Group announced in May 2020 that Lambeth hospital would close with the services moved to a new building on the Maudsley Hospital site. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust announced a consultation in July 2020 on proposals to sell land so that 570 houses could be built on the site. Services Lambeth Hospital is situated in Stockwell, within walking distance of Clapham High Street railway station and Clapham North tube station. The hospital site includes the following buildings: Bridge House: Spring Ward (Female Forensic, Medium Secure Service) Oak House: Luther King Ward (Male Acute), Nelson Ward (Female Acute), Rosa Parks Ward (Mixed Acute) and Eden Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (Male PICU) Reay House: Early Intervention in Psychosis Unit and Tony Hillis Unit Mckenzie House (Ward in the Community) Orchard House (Outpatient Services) Landor House See also Healthcare in London List of hospitals in England King's Health Partners References ^ a b c d "South Western Hospital". Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Historic England. "Administrative block to former Lambeth Workhouse (1392740)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ "Welcome to Bedlam on C4". South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "Improving inpatient mental health services for Lambeth". Lambeth Together. 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ "SLaM's plans for 570 homes at Lambeth Hospital site". Wandsworth Times. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ "Lambeth Hospital". South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "Lambeth Hospital site map" (PDF). South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "Lambeth Hospital". Lambeth and Southwark Mind. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2018. External links South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust vteSouth London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustHospitals Bethlem Royal Hospital Lambeth Hospital Maudsley Hospital Affiliates King's Health Partners vteKing's College LondonUniversity of LondonAcademicfaculties Business School Dental Institute Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience Faculty of Arts and Humanities Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine School of Law Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy Departments,centresand divisions Centre for Children and Adolescents Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine Department of Classics Department of Digital Humanities Department of International Development Department of Philosophy Department of War Studies Digital Classicist International Centre for Prison Studies Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute MRC SGDP Centre Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics School of Education, Communication and Society Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases Twins Early Development Study People Principal: Shitij Kapur Chairman of the Council: Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt Dean: Ellen Clark-King Visitor: Archbishop of Canterbury Academics List of notable alumni List of chaplains List of deans Buildingsand places Guy's Campus Gordon Museum of Pathology Museum of Life Sciences Strand Campus Bush House King's College London Chapel King's Building Maughan Library Somerset House East Wing King George III Museum Student life Macadam Cup Reggie the Lion Roar News newspaper Boat Club Rugby Club Rugby Club (Guy's, Kings and St Thomas') Students' Union (KCLSU) Tolstoy Cup AffiliatesMedical Evelina London Children's Hospital Francis Crick Institute Guy's Hospital King's Health Partners King's College Hospital South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Bethlem Royal Hospital Lambeth Hospital Maudsley Hospital St Thomas' Hospital University Hospital Lewisham Other Golden triangle King's College London Mathematics School King's College School Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Russell Group Thomas Young Centre Other Academic dress of King's College London Aldwych tube station Associateship of King's College Chelsea College of Science and Technology Coat of arms of King's College London Creighton Lecture History Inkha King's College London Business King's College London–UCL rivalry Queen Elizabeth College Roman Baths, Strand Lane Third-oldest university in England debate Category Commons Wikisource Wikinews Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London_and_Maudsley_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Institute of Psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"King's Health Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Health_Partners"},{"link_name":"academic health science centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research"}],"text":"Psychiatric hospital in Lambeth, LondonHospital in London, EnglandLambeth Hospital is a mental health facility in Landor Road, South London. It was previously known as the \"Landor Road hospital\" and is now operated by the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and is affiliated with King's College London's Institute of Psychiatry. It is also part of the King's Health Partners academic health science centre and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health.","title":"Lambeth Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-1"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-1"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Workhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Workhouse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Bedlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedlam_(2013_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"There were originally two hospitals on the site: the Stockwell Smallpox Hospital, which opened in 1871, and the Stockwell Fever Hospital, which opened shortly thereafter; these two hospitals combined in 1884 to form the South Western Fever Hospital.[1] It joined the National Health Service in 1948 as the South Western Hospital and contained an out-patient facility, known as the \"Landor Road Day Hospital\" for psychiatric patients.[1] It closed in the early 1990s and, following demolition in 1996, was replaced by a new mental health facility known as Lambeth Hospital.[1] The new mental health facility was named after a previous Lambeth Hospital, which had opened on the site of Lambeth Workhouse in Renfrew Road, in 1922.[2]In 2014, the Triage ward of the new hospital was featured in an episode of the Channel 4 documentary series Bedlam.[3]The NHS South East London Clinical Commissioning Group announced in May 2020 that Lambeth hospital would close with the services moved to a new building on the Maudsley Hospital site.[4] South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust announced a consultation in July 2020 on proposals to sell land so that 570 houses could be built on the site.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockwell"},{"link_name":"Clapham High Street railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_High_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Clapham North tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_North_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_Intensive_Care_Unit"},{"link_name":"Early Intervention in Psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Intervention_in_Psychosis"}],"text":"Lambeth Hospital is situated in Stockwell, within walking distance of Clapham High Street railway station and Clapham North tube station.[6] The hospital site includes the following buildings:[1][7][8]Bridge House: Spring Ward (Female Forensic, Medium Secure Service)\nOak House: Luther King Ward (Male Acute), Nelson Ward (Female Acute), Rosa Parks Ward (Mixed Acute) and Eden Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (Male PICU)\nReay House: Early Intervention in Psychosis Unit and Tony Hillis Unit\nMckenzie House (Ward in the Community)\nOrchard House (Outpatient Services)\nLandor House","title":"Services"}]	[]	[{"title":"Healthcare in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_London"},{"title":"List of hospitals in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_England"},{"title":"King's Health Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Health_Partners"}]	[{"reference":"\"South Western Hospital\". Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/southwestern.html","url_text":"\"South Western Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Administrative block to former Lambeth Workhouse (1392740)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1392740","url_text":"\"Administrative block to former Lambeth Workhouse (1392740)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Bedlam on C4\". South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/media/bedlam-c4","url_text":"\"Welcome to Bedlam on C4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improving inpatient mental health services for Lambeth\". Lambeth Together. 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lambethtogether.net/living-well-network-alliance/lambethhospital/","url_text":"\"Improving inpatient mental health services for Lambeth\""}]},{"reference":"\"SLaM's plans for 570 homes at Lambeth Hospital site\". Wandsworth Times. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/news/18618139.slams-plans-570-homes-lambeth-hospital-site/","url_text":"\"SLaM's plans for 570 homes at Lambeth Hospital site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lambeth Hospital\". South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/our-services/hospital-care/lambeth-hospital","url_text":"\"Lambeth Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lambeth Hospital site map\" (PDF). South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/media/197489/Lambeth%20Map%20Landscape%2015%20April%2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Lambeth Hospital site map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lambeth Hospital\". Lambeth and Southwark Mind. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lambethandsouthwarkmind.org.uk/directory/lambeth-hospital/","url_text":"\"Lambeth Hospital\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lambeth_Hospital&params=51.4666_N_0.1231_W_type:landmark_region:GB-LBH","external_links_name":"51°28′00″N 0°07′23″W / 51.4666°N 0.1231°W / 51.4666; -0.1231"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lambeth_Hospital&params=51.4666_N_0.1231_W_type:landmark_region:GB-LBH","external_links_name":"51°28′00″N 0°07′23″W / 51.4666°N 0.1231°W / 51.4666; -0.1231"},{"Link":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/","external_links_name":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk"},{"Link":"https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/southwestern.html","external_links_name":"\"South Western Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1392740","external_links_name":"\"Administrative block to former Lambeth Workhouse (1392740)\""},{"Link":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/media/bedlam-c4","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Bedlam on C4\""},{"Link":"https://lambethtogether.net/living-well-network-alliance/lambethhospital/","external_links_name":"\"Improving inpatient mental health services for Lambeth\""},{"Link":"https://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/news/18618139.slams-plans-570-homes-lambeth-hospital-site/","external_links_name":"\"SLaM's plans for 570 homes at Lambeth Hospital site\""},{"Link":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/our-services/hospital-care/lambeth-hospital","external_links_name":"\"Lambeth Hospital\""},{"Link":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/media/197489/Lambeth%20Map%20Landscape%2015%20April%2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lambeth Hospital site map\""},{"Link":"https://www.lambethandsouthwarkmind.org.uk/directory/lambeth-hospital/","external_links_name":"\"Lambeth Hospital\""},{"Link":"http://www.slam.nhs.uk/","external_links_name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404006418","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Money	The Color of Money	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Soundtrack","4 Release","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Accolades","6 Legacy","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	1986 drama film by Martin Scorsese For the novel by Walter Tevis, see The Color of Money (novel). The Color of MoneyTheatrical release poster by Robert TanenbaumDirected byMartin ScorseseScreenplay byRichard PriceBased onThe Color of Moneyby Walter TevisProduced byIrving AxelradBarbara De FinaStarring Paul Newman Tom Cruise Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Helen Shaver CinematographyMichael BallhausEdited byThelma SchoonmakerMusic byRobbie RobertsonProductioncompaniesTouchstone PicturesSilver Screen Partners IIDistributed byBuena Vista DistributionRelease date October 17, 1986 (1986-10-17) (United States) Running time120 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesEnglishSpanishBudget$14.5 millionBox office$52.3 million The Color of Money is a 1986 American sports drama film directed by Martin Scorsese. It is the sequel to the 1961 film, The Hustler. Like the previous film, The Color of Money is based on the novel of the same name by Walter Tevis. The film stars Paul Newman reprising his role as "Fast Eddie" Felson, for which he won an Academy Award. The film also stars Tom Cruise playing a pool hustler, and features Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as the girlfriend of Cruise's character. The plot follows the trio as they hustle pool halls and make their way to a nine-ball tournament in Atlantic City. The film received a generally positive critical response on its release, although some critics thought that the film was an inferior followup to The Hustler. Plot "Fast Eddie" has given up playing pool, and is now a successful liquor salesman in Chicago. However, he partners with pool players, including a hustler named Julian, who is outmatched at nine-ball by the young and charismatic Vincent. Recognizing Vincent's skill, and his girlfriend Carmen's inexperience at luring players to lose money, Eddie tells the couple of their excellent potential for hustling. Carmen visits Eddie alone to inquire about his interest in Vincent. Finding him working at Child World, Eddie invites Vincent to leave the next day for six weeks of hustling on the road, culminating in a nine-ball tournament in Atlantic City. Manipulating Vincent's insecurities about Carmen and giving him a valuable Balabushka cue stick, Eddie persuades him to accept his offer. Eddie's abrupt departure upsets Julian, as well as Eddie's girlfriend, Janelle. Vincent and Carmen hit the road with Eddie in his Cadillac, visiting a series of pool halls, with Eddie taking most of any winnings and absorbing losses. Eddie attempts to teach him the art of hustling, but Vincent balks at having to play below his ability. At a pool hall run by his old acquaintance, Orvis, Eddie becomes fed up with Vincent's arrogance, and leaves him. In Vincent's absence, Eddie reminds Carmen that they are partners with a mutual business interest in Vincent. Eddie returns to find Vincent grandstanding, beating the pool hall's best player but scaring off a wealthier mark. Eddie and Vincent talk frankly, agreeing that Vincent must curb his ego if they are to succeed. Eddie and Carmen struggle to rein in Vincent's showboating. After a string of successful games, Vincent plays the famed Grady Seasons, but is directed by Eddie to dump the game to inflate the odds against Vincent in Atlantic City. Goaded by Grady, Vincent nearly fails to throw the game, and Eddie is inspired to play again. After some success, Eddie is beaten by Amos, a hustler. Humiliated, Eddie leaves Vincent and Carmen with enough money to make it to Atlantic City. Eddie enters the Atlantic City tournament, in which he triumphs against Vincent. Vincent and Carmen surprise Eddie with $8,000; his "cut" of Vincent's winnings. Vincent says that he intentionally lost their match. In his semifinal match, Eddie forfeits the game and returns Vincent's money. Determined to win legitimately, Eddie faces Vincent in a private match, declaring, "I'm back!". Cast Paul Newman as Eddie "Fast Eddie" Felson Tom Cruise as Vincent Lauria Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Carmen Helen Shaver as Janelle John Turturro as Julian Bill Cobbs as Orvis Forest Whitaker as Amos Keith McCready as Grady Production To perform his own pool shots, Tom Cruise practiced for hours on end. The Color of Money was released by Touchstone Pictures, after both 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures declined. The film was shot in 49 days with cinematographer Michael Ballhaus and a budget of $14.5 million. It is an adaptation of the 1984 novel of the same name by Walter Tevis, and was written by Richard Price. Although it features some characters from the novel, it was not written to be a sequel. A screenplay was written by Tevis, but the filmmakers decided not to use it. Jean-Pierre Léaud was briefly considered for the role of Vincent. It was shot in and around Chicago, with much of the filming taking place in pool and billiard halls, rather than in built sets. The film was edited by Thelma Schoonmaker, who used closeup shots of pool balls being played, as well as wider visuals of the players, to get across the visual of a pool hall. Director Martin Scorsese cited the influence of techniques and lighting in the 1947 Powell-Pressburger film, Black Narcissus, when making The Color of Money. In particular, he stated that the extreme closeups of Tom Cruise around the pool table were inspired by those of the nuns in that film. Paul Newman said that the best advice he was given by Scorsese was to "try not to be funny". Cruise performed most of his own pool shots. An exception was a jump shot over two balls to pot another. Scorsese believed that Cruise could learn the shot, but that it would take too long, so the shot was performed for him by professional player, Mike Sigel. Cruise mentioned that, to prepare for the role, he bought a pool table for his apartment and practiced for hours on end. Standing in for the valuable Balabushka cue in the movie is a Joss J-18 (which became the Joss 10-N7), made to resemble a classic Balabushka. Sigel was a technical director, and he and fellow player, Ewa Mataya Laurance, served as technical consultants and shot performers in the film. Absent from the film is the character, Minnesota Fats, played by Jackie Gleason in The Hustler. Newman said that he had wanted the character to appear, but that none of the attempts to include him fit well into the story that was being written. According to Scorsese, Gleason apparently agreed with Newman's opinion that Minnesota Fats was not essential to the film's story. Scorsese said that Gleason was presented with a draft of the script that had Fats worked into the narrative, but after reading it, Gleason declined to reprise the role because he felt that the character seemed to have been added as "an afterthought". Soundtrack The soundtrack album of the motion picture was released by MCA Records in 1986. Robbie Robertson produced the score for the film. Track listing: "Who Owns This Place?" (Don Henley/Danny Kortchmar/J.D. Souther) – Don Henley (4:55) "It's in the Way That You Use It" (Eric Clapton/Robbie Robertson) – Eric Clapton (4:00) "Let Yourself in for It" (Robert Palmer) – Robert Palmer (5:20) "Don't Tell Me Nothin'" (Willie Dixon) – Willie Dixon (4:42) "Two Brothers and a Stranger" (Mark Knopfler) – Mark Knopfler (2:42) "Standing on the Edge of Love" (Jerry Lynn Williams) – B.B. King (3:59) "Modern Blues" (Robbie Robertson) – Robbie Robertson (2:57) "Werewolves of London" (L. Marinell/Waddy Wachtel/Warren Zevon) – Warren Zevon (3:24) "My Baby's in Love with Another Guy" (H. Brightman/L. Lucie) – Robert Palmer (2:30) "The Main Title" (Robbie Robertson) – Robbie Robertson (2:46) Release The Color of Money had its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City October 8, 1986. The film went into wide release in the United States October 17, 1986. The American release was limited to select theaters throughout the country, with the film opening in more theaters during the next four weeks of its initial release. After its run, the film grossed $52,293,982 domestically. The film was released on DVD January 3, 2000, and on Blu-ray June 5, 2012. Reception Critical response Paul Newman's performance received positive reviews, earning him the Academy Award for Best Actor. The Color of Money received a generally positive critical response on its release, although some critics thought that the film was an inferior followup to The Hustler. Based on 48 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an 88% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 7.10/10. The site's consensus reads: "That it's inferior to the original goes without saying, but Paul Newman and Tom Cruise are a joy to watch, and Martin Scorsese's direction is typically superb." Review aggregator website Metacritic reported a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on a scale of A+ to F. The film was praised for the major cast. Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, commented on the "three fully realized" main characters, and that the journey with them throughout the film is "most satisfying". Canby, however, also commented that it "lacks in narrative shapeliness", before giving the film 9 out of 10. Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times called these characters an "electrifying unholy trio", and praised the metaphors between hustling and pool. Miami Herald writer Bill Cosford, however, commented that "whatever Scorsese and Price have to say about these marvelous characters, it is not anything interesting". Tom Hutchingson of Radio Times said that Newman "deserved" to win an Oscar for his performance. Reviewers compared The Color of Money with other Scorsese films. Jason Bailey, writing for Flavorwire, described the film as only "mid-level" for the director, but that it was so "overpowering ... jazzy and boisterous" that he could not help but enjoy. The Chicago Tribune's Gene Siskel commented that the "grit is gone", for Scorsese was not backed up by a veteran contributor, as in his other works. People Magazine commented that the film benefited from the cast of characters, and Scorsese's choice of actors. Accolades For The Color of Money, Newman received the Academy Award for Best Actor, his first Academy Award and his seventh nomination. Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. Academy Awards Best Actor Paul Newman Won Best Supporting Actress Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Nominated Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Richard Price Nominated Best Art Direction Boris Leven and Karen O'Hara Nominated Cahiers du cinéma Best Film Martin Scorsese Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Paul Newman Nominated Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Video from a Film Eric Clapton – "It's in the Way That You Use It" Nominated National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 6th Place Best Actor Paul Newman Won National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actor 3rd Place New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actor 2nd Place Best Supporting Actress Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio 3rd Place Legacy A line in the film spoken by Tom Cruise — "In here? Doom" — inspired the title of the popular 1993 video game, Doom. The 1996 nine-ball challenge match between Efren Reyes and Earl Strickland was named "The Color of Money" in honor of the film. The second challenge, which took place in 2001, was titled "The Color of Money II". See also Cue sports portal Film portal References ^ "The Color of Money Movie Poster (#1 of 4)". IMPAwards. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ^ "The Color of Money". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Pelan, Tim (October 16, 2020). "Play for Play: How The Color of Money's 'One For Them' Assignment Reignited Martin Scorsese's Hunger for the Work". Cinephilia & Beyond. Retrieved September 9, 2021. ^ LoBrutto, Vincent (November 30, 2007). Martin Scorsese: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-98705-3. ^ a b Forsberg, Myra (October 19, 1986). "'The Color of Money': Three Men and a Sequel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. ^ "Jean-Pierre Léaud". Purple. ^ "Chicago pool hall maintains magic from decades-old Hollywood film". FOX 32 Chicago. November 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021. ^ Buss, Andrew (November 25, 2016). "10 Movies You Didn't Realize Were Filmed In Chicago". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021. ^ "Black Narcissus (The Criterion Collection) (2001) DVD commentary". Criterion. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013. ^ "Commercial information about the Joss 10-N7 model pool cue". Joss Cues. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. ^ Levy, Shawn (May 5, 2009). Paul Newman: A Life. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-35375-7.. ^ The catalogue number for the original CD release was DMCG 6023. The soundtrack information was taken from the CD booklet. ^ "Robbie Robertson On Scoring The Irishman". Headliner Magazine. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. ^ "Opens Today". The Manila Standard. March 25, 1987. p. 15. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2018. ^ "The Color of Money (1986)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012. ^ "The Color of Money". Metacritic. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. ^ Landy, Tom (March 6, 2012). "'The Color of Money' Announced for Blu-ray". Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012. ^ "The Color of Money (1986)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019. ^ "The Color of Money Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2019. ^ "Home". CinemaScore. Retrieved March 7, 2022. ^ a b Canby, Vincent (October 17, 1986). "Screen: Paul Newman in 'The Color of Money'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020. ^ Benson, Sheila (October 17, 1986). "Movie review: Newman chalks one up in 'The Color of Money'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020. ^ Cosford, Bill (October 17, 1986). "The Color of Money Review". Miami Herald. p. 1. ^ Hutchinson, Tom. "The Color of Money (1986)". Radio Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021. ^ Bailey, Jason (March 27, 2017). "Second Glance: The Whiz-Bang Artistry of Scorsese's 'The Color of Money'". Flavorwire. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021. ^ Siskel, Gene (October 17, 1986). "Flick of the week: Sequel to "Hustler" a disappointment". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2021. ^ "Picks and Pans Review: The Color of Money". People. October 27, 1986. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021. ^ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ Johnson, Eric C. "Cahiers du Cinema: Top Ten Lists 1951-2009". Alumnus Caltech. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2017. ^ "The Color of Money". Golden Globe Award. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ "MTV VMAs 1987 - MTV Video Music Awards 1987". Awards and Shows. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. ^ "1986 Award Winners". National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. 2016. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. December 19, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "1986 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". New York Film Critics Circle. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Doomworld - Interviews". John Carmack. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "'Bata' Reyes, Strickland in $100,000 duel". Manila Standard Today. November 27, 1996. p. 15. ^ "The Greatest Pool Games of Legend Efren Reyes". Pool Scene. November 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2021. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to The Color of Money. The Color of Money at IMDb The Color of Money at AllMovie The Color of Money at the TCM Movie Database The Color of Money at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteMartin Scorsese Awards and nominations Filmography Bibliography Unrealized projects Feature films Who's That Knocking at My Door (1967) Boxcar Bertha (1972) Mean Streets (1973) Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) Taxi Driver (1976) New York, New York (1977) Raging Bull (1980) The King of Comedy (1982) After Hours (1985) The Color of Money (1986) The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) Goodfellas (1990) Cape Fear (1991) The Age of Innocence (1993) Casino (1995) Kundun (1997) Bringing Out the Dead (1999) Gangs of New York (2002) The Aviator (2004) The Departed (2006) Shutter Island (2010) Hugo (2011) The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) Silence (2016) The Irishman (2019) Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) Short films What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This? (1963) It's Not Just You, Murray! (1964) The Big Shave (1967) "Bad" (1987) New York Stories (segment "Life Lessons", 1989) Made in Milan (1990) The Key to Reserva (2007) The Audition (2015) Produced only The Grifters (1990) Mad Dog and Glory (1993) Clockers (1995) The Hi-Lo Country (1998) The Young Victoria (2009) Maestro (2023) Television "Boardwalk Empire" (2010) Vinyl (2016) Pretend It's a City (2021) Martin Scorsese Presents: The Saints (2024) An Afternoon with SCTV (TBA) Documentaries Street Scenes 1970 (1970) Italianamerican (1974) American Boy: A Profile of Steven Prince (1978) The Last Waltz (1978) A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies (1995) My Voyage to Italy (1999) The Blues: Feel Like Going Home (2003) No Direction Home (2005) Shine a Light (2008) A Letter to Elia (2010) Public Speaking (2010) George Harrison: Living in the Material World (2011) The 50 Year Argument (2014) Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese (2019) Related Collaborations Robert De Niro Leonardo DiCaprio Sikelia Productions Goncharov vteRichard PriceNovels The Wanderers (1974) Bloodbrothers (1976) Ladies' Man (1978) The Breaks (1983) Clockers (1992) Freedomland (1998) Samaritan (2003) Lush Life (2008) The Whites (2015) Films written The Color of Money (1986) Streets of Gold (1986) Bad (1987, short) New York Stories (segment "Life Lessons", 1989) Sea of Love (1989) Night and the City (1992) Mad Dog and Glory (1993) Clockers (1995) Kiss of Death (1995) Ransom (1996) Shaft (2000) Freedomland (2006) Child 44 (2015) TV series created NYC 22 (2012) The Night Of (2016) The Outsider (2020) Film adaptations Bloodbrothers (1978) The Wanderers (1979) Sea of Love (1989) Clockers (1995) Freedomland (2006) vteWalter TevisNovels The Hustler (1959) The Man Who Fell to Earth (1963) Mockingbird (1980) The Steps of the Sun (1983) The Queen's Gambit (1983) The Color of Money (1984) Adaptations The Hustler (1961 film) The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976 film) The Color of Money (1986 film) The Man Who Fell to Earth (1987 film) The Queen's Gambit (2020 miniseries) The Man Who Fell to Earth (2022 TV series) Characters Beth Harmon Minnesota Fats	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Color of Money (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Money_(novel)"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"The Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hustler"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Money_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Walter Tevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Tevis"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Tom Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Mastrantonio"}],"text":"1986 drama film by Martin ScorseseFor the novel by Walter Tevis, see The Color of Money (novel).The Color of Money is a 1986 American sports drama film directed by Martin Scorsese. It is the sequel to the 1961 film, The Hustler. Like the previous film, The Color of Money is based on the novel of the same name by Walter Tevis.The film stars Paul Newman reprising his role as \"Fast Eddie\" Felson, for which he won an Academy Award. The film also stars Tom Cruise playing a pool hustler, and features Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as the girlfriend of Cruise's character.The plot follows the trio as they hustle pool halls and make their way to a nine-ball tournament in Atlantic City.The film received a generally positive critical response on its release, although some critics thought that the film was an inferior followup to The Hustler.","title":"The Color of Money"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"nine-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-ball"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"Balabushka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balabushka"},{"link_name":"cue stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_stick"},{"link_name":"Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac"},{"link_name":"pool halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiard_hall"},{"link_name":"mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#mark"},{"link_name":"dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#dump"}],"text":"\"Fast Eddie\" has given up playing pool, and is now a successful liquor salesman in Chicago. However, he partners with pool players, including a hustler named Julian, who is outmatched at nine-ball by the young and charismatic Vincent. Recognizing Vincent's skill, and his girlfriend Carmen's inexperience at luring players to lose money, Eddie tells the couple of their excellent potential for hustling.Carmen visits Eddie alone to inquire about his interest in Vincent. Finding him working at Child World, Eddie invites Vincent to leave the next day for six weeks of hustling on the road, culminating in a nine-ball tournament in Atlantic City. Manipulating Vincent's insecurities about Carmen and giving him a valuable Balabushka cue stick, Eddie persuades him to accept his offer. Eddie's abrupt departure upsets Julian, as well as Eddie's girlfriend, Janelle.Vincent and Carmen hit the road with Eddie in his Cadillac, visiting a series of pool halls, with Eddie taking most of any winnings and absorbing losses. Eddie attempts to teach him the art of hustling, but Vincent balks at having to play below his ability. At a pool hall run by his old acquaintance, Orvis, Eddie becomes fed up with Vincent's arrogance, and leaves him. In Vincent's absence, Eddie reminds Carmen that they are partners with a mutual business interest in Vincent. Eddie returns to find Vincent grandstanding, beating the pool hall's best player but scaring off a wealthier mark. Eddie and Vincent talk frankly, agreeing that Vincent must curb his ego if they are to succeed.Eddie and Carmen struggle to rein in Vincent's showboating. After a string of successful games, Vincent plays the famed Grady Seasons, but is directed by Eddie to dump the game to inflate the odds against Vincent in Atlantic City. Goaded by Grady, Vincent nearly fails to throw the game, and Eddie is inspired to play again. After some success, Eddie is beaten by Amos, a hustler. Humiliated, Eddie leaves Vincent and Carmen with enough money to make it to Atlantic City.Eddie enters the Atlantic City tournament, in which he triumphs against Vincent. Vincent and Carmen surprise Eddie with $8,000; his \"cut\" of Vincent's winnings. Vincent says that he intentionally lost their match.In his semifinal match, Eddie forfeits the game and returns Vincent's money. Determined to win legitimately, Eddie faces Vincent in a private match, declaring, \"I'm back!\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Tom Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Mastrantonio"},{"link_name":"Helen Shaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Shaver"},{"link_name":"John Turturro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turturro"},{"link_name":"Bill Cobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cobbs"},{"link_name":"Forest Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"Keith McCready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_McCready"}],"text":"Paul Newman as Eddie \"Fast Eddie\" Felson\nTom Cruise as Vincent Lauria\nMary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Carmen\nHelen Shaver as Janelle\nJohn Turturro as Julian\nBill Cobbs as Orvis\nForest Whitaker as Amos\nKeith McCready as Grady","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Touchstone Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_Pictures"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAN-3"},{"link_name":"cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"Michael Ballhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ballhaus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAN-3"},{"link_name":"1984 novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Money_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Walter Tevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Tevis"},{"link_name":"Richard Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Price_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAN-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z00ij-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forsberg-5"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Léaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_L%C3%A9aud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2Tt74-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CpaQy-8"},{"link_name":"Thelma Schoonmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Schoonmaker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAN-3"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Powell-Pressburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_and_Pressburger"},{"link_name":"Black Narcissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Narcissus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVD-9"},{"link_name":"jump shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#jump_shot"},{"link_name":"pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#pot"},{"link_name":"Mike Sigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Sigel"},{"link_name":"pool table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiard_table"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JossCue-10"},{"link_name":"technical director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_director"},{"link_name":"Ewa Mataya Laurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewa_Mataya_Laurance"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Fats"},{"link_name":"Jackie Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Gleason"},{"link_name":"The Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hustler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAN-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forsberg-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJVqX-11"}],"text":"To perform his own pool shots, Tom Cruise practiced for hours on end.The Color of Money was released by Touchstone Pictures, after both 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures declined.[3] The film was shot in 49 days with cinematographer Michael Ballhaus and a budget of $14.5 million.[3] It is an adaptation of the 1984 novel of the same name by Walter Tevis, and was written by Richard Price. Although it features some characters from the novel, it was not written to be a sequel.[3] A screenplay was written by Tevis, but the filmmakers decided not to use it.[4][5] Jean-Pierre Léaud was briefly considered for the role of Vincent.[6] It was shot in and around Chicago, with much of the filming taking place in pool and billiard halls, rather than in built sets.[7][8] The film was edited by Thelma Schoonmaker, who used closeup shots of pool balls being played, as well as wider visuals of the players, to get across the visual of a pool hall.[3]Director Martin Scorsese cited the influence of techniques and lighting in the 1947 Powell-Pressburger film, Black Narcissus, when making The Color of Money. In particular, he stated that the extreme closeups of Tom Cruise around the pool table were inspired by those of the nuns in that film.[9] Paul Newman said that the best advice he was given by Scorsese was to \"try not to be funny\". Cruise performed most of his own pool shots. An exception was a jump shot over two balls to pot another. Scorsese believed that Cruise could learn the shot, but that it would take too long, so the shot was performed for him by professional player, Mike Sigel. Cruise mentioned that, to prepare for the role, he bought a pool table for his apartment and practiced for hours on end. Standing in for the valuable Balabushka cue in the movie is a Joss J-18 (which became the Joss 10-N7), made to resemble a classic Balabushka.[10]Sigel was a technical director, and he and fellow player, Ewa Mataya Laurance, served as technical consultants and shot performers in the film. Absent from the film is the character, Minnesota Fats, played by Jackie Gleason in The Hustler.[3] Newman said that he had wanted the character to appear, but that none of the attempts to include him fit well into the story that was being written. According to Scorsese, Gleason apparently agreed with Newman's opinion that Minnesota Fats was not essential to the film's story. Scorsese said that Gleason was presented with a draft of the script that had Fats worked into the narrative, but after reading it, Gleason declined to reprise the role because he felt that the character seemed to have been added as \"an afterthought\".[5][11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack_album"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XDjF5-12"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8jzSv-13"},{"link_name":"Don Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Henley"},{"link_name":"Danny Kortchmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kortchmar"},{"link_name":"J.D. Souther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Souther"},{"link_name":"Don Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Henley"},{"link_name":"It's in the Way That You Use It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_in_the_Way_That_You_Use_It"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Robert Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Mark Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lynn Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lynn_Williams"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Werewolves of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolves_of_London"},{"link_name":"Waddy Wachtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddy_Wachtel"},{"link_name":"Warren Zevon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Zevon"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"The soundtrack album of the motion picture was released by MCA Records in 1986.[12] Robbie Robertson produced the score for the film.[13]Track listing:\"Who Owns This Place?\" (Don Henley/Danny Kortchmar/J.D. Souther) – Don Henley (4:55)\n\"It's in the Way That You Use It\" (Eric Clapton/Robbie Robertson) – Eric Clapton (4:00)\n\"Let Yourself in for It\" (Robert Palmer) – Robert Palmer (5:20)\n\"Don't Tell Me Nothin'\" (Willie Dixon) – Willie Dixon (4:42)\n\"Two Brothers and a Stranger\" (Mark Knopfler) – Mark Knopfler (2:42)\n\"Standing on the Edge of Love\" (Jerry Lynn Williams) – B.B. King (3:59)\n\"Modern Blues\" (Robbie Robertson) – Robbie Robertson (2:57)\n\"Werewolves of London\" (L. Marinell/Waddy Wachtel/Warren Zevon) – Warren Zevon (3:24)\n\"My Baby's in Love with Another Guy\" (H. Brightman/L. Lucie) – Robert Palmer (2:30)\n\"The Main Title\" (Robbie Robertson) – Robbie Robertson (2:46)","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theater"},{"link_name":"wide release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_release"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q0CpL-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-15"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta_TheC-16"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-High-Def_Digest-17"}],"text":"The Color of Money had its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City October 8, 1986. The film went into wide release in the United States October 17, 1986.[14] The American release was limited to select theaters throughout the country, with the film opening in more theaters during the next four weeks of its initial release. After its run, the film grossed $52,293,982 domestically.[15] The film was released on DVD January 3, 2000,[16] and on Blu-ray June 5, 2012.[17]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Newman_-_1958.jpg"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_mean"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pxv0F-18"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunOE-19"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Vincent Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-21"},{"link_name":"Sheila Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Benson"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg3zK-22"},{"link_name":"Miami Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JOglX-23"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LjeYl-24"},{"link_name":"Flavorwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavorwire"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hEUjZ-25"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Gene Siskel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Siskel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nza1s-26"},{"link_name":"People Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hN6nu-27"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Paul Newman's performance received positive reviews, earning him the Academy Award for Best Actor.The Color of Money received a generally positive critical response on its release, although some critics thought that the film was an inferior followup to The Hustler. Based on 48 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an 88% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 7.10/10. The site's consensus reads: \"That it's inferior to the original goes without saying, but Paul Newman and Tom Cruise are a joy to watch, and Martin Scorsese's direction is typically superb.\"[18] Review aggregator website Metacritic reported a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B−\" on a scale of A+ to F.[20]The film was praised for the major cast. Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, commented on the \"three fully realized\" main characters, and that the journey with them throughout the film is \"most satisfying\".[21] Canby, however, also commented that it \"lacks in narrative shapeliness\", before giving the film 9 out of 10.[21]Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times called these characters an \"electrifying unholy trio\", and praised the metaphors between hustling and pool.[22]Miami Herald writer Bill Cosford, however, commented that \"whatever Scorsese and Price have to say about these marvelous characters, it is not anything interesting\".[23]Tom Hutchingson of Radio Times said that Newman \"deserved\" to win an Oscar for his performance.[24]Reviewers compared The Color of Money with other Scorsese films. Jason Bailey, writing for Flavorwire, described the film as only \"mid-level\" for the director, but that it was so \"overpowering ... jazzy and boisterous\" that he could not help but enjoy.[25]The Chicago Tribune's Gene Siskel commented that the \"grit is gone\", for Scorsese was not backed up by a veteran contributor, as in his other works.[26]People Magazine commented that the film benefited from the cast of characters, and Scorsese's choice of actors.[27]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAN-3"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"For The Color of Money, Newman received the Academy Award for Best Actor, his first Academy Award and his seventh nomination.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F2Wiw-35"},{"link_name":"Efren Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efren_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Earl Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Strickland"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8sGKh-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thep_TheG-37"}],"text":"A line in the film spoken by Tom Cruise — \"In here? Doom\" — inspired the title of the popular 1993 video game, Doom.[35]The 1996 nine-ball challenge match between Efren Reyes and Earl Strickland was named \"The Color of Money\" in honor of the film. The second challenge, which took place in 2001, was titled \"The Color of Money II\".[36][37]","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"To perform his own pool shots, Tom Cruise practiced for hours on end.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paul Newman's performance received positive reviews, earning him the Academy Award for Best Actor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Paul_Newman_-_1958.jpg/170px-Paul_Newman_-_1958.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Cue sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cue_sports"},{"title":"Film portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Color of Money Movie Poster (#1 of 4)\". IMPAwards. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.impawards.com/1986/color_of_money.html","url_text":"\"The Color of Money Movie Poster (#1 of 4)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220163618/http://www.impawards.com/1986/color_of_money.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Color of Money\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/color_of_money","url_text":"\"The Color of Money\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423191542/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/color_of_money","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pelan, Tim (October 16, 2020). \"Play for Play: How The Color of Money's 'One For Them' Assignment Reignited Martin Scorsese's Hunger for the Work\". Cinephilia & Beyond. Retrieved September 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinephiliabeyond.org/the-color-of-money/","url_text":"\"Play for Play: How The Color of Money's 'One For Them' Assignment Reignited Martin Scorsese's Hunger for the Work\""}]},{"reference":"LoBrutto, Vincent (November 30, 2007). Martin Scorsese: A Biography. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-98705-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98705-3","url_text":"978-0-275-98705-3"}]},{"reference":"Forsberg, Myra (October 19, 1986). \"'The Color of Money': Three Men and a Sequel\". The New York Times. 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Greatest Pool Games of Legend Efren Reyes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921132022/https://thepoolscene.com/independent/greatest-pool-games-legend-efren-reyes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090863/","external_links_name":"The Color of Money"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v10310","external_links_name":"The Color of Money"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/71236/enwp","external_links_name":"The Color of Money"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/57292","external_links_name":"The Color of Money"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_union	Company union	["1 International law","2 National laws","2.1 France","2.2 United States","2.3 China","2.4 Russia","2.5 Japan","2.6 Hong Kong","2.7 Mexico","2.8 Guatemala","3 Theory","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]	Trade/labor union which is dominated or influenced by an employer Part of a series onOrganized labor Labor movement Conflict theoriesDecent workExploitation of laborTimelineNew unionismProletariatSocial movement unionismSocial democracyDemocratic socialismSocialismCommunismSyndicalismUnion bustingAnarcho-syndicalismNational-syndicalism Labor rights Freedom of association Collective bargaining Child labor Unfree labor Diversity, equity, and inclusion Equal pay Employment discrimination Legal working age Four-day week Sabbatical Eight-hour day Annual leave Paid time off Occupational safety and health Overwork Professional abuse Sick leave Toxic workplace Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Employment protection Trade unions Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUCWFTU Strike action Chronological list of strikes Hartal General strike Bandh newspapers Green bans Lockouts Overtime bans Pen-down strikes Sitdown strikes Solidarity action Walkouts Whipsaw strikes Wildcat strikes Work-to-rule Labor parties Australia Barbados Brazil Fiji Georgia Hong Kong Ireland Israel Malta New Caledonia New Zealand Netherlands Norway Portugal Singapore South Korea United Kingdom Sweden Academic disciplines Industrial relations Labor economics Labor history Labor law vte A company or "yellow" union is a worker organization which is dominated or unduly influenced by an employer and is therefore not an independent trade union. Company unions are contrary to international labour law (see ILO Convention 98, Article 2). They were outlawed in the United States by the 1935 National Labor Relations Act §8(a)(2), due to their use as agents for interference with independent unions. However, company unions persist in many countries. Some labour organizations are accused by rival unions of behaving as "company unions" if they are seen as having too close or congenial a relationship with the employer or with business associations, and even if they may be formally recognized in their respective jurisdictions as bona fide trade unions, they are usually rejected as such by regional and national trade union centres. In a study of one such organisation, this form of company union was observed to rarely or never strike, exert relatively little energy in resolving individual workplace disputes, and undercut other unions by bargaining for well beneath industry-standard terms, and was characterised thus: " an accommodationist, or 'company,' union—an opportunistic, pariah organization that allows employers who would otherwise face a 'real' union (i.e., traditional, militant) a convenient union-avoidance alternative." International law See also: List of International Labour Organization Conventions A "company union" is generally recognized as being an organization that is not freely elected by the workforce, and over which an employer exerts some form of control. The International Labour Organization defines a company union as "A union limited to a single company which dominates or strongly influences it, thereby limiting its influence." Under the ILO Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) Article 2 effectively prohibits any form of company union. It reads as follows: 1. Workers' and employers' organisations shall enjoy adequate protection against any acts of interference by each other or each other's agents or members in their establishment, functioning or administration. 2. In particular, acts which are designed to promote the establishment of workers' organisations under the domination of employers or employers' organisations, or to support workers' organisations by financial or other means, with the object of placing such organisations under the control of employers or employers' organisations, shall be deemed to constitute acts of interference within the meaning of this Article. National laws France The first yellow union in France, the Fédération nationale des Jaunes de France ("National Federation of the Yellows of France") was created by Pierre Biétry in 1902. The yellow color was deliberately chosen in opposition to the red color associated with socialism. Yellow unions, in opposition to red unions such as the Confédération Générale du Travail, rejected class struggle and favored the collaboration of capital and labor, and were opposed to strikes. According to Zeev Sternhell, the yellow union of Biétry had a membership of about a third of that of the Confédération Générale du Travail, and was funded by corporate interests. Moreover, also according to Sternhell, there were close relationships between Pierre Biétry and Maurice Barrès and the Action Française, making the yellow union of Biétry a precursor of fascist corporatism. During the Nazi occupation of France, unions were banned and replaced by corporations organized along the fascist model by the Vichy Regime. The labor secretary of Philippe Pétain's administration from 1940 to 1942 was René Belin. After the war, René Belin was involved in 1947 with the creation of the Confédération du Travail indépendant (CTI), renamed Confédération Générale des Syndicats Indépendants (CGSI) in 1949 as the original acronym was already used by Confédération des Travailleurs intellectuels. The movement was joined by former members of the Confédération des syndicats professionnels français, a union created by François de La Rocque in 1936. The CGSI declared that it was formed by "des hommes d’origine et de formation différentes se sont trouvés d’accord pour dénoncer la malfaisance de la CGT communisée" (men of different origins who agreed to denounce the malfeasance of the communist CGT). CGSI developed mostly in the automobile industry, for instance in the Simca factory of Poissy. In 1959, the CGSI became the Confédération Française du Travail (CFT), led by Jacques Simakis. It was declared a representative union on January 7, 1959, but the decision was overturned by the State Council on April 11, 1962, following a lawsuit by the Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (CFTC) based on the funding of CFT by companies. In 1968, it organized demonstrations for the "freedom to work" to oppose the strikes organized by the CGT. In September 1975, Simakis resigned and denounced the links of CFT with the Service d'Action Civique. On June 4, 1977, a commando formed by members of the CFT-Citroën opened fire on strikers at the Verreries mécaniques champenoises in Reims (then directed by Maurice Papon) in a drive-by shooting, killing Pierre Maître, a member of the CGT. Two other members of the CGT were injured. Following this incident, the CFT changed its name into Confédération des Syndicats Libres (CSL). In the continuity of the company union of Biétry, the CSL is in favor of the association of capital and labor, is opposed to Marxism and collectivism, and denounces the French Communist Party as a civil war machine. The number of adherents of CSL was never published, but in professional elections, it obtained from 2% to 4% of the votes. In October 2002, the CSL disappeared as a national union as a result of lack of funds. It called its supporters to join the Force Ouvrière union in the professional elections. In the automobile industry, the CSL remains as the Syndicat Indépendant de l'Automobile (Independent Automobile Workers' Union). United States Company unions were common in the United States during the early twentieth century, but were outlawed under the 1935 National Labor Relations Act § 8(a)(2) so that trade unions could remain independent of management. All labor organizations would have to be freely elected by the workforce, without interference. In 1914, 16 miners and family members (and one national guardsman) were killed when the Colorado National Guard attacked a tent colony of striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado. This event, known as the Ludlow massacre, was a major public relations debacle for mine owners, and one of them—John D. Rockefeller Jr.—hired labor-relations expert and former Canadian Minister of Labour William Lyon Mackenzie King to suggest ways to improve the tarnished image of his company, Colorado Fuel and Iron. One of the elements of the Rockefeller Plan was to form a union, known as the Employee Representation Plan (ERP), based inside the company itself. The ERP allowed workers to elect representatives, who would then meet with company officials to discuss grievances. In 1933 the miners voted to be represented by the UMW, ending the ERP at Colorado Fuel and Iron. Company unions, however, continued to operate at other mines in Pueblo, Colorado and Wyoming, and the ERP model was being used by numerous other companies. (The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was organized in part to combat the company union at the Pullman Company.) In 1935, the National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) was passed, dramatically changing labor law in the United States. Section 8(a)(2) of the NLRA makes it illegal for an employer "to dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribute financial or other support to it." Company unions were considered illegal under this code, despite the efforts of some businesses to carry on under the guise of an "Employee Representation Organization" (ERO). In the mid-20th century, managers of high-tech industry like Robert Noyce (who co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968) worked to rid their organizations of union interference. "Remaining non-union is an essential for survival for most of our companies," Noyce once said. "If we had the work rules that unionized companies have, we'd all go out of business." One way of forestalling unions while obeying the Wagner Act was the introduction of "employee involvement (EI) programs" and other in-house job-cooperation groups. One company included them in their "Intel values," cited by employees as reasons why they didn't need a union. With workers integrated (at least on a project level) into the decision-making structure, the independent union is seen by some as an anachronism. Pat Hill-Hubbard, senior vice-president of the American Electronics Association, said in 1994: "Unions as they have existed in the past are no longer relevant. Labor law of 40 years ago is not appropriate to 20th century economics." Author David Bacon calls EI programs "the modern company union". In 1995, pursuant to a report from the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations, Republicans in the U.S. Congress introduced and voted for the Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995 (known as the "TEAM Act"). The bill would have weakened federal regulations against employer establishment and control of employee involvement programs. Although the bill indicated that EI plans should not be used specifically to discredit or prevent union organization, trade unions in the United States vehemently opposed the bill. Jim Wood, an AFL–CIO leader in Los Angeles, said the "Team Act actually would take us backward to the days of company unions." President Bill Clinton vetoed the bill on 30 July 1996. Calls to legalize company unions are rare, but New York University law professor Richard Epstein, in an opinion piece published in The Wall Street Journal on September 11, 2018, called for the repeal of Section 8(a)(2) of the NLRA. China Trade unions in the People's Republic of China are often identified as government unions, by virtue of their frequent close relationship with national planning bodies. Although market reforms are changing the relationship between workers and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (China's sole national trade federation), critics such as U.S. presidential candidate and activist Ralph Nader maintain they are "government-controlled with the Chinese communist party turning them into what would be called 'company unions' in the U.S." Russia In many Post-Soviet states, including the Russian Federation, the economic collapse of the early 1990s brought a sharp decline in labor activity. As a result, official union structures often function as de facto company unions. Japan Main article: Labor unions in Japan Company unions are a mainstay of labor organization in Japan, viewed with much less animosity than in Europe or the United States. Unaffiliated with RENGO (the largest Japanese trade union federation), company unions appeal to both the lack of class consciousness in Japanese society and the drive for social status, which is often characterized by loyalty to one's employer. Hong Kong Main article: Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU), as both a political party and a federations of different trade unions in Hong Kong, has been adapting a political stand which are mostly inclined to the Hong Kong and Beijing Government. Therefore, HKFTU is sometimes classified as a company union, and a Pro-Beijing political party. Mexico In the 1930s, unions in Mexico organized the Confederation of Mexican Workers (Confederación de Trabajadores de México, CTM). The state of Nuevo Leon, however, coordinated its workers into sindicatos blancos ("white unions"), company unions controlled by corporations in the industrialized region. Guatemala In 1997, the government of Guatemala received a loan for 13 million USD from the World Bank to privatize its seaport, electrical grid, and telephone and postal services. Canada Post International Limited (CPIL), a subsidiary of Canada Post, and its partner International Postal Services (IPS), was contracted to manage the privatization process. In anticipation of union resistance, CPIL-IPS agents reportedly used company unions, along with bribery and death threats, to ensure a smooth transition. Company unions are also prevalent among the maquiladoras in Guatemala. Theory Supporters of independent trade unions contend that company unions face a conflict of interest, as they are less likely to propose large-scale pro-worker changes to employment contracts—such as overtime rules and salary schedules—than independent unions. At least one economist advances the idea that in the first part of the 20th century, many companies were hesitant to adopt the company union model for fear that it might lead to support for an independent trade union. A 2002 World Bank publication cites research from Malaysia and India which produced conflicting results as to the wage differential provided by trade unions compared to company unions. Malaysia saw improved wages through independent unions, while India did not. The authors indicate the latter "may reflect the specific circumstances that prevailed in Bombay at the time of the study." Marcel van der Linden states that company unions are "heteronomous trade unions that never or rarely organize strikes" and are mainly established to "keep 'industrial peace' and prevent autonomous trade unions." Proponents of company unions claim they are more efficient in responding to worker grievances than independent trade unions. Proponents also note that independent trade unions do not necessarily have the company's best interests at heart; company unions are designed to resolve disputes within the framework of maximum organizational (not just company) profitability. For example, economist Leo Wolman wrote in 1924: "he distinction ... between trade unions and other workmen's associations is frequently a vague and changing one. What is today a company union may tomorrow have all of the characteristics of a trade union." In their wide-ranging 2017 study of the Canadian company union CLAC, geographer Steven Tufts and sociologist Mark Thomas draw a distinction between multiple categories of organisation commonly called "company unions", arguing that it is a mistake to regard the company union phenomenon as purely or essentially pro-business and anti-worker (or necessarily beholden to any specific business), and that rather they should be seen as occupying one end of a spectrum of possible relationships between business and labour: the "accommodationist" end. A defining feature of "accommodationist" or company unionism is that it "seek compromise with employers and capital in the first instance", that is to say, it holds a priori that workers are not generally in competition with employers, and should not organise to take action in despite of, or demand significant concessions from, employers in order to achieve better employment conditions. They "explicitly advocate for collaborative relationships with employers and disparage conflict as a means of achieving gains for workers from the outset." Though all trade unions do in fact compromise with employers as a matter of arriving at collective agreements, the accommodationist attitude more broadly, and the company union as a specific adoption of that attitude, maintains that workers should not exert any strictly independent collective agency with regard to their employment. This insistence against the legitimacy of independent worker agency often extends beyond the confines of the workplace, and company or accommodationist unions often seek to dispute the legitimacy of the trade union movement as a political movement at large. This brings them into conflict with traditional trade unions in multiple ways; because these aim to organise workers democratically at their jobs in order to pursue their own collective self-interest, as distinct and separate from the interests of the employer; and doubly because traditional trade unions often view workers' struggles as interrelated with broader social-political struggles, and encourage unionised workers to see themselves in solidarity with one another and with broader struggles for justice in society. In particular, because accommodationist or company unions therefore have no intrinsic means of contesting for the rights and wellbeing of workers beyond what the employer is simply willing to offer (since they don't believe in striking for demands), and beyond what the law already provides for or guarantees (since they don't believe that unions should campaign or lobby for political change or mount legal action), this conflict with "real" unions is not merely ideological, but necessarily practical as well: accommodationist unions organise in direct opposition to existing autonomous trade unions, and generally seek to expand by raiding their shops and locals, with the often explicit goal of supplanting them as the "official" or preferred union recognised by the employer to represent workers, thus setting themselves up as eventual company unions proper. This aggressive practice they then rationalise via recourse to the same accommodationist theory and rhetoric: according to the logic of accommodationism, traditional militant trade unions can be said to have no one but themselves to blame if an employer would rather bargain with a company union than with one which organises worker power to fight for gains. See also US labor law UK labour law Employers Group, which, as the Merchants and Manufacturers Association, promoted company unions in California Notes ^ "Convention C098: Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)". www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 2021-07-09. ^ "Interfering with or dominating a union (Section 8(a)(2)) \| National Labor Relations Board". www.nlrb.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-09. ^ Beware of Phony "Unions": AFL warns workers about Company Unions & CLACArchived 2007-09-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f g h i Tufts & Thomas 2017. ^ ILO. ^ George L. Mosse The French Right and the Working Classes: Les Jaunes Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 7, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1972), pp. 185-208. ^ Zeev Sternhell a Droite révolutionnaire: Les Origines françaises du fascisme, 1885-1914 (Paris, 1978) ^ Le syndicaliste indépendant, special issue, march 1956 ^ Jean-Louis Loubet et Nicolas Hatzfeld POISSY: DE LA CGT À LA CFT HISTOIRE D’UNE USINE ATYPIQUE Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, 73, p. 67-81 (2002) ^ Results from professional elections 1987-1997 Archived 2008-04-06 at the Wayback Machine La Documentation Française ^ Elyane Bressol Confédération des Syndicats Libres Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Institut d'histoire sociale CGT ^ La fin de la Confédération des Syndicats libres (CSL) Archived 2012-07-11 at archive.today Institut Supérieur du Travail ^ Rees, Jonathan H. (2010). Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-87081-964-3. JSTOR j.ctt46ntmw. ^ a b Bessemer Historical Society. ^ "Colorado". ^ Berman. ^ National Labor Relations Act. . ^ "Six things to know about the latest efforts to bring unions to Big Tech". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-07-09. ^ Bacon. ^ See the Text of the TEAM Bill ^ DLC. ^ Smith. ^ Wall Street Journal, Sept. 11, 2018. . ^ Nader. ^ Riddell. ^ Hatsuoka. ^ La Botz. ^ Skinner. ^ Coats. ^ Reid, 151. ^ Aidt and Tzannatos, 58-59. ^ van der Linden, Marcel. Workers of the World: Essays Toward a Global Labor History, pp 228-9. Brill Academic Publishers, 2008 ^ Wolman, 21. References Aidt, Toke and Tzannatos, Zafiris. Unions and Collective Bargaining: Economic Effects in a Global Environment. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank. ISBN 0-8213-5080-3. Online at World Bank Publications. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Bacon, David (n.d.). "The New Face of Unionbusting". Online at David Bacon Photographs & Stories. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Berman, Edward (1935). "The Pullman Porters Win". The Nation. Vol. 141, No. 3659, p. 217. Online at the New Deal Network. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Bessemer Historical Society (n.d.). "Colorado Fuel and Iron - Historical Outline". Online at the Bessemer Historical Society. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Coats, Stephen (1991). "Made In Guatemala: Union Busting in the Maquiladoras". Multinational Monitor. Volume 12, Number 11. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. "Colorado Fuel and Iron Corp. — Company History" (n.d.). Baker Library Historical Collections. Online at the Harvard Business School. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Democratic Leadership Council (1997). "The TEAM Act". Talking Points, July 24, 1997. Online at the Democratic Leadership Council. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Hatsuoka, Shoichiro (1982). "Review Article: Organised Workers & Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan". Japan Quarterly, No. 1, January–March 1982. Online at the Global Labor Institute. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. International Labour Organization (2005). "Company union". ILO Thesaurus 2005. Online at the International Labour Organization. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. La Botz, Dan (2007). "Santiago Rafael Cruz, Labor Organizer For U.S. Union, Killed In Mexico". Mexican Labor News & Analysis. Vol. 12, No. 4. Online at United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Nader, Ralph (2004). "Wal-Mart Ways". November 28, 2004. CommonDreams. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Reid, Joseph D. Jr. (1982). "Labor Unions and Labor Management: 1900-1930". Online at Business and Economic History Online. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Riddell, John (2005). "Review: David Mandel’s ‘Labour After Communism’: Auto Workers and their Unions in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus". International Viewpoint, IV365. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Skinner, Michael (2006). "Post-Colonial? Canada Post and the privatization of Guatemala". October 6, 2006. Online at The Dominion. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Smith, Jim. "TEAM Act threatens labor". Online at L. A. Labor News. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. ——— (2017). "The Christian Labour Association of Canada (CLAC): Between Company and Populist Unionism". Labour/Le Travail. 80: 55–79. doi:10.1353/llt.2017.0043. ISSN 0700-3862. JSTOR 44820581. S2CID 148873168. Retrieved 16 June 2022. United States Congress (1935). National Labor Relations Act. United States Code, Title 29, Chapter 7, Subchapter II. Online at the National Labor Relations Board. Retrieved on 29 August 2007. Wolman, Leo (1924). The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923. J. J. Little & Ives Company. Online at Google Book Search. 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(SF–IWA, Britain) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) International Workingmen's Association (IWA) Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (SAC, Sweden) People Bain Berth De Ambris De Leon Delesalle Fitzgerald Griffuelhes Haywood Janvion Jouhaux Lagardelle Larkin Monatte García Panunzio Pelloutier Rocker Sorel ValoisRelated topics Communism Copyleft Corporatism Criticism of capitalism Criticism of copyright Critique of work Fascism Labor power Libertarian socialism Post-capitalism Revisionism Socialism Anarchism portal Communism portal Labour economics Organized Labour Politics portal Socialism portal Syndicalism Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_socialism"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"international labour 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\"yellow\" union is a worker organization which is dominated or unduly influenced by an employer and is therefore not an independent trade union. Company unions are contrary to international labour law (see ILO Convention 98, Article 2).[1] They were outlawed in the United States by the 1935 National Labor Relations Act §8(a)(2),[2] due to their use as agents for interference with independent unions. However, company unions persist in many countries.Some labour organizations are accused by rival unions of behaving as \"company unions\" if they are seen as having too close or congenial a relationship with the employer or with business associations, and even if they may be formally recognized in their respective jurisdictions as bona fide trade unions, they are usually rejected as such by regional and national trade union centres.[3] In a study of one such organisation, this form of company union was observed to rarely or never strike, exert relatively little energy in resolving individual workplace disputes, and undercut other unions by bargaining for well beneath industry-standard terms, and was characterised thus:\"[...] an accommodationist, or 'company,' union—an opportunistic, pariah organization that allows employers who would otherwise face a 'real' union (i.e., traditional, militant) a convenient union-avoidance alternative.\"[4]","title":"Company union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of International Labour Organization Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Labour_Organization_Conventions"},{"link_name":"International Labour Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Organise_and_Collective_Bargaining_Convention,_1949"}],"text":"See also: List of International Labour Organization ConventionsA \"company union\" is generally recognized as being an organization that is not freely elected by the workforce, and over which an employer exerts some form of control. The International Labour Organization defines a company union as \"A union limited to a single company which dominates or strongly influences it, thereby limiting its influence.\"[5] Under the ILO Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) Article 2 effectively prohibits any form of company union. It reads as follows:1. Workers' and employers' organisations shall enjoy adequate protection against any acts of interference by each other or each other's agents or members in their establishment, functioning or administration.\n2. In particular, acts which are designed to promote the establishment of workers' organisations under the domination of employers or employers' organisations, or to support workers' organisations by financial or other means, with the object of placing such organisations under the control of employers or employers' organisations, shall be deemed to constitute acts of interference within the meaning of this Article.","title":"International law"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fédération nationale des Jaunes de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_des_Jaunes_de_France"},{"link_name":"Pierre Biétry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bi%C3%A9try"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Confédération Générale du Travail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Travail"},{"link_name":"class struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)"},{"link_name":"labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_(economics)"},{"link_name":"strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zeev Sternhell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pierre Biétry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bi%C3%A9try"},{"link_name":"Maurice Barrès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Action Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"fascist corporatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_corporatism"},{"link_name":"Vichy Regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_Regime"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"René Belin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Belin"},{"link_name":"Confédération Générale des Syndicats Indépendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Syndicats_Ind%C3%A9pendants&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Syndicats_Ind%C3%A9pendants"},{"link_name":"Confédération des syndicats professionnels français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_syndicats_professionnels_fran%C3%A7ais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François de La Rocque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque"},{"link_name":"CGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Simca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simca"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Confédération Française du Travail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_Travail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacques Simakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Simakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)"},{"link_name":"Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_des_Travailleurs_Chr%C3%A9tiens"},{"link_name":"freedom to work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_work"},{"link_name":"Service d'Action Civique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique"},{"link_name":"Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Maurice Papon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Papon"},{"link_name":"Confédération des Syndicats Libres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_Syndicats_Libres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"collectivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism"},{"link_name":"French Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Force Ouvrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Ouvri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"The first yellow union in France, the Fédération nationale des Jaunes de France (\"National Federation of the Yellows of France\") was created by Pierre Biétry in 1902. The yellow color was deliberately chosen in opposition to the red color associated with socialism. Yellow unions, in opposition to red unions such as the Confédération Générale du Travail, rejected class struggle and favored the collaboration of capital and labor, and were opposed to strikes.[6] According to Zeev Sternhell, the yellow union of Biétry had a membership of about a third of that of the Confédération Générale du Travail, and was funded by corporate interests.[7] Moreover, also according to Sternhell, there were close relationships between Pierre Biétry and Maurice Barrès and the Action Française, making the yellow union of Biétry a precursor of fascist corporatism. During the Nazi occupation of France, unions were banned and replaced by corporations organized along the fascist model by the Vichy Regime. The labor secretary of Philippe Pétain's administration from 1940 to 1942 was René Belin. After the war, René Belin was involved in 1947 with the creation of the Confédération du Travail indépendant (CTI), renamed Confédération Générale des Syndicats Indépendants [fr] (CGSI) in 1949 as the original acronym was already used by Confédération des Travailleurs intellectuels. The movement was joined by former members of the Confédération des syndicats professionnels français, a union created by François de La Rocque in 1936. The CGSI declared that it was formed by \"des hommes d’origine et de formation différentes [qui] se sont trouvés d’accord pour dénoncer la malfaisance de la CGT communisée\" (men of different origins who agreed to denounce the malfeasance of the communist CGT).[8] CGSI developed mostly in the automobile industry, for instance in the Simca factory of Poissy.[9]In 1959, the CGSI became the Confédération Française du Travail (CFT), led by Jacques Simakis. It was declared a representative union on January 7, 1959, but the decision was overturned by the State Council on April 11, 1962, following a lawsuit by the Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (CFTC) based on the funding of CFT by companies. In 1968, it organized demonstrations for the \"freedom to work\" to oppose the strikes organized by the CGT. In September 1975, Simakis resigned and denounced the links of CFT with the Service d'Action Civique. On June 4, 1977, a commando formed by members of the CFT-Citroën opened fire on strikers at the Verreries mécaniques champenoises in Reims (then directed by Maurice Papon) in a drive-by shooting, killing Pierre Maître, a member of the CGT. Two other members of the CGT were injured. Following this incident, the CFT changed its name into Confédération des Syndicats Libres (CSL). In the continuity of the company union of Biétry, the CSL is in favor of the association of capital and labor, is opposed to Marxism and collectivism, and denounces the French Communist Party as a civil war machine. The number of adherents of CSL was never published, but in professional elections, it obtained from 2% to 4% of the votes.[10] In October 2002, the CSL disappeared as a national union as a result of lack of funds. It called its supporters to join the Force Ouvrière union in the professional elections.[11][12] In the automobile industry, the CSL remains as the Syndicat Indépendant de l'Automobile (Independent Automobile Workers' Union).","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act"},{"link_name":"Colorado National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"coal miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Ludlow massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_massacre"},{"link_name":"John D. Rockefeller Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr."},{"link_name":"Minister of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"William Lyon Mackenzie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King"},{"link_name":"Colorado Fuel and Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pueblo, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bessemer_Historical_Society-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters"},{"link_name":"Pullman Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act"},{"link_name":"labor law in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_labor_law"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bessemer_Historical_Society-14"},{"link_name":"Robert Noyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"American Electronics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electronics_Association"},{"link_name":"David Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bacon_(photojournalist)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamwork_for_Employees_and_Managers_Act_of_1995"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"AFL–CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"President Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"vetoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Richard Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Epstein"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Company unions were common in the United States during the early twentieth century, but were outlawed under the 1935 National Labor Relations Act § 8(a)(2) so that trade unions could remain independent of management. All labor organizations would have to be freely elected by the workforce, without interference.In 1914, 16 miners and family members (and one national guardsman) were killed when the Colorado National Guard attacked a tent colony of striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado. This event, known as the Ludlow massacre, was a major public relations debacle for mine owners, and one of them—John D. Rockefeller Jr.—hired labor-relations expert and former Canadian Minister of Labour William Lyon Mackenzie King to suggest ways to improve the tarnished image of his company, Colorado Fuel and Iron. One of the elements of the Rockefeller Plan was to form a union, known as the Employee Representation Plan (ERP), based inside the company itself. The ERP allowed workers to elect representatives, who would then meet with company officials to discuss grievances.[13]In 1933 the miners voted to be represented by the UMW, ending the ERP at Colorado Fuel and Iron. Company unions, however, continued to operate at other mines in Pueblo, Colorado and Wyoming,[14] and the ERP model was being used by numerous other companies.[15] (The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was organized in part to combat the company union at the Pullman Company.)[16]In 1935, the National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) was passed, dramatically changing labor law in the United States. Section 8(a)(2) of the NLRA makes it illegal for an employer \"to dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribute financial or other support to it.\"[17] Company unions were considered illegal under this code, despite the efforts of some businesses to carry on under the guise of an \"Employee Representation Organization\" (ERO).[14]In the mid-20th century, managers of high-tech industry like Robert Noyce (who co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968) worked to rid their organizations of union interference. \"Remaining non-union is an essential for survival for most of our companies,\" Noyce once said. \"If we had the work rules that unionized companies have, we'd all go out of business.\"[18]One way of forestalling unions while obeying the Wagner Act was the introduction of \"employee involvement (EI) programs\" and other in-house job-cooperation groups. One company included them in their \"Intel values,\" cited by employees as reasons why they didn't need a union. With workers integrated (at least on a project level) into the decision-making structure, the independent union is seen by some as an anachronism. Pat Hill-Hubbard, senior vice-president of the American Electronics Association, said in 1994: \"Unions as they have existed in the past are no longer relevant. Labor law of 40 years ago is not appropriate to 20th century economics.\" Author David Bacon calls EI programs \"the modern company union\".[19]In 1995, pursuant to a report from the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations, Republicans in the U.S. Congress introduced and voted for the Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995 (known as the \"TEAM Act\").[20] The bill would have weakened federal regulations against employer establishment and control of employee involvement programs.[21] Although the bill indicated that EI plans should not be used specifically to discredit or prevent union organization, trade unions in the United States vehemently opposed the bill. Jim Wood, an AFL–CIO leader in Los Angeles, said the \"Team Act actually would take us backward to the days of company unions.\"[22] President Bill Clinton vetoed the bill on 30 July 1996.Calls to legalize company unions are rare, but New York University law professor Richard Epstein, in an opinion piece published in The Wall Street Journal on September 11, 2018, called for the repeal of Section 8(a)(2) of the NLRA.[23]","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"planning bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy"},{"link_name":"market reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_reform_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"All-China Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"Ralph Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Trade unions in the People's Republic of China are often identified as government unions, by virtue of their frequent close relationship with national planning bodies. Although market reforms are changing the relationship between workers and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (China's sole national trade federation), critics such as U.S. presidential candidate and activist Ralph Nader maintain they are \"government-controlled with the Chinese communist party turning them into what would be called 'company unions' in the U.S.\"[24]","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post-Soviet states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"In many Post-Soviet states, including the Russian Federation, the economic collapse of the early 1990s brought a sharp decline in labor activity. As a result, official union structures often function as de facto company unions.[25]","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"RENGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENGO"},{"link_name":"class consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Company unions are a mainstay of labor organization in Japan, viewed with much less animosity than in Europe or the United States. Unaffiliated with RENGO (the largest Japanese trade union federation), company unions appeal to both the lack of class consciousness in Japanese society and the drive for social status, which is often characterized by loyalty to one's employer.[26]","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU), as both a political party and a federations of different trade unions in Hong Kong, has been adapting a political stand which are mostly inclined to the Hong Kong and Beijing Government. Therefore, HKFTU is sometimes classified as a company union, and a Pro-Beijing political party.","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Confederation of Mexican Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Mexican_Workers"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nuevo Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Leon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Mexico","text":"In the 1930s, unions in Mexico organized the Confederation of Mexican Workers (Confederación de Trabajadores de México, CTM). The state of Nuevo Leon, however, coordinated its workers into sindicatos blancos (\"white unions\"), company unions controlled by corporations in the industrialized region.[27]","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"seaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport"},{"link_name":"electrical grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"bribery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery"},{"link_name":"death threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_threat"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"maquiladoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Guatemala","text":"In 1997, the government of Guatemala received a loan for 13 million USD from the World Bank to privatize its seaport, electrical grid, and telephone and postal services. Canada Post International Limited (CPIL), a subsidiary of Canada Post, and its partner International Postal Services (IPS), was contracted to manage the privatization process. In anticipation of union resistance, CPIL-IPS agents reportedly used company unions, along with bribery and death threats, to ensure a smooth transition.[28]Company unions are also prevalent among the maquiladoras in Guatemala.[29]","title":"National laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"employment contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_contracts"},{"link_name":"overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Marcel van der Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_van_der_Linden"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Leo Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Wolman"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"CLAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Labour_Association_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"},{"link_name":"collective agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_agreement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"},{"link_name":"trade union movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"},{"link_name":"organise workers democratically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_democracy"},{"link_name":"interrelated with broader social-political struggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement_unionism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"},{"link_name":"raiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_raid"},{"link_name":"shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_shop"},{"link_name":"locals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuftsThomas2017-4"}],"text":"Supporters of independent trade unions contend that company unions face a conflict of interest, as they are less likely to propose large-scale pro-worker changes to employment contracts—such as overtime rules and salary schedules—than independent unions.[4] At least one economist advances the idea that in the first part of the 20th century, many companies were hesitant to adopt the company union model for fear that it might lead to support for an independent trade union.[30] A 2002 World Bank publication cites research from Malaysia and India which produced conflicting results as to the wage differential provided by trade unions compared to company unions. Malaysia saw improved wages through independent unions, while India did not. The authors indicate the latter \"may reflect the specific circumstances that prevailed in Bombay at the time of the study.\"[31] Marcel van der Linden states that company unions are \"heteronomous trade unions that never or rarely organize strikes\" and are mainly established to \"keep 'industrial peace' and prevent autonomous trade unions.\"[32]Proponents of company unions claim they are more efficient in responding to worker grievances than independent trade unions. Proponents also note that independent trade unions do not necessarily have the company's best interests at heart; company unions are designed to resolve disputes within the framework of maximum organizational (not just company) profitability.[citation needed] For example, economist Leo Wolman wrote in 1924: \"[T]he distinction ... between trade unions and other workmen's associations is frequently a vague and changing one. What is today a company union may tomorrow have all of the characteristics of a trade union.\"[33]In their wide-ranging 2017 study of the Canadian company union CLAC, geographer Steven Tufts and sociologist Mark Thomas draw a distinction between multiple categories of organisation commonly called \"company unions\", arguing that it is a mistake to regard the company union phenomenon as purely or essentially pro-business and anti-worker (or necessarily beholden to any specific business), and that rather they should be seen as occupying one end of a spectrum of possible relationships between business and labour: the \"accommodationist\" end.[4] A defining feature of \"accommodationist\" or company unionism is that it \"seek[s] compromise with employers and capital in the first instance\", that is to say, it holds a priori that workers are not generally in competition with employers, and should not organise to take action in despite of, or demand significant concessions from, employers in order to achieve better employment conditions. They \"explicitly advocate for collaborative relationships with employers and disparage conflict as a means of achieving gains for workers from the outset.\"[4]Though all trade unions do in fact compromise with employers as a matter of arriving at collective agreements, the accommodationist attitude more broadly, and the company union as a specific adoption of that attitude, maintains that workers should not exert any strictly independent collective agency with regard to their employment.[4] This insistence against the legitimacy of independent worker agency often extends beyond the confines of the workplace, and company or accommodationist unions often seek to dispute the legitimacy of the trade union movement as a political movement at large.[4] This brings them into conflict with traditional trade unions in multiple ways; because these aim to organise workers democratically at their jobs in order to pursue their own collective self-interest, as distinct and separate from the interests of the employer; and doubly because traditional trade unions often view workers' struggles as interrelated with broader social-political struggles, and encourage unionised workers to see themselves in solidarity with one another and with broader struggles for justice in society.[4]In particular, because accommodationist or company unions therefore have no intrinsic means of contesting for the rights and wellbeing of workers beyond what the employer is simply willing to offer (since they don't believe in striking for demands), and beyond what the law already provides for or guarantees (since they don't believe that unions should campaign or lobby for political change or mount legal action), this conflict with \"real\" unions is not merely ideological, but necessarily practical as well: accommodationist unions organise in direct opposition to existing autonomous trade unions, and generally seek to expand by raiding their shops and locals, with the often explicit goal of supplanting them as the \"official\" or preferred union recognised by the employer to represent workers, thus setting themselves up as eventual company unions proper.[4] This aggressive practice they then rationalise via recourse to the same accommodationist theory and rhetoric: according to the logic of accommodationism, traditional militant trade unions can be said to have no one but themselves to blame if an employer would rather bargain with a company union than with one which organises worker power to fight for gains.[4]","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Convention C098: Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 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\"Convention C098: Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)\". www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 2021-07-09.\n\n^ \"Interfering with or dominating a union (Section 8(a)(2)) \| National Labor Relations Board\". www.nlrb.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-09.\n\n^ Beware of Phony \"Unions\": AFL warns workers about Company Unions & CLACArchived 2007-09-19 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Tufts & Thomas 2017.\n\n^ ILO.\n\n^ George L. Mosse The French Right and the Working Classes: Les Jaunes Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 7, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1972), pp. 185-208.\n\n^ Zeev Sternhell a Droite révolutionnaire: Les Origines françaises du fascisme, 1885-1914 (Paris, 1978)\n\n^ Le syndicaliste indépendant, special issue, march 1956\n\n^ Jean-Louis Loubet et Nicolas Hatzfeld POISSY: DE LA CGT À LA CFT\nHISTOIRE D’UNE USINE ATYPIQUE Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, 73, p. 67-81 (2002)\n\n^ Results from professional elections 1987-1997 Archived 2008-04-06 at the Wayback Machine La Documentation Française\n\n^ Elyane Bressol Confédération des Syndicats Libres Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Institut d'histoire sociale CGT\n\n^ La fin de la Confédération des Syndicats libres (CSL) Archived 2012-07-11 at archive.today Institut Supérieur du Travail\n\n^ Rees, Jonathan H. (2010). Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-87081-964-3. JSTOR j.ctt46ntmw.\n\n^ a b Bessemer Historical Society.\n\n^ \"Colorado\".\n\n^ Berman.\n\n^ National Labor Relations Act. [1].\n\n^ \"Six things to know about the latest efforts to bring unions to Big Tech\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-07-09.\n\n^ Bacon.\n\n^ See the Text of the TEAM Bill[permanent dead link]\n\n^ DLC.\n\n^ Smith.\n\n^ Wall Street Journal, Sept. 11, 2018. [2].\n\n^ Nader.\n\n^ Riddell.\n\n^ Hatsuoka.\n\n^ La Botz.\n\n^ Skinner.\n\n^ Coats.\n\n^ Reid, 151.\n\n^ Aidt and Tzannatos, 58-59.\n\n^ van der Linden, Marcel. Workers of the World: Essays Toward a Global Labor History, pp 228-9. Brill Academic Publishers, 2008\n\n^ Wolman, 21.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"US labor law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_labor_law"},{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"title":"Employers Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employers_Group"}]	[{"reference":"\"Convention C098: Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)\". www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 2021-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C098","url_text":"\"Convention C098: Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150606061053/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C098","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Interfering with or dominating a union (Section 8(a)(2)) \| National Labor Relations Board\". www.nlrb.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/the-law/interfering-with-or-dominating-a-union-section-8a2","url_text":"\"Interfering with or dominating a union (Section 8(a)(2)) \| National Labor Relations Board\""}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jonathan H. (2010). Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-87081-964-3. JSTOR j.ctt46ntmw.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46ntmw","url_text":"Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-964-3","url_text":"978-0-87081-964-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46ntmw","url_text":"j.ctt46ntmw"}]},{"reference":"\"Six things to know about the latest efforts to bring unions to Big Tech\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/26/tech-unions-explainer/","url_text":"\"Six things to know about the latest efforts to bring unions to Big Tech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"——— (2017). \"The Christian Labour Association of Canada (CLAC): Between Company and Populist Unionism\". Labour/Le Travail. 80: 55–79. doi:10.1353/llt.2017.0043. ISSN 0700-3862. JSTOR 44820581. S2CID 148873168. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacus	Cacus	["1 Mythology","2 In later literature","3 In modern languages","4 Notes","5 Further reading"]	Figure in Greek and Roman mythology This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cacus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hercules killing the fire-breathing Cacus, engraving by Sebald Beham (1545) In Greek and Roman mythology, Cacus (Ancient Greek: Κάκος, derived from κακός, meaning bad) was a fire-breathing giant and the son of Vulcan (Plutarch called him son of Hephaestus). He was killed by Hercules after terrorizing the Aventine Hill before the founding of Rome. Mythology Cacus lived in a cave in Italy on the future site of Rome. To the horror of nearby inhabitants, Cacus lived on human flesh and would nail the heads of victims to the doors of his cave. He was eventually overcome by Hercules. According to Solinus, Cacus lived in a place called Salinae, which later became the location of the Porta Trigemina. According to Evander, Hercules stopped to pasture the cattle he had stolen from Geryon near Cacus' lair. As Hercules slept, the monster took a liking to the cattle and slyly stole eight of them – four bulls and four cows – by dragging them by their tails, so as to leave a trail in the wrong direction. When Hercules awoke and made to leave, the remaining herd made plaintive noises towards the cave, and a single cow lowed in reply. Angered, Hercules stormed towards the cave. A terrified Cacus blocked the entrance with a vast, immoveable boulder (though some incarnations have Hercules himself block the entrance) forcing Hercules to tear at the top of the mountain to reach his adversary. Cacus attacked Hercules by spewing fire and smoke while Hercules responded with tree branches and rocks the size of millstones. Eventually losing patience, Hercules leapt into the cave, aiming for the area where the smoke was heaviest. Hercules grabbed Cacus and strangled the monster, and was praised throughout the land for his act. According to Virgil in Book VIII of the Aeneid, Hercules grasped Cacus so tightly that Cacus' eyes popped out and there was no blood left in his throat: et angit inhaerens elisos oculos et siccum sanguine guttur. Hercules and Cacus by Baccio Bandinelli (1525–34); (Palazzo Vecchio, Florence) Another version of the myth states that Cacus made the cattle walk backwards so they left a false trail. Hercules drove his remaining cattle past a cave, where Cacus was hiding the stolen ones, and they began calling out to each other. Alternatively, Caca, Cacus' sister, told Hercules where he was. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, when the Aborigines and the Arcadians who lived at Pallantium learned of the death of Cacus and saw Hercules, they thought themselves very fortunate in being rid of the former, they were plucking branches of laurel, crowned both him and themselves with it and their kings invite Hercules to be their guest. In the Roman tradition, Hercules founded an altar after he killed Cacus. Eusebius writes that Heracles erected an altar in the Forum Boarium, to commemorate his killing of Cacus. In the Aeneid, the Arcadian King Evander recounts this story to Aeneas to explain the rites the people perform yearly to Hercules. This was the Ara Maxima, where later the Forum Boarium, the cattle market of Rome, was held. Hercules had temples in the area, including the still extant Temple of Hercules Victor. In later literature In the Inferno of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri, Cacus is depicted as a centaur with a fire-breathing dragon on his shoulders and snakes covering his equine back. He guards over the thieves in the Thieves section of Hell's Circle of Fraud. In the second book of Gargantua and Pantagruel, Cacus is said to be begotten by Polyphemus the Cyclops. He is also said to be the giant who fathered Etion. Miguel de Cervantes in his 1605 novel Don Quixote describes the inn keeper in the second chapter of part one "The First Sally from his Native Heath" as "No less a thief than Cacus himself, and as full of tricks as a student or a page boy." Cervantes also mentions Cacus as a prototypical thief in a comparison in the sixth chapter of Don Quixote part one, "The Scrutiny of the Curate and the Barber" when the Curate says "Here we have Sir Rindaldo of Montalbán with his friends and companions, bigger thieves than Cacus, all of them ..." The comparison is a slight on Rinaldo, as he had written a book The Mirror of Chivalry which the Curate and the Barber agree caused, in part, Don Quixote's descent into madness. In A Letter to a Friend Sir Thomas Browne compares the reluctance with which old people go to the grave with the backwards movements of Cacus' oxen. Cacus is described as a deformed outcast from an Italian village, able only to say "Cacus", in Steven Saylor's novel Roma, playing a direct role in the events of the main character of the era. Lavinia, in Ursula K. Le Guin's 2008 novel Lavinia, describes Cacus as a "fire lord, the chief man of a tribal settlement, who kept Vesta alight for the people of the neighborhood, with the help of his daughters." Lavinia comments that the Greeks' story of the beast-man "was more exciting than mine." Cacus appears as the main antagonist in Rick Riordan's short story in The Demigod Diaries titled "The Staff of Hermes". There were references to Cacus' fight with Hercules in that story. In the story, Cacus had stolen Hermes' Caduceus. He later attacked Percy Jackson and Annabeth Chase. Annabeth hit Cacus with her metal claw and Percy killed Cacus with Hermes' Caduceus. In modern languages In the Spanish language, the derived form caco is a colloquial word for "thief" and a disused word for a very cowardly man. Notes ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.39.2 ^ Plutarch, Of Love, Moralia, 18 ^ "CACUS: Giant of the Land of Latium". theoi.com. Retrieved 24 May 2012. ^ Solinus, Polyhistor, 1.7 ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.40.1 ^ Eusebius, Chronography, 106 ^ In Aeneid, Book VIII ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, i. 7. ^ Dante Inferno 25.17–33 ^ Miguel De Cervantes, Don Quixote de la Mancha New York. Random House 1949 p. 33 ^ Miguel De Cervantes, Don Quixote de la Mancha New York. Random House 1949 pp. 53–54 ^ Sir Thomas Browne Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici, Letter to a Friend and Christian Morals London. Macmillan 1898 p. 145 ^ caco in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cacus. March, J., Cassell's Dictionary Of Classical Mythology, London, 1999. ISBN 0-304-35161-X Coarelli, Filippo, Guida Archeologica di Roma, Arnoldo Mondadori Editor, Milan, 1989. Wissowa, Cacus in Paulys Realencyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften, trans. into English Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hercules_killing_Cacus_at_his_Cave.jpg"},{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"Sebald Beham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebald_Beham"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Roman mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fire-breathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster"},{"link_name":"giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Hephaestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Aventine Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill"},{"link_name":"founding of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hercules killing the fire-breathing Cacus, engraving by Sebald Beham (1545)In Greek and Roman mythology, Cacus (Ancient Greek: Κάκος,[1] derived from κακός, meaning bad) was a fire-breathing giant and the son of Vulcan (Plutarch called him son of Hephaestus).[2] He was killed by Hercules after terrorizing the Aventine Hill before the founding of Rome.[3]","title":"Cacus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Solinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus"},{"link_name":"Porta Trigemina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Trigemina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Evander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene"},{"link_name":"Geryon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geryon"},{"link_name":"millstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millstone"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firenze.Hercules01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hercules and Cacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_and_Cacus"},{"link_name":"Baccio Bandinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccio_Bandinelli"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Vecchio, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Caca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caca_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"Aborigines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborigines_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Arcadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)"},{"link_name":"Pallantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallantium"},{"link_name":"laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurus_nobilis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"Evander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aeneas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneas"},{"link_name":"Ara Maxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Maxima"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Forum Boarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Boarium"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_temple"},{"link_name":"Temple of Hercules Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor"}],"text":"Cacus lived in a cave in Italy on the future site of Rome. To the horror of nearby inhabitants, Cacus lived on human flesh and would nail the heads of victims to the doors of his cave. He was eventually overcome by Hercules.According to Solinus, Cacus lived in a place called Salinae, which later became the location of the Porta Trigemina.[4]According to Evander, Hercules stopped to pasture the cattle he had stolen from Geryon near Cacus' lair. As Hercules slept, the monster took a liking to the cattle and slyly stole eight of them – four bulls and four cows – by dragging them by their tails, so as to leave a trail in the wrong direction. When Hercules awoke and made to leave, the remaining herd made plaintive noises towards the cave, and a single cow lowed in reply.Angered, Hercules stormed towards the cave. A terrified Cacus blocked the entrance with a vast, immoveable boulder (though some incarnations have Hercules himself block the entrance) forcing Hercules to tear at the top of the mountain to reach his adversary. Cacus attacked Hercules by spewing fire and smoke while Hercules responded with tree branches and rocks the size of millstones. Eventually losing patience, Hercules leapt into the cave, aiming for the area where the smoke was heaviest. Hercules grabbed Cacus and strangled the monster, and was praised throughout the land for his act. According to Virgil in Book VIII of the Aeneid, Hercules grasped Cacus so tightly that Cacus' eyes popped out and there was no blood left in his throat: et angit inhaerens elisos oculos et siccum sanguine guttur.Hercules and Cacus by Baccio Bandinelli (1525–34); (Palazzo Vecchio, Florence)Another version of the myth states that Cacus made the cattle walk backwards so they left a false trail. Hercules drove his remaining cattle past a cave, where Cacus was hiding the stolen ones, and they began calling out to each other. Alternatively, Caca, Cacus' sister, told Hercules where he was.According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, when the Aborigines and the Arcadians who lived at Pallantium learned of the death of Cacus and saw Hercules, they thought themselves very fortunate in being rid of the former, they were plucking branches of laurel, crowned both him and themselves with it and their kings invite Hercules to be their guest.[5]In the Roman tradition, Hercules founded an altar after he killed Cacus. Eusebius writes that Heracles erected an altar in the Forum Boarium, to commemorate his killing of Cacus.[6]\nIn the Aeneid, the Arcadian King Evander recounts this story[7] to Aeneas to explain the rites the people perform yearly to Hercules. This was the Ara Maxima,[8] where later the Forum Boarium, the cattle market of Rome, was held. Hercules had temples in the area, including the still extant Temple of Hercules Victor.","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)"},{"link_name":"Divine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gargantua and Pantagruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel"},{"link_name":"Polyphemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphemus"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"A Letter to a Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Friend"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Browne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Steven Saylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Saylor"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(2007_novel)"},{"link_name":"Lavinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavinia"},{"link_name":"Ursula K. Le Guin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin"},{"link_name":"Lavinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestals"},{"link_name":"Rick Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Riordan"},{"link_name":"The Demigod Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demigod_Diaries"}],"text":"In the Inferno of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri, Cacus is depicted as a centaur with a fire-breathing dragon on his shoulders and snakes covering his equine back. He guards over the thieves in the Thieves section of Hell's Circle of Fraud.[9]\nIn the second book of Gargantua and Pantagruel, Cacus is said to be begotten by Polyphemus the Cyclops. He is also said to be the giant who fathered Etion.\nMiguel de Cervantes in his 1605 novel Don Quixote describes the inn keeper in the second chapter of part one \"The First Sally from his Native Heath\" as \"No less a thief than Cacus himself, and as full of tricks as a student or a page boy.\"[10] Cervantes also mentions Cacus as a prototypical thief in a comparison in the sixth chapter of Don Quixote part one, \"The Scrutiny of the Curate and the Barber\" when the Curate says \"Here we have Sir Rindaldo of Montalbán with his friends and companions, bigger thieves than Cacus, all of them ...\" The comparison is a slight on Rinaldo, as he had written a book The Mirror of Chivalry which the Curate and the Barber agree caused, in part, Don Quixote's descent into madness.[11]\nIn A Letter to a Friend Sir Thomas Browne compares the reluctance with which old people go to the grave with the backwards movements of Cacus' oxen.[12]\nCacus is described as a deformed outcast from an Italian village, able only to say \"Cacus\", in Steven Saylor's novel Roma, playing a direct role in the events of the main character of the era.\nLavinia, in Ursula K. Le Guin's 2008 novel Lavinia, describes Cacus as a \"fire lord, the chief man of a tribal settlement, who kept Vesta alight for the people of the neighborhood, with the help of his daughters.\" Lavinia comments that the Greeks' story of the beast-man \"was more exciting than mine.\"\nCacus appears as the main antagonist in Rick Riordan's short story in The Demigod Diaries titled \"The Staff of Hermes\". There were references to Cacus' fight with Hercules in that story. In the story, Cacus had stolen Hermes' Caduceus. He later attacked Percy Jackson and Annabeth Chase. Annabeth hit Cacus with her metal claw and Percy killed Cacus with Hermes' Caduceus.","title":"In later literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAE-13"}],"text":"In the Spanish language, the derived form caco[13] is a colloquial word for \"thief\" and a disused word for a very cowardly man.","title":"In modern languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.39.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0572%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D39%3Asection%3D2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Plutarch, Of Love, Moralia, 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg113.perseus-grc1:18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"CACUS: Giant of the Land of Latium\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theoi.com/Gigante/GiganteKakos.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Solinus, Polyhistor, 1.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/747#1.7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.40.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.40.1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Eusebius, Chronography, 106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//topostext.org/work/531#106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DRAE_13-0"},{"link_name":"caco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dle.rae.es/?id=6ZYXQcv"},{"link_name":"Diccionario de la Real Academia Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola"}],"text":"^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.39.2\n\n^ Plutarch, Of Love, Moralia, 18\n\n^ \"CACUS: Giant of the Land of Latium\". theoi.com. Retrieved 24 May 2012.\n\n^ Solinus, Polyhistor, 1.7\n\n^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.40.1\n\n^ Eusebius, Chronography, 106\n\n^ In Aeneid, Book VIII\n\n^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, i. 7.\n\n^ Dante Inferno 25.17–33\n\n^ Miguel De Cervantes, Don Quixote de la Mancha New York. Random House 1949 p. 33\n\n^ Miguel De Cervantes, Don Quixote de la Mancha New York. Random House 1949 pp. 53–54\n\n^ Sir Thomas Browne Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici, Letter to a Friend and Christian Morals London. Macmillan 1898 p. 145\n\n^ caco in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cacus"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-304-35161-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35161-X"},{"link_name":"Wissowa, Cacus in Paulys Realencyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften, trans. into English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/view/pwretranslations/all-articles/3-barbarus-claudius/cacus"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754686#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/13451695"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/188476461"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964149p"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964149p"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/131786709"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011052469705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019114443"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/078602556"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cacus.March, J., Cassell's Dictionary Of Classical Mythology, London, 1999. ISBN 0-304-35161-X\nCoarelli, Filippo, Guida Archeologica di Roma, Arnoldo Mondadori Editor, Milan, 1989.\nWissowa, Cacus in Paulys Realencyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften, trans. into EnglishAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Hercules killing the fire-breathing Cacus, engraving by Sebald Beham (1545)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hercules_killing_Cacus_at_his_Cave.jpg/330px-Hercules_killing_Cacus_at_his_Cave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hercules and Cacus by Baccio Bandinelli (1525–34); (Palazzo Vecchio, Florence)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Firenze.Hercules01.JPG/170px-Firenze.Hercules01.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"CACUS: Giant of the Land of Latium\". theoi.com. Retrieved 24 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theoi.com/Gigante/GiganteKakos.html","url_text":"\"CACUS: Giant of the Land of Latium\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cacus%22","external_links_name":"\"Cacus\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cacus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cacus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cacus%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cacus%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cacus%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0572%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D39%3Asection%3D2","external_links_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.39.2"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg113.perseus-grc1:18","external_links_name":"Plutarch, Of Love, Moralia, 18"},{"Link":"http://www.theoi.com/Gigante/GiganteKakos.html","external_links_name":"\"CACUS: Giant of the Land of Latium\""},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/747#1.7","external_links_name":"Solinus, Polyhistor, 1.7"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.40.1","external_links_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.40.1"},{"Link":"https://topostext.org/work/531#106","external_links_name":"Eusebius, Chronography, 106"},{"Link":"http://dle.rae.es/?id=6ZYXQcv","external_links_name":"caco"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/view/pwretranslations/all-articles/3-barbarus-claudius/cacus","external_links_name":"Wissowa, Cacus in Paulys Realencyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften, trans. into English"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/13451695","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/188476461","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964149p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964149p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131786709","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011052469705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019114443","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078602556","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartane	Tartane	["1 References"]	This article is about the ship type. For the cloth type, see Tartan. A 19th-century engraving of a tartane. Diagram of a tartana, 1879 A tartane (also tartan, tartana) was a small ship used both as a fishing ship and for coastal trading in the Mediterranean. They were in use for over 300 years until the late 19th century. A tartane had a single mast on which was rigged a large lateen sail, and with a bowsprit and fore-sail. When the wind was aft a square sail was generally hoisted like a cross jack. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tartanes. Annandale, Charles (1889). The Imperial Dictionary, New Edition, Volume 4. London: Blackie & Son. p. 311. Holland, Rupert Sargent (2004). Historic Ships. Kessinger Publishing. p. 382. ISBN 1-4179-4299-1.Google book search. Retrieved 2007-11-23 A Treatise on Insurances by Balthazard Marie Émérigon, Samuel Meredith, p330-331. Google book search. vteTypes of sailing vessels and rigsOverviews Age of Sail Maritime history Age of Discovery Navigation Sailing rigs Bermuda rig Crab claw Fore-and-aft rig Gaff rig Gunter rig Junk rig Lateen rig Ljungström rig Lug rig Mast aft rig Pinisi rig Square rig Tanja rig By sailing rigs Barque Barquentine Brig Brigantine Catboat Cutter Full-rigged ship Jackass-barque Ketch Mistico Schooner Sloop Snow Yawl Multihull vessels ʻalia Amatasi Baurua Bigiw Camakau Catamaran Drua Guilalo Jukung Kaep Kalia Karakoa Kora kora Lakatoi Lanong Outrigger canoe Pahi Paraw Pentamaran Proa Quadrimaran Takia Tepukei Tipairua Tongiaki Trimaran Ungalawa Va'a-tele Vaka katea Vinta Wa Naval and merchantsailing shipsand other vessels (by origin date)Ancient Balangay Boita Borobudur ship Dhow Fire ship Galley Penteconter Bireme Trireme Quadriremes Tessarakonteres Dromon Junk K'un-lun po Lepa Mtepe Uru Post-classical Balinger Benawa Birlinn Bomb vessel Cog Hulk Jong Knarr Koch Kondura Longship Malangbang Shitik Tongkang Zabra 15th c. Carrack Chinese treasure ship Caravel Ghurab Lancaran Hoy Trabaccolo 16th c. Crommesteven Galiot Galleon Galleass Ghali Flyboat Fluyt Full-rigged pinnace Lorcha Man-of-war Manchua Patache Speronara Square-rigged caravel (round or de armada) Xebec 17th c. Bermuda sloop Corvette East Indiaman Frigate Galeas Koff Pink Polacca Ship of the line 18th c. Bilander Chialoup Clipper (Baltimore Clipper) Gallivat Garay Grab Gundalow Lanong Padewakang Post ship 74-gun Ship of the line Sloop-of-war Toop Trincadour 19th c. Blackwall frigate Down Easter Golekan Iron-hulled sailing ship Warship Janggolan Lambo Leti leti Palari Tamar West Country Windjammer 20th c. Montagu whaler Fishing vessels Bagan Bago Barca-longa Falkuša Felucca Fifie Gableboat Herring buss Jangada Jukung Lugger Masula Mayang Patorani Nordland Sixareen Sgoth Smack Tartane Well smack Yoal Recreational vessels Dinghy Ljungström sailboat Mast aft rig Pocket cruiser Sailing hydrofoil Sailing yacht Sportsboat Trailer sailer Wharrams Windsurfer Yacht Special terms Inflatable Lashed lug Razee Sewn Tall ship Treenailed ULDB Other types Bristol Channel pilot cutter Floating restaurant Fusta Mersey flat Norfolk punt Norfolk wherry Pausik Pinnace (ship's boat) Pram Scow Thames sailing barge Wherry Related Nautical operations This article about a type of ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tartane.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-E_Paris_Tartana_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"lateen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateen"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowsprit"},{"link_name":"fore-sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore-sail"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aft"},{"link_name":"square sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_sail"},{"link_name":"cross jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_jack&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"This article is about the ship type. For the cloth type, see Tartan.A 19th-century engraving of a tartane.Diagram of a tartana, 1879A tartane (also tartan, tartana) was a small ship used both as a fishing ship and for coastal trading in the Mediterranean. They were in use for over 300 years until the late 19th century. A tartane had a single mast on which was rigged a large lateen sail, and with a bowsprit and fore-sail. When the wind was aft a square sail was generally hoisted like a cross jack.","title":"Tartane"}]	[{"image_text":"A 19th-century engraving of a tartane.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tartane.gif/220px-Tartane.gif"},{"image_text":"Diagram of a tartana, 1879","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/F-E_Paris_Tartana_1.jpg/220px-F-E_Paris_Tartana_1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Annandale, Charles (1889). The Imperial Dictionary, New Edition, Volume 4. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana	French Guiana	["1 Name","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","3.2 Environment","3.3 Agriculture","4 Economy","5 Demographics","5.1 Historical population","5.2 Major metropolitan areas and settlements","5.3 Ethnic groups","5.4 Immigration","5.5 Religion","5.6 Fertility","6 Languages","7 Politics","7.1 Administrative divisions","8 Transport","8.1 Road system","8.2 Railway system","8.3 Ports","8.4 Airports","8.5 Public transportation","9 Military, police and security forces","9.1 French Armed Forces","9.2 Gendarmerie and National Police","10 Culture","10.1 Architecture","10.2 Festivities","10.3 Cuisine","10.4 Literature","11 Sport","11.1 Football","11.2 Tour","12 See also","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]	Coordinates: 3°56′02″N 53°07′33″E / 3.9339°N 53.1258°E / 3.9339; 53.1258Overseas department and region of France in South America Not to be confused with Guyana, The Guianas, French Guinea, or Guyenne. This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (September 2022) Place in FranceFrench Guiana Guyane (French)Lagwiyann (Guianese Creole French)Overseas department, region and single territorial collectivity of France and outermost region of the European UnionTerritorial Collectivity of French GuianaCollectivité territoriale de Guyane (French) Coat of armsMotto(s): "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité" (French)(English: "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity")"Fert Aurum Industria" (Latin)(English: "Work Creates Abundance")Anthem: La Marseillaise("The Marseillaise")Chant du départ("Song of Departure")Coordinates: 3°56′02″N 53°07′33″E / 3.9339°N 53.1258°E / 3.9339; 53.1258Country FrancePrefectureCayenneDepartments1 (every overseas region consists of a department in itself)Government • PrefectAntoine Poussier • President of the AssemblyGabriel Serville (Guyane Kontré pour avancer) • LegislatureAssembly of French GuianaArea • Total84,000 km2 (32,433 sq mi) • Land83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) • Water466 km2 (180 sq mi) • Rank2nd region and 1st departmentPopulation (January 2024) • Total295,385 • Density3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)Demonym(s)(French) Guianan(French) GuianeseGDP • Total€4.58 billion • Per capita€16,600Time zoneUTC-3:00 (GFT)ISO 3166 codeGFFR-973CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)WebsiteTerritorial Collectivity Prefecture French Guiana (/ɡiˈɑːnə/ or /ɡiˈænə/; French: Guyane, ⓘ; French Guianese Creole: Lagwiyann or Gwiyann, ) is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies. Bordered by Suriname to the west and Brazil to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of 84,000 km2 (32,000 sq mi) and a land area of 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi), and is inhabited by 295,385 people. View of Fort Cépérou Mount, Cayenne French Guiana is the second-largest region of France (more than one-seventh the size of Metropolitan France) and the largest outermost region within the European Union. It has a very low population density, with only 3.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.3/sq mi). Half of its 295,385 inhabitants in 2024 lived in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. 98.9% of the land territory of French Guiana is covered by forests, a large part of which is primeval rainforest. The Guiana Amazonian Park, which is the largest national park in the European Union, covers 41% of French Guiana's territory. Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a single territorial collectivity, the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity (French: collectivité territoriale de Guyane). This assembly, the French Guiana Assembly (French: assemblée de Guyane), replaced the former regional council and departmental council, which were disbanded. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is Gabriel Serville. View from Salvation Islands, Kourou Fully integrated in the French Republic since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the euro. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the Guiana Space Centre, now the European Space Agency's primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which French Guianese Creole, a French-based creole language, is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the Americas that is still under the sovereignty of a European state. The border between French Guiana and Brazil is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two borders which France shares with non-European states, the other being the border with Suriname in the west. Name Map of northern South America showing the extent of the Guyanas region According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name "Guyana" is an indigenous term meaning "land of many waters". The addition of the adjective "French" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies (The Guianas) had been named along the coast, subject to differing powers: namely (from west to east) Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as "the Guianas" and constitute one large landmass known as the Guiana Shield. History Main article: History of French Guiana See also: French colonization of the Americas and Portuguese conquest of French Guiana French Guiana was originally inhabited by indigenous people: Kalina, Arawak, Galibi, Palikur, Teko, Wayampi and Wayana. The French attempted to create a colony there in the 16th century in conjunction with its settlement of some Caribbean islands, such as Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue. Prior to European colonization, the territory was originally inhabited by Native Americans, most speaking the Arawak language, of the Arawakan language family. The people identified as Lokono. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but France did not establish a durable presence until colonists founded Cayenne in 1643. Guiana was developed as a slave society, where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on large sugar and other plantations in such number as to increase the population. The system of slavery in French Guiana continued until the French Revolution, when the National Convention voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in France's overseas colonies in February 1794, months after enslaved Haitians had started a slave rebellion in the colony of Saint-Domingue. However, the 1794 decree was only implemented in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana, while the colonies of Senegal, Mauritius, Réunion, Martinique and French India resisted the imposition of these laws. Bill Marshall, Professor of Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Stirling, wrote of French Guiana's origins: The first French effort to colonize Guiana, in 1763, failed utterly, as settlers were subject to high mortality given the numerous tropical diseases and harsh climate: all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers died. After France ceded Louisiana to the United States in 1804, it developed Guiana as a penal colony, establishing a network of camps and penitentiaries along the coast where prisoners from metropolitan France were sentenced to forced labour. During operations as a penal colony beginning in the mid-19th century, the French government transported approximately 56,000 prisoners to Devil's Island. Fewer than 10% survived their sentence. Île du Diable (Devil's Island) was the site of a small prison facility, part of a larger penal system by the same name, which consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the mainland. This was operated from 1852 to 1953. Following the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana in 1809, João Severiano Maciel da Costa served as its only governor until 1817. In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour. A Portuguese-British naval squadron took French Guiana for the Portuguese Empire in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817. After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting. A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of Counani in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the arbitration of the Swiss government. The territory of Inini consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930. In 1936, Félix Éboué from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony. French Guiana, c. 1930 During World War II and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of Vichy France. Guiana officially rallied to Free France on 16 March 1943. It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French department on 19 March 1946. Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred Hmong refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the communist takeover of Laos by Pathet Lao in 1975. In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 Surinamese refugees, mostly Maroons, arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the Surinamese Civil War. More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian economic migrants. Illegal and ecologically destructive gold mining by Brazilian garimpeiros is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana. The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest. In 1964, French president Charles de Gaulle decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in Algeria and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the equator and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The Guiana Space Centre, located a short distance along the coast from Kourou, has grown considerably since the initial launches of the Véronique rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the Ariane 4, Ariane 5 and Ariane flight VA256 which launched the James Webb Space Telescope into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a departmental flag in 2010. In a referendum that same year, French Guiana voted against autonomy. On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure. 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana. French Guiana has been severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, with more than 1% of French Guianese testing positive by the end of June 2020. Geography Main article: Geography of French Guiana Geographic map of French Guiana in 2009. Note: this map does not show the international Oyapock River Bridge which connects Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock (France) and Oiapoque (Brazil) and has been open to car traffic since March 2017. The new asphalted road between Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Apatou, which was completed in 2010, does not appear on the map either. French Guiana lies between latitudes 2° and 6° N, and longitudes 51° and 55° W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is Bellevue de l'Inini in Maripasoula (851 m, 2,792 ft). Other mountains include Mont Itoupé (826 m, 2,710 ft), Cottica Mountain (744 m, 2,441 ft), Pic Coudreau (711 m, 2,333 ft), and Kaw Mountain (337 m, 1,106 ft). Several small islands are found off the coast: the three Salvation's Islands which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil. The Petit-Saut Dam, a hydroelectric dam in the north of French Guiana forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the Waki River. As of 2007, the Amazonian forest, located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some 33,900 km2 (13,090 sq mi) upon the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül. Climate Köppen climate classification of French Guiana French Guiana has an equatorial climate predominant. Located within six degrees of the Equator and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over 330 millimetres or 13 inches can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm dry season with rainfall below 100 millimetres or 3.94 inches and average high temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). Climate data for Cayenne (Köppen Am/Af) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 32.5(90.5) 32.3(90.1) 32.2(90.0) 33.0(91.4) 33.2(91.8) 33.7(92.7) 34.5(94.1) 35.0(95.0) 35.2(95.4) 35.1(95.2) 34.6(94.3) 34.1(93.4) 35.2(95.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.1(84.4) 29.2(84.6) 29.6(85.3) 29.9(85.8) 29.9(85.8) 30.2(86.4) 30.8(87.4) 31.6(88.9) 32.1(89.8) 32.2(90.0) 31.5(88.7) 30.1(86.2) 30.5(86.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2(79.2) 26.3(79.3) 26.5(79.7) 26.8(80.2) 26.7(80.1) 26.6(79.9) 26.6(79.9) 27.0(80.6) 27.2(81.0) 27.3(81.1) 27.0(80.6) 26.6(79.9) 26.7(80.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.3(73.9) 23.4(74.1) 23.5(74.3) 23.7(74.7) 23.5(74.3) 22.9(73.2) 22.4(72.3) 22.4(72.3) 22.2(72.0) 22.3(72.1) 22.5(72.5) 23.1(73.6) 22.9(73.2) Record low °C (°F) 17.4(63.3) 18.9(66.0) 18.5(65.3) 19.0(66.2) 18.8(65.8) 18.9(66.0) 19.0(66.2) 19.0(66.2) 18.7(65.7) 18.6(65.5) 17.2(63.0) 18.0(64.4) 17.2(63.0) Average rainfall mm (inches) 451.2(17.76) 309.4(12.18) 334.3(13.16) 448.4(17.65) 579.4(22.81) 411.4(16.20) 245.7(9.67) 143.6(5.65) 55.7(2.19) 63.3(2.49) 133.4(5.25) 340.5(13.41) 3,516.3(138.44) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 23.6 20.0 20.7 22.2 26.4 25.2 20.6 14.2 7.1 7.6 11.9 21.6 221.1 Average relative humidity (%) 82 80 82 84 85 82 78 74 71 71 76 81 79 Mean monthly sunshine hours 95.1 92.4 120.0 123.5 122.4 150.4 200.5 234.4 253.4 256.4 211.5 143.3 2,003 Source: Meteo France Environment Ile du Diable seen from Ile Royale Guiana Amazonian Park French Guiana is home to many different ecosystems: tropical rainforests, coastal mangroves, savannahs, inselbergs and many types of wetlands. It lies within three ecoregions: Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, and Guianan mangroves. French Guiana has a high level of biodiversity of both flora and fauna. This is due to the presence of old-growth forests (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are biodiversity hotspots. The rainforests of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation. These forests are protected by a national park (the Guiana Amazonian Park), seven additional nature reserves, and 17 protected sites. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the European Union (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas. Following the Grenelle Environment Round Table of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection. The coastal environment along the RN1 has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the RN2, and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. The grey-winged trumpeter, a species of bird commonly found in the region 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are endemic and 109 species of amphibians. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, Borneo and Sumatra. Environmental threats include habitat fragmentation from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of EDF's Petit-Saut Dam; gold mining; poor control of hunting and poaching, facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of all-terrain vehicles. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the Amana Nature Reserve are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the leatherback turtle. Agriculture French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, potassium) and organic matter. Soil acidity is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to add lime to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of slash and burn agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil pH (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute minerals and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of Terra preta (anthropogenic soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. Economy Main article: Economy of French Guiana An Ariane 5 rocket being processed at the Guiana Space Centre; the launch site is estimated to account for as much as 16% of French Guiana's GDP As a part of France, French Guiana is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; its currency is the euro. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana is .gf, but .fr is generally used instead. In 2019, the GDP of French Guiana at market exchange rates was US$4.93 billion (€4.41 billion), ranking as the 2nd largest economy in the Guianas after Guyana (which discovered large oil fields in 2015 and 2018), and the 12th largest in South America. From the 1960s to the 2000s, French Guiana experienced strong economic growth, fueled by the development of France's Guiana Space Centre (established in French Guiana in 1964 as the independence of Algeria in 1962 led to the closure of France's space center in the Algerian Sahara) and by high population growth which stimulated domestic consumption. French Guiana's economy did not suffer from the Global Financial Crisis of 2008: the GDP grew by an average of +3.4% per year in real terms from 2002 to 2012, slightly faster than the rapidly growing population, which allowed French Guiana to catch up marginally with the rest of France in terms of standards of living. The GDP per capita rose from 48.0% of metropolitan France's level in 2000 to 48.5% of metropolitan France in 2012. Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economic growth has been uneven, and more subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economy grew by an average of only +1.2% per year in real terms. French Guiana experienced a recession of -0.8% in 2014, and social unrest in 2017 led to almost no economic growth that year. Economic growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, but was again almost null (+0.2%) in 2019. As a result, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France's. In 2019, the GDP per capita of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at PPP, was US$17,375 (€15,521), only 42.3% of metropolitan France's average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the Paris Region. French Guiana was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, leading to a recession of -2.7% that year according to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the COVID-19 recession in metropolitan France (-7.9% in 2020). Regional GDP of French Guiana(in euros, current prices) 2000 2006 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Nominal GDP (€ bn) 1.95 2.91 3.91 4.00 3.96 4.00 4.12 3.98 3.92 3.93 3.84 3.97 GDP per capita (euros) 11,814 13,874 15,638 15,534 15,480 15,091 15,356 15,151 15,607 15,633 15,367 15,611 GDP per capita as a %of Metropolitan France's 48.0% 47.1% 48.5% 47.8% 47.8% 45.7% 45.9% 44.1% 44.4% 43.2% 45.0% 42.3% Sources: INSEE. French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods. The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012). In addition, the Guiana Space Centre has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified). The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012. There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the Maroni River. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main cash crops grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between Cayenne and the second-largest town, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, and market gardening (fruits and vegetables) developed by the Hmong communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on polders near Mana from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new EU plant health rules which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, is growing. Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%. In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019. Demographics Main article: Demographics of French Guiana Carnival of Kourou Historical population French Guiana experienced a long period of demographic stagnation during the days of the Cayenne and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni penal colonies (19th century and first half of the 20th century), when, with the exception of a brief gold rush in the 1900s and 1910s, it suffered from a bad reputation due to its association with penal colonies and bad sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria in particular). Population started to grow tremendously from the 1950s onwards with the improvement of sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria eradication campaigns started in 1949) and the establishment of the Guiana Space Centre in 1964. Population growth has been fueled both by high birth rates and large arrivals of immigrants (from metropolitan France, to man the public administrations and the space center, as well as from neighboring countries, in particular Suriname and Brazil). Arrivals of Surinamese refugees reached record levels in the 1980s during the Surinamese Interior War, resulting in the highest population growth rate in French Guiana's history, recorded between the 1982 and 1990 censuses (+5.8% per year). In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from Haiti) have kept population growth above 2% per year in the 2010s. French Guiana's population reached 295,385 in 2024 (Jan. estimate), more than 10 times the population it had in 1954. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 1807 15,483— 1814 14,463−0.97% 1827 22,416+3.43% 1832 22,531+0.10% 1837 21,221−1.19% 1842 20,365−0.82% 1850 20,100−0.16% 1855 20,198+0.10% 1860 25,687+4.93% 1868 25,151−0.26% 1872 24,171−0.99%YearPop.±% p.a. 1876 27,082+2.88% 1880 27,333+0.23% 1887 25,796−0.82% 1891 29,650+3.54% 1895 30,310+0.55% 1901 32,908+1.38% 1906 39,117+3.52% 1911 48,810+4.53% 1921 44,202−0.99% 1936 36,975−1.18% 1946 28,506−2.57%YearPop.±% p.a.1954 27,863−0.27%1961 33,505+2.57%1967 44,392+4.79%1974 55,125+3.14%1982 73,022+3.88%1990 114,678+5.79%1999 157,213+3.58% 2010 229,040+3.54% 2015 259,865+2.56% 2021 286,618+1.65% 2024 295,385+1.01%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946. INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021. Last INSEE 2024 estimate. Major metropolitan areas and settlements There are three metropolitan areas (as defined by INSEE) in French Guiana. These are Cayenne, which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, Remire-Montjoly, Matoury, Macouria, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande, and Roura), Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, made up of the namesake commune, and Kourou, made up of the namesake commune. The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2020 census was the following: Metropolitan area Population (2020) Cayenne 151,887 Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 49,173 Kourou 24,805 Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated communes (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2020 census: Commune Population (2020) Mana 11,605 Maripasoula 9,768 Apatou 9,582 Grand-Santi 8,859 Papaichton 5,684 Saint-Georges 4,303 Ethnic groups Fresh market of Hmong in Cacao village Daily life in the Wayana village of Antecume Pata French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in Metropolitan France, 2.8% were born in the French Caribbean departments and collectivities (Guadeloupe and Martinique etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti). Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large Haitian community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various Caribbean islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry. The main Asian communities are the Chinese (about 3–4%, primarily from Zhejiang and Guangdong in mainland China) and Hmong from Laos (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include Indians, Lebanese and Vietnamese. The main groups living in the interior are the Maroons, who are of African and indigenous descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the Maroni River. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in Suriname), and Boni (Aluku). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the Arawak, Carib, Emerillon (now called the Teko), Galibi (now called the Kaliña), Palikur, Wayampi and Wayana. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an uncontacted group of Wayampi. Immigration Place of birth of residents of French Guiana(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses) Census Born inFrench Guiana Born inMetropolitan France Born in theFrench West Indies Born in therest of Overseas France Born in foreigncountries with Frenchcitizenship at birth¹ Immigrants² 2019 56.5% 8.9% 2.8% 0.3% 1.0% 30.5% 2013 57.0% 9.4% 2.9% 0.3% 1.2% 29.2% 2008 55.4% 9.6% 3.0% 0.2% 1.3% 30.5% 1999 54.4% 11.8% 4.9% 0.3% 2.0% 26.6% 1990 50.5% 11.7% 5.2% 0.3% 1.9% 30.4% ¹Persons born abroad of French parents, such as Pieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates.²An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. Source: INSEE In recent years, French Guiana has seen an increase in Syrian refugees trying to escape the Syrian Civil War. For them and other groups of migrants, the majority arriving from other South American, Caribbean and Middle Eastern countries (especially Cuba, Yemen, and Palestine), its status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded refugee camps with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. Religion Cayenne Cathedral. Most inhabitants of French Guiana are Catholic. The dominant religion of French Guiana is Roman Catholicism; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. Guianan Catholics are part of the Diocese of Cayenne. Fertility The total fertility rate in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of metropolitan France, as well as most of the other French overseas departments. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. Total fertility rate 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 French Guiana 3.87 3.93 3.79 3.73 3.77 3.47 3.79 3.80 3.73 3.57 3.49 3.37 3.42 3.60 3.47 3.44 3.44 3.61 3.93 3.82 4 overseas departmentsA 2.32 2.45 2.42 2.35 2.38 2.40 2.46 2.48 2.48 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.40 2.48 2.44 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Metropolitan France 1.79 1.87 1.88 1.86 1.87 1.90 1.92 1.98 1.96 1.99 1.99 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.84 Source: INSEEA Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte. Languages The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language. In addition, a number of other local languages exist. Regional languages include French Guianese Creole (not to be confused with Guyanese Creole), six Amerindian languages (Arawak, Palijur, Kali'na, Wayana, Wayampi, Emerillon), four Maroon creole languages (Saramaka, Paramaccan, Aluku, Ndyuka), as well as Hmong Njua. Other languages spoken include Portuguese, Mandarin, Haitian Creole and Spanish. Politics Main article: Politics of French Guiana Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions, as of 2019 French Guiana, as part of France, forms part of the European Union – the largest landmass for an area outside of Europe (since Greenland left the European Community in 1985), with one of the longest EU external boundaries. It is one of only three European Union territories outside Europe that is not an island (the others being the Spanish Autonomous Cities in Africa, Ceuta and Melilla). As an integral part of France, its head of state is the president of the French Republic, and its head of government is the prime minister of France. The French government and its agencies have responsibility for a wide range of issues that are reserved to the national executive power, such as defense and external relations. Cayenne City Hall The president of France appoints a prefect (resident at the prefecture building in Cayenne) as his representative to head the local government of French Guiana. There is one elected, local executive body, the Assemblée de Guyane. French Guiana sends two deputies to the French National Assembly, one representing the commune (municipality) of Cayenne and the commune of Macouria, and the other representing the rest of French Guiana. This latter constituency is the largest in the French Republic by land area. French Guiana also sends two senators to the French Senate. The first woman to be elected to the Senate was Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth in 2020. The Guianese Socialist Party dominated politics in French Guiana until 2010. A chronic issue affecting French Guiana is the influx of illegal immigrants and clandestine gold prospectors from Brazil and Suriname. The border between the department and Suriname, the Maroni River, flows through rain forest and is difficult for the Gendarmerie and the French Foreign Legion to patrol. There have been several phases launched by the French government to combat illegal gold mining in French Guiana, beginning with Operation Anaconda beginning in 2003, followed by Operation Harpie in 2008 and 2009 and Operation Harpie Reinforce in 2010. Colonel François Müller, the commander of French Guiana's gendarmes, believes these operations have been successful. However, after each operation ends, Brazilian miners, garimpeiros , return. Soon after Operation Harpie Reinforce began, an altercation took place between French authorities and Brazilian miners. On 12 March 2010 a team of French soldiers and border police were attacked while returning from a successful operation, during which "the soldiers had arrested 15 miners, confiscated three boats, and seized 617 grams of gold... currently worth about $22,317". Garimpeiros returned to retrieve their lost loot and colleagues. The soldiers fired warning shots and rubber "flash balls", but the miners managed to retake one of their boats and about 500 grams of gold. "The violent reaction by the garimpeiros can be explained by the exceptional take of 617 grams of gold, about 20 percent of the quantity seized in 2009 during the battle against illegal mining", said Phillipe Duporge, the director of French Guiana's border police, at a press conference the next day. Administrative divisions French Guiana is divided into 3 arrondissements and 22 communes: Number Name Area (km2) Population (2019) Individual Map Arrondissement Labelled Map 1 Awala-Yalimapo 187.4 1,449 Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 2 Mana 6,333 11,675 3 Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 4,830 47,621 4 Apatou 2,020 9,482 5 Grand-Santi 2,112 8,779 6 Papaïchton 2,628 5,757 7 Saül 4,475 152 8 Maripasoula 18,360 11,842 9 Camopi 10,030 1,864 Saint-Georges 10 Saint-Georges 2,320 4,245 11 Ouanary 1,080 242 12 Régina 12,130 854 13 Roura 3,902.5 3,458 Cayenne 14 Saint-Élie 5,680 247 15 Iracoubo 2,762 1,748 16 Sinnamary 1,340 2,875 17 Kourou 2,160 24,903 18 Macouria 377.5 16,219 19 Montsinéry-Tonnegrande 634 2,957 20 Matoury 137.19 33,458 21 Cayenne 23.6 65,493 22 Remire-Montjoly 46.11 26,358 Transport Main article: Transport in French Guiana Oyapock River Bridge The transportation system in French Guiana is deficient compared to Metropolitan France, being concentrated in the coastal zone of the territory, while the inland municipalities are poorly connected and often difficult to access. Road system French Guiana has about 2,200 km of roads, which are divided into: National roads (440 km), divided into RN1, RN2, RN3 and RN4 (the last two downgraded to departmental roads during Raffarin's tenure), which connect the main coastal towns, forming a corridor that crosses the coastal strip from the border with Suriname to that of Brazil: RN1, completed in the 1990s, links Cayenne to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, crossing the municipalities of Macouria, Kourou, Sinnamary (the stretch of road between Kourou and Sinnamary is locally called Route de l'espace, "space road") and Iracoubo, while RN2 runs from Cayenne to Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, where it continues on BR-156 across the bridge over the Oyapock. Today, all rivers are crossed by road bridges, some of them quite long (e.g. the bridge over the Cayenne River is 1225 m long), whereas until 2004 (the year of completion and inauguration of the Approuague bridge) some rivers were still crossed by barges. Transport on national roads is restricted during the rainy season (from 48 to a maximum of 32 tons), while the maximum speed (monitored by the National Gendarmerie posts at Régina and Iracoubo, which are also in charge of controlling the possible flow of illegal traffic and irregular immigrants) is 90 km/h; Departmental roads (408 km), subdivided into urban and rural departmental roads (rural roads), which serve the coastal Villages, 90% of which have no street lighting; Communal roads or forest tracks (1. 311 km), most of which are closed to ordinary traffic and reserved for authorized personnel (employees of authorized mining or logging companies, forest rangers): the longest tracks are the Bélizon track in the commune of Saül (Guiana) (150 km), the Saint-Élie-diga track in Petit-Saut (26 km), the Coralie track (the oldest in the department, created to reach the Boulanger mine) and the Maripasoula-Papaïchton track. The communal roads are not usually paved and often go into the forest from the departmental roads; Despite the existence of numerous projects to upgrade and asphalt roads (such as the Bélizon road or the Apatou-Maripasoula-Saül axis), which are often opposed by environmental movements because of environmental fragmentation and problems for Amerindian and Maroon communities, several French Guiana municipalities (Ouanary, Camopi, Saül, Saint-Élie, Grand-Santi, Papaïchton, Maripasoula, Apatou) still do not have road access. Following a treaty between France and Brazil signed in July 2005, the Oyapock River Bridge over the Oyapock River was built and completed in 2011, becoming the first land crossing ever between French Guiana and the rest of the world (there exists no other bridge crossing the Oyapock River, and no bridge crossing the Maroni River marking the border with Suriname, although there is a ferry crossing to Albina, Suriname). The bridge was officially opened on 18 March 2017, however the border post construction on the Brazilian side caused additional delays. As of 2020, it possible to drive uninterrupted from Cayenne to Macapá (on the Amazon River), the capital of the state of Amapá in Brazil. Railway system This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The railway section of the Tiger Camp. Saint-Laurent to Saint-Jean-du-Maroni Railway (Prison Administration c. 1905). French Guiana does not have a railway system, with the exception of a small section in the Centre Spatial Guyanais used for the transport of components: when the territory was a penal colony, there were some railroad lines built by the prisoners themselves to connect the various baths with each other, the remains of which (now disused and mostly engulfed by the jungle) are still visible in some areas. These lines include the section from Montsinéry-Tonnegrande to the so-called bagne des Annamites, the section from Saint-Élie to the Saut du Tigre labor camp (now submerged by the artificial lake created by the Petit-Saut dam) and the section from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni-Mana-Saint-Jean-du-Maroni. Ports This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Transportation by boat is quite widespread in French Guiana: among the most important Ports are the port of Dégrad-Des-Cannes, located at the mouth of the Mahury River, in the commune of Rémire-Montjoly, through which most of the imported or exported goods of the territory pass and where the local detachment of the Marine nationale is housed, and the port of Larivot, located in Matoury, where the Guyanese fishing fleet is concentrated. The port of Dégrad-Des-Cannes, built in 1969 to cope with the impossibility of the former port of Cayenne to decongest the growing maritime traffic, has a rather limited draft, and larger ships often prefer to dock at Ile du Salut to unload people and goods (which are then transported to the mainland by smaller ships) to avoid running aground. The port of Pariacabo in Kourou is home to the Colibri and Toucan ships, which carry components for Ariane missiles. The inland rivers are heavily traversed by canoes and other small boats, linking the villages on the Marowijne, Oyapock and Approuague Rivers, which often cannot be reached in any other way; the lake created by the Petit-Saut dam is also frequently crossed, although it is officially forbidden to cross the body of water. In the department, 460 km of aquatic environment are considered navigable. Airports This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cayenne Airport French Guiana is served by Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, located in Matoury. There are also several airstrips in the department, located in Camopi, Maripasoula, Ouanary, Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Saül, for a total of eleven hubs (four paved and seven unpaved). From the main airport, there are two daily direct flights to Paris (Paris Orly airport, with an average flight time of about 8 hours and 25 minutes from French Guiana to the capital and 9 hours and 10 minutes vice-versa), offered by Air France and Air Caraïbes, as well as other flights to Fort-de-France, Pointe-à-Pitre, Port-au-Prince, Miami and Belém. The regional carrier Air Guyane Express also offers daily flights to Maripasoula and Saül, as well as more sporadic flights (mainly related to postal deliveries) to Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock and Camopi. Public transportation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An Agglo bus, public transport, in the city of Cayenne, French Guiana The public bus service consisting of seven lines coverers the municipality of Cayenne and is run by the RCT (Régie Communautaire des Transports), formerly known as SMTC (Syndicat Mixte de Transport en Commun). For connections between the coastal towns (except Montsinéry-Tonnegrande), the "collective cab" (Taxis Co) method is quite widespread, which are minibuses with a capacity of about ten people that leave as soon as there is a certain number of users on board. In 2010, the general council reached an agreement with some of the operators of this service to make it at least partially public under the name of TIG (Transporte Interurbano de la Guiana), with fixed departure times and predefined stops. On the main rivers (Marowijne and Oyapock), there are pirogue services (called pirogues cabs), which go both to inland centers and across the border (such as Albina in Suriname or Oiapoque in Brazil). Military, police and security forces French Armed Forces French military forces in Guiana number around 2,000 personnel and include the following: Headquarters of the 9th Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) in Cayenne The 9th Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) in Cayenne, the Madeleine. The 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment (3e REI) in Kourou. The RSMAG Regiment (Adapted Military Service) of French Guiana, located in Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, with a detachment in Cayenne. Various detachments: 68 Air Transport Squadron which includes: five Puma helicopters, four Fennec helicopters and three Casa CN235 aircraft A platoon of the French Navy, based at the naval base of Dégrad des Cannes and operating two Confiance-class patrol vessels: La Confiance and La Résolue, as well as one Net Retrieval Boat (ERF - La Caouanne). One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is also to be delivered to naval forces based in French Guiana by 2025. The landing craft is to better support coastal and riverine operations in the territory. A detachment of the Paris Fire Brigade in Kourou, ensuring the protection of the Guiana Space Centre. Gendarmerie and National Police Elements of the National Gendarmerie (some 840 personnel) and the national police are deployed in French Guiana and are divided into 16 "brigades". These serve Cayenne, Remire-Montjoly, Cacao, Régina, Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, Camopi, Macouria, Kourou, Sinnamary, Iracoubo, Mana, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Apatou, Grand-Santi, Papaïchton, Maripasoula and Matoury. The National Gendarmerie include five mobile gendarmerie squadrons. The Maritime Gendarmerie operates the patrol boats Charente and Organabo in the territory, Charente having been deployed to the territory in 2022 to replace the previous boat Mahury which was no longer deemed serviceable. Culture Architecture This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Thémire house, Creole style, in Cayenne The local architecture is characterized by its Creole, Amerindian and Bushinenge influences. The main towns contain predominantly Creole-style architecture, with some Western-style buildings and forts. In the communes with the black maroon populations one can see houses of bushinengue styles. And the Amerindian communes are recognized for their pre-colonial type carbets. Most of these buildings were designed with local materials, such as wood from the Amazonian forests and bricks made on site. These local architectures blend with contemporary style buildings. Festivities See also: Music of French Guiana, Carnival in French Guiana, and Touloulou Horses of air and light at the Big Parade of the Litoral, in Kourou The Carnival is one of the major events in French Guiana. Considered the longest in the world, it takes place on afternoon of Sunday, between Epiphany at the beginning of January and Ash Wednesday in February or (month). Groups disguised according to the theme of the year parade around decorated floats to the rhythm of percussion and brass. The preparation of the groups starts months before the carnival. The groups parade in front of thousands of spectators who gather on the sidewalks and bleachers arranged for the occasion. Touloulous in Cayenne streets in 2007 Brazilian groups identical to those in the Rio carnival are also appreciated for their rhythms and their alluring costumes. The Chinese community of Cayenne also participates in the parades, bringing its characteristic touch, dragons. At the start of the evening, the Touloulous, typical characters of the Guianan carnival, go to the dancings to participate in the famous paré-masked balls. Cuisine See also: French Guianan cuisine and CouacThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Atipa in coconut milk, typical dish of Guiana cuisine Guianan cuisine is rich in the different cultures that mix in French Guiana. Creole restaurants rub shoulders with Chinese restaurants in large cities such as Cayenne, Kourou and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. The local culinary art originally brought together Guianan Creole, Bushinengue and Native American cuisines. All of these cuisines have several ingredients in common: Manioc; Smoked meats and fish This southern Caribbean territory has many typical dishes, such as Awara broth, Creole galette, Dizé milé, Countess, Cramanioc pudding, Kalawanng, Couac gratin and salad, Fricasse of iguana or its famous Pimentade (fish or chicken court-bouillon). Atipas are local fishes beloved by the French Guianese often prepared with coconut milk. At Easter, Guianan people eat a traditional dish called Awara broth. For weddings, locals traditionally eat Colombo, which is a type of curry that has become a staple of the French Guianese cuisine. Literature French Guiana literature includes all works written by local authors or persons related to French Guiana. It is expressed both in French and in Guianan Creole. Local literature is a literature closely related to that of the French West Indies: especially the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. For some, it is an Antillean-Guyanese literature in relation to the themes addressed, which are mainly related to slavery and other social problems. Thus, this literature takes several forms. First, orality, because it is a characteristic element of Guianan literature, as in many countries of Black America. In this connection, we can consider tales, Legends, fables and, in another form, Novels. Nineteenth century French Guiana is marked by a weak presence of writers. At that time, writers only published a few scattered poems in local newspapers. Today, however, it is difficult to trace the writings of some French Guianan poets: Ho-A-Sim-Elosem, Munian, R. Octaville, etc. Two Guianan poets are the exception. According to Ndagano (1996), Ismaÿl Urbain and Fabien Flavien would be considered the first French Guianan poets. However, Alfred Parépou is a writer who marked his era with his work Atipa (1885). The period from 1900 to 1950 constitutes an important stage in local literature insofar as it gave birth to numerous writers who had a considerable impact, such as those of Negritude (Négritude). The Guianan of the 1950s and 1960s is notable for writing about the black cause. Serge Patient and Elie Stephenson did address this issue in their writings. Since 1970 different generations of writers have become aware of the black cause or slavery. Whether through their writings or their political activities, they take into account this painful period that had serious consequences on the local society and on the black world in general. For this generation, Christiane Taubira remains the figurehead. Other writers are interested in other types of themes, such as regional nature, etc. Sport This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sport in French Guiana dates back to long before the colonial period. Popularized since the 19th century, the first sports competition organized to commemorate 14 July was held in 1890. At that time, there were already physical activities favorable to the inhabitants of this Amazonian territory, but also sports coming from Europe, which favored the colonizers. There were foot races, donkey races, canoe races, bicycle races, tricycle races, nautical regattas in the ports, and traditional popular games. The most popular sport in French Guiana today is football, followed by basketball, cycling, swimming and handball, although there are some canoeing, judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, aikido, karate, fencing, horseback riding, rowing and volleyball clubs in the department. As a French Overseas department, Guiana is not a member of the Pan American Sports Organization; rather, athletes compete within the French National Olympic and Sports Committee and are governed by the Ligue d'Athlétisme de la Guyane, a sub-unit of the Fédération française d'athlétisme. Starting in 1960, the Tour of Guiana, an annual multiple-stage bicycle race, is held. Football The territory has its own local team, the French Guiana football team. A regional football league, the LFG (Ligue de Football de la Guyane), was established in October 1962. It is currently not affiliated to FIFA, but has been affiliated to the FFF (French Football Federation) since 27 April 1963 and has been an associate member of CONCACAF (North, Central American and Caribbean League) since 1978. In April 2013, the LFG became a full member of CONCACAF. The French Guiana Football Team, also known as Yana Dòkò, is a selection of the best local players under the auspices of the LFG. It is not recognized by FIFA, but participates in CONCACAF competitions. It played its first match against Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) in 1936, losing 1 to 3. It had its biggest victory on 26 September 2012 against St. Pierre and Miquelon (11 to 1) and its biggest defeat was also against Dutch Guiana, losing 9 to 0 on 2 March 1947. The team has participated in events such as the CONCACAF Nations Cup / Gold Cup, Caribbean Nations Cup (between 1978 and 2017), CONCACAF Nations League, Overseas Cup (Coupe de l'Outre-Mer, 2008–2012) and the Tournament of 4 (Tournoi des 4). Georges-Chaumet Stadium, French Guiana Tour The Tour of Guiana (locally: Tour de Guyane), formerly known as "Le Tour du Littoral" (the Littoral Tour) or more rarely as "La Grande Boucle Guayanaise", is a cycling stage race that takes place mainly in French Guiana each year, although it occasionally crosses neighbouring countries. It takes place in nine stages, with a route linking the main towns of the department: Cayenne, Kourou, and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. It was created in 1950 and is organised by the Comité Régional de Cyclisme de la Guyane (French Guiana Cycling Committee). The tour has been international since 1978. Over the years it has gained in importance and popularity and its duration has increased. The participation has grown from a mostly French Guianan group in the first editions to editions with more than 10 different nationalities. The 2020 edition of the Tour could not take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is also the case for the Tour in 2021.Kevin Séraphin, ex NBA player See also Index of French Guiana-related articles List of colonial and departmental heads of French Guiana Republic of Independent Guiana References ^ "Le Préfet - Représentant de l'État, du gouvernement et de l'Europe". Les services de l'État en Guyane (in French). Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ a b Christiane Taubira (28 April 2009). "FICHE QUESTION". Questions National Assembly of France (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ a b c "Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations. 2013. p. 5. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "French Guiana country profile". BBC News. 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ a b c d "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ "French Guiana country profile". 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Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869. ^ a b Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) (2003). "Guyane (Guyana)" (PDF). Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas). Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2010. ^ "Tourism en Guyane" (PDF). Guyane Amazonie (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ Borloo, Jean-Louis (12 January 2009). "Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment)". Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788). Sénat français (French Senate). Retrieved 3 January 2010. ^ "Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours". Le Jour du Seigneur (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ Sabrina Fossettea (2008). "The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 356 (1–2): 69–82. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024. ^ French Guiana. CIA World Factbook (2004) ^ a b c d e f g h i "Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020". INSEE. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars". Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ IEDOM. "Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012" (PDF). p. 46. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ INSEE. "Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ IEDOM. "Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012" (PDF). p. 136. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ INSEE. "T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer". Retrieved 2 April 2022. ^ INSEE. "Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) - Ensemble - Guyane". Retrieved 2 April 2022. ^ Lepelletier, L.; et al. (July 1989). "Le paludisme en Guyane : I. Situation générale de l'endémie" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique. 82 (3): 385–392. Retrieved 1 April 2022. ^ Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès (1842). Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer. Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet. p. 21. ^ Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck (1987). "Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste". Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848-1946. Éditions Caribéennes. p. 32. ^ Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck (1987). "Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires". Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848-1946. Éditions Caribéennes. p. 167. ISBN 9782402040815. ^ "French Guiana". World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World. 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Retrieved 8 April 2022. ^ Tabor, Damon (1 April 2010) French Guiana: Interview with Colonel Francois Müller, Commander of the Gendarmes. untoldstories.pulitzercenter.org ^ Tabor, Damon (17 March 2010) French Guiana: Welcome to the Jungle. untoldstories.pulitzercenter.org ^ Populations légales 2019: 973 Guyane, INSEE ^ "Résultats de la recherche \| Insee". www.insee.fr. Retrieved 1 August 2021. ^ "Ponte entre Brasil e União Europeia é aberta no Amapá após 6 anos pronta". Amapá (in Brazilian Portuguese). 18 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017. ^ "Le pont de l'Oyapock inauguré et officiellement ouvert à la circulation". Guyane la 1ère (in French). Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Journal of Guyana RFO TV 18 August 2009 ^ "Forces armées en Guyane" (in French). Ministère des Armėes. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ "Aéroport" (in French). Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de la Guyane. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (21 May 2016). "Pêche illégale : L'embarcation remonte-filets " La Caouanne " démontre son efficacité" (in French). zone Militaire. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ^ "Marine Nationale Dossier d'Information, p. 23" (PDF). Cols Bleus (in French). January 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ^ "First Two EDA-S Next Gen Amphibious Landing Craft Delivered to French DGA". 25 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ^ "Les DOM, défi pour la République, chance pour la France, 100 propositions pour fonder l'avenir (Volume 2, comptes rendus des auditions et des déplacements de la mission)". 3 April 2023. ^ Groizeleau, Vincent (5 December 2022). "Le Marfret Niolon emmène une vedette de la Gendarmerie maritime en Guyane" . Mer et Marine (in French). Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ "Vedette Côtière de Surveillance Maritime (VCSM) Boats". Homelandsecurity Technology. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2022. ^ Blaise Bitegue Dit Manga, « La Littérature guyanaise de demain, d'où vient-elle? », Nouvelles Études Francophones, vol. 23, no 2, 2008, p. 155–176 ^ "Ismaÿl Urbain". Île en île (in French). 25 September 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2021. ^ Biringanine Ndagano, Introduction à la littérature guyanaise, CDDP de la Guyane, 1996 (ISBN 2-908931-16-8, 978-2-908931-16-7, OCLC 39181587 ^ "Comité Régional de Cyclisme de la Guyane". Guyane Cyclisme (in French). Retrieved 6 May 2020. ^ "French Guyana 1:3 Suriname (Guayana Francesa 1:3 Surinam)". www.soccer-db.info. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ "Tour cycliste de Guyane 2021 : l'événement sportif de l'année, prévu en août est annulé annonce Jean-Yves Thiver". Guyane la 1ère (in French). 7 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ "Chant du départ" is unofficially the regional anthem. Further reading Robert Aldrich and John Connell. France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-03036-6. René Belbenoit. Dry guillotine: Fifteen years among the living dead 1938, Reprint: Berkley (1975). ISBN 0-425-02950-6. René Belbenoit. Hell on Trial 1940, translated from the original French manuscript by Preston Rambo. E. P Dutton & Co. Reprint by Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 194 p. Reprint: Bantam Books, 1971. Henri Charrière. Papillon Reprints: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd. 1970. ISBN 0-246-63987-3 (hbk); Perennial, 2001. ISBN 0-06-093479-4 (sbk). John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge 2011 Joshua R. Hyles (2013). Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739187807. Peter Redfield. Space in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana ISBN 0-520-21985-6. Miranda Frances Spieler. Empire and Underworld: Captivity in French Guiana (Harvard University Press; 2012) studies slaves, criminals, indentured workers, and other marginalized people from 1789 to 1870. External links Media related to French Guiana at Wikimedia Commons Prefecture website (in French) Collectivité territoriale de Guyane website (in French) Tourism committee of French Guiana Places adjacent to French Guiana Marowijne District, Suriname Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Sipaliwini District, Suriname French Guiana Amapá, Brazil Amapá, Brazil Amapá, Brazil Amapá, Brazil Topics related to French Guiana vteCountries and dependencies of South AmericaSovereignstatesEntire Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela In part France French Guiana Dependencies Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands UK vteOverseas FranceInhabited territoriesOverseas regions1 French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte2 Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited territoriesNorth Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Adélie Land Crozet Islands French domains of Saint Helena French domains of the Holy Land Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India3 Europa Island3 Glorioso Islands2, 3 Banc du Geyser Juan de Nova Island3 Tromelin Island4 1 Also known as overseas departments 2 Claimed by the Comoros 3 Claimed by Madagascar 4 Claimed by Mauritius vteAdministrative regions of FranceCurrent (since 2016) Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Brittany Centre-Val de Loire (Centre Region until 2015) Corsica Grand Est Hauts-de-France Île-de-France Normandy Nouvelle-Aquitaine Occitania Pays de la Loire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Former (1982–2015) Alsace Aquitaine Auvergne Burgundy Champagne-Ardenne Franche-Comté Languedoc-Roussillon Limousin Lorraine Lower Normandy Midi-Pyrénées Nord-Pas-de-Calais Picardy Poitou-Charentes Rhône-Alpes Upper Normandy Overseas regions French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Related articles Flags Ranked by area/population by GDP by HDI Regional councils vte Departments of FranceMetropolitan 01 Ain 02 Aisne 03 Allier 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 05 Hautes-Alpes 06 Alpes-Maritimes 07 Ardèche 08 Ardennes 09 Ariège 10 Aube 11 Aude 12 Aveyron 13 Bouches-du-Rhône 14 Calvados 15 Cantal 16 Charente 17 Charente-Maritime 18 Cher 19 Corrèze 2A Corse-du-Sud 2B Haute-Corse 21 Côte-d'Or 22 Côtes-d'Armor 23 Creuse 24 Dordogne 25 Doubs 26 Drôme 27 Eure 28 Eure-et-Loir 29 Finistère 30 Gard 31 Haute-Garonne 32 Gers 33 Gironde 34 Hérault 35 Ille-et-Vilaine 36 Indre 37 Indre-et-Loire 38 Isère 39 Jura 40 Landes 41 Loir-et-Cher 42 Loire 43 Haute-Loire 44 Loire-Atlantique 45 Loiret 46 Lot 47 Lot-et-Garonne 48 Lozère 49 Maine-et-Loire 50 Manche 51 Marne 52 Haute-Marne 53 Mayenne 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle 55 Meuse 56 Morbihan 57 Moselle 58 Nièvre 59 Nord 60 Oise 61 Orne 62 Pas-de-Calais 63 Puy-de-Dôme 64 Pyrénées-Atlantiques 65 Hautes-Pyrénées 66 Pyrénées-Orientales 67 Bas-Rhin 68 Haut-Rhin 69D Rhône 70 Haute-Saône 71 Saône-et-Loire 72 Sarthe 73 Savoie 74 Haute-Savoie 76 Seine-Maritime 77 Seine-et-Marne 78 Yvelines 79 Deux-Sèvres 80 Somme 81 Tarn 82 Tarn-et-Garonne 83 Var 84 Vaucluse 85 Vendée 86 Vienne 87 Haute-Vienne 88 Vosges 89 Yonne 90 Territoire de Belfort 91 Essonne 92 Hauts-de-Seine 93 Seine-Saint-Denis 94 Val-de-Marne 95 Val-d'Oise Overseas 971 Guadeloupe 972 Martinique (territorial collectivity) 973 French Guiana (territorial collectivity) 974 Réunion 976 Mayotte Special 69M Lyon (collectivity with special status) 75 Paris (collectivity with special status) Former 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas collectivity) vteThe GuianasCurrent Amapá French Guiana Guayana Esequiba Guyana Suriname Tigri Area Former British Guiana Berbice Demerara Essequibo Counani Dutch Guiana Pre-1667 Pomeroon Surinam Suriname Free Counani Trinidad-Guayana Surinam (English colony) vteOutlying territories of European countriesTerritories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information).Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint-Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Svalbard Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Peñón de Alhucemas Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands vte Outermost regions of European Union statesPortugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands France French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Saint-Martin Portals: France European Union Geography South America Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Chile Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area People UK Parliament Other NARA IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"The Guianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas"},{"link_name":"French Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyenne"},{"link_name":"/ɡiˈɑːnə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ɡiˈænə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[ɡɥijan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav"},{"link_name":"French Guianese Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole"},{"link_name":"[la.ɡwi.jãn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"overseas department and region of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"the Guianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area_total-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unsurface-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"land area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unsurface-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Cépérou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_C%C3%A9p%C3%A9rou"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"outermost region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_in_France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"primeval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"Guiana Amazonian Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"single territorial collectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_territorial_collectivity"},{"link_name":"French Guiana Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana_Assembly"},{"link_name":"regional council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Council_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"departmental council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Serville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Serville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salvation Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"Guiana Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"French Guianese Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole"},{"link_name":"creole language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"border between French Guiana and Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93France_border"},{"link_name":"borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_France"},{"link_name":"border with Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border"}],"text":"Overseas department and region of France in South AmericaNot to be confused with Guyana, The Guianas, French Guinea, or Guyenne.Place in FranceFrench Guiana (/ɡiˈɑːnə/ or /ɡiˈænə/; French: Guyane, [ɡɥijan] ⓘ; French Guianese Creole: Lagwiyann or Gwiyann, [la.ɡwi.jãn]) is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies. Bordered by Suriname to the west and Brazil to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of 84,000 km2 (32,000 sq mi)[2][3][7] and a land area of 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi),[3] and is inhabited by 295,385 people.View of Fort Cépérou Mount, CayenneFrench Guiana is the second-largest region of France (more than one-seventh the size of Metropolitan France) and the largest outermost region within the European Union. It has a very low population density, with only 3.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.3/sq mi). Half of its 295,385 inhabitants in 2024 lived in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. 98.9% of the land territory of French Guiana is covered by forests,[8] a large part of which is primeval rainforest. The Guiana Amazonian Park, which is the largest national park in the European Union,[9] covers 41% of French Guiana's territory.Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a single territorial collectivity, the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity (French: collectivité territoriale de Guyane). This assembly, the French Guiana Assembly (French: assemblée de Guyane), replaced the former regional council and departmental council, which were disbanded. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is Gabriel Serville.View from Salvation Islands, KourouFully integrated in the French Republic since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the euro. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the Guiana Space Centre, now the European Space Agency's primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which French Guianese Creole, a French-based creole language, is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the Americas that is still under the sovereignty of a European state.The border between French Guiana and Brazil is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two borders which France shares with non-European states, the other being the border with Suriname in the west.","title":"French Guiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg"},{"link_name":"the Guyanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guyanas"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Guianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas"},{"link_name":"Guayana Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Region"},{"link_name":"British Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Dutch Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Guiana Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Shield"}],"text":"Map of northern South America showing the extent of the Guyanas regionAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name \"Guyana\" is an indigenous term meaning \"land of many waters\".[10] The addition of the adjective \"French\" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies (The Guianas) had been named along the coast, subject to differing powers: namely (from west to east) Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as \"the Guianas\" and constitute one large landmass known as the Guiana Shield.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French colonization of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Portuguese conquest of French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people"},{"link_name":"Kalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalina_people"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak"},{"link_name":"Galibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galibi"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur"},{"link_name":"Teko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko,_tribe"},{"link_name":"Wayampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi"},{"link_name":"Wayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayana"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"European colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America"},{"link_name":"Arawak language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"Lokono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokono"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"slave society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention"},{"link_name":"France's overseas colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"slave rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"French India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"University of Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stirling"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ceded Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfree_labour"},{"link_name":"not verified in body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"Devil's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-14"},{"link_name":"Île du Diable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_du_Diable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Portuguese conquest of French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"João Severiano Maciel da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_Maciel_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"took French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Cayenne_(1809)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Counani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Independent_Guyana"},{"link_name":"arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Inini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inini"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decree1930-18"},{"link_name":"Félix Éboué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89bou%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Free France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_department_and_region"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decree1946-22"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"communist takeover of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"Pathet Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathet_Lao"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immigration-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Surinamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroons"},{"link_name":"Surinamese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamese_Interior_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immigration-23"},{"link_name":"economic migrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_migrant"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immigration-23"},{"link_name":"gold mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining"},{"link_name":"garimpeiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"Guiana Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"Véronique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Ariane 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_4"},{"link_name":"Ariane 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_5"},{"link_name":"Ariane flight VA256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_flight_VA256"},{"link_name":"James Webb Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"departmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcnewsreferendum-29"},{"link_name":"going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemondelaguyanemarot-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepointmanifestationshistoriques-31"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"See also: French colonization of the Americas and Portuguese conquest of French GuianaFrench Guiana was originally inhabited by indigenous people: Kalina, Arawak, Galibi, Palikur, Teko, Wayampi and Wayana. The French attempted to create a colony there in the 16th century in conjunction with its settlement of some Caribbean islands, such as Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue.Prior to European colonization, the territory was originally inhabited by Native Americans, most speaking the Arawak language, of the Arawakan language family. The people identified as Lokono. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but France did not establish a durable presence until colonists founded Cayenne in 1643. Guiana was developed as a slave society, where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on large sugar and other plantations in such number as to increase the population. The system of slavery in French Guiana continued until the French Revolution, when the National Convention voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in France's overseas colonies in February 1794, months after enslaved Haitians had started a slave rebellion in the colony of Saint-Domingue. However, the 1794 decree was only implemented in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana, while the colonies of Senegal, Mauritius, Réunion, Martinique and French India resisted the imposition of these laws.[11]Bill Marshall, Professor of Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Stirling,[12] wrote of French Guiana's origins:The first French effort to colonize Guiana, in 1763, failed utterly, as settlers were subject to high mortality given the numerous tropical diseases and harsh climate: all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers died.\nAfter France ceded Louisiana to the United States in 1804, it developed Guiana as a penal colony, establishing a network of camps and penitentiaries along the coast where prisoners from metropolitan France were sentenced to forced labour.[not verified in body]\n\nDuring operations as a penal colony beginning in the mid-19th century, the French government transported approximately 56,000 prisoners to Devil's Island. Fewer than 10% survived their sentence.[13]Île du Diable (Devil's Island) was the site of a small prison facility, part of a larger penal system by the same name, which consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the mainland. This was operated from 1852 to 1953.Following the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana in 1809, João Severiano Maciel da Costa served as its only governor until 1817.In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour.[14] A Portuguese-British naval squadron took French Guiana for the Portuguese Empire in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817.After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting.[15]A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of Counani in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the arbitration of the Swiss government.[16]The territory of Inini consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930.[17] In 1936, Félix Éboué from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony.[18][19]French Guiana, c. 1930During World War II and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of Vichy France. Guiana officially rallied to Free France on 16 March 1943.[20] It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French department on 19 March 1946.[21]Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred Hmong refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the communist takeover of Laos by Pathet Lao in 1975.[22][23]In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 Surinamese refugees, mostly Maroons, arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the Surinamese Civil War.[22]More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian economic migrants.[22] Illegal and ecologically destructive gold mining by Brazilian garimpeiros is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.[24][25] The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.[26]In 1964, French president Charles de Gaulle decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in Algeria and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the equator and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The Guiana Space Centre, located a short distance along the coast from Kourou, has grown considerably since the initial launches of the Véronique rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the Ariane 4, Ariane 5 and Ariane flight VA256 which launched the James Webb Space Telescope into space.The Guianese General Council officially adopted a departmental flag in 2010.[27] In a referendum that same year, French Guiana voted against autonomy.[28]On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure.[29] 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.[30]French Guiana has been severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, with more than 1% of French Guianese testing positive by the end of June 2020.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Oyapock River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyapock_River_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Oiapoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiapoque"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"Apatou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatou"},{"link_name":"2°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"6°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"51°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"55°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"Tumuc-Humac mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumuk_Humak_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Bellevue de l'Inini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_de_l%27Inini"},{"link_name":"Maripasoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maripasoula"},{"link_name":"Mont Itoupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Itoup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Cottica Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottica_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Pic Coudreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pic_Coudreau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaw Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaw_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Salvation's Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation%27s_Islands"},{"link_name":"Devil's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Island_(Kourou)"},{"link_name":"Îles du Connétable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_du_Conn%C3%A9table"},{"link_name":"Petit-Saut Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit-Saut_Dam"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#Power_generation_plant"},{"link_name":"artificial lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"hydroelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"Waki River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waki_(river)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Guiana&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Amazonian forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_forest"},{"link_name":"Guiana Amazonian Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park"},{"link_name":"national parks of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_France"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Guyane_department"},{"link_name":"Camopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camopi"},{"link_name":"Maripasoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maripasoula"},{"link_name":"Papaïchton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa%C3%AFchton"},{"link_name":"Saint-Élie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89lie"},{"link_name":"Saül","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BCl"}],"text":"Geographic map of French Guiana in 2009. Note: this map does not show the international Oyapock River Bridge which connects Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock (France) and Oiapoque (Brazil) and has been open to car traffic since March 2017. The new asphalted road between Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Apatou, which was completed in 2010, does not appear on the map either.French Guiana lies between latitudes 2° and 6° N, and longitudes 51° and 55° W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is Bellevue de l'Inini in Maripasoula (851 m, 2,792 ft). Other mountains include Mont Itoupé (826 m, 2,710 ft), Cottica Mountain (744 m, 2,441 ft), Pic Coudreau (711 m, 2,333 ft), and Kaw Mountain (337 m, 1,106 ft).Several small islands are found off the coast: the three Salvation's Islands which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil.The Petit-Saut Dam, a hydroelectric dam in the north of French Guiana forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the Waki River.As of 2007[update], the Amazonian forest, located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some 33,900 km2 (13,090 sq mi) upon the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"equatorial climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_climate"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"Intertropical Convergence Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone"},{"link_name":"dry season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season"},{"link_name":"tropical monsoon climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Meteo France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteo_France"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Köppen climate classification of French GuianaFrench Guiana has an equatorial climate predominant.[32] Located within six degrees of the Equator and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over 330 millimetres or 13 inches can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm dry season with rainfall below 100 millimetres or 3.94 inches and average high temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a tropical rainforest climate (Af).Climate data for Cayenne (Köppen Am/Af)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n33.2(91.8)\n\n33.7(92.7)\n\n34.5(94.1)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n35.1(95.2)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n451.2(17.76)\n\n309.4(12.18)\n\n334.3(13.16)\n\n448.4(17.65)\n\n579.4(22.81)\n\n411.4(16.20)\n\n245.7(9.67)\n\n143.6(5.65)\n\n55.7(2.19)\n\n63.3(2.49)\n\n133.4(5.25)\n\n340.5(13.41)\n\n3,516.3(138.44)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n23.6\n\n20.0\n\n20.7\n\n22.2\n\n26.4\n\n25.2\n\n20.6\n\n14.2\n\n7.1\n\n7.6\n\n11.9\n\n21.6\n\n221.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n82\n\n80\n\n82\n\n84\n\n85\n\n82\n\n78\n\n74\n\n71\n\n71\n\n76\n\n81\n\n79\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n95.1\n\n92.4\n\n120.0\n\n123.5\n\n122.4\n\n150.4\n\n200.5\n\n234.4\n\n253.4\n\n256.4\n\n211.5\n\n143.3\n\n2,003\n\n\nSource: Meteo France[33][34]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ile du Diable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_du_Diable"},{"link_name":"Ile Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Islands#Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guiana Amazonian Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves"},{"link_name":"savannahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahs"},{"link_name":"inselbergs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselberg"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands"},{"link_name":"Guayanan Highlands moist forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests"},{"link_name":"Guianan moist forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_moist_forests"},{"link_name":"Guianan mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_mangroves"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-36"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"old-growth forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_forest"},{"link_name":"biodiversity hotspots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot"},{"link_name":"rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UICN-37"},{"link_name":"Guiana Amazonian Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park"},{"link_name":"nature reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"protected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UICN-37"},{"link_name":"Grenelle Environment Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenelle_Environnement"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senat-39"},{"link_name":"RN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)"},{"link_name":"RN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg"},{"link_name":"grey-winged trumpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-winged_trumpeter"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"habitat fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"EDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricite_de_France"},{"link_name":"Petit-Saut Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit-Saut_Dam"},{"link_name":"gold mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"all-terrain vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Amana Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"leatherback turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback_turtle"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Environment","text":"Ile du Diable seen from Ile RoyaleGuiana Amazonian ParkFrench Guiana is home to many different ecosystems: tropical rainforests, coastal mangroves, savannahs, inselbergs and many types of wetlands. It lies within three ecoregions: Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, and Guianan mangroves.[35] French Guiana has a high level of biodiversity of both flora and fauna. This is due to the presence of old-growth forests (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are biodiversity hotspots. The rainforests of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.[36] These forests are protected by a national park (the Guiana Amazonian Park), seven additional nature reserves, and 17 protected sites.[37] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the European Union (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas.[36]Following the Grenelle Environment Round Table of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a \"departmental plan of mining orientation\" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection.[38] The coastal environment along the RN1 has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the RN2, and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining.The grey-winged trumpeter, a species of bird commonly found in the region5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are endemic and 109 species of amphibians. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, Borneo and Sumatra.Environmental threats include habitat fragmentation from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of EDF's Petit-Saut Dam; gold mining; poor control of hunting and poaching, facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of all-terrain vehicles. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest.The beaches of the Amana Nature Reserve are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the leatherback turtle.[39][40]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"organic matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matter"},{"link_name":"Soil acidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_acidity"},{"link_name":"add lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liming_(soil)"},{"link_name":"slash and burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_and_burn"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals"},{"link_name":"Terra preta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_preta"},{"link_name":"anthropogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, potassium) and organic matter. Soil acidity is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to add lime to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of slash and burn agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil pH (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute minerals and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of Terra preta (anthropogenic soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ariane 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_5"},{"link_name":"Guiana Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Eurozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":".gf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gf"},{"link_name":".fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"Guianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Guiana Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Global Financial Crisis of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"real terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession"},{"link_name":"social unrest in 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"GDP per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita"},{"link_name":"PPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"Paris Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDP-43"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Guiana Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Maroni River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroni_(river)"},{"link_name":"cash crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crop"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"market gardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_gardening"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"polders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder"},{"link_name":"Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana,_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"EU plant health rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers"},{"link_name":"eco-tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"An Ariane 5 rocket being processed at the Guiana Space Centre; the launch site is estimated to account for as much as 16% of French Guiana's GDPAs a part of France, French Guiana is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; its currency is the euro. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana is .gf, but .fr is generally used instead.[41]In 2019, the GDP of French Guiana at market exchange rates was US$4.93 billion (€4.41 billion),[42] ranking as the 2nd largest economy in the Guianas after Guyana (which discovered large oil fields in 2015 and 2018), and the 12th largest in South America.[43]From the 1960s to the 2000s, French Guiana experienced strong economic growth, fueled by the development of France's Guiana Space Centre (established in French Guiana in 1964 as the independence of Algeria in 1962 led to the closure of France's space center in the Algerian Sahara) and by high population growth which stimulated domestic consumption. French Guiana's economy did not suffer from the Global Financial Crisis of 2008: the GDP grew by an average of +3.4% per year in real terms from 2002 to 2012, slightly faster than the rapidly growing population, which allowed French Guiana to catch up marginally with the rest of France in terms of standards of living.[42] The GDP per capita rose from 48.0% of metropolitan France's level in 2000 to 48.5% of metropolitan France in 2012.[42]Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economic growth has been uneven, and more subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economy grew by an average of only +1.2% per year in real terms.[42] French Guiana experienced a recession of -0.8% in 2014, and social unrest in 2017 led to almost no economic growth that year. Economic growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, but was again almost null (+0.2%) in 2019.[42] As a result, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France's. In 2019, the GDP per capita of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at PPP, was US$17,375 (€15,521),[42] only 42.3% of metropolitan France's average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the Paris Region.[42]French Guiana was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, leading to a recession of -2.7% that year according to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the COVID-19 recession in metropolitan France (-7.9% in 2020).[42]French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.[citation needed] The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).[44] In addition, the Guiana Space Centre has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).[45] The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.[46]There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the Maroni River. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main cash crops grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between Cayenne and the second-largest town, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, and market gardening (fruits and vegetables) developed by the Hmong communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on polders near Mana from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new EU plant health rules which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, is growing.[citation needed]Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.[47] In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019.[48]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"}],"text":"Carnival of Kourou","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_of_St-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"penal colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Guiana Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Surinamese Interior War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamese_Interior_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immigration-23"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-6"}],"sub_title":"Historical population","text":"French Guiana experienced a long period of demographic stagnation during the days of the Cayenne and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni penal colonies (19th century and first half of the 20th century), when, with the exception of a brief gold rush in the 1900s and 1910s, it suffered from a bad reputation due to its association with penal colonies and bad sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria in particular).Population started to grow tremendously from the 1950s onwards with the improvement of sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria eradication campaigns started in 1949)[49] and the establishment of the Guiana Space Centre in 1964. Population growth has been fueled both by high birth rates and large arrivals of immigrants (from metropolitan France, to man the public administrations and the space center, as well as from neighboring countries, in particular Suriname and Brazil). Arrivals of Surinamese refugees reached record levels in the 1980s during the Surinamese Interior War,[22] resulting in the highest population growth rate in French Guiana's history, recorded between the 1982 and 1990 censuses (+5.8% per year).In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from Haiti) have kept population growth above 2% per year in the 2010s. French Guiana's population reached 295,385 in 2024 (Jan. estimate),[5] more than 10 times the population it had in 1954.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metropolitan areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"INSEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSEE"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Remire-Montjoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remire-Montjoly"},{"link_name":"Matoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoury"},{"link_name":"Macouria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macouria"},{"link_name":"Montsinéry-Tonnegrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montsin%C3%A9ry-Tonnegrande"},{"link_name":"Roura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roura"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Major metropolitan areas and settlements","text":"There are three metropolitan areas (as defined by INSEE) in French Guiana. These are Cayenne, which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, Remire-Montjoly, Matoury, Macouria, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande, and Roura),[54] Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, made up of the namesake commune, and Kourou, made up of the namesake commune.[citation needed]The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2020 census was the following:[55]Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated communes (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2020 census:[56]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cacao village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacao,_French_Guiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antecume Pata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecume_Pata"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"collectivities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_collectivity"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immig_2-58"},{"link_name":"Haitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitians"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people"},{"link_name":"Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_(people)"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Maroni River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroni_River"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Aluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluku"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawaks"},{"link_name":"Carib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalina_people"},{"link_name":"Emerillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerillon_people"},{"link_name":"Teko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko_people"},{"link_name":"Galibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galibi"},{"link_name":"Kaliña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_people"},{"link_name":"Wayampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi"},{"link_name":"Wayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayana"},{"link_name":"uncontacted group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"Fresh market of Hmong in Cacao villageDaily life in the Wayana village of Antecume PataFrench Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in Metropolitan France, 2.8% were born in the French Caribbean departments and collectivities (Guadeloupe and Martinique etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti).[57]Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large Haitian community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various Caribbean islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia.Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry.The main Asian communities are the Chinese (about 3–4%, primarily from Zhejiang and Guangdong in mainland China) and Hmong from Laos (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include Indians, Lebanese and Vietnamese.The main groups living in the interior are the Maroons, who are of African and indigenous descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the Maroni River. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in Suriname), and Boni (Aluku).The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the Arawak, Carib, Emerillon (now called the Teko), Galibi (now called the Kaliña), Palikur, Wayampi and Wayana. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an uncontacted group of Wayampi.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syrian refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_refugees"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"refugee camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_camps"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Immigration","text":"In recent years, French Guiana has seen an increase in Syrian refugees trying to escape the Syrian Civil War. For them and other groups of migrants, the majority arriving from other South American, Caribbean and Middle Eastern countries (especially Cuba, Yemen, and Palestine), its status as French territory makes it a \"gateway\" to Europe. Many live in crowded refugee camps with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation.[59][60][61]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cayenne Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Guianan Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Cayenne"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Cayenne Cathedral. Most inhabitants of French Guiana are Catholic.The dominant religion of French Guiana is Roman Catholicism; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.[62] Guianan Catholics are part of the Diocese of Cayenne.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total fertility rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"French overseas departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_department"}],"sub_title":"Fertility","text":"The total fertility rate in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of metropolitan France, as well as most of the other French overseas departments. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Guianese Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole"},{"link_name":"Guyanese Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creole"},{"link_name":"Amerindian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Palijur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_language"},{"link_name":"Kali'na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Wayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayana_language"},{"link_name":"Wayampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi_language"},{"link_name":"Emerillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerillon_language"},{"link_name":"Maroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_(people)"},{"link_name":"Saramaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saramaka_language"},{"link_name":"Paramaccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaccan_language"},{"link_name":"Aluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluku_language"},{"link_name":"Ndyuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndyuka_language"},{"link_name":"Hmong Njua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_Njua"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Haitian Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language"}],"text":"The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language. In addition, a number of other local languages exist. Regional languages include French Guianese Creole (not to be confused with Guyanese Creole), six Amerindian languages (Arawak, Palijur, Kali'na, Wayana, Wayampi, Emerillon), four Maroon creole languages (Saramaka, Paramaccan, Aluku, Ndyuka), as well as Hmong Njua.[64] Other languages spoken include Portuguese, Mandarin, Haitian Creole and Spanish.","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"European Union territories outside Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"president of the French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"prime minister of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect_(France)"},{"link_name":"prefecture building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_in_France"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Macouria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macouria"},{"link_name":"French Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Laure_Phin%C3%A9ra-Horth"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Guianese Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianese_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"gold prospectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_prospecting"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Maroni River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroni_River"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_(France)"},{"link_name":"French Foreign Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"garimpeiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garimpeiros"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/garimpeiros"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"illegal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_mining"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions, as of 2019French Guiana, as part of France, forms part of the European Union – the largest landmass for an area outside of Europe (since Greenland left the European Community in 1985), with one of the longest EU external boundaries. It is one of only three European Union territories outside Europe that is not an island (the others being the Spanish Autonomous Cities in Africa, Ceuta and Melilla). As an integral part of France, its head of state is the president of the French Republic, and its head of government is the prime minister of France. The French government and its agencies have responsibility for a wide range of issues that are reserved to the national executive power, such as defense and external relations.Cayenne City HallThe president of France appoints a prefect (resident at the prefecture building in Cayenne) as his representative to head the local government of French Guiana. There is one elected, local executive body, the Assemblée de Guyane.[65]French Guiana sends two deputies to the French National Assembly, one representing the commune (municipality) of Cayenne and the commune of Macouria, and the other representing the rest of French Guiana. This latter constituency is the largest in the French Republic by land area. French Guiana also sends two senators to the French Senate.[citation needed] The first woman to be elected to the Senate was Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth in 2020.[66][67]The Guianese Socialist Party dominated politics in French Guiana until 2010.A chronic issue affecting French Guiana is the influx of illegal immigrants and clandestine gold prospectors from Brazil and Suriname. The border between the department and Suriname, the Maroni River, flows through rain forest and is difficult for the Gendarmerie and the French Foreign Legion to patrol. There have been several phases launched by the French government to combat illegal gold mining in French Guiana, beginning with Operation Anaconda beginning in 2003, followed by Operation Harpie in 2008 and 2009 and Operation Harpie Reinforce in 2010. Colonel François Müller, the commander of French Guiana's gendarmes, believes these operations have been successful. However, after each operation ends, Brazilian miners, garimpeiros [fr], return.[68] Soon after Operation Harpie Reinforce began, an altercation took place between French authorities and Brazilian miners. On 12 March 2010 a team of French soldiers and border police were attacked while returning from a successful operation, during which \"the soldiers had arrested 15 miners, confiscated three boats, and seized 617 grams of gold... currently worth about $22,317\". Garimpeiros returned to retrieve their lost loot and colleagues. The soldiers fired warning shots and rubber \"flash balls\", but the miners managed to retake one of their boats and about 500 grams of gold. \"The violent reaction by the garimpeiros can be explained by the exceptional take of 617 grams of gold, about 20 percent of the quantity seized in 2009 during the battle against illegal mining\", said Phillipe Duporge, the director of French Guiana's border police, at a press conference the next day.[69]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arrondissements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Guyane_department"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Guyane_department"}],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"French Guiana is divided into 3 arrondissements and 22 communes:","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pont_depuis_l%27_Oyapock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"}],"text":"Oyapock River BridgeThe transportation system in French Guiana is deficient compared to Metropolitan France, being concentrated in the coastal zone of the territory, while the inland municipalities are poorly connected and often difficult to access.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges"},{"link_name":"Oyapock River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyapock_River_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Oyapock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyapock_River"},{"link_name":"Maroni River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroni_River"},{"link_name":"Albina, Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albina,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Macapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Amazon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Road system","text":"French Guiana has about 2,200 km of roads,[71] which are divided into:National roads (440 km), divided into RN1, RN2, RN3 and RN4 (the last two downgraded to departmental roads during Raffarin's tenure), which connect the main coastal towns, forming a corridor that crosses the coastal strip from the border with Suriname to that of Brazil: RN1, completed in the 1990s, links Cayenne to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, crossing the municipalities of Macouria, Kourou, Sinnamary (the stretch of road between Kourou and Sinnamary is locally called Route de l'espace, \"space road\") and Iracoubo, while RN2 runs from Cayenne to Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, where it continues on BR-156 across the bridge over the Oyapock. Today, all rivers are crossed by road bridges, some of them quite long (e.g. the bridge over the Cayenne River is 1225 m long), whereas until 2004 (the year of completion and inauguration of the Approuague bridge) some rivers were still crossed by barges. Transport on national roads is restricted during the rainy season (from 48 to a maximum of 32 tons), while the maximum speed (monitored by the National Gendarmerie posts at Régina and Iracoubo, which are also in charge of controlling the possible flow of illegal traffic and irregular immigrants) is 90 km/h;\nDepartmental roads (408 km), subdivided into urban and rural departmental roads (rural roads), which serve the coastal Villages, 90% of which have no street lighting;\nCommunal roads or forest tracks (1. 311 km), most of which are closed to ordinary traffic and reserved for authorized personnel (employees of authorized mining or logging companies, forest rangers): the longest tracks are the Bélizon track in the commune of Saül (Guiana) (150 km), the Saint-Élie-diga track in Petit-Saut (26 km), the Coralie track (the oldest in the department, created to reach the Boulanger mine) and the Maripasoula-Papaïchton track. The communal roads are not usually paved and often go into the forest from the departmental roads;Despite the existence of numerous projects to upgrade and asphalt roads (such as the Bélizon road or the Apatou-Maripasoula-Saül axis), which are often opposed by environmental movements because of environmental fragmentation and problems for Amerindian and Maroon communities, several French Guiana municipalities (Ouanary, Camopi, Saül, Saint-Élie, Grand-Santi, Papaïchton, Maripasoula, Apatou) still do not have road access.Following a treaty between France and Brazil signed in July 2005, the Oyapock River Bridge over the Oyapock River was built and completed in 2011, becoming the first land crossing ever between French Guiana and the rest of the world (there exists no other bridge crossing the Oyapock River, and no bridge crossing the Maroni River marking the border with Suriname, although there is a ferry crossing to Albina, Suriname). The bridge was officially opened on 18 March 2017, however the border post construction on the Brazilian side caused additional delays.[72] As of 2020, it possible to drive uninterrupted from Cayenne to Macapá (on the Amazon River), the capital of the state of Amapá in Brazil.[73]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_tranchee_du_Camp_du_Tigre._Chemin_de_fer_Saint-Laurent_a_Saint-Jean-du-Maroni_(Administration_penitentiaire).jpg"},{"link_name":"penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner"},{"link_name":"jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle"},{"link_name":"labor camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_camp"}],"sub_title":"Railway system","text":"The railway section of the Tiger Camp. Saint-Laurent to Saint-Jean-du-Maroni Railway (Prison Administration c. 1905).French Guiana does not have a railway system, with the exception of a small section in the Centre Spatial Guyanais used for the transport of components: when the territory was a penal colony, there were some railroad lines built by the prisoners themselves to connect the various baths with each other, the remains of which (now disused and mostly engulfed by the jungle) are still visible in some areas. These lines include the section from Montsinéry-Tonnegrande to the so-called bagne des Annamites, the section from Saint-Élie to the Saut du Tigre labor camp (now submerged by the artificial lake created by the Petit-Saut dam) and the section from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni-Mana-Saint-Jean-du-Maroni.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_nationale"},{"link_name":"fishing fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_fleet"},{"link_name":"mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland"}],"sub_title":"Ports","text":"Transportation by boat is quite widespread in French Guiana: among the most important Ports are the port of Dégrad-Des-Cannes, located at the mouth of the Mahury River, in the commune of Rémire-Montjoly, through which most of the imported or exported goods of the territory pass and where the local detachment of the Marine nationale is housed, and the port of Larivot, located in Matoury, where the Guyanese fishing fleet is concentrated.The port of Dégrad-Des-Cannes, built in 1969 to cope with the impossibility of the former port of Cayenne to decongest the growing maritime traffic, has a rather limited draft, and larger ships often prefer to dock at Ile du Salut to unload people and goods (which are then transported to the mainland by smaller ships) to avoid running aground. The port of Pariacabo in Kourou is home to the Colibri and Toucan ships, which carry components for Ariane missiles.The inland rivers are heavily traversed by canoes and other small boats, linking the villages on the Marowijne, Oyapock and Approuague Rivers, which often cannot be reached in any other way; the lake created by the Petit-Saut dam is also frequently crossed, although it is officially forbidden to cross the body of water.In the department, 460 km of aquatic environment are considered navigable.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normand_DSC_0841_(9171675489).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_%E2%80%93_F%C3%A9lix_Ebou%C3%A9_Airport"},{"link_name":"airstrips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"Air Caraïbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Cara%C3%AFbes"},{"link_name":"Fort-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-de-France"},{"link_name":"Pointe-à-Pitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Pitre"},{"link_name":"Port-au-Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince"},{"link_name":"Air Guyane Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Guyane_Express"}],"sub_title":"Airports","text":"Cayenne AirportFrench Guiana is served by Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, located in Matoury. There are also several airstrips in the department, located in Camopi, Maripasoula, Ouanary, Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Saül, for a total of eleven hubs (four paved and seven unpaved).From the main airport, there are two daily direct flights to Paris (Paris Orly airport, with an average flight time of about 8 hours and 25 minutes from French Guiana to the capital and 9 hours and 10 minutes vice-versa), offered by Air France and Air Caraïbes, as well as other flights to Fort-de-France, Pointe-à-Pitre, Port-au-Prince, Miami and Belém. The regional carrier Air Guyane Express also offers daily flights to Maripasoula and Saül, as well as more sporadic flights (mainly related to postal deliveries) to Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock and Camopi.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agglo%27bus_cayenne_n%C2%B03_de_la_RCT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"An Agglo bus, public transport, in the city of Cayenne, French GuianaThe public bus service consisting of seven lines coverers the municipality of Cayenne and is run by the RCT (Régie Communautaire des Transports), formerly known as SMTC (Syndicat Mixte de Transport en Commun).For connections between the coastal towns (except Montsinéry-Tonnegrande), the \"collective cab\" (Taxis Co) method is quite widespread, which are minibuses with a capacity of about ten people that leave as soon as there is a certain number of users on board. In 2010, the general council reached an agreement with some of the operators of this service to make it at least partially public under the name of TIG (Transporte Interurbano de la Guiana), with fixed departure times and predefined stops.On the main rivers (Marowijne and Oyapock), there are pirogue services (called pirogues cabs), which go both to inland centers and across the border (such as Albina in Suriname or Oiapoque in Brazil).","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military, police and security forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caserne_Loub%C3%A8re_(15477021260).jpg"},{"link_name":"9th Marine Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Marine_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Foreign_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"Puma helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma"},{"link_name":"Fennec helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Fennec"},{"link_name":"Casa CN235 aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA/IPTN_CN-235"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Dégrad des Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9grad_des_Cannes"},{"link_name":"Confiance-class patrol vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiance-class_patrol_vessel"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Paris Fire Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fire_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Guiana Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"}],"sub_title":"French Armed Forces","text":"French military forces in Guiana number around 2,000 personnel[74] and include the following:Headquarters of the 9th Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) in CayenneThe 9th Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) in Cayenne, the Madeleine.\nThe 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment (3e REI) in Kourou.\nThe RSMAG Regiment (Adapted Military Service) of French Guiana, located in Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, with a detachment in Cayenne.\nVarious detachments:\n68 Air Transport Squadron which includes: five Puma helicopters, four Fennec helicopters and three Casa CN235 aircraft[75][76]\nA platoon of the French Navy, based at the naval base of Dégrad des Cannes and operating two Confiance-class patrol vessels: La Confiance and La Résolue, as well as one Net Retrieval Boat (ERF - La Caouanne).[77][78] One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is also to be delivered to naval forces based in French Guiana by 2025. The landing craft is to better support coastal and riverine operations in the territory.[79]\nA detachment of the Paris Fire Brigade in Kourou, ensuring the protection of the Guiana Space Centre.","title":"Military, police and security forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmerie_(France)"},{"link_name":"the national police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Police"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Remire-Montjoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remire-Montjoly"},{"link_name":"Cacao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacao,_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Régina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gina"},{"link_name":"Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Georges-de-l%27Oyapock"},{"link_name":"Camopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camopi"},{"link_name":"Macouria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macouria"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"Sinnamary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinnamary"},{"link_name":"Iracoubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iracoubo"},{"link_name":"Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana,_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"Apatou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatou"},{"link_name":"Grand-Santi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Santi"},{"link_name":"Papaïchton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa%C3%AFchton"},{"link_name":"Maripasoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maripasoula"},{"link_name":"Matoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoury"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Charente and Organabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedette_c%C3%B4ti%C3%A8re_de_surveillance_maritime"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Gendarmerie and National Police","text":"Elements of the National Gendarmerie (some 840 personnel) and the national police are deployed in French Guiana and are divided into 16 \"brigades\". These serve Cayenne, Remire-Montjoly, Cacao, Régina, Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, Camopi, Macouria, Kourou, Sinnamary, Iracoubo, Mana, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Apatou, Grand-Santi, Papaïchton, Maripasoula and Matoury. The National Gendarmerie include five mobile gendarmerie squadrons.[80]\nThe Maritime Gendarmerie operates the patrol boats Charente and Organabo in the territory, Charente having been deployed to the territory in 2022 to replace the previous boat Mahury which was no longer deemed serviceable.[81][82]","title":"Military, police and security forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_Th%C3%A9mire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_Creole"},{"link_name":"Amerindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindian"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"Thémire house, Creole style, in CayenneThe local architecture is characterized by its Creole, Amerindian and Bushinenge influences. The main towns contain predominantly Creole-style architecture, with some Western-style buildings and forts. In the communes with the black maroon populations one can see houses of bushinengue styles. And the Amerindian communes are recognized for their pre-colonial type carbets. Most of these buildings were designed with local materials, such as wood from the Amazonian forests and bricks made on site. These local architectures blend with contemporary style buildings.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music of French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Carnival in French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_in_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Touloulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touloulou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chevaux_d%27air_et_de_lumi%C3%A8re,_grande_parade_du_carnaval,_Kourou,_Guyane_Fran%C3%A7aise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"sidewalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalks"},{"link_name":"bleachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Touloulous.jpg"},{"link_name":"Touloulous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touloulou"},{"link_name":"Rio carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_in_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade"},{"link_name":"dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Touloulous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touloulou"},{"link_name":"dancings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"paré-masked balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade_ball#Contemporary_era"}],"sub_title":"Festivities","text":"See also: Music of French Guiana, Carnival in French Guiana, and TouloulouHorses of air and light at the Big Parade of the Litoral, in KourouThe Carnival is one of the major events in French Guiana. Considered the longest in the world, it takes place on afternoon of Sunday, between Epiphany at the beginning of January and Ash Wednesday in February or (month). Groups disguised according to the theme of the year parade around decorated floats to the rhythm of percussion and brass. The preparation of the groups starts months before the carnival. The groups parade in front of thousands of spectators who gather on the sidewalks and bleachers arranged for the occasion.Touloulous in Cayenne streets in 2007Brazilian groups identical to those in the Rio carnival are also appreciated for their rhythms and their alluring costumes. The Chinese community of Cayenne also participates in the parades, bringing its characteristic touch, dragons.At the start of the evening, the Touloulous, typical characters of the Guianan carnival, go to the dancings to participate in the famous paré-masked balls.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Guianan cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Couac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plat_typique_de_Guyane_fran%C3%A7aise,_l%27Atipa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplosternum_littorale"},{"link_name":"Guianan cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"link_name":"Guianan Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianan_Creole"},{"link_name":"Bushinengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushinengue"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America"},{"link_name":"Manioc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc"},{"link_name":"Awara broth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awara_broth"},{"link_name":"Creole galette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galette#Creole_galette"},{"link_name":"Dizé milé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diz%C3%A9_mil%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_(cake)"},{"link_name":"Couac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couac"},{"link_name":"court-bouillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-bouillon"},{"link_name":"Awara broth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awara_broth"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"See also: French Guianan cuisine and CouacAtipa in coconut milk, typical dish of Guiana cuisineGuianan cuisine is rich in the different cultures that mix in French Guiana. Creole restaurants rub shoulders with Chinese restaurants in large cities such as Cayenne, Kourou and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. The local culinary art originally brought together Guianan Creole, Bushinengue and Native American cuisines.All of these cuisines have several ingredients in common:Manioc;\nSmoked meats and fishThis southern Caribbean territory has many typical dishes, such as Awara broth, Creole galette, Dizé milé, Countess, Cramanioc pudding, Kalawanng, Couac gratin and salad, Fricasse of iguana or its famous Pimentade (fish or chicken court-bouillon).Atipas are local fishes beloved by the French Guianese often prepared with coconut milk.At Easter, Guianan people eat a traditional dish called Awara broth.For weddings, locals traditionally eat Colombo, which is a type of curry that has become a staple of the French Guianese cuisine.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guianan Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole"},{"link_name":"French West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Caribbean islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Antillean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles"},{"link_name":"Guyanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Shield"},{"link_name":"Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Negritude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation"},{"link_name":"Christiane Taubira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Taubira"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"French Guiana literature includes all works written by local authors or persons related to French Guiana. It is expressed both in French and in Guianan Creole.Local literature is a literature closely related to that of the French West Indies: especially the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. For some, it is an Antillean-Guyanese literature in relation to the themes addressed, which are mainly related to slavery and other social problems. Thus, this literature takes several forms. First, orality, because it is a characteristic element of Guianan literature, as in many countries of Black America. In this connection, we can consider tales, Legends, fables and, in another form, Novels.[83]Nineteenth century French Guiana is marked by a weak presence of writers. At that time, writers only published a few scattered poems in local newspapers. Today, however, it is difficult to trace the writings of some French Guianan poets: Ho-A-Sim-Elosem, Munian, R. Octaville, etc. Two Guianan poets are the exception. According to Ndagano (1996), Ismaÿl Urbain[84] and Fabien Flavien would be considered the first French Guianan poets.[85] However, Alfred Parépou is a writer who marked his era with his work Atipa (1885).The period from 1900 to 1950 constitutes an important stage in local literature insofar as it gave birth to numerous writers who had a considerable impact, such as those of Negritude (Négritude). The Guianan of the 1950s and 1960s is notable for writing about the black cause. Serge Patient and Elie Stephenson did address this issue in their writings.Since 1970 different generations of writers have become aware of the black cause or slavery. Whether through their writings or their political activities, they take into account this painful period that had serious consequences on the local society and on the black world in general. For this generation, Christiane Taubira remains the figurehead. Other writers are interested in other types of themes, such as regional nature, etc.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest"},{"link_name":"colonizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization"},{"link_name":"Pan American Sports Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Sports_Organization"},{"link_name":"French National Olympic and Sports Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Olympic_and_Sports_Committee"},{"link_name":"Ligue d'Athlétisme de la Guyane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_de_la_Guyane"},{"link_name":"Fédération française d'athlétisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27athl%C3%A9tisme"},{"link_name":"Tour of Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Guiana"},{"link_name":"multiple-stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_race"},{"link_name":"bicycle race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Sport in French Guiana dates back to long before the colonial period. Popularized since the 19th century, the first sports competition organized to commemorate 14 July was held in 1890. At that time, there were already physical activities favorable to the inhabitants of this Amazonian territory, but also sports coming from Europe, which favored the colonizers. There were foot races, donkey races, canoe races, bicycle races, tricycle races, nautical regattas in the ports, and traditional popular games.The most popular sport in French Guiana today is football, followed by basketball, cycling, swimming and handball, although there are some canoeing, judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, aikido, karate, fencing, horseback riding, rowing and volleyball clubs in the department.As a French Overseas department, Guiana is not a member of the Pan American Sports Organization; rather, athletes compete within the French National Olympic and Sports Committee and are governed by the Ligue d'Athlétisme de la Guyane, a sub-unit of the Fédération française d'athlétisme.Starting in 1960, the Tour of Guiana, an annual multiple-stage bicycle race, is held.[86]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Guiana football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"LFG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_football_de_la_Guyane"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"FFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF"},{"link_name":"Dutch Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Guiana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"St. Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baduel_Stadium_(15476357808).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"The territory has its own local team, the French Guiana football team. A regional football league, the LFG (Ligue de Football de la Guyane), was established in October 1962. It is currently not affiliated to FIFA, but has been affiliated to the FFF (French Football Federation) since 27 April 1963 and has been an associate member of CONCACAF (North, Central American and Caribbean League) since 1978. In April 2013, the LFG became a full member of CONCACAF.The French Guiana Football Team, also known as Yana Dòkò, is a selection of the best local players under the auspices of the LFG. It is not recognized by FIFA, but participates in CONCACAF competitions. It played its first match against Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) in 1936, losing 1 to 3.[87] It had its biggest victory on 26 September 2012 against St. Pierre and Miquelon (11 to 1) and its biggest defeat was also against Dutch Guiana, losing 9 to 0 on 2 March 1947.The team has participated in events such as the CONCACAF Nations Cup / Gold Cup, Caribbean Nations Cup (between 1978 and 2017), CONCACAF Nations League, Overseas Cup (Coupe de l'Outre-Mer, 2008–2012) and the Tournament of 4 (Tournoi des 4).Georges-Chaumet Stadium, French Guiana","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour of Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Guiana"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kevin_Seraphin_Wizards.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kevin Séraphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_S%C3%A9raphin"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"}],"sub_title":"Tour","text":"The Tour of Guiana (locally: Tour de Guyane), formerly known as \"Le Tour du Littoral\" (the Littoral Tour) or more rarely as \"La Grande Boucle Guayanaise\", is a cycling stage race that takes place mainly in French Guiana each year, although it occasionally crosses neighbouring countries.It takes place in nine stages, with a route linking the main towns of the department: Cayenne, Kourou, and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. It was created in 1950 and is organised by the Comité Régional de Cyclisme de la Guyane (French Guiana Cycling Committee).The tour has been international since 1978. Over the years it has gained in importance and popularity and its duration has increased. The participation has grown from a mostly French Guianan group in the first editions to editions with more than 10 different nationalities. The 2020 edition of the Tour could not take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is also the case for the Tour in 2021.[88]Kevin Séraphin, ex NBA player","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-03036-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-03036-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-425-02950-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-02950-6"},{"link_name":"Henri Charrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Charri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-246-63987-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-63987-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-093479-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093479-4"},{"link_name":"Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VTFXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780739187807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739187807"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-21985-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21985-6"}],"text":"Robert Aldrich and John Connell. France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-03036-6.\nRené Belbenoit. Dry guillotine: Fifteen years among the living dead 1938, Reprint: Berkley (1975). ISBN 0-425-02950-6.\nRené Belbenoit. Hell on Trial 1940, translated from the original French manuscript by Preston Rambo. E. P Dutton & Co. Reprint by Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 194 p. Reprint: Bantam Books, 1971.\nHenri Charrière. Papillon Reprints: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd. 1970. ISBN 0-246-63987-3 (hbk); Perennial, 2001. ISBN 0-06-093479-4 (sbk).\nJohn Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge 2011\nJoshua R. Hyles (2013). Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739187807.\nPeter Redfield. Space in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana ISBN 0-520-21985-6.\nMiranda Frances Spieler. Empire and Underworld: Captivity in French Guiana (Harvard University Press; 2012) studies slaves, criminals, indentured workers, and other marginalized people from 1789 to 1870.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"View of Fort Cépérou Mount, Cayenne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cayenne_%2846853854301%29.jpg/220px-Cayenne_%2846853854301%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from Salvation Islands, Kourou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Panorama_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg/220px-Panorama_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of northern South America showing the extent of the Guyanas region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Guyanas.svg/220px-Guyanas.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Following the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana in 1809, João Severiano Maciel da Costa served as its only governor until 1817.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_%28Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz%29%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_%28Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz%29%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"French Guiana, c. 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana%2C_NG-2008-37-38.jpg/220px-Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana%2C_NG-2008-37-38.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geographic map of French Guiana in 2009. Note: this map does not show the international Oyapock River Bridge which connects Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock (France) and Oiapoque (Brazil) and has been open to car traffic since March 2017. The new asphalted road between Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Apatou, which was completed in 2010, does not appear on the map either.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Guyane_map-en.svg/180px-Guyane_map-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Köppen climate classification of French Guiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ile du Diable seen from Ile Royale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg/220px-Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guiana Amazonian Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg/220px-Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg"},{"image_text":"The grey-winged trumpeter, a species of bird commonly found in the region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg/170px-Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Ariane 5 rocket being processed at the Guiana Space Centre; the launch site is estimated to account for as much as 16% of French Guiana's GDP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg/220px-Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carnival of Kourou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg/220px-Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fresh market of Hmong in Cacao village","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg/220px-March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daily life in the Wayana village of Antecume Pata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Guyane_0037.jpg/220px-Guyane_0037.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cayenne Cathedral. Most inhabitants of French Guiana are Catholic.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg/220px-Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions, as of 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png/330px-EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png"},{"image_text":"Cayenne City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cayenne_h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_2013.jpg/220px-Cayenne_h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oyapock River Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pont_depuis_l%27_Oyapock.jpg/220px-Pont_depuis_l%27_Oyapock.jpg"},{"image_text":"The railway section of the Tiger Camp. Saint-Laurent to Saint-Jean-du-Maroni Railway (Prison Administration c. 1905).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/La_tranchee_du_Camp_du_Tigre._Chemin_de_fer_Saint-Laurent_a_Saint-Jean-du-Maroni_%28Administration_penitentiaire%29.jpg/220px-La_tranchee_du_Camp_du_Tigre._Chemin_de_fer_Saint-Laurent_a_Saint-Jean-du-Maroni_%28Administration_penitentiaire%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cayenne Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Normand_DSC_0841_%289171675489%29.jpg/220px-Normand_DSC_0841_%289171675489%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Agglo bus, public transport, in the city of Cayenne, French Guiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Agglo%27bus_cayenne_n%C2%B03_de_la_RCT.jpg/220px-Agglo%27bus_cayenne_n%C2%B03_de_la_RCT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Headquarters of the 9th Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) in Cayenne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caserne_Loub%C3%A8re_%2815477021260%29.jpg/220px-Caserne_Loub%C3%A8re_%2815477021260%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thémire house, Creole style, in Cayenne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Maison_Th%C3%A9mire.jpg/150px-Maison_Th%C3%A9mire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horses of air and light at the Big Parade of the Litoral, in Kourou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chevaux_d%27air_et_de_lumi%C3%A8re%2C_grande_parade_du_carnaval%2C_Kourou%2C_Guyane_Fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/220px-Chevaux_d%27air_et_de_lumi%C3%A8re%2C_grande_parade_du_carnaval%2C_Kourou%2C_Guyane_Fran%C3%A7aise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Touloulous in Cayenne streets in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Touloulous.jpg/220px-Touloulous.jpg"},{"image_text":"Atipa in coconut milk, typical dish of Guiana cuisine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Plat_typique_de_Guyane_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_l%27Atipa.jpg/220px-Plat_typique_de_Guyane_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_l%27Atipa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georges-Chaumet Stadium, French Guiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Baduel_Stadium_%2815476357808%29.jpg/220px-Baduel_Stadium_%2815476357808%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kevin Séraphin, ex NBA player","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kevin_Seraphin_Wizards.jpg/220px-Kevin_Seraphin_Wizards.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Index of French Guiana-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_French_Guiana-related_articles"},{"title":"List of colonial and departmental heads of French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_and_departmental_heads_of_French_Guiana"},{"title":"Republic of Independent Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Independent_Guiana"}]	[{"reference":"\"Le Préfet - Représentant de l'État, du gouvernement et de l'Europe\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_warship_Prezidentas_Smetona	Lithuanian warship Prezidentas Smetona	["1 References"]	History German Empire NameSMS M59 BuilderDeschimag-Werk Seebeck LaunchedOctober 31, 1917 FateSold to Lithuania, 1927 History Lithuania NamePrezidentas Smetona NamesakeAntanas Smetona, President of Lithuania Acquiredpurchased, 1927 CommissionedAugust 2, 1935 HomeportKlaipėda, later Šventoji FateSeized by the Soviet Union, 1940 History Soviet Union NameПирмӯнас AcquiredJune 15, 1940 RenamedКоралл FateSunk, 11 January 1945 General characteristics Class and typeM57-class minesweeper Displacement525–586 tons Length 56 m (183 ft 9 in), wl 59.3 m (194 ft 7 in), oa Beam7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) Draft2.2–2.3 m (7 ft 3 in – 7 ft 7 in) Propulsion2 Schulz coal-fired boilers Speed16 knots (30 km/h) Complement48 Armament 2 × 4.1-inch (100 mm) guns 3 × machine guns Lithuanian warship Prezidentas Smetona was the only warship in Lithuanian Navy during the years of the First Republic of Lithuania from 1918 to 1940. It was named after the first President of Lithuania, Antanas Smetona. Built by Deschimag-Werk Seebeck and launched on October 31, 1917 in Germany, the ship started its career as German minesweeper M59. In 1927 it was purchased by Lithuania for 289,000 litas. It was used to safeguard Lithuanian shores against smugglers and as a training facility for the navy. In 1939–1940 Lithuania ordered more ships, including submarines, from France. The 525–586-ton Prezidentas Smetona was 60 metres (197 ft) in length and was powered by two Schulz coal-fired boilers providing a top speed of 16 knots. A complement of 48 manned two 3-inch (7.6 cm) guns and three machine-guns. The ship was reconstructed and was officially launched as a warship on August 2, 1935 by captain Antanas Kaškelis. After the German ultimatum to Lithuania in March 1939, Lithuania lost the port of Klaipėda and Prezidentas Smetona had to be docked in Šventoji. Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union on June 15, 1940 and the vessel became part of the Soviet Navy. Prezidentas Smetona was renamed first as Пирмӯнас (Pirmūnas, Пирмунас) and later as Коралл (Korall). The warship was reconverted in 1943 to a minesweeper and on 29 August 1944 renamed as T-33. It was sunk on 11 January 1945 when it departed from the port of Helsinki. Circumstances of the sinking are unclear: some claim that it was sunk by German U-745, others argue that it hit a naval mine, or, according to the diary of a German sailor, was hit by a German torpedo. Estonian researchers had announced several times in the press that they have located the wreckage in the Gulf of Finland. In 2018, a large original flag of the warship was handed to the Lithuanian Sea Museum by Lithuanian descent collector Henry Gaidis. References ^ a b c d Stanišauskas, Gediminas (2007-12-12). "Suomijos įlankos dugne aptiktas "Prezidentas Smetona"" (in Lithuanian). Balsas.lt. Retrieved 2008-04-05. ^ "Estai rado nuskandintą "Prezidentą Smetoną"". Lietuvos rytas (in Lithuanian). 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2008-04-05. ^ a b c Platonov, Andrey (2002). Entsyklopediya sovyetskih nadvodnyh korabley 1941-1945 (in Russian). Petersburg: Poligon. pp. 315–316. ISBN 5-89173-178-9. ^ "T-76 Korall". Ships hit by U-boats. uboat.net. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ Nikitenka, Denisas (4 July 2017). "Suomijos įlankoje aptiktas "Prezidentas Smetona"" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos žinios. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ Bikauskaitė, Dalia. "Klaipėdą pasieks unikali Trispalvė". Lzinios.lt. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018. vteM1916 Type minesweeper Kaiserliche Marine M57 M58 M59 M60 M61 M62 M63 M64 M65 M66 M67 M68 M69 M70 M71 M72 M73 M74 M75 M76 M77 M78 M79 M80 M81 M82 M83 M84 M85 M86 M87 M88 M89 M90 M91 M92 M93 M94 M95 M96 M97 M98 M99 M100 M101 M102 M103 M104 M105 M106 M107 M108 M109 M110 M111 M112 M113 M114 M115 M116 M117 M118 M119 M120 M121 M122 M124 M125 M126 M129 M130 M131 M132 M133 M134 M135 M136 M137 M138 M139 M140 M144 M145 M146 M147 M150 M151 M152 M157 M158 Reichsmarine / Kriegsmarine M60 / Hecht / M560 M61 M66 / Störtebeker / M566 M72 / M572 M75 / M575 M81 / Nautilus / M581 M82 / Jagd / M582 M84 / M584 M85 M89 M98 / M598 M102 / M502 M104 / M504 M107 / Von der Groeben / M507 M108 / Delphin / M508 M109 / Johann Wittenborg / Sundevall / M509 M110 / M510 M111 / M511 M113 / Acheron / M513 M115 / Arkona / M515 M117 / M517 M122 / M522 M126 / M526 M129 / Otto Braun / M529 M130 / Fuchs / M530 / M3800 M132 M133 / Wacht / Raule / M533 M134 / Frauenlob / M534 M135 / Hela / Gazelle / M535 M136 / Havel M138 / Zieten / Nettelbeck / M538 M145 / M545 M146 / Taku / M546 M157 / M557 Lithuanian Naval ForcePrezidentas Smetona Latvian Naval ForcesVirsaitis Argentine Navy M5 / Meta / Murature / Cormoran M6 / Melita / Pinedo M7 / Margot / Py M8 / Marianne / Segui M9 / Margarita / Thorne / Petrel M10 / Mecha / Golondrina Yugoslav Navy Orao / Pionir / Zelengora Galeb Gavran / Labud Jastreb Kobac Sokol Regia Marina Meteo / Vieste Albastro / Cotrone / Crotone Vergada Selve Zuri / Oriole Zirona Unie Eso Category:Minesweepers of the Imperial German Navy Category:Minesweepers of the Kriegsmarine vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in January 1945Shipwrecks 2 Jan: Yu 1 4 Jan: USS Ommaney Bay, Lewis L. Dyche 5 Jan: Ha-71, Ha-82, Kanko Maru, Momi, Isaac Shelby, Shunsen Maru, Yu 3 6 Jan: USS Long, S-4 7 Jan: USS Hovey, USS Palmer 9 Jan: Cha-216, Kuroshio Maru, U-679, U-1020 11 Jan: Hakuyo Maru, T-76 Kotall 12 Jan: CD-17, CD-19, CD-23, CD-35, CD-43, CD-51, Ikutagawa Maru, Kashii, Lamotte-Picquet, Louhi, M-1, Otowa Maru, PB-103, USS Swordfish, T.140, W-101 14 Jan: I-362 15 Jan: Claus Rickmers, Hatakaze, Tsuga, USS YP-73 16 Jan: Deyatelny, Donau, U-248 17 Jan: U-2515, U-2523, U-2530 19 Jan: HMS Porpoise 21 Jan: U-1199 22 Jan: Saga 23 Jan: I-48 24 Jan: Empire Rupert, USS Extractor, Shigure 26 Jan: HMS Manners, U-1051 27 Jan: U-1172 28 Jan: Sanuki Maru 29 Jan: USS Serpens, U-763 30 Jan: USS Pontiac, Wilhelm Gustloff 31 Jan: Berlin III, USS PC-1129, U-2520 Unknown date: Christian Radich, U-382, U-480, U-650, U-1020 Other incidents 3 Jan: Shakespeare 6 Jan: USS Brooks, USS Spadefish, HMS Walpole 9 Jan: USS Colorado 11 Jan: USS Belknap, I-36 12 Jan: USS English, Otto Petersen, USS Rock 15 Jan: HMS Thane 16 Jan: LST-415 18 Jan: Empire Clansman 24 Jan: USS Guardfish, HMS Twickenham 29 Jan: Gotenland 31 Jan: Shiokaze 1944 1945 1946 December 1944 February 1945	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deschimag-Werk Seebeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schichau_Seebeckwerft"},{"link_name":"minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"litas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_litas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanis-1"},{"link_name":"German ultimatum to Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"port of Klaipėda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Klaip%C4%97da"},{"link_name":"Šventoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventoji,_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrytas-2"},{"link_name":"occupied by the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Soviet_ultimatum_to_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plat-3"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plat-3"},{"link_name":"U-745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-745"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plat-3"},{"link_name":"naval mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanis-1"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nikit-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Built by Deschimag-Werk Seebeck and launched on October 31, 1917 in Germany, the ship started its career as German minesweeper M59. In 1927 it was purchased by Lithuania for 289,000 litas.[1] It was used to safeguard Lithuanian shores against smugglers and as a training facility for the navy. In 1939–1940 Lithuania ordered more ships, including submarines, from France.[1]The 525–586-ton Prezidentas Smetona was 60 metres (197 ft) in length and was powered by two Schulz coal-fired boilers providing a top speed of 16 knots. A complement of 48 manned two 3-inch (7.6 cm) guns and three machine-guns. The ship was reconstructed and was officially launched as a warship on August 2, 1935 by captain Antanas Kaškelis.[1]After the German ultimatum to Lithuania in March 1939, Lithuania lost the port of Klaipėda and Prezidentas Smetona had to be docked in Šventoji.[2]Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union on June 15, 1940 and the vessel became part of the Soviet Navy. Prezidentas Smetona was renamed first as Пирмӯнас (Pirmūnas, Пирмунас) and later as Коралл (Korall). The warship was reconverted in 1943 to a minesweeper and on 29 August 1944 renamed as T-33.[3] It was sunk on 11 January 1945 when it departed from the port of Helsinki.[3] Circumstances of the sinking are unclear: some claim that it was sunk by German U-745,[4][3] others argue that it hit a naval mine, or, according to the diary of a German sailor, was hit by a German torpedo.[1]Estonian researchers had announced several times in the press that they have located the wreckage in the Gulf of Finland.[5]In 2018, a large original flag of the warship was handed to the Lithuanian Sea Museum by Lithuanian descent collector Henry Gaidis.[6]","title":"Lithuanian warship Prezidentas Smetona"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Stanišauskas, Gediminas (2007-12-12). \"Suomijos įlankos dugne aptiktas \"Prezidentas Smetona\"\" (in Lithuanian). Balsas.lt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamsy	Vamsy	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Television","4 Literary works","5 Filmography","5.1 Director","5.2 Assistant Director","5.3 Lyricist","5.4 Singer","5.5 Writer","5.6 Music director","6 References","7 External links"]	Indian film director (born 1956) For other uses of "Vamsi", see Vamsi (disambiguation). VamsyBornNallamilli Bavireddy (1956-11-20) 20 November 1956 (age 67)Balabhadrapuram, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaAlma materAndhra UniversityOccupation(s)Director, actor, producer, screenwriterAwardsNational Film AwardsNandi Awards Vamsy (born Nallamilli Bavireddy) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, littérateur, composer, poet, producer, actor and cartoonist known for his works in Telugu cinema, and television. He got breakthrough with Sitaara (1984), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu at the 32nd National Film Awards. Early life Vamsy was born on 20 November 1956 in Balabhadrapuram, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh into a Telugu speaking family. Career Vamsy started writing stories at the age of 15. His first story, "Satya Sundari Navvindi", was read on All India Radio in 1975. He wrote two novels, "Manchu Pallaki" and "Karma Sakshi", which were published in "Andhra Jyothy Weekly" before beginning his film career. In 1976, Vamsy worked with V. Madhusudhana Rao in Madras, as assistant director for many films, and later worked as an assistant director to K. Viswanath on Sankarabharanam, Bharathiraja on Seethakoka Chilaka. In 1982, he made his first film Manchupallaki, a remake of the Tamil film Palaivana Solai. In 1984, Vamsy made the critically acclaimed Sitaara, which starred Bhanupriya in her first role. The movie was adapted from Vamsy's own novel Mahal lo Kokila (The Nightingale in the Palace). The movie won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu. In 1985, Vamsy made Preminchu Pelladu Television Vamsy directed a ethnographic film Bommarshi Bapu, which won a Nandi Documentary Award for Best Director in 1996. He also directed a TV serial named Lady Detective for ETV (Telugu), which was aired every Thursday in 1995–96. For a significant period of his career, Vamsy collaborated with the music director Ilayaraja. The two were so attuned to each other's way of thinking that for a song in his movie Ladies Tailor, Vamsy shot the music video ("Ekkada Ekkada") before the song had been recorded by the music director. Literary works Vamsy has published a short story compilation called Maa Pasalapudi Kathalu, and has written a wide variety of short stories since 1974. His major works include Mahallo kokila, Manchupallaki, Aa Naati Vaana Chinukulu, Venditera Kathalu, Vennela Bomma, Gokulam lo Radha, Ravvala konda, Sree seetarama lanchi service Rajahmundry, Manyam rani, and Rangularatnam. He has written around 360 short stories published in Swathi (magazine) weekly under the title Maa Diguwa Godavari Kathalu For his contributions to storytelling with a native approach, he was awarded with Sripada Puraskhaara at Rajamundry on 17 April 2011. Filmography Director Year Title Notes 1982 Manchupallaki Remake of Palaivana Solai 1984 Sitaara National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu 1985 Anveshana Preminchu Pelladu Aalaapana 1986 Ladies Tailor 1987 Lawyer Suhasini Maharshi 1988 Sri Kanaka Mahalaxmi Recording Dance Troupe 1989 Chettu Kinda Pleader Remake of Thanthram Swarakalpana 1991 April 1st Vidudhala 1992 Detective Narada 1993 Joker Remake of Kilukkampetti 1994 Prema & Co Neeku 16 Naaku 18 1995 Lingababu Love Story 1997 Wife of V. Varaprasad 2002 Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru 2003 Donga Ramudu and Party 2004 Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu 2007 Anumanaspadam 2009 Gopi Gopika Godavari 2010 Saradaga Kasepu 2016 Vennello Hai Hai 2017 Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor Assistant Director Year Title Notes 1981 Seethakoka Chilaka 1980 Subhodayam 1980 Sankarabharanam 1979 Tayaramma Bangarayya 1979 Pagadala Padava 1 Schedule 1978 Vichitra Jeevitham 1977 Edureeta Lyricist Year Title Notes 1988 Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe 1989 Swarakalpana 1990 Gali Kondapuram Railway Gate 1992 Detective Narada 2007 Anumanaspadam Singer Year Title Notes 2010 Saradaga Kasepu Oohalo Sundara, Manimaala 2009 Gopi Gopika Godavari Balagodari Writer Book Title Notes Manchu Pallaki - మంచుపల్లకి Novel Vennela Bomma - వెన్నెల బొమ్మ Novel Mahallo Kokila - మహల్లో కోకిల Novel - Sitaara Movie Gokulamlo Radha - గోకులంలో రాధ Novel Gali Kondapuram Railway Gate - గాలికొండపురం రైల్వేగేటు Novel Ravvala Konda - రవ్వలకొండ Novel Venditera Navalalu - వెండితెర నవలలు Maa Pasalapudi Kadhalu - మా పసలపూడి కధలు Collection of stories Maa Diguva Godaari Kadhalu - మా దిగువగోదారి కధలు Collection of stories Aakupachhani Gnyaapakam - ఆకుపచ్చని జ్ఞ్యాపకం Collection of stories Aanati Vaana Chinukulu - ఆనాటి వానచినుకులు Collection of stories. This has been combined with Aakupachhani Gnyaapakam later Manyam Rani - మన్యం రాణి Novel Rangula Ratnam - రంగుల రాట్నం Novel Vamsy ki Nachhina Kadhalu - Part 1 - వంశీకి నచ్చిన కధలు 1 Collection of stories by popular writers, edited by Vamsy Vamsy ki Nachhina Kadhalu - Part 2 - వంశీకి నచ్చిన కధలు 2 Collection of stories by popular writers, edited by Vamsy Matlade Gnyaapakalu - మాట్లాడే జ్ఞ్యాపకాలు Collection of stories Nallamillori Palem Kadhalu - నల్లమిల్లోరిపాలెం కధలు Collection of stories Khachhitamgaa Naku Telsu - ఖచ్చితంగా నాకు తెల్సు కధలు (No Stock) Collection of stories Polamaarina Gnyaapakalu - పొలమారిన జ్ఞ్యాపకాలు The first in Indian Literature to write the real-life incidents with a nostalgic story narration with supporting pictures. Evo Konni Gurthukostunnayi - ఏవో.. కొన్ని గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి Collection of his movie flash backs Music director Year Title 1993 Joker 1993 Kannayya Kittayya 1994 Prema & Co 1994 Neeku 16 Naaku 18 1995 Lingababu Love Story References ^ a b Mary, S. B. Vijaya (9 February 2023). "Evo... konni gurtukostunnayi' is a gripping memoir of maverick director Vamsy" – via www.thehindu.com. ^ a b "Home". www.vamsy.net. ^ "Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla". www.idlebrain.com. ^ "WELCOME :: GREATANDHRA.COM..MBS Article". telugu.greatandhra.com. ^ "32nd National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 6 January 2012. ^ "Tollywood Director Vamsi Bavireddy Biography, News, Photos, Videos". nettv4u. ^ ""Preminchu Pelladu on vamsy.net"". Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008. ^ "Telugu Tv Serial Lady Detective Synopsis Aired On ETV Telugu Channel". nettv4u. ^ Jonnalagedda, Pranita (24 May 2017). "This film is a blessing: Manali Rathod". Deccan Chronicle. ^ "Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla". www.idlebrain.com. ^ Veronica, Shreya (15 December 2022). "Director Vamsy's tale of experiences". The New Indian Express. External links Vamsy at IMDb vteVamsyFilms directed Manchu Pallaki (1982) Sitaara (1984) Anveshana (1985) Preminchu Pelladu (1985) Aalaapana (1985) Ladies Tailor (1986) Lawyer Suhasini (1987) Maharshi (1987) Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe (1988) Chettu Kinda Pleader (1989) Swarakalpana (1989) April 1 Vidudala (1990) Detective Narada (1992) Joker (1993) Prema & Co (1993) Neeku 16 Naaku 18 (1994) Lingababu Love Story (1995) W/o V. Vara Prasad (1998) Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru! (2002) Donga Ramudu and Party (2003) Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu (2004) Anumanaspadam (2007) Gopi Gopika Godavari (2009) Saradaga Kasepu (2010) Vennello Hai Hai (2016) Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor (2017)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vamsi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamsi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Telugu cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sitaara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaara"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Telugu"},{"link_name":"32nd National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32ndawardPDF-5"}],"text":"For other uses of \"Vamsi\", see Vamsi (disambiguation).Vamsy (born Nallamilli Bavireddy) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, littérateur, composer, poet, producer, actor and cartoonist known for his works in Telugu cinema, and television.[1][2][3][4] He got breakthrough with Sitaara (1984), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu at the 32nd National Film Awards.[5]","title":"Vamsy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balabhadrapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balabhadrapuram"},{"link_name":"East Godavari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Godavari"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Vamsy was born on 20 November 1956 in Balabhadrapuram, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh into a Telugu speaking family.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"V. Madhusudhana Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Madhusudhana_Rao"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"K. Viswanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Viswanath"},{"link_name":"Sankarabharanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankarabharanam_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Bharathiraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharathiraja"},{"link_name":"Seethakoka Chilaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seethakoka_Chilaka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Manchupallaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchupallaki"},{"link_name":"Palaivana Solai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaivana_Solai_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Sitaara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaara"},{"link_name":"Bhanupriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanupriya"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Telugu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Vamsy started writing stories at the age of 15. His first story, \"Satya Sundari Navvindi\", was read on All India Radio in 1975. He wrote two novels, \"Manchu Pallaki\" and \"Karma Sakshi\", which were published in \"Andhra Jyothy Weekly\" before beginning his film career. In 1976, Vamsy worked with V. Madhusudhana Rao in Madras, as assistant director for many films, and later worked as an assistant director to K. Viswanath on Sankarabharanam, Bharathiraja on Seethakoka Chilaka.[1]In 1982, he made his first film Manchupallaki, a remake of the Tamil film Palaivana Solai.[2] In 1984, Vamsy made the critically acclaimed Sitaara, which starred Bhanupriya in her first role. The movie was adapted from Vamsy's own novel Mahal lo Kokila (The Nightingale in the Palace). The movie won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu. In 1985, Vamsy made Preminchu Pelladu[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Detective_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ETV (Telugu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETV_(Telugu)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ilayaraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilayaraja"},{"link_name":"Ladies Tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Tailor_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Vamsy directed a ethnographic film Bommarshi Bapu, which won a Nandi Documentary Award for Best Director in 1996. He also directed a TV serial named Lady Detective for ETV (Telugu), which was aired every Thursday in 1995–96.[8][9] For a significant period of his career, Vamsy collaborated with the music director Ilayaraja. The two were so attuned to each other's way of thinking that for a song in his movie Ladies Tailor, Vamsy shot the music video (\"Ekkada Ekkada\") before the song had been recorded by the music director.[10]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swathi (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swathi_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Vamsy has published a short story compilation called Maa Pasalapudi Kathalu, and has written a wide variety of short stories since 1974. His major works include Mahallo kokila, Manchupallaki, Aa Naati Vaana Chinukulu, Venditera Kathalu, Vennela Bomma, Gokulam lo Radha, Ravvala konda, Sree seetarama lanchi service Rajahmundry, Manyam rani, and Rangularatnam. He has written around 360 short stories published in Swathi (magazine) weekly under the title Maa Diguwa Godavari Kathalu For his contributions to storytelling with a native approach, he was awarded with Sripada Puraskhaara at Rajamundry on 17 April 2011.[11]","title":"Literary works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Director","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assistant Director","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lyricist","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singer","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Writer","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music director","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mary, S. B. Vijaya (9 February 2023). \"Evo... konni gurtukostunnayi' is a gripping memoir of maverick director Vamsy\" – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-vamsy-goes-down-memory-lane-sharing-his-film-journey-in-the-book-evo-konni-gurtukostunnayi/article66462972.ece","url_text":"\"Evo... konni gurtukostunnayi' is a gripping memoir of maverick director Vamsy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". www.vamsy.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vamsy.net/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla\". www.idlebrain.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/realstars/vamsi.html","url_text":"\"Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla\""}]},{"reference":"\"WELCOME :: GREATANDHRA.COM..MBS Article\". telugu.greatandhra.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://telugu.greatandhra.com/mbs/sep/pasa_part1.php","url_text":"\"WELCOME :: GREATANDHRA.COM..MBS Article\""}]},{"reference":"\"32nd National Film Awards\" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 6 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf","url_text":"\"32nd National Film Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tollywood Director Vamsi Bavireddy Biography, News, Photos, Videos\". nettv4u.","urls":[{"url":"https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/director/vamsi-bavireddy","url_text":"\"Tollywood Director Vamsi Bavireddy Biography, News, Photos, Videos\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Preminchu Pelladu on vamsy.net\"\". Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080408164043/http://www.vamsy.net/pp.html","url_text":"\"\"Preminchu Pelladu on vamsy.net\"\""},{"url":"http://www.vamsy.net/pp.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu Tv Serial Lady Detective Synopsis Aired On ETV Telugu Channel\". nettv4u.","urls":[{"url":"https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/tv-serials/lady-detective","url_text":"\"Telugu Tv Serial Lady Detective Synopsis Aired On ETV Telugu Channel\""}]},{"reference":"Jonnalagedda, Pranita (24 May 2017). \"This film is a blessing: Manali Rathod\". Deccan Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240517/this-film-is-a-blessing-manali-rathod.html","url_text":"\"This film is a blessing: Manali Rathod\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle","url_text":"Deccan Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla\". www.idlebrain.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/realstars/vamsi2.html","url_text":"\"Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla\""}]},{"reference":"Veronica, Shreya (15 December 2022). \"Director Vamsy's tale of experiences\". The New Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Dec/15/director-vamsys-tale-of-experiences-2528199.html","url_text":"\"Director Vamsy's tale of experiences\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-vamsy-goes-down-memory-lane-sharing-his-film-journey-in-the-book-evo-konni-gurtukostunnayi/article66462972.ece","external_links_name":"\"Evo... konni gurtukostunnayi' is a gripping memoir of maverick director Vamsy\""},{"Link":"https://www.vamsy.net/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/realstars/vamsi.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla\""},{"Link":"https://telugu.greatandhra.com/mbs/sep/pasa_part1.php","external_links_name":"\"WELCOME :: GREATANDHRA.COM..MBS Article\""},{"Link":"http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf","external_links_name":"\"32nd National Film Awards\""},{"Link":"https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/director/vamsi-bavireddy","external_links_name":"\"Tollywood Director Vamsi Bavireddy Biography, News, Photos, Videos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080408164043/http://www.vamsy.net/pp.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Preminchu Pelladu on vamsy.net\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.vamsy.net/pp.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/tv-serials/lady-detective","external_links_name":"\"Telugu Tv Serial Lady Detective Synopsis Aired On ETV Telugu Channel\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240517/this-film-is-a-blessing-manali-rathod.html","external_links_name":"\"This film is a blessing: Manali Rathod\""},{"Link":"https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/realstars/vamsi2.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu cinema real stars - Velugu Needalu - Vamsi by Srinivas Kanchibhotla\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Dec/15/director-vamsys-tale-of-experiences-2528199.html","external_links_name":"\"Director Vamsy's tale of experiences\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0885536/","external_links_name":"Vamsy"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/632_(number)	600 (number)	["1 Mathematical properties","2 Credit and cars","3 Integers from 601 to 699","3.1 600s","3.2 610s","3.3 620s","3.4 630s","3.5 640s","3.6 650s","3.7 660s","3.8 670s","3.9 680s","3.10 690s","4 References"]	For the years 600, see 600s BC (decade), 600s, and 600. "611 (number)" redirects here. For the phone number, see 6-1-1. For other topics, see 611 (disambiguation). Natural number ← 599 600 601 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Cardinalsix hundredOrdinal600th(six hundredth)Factorization23 × 3 × 52Divisors1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 600Greek numeralΧ´Roman numeralDCBinary10010110002Ternary2110203Senary24406Octal11308Duodecimal42012Hexadecimal25816ArmenianՈHebrewת"ר / םBabylonian cuneiform𒌋Egyptian hieroglyph𓍧 600 (six hundred) is the natural number following 599 and preceding 601. Mathematical properties Six hundred is a composite number, an abundant number, a pronic number and a Harshad number. Credit and cars In the United States, a credit score of 600 or below is considered poor, limiting available credit at a normal interest rate NASCAR runs 600 advertised miles in the Coca-Cola 600, its longest race The Fiat 600 is a car, the SEAT 600 its Spanish version Integers from 601 to 699 600s 601 = prime number, centered pentagonal number 602 = 2 × 7 × 43, nontotient, number of cubes of edge length 1 required to make a hollow cube of edge length 11, area code for Phoenix, AZ along with 480 and 623 603 = 32 × 67, Harshad number, Riordan number, area code for New Hampshire 604 = 22 × 151, nontotient, totient sum for first 44 integers, area code for southwestern British Columbia (Lower Mainland, Fraser Valley, Sunshine Coast and Sea to Sky) 605 = 5 × 112, Harshad number, sum of the nontriangular numbers between the two successive triangular numbers 55 and 66, number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 9 606 = 2 × 3 × 101, sphenic number, sum of six consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), admirable number 607 – prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (197 + 199 + 211), Mertens function(607) = 0, balanced prime, strictly non-palindromic number, Mersenne prime exponent 608 = 25 × 19, Mertens function(608) = 0, nontotient, happy number, number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the perimeter points of a 3 times 4 grid of squares 609 = 3 × 7 × 29, sphenic number, strobogrammatic number 610s 610 = 2 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Fibonacci number, Markov number, also a kind of telephone wall socket used in Australia 611 = 13 × 47, sum of the three standard board sizes in Go (92 + 132 + 192), the 611th tribonacci number is prime 612 = 22 × 32 × 17, Harshad number, Zuckerman number (sequence A007602 in the OEIS), untouchable number, area code for Minneapolis, MN 613 = prime number, first number of prime triple (p, p + 4, p + 6), middle number of sexy prime triple (p − 6, p, p + 6). Geometrical numbers: Centered square number with 18 per side, circular number of 21 with a square grid and 27 using a triangular grid. Also 17-gonal. Hypotenuse of a right triangle with integral sides, these being 35 and 612. Partitioning: 613 partitions of 47 into non-factor primes, 613 non-squashing partitions into distinct parts of the number 54. Squares: Sum of squares of two consecutive integers, 17 and 18. Additional properties: a lucky number, index of prime Lucas number. In Judaism the number 613 is very significant, as its metaphysics, the Kabbalah, views every complete entity as divisible into 613 parts: 613 parts of every Sefirah; 613 mitzvot, or divine Commandments in the Torah; 613 parts of the human body. The number 613 hangs from the rafters at Madison Square Garden in honor of New York Knicks coach Red Holzman's 613 victories 614 = 2 × 307, nontotient, 2-Knödel number. According to Rabbi Emil Fackenheim, the number of Commandments in Judaism should be 614 rather than the traditional 613. 615 = 3 × 5 × 41, sphenic number 616 = 23 × 7 × 11, Padovan number, balanced number, an alternative value for the Number of the Beast (more commonly accepted to be 666) 617 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of compositions of 17 into distinct parts, prime index prime, index of prime Lucas number Area code 617, a telephone area code covering the metropolitan Boston area 618 = 2 × 3 × 103, sphenic number, admirable number 619 = prime number, strobogrammatic prime, alternating factorial 620s 620 = 22 × 5 × 31, sum of four consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163), sum of eight consecutive primes (61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), the sum of the first 620 primes is itself prime 621 = 33 × 23, Harshad number, the discriminant of a totally real cubic field 622 = 2 × 311, nontotient, Fine number, Fine's sequence (or Fine numbers): number of relations of valence >= 1 on an n-set; also number of ordered rooted trees with n edges having root of even degree, it is also the standard diameter of modern road bicycle wheels (622 mm, from hook bead to hook bead) 623 = 7 × 89, number of partitions of 23 into an even number of parts 624 = 24 × 3 × 13 = J4(5), sum of a twin prime (311 + 313), Harshad number, Zuckerman number 625 = 252 = 54, sum of seven consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), centered octagonal number, 1-automorphic number, Friedman number since 625 = 56−2, one of the two three-digit numbers when squared or raised to a higher power that end in the same three digits, the other being 376 626 = 2 × 313, nontotient, 2-Knödel number, Stitch's experiment number 627 = 3 × 11 × 19, sphenic number, number of integer partitions of 20, Smith number 628 = 22 × 157, nontotient, totient sum for first 45 integers 629 = 17 × 37, highly cototient number, Harshad number, number of diagonals in a 37-gon 630s 630 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 7, sum of six consecutive primes (97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), triangular number, hexagonal number, sparsely totient number, Harshad number, balanced number 631 = Cuban prime number, centered triangular number, centered hexagonal number, Chen prime, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS) 632 = 23 × 79, refactorable number, number of 13-bead necklaces with 2 colors 633 = 3 × 211, sum of three consecutive primes (199 + 211 + 223), Blum integer; also, in the title of the movie 633 Squadron 634 = 2 × 317, nontotient, Smith number 635 = 5 × 127, sum of nine consecutive primes (53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), Mertens function(635) = 0, number of compositions of 13 into pairwise relatively prime parts "Project 635", the Irtysh River diversion project in China involving a dam and a canal 636 = 22 × 3 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (43 + 47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83), Smith number, Mertens function(636) = 0 637 = 72 × 13, Mertens function(637) = 0, decagonal number 638 = 2 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient, centered heptagonal number 639 = 32 × 71, sum of the first twenty primes, also ISO 639 is the ISO's standard for codes for the representation of languages 640s 640 = 27 × 5, Harshad number, refactorable number, hexadecagonal number, number of 1's in all partitions of 24 into odd parts, number of acres in a square mile 641 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, factor of 4294967297 (the smallest nonprime Fermat number), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Proth prime 642 = 2 × 3 × 107 = 14 + 24 + 54, sphenic number, admirable number 643 = prime number, largest prime factor of 123456 644 = 22 × 7 × 23, nontotient, Perrin number, Harshad number, common umask, admirable number 645 = 3 × 5 × 43, sphenic number, octagonal number, Smith number, Fermat pseudoprime to base 2, Harshad number 646 = 2 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, also ISO 646 is the ISO's standard for international 7-bit variants of ASCII, number of permutations of length 7 without rising or falling successions 647 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, 3647 - 2647 is prime 648 = 23 × 34 = A331452(7, 1), Harshad number, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 36 649 = 11 × 59, Blum integer 650s 650 = 2 × 52 × 13, primitive abundant number, square pyramidal number, pronic number, nontotient, totient sum for first 46 integers; (other fields) the number of seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, admirable number 651 = 3 × 7 × 31, sphenic number, pentagonal number, nonagonal number 652 = 22 × 163, maximal number of regions by drawing 26 circles 653 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, balanced prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part 654 = 2 × 3 × 109, sphenic number, nontotient, Smith number, admirable number 655 = 5 × 131, number of toothpicks after 20 stages in a three-dimensional grid 656 = 24 × 41 = ⌊ 3 16 2 16 ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor {\frac {3^{16}}{2^{16}}}\rfloor } , in Judaism, 656 is the number of times that Jerusalem is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament 657 = 32 × 73, the largest known number not of the form a2+s with s a semiprime 658 = 2 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, untouchable number 659 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, sum of seven consecutive primes (79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107), Chen prime, Mertens function sets new low of −10 which stands until 661, highly cototient number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, strictly non-palindromic number 660s 660 = 22 × 3 × 5 × 11 Sum of four consecutive primes (157 + 163 + 167 + 173) Sum of six consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127) Sum of eight consecutive primes (67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101) Sparsely totient number Sum of 11th row when writing the natural numbers as a triangle. Harshad number. 661 = prime number Sum of three consecutive primes (211 + 223 + 227) Mertens function sets new low of −11 which stands until 665 Pentagram number of the form 5 n 2 − 5 n + 1 {\displaystyle 5n^{2}-5n+1} Hexagram number of the form 6 n 2 − 6 n + 1 {\displaystyle 6n^{2}-6n+1} i.e. a star number 662 = 2 × 331, nontotient, member of Mian–Chowla sequence 663 = 3 × 13 × 17, sphenic number, Smith number 664 = 23 × 83, refactorable number, number of knapsack partitions of 33 Telephone area code for Montserrat Area code for Tijuana within Mexico Model number for the Amstrad CPC 664 home computer 665 = 5 × 7 × 19, sphenic number, Mertens function sets new low of −12 which stands until 1105, number of diagonals in a 38-gon 666 = 2 × 32 × 37, Harshad number, repdigit 667 = 23 × 29, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS) 668 = 22 × 167, nontotient 669 = 3 × 223, blum integer 670s 670 = 2 × 5 × 67, sphenic number, octahedral number, nontotient 671 = 11 × 61. This number is the magic constant of n×n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 11. 672 = 25 × 3 × 7, harmonic divisor number, Zuckerman number, admirable number 673 = prime number, Proth prime 674 = 2 × 337, nontotient, 2-Knödel number 675 = 33 × 52, Achilles number 676 = 22 × 132 = 262, palindromic square 677 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight 10 678 = 2 × 3 × 113, sphenic number, nontotient, number of surface points of an octahedron with side length 13, admirable number 679 = 7 × 97, sum of three consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229), sum of nine consecutive primes (59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), smallest number of multiplicative persistence 5 680s 680 = 23 × 5 × 17, tetrahedral number, nontotient 681 = 3 × 227, centered pentagonal number 682 = 2 × 11 × 31, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (163 + 167 + 173 + 179), sum of ten consecutive primes (47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), number of moves to solve the Norwegian puzzle strikketoy 683 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, sum of five consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wagstaff prime 684 = 22 × 32 × 19, Harshad number, number of graphical forest partitions of 32 685 = 5 × 137, centered square number 686 = 2 × 73, nontotient, number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with 7 edges 687 = 3 × 229, 687 days to orbit the Sun (Mars) D-number 688 = 24 × 43, Friedman number since 688 = 8 × 86, 2-automorphic number 689 = 13 × 53, sum of three consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233), sum of seven consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109). Strobogrammatic number 690s 690 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 23, sum of six consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), sparsely totient number, Smith number, Harshad number ISO 690 is the ISO's standard for bibliographic references 691 = prime number, (negative) numerator of the Bernoulli number B12 = -691/2730. Ramanujan's tau function τ and the divisor function σ11 are related by the remarkable congruence τ(n) ≡ σ11(n) (mod 691). In number theory, 691 is a "marker" (similar to the radioactive markers in biology): whenever it appears in a computation, one can be sure that Bernoulli numbers are involved. 692 = 22 × 173, number of partitions of 48 into powers of 2 693 = 32 × 7 × 11, triangular matchstick number, the number of sections in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. 694 = 2 × 347, centered triangular number, nontotient, smallest pandigital number in base 5. 695 = 5 × 139, 695!! + 2 is prime. 696 = 23 × 3 × 29, sum of eight consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), totient sum for first 47 integers, trails of length 9 on honeycomb lattice 697 = 17 × 41, cake number; the number of sides of Colorado 698 = 2 × 349, nontotient, sum of squares of two primes 699 = 3 × 233, D-number References ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ OEIS: A013916 ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c d e f g Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n(n+3)/2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n(7n-6))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c d Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ "Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2n^2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n(n+1)(n+2)/2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2021-09-01. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3n*(n+1)/2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-18. ^ "Colorado is a rectangle? Think again". 23 January 2023. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. vteIntegers0s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 ≥1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"600s BC (decade)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600s_BC_(decade)"},{"link_name":"600s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600s_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600"},{"link_name":"6-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-1-1"},{"link_name":"611 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/611_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_(number)#590s"},{"link_name":"601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#600s"}],"text":"For the years 600, see 600s BC (decade), 600s, and 600.\"611 (number)\" redirects here. For the phone number, see 6-1-1. For other topics, see 611 (disambiguation).Natural number600 (six hundred) is the natural number following 599 and preceding 601.","title":"600 (number)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composite number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_number"},{"link_name":"abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundant_number"},{"link_name":"pronic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronic_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"}],"text":"Six hundred is a composite number, an abundant number, a pronic number[1] and a Harshad number.","title":"Mathematical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"credit score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_score"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_600"},{"link_name":"Fiat 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_600"},{"link_name":"SEAT 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_600"}],"text":"In the United States, a credit score of 600 or below is considered poor, limiting available credit at a normal interest rate\nNASCAR runs 600 advertised miles in the Coca-Cola 600, its longest race\nThe Fiat 600 is a car, the SEAT 600 its Spanish version","title":"Credit and cars"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centered pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"number of cubes of edge length 1 required to make a hollow cube of edge length 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A005897"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_AZ"},{"link_name":"480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_480"},{"link_name":"623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_623"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"Riordan number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A005043"},{"link_name":"area code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_603"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"sum of the nontriangular numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006002"},{"link_name":"triangular numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000217"},{"link_name":"number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A283877"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"Mertens function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens_function"},{"link_name":"balanced prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_prime"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Mersenne prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_prime"},{"link_name":"Mertens function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens_function"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the perimeter points of a 3 times 4 grid of squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A331452/a331452_18.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEIS452-5"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic_number"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"600s","text":"601 = prime number, centered pentagonal number[2]\n602 = 2 × 7 × 43, nontotient, number of cubes of edge length 1 required to make a hollow cube of edge length 11, area code for Phoenix, AZ along with 480 and 623\n603 = 32 × 67, Harshad number, Riordan number, area code for New Hampshire\n604 = 22 × 151, nontotient, totient sum for first 44 integers, area code for southwestern British Columbia (Lower Mainland, Fraser Valley, Sunshine Coast and Sea to Sky)\n605 = 5 × 112, Harshad number, sum of the nontriangular numbers between the two successive triangular numbers 55 and 66, number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 9\n606 = 2 × 3 × 101, sphenic number, sum of six consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), admirable number\n607 – prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (197 + 199 + 211), Mertens function(607) = 0, balanced prime,[3] strictly non-palindromic number,[4] Mersenne prime exponent\n608 = 25 × 19, Mertens function(608) = 0, nontotient, happy number, number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the perimeter points of a 3 times 4 grid of squares[5]\n609 = 3 × 7 × 29, sphenic number, strobogrammatic number[6]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fibonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Markov number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_number"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"telephone wall socket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/610_(telephone)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"611th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A232543"},{"link_name":"tribonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A100683"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"A007602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A007602"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"untouchable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchable_number"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_612"},{"link_name":"613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_(number)"},{"link_name":"prime triple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_triple"},{"link_name":"sexy prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_prime"},{"link_name":"Centered square number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_square_number"},{"link_name":"circular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_number"},{"link_name":"lucky number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_number"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Kabbalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah"},{"link_name":"Sefirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirah"},{"link_name":"613 mitzvot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_mitzvot"},{"link_name":"Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_mitzvot"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"Red Holzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Holzman"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"2-Knödel number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"Emil Fackenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fackenheim"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/616_(number)"},{"link_name":"Padovan number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padovan_sequence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Number of the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_of_the_Beast_(numerology)"},{"link_name":"666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/666_(number)"},{"link_name":"Chen prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_prime"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein_prime"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"},{"link_name":"Area code 617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_617_and_857"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic_prime"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"alternating factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_factorial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"610s","text":"610 = 2 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Fibonacci number,[7] Markov number,[8] also a kind of telephone wall socket used in Australia\n611 = 13 × 47, sum of the three standard board sizes in Go (92 + 132 + 192), the 611th tribonacci number is prime\n612 = 22 × 32 × 17, Harshad number, Zuckerman number (sequence A007602 in the OEIS), untouchable number, area code for Minneapolis, MN\n613 = prime number, first number of prime triple (p, p + 4, p + 6), middle number of sexy prime triple (p − 6, p, p + 6). Geometrical numbers: Centered square number with 18 per side, circular number of 21 with a square grid and 27 using a triangular grid. Also 17-gonal. Hypotenuse of a right triangle with integral sides, these being 35 and 612. Partitioning: 613 partitions of 47 into non-factor primes, 613 non-squashing partitions into distinct parts of the number 54. Squares: Sum of squares of two consecutive integers, 17 and 18. Additional properties: a lucky number, index of prime Lucas number.[9]\nIn Judaism the number 613 is very significant, as its metaphysics, the Kabbalah, views every complete entity as divisible into 613 parts: 613 parts of every Sefirah; 613 mitzvot, or divine Commandments in the Torah; 613 parts of the human body.\nThe number 613 hangs from the rafters at Madison Square Garden in honor of New York Knicks coach Red Holzman's 613 victories\n614 = 2 × 307, nontotient, 2-Knödel number. According to Rabbi Emil Fackenheim, the number of Commandments in Judaism should be 614 rather than the traditional 613.\n615 = 3 × 5 × 41, sphenic number\n616 = 23 × 7 × 11, Padovan number, balanced number,[10] an alternative value for the Number of the Beast (more commonly accepted to be 666)\n617 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of compositions of 17 into distinct parts,[11] prime index prime, index of prime Lucas number[9]\nArea code 617, a telephone area code covering the metropolitan Boston area\n618 = 2 × 3 × 103, sphenic number, admirable number\n619 = prime number, strobogrammatic prime,[12] alternating factorial[13]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Fine's sequence (or Fine numbers): number of relations of valence >= 1 on an n-set; also number of ordered rooted trees with n edges having root of even degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000957"},{"link_name":"bicycle wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_wheel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"J4(5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%27s_totient_function"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"centered octagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_octagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"automorphic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_number"},{"link_name":"Friedman number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman_number"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_(number)#376"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"2-Knödel number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"Stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch_(Lilo_%26_Stitch)"},{"link_name":"integer partitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Smith number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"highly cototient number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_cototient_number"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"}],"sub_title":"620s","text":"620 = 22 × 5 × 31, sum of four consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163), sum of eight consecutive primes (61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), the sum of the first 620 primes is itself prime[14]\n621 = 33 × 23, Harshad number, the discriminant of a totally real cubic field[15]\n622 = 2 × 311, nontotient, Fine number, Fine's sequence (or Fine numbers): number of relations of valence >= 1 on an n-set; also number of ordered rooted trees with n edges having root of even degree, it is also the standard diameter of modern road bicycle wheels (622 mm, from hook bead to hook bead)\n623 = 7 × 89, number of partitions of 23 into an even number of parts[16]\n624 = 24 × 3 × 13 = J4(5),[17] sum of a twin prime (311 + 313), Harshad number, Zuckerman number\n625 = 252 = 54, sum of seven consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), centered octagonal number,[18] 1-automorphic number, Friedman number since 625 = 56−2,[19] one of the two three-digit numbers when squared or raised to a higher power that end in the same three digits, the other being 376\n626 = 2 × 313, nontotient, 2-Knödel number, Stitch's experiment number\n627 = 3 × 11 × 19, sphenic number, number of integer partitions of 20,[20] Smith number[21]\n628 = 22 × 157, nontotient, totient sum for first 45 integers\n629 = 17 × 37, highly cototient number,[22] Harshad number, number of diagonals in a 37-gon[23]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_number"},{"link_name":"hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"sparsely totient number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparsely_totient_number"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cuban prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_prime"},{"link_name":"centered triangular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_triangular_number"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-27"},{"link_name":"centered hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"A000124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000124"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Blum integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_integer"},{"link_name":"633 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/633_Squadron"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_635_Dam"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtysh%E2%80%93Karamay%E2%80%93%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_Canal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"decagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"centered heptagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_heptagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"ISO 639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"}],"sub_title":"630s","text":"630 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 7, sum of six consecutive primes (97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), triangular number, hexagonal number,[24] sparsely totient number,[25] Harshad number, balanced number[26]\n631 = Cuban prime number, centered triangular number,[27] centered hexagonal number,[28] Chen prime, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS)\n632 = 23 × 79, refactorable number, number of 13-bead necklaces with 2 colors[29]\n633 = 3 × 211, sum of three consecutive primes (199 + 211 + 223), Blum integer; also, in the title of the movie 633 Squadron\n634 = 2 × 317, nontotient, Smith number[21]\n635 = 5 × 127, sum of nine consecutive primes (53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), Mertens function(635) = 0, number of compositions of 13 into pairwise relatively prime parts[30]\n\"Project 635\", the Irtysh River diversion project in China involving a dam and a canal\n636 = 22 × 3 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (43 + 47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83), Smith number,[21] Mertens function(636) = 0\n637 = 72 × 13, Mertens function(637) = 0, decagonal number[31]\n638 = 2 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient, centered heptagonal number[32]\n639 = 32 × 71, sum of the first twenty primes, also ISO 639 is the ISO's standard for codes for the representation of languages","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sophie Germain prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain_prime"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"4294967297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4294967297_(number)"},{"link_name":"Fermat number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_number"},{"link_name":"Proth prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proth_prime"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Perrin number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrin_number"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"umask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umask"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"octagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"Fermat pseudoprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_pseudoprime"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"ISO 646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_646"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"A331452(7, 1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oeis.org/A331452/a331452_32.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEIS452-5"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area_of_a_square_with_diagonal_2n-42"},{"link_name":"Blum integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_integer"}],"sub_title":"640s","text":"640 = 27 × 5, Harshad number, refactorable number, hexadecagonal number,[33] number of 1's in all partitions of 24 into odd parts,[34] number of acres in a square mile\n641 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] factor of 4294967297 (the smallest nonprime Fermat number), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Proth prime[36]\n642 = 2 × 3 × 107 = 14 + 24 + 54,[37] sphenic number, admirable number\n643 = prime number, largest prime factor of 123456\n644 = 22 × 7 × 23, nontotient, Perrin number,[38] Harshad number, common umask, admirable number\n645 = 3 × 5 × 43, sphenic number, octagonal number, Smith number,[21] Fermat pseudoprime to base 2,[39] Harshad number\n646 = 2 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, also ISO 646 is the ISO's standard for international 7-bit variants of ASCII, number of permutations of length 7 without rising or falling successions[40]\n647 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, 3647 - 2647 is prime[41]\n648 = 23 × 34 = A331452(7, 1),[5] Harshad number, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 36[42]\n649 = 11 × 59, Blum integer","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primitive abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_abundant_number"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"square pyramidal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_pyramidal_number"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"nonagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"semiprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"untouchable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchable_number"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"sub_title":"650s","text":"650 = 2 × 52 × 13, primitive abundant number,[43] square pyramidal number,[44] pronic number,[1] nontotient, totient sum for first 46 integers; (other fields) the number of seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, admirable number\n651 = 3 × 7 × 31, sphenic number, pentagonal number,[45] nonagonal number[46]\n652 = 22 × 163, maximal number of regions by drawing 26 circles[47]\n653 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] balanced prime,[3] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\n654 = 2 × 3 × 109, sphenic number, nontotient, Smith number,[21] admirable number\n655 = 5 × 131, number of toothpicks after 20 stages in a three-dimensional grid[48]\n656 = 24 × 41 = \n \n \n \n ⌊\n \n \n \n 3\n \n 16\n \n \n \n 2\n \n 16\n \n \n \n \n ⌋\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lfloor {\\frac {3^{16}}{2^{16}}}\\rfloor }\n \n,[49] in Judaism, 656 is the number of times that Jerusalem is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament\n657 = 32 × 73, the largest known number not of the form a2+s with s a semiprime\n658 = 2 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, untouchable number\n659 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] sum of seven consecutive primes (79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107), Chen prime, Mertens function sets new low of −10 which stands until 661, highly cototient number,[22] Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, strictly non-palindromic number[4]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-25"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"Pentagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram"},{"link_name":"Hexagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram"},{"link_name":"star number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_number"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Mian–Chowla sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%E2%80%93Chowla_sequence"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"area code for Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_664"},{"link_name":"Area code for Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_664_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC 664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_664"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"},{"link_name":"666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/666_(number)"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"repdigit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repdigit"},{"link_name":"A000124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000124"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"blum integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_integer"}],"sub_title":"660s","text":"660 = 22 × 3 × 5 × 11\nSum of four consecutive primes (157 + 163 + 167 + 173)\nSum of six consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127)\nSum of eight consecutive primes (67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101)\nSparsely totient number[25]\nSum of 11th row when writing the natural numbers as a triangle.[50]\nHarshad number.\n661 = prime number\nSum of three consecutive primes (211 + 223 + 227)\nMertens function sets new low of −11 which stands until 665\nPentagram number of the form \n \n \n \n 5\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 5\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 5n^{2}-5n+1}\n \n\nHexagram number of the form \n \n \n \n 6\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 6\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 6n^{2}-6n+1}\n \n i.e. a star number\n662 = 2 × 331, nontotient, member of Mian–Chowla sequence[51]\n663 = 3 × 13 × 17, sphenic number, Smith number[21]\n664 = 23 × 83, refactorable number, number of knapsack partitions of 33[52]\nTelephone area code for Montserrat\nArea code for Tijuana within Mexico\nModel number for the Amstrad CPC 664 home computer\n665 = 5 × 7 × 19, sphenic number, Mertens function sets new low of −12 which stands until 1105, number of diagonals in a 38-gon[23]\n666 = 2 × 32 × 37, Harshad number, repdigit\n667 = 23 × 29, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS)\n668 = 22 × 167, nontotient\n669 = 3 × 223, blum integer","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"octahedral number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedral_number"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"magic constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_constant"},{"link_name":"magic square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_square"},{"link_name":"n-queens problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_queens_puzzle"},{"link_name":"harmonic divisor number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_divisor_number"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-36"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"2-Knödel number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"670s","text":"670 = 2 × 5 × 67, sphenic number, octahedral number,[53] nontotient\n671 = 11 × 61. This number is the magic constant of n×n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 11.\n672 = 25 × 3 × 7, harmonic divisor number,[54] Zuckerman number, admirable number\n673 = prime number, Proth prime[36]\n674 = 2 × 337, nontotient, 2-Knödel number\n675 = 33 × 52, Achilles number\n676 = 22 × 132 = 262, palindromic square\n677 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight 10[55]\n678 = 2 × 3 × 113, sphenic number, nontotient, number of surface points of an octahedron with side length 13,[56] admirable number\n679 = 7 × 97, sum of three consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229), sum of nine consecutive primes (59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), smallest number of multiplicative persistence 5[57]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tetrahedral number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_number"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"strikketoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oeis.org/A000975/a000975.jpg"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"Wagstaff prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagstaff_prime"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"D-number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-64"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"automorphic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_number"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Strobogrammatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic_number"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"680s","text":"680 = 23 × 5 × 17, tetrahedral number,[58] nontotient\n681 = 3 × 227, centered pentagonal number[2]\n682 = 2 × 11 × 31, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (163 + 167 + 173 + 179), sum of ten consecutive primes (47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), number of moves to solve the Norwegian puzzle strikketoy[59]\n683 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] sum of five consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wagstaff prime[60]\n684 = 22 × 32 × 19, Harshad number, number of graphical forest partitions of 32[61]\n685 = 5 × 137, centered square number[62]\n686 = 2 × 73, nontotient, number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with 7 edges[63]\n687 = 3 × 229, 687 days to orbit the Sun (Mars) D-number[64]\n688 = 24 × 43, Friedman number since 688 = 8 × 86,[19] 2-automorphic number[65]\n689 = 13 × 53, sum of three consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233), sum of seven consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109). Strobogrammatic number[66]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"ISO 690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_690"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number"},{"link_name":"Ramanujan's tau function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%27s_tau_function"},{"link_name":"divisor function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor_function"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/693_(number)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-27"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"cake number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake_number"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"D-number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-64"}],"sub_title":"690s","text":"690 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 23, sum of six consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), sparsely totient number,[25] Smith number,[21] Harshad number\nISO 690 is the ISO's standard for bibliographic references\n691 = prime number, (negative) numerator of the Bernoulli number B12 = -691/2730. Ramanujan's tau function τ and the divisor function σ11 are related by the remarkable congruence τ(n) ≡ σ11(n) (mod 691).\nIn number theory, 691 is a \"marker\" (similar to the radioactive markers in biology): whenever it appears in a computation, one can be sure that Bernoulli numbers are involved.\n692 = 22 × 173, number of partitions of 48 into powers of 2[67]\n693 = 32 × 7 × 11, triangular matchstick number,[68] the number of sections in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.\n694 = 2 × 347, centered triangular number,[27] nontotient, smallest pandigital number in base 5.[69]\n695 = 5 × 139, 695!! + 2 is prime.[70]\n696 = 23 × 3 × 29, sum of eight consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), totient sum for first 47 integers, trails of length 9 on honeycomb lattice[71]\n697 = 17 × 41, cake number; the number of sides of Colorado[72]\n698 = 2 × 349, nontotient, sum of squares of two primes[73]\n699 = 3 × 233, D-number[64]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002378","url_text":"\"Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005891","url_text":"\"Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006562","url_text":"\"Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016038","url_text":"\"Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A331452","url_text":"\"Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000787","url_text":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000045","url_text":"\"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002559","url_text":"\"Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001606","url_text":"\"Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A020492","url_text":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A032020","url_text":"\"Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A007597","url_text":"\"Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005165","url_text":"\"Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006832","url_text":"\"Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A027187","url_text":"\"Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A059377","url_text":"\"Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016754","url_text":"\"Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036057","url_text":"\"Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000041","url_text":"\"Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006753","url_text":"\"Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A100827","url_text":"\"Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n(n+3)/2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000096","url_text":"\"Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n(n+3)/2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000384","url_text":"\"Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036913","url_text":"\"Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A020492","url_text":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005448","url_text":"\"Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003215","url_text":"\"Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000031","url_text":"\"Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A101268","url_text":"\"Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001107","url_text":"\"Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A069099","url_text":"\"Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n(7n-6))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A051868","url_text":"\"Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n(7n-6))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036469","url_text":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005384","url_text":"\"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A080076","url_text":"\"Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A074501","url_text":"\"Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001608","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001567","url_text":"\"Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002464","url_text":"\"Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A057468","url_text":"\"Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2n^2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001105","url_text":"\"Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2n^2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A071395","url_text":"\"Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000330","url_text":"\"Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000326","url_text":"\"Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001106","url_text":"\"Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A014206","url_text":"\"Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A160160","url_text":"\"Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002379","url_text":"\"Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n(n+1)(n+2)/2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A027480","url_text":"\"Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n(n+1)(n+2)/2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005282","url_text":"\"Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A108917","url_text":"\"Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005900","url_text":"\"Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001599","url_text":"\"Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A316983","url_text":"\"Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005899","url_text":"\"Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003001","url_text":"\"Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000292","url_text":"\"Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000975","url_text":"\"Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000979","url_text":"\"Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000070","url_text":"\"Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001844","url_text":"\"Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A050535","url_text":"\"Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A033553","url_text":"\"Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2021-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A030984","url_text":"\"Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000787","url_text":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000123","url_text":"\"Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3n(n+1)/2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A045943","url_text":"\"Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3n(n+1)/2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A049363","url_text":"\"Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A076185","url_text":"\"Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006851","url_text":"\"Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado is a rectangle? Think again\". 23 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/colorado-is-not-a-rectangle","url_text":"\"Colorado is a rectangle? Think again\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A045636","url_text":"\"Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A331452/a331452_32.png","external_links_name":"A331452(7, 1)"},{"Link":"http://oeis.org/A000975/a000975.jpg","external_links_name":"strikketoy"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002378","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005891","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006562","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016038","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A331452","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000787","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000045","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002559","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001606","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A020492","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A032020","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A007597","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005165","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006832","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A027187","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A059377","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016754","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036057","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000041","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006753","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A100827","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000096","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n(n+3)/2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000384","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036913","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A020492","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005448","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003215","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000031","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A101268","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001107","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A069099","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A051868","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n(7n-6))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036469","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005384","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A080076","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A074501","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001608","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001567","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002464","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A057468","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001105","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2n^2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A071395","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000330","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000326","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001106","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A014206","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A160160","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002379","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A027480","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n(n+1)(n+2)/2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005282","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A108917","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005900","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001599","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A316983","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005899","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003001","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000292","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000975","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000979","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000070","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001844","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A050535","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A033553","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A030984","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000787","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000123","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A045943","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3n*(n+1)/2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A049363","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A076185","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006851","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)\""},{"Link":"https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/colorado-is-not-a-rectangle","external_links_name":"\"Colorado is a rectangle? Think again\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A045636","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War	Black Hawk War	["1 Background","1.1 Disputed treaty","1.2 Sauks divided","2 Black Hawk's return","3 Intertribal war and American policy","4 Initial diplomacy","5 Stillman's Run","6 Initial raids","7 American reorganization","8 June raids","9 Final campaign","9.1 Wisconsin Heights","9.2 Bad Axe","10 Aftermath","10.1 Black Hawk's imprisonment and legacy","10.2 Treaties and removals","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","13.1 Secondary sources","13.2 Primary sources","14 External links"]	1832 conflict between the United States and Native Americans For other uses, see Black Hawk War (disambiguation). Black Hawk WarPart of the American Indian WarsBlack Hawk, the Sauk war chief and namesake of the Black Hawk War in 1832DateApril 6 – August 27, 1832LocationIllinois and Michigan TerritoryResult American victoryBelligerents United StatesHo-Chunk Menominee Dakota and Potawatomi allies Black Hawk's British Band with Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi alliesCommanders and leaders Henry Atkinson Edmund P. Gaines Henry Dodge Isaiah StillmanJefferson DavisWinfield ScottRobert C. Buchanan Black Hawk Neapope WabokieshiekStrength 6,000+ militiamen 630 Army regulars700+ Native Americans 500 warriors600 non-combatantsCasualties and losses 77 killed (including non-combatants) 450–600 killed (including non-combatants) vteBlack Hawk War of 1832 Minor battles Stillman's Run Buffalo Grove Plum River Indian Creek St. Vrain Fort Blue Mounds Spafford Farm Horseshoe Bend Waddams Grove Kellogg's Grove Ament's Cabin Apple River Fort Sinsinawa Mound Wisconsin Heights Bad Axe The Black Hawk War was a conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader. The war erupted after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis (Fox), and Kickapoos, known as the "British Band", crossed the Mississippi River, to the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but he was apparently hoping to reclaim land that was taken over by the United States in the disputed 1804 Treaty of St. Louis. U.S. officials, convinced that the British Band was hostile, mobilized a frontier militia and opened fire on a delegation from the Native Americans on May 14, 1832. Black Hawk responded by successfully attacking the militia at the Battle of Stillman's Run. He led his band to a secure location in what is now southern Wisconsin and was pursued by U.S. forces. Meanwhile, other Native Americans conducted raids against forts and colonies largely unprotected with the absence of the militia. Some Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors took part in these raids, although most tribe members tried to avoid the conflict. The Menominee and Dakota tribes, already at odds with the Sauks and Meskwakis, supported the United States. Commanded by General Henry Atkinson, the U.S. forces tracked the British Band. Militia under Colonel Henry Dodge caught up with the British Band on July 21 and defeated them at the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Black Hawk's band was weakened by hunger, death, and desertion, and many native survivors retreated towards the Mississippi. On August 2, U.S. soldiers attacked the remnants of the British Band at the Battle of Bad Axe, killing many and capturing most who remained alive. Black Hawk and other leaders escaped, but later surrendered and were imprisoned for a year. The Black Hawk War gave Abraham Lincoln his brief military service, although he saw no combat. Other participants who would later become famous included Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis and James Clyman. The war gave impetus to the U.S. policy of Indian removal, in which Native American tribes were pressured to sell their lands and move west of the Mississippi River to reside. Background In the 18th century, the Sauk and Meskwaki (or Fox) Native American tribes lived along the Mississippi River in what are now the U.S. states of Illinois and Iowa. The land they lived on was considered sacred because of the fertile soil, prime hunting, accessibility to lead, and access to water, which was helpful for trade. The two tribes had become closely connected after having been displaced from the Great Lakes region in conflicts with New France and other Native American tribes, particularly after the so-called Fox Wars ended in the 1730s. By the time of the Black Hawk War, the population of the two tribes was about 6,000 people. Disputed treaty Main article: Treaty of St. Louis (1804) The land ceded to the United States in the 1804 Treaty of St. Louis is shown here in yellow. As the United States colonized westward in the early 19th century, government officials sought to buy as much Native American land as possible. In 1804, territorial governor William Henry Harrison negotiated a treaty in St. Louis in which a group of Sauk and Meskwaki leaders supposedly sold their lands east of the Mississippi for more than $2,200, in goods and annual payments of $1,000 in goods. The treaty became controversial because the Native leaders had not been authorized by their tribal councils to cede lands. Historian Robert Owens argued that the chiefs probably did not intend to give up ownership of the land, and that they would not have sold so much valuable territory for such a modest price. Historian Patrick Jung concluded that the Sauk and Meskwaki chiefs intended to cede a little land, but that the Americans included more territory in the treaty's language than the Natives realized. According to Jung, the Sauks and Maskwacis did not learn the true extent of the cession until years later. The 1804 treaty allowed the tribes to continue using the ceded land until it was sold to American colonists by the U.S. government. For the next two decades, Sauks continued to live at Saukenuk, their primary village, which was located near the confluence of the Mississippi and Rock Rivers. In 1828, the U.S. government finally began to have the ceded land surveyed for colonists. Indian agent Thomas Forsyth informed the Sauks that they should vacate Saukenuk and their other settlements east of the Mississippi. Sauks divided The Sauks were divided about whether to resist implementation of the disputed 1804 treaty. Most Sauks decided to relocate west of the Mississippi rather than become involved in a confrontation with the United States. The leader of this group was Keokuk, who had helped defend Saukenuk against the Americans during the War of 1812. Keokuk was not a chief, but as a skilled orator, he often spoke on behalf of the Sauk civil chiefs in negotiations with the Americans. Keokuk regarded the 1804 treaty as a fraud, but after having seen the size of American cities on the east coast in 1824, he did not think the Sauks could successfully oppose the United States. The Americans knew Keokuk was for peace and would not wage war against them. For this reason, the Americans gave him many gifts, hoping to bribe Keokuk into moving across the Mississippi into Iowa. The American plan succeeded when Keokuk and a majority of the tribe decided to leave. However, about 800 Sauks—roughly one-sixth of the tribe—chose instead to resist American expansion. Black Hawk, a war captain who had fought against the United States in the War of 1812 and was now in his 60s, emerged as the leader of this faction in 1829. Like Keokuk, Black Hawk was not a civil chief, but he became Keokuk's primary rival for influence within the tribe. Black Hawk had actually signed a treaty in May 1816 that affirmed the disputed 1804 land cession, but he insisted that what had been written down was different from what had been spoken at the treaty conference. According to Black Hawk, the "whites were in the habit of saying one thing to the Indians and putting another thing down on paper." Keokuk by George Catlin, c. 1830s Black Hawk was determined to hold onto Saukenuk, a village at the confluence of the Rock River with the Mississippi, where he lived and had been born. When the Sauks returned to the village in 1829 after their annual winter hunt in the west, they found that it had been occupied by squatters who were anticipating the sale of land. After months of clashes with the squatters, the Sauks left in September 1829 for the next winter hunt. Hoping to avoid further confrontations, Keokuk told Forsyth that he and his followers would not return to Saukenuk. Against the advice of Keokuk and Forsyth, Black Hawk's faction returned to Saukenuk in the spring of 1830. This time, they were joined by more than 200 Kickapoos, a people who had often allied with the Sauks. Black Hawk and his followers became known as the "British Band" because they sometimes flew a British flag to defy claims of U.S. sovereignty, and because they hoped to gain the support of the British at Fort Malden in Canada. Newspaper account of the alarm caused by Sauk returning to Saukenuk, Washington National Intelligencer, June 13, 1831 When the British Band once again returned to Saukenuk in 1831, Black Hawk's following had grown to about 1,500 people, and now included some Potawatomis, a people with close ties to the Sauks and Meskwakis. American officials determined to force the British Band out of the state. General Edmund P. Gaines, commander of the Western Department of the United States Army, assembled troops with the hope of intimidating Black Hawk into leaving. The army had no cavalry to pursue the Sauks should they flee further into Illinois on horseback, and so on June 5 Gaines requested that the state militia provide a mounted battalion. Illinois governor John Reynolds had already alerted the militia; about 1,500 volunteers turned out. Meanwhile, Keokuk convinced many of Black Hawk's followers to leave Illinois. On June 25, 1831, Gaines sent troops to Vandruff Island across from Saukenuk. The island had been named for a farmer and trader who operated a ferry, as well as sold liquor to the natives, which had previously prompted a raid by Black Hawk to destroy the whiskey. This time, underbrush had grown to impede the militiamen from landing, so the next day the militia tried to assault Saukenuk itself, only to find that Black Hawk and his followers had abandoned the village and recrossed the Mississippi. On June 30, Black Hawk, Quashquame, and other Sauk leaders met with Gaines and signed an agreement in which the Sauks promised to remain west of the Mississippi and to break off further contact with the British in Canada. Black Hawk's return In late 1831, Neapope, a Sauk civil chief, returned from Fort Malden and told Black Hawk that the British and the other Illinois tribes were prepared to support the Sauks against the United States. Why Neapope made these claims, which would prove to be unfounded, is unclear. Historians have described Neapope's report to Black Hawk as "wishful thinking" and the product of a "fertile imagination". Black Hawk welcomed the information, though he would later criticize Neapope for misleading him. He spent the winter in an unsuccessful attempt to recruit additional allies from other tribes and from Keokuk's followers. According to Neapope's erroneous report, Wabokieshiek ("White Cloud"), a shaman known to Americans as the "Winnebago Prophet", had claimed that other tribes were ready to support Black Hawk. Wabokieshiek's mother was a Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), but his father had belonged to a Sauk clan that provided the tribe's civil leaders. When Wabokieshiek joined the British Band in 1832, he would become the ranking Sauk civil chief in the group. His village, Prophetstown, was about thirty-five miles up the Rock River from Saukenuk. The village was inhabited by about 200 Ho-Chunks, Sauks, Meskwakis, Kickapoos, and Potawatomis who were dissatisfied with tribal leaders who refused to stand up to American expansion. Although some Americans would later characterize Wabokieshiek as a primary instigator of the Black Hawk War, the Winnebago Prophet, according to historian John Hall, "actually discouraged his followers from resorting to armed conflict with the whites". On April 5, 1832, the British Band entered Illinois once again. Numbering about 500 warriors and 600 non-combatants, they crossed near the mouth of the Iowa River over to Yellow Banks (present-day Oquawka, Illinois), and then headed north. Black Hawk's intentions upon reentering Illinois are not entirely clear, since reports from both colonists and Indian sources are conflicting. Some said that the British Band intended to reoccupy Saukenuk, while others said that the destination was Prophetstown. According to historian Kerry Trask, "even Black Hawk may not have been sure where they were going and what they intended to do". As the British Band moved into Illinois, American officials urged Wabokieshiek to advise Black Hawk to turn back. Previously, the Winnebago Prophet had encouraged Black Hawk to come to Prophetstown, arguing that the 1831 agreement made with General Gaines prohibited a return to Saukenuk, but did not forbid the Sauks from moving to Prophetstown. Now, instead of telling Black Hawk to turn back, Wabokieshiek told him that, as long as the British Band remained peaceful, the Americans would have no choice but to let them settle at Prophetstown, especially if the British and the area tribes supported the band. Although the British Band traveled with armed guards as a security precaution, Black Hawk was probably hoping to avoid a war when he reentered Illinois. The presence of women, children, and the elderly indicated that the band was not a war party. Intertribal war and American policy Although the return of Black Hawk's band worried U.S. officials, they were at the time more concerned about the possibility of a war among the Native American tribes in the region. Most accounts of the Black Hawk War focus on the conflict between Black Hawk and the United States, but historian John Hall argues that this overlooks the perspective of many Native American participants. According to Hall, "the Black Hawk War also involved an intertribal conflict that had smoldered for decades". Tribes along the Upper Mississippi had long fought for control of diminishing hunting grounds, and the Black Hawk War provided an opportunity for some Natives to resume a war that had nothing to do with Black Hawk. After having displaced the British as the dominant outside power following the War of 1812, the United States had assumed the role of mediator in intertribal disputes. Before the Black Hawk War, U.S. policy discouraged intertribal warfare. This was not strictly for humanitarian reasons: intertribal warfare made it more difficult for the United States to acquire Indian land and move the tribes to the West, a policy known as Indian removal, which had become the primary goal by the late 1820s. U.S. efforts at mediation included multi-tribal treaty councils at Prairie du Chien in 1825 and 1830, in which tribal boundaries were drawn. Native Americans sometimes resented American mediation, especially young men, for whom warfare was an important avenue of social advancement. Fort Armstrong was located on Rock Island, which is now known as Arsenal Island. The view is from the Illinois side, with Iowa in the background. The situation was complicated by the American spoils system. After Andrew Jackson assumed the U.S. presidency in March 1829, many competent Indian agents were replaced by unqualified Jackson loyalists, argues historian John Hall. Men like Thomas Forsyth, John Marsh, and Thomas McKenney were replaced by less qualified men such as Felix St. Vrain. In the 19th century, historian Lyman Draper argued that the Black Hawk War could have been avoided had Forsyth remained as the agent to the Sauks. In 1830, violence threatened to undo American attempts at preventing intertribal warfare. In May, Dakotas (Santee Sioux) and Menominees killed fifteen Meskwakis attending a treaty conference at Prairie du Chien. In retaliation, a party of Meskwakis and Sauks killed twenty-six Menominees, including women and children, at Prairie du Chien in July 1831. American officials discouraged the Menominees from seeking revenge, but the western bands of the tribe formed a coalition with the Dakotas to strike at the Sauks and Meskwakis. Hoping to prevent the outbreak of a wider war, American officials ordered the U.S. Army to arrest the Meskwakis who massacred the Menominees. General Gaines was ill, and so his subordinate, Brigadier General Henry Atkinson, received the assignment. Atkinson was a middle-aged officer who had ably handled administrative and diplomatic tasks, most notably during the 1827 Winnebago War, but he had never seen combat. On April 8, he set out from Jefferson Barracks in Missouri, moving up the Mississippi River by steamboat with about 220 soldiers. By chance, Black Hawk and his British Band had just crossed into Illinois. Although Atkinson did not realize it, his boats passed Black Hawk's band. When Atkinson arrived at Fort Armstrong on Rock Island on April 12, he learned that the British Band was in Illinois, and that most of the Meskwakis he wanted to arrest were now with the band. Like other American officials, Atkinson was convinced that the British Band intended to start a war. Because he had few troops at his disposal, Atkinson hoped to get support from the Illinois state militia. He wrote to Governor Reynolds on April 13, describing—and perhaps purposely exaggerating—the threat that the British Band posed. Reynolds, who was eager for a war to drive the Indians out of the state, responded as Atkinson had hoped: he called for militia volunteers to assemble at Beardstown by April 22 to begin a thirty-day enlistment. The 2,100 men who volunteered were organized into a brigade of five regiments under Brigadier General Samuel Whiteside. Among the militiamen was 23-year-old Abraham Lincoln, who was elected captain of his company. Initial diplomacy Potawatomi chief Shabbona tried to keep his tribe out of the war. After Atkinson's arrival at Rock Island on April 12, 1832, he, Keokuk, and Meskwaki chief Wapello sent emissaries to the British Band, which was now ascending the Rock River. Black Hawk rejected the messages advising him to turn back. Colonel Zachary Taylor, a regular army officer who served under Atkinson, later stated that Atkinson should have made an attempt to stop the British Band by force. Some historians have agreed, arguing that Atkinson could have prevented the outbreak of war with more decisive action or astute diplomacy. Cecil Eby charged that "Atkinson was a paper general, unwilling to proceed until all risk had been eliminated". Kerry Trask, however, argued that Atkinson was correct in believing that he did not yet have enough troops to stop the British Band. According to Patrick Jung, leaders on both sides had little chance of avoiding bloodshed at this point, because the militiamen and some of Black Hawk's warriors were spoiling for a fight. Meanwhile, Black Hawk learned that the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi tribes were less supportive than anticipated. As in other tribes, different bands of these tribes often pursued different policies. The Ho-Chunks who lived along the Rock River in Illinois had family ties to the Sauks; they cautiously supported the British Band while trying not to provoke the Americans. Ho-Chunks in Wisconsin were more divided. Some bands, remembering their loss to the Americans in the 1827 Winnebago War, decided to stay clear of the conflict. Other Ho-Chunks with ties to the Dakotas and Menominees, most notably Waukon Decorah and his brothers, were eager to fight against the British Band. Most Potawatomis wanted to remain neutral in the conflict, but found it difficult to do so. Many settlers, recalling the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812, distrusted the Potawatomis and assumed that they would join Black Hawk's uprising. Potawatomi leaders worried that the tribe as a whole would be punished if any Potawatomis supported Black Hawk. At a council outside Chicago on May 1, 1832, Potawatomi leaders including Billy Caldwell "passed a resolution declaring any Potawatomi who supported Black Hawk a traitor to his tribe". In mid May, Potawatomi chiefs Shabonna and Waubonsie told Black Hawk that neither they nor the British would come to his aid. Without British supplies, adequate provisions, or Native allies, Black Hawk realized that his band was in serious trouble. By some accounts, he was ready to negotiate with Atkinson to end the crisis, but an ill-fated encounter with Illinois militiamen would end all possibility of a peaceful resolution. Stillman's Run Main article: Battle of Stillman's Run Isaiah Stillman, militia commander at the Battle of Stillman's Run General Samuel Whiteside's militia brigade had been mustered into federal service at Rock Island under General Atkinson in late April, and divided into four regiments (commanded by Colonels John DeWitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas, and Samuel M. Thompson), and a scout or spy battalion commanded by James D. Henry, with judge William Thomas as their quartermaster. Atkinson had allowed Reynolds, Whiteside, and the militiamen to leave up the Rock River on April 27, while he brought up the rear with the regular soldiers, directing his least trained and disciplined men—to "move upon the Indians should they be within striking distance without waiting for my arrival". Governor Reynolds accompanied the expedition as a major general of militia. On May 10, the militia marching up the Rock River in pursuit of the British Band reached Prophetstown (about 35 miles from their starting point at the confluence). Rather than wait per Atkinson's plan, they burned White Cloud's empty village, and proceeded about 40 miles upriver to Dixon's Ferry, where they waited for Atkinson and his troops. Although Reynolds wanted to allow the 260 eager militiamen not yet federalized to continue further as scouts, the cautious Whiteside insisted on waiting for Atkinson at the settlement. Dixon's Ferry had actually been established in 1826 by Ogee, of half-native ancestry, where the wagon trail connecting Peoria to the lead mines in Galena crossed the Rock River; settlers had established cabins along the Peoria/Galena trace and at the crossing, so that by 1829 its post office served settlers up the river as far as Rockford. On May 12, learning that Black Hawk's band was only twenty-five miles away, eager militiamen led by Major Isaiah Stillman left Whiteside's encampment, making another camp on a tributary of the Rock River later named Stillman Valley after him. Seeing a small party of natives with a red flag, Major Samuel Hackelton and some men pursued without waiting for orders, and Hackelton killed a native before returning to Whiteside's camp with the news. However, Black Hawk and others were nearby, and near dusk on May 14 attacked Stillman's party in what became known as the Battle of Stillman's Run. Accounts of the battle vary. Black Hawk later stated that he sent three men under a white flag to parley, but the Americans imprisoned them and opened fire on a second group of emissaries who followed. Some militiamen claimed they never saw a white flag; others believed that the flag was a ruse the Indians used to set an ambush. All accounts agree that Black Hawk's warriors attacked the militia camp at dusk, that the much more numerous militia were routed, and the survivors straggled into Whiteside's camp. To Black Hawk's surprise, his forty warriors killed twelve Illinois militiamen, and suffered only three fatalities. The Battle of Stillman's Run proved a turning point. Before the battle, Black Hawk had not committed to war. Now he determined to avenge what he saw as the treacherous killing of his warriors under a flag of truce. Whiteside too was incensed when he returned to the battle site with a burial party and viewed the mutilated corpses. After Stillman's defeat, American leaders like President Jackson and Secretary of War Lewis Cass refused to consider a diplomatic solution; they wanted a resounding victory over Black Hawk to serve as an example to other Native Americans who might consider similar uprisings. Initial raids Stillman's Run Buffalo Grove Plum River Indian Creek St. Vrain Fort Blue Mounds Spafford Farm Horseshoe Bend Waddams Grove Kellogg's Grove Ament's Cabin Apple River Fort Sinsinawa Mound Wisconsin Heights Bad Axe Michigan Territory (Wisconsin) Illinois Unorganized Territory (Iowa) Map of Black Hawk War sites Battle (with name) Fort / settlement Native villageSymbols are wikilinked to article With hostilities now underway, and few allies to depend upon, Black Hawk sought a place of refuge for the women, children, and elderly in his band. Accepting an offer from the Rock River Ho-Chunks, the band traveled further upriver to Lake Koshkonong in the Michigan Territory and camped in an isolated place known as the "Island". With the non-combatants secure, members of the British Band, with a number of Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies, began raiding settlers. Not all Native Americans in the region supported this turn of events; most notably, Potawatomi chief Shabonna rode throughout the settlements, warning settlers of the impending attacks. The initial raiding parties consisted primarily of Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors. The first attack came on May 19, 1832, when Ho-Chunks ambushed six men near Buffalo Grove, Illinois, killing a man named William Durley. Durley's scalped and mutilated body was found by Indian agent Felix St. Vrain. The Indian agent was himself killed and mutilated, along with three other men, several days later at Kellogg's Grove. The Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis who took part in the war were sometimes motivated by grievances not directly related to Black Hawk's objectives. One such incident was the Indian Creek massacre. In the spring of 1832, Potawatomis living along Indian Creek were upset that a settler named William Davis had dammed the creek, preventing fish from reaching their village. Davis ignored the protests, and assaulted a Potawatomi man who tried to dismantle the dam. The Black Hawk War provided the Indian Creek Potawatomis with an opportunity for revenge. On May 21, about fifty Potawatomis and three Sauks from the British Band attacked Davis's settlement, killing, scalping, and mutilating fifteen men, women, and children. Two teenage girls from the settlement were kidnapped and taken to Black Hawk's camp. A Ho-Chunk chief named White Crow negotiated their release two weeks later. Like other Rock River Ho-Chunks, White Crow was trying to placate the Americans while clandestinely aiding the British Band. American reorganization News of Stillman's defeat, the Indian Creek massacre, and other smaller attacks triggered panic among the settlers. Many fled to Chicago, then a small town, which became overcrowded with hungry refugees. Many Potawatomis also fled towards Chicago, not wanting to get caught in the conflict nor be mistaken for hostiles. Throughout the region, settlers hurriedly organized militia units and built small forts. After Stillman's defeat on May 14, the regulars and militia continued up the Rock River to search for Black Hawk. The militiamen became discouraged at not being able to find the British Band. When they heard about the Indian raids, many deserted so that they could return home to defend their families. As morale plummeted, Governor Reynolds asked his militia officers to vote on whether to continue the campaign. General Whiteside, disgusted with the performance of his men, cast the tie-breaking vote in favor of disbanding. Most of Whiteside's brigade disbanded at Ottawa, Illinois, on May 28. About 300 men, including Abraham Lincoln, agreed to remain in the field for twenty more days until a new militia force could be organized. As Whiteside's brigade disbanded, Atkinson organized a new force in June 1832 that he dubbed the "Army of the Frontier". The army consisted of 629 regular army infantrymen and 3,196 mounted militia volunteers. The militia was divided into three brigades commanded by Brigadier Generals Alexander Posey, Milton Alexander, and James D. Henry. Since many men were assigned to local patrols and guard duties, Atkinson had only 450 regulars and 2,100 militiamen available for campaigning. Many more militiamen served in units that were not part of the Army of the Frontier's three brigades. Abraham Lincoln, for example, reenlisted as a private in an independent company that was taken into federal service. Henry Dodge, a Michigan territorial militia colonel who would prove to be one of the best commanders in the war, fielded a battalion of mounted volunteers that numbered 250 men at its strongest. The overall number of militiamen who took part in the war is not precisely known; the total from Illinois alone has been estimated at six to seven thousand. In addition to organizing a new militia army, Atkinson also began to recruit Native American allies, reversing the previous American policy of trying to prevent intertribal warfare. Menominees, Dakotas, and some Ho-Chunks bands were eager to go to war against the British Band. By June 6, agent Joseph M. Street had assembled about 225 Natives at Prairie du Chien. This force included about eighty Dakotas under Wabasha and L'Arc, forty Menominees, and several bands of Ho Chunks. Although the Indian warriors followed their own leaders, Atkinson placed the force under the nominal command of William S. Hamilton, a militia colonel and a son of Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton would prove to be an unfortunate choice to lead the force; historian John Hall characterized him as "pretentious and unqualified". Before long, the Indians became frustrated with marching around under Hamilton and not seeing any action. Some Menominee scouts remained, but most of the Natives eventually left Hamilton and fought the war on their own terms. June raids In June 1832, after hearing that Atkinson was forming a new army, Black Hawk began sending out raiding parties. Perhaps hoping to lead the Americans away from his camp at Lake Koshkonong, he targeted areas to the west. The first major attack occurred on June 14 near present-day South Wayne, Wisconsin, when a band of about 30 warriors attacked a group of farmers, killing and scalping four. An 1857 painting of the battlefield at Horseshoe Bend Responding to this attack, militia Colonel Henry Dodge gathered a force of twenty-nine mounted volunteers and set out in pursuit of the attackers. On June 16, Dodge and his men cornered about eleven of the raiders at a bend in the Pecatonica River. In a brief battle, the Americans killed and scalped all of the Natives. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (or Battle of Pecatonica) was the first real American victory in the war, and helped restore public confidence in the volunteer militia force. On the same day of Dodge's victory, another skirmish took place at Kellogg's Grove in present-day Stephenson County, Illinois. American forces had occupied Kellogg's Grove in an effort to intercept war parties raiding to the west. In the First Battle of Kellogg's Grove, militia commanded by Adam W. Snyder pursued a British Band raiding party of about thirty warriors. Three Illinois militiamen and six Native warriors died in the fighting. Two days later, on June 18, militia under James W. Stephenson encountered what was probably the same war party near Yellow Creek. The Battle of Waddams Grove became a hard-fought, hand-to-hand melee. Three militiamen and five or six Indians were killed in the action. Back on June 6, when a civilian miner was killed by raiders near the village of Blue Mounds in the Michigan Territory, residents began to fear that the Rock River Ho-Chunks were joining the war. On June 20, a Ho-Chunk raiding party estimated by one eyewitness to be as large as 100 warriors attacked the settler fort at Blue Mounds. Two militiamen were killed in the attack, one of whom was badly mutilated. Replica of Apple River Fort in Elizabeth, Illinois On June 24, 1832, Black Hawk and about 200 warriors attacked at the hastily constructed Apple River Fort, near present-day Elizabeth, Illinois. Local settlers, warned of Black Hawk's approach, took refuge in the fort, which was defended by about 20 to 35 militiamen. The Battle of Apple River Fort lasted about forty-five minutes. The women and girls inside the fort, under the direction of Elizabeth Armstrong, loaded muskets and molded bullets. After losing several men, Black Hawk broke off the siege, looted the nearby homes, and headed back towards his camp. The next day, June 25, Black Hawk's party encountered a militia battalion commanded by Major John Dement. In the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove, Black Hawk's warriors drove the militiamen inside their fort and commenced a two-hour siege. After losing nine warriors and killing five militiamen, Black Hawk broke off the siege and returned to his main camp at Lake Koshkonong. This would prove to be Black Hawk's last military success in the war. With his band running low on food, he decided to take them back across the Mississippi. Final campaign On June 15, 1832, President Andrew Jackson, displeased with Atkinson's handling of the war, appointed General Winfield Scott to take command. Scott gathered about 950 troops from eastern army posts just as a cholera pandemic had spread to eastern North America. As Scott's troops traveled by steamboat from Buffalo, New York, across the Great Lakes towards Chicago, his men started getting sick from cholera, with many of them dying. At each place the vessels landed, the sick were deposited and soldiers deserted. By the time the last steamboat landed in Chicago, Scott had only about 350 effective soldiers left. On July 29, Scott began a hurried journey west, ahead of his troops, eager to take command of what was certain to be the war's final campaign, but he would be too late to see any combat. General Atkinson, who learned in early July that Scott would be taking command, hoped to bring the war to a successful conclusion before Scott's arrival. The Americans had difficulty locating the British Band, however, thanks in part to false intelligence given to them by area Native Americans. Potawatomis and Ho-Chunks in Illinois, many of whom had sought to remain neutral in the war, decided to cooperate with the Americans. Tribal leaders knew that some of their warriors had aided the British Band, and so they hoped that a highly visible show of support for the Americans would dissuade U.S. officials from punishing the tribes after the conflict was over. Wearing white headbands to distinguish themselves from hostile Natives, Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis served as guides for Atkinson's army. Ho-Chunks sympathetic to the plight of Black Hawk's people misled Atkinson into thinking that the British Band was still at Lake Koshkonong. While Atkinson's men were trudging through the swamps and running low on provisions, the British Band had in fact relocated miles to the north. Potawatomis under Billy Caldwell also managed to demonstrate support for the Americans while avoiding battle. In mid-July, Colonel Dodge learned from métis trader Pierre Paquette that the British Band was camped near the Rock River rapids, at present Hustisford, Wisconsin. Dodge and James D. Henry set out in pursuit from Fort Winnebago on July 15. The British Band, reduced to fewer than 600 people due to death and desertion, headed for the Mississippi River as the militia approached. The Americans pursued them, killing and scalping several Native stragglers along the way. Wisconsin Heights Main article: Battle of Wisconsin Heights On July 21, 1832, the militiamen caught up with the British Band near present-day Sauk City, Wisconsin. To buy time for the noncombatants to cross the Wisconsin River, Black Hawk and Neapope confronted the Americans in a rear guard action that became known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Black Hawk was desperately outnumbered, leading about 50 Sauks and 60 to 70 Kickapoos against 750 militiamen. The battle was a lopsided victory for the militiamen, who lost only one man while killing as many as 68 of Black Hawk's warriors. Despite the high casualties, the battle allowed much of the British Band, including many women and children, to escape across the river. Black Hawk had managed to hold off a much larger force while allowing most of his people to escape, a difficult military operation that impressed some U.S. Army officers when they learned of it. The Battle of Wisconsin Heights had been a victory for the militia; no regular soldiers of the U.S. Army had been present. Atkinson and the regulars joined up with the volunteers several days after the battle. With a force of about 400 regulars and 900 militiamen, the Americans crossed the Wisconsin River on July 27 and resumed the pursuit of the British Band. The British Band was moving slow, encumbered with wounded warriors and people dying of starvation. The Americans followed the trail of dead bodies, cast off equipment, and the remains of horses the hungry Natives had eaten. Bad Axe Main article: Battle of Bad Axe After the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, a messenger from Black Hawk had shouted to the militiamen that the starving British Band was going back across the Mississippi and would fight no more. No one in the American camp understood the message, however, since their Ho-Chunk guides were not present to interpret. Black Hawk may have believed that the Americans had gotten the message, and that they had not pursued him after the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. He apparently expected that the Americans were going to let his band recross the Mississippi untouched. Native American women and children fleeing for their lives, preparing to cross the Mississippi River, during Black Hawk's defeat at the Battle of Bad Axe The Americans, however, had no intentions of letting the British Band escape. The Warrior, a steamboat outfitted with an artillery piece, patrolled the Mississippi River, while American-allied Dakotas, Menominees, and Ho-Chunks watched the banks. On August 1, the Warrior arrived at the mouth of the Bad Axe River, where the Dakotas told the Americans that they would find Black Hawk's people. Black Hawk raised a white flag in an attempt to surrender, but his intentions may have been garbled in translation. The Americans, in no mood to accept a surrender anyway, thought that the Indians were using the white flag to set an ambush. When they became certain that the Natives on land were the British Band, they opened fire. Twenty-three Natives were killed in the exchange of gunfire, while just one soldier on the Warrior was injured. The steamboat Warrior firing upon escaping Native Americans trying to get across the Mississippi River to safety in Iowa After the Warrior left, Black Hawk decided to seek refuge in the north with the Ojibwes. Only about 50 people, including Wabokieshiek, agreed to go with him; the others remained, determined to cross the Mississippi and return to Sauk territory. The next morning, on August 2, Black Hawk was heading north when he learned that the American army had closed in on the members of the British Band who were trying to cross the Mississippi. He tried to rejoin the main body, but after a skirmish with American troops near present-day Victory, Wisconsin, he gave up the attempt. Sauk chief Weesheet later criticized Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek for abandoning the people during the final battle of the war. The Battle of Bad Axe began at about 9:00 am on August 2 after the Americans caught up with the remnants of the British Band a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River. The British Band was reduced to roughly 500 people by this time, including about 150 warriors. The warriors fought with the Americans while the Native noncombatants frantically tried to cross the river. Many made it to one of the two nearby islands, but were dislodged after the steamboat Warrior returned at noon, carrying regulars and Menominees allied with the Americans. The battle was another lopsided victory for the Americans, who lost just 14 men, including one Menominee who died by friendly fire and was buried with honors alongside the US soldiers. At least 260 members of the British Band were killed, including about 110 who drowned while trying to cross the river. Many of the militiamen intentionally killed Native noncombatants, including women and children. The encounter was, in the words of historian Patrick Jung, "less of a battle and more of a massacre". Menominees from Green Bay, who had mobilized a battalion of nearly 300 men, arrived too late for the battle. They were upset at having missed the chance to fight their old enemies, and so on August 10, General Scott sent 100 of them after a part of the British Band that had escaped. Indian agent Samuel C. Stambaugh, who accompanied them, urged the Menominees not to take any scalps, but Chief Grizzly Bear insisted that such a prohibition could not be enforced. The group tracked down about ten Sauks, only two of whom were warriors. The Menominees killed and scalped the warriors, but spared the women and children. The Dakotas, who had volunteered 150 warriors to fight against the Sauks and Meskwakis, also arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Bad Axe, but they pursued the members of the British Band who made it across the Mississippi into Iowa. On about August 9, in the final engagement of the war, they attacked the remnants of the British Band along the Cedar River, killing 68 and taking 22 prisoners. Ho-Chunks also hunted survivors of the British Band, taking between fifty and sixty scalps. Aftermath The Black Hawk War resulted in the deaths of 77 settlers, militiamen, and regular soldiers. This figure does not include the deaths from cholera suffered by the relief force under General Winfield Scott. Estimates of how many members of the British Band died during the conflict range from about 450 to 600, or about half of the 1,100 people who entered Illinois with Black Hawk in 1832. A number of American men with political ambitions fought in the Black Hawk War. At least seven future U.S. Senators took part, as did four future Illinois governors; future governors of Michigan, Nebraska, and the Wisconsin Territory; and two future U.S. presidents, Taylor and Lincoln. The Black Hawk War demonstrated to American officials the need for mounted troops to fight a mounted foe. During the war, the U.S. Army did not have cavalry; the only mounted soldiers were part-time volunteers. After the war, Congress created the Mounted Ranger Battalion under the command of Henry Dodge, which was expanded to the 1st Cavalry Regiment in 1833. Black Hawk's imprisonment and legacy Statue of Black Hawk, Black Hawk State Historic Site After the Battle of Bad Axe, Black Hawk, Wabokieshiek, and their followers traveled northeast to seek refuge with the Ojibwes. American officials offered a reward of $100 and forty horses for Black Hawk's capture. While camping near present-day Tomah, Wisconsin, Black Hawk's party was seen by a passing Ho-Chunk man, who alerted his village chief. The village council sent a delegation to Black Hawk's camp and convinced him to surrender to the Americans. On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek surrendered at Prairie du Chien to Indian agent Joseph Street. Colonel Zachary Taylor took custody of the prisoners, and sent them by steamboat to Jefferson Barracks, escorted by Lieutenants Jefferson Davis and Robert Anderson. By war's end, Black Hawk and nineteen other leaders of the British Band were incarcerated at Jefferson Barracks. Most of the prisoners were released in the succeeding months, but in April 1833, Black Hawk, Wabokieshiek, Neapope, and three others were transferred to Fort Monroe in Virginia, which was better equipped to hold prisoners. The American public was eager to catch a glimpse of the captured Indians. Large crowds gathered in Louisville and Cincinnati to watch them pass. On April 26, the prisoners met briefly with President Jackson in Washington, D.C., before being taken to Fort Monroe. Even in prison they were treated as celebrities: they posed for portraits by artists such as Charles Bird King and John Wesley Jarvis, and a dinner was held in their honor before they left. American officials decided to release the prisoners after a few weeks. First, however, the Natives were required to visit several large U.S. cities on the east coast. This was a tactic often used when Native American leaders came to the East, because it was thought that a demonstration of the size and power of the United States would discourage future resistance to U.S. expansion. Beginning on June 4, 1833, Black Hawk and his companions were taken on a tour of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. They attended dinners and plays, and were shown a battleship, various public buildings, and a military parade. Huge crowds gathered to see them. Black Hawk's handsome son Nasheweskaska (Whirling Thunder) was a particular favorite. Reaction in the west, however, was less welcoming. When the prisoners traveled through Detroit on their way home, one crowd burned and hanged effigies of the Indians. According to historian Kerry Trask, Black Hawk and his fellow prisoners were treated like celebrities because the Indians served as a living embodiment of the noble savage myth that had become popular in the eastern United States. Then and later, argues Trask, Americans absolved themselves of complicity in the dispossession of Native Americans by expressing admiration or sympathy for defeated Indians like Black Hawk. The mythologizing of Black Hawk continued, argues Trask, with the many plaques and memorials that were later erected in his honor. "Indeed," writes Trask, "most of the reconstructed memory of the Black Hawk War has been designed to make white people feel good about themselves." Black Hawk also became an admired symbol of resistance among Native Americans, even among descendants of those who had opposed him. Treaties and removals The Black Hawk War marked the end of Native armed resistance to U.S. expansion in the Old Northwest. The war provided an opportunity for American officials such as Andrew Jackson, Lewis Cass, and John Reynolds to compel Native American tribes to sell their lands east of the Mississippi River and move to the West, a policy known as Indian removal. Officials conducted a number of treaties after the war to purchase the remaining Native American land claims in the Old Northwest. The Dakotas and Menominees, who won approval from American officials for their role in the war, largely avoided postwar removal pressure until later decades. After the war, American officials learned that some Ho-Chunks had aided Black Hawk more than had been previously known. Eight Ho-Chunks were briefly imprisoned at Fort Winnebago for their role in the war, but charges against them were eventually dropped due to a lack of witnesses. In September 1832, General Scott and Governor Reynolds conducted a treaty with the Ho-Chunks at Rock Island. The Ho-Chunks ceded all their land south of the Wisconsin River in exchange for a forty-mile strip of land in Iowa and annual payments of $10,000 for twenty-seven years. The land in Iowa was known as the "Neutral Ground" because it had been designated in 1830 as a buffer zone between the Dakotas and their enemies to the south, the Sauks and Meskwakis. Scott hoped that the settlement of the Ho-Chunks in the Neutral Ground would help keep the peace. Ho-Chunks remaining in Wisconsin were pressured to sign a removal treaty in 1837, even though leaders such as Waukon Decorah had been U.S. allies during the Black Hawk War. General Atkinson was assigned to use the army to forcibly relocate those Ho-Chunks who refused to move to Iowa. Following the September 1832 treaty with the Ho-Chunks, Scott and Reynolds conducted another with the Sauks and Meskwakis, with Keokuk and Wapello serving as the primary representatives of their tribes. Scott told the assembled chiefs that "if a particular part of a nation goes out of their country, and makes war, the whole nation is responsible". The tribes sold about 6 million acres (24,000 km2) of land in eastern Iowa to the United States for payments of $20,000 per year for thirty years, among other provisions. Keokuk was granted a reservation within the cession and recognized by the Americans as the primary chief of the Sauks and Meskwakis. The tribes sold the reservation to the United States in 1836, and additional land in Iowa the following year. Their last lands in Iowa were sold in 1842, and most of the Natives moved to a reservation in Kansas. Thanks to the decision of Potawatomi leaders to aid the U.S. during the war, American officials did not seize tribal land as war reparations. Instead, only three individuals accused of leading the Indian Creek massacre were tried in court; they were acquitted. Nevertheless, the drive to purchase Potawatomi land west of the Mississippi began in October 1832, when commissioners in Indiana bought a large amount of Potawatomi land, even though not all Potawatomi bands were represented at the treaty. The tribe was compelled to sell their remaining land west of the Mississippi in a treaty held in Chicago in September 1833. See also Second Black Hawk War Sixty Years' War Notes ^ Hall, 2: Jung, 174 ^ a b c d Jung, 172. ^ Eby, 17. ^ "Understanding the war between the States – Chapter 24" (PDF). ^ Hall, 21–26; Jung, 13–14; Trask, 29. ^ Jung, 14; Trask, 64. ^ Owens, 87–90. ^ Jung, 21–22. ^ Jung, 32. ^ Trask, 72. ^ Trask, 28–29. ^ Trask, 70; Jung, 52–53. ^ Jung, 52. ^ Jung, 55. ^ Jung, 54–55; Nichols, 78. ^ a b Jung, 56. ^ Jung, 53. ^ Jung, 53; Trask, 73. ^ Hall, 90; Trask, 71. ^ Trask, 79. ^ Jung, 59. ^ Jung, 47, 58. ^ Hall, 90, 127; Jung, 56. ^ Jung, 60. ^ Edmunds, 235–36. ^ Eby, 83–86. ^ Eby, 88; Jung, 62. ^ Jung, 62. ^ "View of Vandruff Island from Black Hawk Tower » RIPS". ^ Eby, 88–89; Jung, 63; Trask, 102. ^ Jung, 64; Trask, 105. ^ Hall, 116. ^ a b Jung, 66. ^ Jung, 69; Hall, 116. ^ Jung, 74. ^ Trask, 63, 69. ^ Dowd, 193; Hall, 110. ^ Hall, 110. ^ Jung, 74; Hall, 116; Trask, 145, gives a more general date of "probably April 6". ^ Jung, 74–75; Trask, 145. ^ Trask, 149–50; Hall, 129–30. ^ Trask, 150. ^ Jung, 73; Trask, 146–47. ^ Hall, 110; Jung, 73. ^ Eby, 35; Jung, 74–75. ^ Jung 50, 70; Hall, 99–100. ^ Hall, 9. ^ Hall, 100. ^ Hall, 55, 95; Buckley, 165. ^ Buckley, 172–75; Hall, 77–78, 100–02. ^ Hall, 9, 24, 55, 237. ^ Hall, 103–04. Eby, 79, echoed the argument. ^ Jung, 49; Hall, 111. ^ Hall, 113–15. ^ Hall, 115; Jung, 49–50. ^ Hall, 115; Jung, 70. ^ Hall, 115; Jung, 71–72; Trask, 143. ^ Trask, 146. ^ Hall, 117; Jung, 75. ^ Jung, 76; Trask, 158–59. ^ Jung, 79–80; Trask, 174. ^ Jung, 79. ^ Jung, 76–77; Nichols, 117–18. ^ Eby, 93. ^ Trask, 152–55. ^ Jung, 86. ^ Hall, 10–11. ^ Hall, 131. ^ Hall, 122–23; Jung, 78–79. ^ Hall, 125. ^ Hall, 122. ^ Hall, 132. ^ Jung, 86–87; Edmunds, 236. ^ Jung, 83–84; Nichols, 120; Trask, 180–81. ^ Hall, 133. ^ Harrington, George B. Past and Present of Bureau County, Illinois. Chicago, IL, USA: Pioneer Publishing (1906). p. 39 ^ Jung, p. 84. ^ Thomas Ford, A History of Illinois: from its commencement as a state in 1818 to 1847, annotated and introduced by Rodney O. Davis. University of Illinois Press (1995). pp. 76–77 ^ Prophetstown State Park, Illinois Department of Natural Resources ^ a b Ford, p. 78 ^ Jung, 85–86. ^ William V. Pooley, "Settlement of Illinois, 1830–1850" (1905). Thesis submitted to the University of Wisconsin. Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms (1968). p. 147 ^ Jung, p. 88; Trask, p. 183. ^ Jung, pp. 88–89; Trask, p. 186. ^ Jung, p. 89; Hall, pp. 133–134. ^ Jung, p. 89. ^ "Battle of Stillman's Run" in William B. Kessell, Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare (2005), available online ^ Jung, pp. 118–120. ^ Jung, 93–94. ^ Jung, 94, 108. ^ Edmunds, 237; Trask, 200; Jung, 95. ^ Jung, 95; Trask, 198. ^ Jung, 97; Trask, 198–99. ^ Jung, 95. ^ Hall, 135–36. ^ Jung, 95; Trask, 202. ^ Jung, 96; Trask, 215. ^ Trask, 212–17. ^ Hall, 152–54; 164–65. ^ Trask, 200–06; Jung, 97. ^ Edmunds, 238; Jung, 103. ^ Jung, 96. ^ Trask, 194–96. ^ Jung, 100; Trask, 196. ^ Jung, 101; Trask, 196–97. ^ Jung, 115. ^ Jung, 114–15. ^ Jung, 103. ^ Jung, 116. ^ Hall, 143–45. ^ Hall, 148. ^ Hall, 148; Jung 104. ^ Hall, 145. ^ Hall, 162–63; Jung, 105. ^ Jung, 108. ^ Jung, 109. ^ Jung, 109–10; Trask, 233–34. ^ Jung, 110; Trask, 234–37. ^ Jung, 111–12. ^ Jung, 112; Trask, 220–21. ^ Trask, 220. ^ Jung, 112; Trask, 220. ^ a b Trask, 222. ^ Jung, 113. ^ Jung, 114. ^ Jung, 121–23. ^ Jung, 124. ^ Jung, 118; Trask, 272. ^ Jung, 139. ^ Jung, 140–41; Trask, 271–75. ^ Jung, 141; Trask, 276. ^ Jung, 130. ^ Edmunds, 239; Hall, 244–49. ^ Jung, 131–34. ^ Hall, 165–67. ^ Jung, 142. ^ Jung, 144. ^ Jung, 146–48. ^ Jung, 149–50. ^ Jung, 153–56. ^ Jung, 156; Trask, 260–61. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832". Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project. Northern Illinois University. p. 2c. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2009. ^ Jung, 157. ^ Jung, 156. ^ Jung, 161; Trask, 268. ^ Jung, 162; Trask, 270–71. ^ Nichols, 131; Trask, 266. ^ Jung, 168–69. ^ Hall, 192–94. ^ Jung, 164–65; Hall, 194. ^ Jung, 165; Nichols, 133. ^ Jung, 166; Trask, 279. ^ Jung, 166; Nichols, 133. Jung says "about 60 people" left with Black Hawk; Nichols, 135, estimated "perhaps forty". ^ a b Jung, 169. ^ Jung, 180–81; Trask, 282. ^ Jung, 170. ^ Trask, 286–87; Jung, 170–71. ^ Jung, 171–72; Hall, 196. ^ Trask, 285–86, 293. ^ Hall, 197. ^ Hall, 198. ^ Hall, 199. ^ Hall, 202. ^ Jung, 175; Hall, 201. ^ Jung, 177; Hall, 210–11. ^ Jung, 172, 179. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832". Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project. Northern Illinois University. p. 2d. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009. ^ Jung 205–06. ^ Jung, 181. ^ Jung, 182; Trask, 294–95. ^ Jung, 183. ^ Jung, 190–91. ^ Trask, 298; Jung, 192. ^ Jung, 192; Trask, 298. ^ Nichols, 147; Trask, 298. ^ Jung, 191; Nichols, 148; Trask, 300. ^ Jung, 195–97; Nichols, 148–49; Trask, 300–01. ^ Trask, 301–02; Jung, 197. ^ Trask, 298–303. ^ Trask, 308. ^ Buckley, 210; Hall, 255; Jung, 208. ^ Hall, 207. ^ Hall, 209–10. ^ Jung, 207. ^ Hall, 212–13; Jung, 285–86. ^ Jung, 49; Buckley, 203. ^ a b Jung, 186. ^ Hall, 259–61. ^ Trask, 304; Jung, 187. ^ Jung, 187. ^ Jung, 198. ^ Jung, 201–02. ^ Edmunds, 238; Hall, 208, 215. ^ Hall, 215–16. ^ Edmunds, 247–48; Hall, 231. References Secondary sources Buckley, Jay H. William Clark: Indian Diplomat. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8061-3911-1 Drake, Benjamin. The life and adventures of Black Hawk: with sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the late Black Hawk war. 1849. The life and adventures of Black Hawk: with sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the late Black Hawk war. Eby, Cecil. "That Disgraceful Affair", The Black Hawk War. New York: Norton, 1973. ISBN 0-393-05484-5 Edmunds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. ISBN 0-8061-1478-9 Hall, John W. Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War. Harvard University Press, 2009. ISBN 0-674-03518-6 Jung, Patrick J. The Black Hawk War of 1832. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8061-3811-4 Lewis, James E. "The Black Hawk War: Background". Northern Illinois University Digital Library. Accessed 8 December 2023. Nichols, Roger L. Black Hawk and the Warrior's Path. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1992. ISBN 0-88295-884-4 Nichols, Roger L. Warrior Nations: The United States and Indian Peoples. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013 Owens, Robert M. Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3842-8 Trask, Kerry A. Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006. ISBN 0-8050-7758-8 Primary sources Black Hawk. Life of Black Hawk. Originally published 1833. Reprinted often in various editions. Revised in 1882 with inauthentic embellishments; most modern editions restore the original wording. Whitney, Ellen M., ed. The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume I, Illinois Volunteers. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1970. ISBN 0-912154-22-5. Published as Volume XXXV of Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. Available online from the Internet Archive. ———, ed. The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume II, Letters & Papers, Part I, April 30, 1831 – June 23, 1832. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1973. ISBN 0-912154-22-5. Published as Volume XXXVI of Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. Available online from the Internet Archive. ———, ed. The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume II, Letters & Papers, Part II, June 24, 1832 – October 14, 1834. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1975. ISBN 0-912154-24-1. Published as Volume XXXVII of Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. ———, ed. The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume II, Letters and Papers, Part III, Appendices and Index. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1978. Published as Volume XXXVIII of Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Hawk War. Library resources about Black Hawk War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries The Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk at Standard Ebooks The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Black Hawk War (documents from the Wisconsin Historical Society) Webcast Lecture at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library by John W. Hall on March 27, 2010 Black Hawk's autobiography through the interpretation of Antoine LeClaire ; J.B. Patterson, amanuensis and editor of the first edition; an introduction and notes, critical and historical, by James D. Rishell. 1912. The Black Hawk watch tower in the county of Rock Island, State of Illinois by John H. Hauberg for Rock Island Chamber of Commerce. 1925. vteBlack Hawk War of 1832Native peopleBritish Band Black Hawk Neapope Wabokieshiek Dakota Wapasha Ho-Chunk Waukon Decorah Menominee Oshkosh Potawatomi Billy Caldwell Shabbona Waubonsie Sauk and Meskwaki Keokuk Wapello U.S. peopleArmy Henry Atkinson Hugh Brady Jefferson Davis Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor Militia John Giles Adams Milton Alexander David Bailey Ebenezer Brigham John Dement Henry Dodge William S. Hamilton James D. Henry Abraham Lincoln Alexander Posey John H. Rountree Isaiah Stillman James W. Stephenson Samuel Whiteside Others George Davenport Henry Gratiot Antoine LeClaire Joseph M. Street Felix St. Vrain Joseph Throckmorton Satterlee Clark Places Illinois Apple River Fort Buffalo Grove Dixon's Ferry Fort Armstrong Fort Beggs Galena Indian Creek Kellogg's Grove Plum River Saukenuk Stillman Creek Stillman's Run Battle Site Waddams Grove Yellow Creek Michigan Territory (Wisconsin) Bad Axe River Blue Mounds Fort Fort Crawford Fort Defiance Fort Hamilton Fort Jackson Fort Koshkonong Fort Union Gratiot's Grove Helena Hamilton's Diggings Pecatonica River Roxbury Sinsinawa Mound Soldiers Grove Victory Wisconsin Heights Battlefield Wisconsin River Engagements Minor engagements Battle of Stillman's Run Buffalo Grove ambush Plum River raid Indian Creek massacre St. Vrain massacre Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds Spafford Farm massacre Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Waddams Grove Battle of Kellogg's Grove Attack at Ament's Cabin Battle of Apple River Fort Sinsinawa Mound raid Battle of Wisconsin Heights Battle of Bad Axe Related topics Black Hawk Purchase Black Hawk Tree Keokuk's Reserve Treaty of St. Louis (1804) First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien Warrior vteWars involving the Illinois Country, Illinois Territory, and State of Illinois Beaver Wars Fox Wars Pontiac's War Illinois Campaign War of 1812 Winnebago War Black Hawk War Illinois Mormon War Illinois in the American Civil War Illinois Coal Wars vteNative American people and the Latter Day Saint movementOverview Mormon teachings on skin color Lamanites Nephites Mormonism and slavery History of slavery in Utah Indian Slavery Act Interracial marriage Indian Placement Program Conflicts Black Hawk War (1865–1872) Ute Wars Wakara's War Posey War Bear River Massacre Massacre by Mormons Battle Creek massacre Provo River massacre Nephi massacre Circleville Massacre Massacre of Mormons Fountain Green massacre Salt Creek Canyon massacre People Chief Sagwitch Chief Tuba Chief Kanosh George P. Lee Kahpeputz Tony Tillohash Larry Echo Hawk Category Indigenous peoples of the Americas Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other NARA IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hawk War (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Minor battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"Stillman's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush"},{"link_name":"Plum River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_River_raid"},{"link_name":"Indian Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre"},{"link_name":"St. Vrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre"},{"link_name":"Fort Blue Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds"},{"link_name":"Spafford Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)"},{"link_name":"Waddams Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove"},{"link_name":"Ament's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Apple River Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort"},{"link_name":"Sinsinawa Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights"},{"link_name":"Bad Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Meskwakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskwaki"},{"link_name":"Kickapoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people"},{"link_name":"British Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Band"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Iowa Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Treaty of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stillman's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"Menominee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee"},{"link_name":"Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"Henry Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Henry Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dodge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wisconsin Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bad Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"brief military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"James Clyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clyman"},{"link_name":"Indian removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal"}],"text":"1832 conflict between the United States and Native AmericansFor other uses, see Black Hawk War (disambiguation).vteBlack Hawk War of 1832\nMinor battles\nStillman's Run\nBuffalo Grove\nPlum River\nIndian Creek\nSt. Vrain\nFort Blue Mounds\nSpafford Farm\nHorseshoe Bend\nWaddams Grove\nKellogg's Grove\nAment's Cabin\nApple River Fort\nSinsinawa Mound\nWisconsin Heights\nBad AxeThe Black Hawk War was a conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader. The war erupted after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis (Fox), and Kickapoos, known as the \"British Band\", crossed the Mississippi River, to the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but he was apparently hoping to reclaim land that was taken over by the United States in the disputed 1804 Treaty of St. Louis.U.S. officials, convinced that the British Band was hostile, mobilized a frontier militia and opened fire on a delegation from the Native Americans on May 14, 1832. Black Hawk responded by successfully attacking the militia at the Battle of Stillman's Run. He led his band to a secure location in what is now southern Wisconsin and was pursued by U.S. forces. Meanwhile, other Native Americans conducted raids against forts and colonies largely unprotected with the absence of the militia. Some Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors took part in these raids, although most tribe members tried to avoid the conflict. The Menominee and Dakota tribes, already at odds with the Sauks and Meskwakis, supported the United States.Commanded by General Henry Atkinson, the U.S. forces tracked the British Band. Militia under Colonel Henry Dodge caught up with the British Band on July 21 and defeated them at the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Black Hawk's band was weakened by hunger, death, and desertion, and many native survivors retreated towards the Mississippi. On August 2, U.S. soldiers attacked the remnants of the British Band at the Battle of Bad Axe, killing many and capturing most who remained alive. Black Hawk and other leaders escaped, but later surrendered and were imprisoned for a year.The Black Hawk War gave Abraham Lincoln his brief military service, although he saw no combat.[4] Other participants who would later become famous included Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis and James Clyman. The war gave impetus to the U.S. policy of Indian removal, in which Native American tribes were pressured to sell their lands and move west of the Mississippi River to reside.","title":"Black Hawk War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Meskwaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskwaki"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Fox Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the 18th century, the Sauk and Meskwaki (or Fox) Native American tribes lived along the Mississippi River in what are now the U.S. states of Illinois and Iowa. The land they lived on was considered sacred because of the fertile soil, prime hunting, accessibility to lead, and access to water, which was helpful for trade. The two tribes had become closely connected after having been displaced from the Great Lakes region in conflicts with New France and other Native American tribes, particularly after the so-called Fox Wars ended in the 1730s.[5] By the time of the Black Hawk War, the population of the two tribes was about 6,000 people.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stlouistreatymap1804.png"},{"link_name":"Treaty of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)"},{"link_name":"territorial governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Territory"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"treaty in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Saukenuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saukenuk"},{"link_name":"Rock Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_River_(Mississippi_River)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Indian agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_agent"},{"link_name":"Thomas Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Forsyth_(Indian_agent)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Disputed treaty","text":"The land ceded to the United States in the 1804 Treaty of St. Louis is shown here in yellow.As the United States colonized westward in the early 19th century, government officials sought to buy as much Native American land as possible. In 1804, territorial governor William Henry Harrison negotiated a treaty in St. Louis in which a group of Sauk and Meskwaki leaders supposedly sold their lands east of the Mississippi for more than $2,200, in goods and annual payments of $1,000 in goods. The treaty became controversial because the Native leaders had not been authorized by their tribal councils to cede lands. Historian Robert Owens argued that the chiefs probably did not intend to give up ownership of the land, and that they would not have sold so much valuable territory for such a modest price.[7] Historian Patrick Jung concluded that the Sauk and Meskwaki chiefs intended to cede a little land, but that the Americans included more territory in the treaty's language than the Natives realized.[8] According to Jung, the Sauks and Maskwacis did not learn the true extent of the cession until years later.[9]The 1804 treaty allowed the tribes to continue using the ceded land until it was sold to American colonists by the U.S. government.[10] For the next two decades, Sauks continued to live at Saukenuk, their primary village, which was located near the confluence of the Mississippi and Rock Rivers.[11] In 1828, the U.S. government finally began to have the ceded land surveyed for colonists. Indian agent Thomas Forsyth informed the Sauks that they should vacate Saukenuk and their other settlements east of the Mississippi.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Keokuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_56-16"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keokuk1.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Catlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Catlin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kickapoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"British Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Band"},{"link_name":"Fort Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Malden"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Hawk_1831_newspaper.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saukenuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saukenuk"},{"link_name":"Potawatomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Edmund P. Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_P._Gaines"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"John Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Illinois_politician)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Vandruff Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandruff_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Quashquame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quashquame"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Sauks divided","text":"The Sauks were divided about whether to resist implementation of the disputed 1804 treaty.[13] Most Sauks decided to relocate west of the Mississippi rather than become involved in a confrontation with the United States. The leader of this group was Keokuk, who had helped defend Saukenuk against the Americans during the War of 1812. Keokuk was not a chief, but as a skilled orator, he often spoke on behalf of the Sauk civil chiefs in negotiations with the Americans.[14] Keokuk regarded the 1804 treaty as a fraud, but after having seen the size of American cities on the east coast in 1824, he did not think the Sauks could successfully oppose the United States.[15]The Americans knew Keokuk was for peace and would not wage war against them. For this reason, the Americans gave him many gifts, hoping to bribe Keokuk into moving across the Mississippi into Iowa. The American plan succeeded when Keokuk and a majority of the tribe decided to leave. However, about 800 Sauks—roughly one-sixth of the tribe—chose instead to resist American expansion.[16] Black Hawk, a war captain who had fought against the United States in the War of 1812 and was now in his 60s, emerged as the leader of this faction in 1829.[17] Like Keokuk, Black Hawk was not a civil chief, but he became Keokuk's primary rival for influence within the tribe. Black Hawk had actually signed a treaty in May 1816 that affirmed the disputed 1804 land cession, but he insisted that what had been written down was different from what had been spoken at the treaty conference. According to Black Hawk, the \"whites were in the habit of saying one thing to the Indians and putting another thing down on paper.\"[18]Keokuk by George Catlin, c. 1830sBlack Hawk was determined to hold onto Saukenuk, a village at the confluence of the Rock River with the Mississippi, where he lived and had been born. When the Sauks returned to the village in 1829 after their annual winter hunt in the west, they found that it had been occupied by squatters who were anticipating the sale of land.[19] After months of clashes with the squatters, the Sauks left in September 1829 for the next winter hunt. Hoping to avoid further confrontations, Keokuk told Forsyth that he and his followers would not return to Saukenuk.[20]Against the advice of Keokuk and Forsyth, Black Hawk's faction returned to Saukenuk in the spring of 1830.[21] This time, they were joined by more than 200 Kickapoos, a people who had often allied with the Sauks.[22] Black Hawk and his followers became known as the \"British Band\" because they sometimes flew a British flag to defy claims of U.S. sovereignty, and because they hoped to gain the support of the British at Fort Malden in Canada.[23]Newspaper account of the alarm caused by Sauk returning to Saukenuk, Washington National Intelligencer, June 13, 1831When the British Band once again returned to Saukenuk in 1831, Black Hawk's following had grown to about 1,500 people, and now included some Potawatomis,[24] a people with close ties to the Sauks and Meskwakis.[25] American officials determined to force the British Band out of the state. General Edmund P. Gaines, commander of the Western Department of the United States Army, assembled troops with the hope of intimidating Black Hawk into leaving. The army had no cavalry to pursue the Sauks should they flee further into Illinois on horseback, and so on June 5 Gaines requested that the state militia provide a mounted battalion.[26] Illinois governor John Reynolds had already alerted the militia; about 1,500 volunteers turned out.[27] Meanwhile, Keokuk convinced many of Black Hawk's followers to leave Illinois.[28]On June 25, 1831, Gaines sent troops to Vandruff Island across from Saukenuk. The island had been named for a farmer and trader who operated a ferry, as well as sold liquor to the natives, which had previously prompted a raid by Black Hawk to destroy the whiskey.[29] This time, underbrush had grown to impede the militiamen from landing, so the next day the militia tried to assault Saukenuk itself, only to find that Black Hawk and his followers had abandoned the village and recrossed the Mississippi.[30] On June 30, Black Hawk, Quashquame, and other Sauk leaders met with Gaines and signed an agreement in which the Sauks promised to remain west of the Mississippi and to break off further contact with the British in Canada.[31]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neapope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapope"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_66-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Wabokieshiek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabokieshiek"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_66-33"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Prophetstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetstown,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_56-16"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Iowa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_River"},{"link_name":"Oquawka, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oquawka,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"In late 1831, Neapope, a Sauk civil chief, returned from Fort Malden and told Black Hawk that the British and the other Illinois tribes were prepared to support the Sauks against the United States. Why Neapope made these claims, which would prove to be unfounded, is unclear. Historians have described Neapope's report to Black Hawk as \"wishful thinking\"[32] and the product of a \"fertile imagination\".[33] Black Hawk welcomed the information, though he would later criticize Neapope for misleading him. He spent the winter in an unsuccessful attempt to recruit additional allies from other tribes and from Keokuk's followers.[34]According to Neapope's erroneous report, Wabokieshiek (\"White Cloud\"), a shaman known to Americans as the \"Winnebago Prophet\", had claimed that other tribes were ready to support Black Hawk.[33] Wabokieshiek's mother was a Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), but his father had belonged to a Sauk clan that provided the tribe's civil leaders. When Wabokieshiek joined the British Band in 1832, he would become the ranking Sauk civil chief in the group.[35] His village, Prophetstown, was about thirty-five miles up the Rock River from Saukenuk.[36] The village was inhabited by about 200[16] Ho-Chunks, Sauks, Meskwakis, Kickapoos, and Potawatomis who were dissatisfied with tribal leaders who refused to stand up to American expansion.[37] Although some Americans would later characterize Wabokieshiek as a primary instigator of the Black Hawk War, the Winnebago Prophet, according to historian John Hall, \"actually discouraged his followers from resorting to armed conflict with the whites\".[38]On April 5, 1832, the British Band entered Illinois once again.[39] Numbering about 500 warriors and 600 non-combatants, they crossed near the mouth of the Iowa River over to Yellow Banks (present-day Oquawka, Illinois), and then headed north.[40] Black Hawk's intentions upon reentering Illinois are not entirely clear, since reports from both colonists and Indian sources are conflicting. Some said that the British Band intended to reoccupy Saukenuk, while others said that the destination was Prophetstown.[41] According to historian Kerry Trask, \"even Black Hawk may not have been sure where they were going and what they intended to do\".[42]As the British Band moved into Illinois, American officials urged Wabokieshiek to advise Black Hawk to turn back. Previously, the Winnebago Prophet had encouraged Black Hawk to come to Prophetstown, arguing that the 1831 agreement made with General Gaines prohibited a return to Saukenuk, but did not forbid the Sauks from moving to Prophetstown.[43] Now, instead of telling Black Hawk to turn back, Wabokieshiek told him that, as long as the British Band remained peaceful, the Americans would have no choice but to let them settle at Prophetstown, especially if the British and the area tribes supported the band.[44] Although the British Band traveled with armed guards as a security precaution, Black Hawk was probably hoping to avoid a war when he reentered Illinois. The presence of women, children, and the elderly indicated that the band was not a war party.[45]","title":"Black Hawk's return"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Native American tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Upper Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Indian removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Prairie du Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien"},{"link_name":"1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien"},{"link_name":"1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_armstrong.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fort Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Armstrong,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Arsenal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"spoils system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoils_system"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"U.S. presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Indian agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_agent"},{"link_name":"Thomas Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Forsyth_(Indian_agent)"},{"link_name":"John Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marsh_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"Thomas McKenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McKenney"},{"link_name":"Felix St. Vrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain"},{"link_name":"Lyman Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Draper"},{"link_name":"Sauks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Santee Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santee_Sioux"},{"link_name":"Menominees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee"},{"link_name":"Meskwakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskwaki"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Henry Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Winnebago War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_War"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Fort Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Armstrong,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Beardstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardstown,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Samuel Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"23-year-old Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Although the return of Black Hawk's band worried U.S. officials, they were at the time more concerned about the possibility of a war among the Native American tribes in the region.[46] Most accounts of the Black Hawk War focus on the conflict between Black Hawk and the United States, but historian John Hall argues that this overlooks the perspective of many Native American participants. According to Hall, \"the Black Hawk War also involved an intertribal conflict that had smoldered for decades\".[47] Tribes along the Upper Mississippi had long fought for control of diminishing hunting grounds, and the Black Hawk War provided an opportunity for some Natives to resume a war that had nothing to do with Black Hawk.[48]After having displaced the British as the dominant outside power following the War of 1812, the United States had assumed the role of mediator in intertribal disputes. Before the Black Hawk War, U.S. policy discouraged intertribal warfare. This was not strictly for humanitarian reasons: intertribal warfare made it more difficult for the United States to acquire Indian land and move the tribes to the West, a policy known as Indian removal, which had become the primary goal by the late 1820s.[49] U.S. efforts at mediation included multi-tribal treaty councils at Prairie du Chien in 1825 and 1830, in which tribal boundaries were drawn.[50] Native Americans sometimes resented American mediation, especially young men, for whom warfare was an important avenue of social advancement.[51]Fort Armstrong was located on Rock Island, which is now known as Arsenal Island. The view is from the Illinois side, with Iowa in the background.The situation was complicated by the American spoils system. After Andrew Jackson assumed the U.S. presidency in March 1829, many competent Indian agents were replaced by unqualified Jackson loyalists, argues historian John Hall. Men like Thomas Forsyth, John Marsh, and Thomas McKenney were replaced by less qualified men such as Felix St. Vrain. In the 19th century, historian Lyman Draper argued that the Black Hawk War could have been avoided had Forsyth remained as the agent to the Sauks.[52]In 1830, violence threatened to undo American attempts at preventing intertribal warfare. In May, Dakotas (Santee Sioux) and Menominees killed fifteen Meskwakis attending a treaty conference at Prairie du Chien. In retaliation, a party of Meskwakis and Sauks killed twenty-six Menominees, including women and children, at Prairie du Chien in July 1831.[53] American officials discouraged the Menominees from seeking revenge, but the western bands of the tribe formed a coalition with the Dakotas to strike at the Sauks and Meskwakis.[54]Hoping to prevent the outbreak of a wider war, American officials ordered the U.S. Army to arrest the Meskwakis who massacred the Menominees.[55] General Gaines was ill, and so his subordinate, Brigadier General Henry Atkinson, received the assignment.[56] Atkinson was a middle-aged officer who had ably handled administrative and diplomatic tasks, most notably during the 1827 Winnebago War, but he had never seen combat.[57] On April 8, he set out from Jefferson Barracks in Missouri, moving up the Mississippi River by steamboat with about 220 soldiers. By chance, Black Hawk and his British Band had just crossed into Illinois. Although Atkinson did not realize it, his boats passed Black Hawk's band.[58]When Atkinson arrived at Fort Armstrong on Rock Island on April 12, he learned that the British Band was in Illinois, and that most of the Meskwakis he wanted to arrest were now with the band.[59] Like other American officials, Atkinson was convinced that the British Band intended to start a war. Because he had few troops at his disposal, Atkinson hoped to get support from the Illinois state militia. He wrote to Governor Reynolds on April 13, describing—and perhaps purposely exaggerating—the threat that the British Band posed.[60] Reynolds, who was eager for a war to drive the Indians out of the state, responded as Atkinson had hoped: he called for militia volunteers to assemble at Beardstown by April 22 to begin a thirty-day enlistment. The 2,100 men who volunteered were organized into a brigade of five regiments under Brigadier General Samuel Whiteside.[61] Among the militiamen was 23-year-old Abraham Lincoln, who was elected captain of his company.[62]","title":"Intertribal war and American policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabbona_(chief)1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"Shabbona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbona"},{"link_name":"Wapello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapello_(chief)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Winnebago War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_War"},{"link_name":"Waukon Decorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waukon_Decorah"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn_massacre"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Billy Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Shabonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabonna"},{"link_name":"Waubonsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waubonsie"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Potawatomi chief Shabbona tried to keep his tribe out of the war.After Atkinson's arrival at Rock Island on April 12, 1832, he, Keokuk, and Meskwaki chief Wapello sent emissaries to the British Band, which was now ascending the Rock River. Black Hawk rejected the messages advising him to turn back.[63] Colonel Zachary Taylor, a regular army officer who served under Atkinson, later stated that Atkinson should have made an attempt to stop the British Band by force. Some historians have agreed, arguing that Atkinson could have prevented the outbreak of war with more decisive action or astute diplomacy. Cecil Eby charged that \"Atkinson was a paper general, unwilling to proceed until all risk had been eliminated\".[64] Kerry Trask, however, argued that Atkinson was correct in believing that he did not yet have enough troops to stop the British Band.[65] According to Patrick Jung, leaders on both sides had little chance of avoiding bloodshed at this point, because the militiamen and some of Black Hawk's warriors were spoiling for a fight.[66]Meanwhile, Black Hawk learned that the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi tribes were less supportive than anticipated. As in other tribes, different bands of these tribes often pursued different policies.[67] The Ho-Chunks who lived along the Rock River in Illinois had family ties to the Sauks; they cautiously supported the British Band while trying not to provoke the Americans.[68] Ho-Chunks in Wisconsin were more divided. Some bands, remembering their loss to the Americans in the 1827 Winnebago War, decided to stay clear of the conflict. Other Ho-Chunks with ties to the Dakotas and Menominees, most notably Waukon Decorah and his brothers, were eager to fight against the British Band.[69]Most Potawatomis wanted to remain neutral in the conflict, but found it difficult to do so.[70] Many settlers, recalling the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812, distrusted the Potawatomis and assumed that they would join Black Hawk's uprising.[71] Potawatomi leaders worried that the tribe as a whole would be punished if any Potawatomis supported Black Hawk. At a council outside Chicago on May 1, 1832, Potawatomi leaders including Billy Caldwell \"passed a resolution declaring any Potawatomi who supported Black Hawk a traitor to his tribe\".[72] In mid May, Potawatomi chiefs Shabonna and Waubonsie told Black Hawk that neither they nor the British would come to his aid.[73]Without British supplies, adequate provisions, or Native allies, Black Hawk realized that his band was in serious trouble.[74] By some accounts, he was ready to negotiate with Atkinson to end the crisis, but an ill-fated encounter with Illinois militiamen would end all possibility of a peaceful resolution.[75]","title":"Initial diplomacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_Isaiah_Stillman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Stillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stillman's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run"},{"link_name":"Samuel Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside"},{"link_name":"James D. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Henry"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_84-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford_p._78-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Stillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman"},{"link_name":"Stillman Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillman_Valley,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford_p._78-80"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stillman's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Isaiah Stillman, militia commander at the Battle of Stillman's RunGeneral Samuel Whiteside's militia brigade had been mustered into federal service at Rock Island under General Atkinson in late April, and divided into four regiments (commanded by Colonels John DeWitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas, and Samuel M. Thompson), and a scout or spy battalion commanded by James D. Henry,[76] with judge William Thomas as their quartermaster. Atkinson had allowed Reynolds, Whiteside, and the militiamen to leave up the Rock River on April 27, while he brought up the rear with the regular soldiers, directing his least trained and disciplined men—to \"move upon the Indians should they be within striking distance without waiting for my arrival\".[77][78] Governor Reynolds accompanied the expedition as a major general of militia.On May 10, the militia marching up the Rock River in pursuit of the British Band reached Prophetstown (about 35 miles from their starting point at the confluence). Rather than wait per Atkinson's plan, they burned White Cloud's empty village, and proceeded about 40 miles upriver to Dixon's Ferry, where they waited for Atkinson and his troops.[79][80] Although Reynolds wanted to allow the 260 eager militiamen not yet federalized to continue further as scouts, the cautious Whiteside insisted on waiting for Atkinson at the settlement.[81] Dixon's Ferry had actually been established in 1826 by Ogee, of half-native ancestry, where the wagon trail connecting Peoria to the lead mines in Galena crossed the Rock River; settlers had established cabins along the Peoria/Galena trace and at the crossing, so that by 1829 its post office served settlers up the river as far as Rockford.[82]On May 12, learning that Black Hawk's band was only twenty-five miles away, eager militiamen led by Major Isaiah Stillman left Whiteside's encampment, making another camp on a tributary of the Rock River later named Stillman Valley after him. Seeing a small party of natives with a red flag, Major Samuel Hackelton and some men pursued without waiting for orders, and Hackelton killed a native before returning to Whiteside's camp with the news.[80] However, Black Hawk and others were nearby, and near dusk on May 14 attacked Stillman's party in what became known as the Battle of Stillman's Run. Accounts of the battle vary.[83] Black Hawk later stated that he sent three men under a white flag to parley, but the Americans imprisoned them and opened fire on a second group of emissaries who followed. Some militiamen claimed they never saw a white flag; others believed that the flag was a ruse the Indians used to set an ambush.[84] All accounts agree that Black Hawk's warriors attacked the militia camp at dusk, that the much more numerous militia were routed, and the survivors straggled into Whiteside's camp. To Black Hawk's surprise, his forty warriors killed twelve Illinois militiamen, and suffered only three fatalities.[85]The Battle of Stillman's Run proved a turning point. Before the battle, Black Hawk had not committed to war. Now he determined to avenge what he saw as the treacherous killing of his warriors under a flag of truce.[86] Whiteside too was incensed when he returned to the battle site with a burial party and viewed the mutilated corpses.[87] After Stillman's defeat, American leaders like President Jackson and Secretary of War Lewis Cass refused to consider a diplomatic solution; they wanted a resounding victory over Black Hawk to serve as an example to other Native Americans who might consider similar uprisings.[88]","title":"Stillman's Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Koshkonong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Koshkonong"},{"link_name":"Michigan Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Territory"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Shabonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabonna"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"ambushed six men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Grove, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Illinois_(Ogle_County)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"scalped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalping"},{"link_name":"Felix St. Vrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain"},{"link_name":"killed and mutilated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_95-94"},{"link_name":"Indian Creek massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"With hostilities now underway, and few allies to depend upon, Black Hawk sought a place of refuge for the women, children, and elderly in his band. Accepting an offer from the Rock River Ho-Chunks, the band traveled further upriver to Lake Koshkonong in the Michigan Territory and camped in an isolated place known as the \"Island\".[89] With the non-combatants secure, members of the British Band, with a number of Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies, began raiding settlers.[90] Not all Native Americans in the region supported this turn of events; most notably, Potawatomi chief Shabonna rode throughout the settlements, warning settlers of the impending attacks.[91]The initial raiding parties consisted primarily of Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors. The first attack came on May 19, 1832, when Ho-Chunks ambushed six men near Buffalo Grove, Illinois, killing a man named William Durley.[92] Durley's scalped and mutilated body was found by Indian agent Felix St. Vrain. The Indian agent was himself killed and mutilated, along with three other men, several days later at Kellogg's Grove.[93]The Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis who took part in the war were sometimes motivated by grievances not directly related to Black Hawk's objectives.[94] One such incident was the Indian Creek massacre. In the spring of 1832, Potawatomis living along Indian Creek were upset that a settler named William Davis had dammed the creek, preventing fish from reaching their village. Davis ignored the protests, and assaulted a Potawatomi man who tried to dismantle the dam.[95] The Black Hawk War provided the Indian Creek Potawatomis with an opportunity for revenge. On May 21, about fifty Potawatomis and three Sauks from the British Band attacked Davis's settlement, killing, scalping, and mutilating fifteen men, women, and children.[96] Two teenage girls from the settlement were kidnapped and taken to Black Hawk's camp.[97] A Ho-Chunk chief named White Crow negotiated their release two weeks later.[98] Like other Rock River Ho-Chunks, White Crow was trying to placate the Americans while clandestinely aiding the British Band.[99]","title":"Initial raids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Alexander Posey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)"},{"link_name":"Milton Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Alexander"},{"link_name":"James D. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Henry"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Henry Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dodge"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Street"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Wabasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapasha_II"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"William S. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"text":"News of Stillman's defeat, the Indian Creek massacre, and other smaller attacks triggered panic among the settlers. Many fled to Chicago, then a small town, which became overcrowded with hungry refugees.[100] Many Potawatomis also fled towards Chicago, not wanting to get caught in the conflict nor be mistaken for hostiles.[101] Throughout the region, settlers hurriedly organized militia units and built small forts.[102]After Stillman's defeat on May 14, the regulars and militia continued up the Rock River to search for Black Hawk. The militiamen became discouraged at not being able to find the British Band. When they heard about the Indian raids, many deserted so that they could return home to defend their families.[103] As morale plummeted, Governor Reynolds asked his militia officers to vote on whether to continue the campaign. General Whiteside, disgusted with the performance of his men, cast the tie-breaking vote in favor of disbanding.[104] Most of Whiteside's brigade disbanded at Ottawa, Illinois, on May 28. About 300 men, including Abraham Lincoln, agreed to remain in the field for twenty more days until a new militia force could be organized.[105]As Whiteside's brigade disbanded, Atkinson organized a new force in June 1832 that he dubbed the \"Army of the Frontier\".[106] The army consisted of 629 regular army infantrymen and 3,196 mounted militia volunteers. The militia was divided into three brigades commanded by Brigadier Generals Alexander Posey, Milton Alexander, and James D. Henry. Since many men were assigned to local patrols and guard duties, Atkinson had only 450 regulars and 2,100 militiamen available for campaigning.[107] Many more militiamen served in units that were not part of the Army of the Frontier's three brigades. Abraham Lincoln, for example, reenlisted as a private in an independent company that was taken into federal service. Henry Dodge, a Michigan territorial militia colonel who would prove to be one of the best commanders in the war,[108] fielded a battalion of mounted volunteers that numbered 250 men at its strongest. The overall number of militiamen who took part in the war is not precisely known; the total from Illinois alone has been estimated at six to seven thousand.[109]In addition to organizing a new militia army, Atkinson also began to recruit Native American allies, reversing the previous American policy of trying to prevent intertribal warfare.[110] Menominees, Dakotas, and some Ho-Chunks bands were eager to go to war against the British Band. By June 6, agent Joseph M. Street had assembled about 225 Natives at Prairie du Chien.[111] This force included about eighty Dakotas under Wabasha and L'Arc, forty Menominees, and several bands of Ho Chunks.[112] Although the Indian warriors followed their own leaders, Atkinson placed the force under the nominal command of William S. Hamilton, a militia colonel and a son of Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton would prove to be an unfortunate choice to lead the force; historian John Hall characterized him as \"pretentious and unqualified\".[113] Before long, the Indians became frustrated with marching around under Hamilton and not seeing any action. Some Menominee scouts remained, but most of the Natives eventually left Hamilton and fought the war on their own terms.[114]","title":"American reorganization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"South Wayne, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wayne,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"killing and scalping four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pecatonica_Battleground1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pecatonica River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecatonica_River"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Battle of Horseshoe Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove"},{"link_name":"Stephenson County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Kellogg's Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove"},{"link_name":"Adam W. Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_W._Snyder"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"James W. Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Yellow Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waddams Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Blue Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mounds,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"attacked the settler fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Il_Apple_River_Fort2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Apple River Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_River_Fort"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trask,_222-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Battle of Apple River Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Armstrong_(settler)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trask,_222-123"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"John Dement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dement"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"text":"In June 1832, after hearing that Atkinson was forming a new army, Black Hawk began sending out raiding parties. Perhaps hoping to lead the Americans away from his camp at Lake Koshkonong, he targeted areas to the west.[115] The first major attack occurred on June 14 near present-day South Wayne, Wisconsin, when a band of about 30 warriors attacked a group of farmers, killing and scalping four.[116]An 1857 painting of the battlefield at Horseshoe BendResponding to this attack, militia Colonel Henry Dodge gathered a force of twenty-nine mounted volunteers and set out in pursuit of the attackers. On June 16, Dodge and his men cornered about eleven of the raiders at a bend in the Pecatonica River. In a brief battle, the Americans killed and scalped all of the Natives.[117] The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (or Battle of Pecatonica) was the first real American victory in the war, and helped restore public confidence in the volunteer militia force.[118]On the same day of Dodge's victory, another skirmish took place at Kellogg's Grove in present-day Stephenson County, Illinois. American forces had occupied Kellogg's Grove in an effort to intercept war parties raiding to the west. In the First Battle of Kellogg's Grove, militia commanded by Adam W. Snyder pursued a British Band raiding party of about thirty warriors. Three Illinois militiamen and six Native warriors died in the fighting.[119] Two days later, on June 18, militia under James W. Stephenson encountered what was probably the same war party near Yellow Creek. The Battle of Waddams Grove became a hard-fought, hand-to-hand melee. Three militiamen and five or six Indians were killed in the action.[120]Back on June 6, when a civilian miner was killed by raiders near the village of Blue Mounds in the Michigan Territory, residents began to fear that the Rock River Ho-Chunks were joining the war.[121] On June 20, a Ho-Chunk raiding party estimated by one eyewitness to be as large as 100 warriors attacked the settler fort at Blue Mounds. Two militiamen were killed in the attack, one of whom was badly mutilated.[122]Replica of Apple River Fort in Elizabeth, IllinoisOn June 24, 1832, Black Hawk and about 200 warriors attacked at the hastily constructed Apple River Fort, near present-day Elizabeth, Illinois. Local settlers, warned of Black Hawk's approach, took refuge in the fort, which was defended by about 20[123] to 35[124] militiamen. The Battle of Apple River Fort lasted about forty-five minutes. The women and girls inside the fort, under the direction of Elizabeth Armstrong, loaded muskets and molded bullets.[123] After losing several men, Black Hawk broke off the siege, looted the nearby homes, and headed back towards his camp.[125]The next day, June 25, Black Hawk's party encountered a militia battalion commanded by Major John Dement. In the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove, Black Hawk's warriors drove the militiamen inside their fort and commenced a two-hour siege. After losing nine warriors and killing five militiamen, Black Hawk broke off the siege and returned to his main camp at Lake Koshkonong.[126] This would prove to be Black Hawk's last military success in the war. With his band running low on food, he decided to take them back across the Mississippi.[127]","title":"June raids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"cholera pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cholera_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Hustisford, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustisford,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"James D. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Henry"},{"link_name":"Fort Winnebago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Winnebago"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"text":"On June 15, 1832, President Andrew Jackson, displeased with Atkinson's handling of the war, appointed General Winfield Scott to take command.[128] Scott gathered about 950 troops from eastern army posts just as a cholera pandemic had spread to eastern North America.[129] As Scott's troops traveled by steamboat from Buffalo, New York, across the Great Lakes towards Chicago, his men started getting sick from cholera, with many of them dying. At each place the vessels landed, the sick were deposited and soldiers deserted. By the time the last steamboat landed in Chicago, Scott had only about 350 effective soldiers left.[130] On July 29, Scott began a hurried journey west, ahead of his troops, eager to take command of what was certain to be the war's final campaign, but he would be too late to see any combat.[131]General Atkinson, who learned in early July that Scott would be taking command, hoped to bring the war to a successful conclusion before Scott's arrival.[132] The Americans had difficulty locating the British Band, however, thanks in part to false intelligence given to them by area Native Americans. Potawatomis and Ho-Chunks in Illinois, many of whom had sought to remain neutral in the war, decided to cooperate with the Americans. Tribal leaders knew that some of their warriors had aided the British Band, and so they hoped that a highly visible show of support for the Americans would dissuade U.S. officials from punishing the tribes after the conflict was over. Wearing white headbands to distinguish themselves from hostile Natives, Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis served as guides for Atkinson's army.[133] Ho-Chunks sympathetic to the plight of Black Hawk's people misled Atkinson into thinking that the British Band was still at Lake Koshkonong. While Atkinson's men were trudging through the swamps and running low on provisions, the British Band had in fact relocated miles to the north.[134] Potawatomis under Billy Caldwell also managed to demonstrate support for the Americans while avoiding battle.[135]In mid-July, Colonel Dodge learned from métis trader Pierre Paquette that the British Band was camped near the Rock River rapids, at present Hustisford, Wisconsin.[136] Dodge and James D. Henry set out in pursuit from Fort Winnebago on July 15.[137] The British Band, reduced to fewer than 600 people due to death and desertion, headed for the Mississippi River as the militia approached.[138] The Americans pursued them, killing and scalping several Native stragglers along the way.[139]","title":"Final campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sauk City, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_City,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wisconsin Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"Wisconsin Heights","text":"On July 21, 1832, the militiamen caught up with the British Band near present-day Sauk City, Wisconsin. To buy time for the noncombatants to cross the Wisconsin River, Black Hawk and Neapope confronted the Americans in a rear guard action that became known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Black Hawk was desperately outnumbered, leading about 50 Sauks and 60 to 70 Kickapoos against 750 militiamen.[140] The battle was a lopsided victory for the militiamen, who lost only one man while killing as many as 68 of Black Hawk's warriors.[141] Despite the high casualties, the battle allowed much of the British Band, including many women and children, to escape across the river.[142] Black Hawk had managed to hold off a much larger force while allowing most of his people to escape, a difficult military operation that impressed some U.S. Army officers when they learned of it.[143]The Battle of Wisconsin Heights had been a victory for the militia; no regular soldiers of the U.S. Army had been present.[144] Atkinson and the regulars joined up with the volunteers several days after the battle. With a force of about 400 regulars and 900 militiamen, the Americans crossed the Wisconsin River on July 27 and resumed the pursuit of the British Band.[145] The British Band was moving slow, encumbered with wounded warriors and people dying of starvation. The Americans followed the trail of dead bodies, cast off equipment, and the remains of horses the hungry Natives had eaten.[146]","title":"Final campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bad_Axe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bad Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe"},{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Bad Axe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Axe_River"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_illustrirte_Mississippithal_-_dargestellt_in_80_nach_der_natur_aufgenommenen_ansichten_vom_wasserfalle_zu_St._Anthony_an_bis_zum_gulf_von_Mexico_(1857)_(14590318379).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)"},{"link_name":"Ojibwes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_169-154"},{"link_name":"Victory, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_169-154"},{"link_name":"Weesheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weesheet"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bad Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_172-2"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Cedar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_River_(Iowa_River)"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"}],"sub_title":"Bad Axe","text":"After the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, a messenger from Black Hawk had shouted to the militiamen that the starving British Band was going back across the Mississippi and would fight no more. No one in the American camp understood the message, however, since their Ho-Chunk guides were not present to interpret.[147] Black Hawk may have believed that the Americans had gotten the message, and that they had not pursued him after the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. He apparently expected that the Americans were going to let his band recross the Mississippi untouched.[148]Native American women and children fleeing for their lives, preparing to cross the Mississippi River, during Black Hawk's defeat at the Battle of Bad AxeThe Americans, however, had no intentions of letting the British Band escape. The Warrior, a steamboat outfitted with an artillery piece, patrolled the Mississippi River, while American-allied Dakotas, Menominees, and Ho-Chunks watched the banks.[149] On August 1, the Warrior arrived at the mouth of the Bad Axe River, where the Dakotas told the Americans that they would find Black Hawk's people.[150] Black Hawk raised a white flag in an attempt to surrender, but his intentions may have been garbled in translation.[151] The Americans, in no mood to accept a surrender anyway, thought that the Indians were using the white flag to set an ambush. When they became certain that the Natives on land were the British Band, they opened fire. Twenty-three Natives were killed in the exchange of gunfire, while just one soldier on the Warrior was injured.[152]The steamboat Warrior firing upon escaping Native Americans trying to get across the Mississippi River to safety in IowaAfter the Warrior left, Black Hawk decided to seek refuge in the north with the Ojibwes. Only about 50 people, including Wabokieshiek, agreed to go with him; the others remained, determined to cross the Mississippi and return to Sauk territory.[153] The next morning, on August 2, Black Hawk was heading north when he learned that the American army had closed in on the members of the British Band who were trying to cross the Mississippi.[154] He tried to rejoin the main body, but after a skirmish with American troops near present-day Victory, Wisconsin, he gave up the attempt.[154] Sauk chief Weesheet later criticized Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek for abandoning the people during the final battle of the war.[155]The Battle of Bad Axe began at about 9:00 am on August 2 after the Americans caught up with the remnants of the British Band a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River. The British Band was reduced to roughly 500 people by this time, including about 150 warriors.[156] The warriors fought with the Americans while the Native noncombatants frantically tried to cross the river. Many made it to one of the two nearby islands, but were dislodged after the steamboat Warrior returned at noon, carrying regulars and Menominees allied with the Americans.[157]The battle was another lopsided victory for the Americans, who lost just 14 men, including one Menominee who died by friendly fire and was buried with honors alongside the US soldiers.[158] At least 260 members of the British Band were killed, including about 110 who drowned while trying to cross the river. Many of the militiamen intentionally killed Native noncombatants, including women and children.[159] The encounter was, in the words of historian Patrick Jung, \"less of a battle and more of a massacre\".[2]Menominees from Green Bay, who had mobilized a battalion of nearly 300 men, arrived too late for the battle. They were upset at having missed the chance to fight their old enemies, and so on August 10, General Scott sent 100 of them after a part of the British Band that had escaped.[160] Indian agent Samuel C. Stambaugh, who accompanied them, urged the Menominees not to take any scalps, but Chief Grizzly Bear insisted that such a prohibition could not be enforced.[161] The group tracked down about ten Sauks, only two of whom were warriors. The Menominees killed and scalped the warriors, but spared the women and children.[162]The Dakotas, who had volunteered 150 warriors to fight against the Sauks and Meskwakis, also arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Bad Axe, but they pursued the members of the British Band who made it across the Mississippi into Iowa. On about August 9, in the final engagement of the war,[163] they attacked the remnants of the British Band along the Cedar River, killing 68 and taking 22 prisoners.[164] Ho-Chunks also hunted survivors of the British Band, taking between fifty and sixty scalps.[165]","title":"Final campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_172-2"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2d-167"},{"link_name":"Mounted Ranger Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Rangers#Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"Henry Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dodge"},{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"}],"text":"The Black Hawk War resulted in the deaths of 77 settlers, militiamen, and regular soldiers.[2] This figure does not include the deaths from cholera suffered by the relief force under General Winfield Scott. Estimates of how many members of the British Band died during the conflict range from about 450 to 600, or about half of the 1,100 people who entered Illinois with Black Hawk in 1832.[166]A number of American men with political ambitions fought in the Black Hawk War. At least seven future U.S. Senators took part, as did four future Illinois governors; future governors of Michigan, Nebraska, and the Wisconsin Territory; and two future U.S. presidents, Taylor and Lincoln.[167] The Black Hawk War demonstrated to American officials the need for mounted troops to fight a mounted foe. During the war, the U.S. Army did not have cavalry; the only mounted soldiers were part-time volunteers. After the war, Congress created the Mounted Ranger Battalion under the command of Henry Dodge, which was expanded to the 1st Cavalry Regiment in 1833.[168]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_hawk_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Tomah, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomah,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Robert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Charles Bird King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bird_King"},{"link_name":"John Wesley Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"effigies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigies"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"noble savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_savage"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"sub_title":"Black Hawk's imprisonment and legacy","text":"Statue of Black Hawk, Black Hawk State Historic SiteAfter the Battle of Bad Axe, Black Hawk, Wabokieshiek, and their followers traveled northeast to seek refuge with the Ojibwes. American officials offered a reward of $100 and forty horses for Black Hawk's capture.[169] While camping near present-day Tomah, Wisconsin, Black Hawk's party was seen by a passing Ho-Chunk man, who alerted his village chief. The village council sent a delegation to Black Hawk's camp and convinced him to surrender to the Americans. On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek surrendered at Prairie du Chien to Indian agent Joseph Street.[170] Colonel Zachary Taylor took custody of the prisoners, and sent them by steamboat to Jefferson Barracks, escorted by Lieutenants Jefferson Davis and Robert Anderson.[171]By war's end, Black Hawk and nineteen other leaders of the British Band were incarcerated at Jefferson Barracks. Most of the prisoners were released in the succeeding months, but in April 1833, Black Hawk, Wabokieshiek, Neapope, and three others were transferred to Fort Monroe in Virginia, which was better equipped to hold prisoners.[172] The American public was eager to catch a glimpse of the captured Indians. Large crowds gathered in Louisville and Cincinnati to watch them pass.[173] On April 26, the prisoners met briefly with President Jackson in Washington, D.C., before being taken to Fort Monroe.[174] Even in prison they were treated as celebrities: they posed for portraits by artists such as Charles Bird King and John Wesley Jarvis, and a dinner was held in their honor before they left.[175]American officials decided to release the prisoners after a few weeks. First, however, the Natives were required to visit several large U.S. cities on the east coast. This was a tactic often used when Native American leaders came to the East, because it was thought that a demonstration of the size and power of the United States would discourage future resistance to U.S. expansion.[176] Beginning on June 4, 1833, Black Hawk and his companions were taken on a tour of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. They attended dinners and plays, and were shown a battleship, various public buildings, and a military parade. Huge crowds gathered to see them. Black Hawk's handsome son Nasheweskaska (Whirling Thunder) was a particular favorite.[177] Reaction in the west, however, was less welcoming. When the prisoners traveled through Detroit on their way home, one crowd burned and hanged effigies of the Indians.[178]According to historian Kerry Trask, Black Hawk and his fellow prisoners were treated like celebrities because the Indians served as a living embodiment of the noble savage myth that had become popular in the eastern United States. Then and later, argues Trask, Americans absolved themselves of complicity in the dispossession of Native Americans by expressing admiration or sympathy for defeated Indians like Black Hawk.[179] The mythologizing of Black Hawk continued, argues Trask, with the many plaques and memorials that were later erected in his honor. \"Indeed,\" writes Trask, \"most of the reconstructed memory of the Black Hawk War has been designed to make white people feel good about themselves.\"[180] Black Hawk also became an admired symbol of resistance among Native Americans, even among descendants of those who had opposed him.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Indian removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_186-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jung,_186-187"},{"link_name":"land in eastern Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"war reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"commissioners in Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tippecanoe"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"treaty held in Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"}],"sub_title":"Treaties and removals","text":"The Black Hawk War marked the end of Native armed resistance to U.S. expansion in the Old Northwest.[181] The war provided an opportunity for American officials such as Andrew Jackson, Lewis Cass, and John Reynolds to compel Native American tribes to sell their lands east of the Mississippi River and move to the West, a policy known as Indian removal. Officials conducted a number of treaties after the war to purchase the remaining Native American land claims in the Old Northwest. The Dakotas and Menominees, who won approval from American officials for their role in the war, largely avoided postwar removal pressure until later decades.[182]After the war, American officials learned that some Ho-Chunks had aided Black Hawk more than had been previously known.[183] Eight Ho-Chunks were briefly imprisoned at Fort Winnebago for their role in the war, but charges against them were eventually dropped due to a lack of witnesses.[184] In September 1832, General Scott and Governor Reynolds conducted a treaty with the Ho-Chunks at Rock Island. The Ho-Chunks ceded all their land south of the Wisconsin River in exchange for a forty-mile strip of land in Iowa and annual payments of $10,000 for twenty-seven years.[185] The land in Iowa was known as the \"Neutral Ground\" because it had been designated in 1830 as a buffer zone between the Dakotas and their enemies to the south, the Sauks and Meskwakis.[186] Scott hoped that the settlement of the Ho-Chunks in the Neutral Ground would help keep the peace.[187] Ho-Chunks remaining in Wisconsin were pressured to sign a removal treaty in 1837, even though leaders such as Waukon Decorah had been U.S. allies during the Black Hawk War. General Atkinson was assigned to use the army to forcibly relocate those Ho-Chunks who refused to move to Iowa.[188]Following the September 1832 treaty with the Ho-Chunks, Scott and Reynolds conducted another with the Sauks and Meskwakis, with Keokuk and Wapello serving as the primary representatives of their tribes. Scott told the assembled chiefs that \"if a particular part of a nation goes out of their country, and makes war, the whole nation is responsible\".[187] The tribes sold about 6 million acres (24,000 km2) of land in eastern Iowa to the United States for payments of $20,000 per year for thirty years, among other provisions.[189] Keokuk was granted a reservation within the cession and recognized by the Americans as the primary chief of the Sauks and Meskwakis.[190] The tribes sold the reservation to the United States in 1836, and additional land in Iowa the following year.[191] Their last lands in Iowa were sold in 1842, and most of the Natives moved to a reservation in Kansas.[192]Thanks to the decision of Potawatomi leaders to aid the U.S. during the war, American officials did not seize tribal land as war reparations. Instead, only three individuals accused of leading the Indian Creek massacre were tried in court; they were acquitted.[193] Nevertheless, the drive to purchase Potawatomi land west of the Mississippi began in October 1832, when commissioners in Indiana bought a large amount of Potawatomi land, even though not all Potawatomi bands were represented at the treaty.[194] The tribe was compelled to sell their remaining land west of the Mississippi in a treaty held in Chicago in September 1833.[195]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jung,_172_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jung,_172_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jung,_172_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jung,_172_2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Understanding the war between the States – Chapter 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Hall, 2: Jung, 174\n\n^ a b c d Jung, 172.\n\n^ Eby, 17.\n\n^ \"Understanding the war between the States – Chapter 24\" (PDF).\n\n^ Hall, 21–26; Jung, 13–14; Trask, 29.\n\n^ Jung, 14; Trask, 64.\n\n^ Owens, 87–90.\n\n^ Jung, 21–22.\n\n^ Jung, 32.\n\n^ Trask, 72.\n\n^ Trask, 28–29.\n\n^ Trask, 70; Jung, 52–53.\n\n^ Jung, 52.\n\n^ Jung, 55.\n\n^ Jung, 54–55; Nichols, 78.\n\n^ a b Jung, 56.\n\n^ Jung, 53.\n\n^ Jung, 53; Trask, 73.\n\n^ Hall, 90; Trask, 71.\n\n^ Trask, 79.\n\n^ Jung, 59.\n\n^ Jung, 47, 58.\n\n^ Hall, 90, 127; Jung, 56.\n\n^ Jung, 60.\n\n^ Edmunds, 235–36.\n\n^ Eby, 83–86.\n\n^ Eby, 88; Jung, 62.\n\n^ Jung, 62.\n\n^ \"View of Vandruff Island from Black Hawk Tower » RIPS\".\n\n^ Eby, 88–89; Jung, 63; Trask, 102.\n\n^ Jung, 64; Trask, 105.\n\n^ Hall, 116.\n\n^ a b Jung, 66.\n\n^ Jung, 69; Hall, 116.\n\n^ Jung, 74.\n\n^ Trask, 63, 69.\n\n^ Dowd, 193; Hall, 110.\n\n^ Hall, 110.\n\n^ Jung, 74; Hall, 116; Trask, 145, gives a more general date of \"probably April 6\".\n\n^ Jung, 74–75; Trask, 145.\n\n^ Trask, 149–50; Hall, 129–30.\n\n^ Trask, 150.\n\n^ Jung, 73; Trask, 146–47.\n\n^ Hall, 110; Jung, 73.\n\n^ Eby, 35; Jung, 74–75.\n\n^ Jung 50, 70; Hall, 99–100.\n\n^ Hall, 9.\n\n^ Hall, 100.\n\n^ Hall, 55, 95; Buckley, 165.\n\n^ Buckley, 172–75; Hall, 77–78, 100–02.\n\n^ Hall, 9, 24, 55, 237.\n\n^ Hall, 103–04. Eby, 79, echoed the argument.\n\n^ Jung, 49; Hall, 111.\n\n^ Hall, 113–15.\n\n^ Hall, 115; Jung, 49–50.\n\n^ Hall, 115; Jung, 70.\n\n^ Hall, 115; Jung, 71–72; Trask, 143.\n\n^ Trask, 146.\n\n^ Hall, 117; Jung, 75.\n\n^ Jung, 76; Trask, 158–59.\n\n^ Jung, 79–80; Trask, 174.\n\n^ Jung, 79.\n\n^ Jung, 76–77; Nichols, 117–18.\n\n^ Eby, 93.\n\n^ Trask, 152–55.\n\n^ Jung, 86.\n\n^ Hall, 10–11.\n\n^ Hall, 131.\n\n^ Hall, 122–23; Jung, 78–79.\n\n^ Hall, 125.\n\n^ Hall, 122.\n\n^ Hall, 132.\n\n^ Jung, 86–87; Edmunds, 236.\n\n^ Jung, 83–84; Nichols, 120; Trask, 180–81.\n\n^ Hall, 133.\n\n^ Harrington, George B. Past and Present of Bureau County, Illinois. Chicago, IL, USA: Pioneer Publishing (1906). p. 39\n\n^ Jung, p. 84.\n\n^ Thomas Ford, A History of Illinois: from its commencement as a state in 1818 to 1847, annotated and introduced by Rodney O. Davis. University of Illinois Press (1995). pp. 76–77\n\n^ Prophetstown State Park, Illinois Department of Natural Resources\n\n^ a b Ford, p. 78\n\n^ Jung, 85–86.\n\n^ William V. Pooley, \"Settlement of Illinois, 1830–1850\" (1905). Thesis submitted to the University of Wisconsin. Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms (1968). p. 147\n\n^ Jung, p. 88; Trask, p. 183.\n\n^ Jung, pp. 88–89; Trask, p. 186.\n\n^ Jung, p. 89; Hall, pp. 133–134.\n\n^ Jung, p. 89.\n\n^ \"Battle of Stillman's Run\" in William B. Kessell, Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare (2005), available online\n\n^ Jung, pp. 118–120.\n\n^ Jung, 93–94.\n\n^ Jung, 94, 108.\n\n^ Edmunds, 237; Trask, 200; Jung, 95.\n\n^ Jung, 95; Trask, 198.\n\n^ Jung, 97; Trask, 198–99.\n\n^ Jung, 95.\n\n^ Hall, 135–36.\n\n^ Jung, 95; Trask, 202.\n\n^ Jung, 96; Trask, 215.\n\n^ Trask, 212–17.\n\n^ Hall, 152–54; 164–65.\n\n^ Trask, 200–06; Jung, 97.\n\n^ Edmunds, 238; Jung, 103.\n\n^ Jung, 96.\n\n^ Trask, 194–96.\n\n^ Jung, 100; Trask, 196.\n\n^ Jung, 101; Trask, 196–97.\n\n^ Jung, 115.\n\n^ Jung, 114–15.\n\n^ Jung, 103.\n\n^ Jung, 116.\n\n^ Hall, 143–45.\n\n^ Hall, 148.\n\n^ Hall, 148; Jung 104.\n\n^ Hall, 145.\n\n^ Hall, 162–63; Jung, 105.\n\n^ Jung, 108.\n\n^ Jung, 109.\n\n^ Jung, 109–10; Trask, 233–34.\n\n^ Jung, 110; Trask, 234–37.\n\n^ Jung, 111–12.\n\n^ Jung, 112; Trask, 220–21.\n\n^ Trask, 220.\n\n^ Jung, 112; Trask, 220.\n\n^ a b Trask, 222.\n\n^ Jung, 113.\n\n^ Jung, 114.\n\n^ Jung, 121–23.\n\n^ Jung, 124.\n\n^ Jung, 118; Trask, 272.\n\n^ Jung, 139.\n\n^ Jung, 140–41; Trask, 271–75.\n\n^ Jung, 141; Trask, 276.\n\n^ Jung, 130.\n\n^ Edmunds, 239; Hall, 244–49.\n\n^ Jung, 131–34.\n\n^ Hall, 165–67.\n\n^ Jung, 142.\n\n^ Jung, 144.\n\n^ Jung, 146–48.\n\n^ Jung, 149–50.\n\n^ Jung, 153–56.\n\n^ Jung, 156; Trask, 260–61.\n\n^ Lewis, James. \"The Black Hawk War of 1832\". Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project. Northern Illinois University. p. 2c. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2009.\n\n^ Jung, 157.\n\n^ Jung, 156.\n\n^ Jung, 161; Trask, 268.\n\n^ Jung, 162; Trask, 270–71.\n\n^ Nichols, 131; Trask, 266.\n\n^ Jung, 168–69.\n\n^ Hall, 192–94.\n\n^ Jung, 164–65; Hall, 194.\n\n^ Jung, 165; Nichols, 133.\n\n^ Jung, 166; Trask, 279.\n\n^ Jung, 166; Nichols, 133. Jung says \"about 60 people\" left with Black Hawk; Nichols, 135, estimated \"perhaps forty\".\n\n^ a b Jung, 169.\n\n^ Jung, 180–81; Trask, 282.\n\n^ Jung, 170.\n\n^ Trask, 286–87; Jung, 170–71.\n\n^ Jung, 171–72; Hall, 196.\n\n^ Trask, 285–86, 293.\n\n^ Hall, 197.\n\n^ Hall, 198.\n\n^ Hall, 199.\n\n^ Hall, 202.\n\n^ Jung, 175; Hall, 201.\n\n^ Jung, 177; Hall, 210–11.\n\n^ Jung, 172, 179.\n\n^ Lewis, James. \"The Black Hawk War of 1832\". Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project. Northern Illinois University. p. 2d. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009.\n\n^ Jung 205–06.\n\n^ Jung, 181.\n\n^ Jung, 182; Trask, 294–95.\n\n^ Jung, 183.\n\n^ Jung, 190–91.\n\n^ Trask, 298; Jung, 192.\n\n^ Jung, 192; Trask, 298.\n\n^ Nichols, 147; Trask, 298.\n\n^ Jung, 191; Nichols, 148; Trask, 300.\n\n^ Jung, 195–97; Nichols, 148–49; Trask, 300–01.\n\n^ Trask, 301–02; Jung, 197.\n\n^ Trask, 298–303.\n\n^ Trask, 308.\n\n^ Buckley, 210; Hall, 255; Jung, 208.\n\n^ Hall, 207.\n\n^ Hall, 209–10.\n\n^ Jung, 207.\n\n^ Hall, 212–13; Jung, 285–86.\n\n^ Jung, 49; Buckley, 203.\n\n^ a b Jung, 186.\n\n^ Hall, 259–61.\n\n^ Trask, 304; Jung, 187.\n\n^ Jung, 187.\n\n^ Jung, 198.\n\n^ Jung, 201–02.\n\n^ Edmunds, 238; Hall, 208, 215.\n\n^ Hall, 215–16.\n\n^ Edmunds, 247–48; Hall, 231.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The land ceded to the United States in the 1804 Treaty of St. Louis is shown here in yellow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stlouistreatymap1804.png/220px-Stlouistreatymap1804.png"},{"image_text":"Keokuk by George Catlin, c. 1830s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Keokuk1.jpg/170px-Keokuk1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Newspaper account of the alarm caused by Sauk returning to Saukenuk, Washington National Intelligencer, June 13, 1831","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Black_Hawk_1831_newspaper.jpg/220px-Black_Hawk_1831_newspaper.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Armstrong was located on Rock Island, which is now known as Arsenal Island. The view is from the Illinois side, with Iowa in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fort_armstrong.JPG/220px-Fort_armstrong.JPG"},{"image_text":"Potawatomi chief Shabbona tried to keep his tribe out of the war.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shabbona_%28chief%291.jpg/170px-Shabbona_%28chief%291.jpg"},{"image_text":"Isaiah Stillman, militia commander at the Battle of Stillman's Run","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Major_Isaiah_Stillman.jpg/170px-Major_Isaiah_Stillman.jpg"},{"image_text":"An 1857 painting of the battlefield at Horseshoe Bend","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pecatonica_Battleground1.jpg/220px-Pecatonica_Battleground1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Replica of Apple River Fort in Elizabeth, Illinois","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Elizabeth_Il_Apple_River_Fort2.JPG/220px-Elizabeth_Il_Apple_River_Fort2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Native American women and children fleeing for their lives, preparing to cross the Mississippi River, during Black Hawk's defeat at the Battle of Bad Axe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Battle_of_Bad_Axe.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Bad_Axe.jpg"},{"image_text":"The steamboat Warrior firing upon escaping Native Americans trying to get across the Mississippi River to safety in Iowa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Das_illustrirte_Mississippithal_-_dargestellt_in_80_nach_der_natur_aufgenommenen_ansichten_vom_wasserfalle_zu_St._Anthony_an_bis_zum_gulf_von_Mexico_%281857%29_%2814590318379%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Black Hawk, Black Hawk State Historic Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Black_hawk_statue.jpg/220px-Black_hawk_statue.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Second Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Black_Hawk_War"},{"title":"Sixty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty_Years%27_War"}]	[{"reference":"\"Understanding the war between the States – Chapter 24\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://southernhistorians.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Understanding-the-WBTS-Compiled-Download-Website-Oct-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Understanding the war between the States – Chapter 24\""}]},{"reference":"\"View of Vandruff Island from Black Hawk Tower » RIPS\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockislandpreservation.org/postcards-from-home/view-of-vandruff-island-from-black-hawk-tower/","url_text":"\"View of Vandruff Island from Black Hawk Tower » RIPS\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, James. \"The Black Hawk War of 1832\". Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project. Northern Illinois University. p. 2c. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090815021319/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html","url_text":"\"The Black Hawk War of 1832\""},{"url":"http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, James. \"The Black Hawk War of 1832\". Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project. Northern Illinois University. p. 2d. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Wilson	R. M. Wilson	["1 Education","2 Career and research","3 Musical career","4 References"]	Not to be confused with Robert McLiam Wilson, Robert McNair Wilson, or Richard Middlewood Wilson. American mathematician R. M. WilsonBornRichard Michael Wilson (1945-11-23) 23 November 1945 (age 78)Gary, Indiana, USAlma materIndiana University (BS)Ohio State University (MS, PhD)Known forKirkman's schoolgirl problemScientific careerFieldsCombinatoricsInstitutionsCaltechDoctoral advisorDijen K. Ray-ChaudhuriDoctoral studentsJeff DinitzPierre Baldi Websitewww.math.caltech.edu/people/wilson.html Richard Michael Wilson (23 November 1945) is a mathematician and a professor emeritus at the California Institute of Technology. Wilson and his PhD supervisor Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri, solved Kirkman's schoolgirl problem in 1968. Wilson is known for his work in combinatorial mathematics, as well as on historical flutes. Education Wilson was educated at Indiana University where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1966. followed by a Master of Science degree from Ohio State University in 1968. His PhD, also from Ohio State University was awarded in 1969 for research supervised by Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri. Career and research His breakthrough in pairwise balanced designs, and orthogonal Latin squares built upon the groundwork set before him, by R. C. Bose, E. T. Parker, S. S. Shrikhande, and Haim Hanani is widely referenced in Combinatorial Design Theory and Coding Theory. Musical career Wilson is also one of the world's top experts on historical flutes. References ^ a b c d Richard Michael Wilson at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ a b galvez, cherie. "Richard M. Wilson". www.math.caltech.edu. ^ Ray-Chaudhuri, D. K.; Wilson, Richard M. (1971). "Solution of Kirkman's schoolgirl problem". In Motzkin, Theodore S. (ed.). Combinatorics (University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., March 21–22, 1968). Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics. Vol. XIX. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. pp. 187–203. MR 0314644. Zbl 0248.05009. See reviews by Jane Di Paola (MR) and C. C. Yalavigi (Zbl). ^ Arasu, KT; Liu, X.; McGuire, G. (2012). "Preface: Richard M. Wilson, Special issue honoring his 65th birthday". Designs, Codes and Cryptography: 1–2. ^ Saenger, Katherine. "Rick Wilson And The "Old Flutes" Website" (PDF). NYCF Newsletter. New York Flute Club. Retrieved 12 April 2022. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert McLiam Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McLiam_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Robert McNair Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNair_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Richard Middlewood Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Middlewood_Wilson"},{"link_name":"professor emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_emeritus"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-home-2"},{"link_name":"Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijen_K._Ray-Chaudhuri"},{"link_name":"Kirkman's schoolgirl problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkman%27s_schoolgirl_problem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"combinatorial mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_mathematics"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Robert McLiam Wilson, Robert McNair Wilson, or Richard Middlewood Wilson.American mathematicianRichard Michael Wilson (23 November 1945) is a mathematician and a professor emeritus at the California Institute of Technology.[2] Wilson and his PhD supervisor Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri, solved Kirkman's schoolgirl problem in 1968.[3] Wilson is known for his work in combinatorial mathematics, as well as on historical flutes.","title":"R. M. Wilson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-home-2"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijen_K._Ray-Chaudhuri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathgene-1"}],"text":"Wilson was educated at Indiana University where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1966.[2] followed by a Master of Science degree from Ohio State University in 1968. His PhD, also from Ohio State University was awarded in 1969 for research supervised by Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pairwise balanced designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics#pairwise_balanced_designs"},{"link_name":"orthogonal Latin squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeco-Latin_square#Mutually_orthogonal_Latin_squares"},{"link_name":"R. C. Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Bose"},{"link_name":"E. T. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._Parker"},{"link_name":"S. S. Shrikhande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Shrikhande"},{"link_name":"Haim Hanani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Hanani"},{"link_name":"Combinatorial Design Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_design"},{"link_name":"Coding Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics#Coding_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-4"}],"text":"His breakthrough in pairwise balanced designs, and orthogonal Latin squares built upon the groundwork set before him, by R. C. Bose, E. T. Parker, S. S. Shrikhande, and Haim Hanani is widely referenced in Combinatorial Design Theory and Coding Theory.[4]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wilson is also one of the world's top experts on historical flutes.[5]","title":"Musical career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"galvez, cherie. \"Richard M. Wilson\". www.math.caltech.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.math.caltech.edu/people/wilson.html","url_text":"\"Richard M. Wilson\""}]},{"reference":"Ray-Chaudhuri, D. K.; Wilson, Richard M. (1971). \"Solution of Kirkman's schoolgirl problem\". In Motzkin, Theodore S. (ed.). Combinatorics (University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., March 21–22, 1968). Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics. Vol. XIX. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. pp. 187–203. MR 0314644. Zbl 0248.05009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0314644","url_text":"0314644"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0248.05009","url_text":"0248.05009"}]},{"reference":"Arasu, KT; Liu, X.; McGuire, G. (2012). \"Preface: Richard M. Wilson, Special issue honoring his 65th birthday\". Designs, Codes and Cryptography: 1–2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saenger, Katherine. \"Rick Wilson And The \"Old Flutes\" Website\" (PDF). NYCF Newsletter. New York Flute Club. Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nyfluteclub.org/uploads/newsletters/2006-2007/07MAY_FINAL-low.pdf","url_text":"\"Rick Wilson And The \"Old Flutes\" Website\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.math.caltech.edu/people/wilson.html","external_links_name":"www.math.caltech.edu/people/wilson.html"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=10076","external_links_name":"Richard Michael Wilson"},{"Link":"http://www.math.caltech.edu/people/wilson.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb	Gertrude Himmelfarb	["1 Biography","2 Historiography","3 Ideas","4 Bibliography","4.1 Books","4.2 Critical studies and reviews of Himmelfarb's work","5 References","5.1 Cited source","6 External links"]	American historian (1922–2019) Gertrude HimmelfarbBorn(1922-08-08)August 8, 1922New York City, New York, U.S.DiedDecember 30, 2019(2019-12-30) (aged 97)Washington, D.C., U.S.EducationBrooklyn CollegeUniversity of ChicagoJewish Theological SeminaryGirton College, CambridgeSpouse Irving Kristol (m. 1942)Children2, including BillRelativesMilton Himmelfarb (brother) Gertrude Himmelfarb (August 8, 1922 – December 30, 2019), also known as Bea Kristol, was an American historian. She was a leader of conservative interpretations of history and historiography. She wrote extensively on intellectual history, with a focus on Great Britain and the Victorian era, as well as on contemporary society and culture. Biography Himmelfarb was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Bertha (née Lerner) and Max Himmelfarb, both of Russian Jewish background. She received her undergraduate degree from Brooklyn College in 1942 and her doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1950. Himmelfarb later went on to study at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, and the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. In 1942, she married Irving Kristol, known as the "godfather" of neoconservatism, and had two children, Elizabeth Nelson and William Kristol, a political commentator and editor of The Weekly Standard. She never changed her last name. Sociologist Daniel Bell wrote that theirs was "the best marriage of our generation" and her husband wrote that he was “astonished how intellectually twinned” the two were “pursuing different subjects while thinking the same thoughts and reaching the same conclusions”. She was long involved in Jewish conservative intellectual circles. Professor Emerita at the Graduate School of the City University of New York, she was the recipient of many awards and honorary degrees. She served on the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress, the Council of Academic Advisors of the American Enterprise Institute, and the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities. She was a Fellow of the British Academy and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1991, she delivered the Jefferson Lecture under the auspices of the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2004, she was awarded the National Humanities Medal by the president of the United States of America. She died on December 30, 2019, at the age of 97. Historiography Himmelfarb long nurtured the neoconservative movement in U.S. politics and intellectual life; her husband, Irving Kristol, helped found the movement. Himmelfarb was a leading defender of traditional historical methods and practices. Her book, The New History and the Old (published in 1987 and revised and expanded in 2004), is a critique of the varieties of "new history" that have sought to displace the old. The "New Histories" she critiqued include: quantitative history that presumes to be more "scientific" than conventional history, but relies on partial and dubious data; Marxist historiography derived from economic assumptions and class models that leave little room for the ideas and beliefs of contemporaries or the protagonists and events of history; psychoanalytic history dependent on theories and speculations that violate the accepted criteria of historical evidence; analytic history that reduces history to a series of isolated "moments" with no overriding narrative structure; social history, "history from the bottom", that denigrates the role of politics, nationality, and individuals (the "great men" of history); and, later, postmodernist history, which denies even the ideal of objectivity, viewing all of history as a "social construct" on the part of the historian. Himmelfarb criticized A.J.P. Taylor for seeking to "demoralize" history in his 1961 book The Origins of the Second World War, and for refusing to recognize "moral facts" about interwar Europe. Himmelfarb maintained that Taylor was wrong to treat Adolf Hitler as a "normal" German leader playing by the traditional rules of diplomacy in The Origins of the Second World War, instead of being a "world-historical" figure such as Napoleon. Himmelfarb energetically rejected postmodern academic approaches: is a denial of the objectivity of the historian, of the factuality or reality of the past, and thus of the possibility of arriving at any truths about the past. For all disciplines it induces a radical skepticism, relativism, and subjectivism that denies not this or that truth about any subject but the very idea of truth – that denies even the ideal of truth, truth is something to aspire to even if it can never be fully attained. Ideas Himmelfarb was best known as a historian of Victorian England. Himmelfarb argued "for the reintroduction of traditional values such as shame, responsibility, chastity, and self-reliance, into American political life and policy-making". In an obituary, David Brooks described Himmelfarb as "The Historian of Moral Revolution". Bibliography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2020) Books Lord Acton: A Study of Conscience and Politics (1952) OCLC 3011425 Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution (1959) online free Victorian Minds (1968) OCLC 400777 On Liberty and Liberalism: The Case of John Stuart Mill (1974) OCLC 805020 The Idea of Poverty: England in the Early Industrial Age (1984) online free Marriage and Morals Among the Victorians (1986) online free The New History and the Old (1987, 2004) online free Poverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (1991) online free On Looking into the Abyss: Untimely Thoughts on Culture and Society (1994) online free The De-Moralization of Society: From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values (1995) OCLC 30474640 One Nation, Two Cultures (1999) OCLC 40830208 The Moral Imagination: From Adam Smith to Lionel Trilling (2005), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments. 2008 . OCLC 53091118. The Moral Imagination: From Edmund Burke to Lionel Trilling (2006) OCLC 61109330 The Jewish Odyssey of George Eliot (2009) OCLC 271080989 The People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, from Cromwell to Churchill (Encounter Books, 2011) OCLC 701019524 Past and Present: The Challenges of Modernity, from the Pre-Victorians to the Postmodernists. Encounter Books. 2017. Edited Lord Acton, Essays on Freedom and Power (Free Press, 1948) OCLC 1052339 Milton Himmelfarb, Jews and Gentiles (Encounter Books, 2007) OCLC 70883212 Irving Kristol, The Neoconservative Persuasion (Basic Books, 2011) online free Thomas Robert Malthus, Essay on Population (Modern Library, 1960) OCLC 4901335 — as editor John Stuart Mill, Essays on Politics and Culture (Doubleday, 1962) OCLC 193217 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Penguin, 1974) OCLC 1941475 Alexis de Tocqueville, Memoir on Pauperism (Ivan Dee, 1997) OCLC 36719602 The Spirit of the Age: Victorian Essays (Yale University Press, 2007) OCLC 171111099 Critical studies and reviews of Himmelfarb's work Past and present Mingardi, Alberto (January–February 2018). "Gertrude Himmelfarb and the resonance of history". Quadrant. 62 (1–2 ): 18–21. References ^ "Gertrude Himmelfarb, Conservative Historian of Ideas, Dies at 97". The New York Times. December 31, 2019. ^ "Gertrude Himmelfarb". Contemporary Authors Online. Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale. 2008. GALE\|H1000045749. Retrieved September 3, 2011. (subscription required) ^ Martin, Douglas, and Slotnik, Daniel, Gertrude Himmelfarb, Conservative Historian of Ideas, Dies at 97 The New York Times, January 1, 2020, Obituary, section B, page 11 ^ Oz Frankel, Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia (2006) ^ "Gertrude Himmelfarb". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ Brooks, David. "The Historian of Moral Revolution", The Atlantic, December 31, 2019. ^ Mark Gerson, "Reflections of a Neoconservative Disciple." in DeMuth, Christopher C.; Kristol, William, eds. (1995). The Neoconservative Imagination: Essays in Honor of Irving Kristol. American Enterprise Institute. p. 165. ISBN 9780844738994. ^ Himmelfarb 2004, pp. 43, 59–64. ^ Himmelfarb 2004, pp. 88–111. ^ Himmelfarb 2004, pp. 51–59, 113–25. ^ Himmelfarb 2004, pp. 96–97. ^ Himmelfarb 2004, pp. 18–21, 126–138. ^ Himmelfarb 2004, pp. 15–30. ^ a b Himmelfarb 2004, p. 193. ^ Himmelfarb 2004, p. 16. ^ Levin, Yuval (January 31, 2020). "The Historian as Moralist". National Review. Retrieved January 3, 2020. ^ Frankel, Oz (2006), "Gertrude Himmelfarb", Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, JWA, retrieved June 30, 2009. ^ Brooks, David (December 31, 2019). "The Historian of Moral Revolution". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 1, 2020. Cited source Himmelfarb, Gertrude (2004). The New History and the Old: Critical Essays and Reappraisals. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674013841. External links Himmelfarb, Gertrude (March 9, 1995). "The De-Moralization of Society" (interview). Booknotes 1995. Interviewed by Brian Lamb. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Appearances on C-SPAN Conway, Jill Ker; Denby, David; Edmundson, Mark; Foote, Shelby; Friedman, Milton; Giovanni, Nikki; Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Hitchens, Christopher (October 27, 2004). "Book Discussion on Why Read?". Booknotes. Retrieved February 9, 2014. also Paul Johnson, Brian Lamb, Frank McCourt, Robert D. Richardson, Jr., Cornel West, Simon Winchester Balch, Stephen; Berns, Walter; Galston, William A.; Gitlin, Todd; Goeglein, Timothy; Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Lenkowsky, Leslie (May 31, 2002). "Higher Education and Democracy". Book TV. National Association of Scholars. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Bottum, Joseph; Dannhauser, Werner; Himmelfarb, Gertrude; McGrail, Mary Ann; Weinstein, Kenneth R. (May 18, 2000). "The Legacy of Allan Bloom". Book TV. Hudson Institute. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Bork, Robert H.; Dezenhall, Eric; Himmelfarb, Gertrude (October 14, 1999). "The Politics of Personal Destruction". Book TV. Independent Women's Forum. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Leuchtenburg, William E.; Nasaw, David; Thomas, Inigo (May 16, 1997). "Historian as Public Intellectual". Book TV. City University of New York. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Kristol, Irving (September 5, 1995). "Book Discussion on Neoconservatism". Book TV. C-SPAN. Himmelfarb, Gertrude (February 13, 1995). "From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values". Book TV. American Enterprise Institute: C-SPAN. DeMuth, Christopher; Himmelfarb, Gertrude (May 8, 1990). "From Hegel to Marx to Lenin". Book TV. American Enterprise Institute: C-SPAN. vteRecipients of the Orwell Award1975–1999 1975: David Wise 1976: Hugh Rank 1977: Walter Pincus 1978: Sissela Bok 1979: Erving Goffman 1980: Sheila Harty 1981: Dwight Bolinger 1982: Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell, and Rory O'Connor 1983: Haig Bosmajian 1984: Ted Koppel 1985: Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schroder 1986: Neil Postman 1987: Noam Chomsky 1988: Donald Barlett and James B. Steele 1989: Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky 1990: Charlotte Baecher, Consumers Union 1991: David A. Kessler 1992: Donald L. Barlett and James Steele 1993: Eric Alterman 1994: Garry Trudeau 1995: Lies of Our Times 1996: William D. Lutz 1997: Gertrude Himmelfarb 1998: Juliet Schor 1998: Scott Adams 1999: Norman Solomon 2000–present 2000: Alfie Kohn 2001: Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber 2002: Bill Press 2004: Seymour Hersh and Arundhati Roy 2005: Jon Stewart and The Daily Show cast 2006: Steven H. Miles 2007: Ted Gup 2008: Charlie Savage 2009: Amy Goodman 2010: Michael Pollan 2011: F.S. Michaels 2012: Peter Zuckerman and Amanda Padoan 2013: Paul L. Thomas 2014: The Onion 2015: Anthony Cody 2016: David Greenberg 2017: Richard Sobel 2018: Katie Watson 2019: Michael P. Lynch 2020: April Baker-Bell National Council of Teachers of English George Orwell vteHistorians of Europe Acton Blanning Braudel Burckhardt Davies Dawson Eisenstein Evans Hobsbawm Jacoby Judt Kagan Kershaw von Kuehnelt-Leddihn Lukacs Martin Mazower Ozment Pirenne Polybius von Ranke Roberts Roberts Spengler Stone Thucydides Unwin Zamoyski Belgium Pirenne de Schaepdrijver Bosnia andHerzegovina Peçevi Knežević Kreševljaković Redžić Vego Mesihović UnitedKingdom Adamson Allen Anderson Armstrong Bailyn Bede Briggs Butterfield Davies Duffy Elton Ferguson Firth Fraser Gardiner Geoffrey of Monmouth Hastings Hill Himmelfarb Hobsbawm Hume Hyde Johnson Lloyd Louis Macaulay Marshall Namier Morgan Roberts Seeley Starkey Stone Tawney Thomas Thompson Trevelyan Trevor-Roper Wedgwood Croatia Banac Gross Katičić Klaić (Nada) Klaić (Vjekoslav) Lucius Macan Rački Šišić Smičiklas Vitezović Finland Borodkin Ordin Porthan France Bainville Bloch Becker Carlyle Davis Duby Febvre Horne Johnson Ladurie Marrus Michelet Mousnier Palmer Paxton Renouvin Roberts Sternhell Taine de Tocqueville Weber Germanyand Austria Bock Bracher Broszat Bullock Citino Craig Evans Fest Fischer Görres Hildebrand Hillgruber House Hirschfeld Jäckel Kershaw Komlos Koonz Langewiesche Lower Mason Meinecke Moeller van den Bruck Mommsen (Hans) Mommsen (Wolfgang) Mosse Nolte Peukert Ritter Rothfels Stern Stahel Stürmer von Treitschke Taylor Trevor-Roper Wehler Wette Wolffsohn de Zayas Zitelmann Ireland Browne Byrne Cléirigh Hughes Keating Lyons Machtheni O'Curry O'Donovan Tírechán Ware Italy Arnone Sipari Bosworth Croce Cronin De Felice Gentile Ginsborg Ginzburg Petacco Salvemini Smith Moldova Cazacu Iorga Nistor King Netherlands Geyl Motley Israel Schama Poland Davies Jasienica Steed Portugal Hermano Saraiva Mattoso Oliveira Marques Rosas Romania Boia Hasdeu Iorga Kogalniceanu Mitrany Tismaneanu Xenopol Russia Applebaum Bethell Conquest Cronin Danilov Figes Fitzpatrick Grimsted Hjärne Hosking Hughes Karamzin Kenez Khlevniuk Lewin Medvedev Petrov Pipes Service Shearer Solzhenitsyn Taubman Ulam Werth Serbia Ćorović Ćirković Deretić Mihaljčić Novaković Stanojević Scotland Barrow Boece Buchanan Burnet John of Fordun Harvie Kidd Lynch Oram Scott Tranter Slovakia Deák Kamenec Kollár Marusiak Mintalová-Zubercová Šafárik Slovenia Grafenauer Melik Verginella Spain Altamira y Crevea Arié Beevor Bennassar John of Biclaro Carr Collins Elliott Florencio Gibson Ivars Kamen Parker Payne Pérez Preston de Rada Ribera y Tarragó Thomas Sweden Englund Fryxell Geijer Grimberg Harrison Hatton Hjärne Lönnroth Magnus von Pufendorf Ringmar Roberts Robinson Stolpe Weibull Weibull Yugoslavia Banac Glenny Jelavich Schwartz Tomasevich Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"intellectual history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_history"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"}],"text":"Gertrude Himmelfarb (August 8, 1922 – December 30, 2019),[1] also known as Bea Kristol, was an American historian. She was a leader of conservative interpretations of history and historiography. She wrote extensively on intellectual history, with a focus on Great Britain and the Victorian era, as well as on contemporary society and culture.","title":"Gertrude Himmelfarb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Irving Kristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol"},{"link_name":"neoconservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism"},{"link_name":"William Kristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kristol"},{"link_name":"The Weekly Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Graduate School of the City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_School_of_the_City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Himmelfarb was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Bertha (née Lerner) and Max Himmelfarb, both of Russian Jewish background.[citation needed] She received her undergraduate degree from Brooklyn College in 1942 and her doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1950. Himmelfarb later went on to study at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, and the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York.[2]In 1942, she married Irving Kristol, known as the \"godfather\" of neoconservatism, and had two children, Elizabeth Nelson and William Kristol, a political commentator and editor of The Weekly Standard. She never changed her last name. Sociologist Daniel Bell wrote that theirs was \"the best marriage of our generation\" and her husband wrote that he was “astonished how intellectually twinned” the two were “pursuing different subjects while thinking the same thoughts and reaching the same conclusions”.[3]She was long involved in Jewish conservative intellectual circles.[4] Professor Emerita at the Graduate School of the City University of New York, she was the recipient of many awards and honorary degrees. She served on the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress, the Council of Academic Advisors of the American Enterprise Institute, and the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities. She was a Fellow of the British Academy and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[5] and a member of the American Philosophical Society.[6] In 1991, she delivered the Jefferson Lecture under the auspices of the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2004, she was awarded the National Humanities Medal by the president of the United States of America. She died on December 30, 2019, at the age of 97.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neoconservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"new history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire"},{"link_name":"quantitative history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_history"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb200443,_59%E2%80%9364-9"},{"link_name":"Marxist historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_historiography"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb200488%E2%80%93111-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb200451%E2%80%9359,_113%E2%80%9325-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb200496%E2%80%9397-12"},{"link_name":"social history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history"},{"link_name":"great men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Man_theory"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb200418%E2%80%9321,_126%E2%80%93138-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb200415%E2%80%9330-14"},{"link_name":"A.J.P. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor"},{"link_name":"The Origins of the Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"interwar Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb2004193-15"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb2004193-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimmelfarb200416-16"}],"text":"Himmelfarb long nurtured the neoconservative movement in U.S. politics and intellectual life; her husband, Irving Kristol, helped found the movement.[8]Himmelfarb was a leading defender of traditional historical methods and practices. Her book, The New History and the Old (published in 1987 and revised and expanded in 2004), is a critique of the varieties of \"new history\" that have sought to displace the old. The \"New Histories\" she critiqued include: quantitative history that presumes to be more \"scientific\" than conventional history, but relies on partial and dubious data;[9] Marxist historiography derived from economic assumptions and class models that leave little room for the ideas and beliefs of contemporaries or the protagonists and events of history;[10] psychoanalytic history dependent on theories and speculations that violate the accepted criteria of historical evidence;[11] analytic history that reduces history to a series of isolated \"moments\" with no overriding narrative structure;[12] social history, \"history from the bottom\", that denigrates the role of politics, nationality, and individuals (the \"great men\" of history);[13] and, later, postmodernist history, which denies even the ideal of objectivity, viewing all of history as a \"social construct\" on the part of the historian.[14]Himmelfarb criticized A.J.P. Taylor for seeking to \"demoralize\" history in his 1961 book The Origins of the Second World War, and for refusing to recognize \"moral facts\" about interwar Europe.[15] Himmelfarb maintained that Taylor was wrong to treat Adolf Hitler as a \"normal\" German leader playing by the traditional rules of diplomacy in The Origins of the Second World War, instead of being a \"world-historical\" figure such as Napoleon.[15]Himmelfarb energetically rejected postmodern academic approaches:[Postmodernism in history] is a denial of the objectivity of the historian, of the factuality or reality of the past, and thus of the possibility of arriving at any truths about the past. For all disciplines it induces a radical skepticism, relativism, and subjectivism that denies not this or that truth about any subject but the very idea of truth – that denies even the ideal of truth, truth is something to aspire to even if it can never be fully attained.[16]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-17"},{"link_name":"self-reliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"David Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brooks_(commentator)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Himmelfarb was best known as a historian of Victorian England.[17] Himmelfarb argued \"for the reintroduction of traditional values such as shame, responsibility, chastity, and self-reliance, into American political life and policy-making\".[18]In an obituary, David Brooks described Himmelfarb as \"The Historian of Moral Revolution\".[19]","title":"Ideas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3011425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3011425"},{"link_name":"Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_the_Darwinian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"online free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/darwindarwinian00himm"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"400777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/400777"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"805020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/805020"},{"link_name":"online free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ideaofpovertyeng00himm"},{"link_name":"online free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marriagemoralsam00himm"},{"link_name":"online free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newhistoryold00gert_0"},{"link_name":"online free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/povertycompassio00himm_1"},{"link_name":"online free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/onlookingintoaby00himm"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30474640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30474640"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40830208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40830208"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53091118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53091118"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"61109330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61109330"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"271080989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/271080989"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"701019524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/701019524"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1052339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1052339"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"70883212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70883212"},{"link_name":"online free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780465022236"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4901335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4901335"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"193217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/193217"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1941475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1941475"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36719602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36719602"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"171111099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/171111099"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Lord Acton: A Study of Conscience and Politics (1952) OCLC 3011425\nDarwin and the Darwinian Revolution (1959) online free\nVictorian Minds (1968) OCLC 400777\nOn Liberty and Liberalism: The Case of John Stuart Mill (1974) OCLC 805020\nThe Idea of Poverty: England in the Early Industrial Age (1984) online free\nMarriage and Morals Among the Victorians (1986) online free\nThe New History and the Old (1987, 2004) online free\nPoverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (1991) online free\nOn Looking into the Abyss: Untimely Thoughts on Culture and Society (1994) online free\nThe De-Moralization of Society: From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values (1995) OCLC 30474640\nOne Nation, Two Cultures (1999) OCLC 40830208\nThe Moral Imagination: From Adam Smith to Lionel Trilling (2005), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers\nThe Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments. 2008 [2004]. OCLC 53091118.\nThe Moral Imagination: From Edmund Burke to Lionel Trilling (2006) OCLC 61109330\nThe Jewish Odyssey of George Eliot (2009) OCLC 271080989\nThe People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, from Cromwell to Churchill (Encounter Books, 2011) OCLC 701019524\nPast and Present: The Challenges of Modernity, from the Pre-Victorians to the Postmodernists. Encounter Books. 2017.EditedLord Acton, Essays on Freedom and Power (Free Press, 1948) OCLC 1052339\nMilton Himmelfarb, Jews and Gentiles (Encounter Books, 2007) OCLC 70883212\nIrving Kristol, The Neoconservative Persuasion (Basic Books, 2011) online free\nThomas Robert Malthus, Essay on Population (Modern Library, 1960) OCLC 4901335 — as editor\nJohn Stuart Mill, Essays on Politics and Culture (Doubleday, 1962) OCLC 193217\nJohn Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Penguin, 1974) OCLC 1941475\nAlexis de Tocqueville, Memoir on Pauperism (Ivan Dee, 1997) OCLC 36719602\nThe Spirit of the Age: Victorian Essays (Yale University Press, 2007) OCLC 171111099","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb and the resonance of history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quadrant.org.au/magazine/2018/01-02/gertrude-himmelfarb-resonance-history/"}],"sub_title":"Critical studies and reviews of Himmelfarb's work","text":"Past and presentMingardi, Alberto (January–February 2018). \"Gertrude Himmelfarb and the resonance of history\". Quadrant. 62 (1–2 [543]): 18–21.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments. 2008 [2004]. OCLC 53091118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53091118","url_text":"53091118"}]},{"reference":"Past and Present: The Challenges of Modernity, from the Pre-Victorians to the Postmodernists. Encounter Books. 2017.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mingardi, Alberto (January–February 2018). \"Gertrude Himmelfarb and the resonance of history\". Quadrant. 62 (1–2 [543]): 18–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2018/01-02/gertrude-himmelfarb-resonance-history/","url_text":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb and the resonance of history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb, Conservative Historian of Ideas, Dies at 97\". The New York Times. December 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/31/books/gertrude-himmelfarb-dead.html/","url_text":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb, Conservative Historian of Ideas, Dies at 97\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb\". Contemporary Authors Online. Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale. 2008. GALE\|H1000045749. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=BIC2&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000045749&mode=view&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=e48b20adaa47e2f15504a8c5aa2bca27","url_text":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Authors_Online","url_text":"Contemporary Authors Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale"}]},{"reference":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/gertrude-himmelfarb","url_text":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Gertrude+Himmelfarb&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"DeMuth, Christopher C.; Kristol, William, eds. (1995). The Neoconservative Imagination: Essays in Honor of Irving Kristol. American Enterprise Institute. p. 165. ISBN 9780844738994.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8kREbLtXo6YC&pg=PA165","url_text":"The Neoconservative Imagination: Essays in Honor of Irving Kristol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844738994","url_text":"9780844738994"}]},{"reference":"Levin, Yuval (January 31, 2020). \"The Historian as Moralist\". National Review. Retrieved January 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/12/the-historian-as-moralist/","url_text":"\"The Historian as Moralist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review","url_text":"National Review"}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Oz (2006), \"Gertrude Himmelfarb\", Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, JWA, retrieved June 30, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/himmelfarb-gertrude","url_text":"\"Gertrude Himmelfarb\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, David (December 31, 2019). \"The Historian of Moral Revolution\". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/gertrude-himmelfarb-historian-moral-change/604276/","url_text":"\"The Historian of Moral Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude (2004). The New History and the Old: Critical Essays and Reappraisals. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674013841.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CteYHa3bMLcC&pg=PA16","url_text":"The New History and the Old: Critical Essays and Reappraisals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674013841","url_text":"9780674013841"}]},{"reference":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude (March 9, 1995). \"The De-Moralization of Society\" (interview). Booknotes 1995. Interviewed by Brian Lamb. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120705043727/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/63787-1/Gertrude+Himmelfarb.aspx","url_text":"\"The De-Moralization of Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booknotes_1995","url_text":"Booknotes 1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lamb","url_text":"Brian Lamb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"},{"url":"http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/63787-1/Gertrude+Himmelfarb.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conway, Jill Ker; Denby, David; Edmundson, Mark; Foote, Shelby; Friedman, Milton; Giovanni, Nikki; Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Hitchens, Christopher (October 27, 2004). \"Book Discussion on Why Read?\". Booknotes. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway","url_text":"Conway, Jill Ker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Denby","url_text":"Denby, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Edmundson","url_text":"Edmundson, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Foote","url_text":"Foote, Shelby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Milton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni","url_text":"Giovanni, Nikki"},{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens","url_text":"Hitchens, Christopher"},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?184076-1/WhyRea","url_text":"\"Book Discussion on Why Read?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booknotes","url_text":"Booknotes"}]},{"reference":"Balch, Stephen; Berns, Walter; Galston, William A.; Gitlin, Todd; Goeglein, Timothy; Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Lenkowsky, Leslie (May 31, 2002). \"Higher Education and Democracy\". Book TV. National Association of Scholars. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Balch","url_text":"Balch, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Berns","url_text":"Berns, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Galston","url_text":"Galston, William A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Gitlin","url_text":"Gitlin, Todd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Goeglein","url_text":"Goeglein, Timothy"},{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Lenkowsky&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Lenkowsky, Leslie"},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?170340-1/EducationandDe","url_text":"\"Higher Education and Democracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars","url_text":"National Association of Scholars"}]},{"reference":"Bottum, Joseph; Dannhauser, Werner; Himmelfarb, Gertrude; McGrail, Mary Ann; Weinstein, Kenneth R. (May 18, 2000). \"The Legacy of Allan Bloom\". Book TV. Hudson Institute. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bottum_(author)","url_text":"Bottum, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dannhauser","url_text":"Dannhauser, Werner"},{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_McGrail&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"McGrail, Mary Ann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_R._Weinstein","url_text":"Weinstein, Kenneth R."},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?157214-1/Allan","url_text":"\"The Legacy of Allan Bloom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute","url_text":"Hudson Institute"}]},{"reference":"Bork, Robert H.; Dezenhall, Eric; Himmelfarb, Gertrude (October 14, 1999). \"The Politics of Personal Destruction\". Book TV. Independent Women's Forum. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Bork","url_text":"Bork, Robert H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dezenhall","url_text":"Dezenhall, Eric"},{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?152839-1/Destruct","url_text":"\"The Politics of Personal Destruction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum","url_text":"Independent Women's Forum"}]},{"reference":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Leuchtenburg, William E.; Nasaw, David; Thomas, Inigo (May 16, 1997). \"Historian as Public Intellectual\". Book TV. City University of New York. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Leuchtenburg","url_text":"Leuchtenburg, William E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nasaw","url_text":"Nasaw, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inigo_Thomas","url_text":"Thomas, Inigo"},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?152839-1/Destruct","url_text":"\"Historian as Public Intellectual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York","url_text":"City University of New York"}]},{"reference":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude; Kristol, Irving (September 5, 1995). \"Book Discussion on Neoconservatism\". Book TV. C-SPAN.","urls":[{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol","url_text":"Kristol, Irving"},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?67045-1/Neoc","url_text":"\"Book Discussion on Neoconservatism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]},{"reference":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude (February 13, 1995). \"From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values\". Book TV. American Enterprise Institute: C-SPAN.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Himmelfar&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?63341-1/FromVic","url_text":"\"From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]},{"reference":"DeMuth, Christopher; Himmelfarb, Gertrude (May 8, 1990). \"From Hegel to Marx to Lenin\". Book TV. American Enterprise Institute: C-SPAN.","urls":[{"url_text":"Himmelfarb, Gertrude"},{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?12183-1/Heg","url_text":"\"From Hegel to Marx to Lenin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute","url_text":"American Enterprise Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Himmelfarb&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3011425","external_links_name":"3011425"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/darwindarwinian00himm","external_links_name":"online free"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/400777","external_links_name":"400777"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/805020","external_links_name":"805020"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ideaofpovertyeng00himm","external_links_name":"online 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Laughed	Lazarus Laughed	["1 Story","2 Acts and Scenes","3 Production history","4 Quotations","5 Notes","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]	Lazarus Laughed is a play by Eugene O'Neill written in 1925. Its sub-title was A Play for Imaginative Theatre. It is a long theo-philosophical meditation with more than a hundred actors making up a masked chorus. In theatrical format, Lazarus Laughed appears to be a Greek tragedy. But the underlying message is similar to the mystery plays from the Middle Ages. O'Neill's play, The Great God Brown, can be considered as an introduction to this play. Story The story features characters and events following the raising of Lazarus of Bethany from the dead by Jesus. As Lazarus is the first man to return from the realm of the dead, the crowd reacts intently to his words. Over and over again he declares to them that there is no death – only God’s eternal laughter. The more Lazarus laughs, the younger and stronger he becomes. The more he laughs, the older and weaker his wife Miriam (who trusts him but does not understand his laughter) becomes. The subsequent scenes portray a series of tests (perhaps similar to those trials of Job) by the Jews, Romans and Greeks to try the faith of Lazarus. Consequently, members of his family are taken from him, but Lazarus continues always to laugh, even as Miriam is poisoned by the Roman Emperor Tiberius and continuing on to the very end, when Tiberius burns him at the stake. Acts and Scenes Act One, Scenes One and Two take place in Bethany. Act Two, Scene One takes place in Athens. Scene Two is in Rome. Act Three, Scenes One and Two are in Tiberius' palace. Act Four, Scene One is still in Tiberius' palace. Scene Two is in the interior of a Roman theatre. Production history Since the play was first published, it has hardly ever been produced in major theatre venues. The Pasadena Community Playhouse (Pasadena Community Players) staged the only major production of it, and its world premiere, in 1928, with 151 actors and 420 roles, including Irving Pichel as the title character. The smaller scale, but still sizeable, European premiere was staged in 1971 by the American Repertory Theater in Europe (ARTE) with a cast of over 40 mostly student actors performing 150 different roles. "For a bit of extra strength the title role (was) entrusted to Paul Abbott of the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco." This touring production was performed (in English) in several ancient outdoor amphitheaters in Italy, including the Teatro Grande in the ruins of Pompeii, Teatro Romano in Verona, and the magnificent Greco-Roman Teatro Antico in Taormina, Sicily. Performances were also given in the Teatro Romano in Fiesole (near Florence) & Villa Negrone in Lugano, Switzerland. The production attracted large audiences and garnered rave reviews from major Italian newspapers. Quotations "Tragic is the plight of the tragedian whose only audience is himself! Life is for each man a solitary cell whose walls are mirrors. Terrified is Caligula by the faces he makes! But I tell you to laugh in the mirror, that seeing your life gay, you may begin to live as a guest, and not as a condemned one!"—Act II, Scene I. Notes ^ Winther, Sophus Keith, "Eugene O'Neill: A Critical Study", cf. chapter IV, "The Pagan Way of Life", pp. 95-113. ^ Review of "Lazarus Laughed" Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, Pasadena Community Playhouse, April 9, 1928 in Billboard, April 21, 1928, by H.O. Stechan ^ "Program from the premiere 1928 Pasadena production of "Lazarus Laughed"". Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2006-10-31. ^ Wainscott, Ronald H., "Staging O'Neill". Cf. Chapter X, "Dithyrambs: Marco Millions and Lazarus Laughed", pp. 201-227, for a description of the staging of "Lazarus Laughed". ^ L. A. Times, July 24, 1971 ^ a b Christian Science Monitor, August 8, 1972 Bibliography Bogard, Travis, "Contour in Time", New York: Oxford University Press, 1972, Revised Edition, 1988. Chapter on "Lazarus Laughed", Chapter VII, The Triumvirate, 2 (1921–1926). An Excerpt follows below.Lazarus Laughed is a play which answers in all particulars to this faith. It attempts to visualize with intensity a religious spirit that O’Neill had perceived dimly all his life. Lazarus, characterized early in the play as a man who in life was nothing but a bungling farmer, is reminiscent of Robert Mayo, but now transformed and exalted by his journey beyond the farthest horizon. Caligula, deformed, ape-like in his antics, is a distillation of other spiritually deformed characters with whom O’Neill has been concerned—the Hairy Ape, Marco, with his spiritual hump, the capering Billy Brown. Tiberius Caesar, Pompeia and Miriam also bring into sharp focus in a specifically religious context human characteristics in which, earlier, O’Neill has sensed a "faint indication" of spirit. Clark, Barrett H. (November 1932). "Aeschylus and O'Neill". The English Journal. XXI (9): 699–710. doi:10.2307/804473. JSTOR 804473. Cf. p. 700 and onwards for "Lazarus Laughed" commentary.In Lazarus Laughed, however, we have a positive and joyous assertion of the will to live, a proclamation made by an idealistic prophet who is tortured by no doubts, a man so sure of his message that he has actually banished death from his world; but O'Neill took care to put this prophet into a world two thousand years younger than it is now. Lazarus Laughed is not life; it is the playwright's dream between an earlier and later hell on earth. Floyd, Virginia. (editor) (1979). Eugene O'Neill: A World View. Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2204-4. {{cite book}}: \|author= has generic name (help) Cf pp. 255–256 on Lazarus Laughed, in the chapter "O'Neill, the Humanist" by Esther M. Jackson. Floyd, Virginia. (1985). The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment. Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2206-0. Cf. pp. 319–333, on "Lazarus Laughed", in Chapter 2, "The Mariner's Horizon: Experimental Plays and Maturation". Wainscott, Ronald H. (1988). Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04152-7. Winther, Sophus Keith. (1934). Eugene O'Neill: A Critical Study. Random House. External links Text of Lazarus Laughed online Wei, Wei Wu, Why Lazarus Laughed: The Essential Doctrine Zen-Advaita-Tantra, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1960. A book title with a play on words of the title of O'Neill's play. vteEugene O'NeillPlays In the Zone (1917) Beyond the Horizon (1918) The Emperor Jones (1920) Anna Christie (1921) Diff'rent (1921) The Hairy Ape (1922) All God's Chillun Got Wings (1924) Desire Under the Elms (1925) Lazarus Laughed (1925–26) The Great God Brown (1926) Strange Interlude (1928) Dynamo (1929) Mourning Becomes Electra (1931) Ah, Wilderness! (1933) More Stately Mansions (1938) The Iceman Cometh (1939) Hughie (1941) Long Day's Journey into Night (1941) A Touch of the Poet (1942) A Moon for the Misbegotten (1943) AdaptationsAnna Christie Anna Christie (1923 film) Anna Christie (1930 English-language film) Anna Christie (1930 German-language film) New Girl in Town (1957 musical) The Emperor Jones The Emperor Jones (1933 film) The Emperor Jones (1933 opera) The Emperor Jones (1953 TV play) The Emperor Jones (1955 film) The Emperor Jones (1960 Australian TV play) Mourning Becomes Electra Mourning Becomes Electra (1947 film) Mourning Becomes Electra (1967 opera) Ah, Wilderness! Ah, Wilderness! (1935 film) Summer Holiday (1948 musical film) Take Me Along (1959 musical) The Iceman Cometh The Iceman Cometh (1960 TV play) The Iceman Cometh (1973 film) Long Day's Journey into Night Long Day's Journey into Night (1962 film) Long Day's Journey into Night (1973 film) Long Day's Journey into Night (1996 film) Other Strange Interlude (1932 film) The Constant Woman (1933 film) The Long Voyage Home (1940 film) The Hairy Ape (1943 film) Desire Under the Elms (1958 film) Family James O'Neill (father) Ella O'Neill (mother) Eugene O'Neill Jr. (son) Agnes Boulton (second wife) Carlotta Monterey (third wife) Oona O'Neill (daughter) Related Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site Eugene O'Neill Award The Face of a Genius Monte Cristo Cottage Reds (1981 film)	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lazarus Laughed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany"},{"link_name":"Bethany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Job"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"}],"text":"The story features characters and events following the raising of Lazarus of Bethany from the dead by Jesus.As Lazarus is the first man to return from the realm of the dead, the crowd reacts intently to his words. 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Scene Two is in the interior of a Roman theatre.","title":"Acts and Scenes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasadena Community Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Irving Pichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Pichel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taormina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristianScience-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristianScience-6"}],"text":"Since the play was first published, it has hardly ever been produced in major theatre venues. The Pasadena Community Playhouse (Pasadena Community Players) staged the only major production of it, and its world premiere, in 1928, with 151 actors and 420 roles, including Irving Pichel as the title character.[2][3][4]The smaller scale, but still sizeable, European premiere was staged in 1971 by the American Repertory Theater in Europe (ARTE) with a cast of over 40 mostly student actors performing 150 different roles. \"For a bit of extra strength the title role (was) entrusted to Paul Abbott of the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.\"[5] This touring production was performed (in English) in several ancient outdoor amphitheaters in Italy, including the Teatro Grande in the ruins of Pompeii, Teatro Romano in Verona, and the magnificent Greco-Roman Teatro Antico in Taormina, Sicily.[6] Performances were also given in the Teatro Romano in Fiesole (near Florence) & Villa Negrone in Lugano, Switzerland. The production attracted large audiences and garnered rave reviews from major Italian newspapers.[6]","title":"Production history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Tragic is the plight of the tragedian whose only audience is himself! Life is for each man a solitary cell whose walls are mirrors. Terrified is Caligula by the faces he makes! But I tell you to laugh in the mirror, that seeing your life gay, you may begin to live as a guest, and not as a condemned one!\"—Act II, Scene I.","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Review of \"Lazarus Laughed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eoneill.com/artifacts/reviews/ll1_billboard.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070312005137/http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/reviews/ll1_billboard.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Program from the premiere 1928 Pasadena production of \"Lazarus Laughed\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070312005127/http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/LL1.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eoneill.com/artifacts/LL1.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChristianScience_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChristianScience_6-1"}],"text":"^ Winther, Sophus Keith, \"Eugene O'Neill: A Critical Study\", cf. chapter IV, \"The Pagan Way of Life\", pp. 95-113.\n\n^ Review of \"Lazarus Laughed\" Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, \nPasadena Community Playhouse, April 9, 1928 in Billboard, April 21, 1928, by H.O. Stechan\n\n^ \"Program from the premiere 1928 Pasadena production of \"Lazarus Laughed\"\". Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2006-10-31.\n\n^ Wainscott, Ronald H., \"Staging O'Neill\". Cf. Chapter X, \"Dithyrambs: Marco Millions and Lazarus Laughed\", pp. 201-227, for a description of the staging of \"Lazarus Laughed\".\n\n^ L. A. Times, July 24, 1971\n\n^ a b Christian Science Monitor, August 8, 1972","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Contour in Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061123143017/http://www.eoneill.com/library/contour/contents.htm"},{"link_name":"Chapter on \"Lazarus Laughed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070312005148/http://www.eoneill.com/library/contour/triumvirate2/lazarus.htm"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/804473","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F804473"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"804473","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/804473"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill: A World View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/eugeneoneill00ehis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8044-2204-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-2204-4"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name"},{"link_name":"The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/playsofeugeneone0000floy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8044-2206-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-2206-0"},{"link_name":"Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/stagingoneillexp00wain"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-04152-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04152-7"}],"text":"Bogard, Travis, \"Contour in Time\", New York: Oxford University Press, 1972, Revised Edition, 1988. Chapter on \"Lazarus Laughed\", Chapter VII, The Triumvirate, 2 (1921–1926). An Excerpt follows below.Lazarus Laughed is a play which answers in all particulars to this faith. It attempts to visualize with intensity a religious spirit that O’Neill had perceived dimly all his life. Lazarus, characterized early in the play as a man who in life was nothing but a bungling farmer, is reminiscent of Robert Mayo, but now transformed and exalted by his journey beyond the farthest horizon. Caligula, deformed, ape-like in his antics, is a distillation of other spiritually deformed characters with whom O’Neill has been concerned—the Hairy Ape, Marco, with his spiritual hump, the capering Billy Brown. Tiberius Caesar, Pompeia and Miriam also bring into sharp focus in a specifically religious context human characteristics in which, earlier, O’Neill has sensed a \"faint indication\" of spirit.\nClark, Barrett H. (November 1932). \"Aeschylus and O'Neill\". The English Journal. XXI (9): 699–710. doi:10.2307/804473. JSTOR 804473. Cf. p. 700 and onwards for \"Lazarus Laughed\" commentary.In Lazarus Laughed, however, we have a positive and joyous assertion of the will to live, a proclamation made by an idealistic prophet who is tortured by no doubts, a man so sure of his message that he has actually banished death from his world; but O'Neill took care to put this prophet into a world two thousand years younger than it is now. Lazarus Laughed is not life; it is the playwright's dream between an earlier and later hell on earth. \nFloyd, Virginia. (editor) (1979). Eugene O'Neill: A World View. Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2204-4. {{cite book}}: \|author= has generic name (help) Cf pp. 255–256 on Lazarus Laughed, in the chapter \"O'Neill, the Humanist\" by Esther M. Jackson.\nFloyd, Virginia. (1985). The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment. Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2206-0. Cf. pp. 319–333, on \"Lazarus Laughed\", in Chapter 2, \"The Mariner's Horizon: Experimental Plays and Maturation\".\nWainscott, Ronald H. (1988). Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04152-7.\nWinther, Sophus Keith. (1934). Eugene O'Neill: A Critical Study. Random House.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Program from the premiere 1928 Pasadena production of \"Lazarus Laughed\"\". Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2006-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312005127/http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/LL1.htm","url_text":"\"Program from the premiere 1928 Pasadena production of \"Lazarus Laughed\"\""},{"url":"http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/LL1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Barrett H. (November 1932). \"Aeschylus and O'Neill\". The English Journal. XXI (9): 699–710. doi:10.2307/804473. JSTOR 804473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F804473","url_text":"10.2307/804473"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/804473","url_text":"804473"}]},{"reference":"Floyd, Virginia. (editor) (1979). Eugene O'Neill: A World View. Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2204-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eugeneoneill00ehis","url_text":"Eugene O'Neill: A World View"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-2204-4","url_text":"0-8044-2204-4"}]},{"reference":"Floyd, Virginia. (1985). The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment. Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2206-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/playsofeugeneone0000floy","url_text":"The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-2206-0","url_text":"0-8044-2206-0"}]},{"reference":"Wainscott, Ronald H. (1988). Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04152-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stagingoneillexp00wain","url_text":"Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04152-7","url_text":"0-300-04152-7"}]},{"reference":"Winther, Sophus Keith. (1934). Eugene O'Neill: A Critical Study. Random House.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/reviews/ll1_billboard.htm","external_links_name":"Review of \"Lazarus Laughed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312005137/http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/reviews/ll1_billboard.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312005127/http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/LL1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Program from the premiere 1928 Pasadena production of \"Lazarus Laughed\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/LL1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061123143017/http://www.eoneill.com/library/contour/contents.htm","external_links_name":"\"Contour in Time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312005148/http://www.eoneill.com/library/contour/triumvirate2/lazarus.htm","external_links_name":"Chapter on \"Lazarus Laughed\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F804473","external_links_name":"10.2307/804473"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/804473","external_links_name":"804473"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/eugeneoneill00ehis","external_links_name":"Eugene O'Neill: A World View"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/playsofeugeneone0000floy","external_links_name":"The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/stagingoneillexp00wain","external_links_name":"Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years"},{"Link":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks04/0400131h.html","external_links_name":"Text of Lazarus Laughed online"},{"Link":"http://sentientpublications.com/shop/books/all-titles/why-lazarus-laughed/","external_links_name":"Why Lazarus Laughed: The Essential Doctrine Zen-Advaita-Tantra"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061028005539/http://www.weiwuwei.8k.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darb-e_Behesht	Darb-e Behesht	["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 29°13′59″N 57°20′23″E / 29.23306°N 57.33972°E / 29.23306; 57.33972City in Kerman province, Iran For other places with a similar name, see Darb. City in Kerman, IranDarb-e Behesht Persian: درب بهشتCityDarb-e BeheshtCoordinates: 29°13′59″N 57°20′23″E / 29.23306°N 57.33972°E / 29.23306; 57.33972CountryIranProvinceKermanCountyJiroftDistrictSarduiyehPopulation (2016) • Total10,670Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Darb-e Behesht (Persian: درب بهشت) is a city in, and the capital of, Sarduiyeh District of Jiroft County, Kerman province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Sarduiyeh Rural District. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 3,456 in 562 households. The following census in 2011 counted 6,538 people in 1,590 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 10,670 people in 3,269 households. See also Iran portal References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (29 June 2023). "Darb-e Behesht, Jiroft County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 29 June 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Darb-e Behesht can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3059365" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kerman province, centered in the city of Kerman". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ Mousavi, Mirhossein (18 May 1366). "Creation and formation of 22 rural districts including villages, fields and places in Jiroft County under Kerman province". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteKerman province, IranCapital Kerman Countiesand citiesAnar County Anar Aminshahr Anbarabad County Anbarabad Mardehek Arzuiyeh County Arzuiyeh Baft County Baft Bezenjan Bam County Bam Baravat Bardsir County Bardsir Golzar Negar Fahraj County Fahraj Faryab County Faryab Jiroft County Jiroft Darb-e Behesht Jebalbarez Kahnuj County Kahnuj Kerman County Kerman Anduhjerd Baghin Chatrud Ekhtiarabad Golbaf Jupar Kazemabad Mahan Mohiabad Rayen Shahdad Zangiabad Kuhbanan County Kuhbanan Kian Shahr Manujan County Manujan Nowdezh Narmashir County Narmashir Nezamshahr Qaleh Ganj County Qaleh Ganj Rabor County Rabor Rafsanjan County Rafsanjan Bahreman Koshkuiyeh Mes-e Sarcheshmeh Safayyeh Ravar County Ravar Hojedk Rigan County Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Gonbaki Rudbar-e Jonubi County Rudbar Shahr-e Babak County Shahr-e Babak Dehaj Jowzam Khatunabad Khursand Sirjan County Sirjan Najaf Shahr Pariz Zeydabad Zarand County Zarand Khanuk Reyhan Shahr Yazdan Shahr Sights Arg-é Bam Bardsir citadel Carpet Museum, Kerman Dinosaur remnants, Zarand Dousari waterfall Ganjali Khan Complex Hajagha-ali historical complex Ibrahim Khan's school Jamé Mosque of Kerman Kerman's grand Bazzar Kerman's museum of industry Khanqah of Sheykh Saeid Konar Sandal Meymand Naderi Milestone, Fahraj Pid-e Nekooieh Presidential museum of Rafsanjan Rayen Castle Shazdeh Garden Sirjan's Yakhchals Torang cave Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine Vakil bath, Kerman Places List of cities, towns and villages in Kerman Province vte Jiroft CountyCapital Jiroft DistrictsCentralCities Jiroft Rural Districts and villagesDowlatabad Abbasabad Abdolabad Aliabad Baqerabad Baqerabad-e Tabatabayi Bid Kheyri Dasht-e Kuch-e Bala Dasht-e Kuch-e Pain Deh-e Sheykh Soltan Abdollah Dehkaran Dehnow-e Amlak Dowlatabad Gazabad Jalalabad Jangalabad-e Bala Jangalabad-e Pain Masha-ye Ashayiri Shomareh-ye Yek Mian Deh Posht Marz Raziabad Rustai-ye Azadegan Saghari Tom Gavan Towhan Esfandaqeh Ab Shur Abbasabad Angar-e Chaleh Bagh-e Baghuiyeh Boneh-ye Zangar Chah-e Afghan-e Yek Chamak Chelitan Chelu Chenaran-e Do Darreh Garma Deh-e Nezam Dowlatabad Dughabad Duzakh Darreh Eshratabad Fathabad Ferdows Galuiyeh Gudazran Hoseynabad Jafarabad Jurkan Kal Khargushi Kal Zanguiyeh Khomrutuiyeh Konaruiyeh Mohammadabad-e Do Qanat-e Now Qarqatuiyeh Sanguiyeh Sar Gaz Sar Gaz-e Pain Shurabad Sorkhu-e Olya Sorkhu-e Sofla Tajabad Zarjuiyeh Ziarat-e Hezart Abbas Eslamabad Abuzariyeh Ala ol Din-e Olya Ala ol Din-e Sofla Allahabad-e Rezvan Allahabad-e Seyyed Bahrami-ye Olya Bahrami-ye Sofla Chahak Chahar Gav Bandi Chaman Daryacheh Deh Chil Deh Pish-e Olya Deh Pish-e Sofla Do Boneh Eslamabad Gasholkhi Hoseynabad-e Zirki Kahurabad Khadang Moradabad Rumarz-e Olya Rumarz-e Sofla Saruni-ye Olya Saruni-ye Sofla Halil Akbarabad Aliabad Band-e Saraji Behjerd-e Bala Behjerd-e Sofla Enayatabad Ganab Heshmatabad Hoseynabad Kuh Nimeh Malekabad Maran Galu Megesi Najafabad Narabi Narju Pankan Parvand Posht Lor Qaleh-ye Gabri Qaleh-ye Now Qeysariyeh Salmaniyeh Saranrab Zeynalabad Khatunabad Bagh-e Babuiyeh Chineh Hukerd Deh Gazi Deh Sheykh Morghazi Ebrahimabad Gazabad Hasharabad Hukerd Jamtan Kalab-e Sufian-e Olya Kalab-e Sufian-e Sofla Khatunabad Mar Mord Maran Qaleh Patali Zangian JebalbarezCities Jebalbarez Rural Districts and villagesMaskun Ab Garm-e Yek Afraz Amirabad Anar-e Shirin-e Seh Anjirestan Badam-e Dan Bagh-e Anar Bagh-e Kalami Dar Zanguiyeh Darbidan Dar-e Patak Dashtruan Deh-e Godar Dehnow-e Yek Dorudgu Gavkan-e Bagh Gavkan-e Guran Gazmand Gemin Gur-e Bizhan Hajjiabad Jowzkar Kal Maridan Mehregan Mian Deh Nahr Khatun Pagodar Qaleh Now Qanat Siah Rashtin Rigabad Rustai-ye Shahid Saidi Sar Band Sar Band-e Kasur Sar Muran Sarcheshmeh Sarhangar Sartanguiyeh Savidan Tuderk Rezvan Aliabad Argin Bagh Kuchek Bandar Pirshahi Bideshk Bon Kuh-e Olya Bon Kuh-e Sofla Boneh-ye Rezvan Dar Chenar Darbidan Darujin Deh Ban-e Sofla Deh Darzeh Derraz Esfandan Galdan Garmeshk Gowrsan Hishin-e Olya Hishin-e Sofla Jagan Kahanguiyeh Kalu Gondeh Kashit Khak Shahi Korugan Mijan-e Olya Mijan-e Sofla Naduiyeh-ye Miani Naduiyeh-ye Olya Naduiyeh-ye Sofla Parparuiyeh Patomha Pidafak Poshteh Hesar Rad Kuh Sar Asiab Sar Galu-ye Sar Asiab Sar Jangal Shirinkenar Saghder Abgarm Ahangaran Amirabad Anjir Siah-e Olya Anjir Sikan-e Bala Astaneh Badam Bagh Bid Bonestan Chenar-e Pidenguiyeh Daram Rud Dar-e Dask Dumar-e Meyani Dumar-e Olya Dumar-e Sofla Gargaz Gavestan Gerdin Gishkan Godar-e Zard Goraghan-e Tangan Gowtanur Guhrej Gurit Hoseynabad Jeshar Jowchar Juzurak Kal Kuhi Kar Chiska Khalil-e Do Cooperative Company Khun Sorkh Kushkuiyeh Pas Langar Pidanguiyeh Qaleh-ye Bidan Qanat Sorkh Saghder Sardarmehr Sarv Tomin Shah Deraz Shib Deh Shoghlabad Zarin Zarrin Khul SarduiyehCities Darb-e Behesht Rural Districts and villagesDalfard Ab Anjir Ab Bordeh Abgarm Akbarabad Anjir Bazuiyeh Bagh Ahmad Bagh Ali Shir Bagh-e Habibollah Bagh-e Kar Bagh-e Mir Baghin Chah-e Samangan Dahaneh-e Zurak Dar Mazar Darb-e Babazi Darrehi Darva Deh-e Bazuiyeh Deh-e Rud Musevi Garbeh Guneh-ye Gachuyi Guneh-ye Gameru Jazman Jegah Karah Katekalagh Khorramshahi Koldan Konarestan-e Sofla Madin Marghzark Pa Qaleh Pakuh-e Sefid Posht Khan Posht Sorkh Qaleh Raz Shirin Raziabad Sar Chil Sar Godar Sar Keyvan Sar Shangan Sarkahnan Sefid Baz Shesh Tak Sowlan Taneyru Zurak Gevar Abgarm Alishahi Asput Avres Morad Bab Gorg Bab Gorgi Bab Maran Babidan Bagh-e Gag Baghuiyeh Bid Duri Bid Zagh Boneh Guni Dareshk Deh-e Do Mand Do Char Do Del Dowkestan Espasuiyeh Fekrabad Garak Gevar-e Olya Gevar-e Sofla Gilumand Gonbad Bahram Hekematabad Hoseynabad-e Do Hoseynabad-e Yek Jangah Jushin Kahgan Karigan Kayin Kechengan Kedreng Khukestan Mohammad Saidi Navi-ye Shest Pain Pain Darb-e Pain Qalatuiyeh Qanat-e Bid Qanat-e Vali Rudkhaneh Sabzeh Baluchi Sahebabad Sangdan Sar Shast Sarab Sarvaruq Seyfabad Seyfabad-e Muqufeh Tavakkolabad Yunjeh Char Zamin Sarv Zerkesht Sarduiyeh Akhorak Aliabad Ashubeh Bab Deraz Bab Karafs Bab Kiki Bab Mishan-e Bala Bab Nem Bab Torsh Bab-e Kahnuj Bagh Deh Baghat Bagh-e Alishir Bagh-e Dar Asiab Bagh-e Ebrahim Baghuiyeh Bandar-e Shah Rokhi Bar Avard Shodeh Biduiyeh Damaneh Darreh Rud Daz Deh Divan Deh Vali Deh-e Gajun Deh-e Gerduiyeh Deh-e Viran Dehuj Dowlatabad Emamzadeh Seyyed Hoseyn Kornag Estakhr-e Garuk Fathabad Galugah Gardin Gerdu Chub Hajat Jahadabad Jowzuiyeh Kahnuj Sadat Kahnuj-e Shahrokhi Kahur Kangari Kashkuiyeh Khafkuiyeh Khak-e Sefid-e Bala Khaliji Khardun Kordan Mashi Masjed Mohammadabad-e Bab Skakan Mowruiyeh Nahr Kemal Naqshuiyeh Naran-e Olya Nemch Paran Dar Piluiyeh Pol-e Piran Qalandaran Qaleh Rigi Qanat Bid-e Do Qanat Bid-e Yek Qanat-e Ahmad Qanat-e Farrokh Qanat-e Miri Qanat-e Saman Qanat-e Zangal Rogha Rudkhaneh-ye Kemal Ruzkin Sang-e Kartu Seh Cheshmeh Seh Deran Shah Nazari Sheyb-e Nasri Sinabad Tarikuiyeh Zamin-e Taghuk Zarchuiyeh-ye Do Zavar-e Halkeh This Jiroft County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darb_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sarduiyeh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarduiyeh_District"},{"link_name":"Jiroft County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft_County"},{"link_name":"Kerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerman_Structure-4"},{"link_name":"Sarduiyeh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarduiyeh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jiroft_RDs-5"}],"text":"City in Kerman province, IranFor other places with a similar name, see Darb.City in Kerman, IranDarb-e Behesht (Persian: درب بهشت)[3] is a city in, and the capital of, Sarduiyeh District of Jiroft County, Kerman province, Iran.[4] It also serves as the administrative center for Sarduiyeh Rural District.[5]","title":"Darb-e Behesht"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 3,456 in 562 households.[6] The following census in 2011 counted 6,538 people in 1,590 households.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 10,670 people in 3,269 households.[2]","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]	[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (29 June 2023). \"Darb-e Behesht, Jiroft County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=29.233056&mlon=57.339722&zoom=15#map=15/29.2331/57.3397","url_text":"\"Darb-e Behesht, Jiroft County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 October 2020. 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Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230329231518/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kerman.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kerman.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darb-e_Behesht&params=29_13_59_N_57_20_23_E_dim:1km_type:city(10670)_region:IR-08","external_links_name":"29°13′59″N 57°20′23″E / 29.23306°N 57.33972°E / 29.23306; 57.33972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darb-e_Behesht&params=29_13_59_N_57_20_23_E_dim:1km_type:city(10670)_region:IR-08","external_links_name":"29°13′59″N 57°20′23″E / 29.23306°N 57.33972°E / 29.23306; 57.33972"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=29.233056&mlon=57.339722&zoom=15#map=15/29.2331/57.3397","external_links_name":"\"Darb-e Behesht, Jiroft County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020091047/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_08.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_08.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240130210435/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113033","external_links_name":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kerman province, centered in the city of Kerman\""},{"Link":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113033","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224055936/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110369","external_links_name":"\"Creation and formation of 22 rural districts including villages, fields and places in Jiroft County under Kerman province\""},{"Link":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110369","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920093605/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/08.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/08.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230329231518/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kerman.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kerman.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darb-e_Behesht&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_note	Eighth note	["1 See also","2 References"]	Musical note duration "Quaver" redirects here. For the British snack food, see Quavers. "♫" and "♪" redirect here. For the general description of the symbol, see Musical note. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eighth note" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Figure 1. An eighth note with stem extending up, an eighth note with stem extending down, and an eighth rest. Figure 2. Four eighth notes beamed together. Comparison of duple note values: = 2×, etc. vte vte Drum pattern, s on bass and snare, accompanied by ride patterns of various duple lengths from to 128th (all at =60) 1ⓘ 2ⓘ 4ⓘ 8ⓘ 16ⓘ 32ⓘ 64ⓘ 128ⓘ An eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for one eighth the duration of a whole note (semibreve). Its length relative to other rhythmic values is as expected—e.g., half the duration of a quarter note (crotchet), one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), and twice the value of a sixteenth note. It is the equivalent of the fusa in mensural notation. Eighth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with one note flag (see Figure 1). The stem is on the right of the notehead extending upwards or on the left extending downwards, depending primarily on where the notehead lies relative to the middle line of the staff. A related symbol is the eighth rest (or quaver rest), which denotes a silence for the same duration. Eighth notes may be beamed together in groups (Figure 2). In 38, 68, 98, and 128 they are typically beamed in groups of three. A single eighth note is always stemmed with a flag, while two or more are usually beamed in groups in instrumental music. In Unicode, the symbol U+266A (♪) is a single eighth note and U+266B (♫) is a beamed pair of eighth notes. These symbols are inherited from the early 1980s code page 437, where they occupied codes 13 and 14 respectively. Additions to the Unicode standard incorporated eighth note depictions from Japanese emoji sets: ascending eighth notes (U+1F39C, 🎜), descending eighth notes (U+1F39D, 🎝), a graphical generic musical note generally depicted as an eighth note (U+1F3B5, 🎵), and three unconnected eighth notes in sequence (U+1F3B6, 🎶). All of these are graphical dingbats. In contrast, Unicode's Musical Symbols block includes eighth note symbols designed to be used in computerized musical notation. See also List of musical symbols References ^ Morehen, John; Rastall, Richard (2001). "Quaver". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780195170672. ^ "Eighth Rest". On Music Dictionary. 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2018. ^ "Quaver". Dictionary.com. ^ Gerou, Tom (1996). Essential Dictionary of Music Notation. Alfred. p. 211. ISBN 0-88284-730-9. vteMusical note valuesNote and rest lengths Octuple whole note (maxima) Quadruple whole note (longa) Double whole note (breve) Whole note (semibreve) Half note (minim) Quarter note (crotchet) Eighth note (quaver) Sixteenth note (semiquaver) Thirty-second note (demisemiquaver) Sixty-fourth note (hemidemisemiquaver) Hundred twenty-eighth note (semihemidemisemiquaver) Two hundred fifty-sixth note (demisemihemidemisemiquaver) ... Variations Dotted note Grace note Swung note Tremolo Tuplet	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quavers"},{"link_name":"Musical note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_note"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eighth_notes_and_rest.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eighth_note_run.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_ronde.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_blanche_hampe_haut.svg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Duple_note_values"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Duple_note_values"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duple_note_values"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"whole note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_note"},{"link_name":"quarter note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_note"},{"link_name":"half note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_note"},{"link_name":"sixteenth note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_note"},{"link_name":"mensural notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensural_notation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GroveDict2001_Quaver-1"},{"link_name":"note stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_stem"},{"link_name":"note flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_value"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EighthRest2016_OMD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuaverDictionaryWeb-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerou1996_211-4"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"code page 437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437"},{"link_name":"emoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji"},{"link_name":"dingbats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingbat"},{"link_name":"Musical Symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)"}],"text":"\"Quaver\" redirects here. For the British snack food, see Quavers.\"♫\" and \"♪\" redirect here. For the general description of the symbol, see Musical note.Figure 1. An eighth note with stem extending up, an eighth note with stem extending down, and an eighth rest.Figure 2. Four eighth notes beamed together.Comparison of duple note values: = 2×, etc. vteAn eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for one eighth the duration of a whole note (semibreve). Its length relative to other rhythmic values is as expected—e.g., half the duration of a quarter note (crotchet), one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), and twice the value of a sixteenth note. It is the equivalent of the fusa in mensural notation.[1]Eighth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with one note flag (see Figure 1).\nThe stem is on the right of the notehead extending upwards or on the left extending downwards, depending primarily on where the notehead lies relative to the middle line of the staff. A related symbol is the eighth rest (or quaver rest), which denotes a silence for the same duration.[2][3]Eighth notes may be beamed together in groups (Figure 2). In 38, 68, 98, and 128 they are typically beamed in groups of three. A single eighth note is always stemmed with a flag, while two or more are usually beamed in groups[4] in instrumental music.In Unicode, the symbol U+266A (♪) is a single eighth note and U+266B (♫) is a beamed pair of eighth notes. These symbols are inherited from the early 1980s code page 437, where they occupied codes 13 and 14 respectively. Additions to the Unicode standard incorporated eighth note depictions from Japanese emoji sets: ascending eighth notes (U+1F39C, 🎜), descending eighth notes (U+1F39D, 🎝), a graphical generic musical note generally depicted as an eighth note (U+1F3B5, 🎵), and three unconnected eighth notes in sequence (U+1F3B6, 🎶). All of these are graphical dingbats. In contrast, Unicode's Musical Symbols block includes eighth note symbols designed to be used in computerized musical notation.","title":"Eighth note"}]	[{"image_text":"Figure 1. An eighth note with stem extending up, an eighth note with stem extending down, and an eighth rest.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Eighth_notes_and_rest.svg/180px-Eighth_notes_and_rest.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 2. Four eighth notes beamed together.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eighth_note_run.svg/180px-Eighth_note_run.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Comparison of duple note values: = 2×, etc. vte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Duple_note_values_comparison.png/220px-Duple_note_values_comparison.png"}]	[{"title":"List of musical symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musical_symbols"}]	[{"reference":"Morehen, John; Rastall, Richard (2001). \"Quaver\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. 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ISBN 0-88284-730-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88284-730-9","url_text":"0-88284-730-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eighth+note%22","external_links_name":"\"Eighth note\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eighth+note%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eighth+note%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eighth+note%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eighth+note%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eighth+note%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://dictionary.onmusic.org/terms/1282-eighth_rest","external_links_name":"\"Eighth Rest\""},{"Link":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/quaver","external_links_name":"\"Quaver\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework	COVID-19 Protection Framework	["1 Traffic light system","1.1 Green light","1.2 Orange light","1.3 Red light","2 My Vaccine Pass","3 History","3.1 Alert level system","3.2 Announcement","3.3 Implementation","3.4 Revisions","3.5 Abolition","4 Timeline","5 References","6 External links"]	2021–22 New Zealand government system "Traffic light system" redirects here. For similar systems, see Traffic light rating system. The COVID-19 Protection Framework (known colloquially as the traffic light system) was a system used by the New Zealand Government during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. The three-tier traffic light system used vaccination and community transmission rates to determine the level of restrictions needed. It came into effect at 11:59 pm on 2 December 2021, replacing the four-tier alert level system, which used lockdowns. On 12 September 2022, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that the traffic light system would be dropped at 11:59 pm that night. Traffic light system The traffic light system used three colour-coded levels based on a traffic light: Red when the health care system is at risk of being overloaded, Orange when there is pressure on the health care system, and Green when hospitalisation levels are manageable. The Green level was never used. Green light COVID-19 is present across New Zealand, but with limited community transmission, sporadic imported cases, manageable hospitalisation levels. The health system will be ready to respond, including primary care, public health, and hospitals. Mandatory record keeping and scanning Face coverings will be compulsory on flights and encouraged indoors. Public facilities, retailers, workplaces, education providers, and specified community events are allowed to operate. No regional boundary restrictions. No limits for hospitality operators, social and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals, tangihanga, events (both indoors and outdoors), close contact businesses (such as hairdressers) and gyms with vaccine certificate requirements. Businesses and events lacking vaccine certificate requirements will be subject to a 100-person limit, based on one-metre distancing. Orange light Increasing community transmission with increasing pressure on health system. The whole of health system will focus its resources, but can continue to manage primary care, public health, and hospitals. Increasing risk to at-risk populations. Mandatory record keeping and scanning. Mandatory face masks on flights, public transportation, retailers, public venues, encouraged elsewhere. Public facilities and retailers will be allowed to open with capacity limits based on one-metre distancing. Education facilities will be allowed to open with public health measures in place. Workplaces and specified outdoor community events allowed. No regional boundary restrictions. No limits for hospitality operators, social and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals, tangihanga, events (both indoors and outdoors), close contact businesses (such as hairdressers) and gyms with vaccine certificate requirements. Businesses and events without vaccine certificate requirements will be subject to a 50-person limit, based on one-metre distancing. Red light Action needed to protect both at-risk people and health system from unsustainable number of hospitalisations. Mandatory record keeping and scanning. Mandatory face masks on flights, public transportation, retailers, public venues, and recommended when leaving the house. Public facilities subject to 100-person limit, based on one-metre social distancing. Retailers subject to capacity limit, based on one-metre social distancing. Working from home encouraged. Education providers open with public health restrictions. Specified outdoor community events allowed subject to capacity limits. Regional boundary restrictions may apply. For places with vaccine certificate requirements: Hospitality operators, social and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals, tangihanga, events (both indoors and outdoors), and gyms will be allowed to open subject to a 100-person limit, based on one-metre physical distancing. Close contact businesses will be allowed to reopen subject to public health requirements. Tertiary education providers subject to onsite vaccine delivery with capacity based on one-metre distancing. For places without vaccine certificate requirements: Hospitality providers without vaccine certificates can only provide contactless services. Social and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals and tangihanga without vaccine certificates subject to a 25-person limit. Tertiary education providers can only provide distance learning. Indoor and outdoor events, gyms, and close contact businesses (such as hairdressers) closed. My Vaccine Pass Main article: My Vaccine Pass The My Vaccine Pass was announced in October 2021. They are used as a proof of vaccination status, and a condition of entry for restaurants, bars, and other places. After 3 December 2021, while in Red, non-essential businesses are required to use vaccine passes for a condition of entry, and must verify a reasonable amount of them. It is common for some businesses to not verify passes at all. History Alert level system Main article: COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand The previously used alert level system was introduced on 21 March 2020 by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. It used four tiers or levels, with levels 3 and 4 being forms of lockdown. In level 1 there are no restrictions; in level 2 there are limits on gatherings; in level 3 only purposeful travel is allowed alongside strict limits on gatherings; and in level 4 only essential travel is allowed and gatherings are banned. The aim of the system was to eliminate COVID-19 entirely from the community, and the purpose of vaccinations was to help stop COVID-19 and not to slow it down. Announcement On 15 October 2021, Ardern announced that the alert level system would soon be dropped in favour of a "traffic light" system, officially called the COVID-19 Protection Framework. She initially stated that the system would be adopted nationwide once all DHBs reach the milestone of 90% of the eligible population being fully vaccinated and will occur in the Auckland Region once its three DHBs achieve 90%. On 8 November, Ardern stated that cabinet expects to move Auckland into the traffic light system from 29 November 2021. On 22 November, Ardern stated that the 90% target would not have to be met for New Zealand to move to the traffic light system, confirming that New Zealand would enter the new system on 3 December, replacing the previous alert level system. Auckland and areas with low vaccination start on the Red setting while the rest of the country starts on the Orange setting. The Government's abandonment of the COVID-19 elimination strategy was criticised by immunologist and health adviser Siouxsie Wiles, who argued that this policy shift would put the unvaccinated and vulnerable at risk. Similar sentiments were echoed by physicist and health adviser Shaun Hendy and Māori Party co-leader Rawiri Waititi, who suggested that the Government should not rule out Alert Level 4 "circuit breakers" to combat outbreaks and the lower Māori vaccination rate. Implementation The COVID-19 Response (Vaccinations) Legislation Act 2021 provided the legal framework for the COVID-19 Protection Framework, including vaccination and the My Vaccine Pass vaccine certificates. The law was passed on 23 November 2021, despite opposition from the Human Rights Commission, National, Act, and Māori parties, which objected to the rapid passage of the legislation and expressed concerns about its implications for human rights and Māori wellbeing and safety. Border restrictions in Auckland remained in place until 15 December 2021. Under the traffic light system, fully vaccinated people were allowed to travel across the Auckland border freely. Unvaccinated people would only be able to leave Auckland if they receive a negative COVID-19 test 72 hours prior to departure. However, there would be no similar restrictions on unvaccinated people entering Auckland. On 8 December, The New Zealand Herald reported that the Ministry of Health had proposed that the Auckland border should be lifted in tandem with the country's transition into the traffic light system on 3 December. However, Prime Minister Ardern and COVID-19 Response Minister Hipkins had opted to retain the Auckland border until 15 December to minimise community transmissions and boost regional vaccination rates. In response, National Party leader Christopher Luxon called for the lifting of Auckland's boundary restrictions. On 13 December, Ardern announced that Auckland and all other "red" regions excluding Northland would move to COVID-19 framework setting orange at 11.59pm on 30 December. Regions moving into "orange" include Taupō, Rotorua, Kawerau, Whakatāne, Ōpōtiki, Gisborne, Wairoa, Rangitikei, Whanganui and Ruapehu. This announcement came following a Cabinet meeting about whether any regions would move to a different setting under the "traffic light system." Mayor of Auckland Phil Goff and Auckland business leaders criticised the Government for not moving Auckland to "orange" earlier. University of Auckland epidemiologist Rod Jackson and the National Māori Pandemic Group co-leader Sue Crengle expressed concerns about lowering Auckland and other region's COVID-19 framework setting below red, while University of Otago epidemiologist Michael Baker argued that Auckland could move to setting orange, citing Auckland and the country's downward trend in case numbers over the past seven days. In response to the traffic light system's vaccine pass requirements, several local councils including the Dunedin City Council, Timaru District Council, Auckland Council, and Wellington City Council introduced policies in early December 2021 requiring people to show vaccine passes in order to access council facilities including pools, libraries, venues, and offices. Other local councils including the Invercargill City Council, the Southland District Council, Gore District Council, and the Waitaki District Councils have stated they would allow people to access their facilities without requiring vaccine passes. On 7 December 2021, the Invercargill City Council voted to introduce vaccine pass requirements for certain council facilities including libraries, swimming pools, He Waka Tuia Museum, and city council chambers. On 21 December 2021, Hipkins announced that the Cabinet had decided that the "traffic light system" would be used to manage outbreaks. In the event of Omicron community outbreaks, affected areas would move into the red traffic light setting. On 17 January 2022, Prime Minister Ardern announced that New Zealand would move to a red traffic light setting if Omicron was spreading in the community. On 20 January 2022, Ardern announced that Northland would move to the orange traffic light setting at 11:59 pm that night due to a surge of vaccination rates in the region. On 23 January 2022, the Government moved New Zealand into the red traffic light setting in response to recent community transmissions of the Omicron variant in the Nelson–Marlborough Region. Revisions On 23 March, Ardern announced that the New Zealand Government would ease several of the COVID-19 Protection Framework's "red setting" restrictions including: Lifting all outdoor gathering restrictions from 11:59pm on 25 March. Raising the indoor gathering limit from 100 to 200 from 11:59pm on 25 March. However, facemasks would be required in most indoor settings. Eliminating My Vaccine Pass requirements from 11:59pm on 4 April. Ending vaccine mandates for education, Police, and Defence Force staff as well as businesses using vaccine passes from 11:59pm on 4 April. Ending the NZ COVID Tracer app QR code scanning requirement. Under the revised "orange" settings of the Framework, facemasks would be required in many indoor settings and there would be no outdoor and indoor capacity limits. Under the revised "green" settings of the Framework, facemasks would be encouraged for indoor settings with no limits on outdoor and indoor capacity limits. Under all three "traffic light" settings, COVID-19 positive individuals and close household contacts would be required to isolate for seven days. In response to the Government's announcement on 23 March 2022 that it would ease the "red setting" restrictions, the opposition National Party COVID-19 spokesperson Chris Bishop welcomed the elimination of the vaccine pass system while calling for the abolition of the "traffic light" system. By contrast, the Green Party's spokesperson Teanau Tuiono claimed that the easing of vaccine mandate requirements would have an impact on vulnerable segments including children under the age of five years old, Māori, Pasifika, immunocompromised people, and disabled people. On 13 April, Hipkins announced that New Zealand would shift from the red to orange setting at 11:59 pm that night. As a result, indoor and outdoor capacity limits for public gatherings were eliminated. While facemasks will still be required at certain gatherings, events, and "close proximity" businesses, they will no longer be compulsory for schools. Abolition On 3 September 2022, the Otago Daily Times reported that the Government was considering removing most facemask requirements except high risk health settings as part of a review of New Zealand's "traffic light" settings. The newspaper also reported that the Government had failed to adequately consult disability support organisations, who only received a request for feedback on the proposal from the Ministry for Disabled People on 1 September. Disabled Persons Assembly NZ chief executive Prudence Walker and CCS Disability Action chief executive Melissa Smith expressed concern that they had only been given 24 hours to respond to the Government's proposal. By contrast, Retail NZ chief executive Greg Harford called for the Government to drop facemask requirements, citing a Retail NZ survey which found that two thirds of customers were ignoring the masking requirement. On 6 September 2022, epidemiologist Michael Baker advocated abandoning the "traffic light system" in favour of a "more straightforward system." Baker's remarks accompanied reports that the Government was considering abandoning the "traffic light system" when it reviewed New Zealand's COVID-19 settings that month. On 8 September 2022, The New Zealand Herald reported that the Government would make a decision on 12 September about a proposal to scrap the entire "traffic light system" rather than tweak the settings or move to "Green." If the proposal goes ahead, the "traffic light system" and other COVID-19 protection orders including mask mandates could be scrapped on 14 September when the Epidemic Preparedness (Covid-19) Notice 2020, the main legal instrument under which the Covid-19 orders are issued, is due to expire if Cabinet decides not to renew it. On 12 September, Ardern announced that the traffic light system would be dropped at 11:59 pm that night. As a result, most COVID-19 rules and restrictions would be eliminated: Only people who test positive for COVID-19 will be required to isolate for seven days. Household contacts do not have to isolate unless they test positive but are encouraged to take a COVID-19 rapid antigen test every five days. Face mask requirements will be eliminated in most public spaces and public transportation except certain healthcare facilities like hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and aged care facilities. Workplaces and marae are free to set mask requirements. Vaccine and testing requirements for all travellers entering New Zealand will end at 11:59 pm on 12 September. Overseas visitors will still receive free RAT tests. The Government's vaccine mandate for health and disability workers ends at 11:59 pm on 26 September. Some employers may require employees to be vaccinated due to health and safety legislative requirements. Anti-viral medicines will be made freely available to all New Zealanders aged 65 years and above who test positive for COVID-19. For Māori and Pasifika, the minimum age requirement will be 50 years and over. On 12 September, national carrier Air New Zealand announced that it would be dropping its facemask requirement from 11:59pm in response to the Government's decision to end the "traffic light system." While Disabled Persons Assembly CEO Walker expressed concerns that the scrapping of mask mandates would discouraged disabled and vulnerable people from going out due to the fear of catching COVID-19, Business South chief executive Mike Collins opined that the ending of COVID-19 regulations showed that the virus could be managed in the community and that it would benefit the retail and tourism sectors. Immunologist Wiles described the Government's decision to drop the "traffic light system" as a "big, long term expensive, mistake." She argued that New Zealand needed to retain the COVID-19 Protection Framework to protect the country from newer COVID-19 strains that were immune to existing vaccines and treatments, new infection waves, and the problem of "Long COVID" among vulnerable patients. Wiles also argued that facemasks and RAT tests were useful tools for curbing the spread of COVID-19. Timeline Date (11:59 pm) COVID-19 Protection Framework (traffic lights) Red Orange Green 2 December 2021 Northland, Auckland, Taupō and Rotorua Lakes Districts, Kawerau, Whakatane, Ōpōtiki Districts, Gisborne District, Wairoa District, Rangitikei, Whanganui and Ruapehu Districts Rest of North Island, South Island None 30 December 2021 Northland Rest of North Island, South Island None 20 January 2022 None New Zealand None 23 January 2022 New Zealand None None 13 April 2022 None New Zealand None 13 September 2022 None None None References ^ "COVID-19 Protection Framework (Traffic lights)". 15 August 2023. ^ a b c d e "COVID-19 Protection Framework". Unite against COVID-19. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ a b c "Covid-19 traffic light system scrapped: All you need to know". The New Zealand Herald. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ a b c "COVID-19 (novel coronavirus)". Ministry of Health. 12 September 2022. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ "My Vaccine Pass". 8 December 2022. ^ "PM announces Covid-19 vaccine certificate". Radio New Zealand. 5 October 2021. ^ "Concerns lax hospitality venues not scanning vaccine passes". 23 December 2021. ^ "Coronavirus: PM Jacinda Ardern outlines NZ's new alert system, over-70s should stay at home". The New Zealand Herald. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "COVID-19: Elimination strategy for Aotearoa New Zealand". Ministry of Health. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Hall, Kristin (15 October 2021). "Govt to ditch alert levels for new traffic light system". 1 News. TVNZ. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ a b "PM expects Auckland to move to traffic light system in three weeks". Radio New Zealand. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Wiles, Siouxsie (22 September 2021). "Siouxsie Wiles: Why we need to stay the course on elimination". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021. ^ "Covid-19 Delta outbreak: Government can't afford to rule out level 4 return – modeller Shaun Hendy". The New Zealand Herald. 18 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021. ^ "Mandate legislation pushed through Parliament amid fierce opposition". Radio New Zealand. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021. ^ Manch, Thomas (23 November 2021). "Covid-19: Critics condemn urgent passing of 'traffic light' law without usual scrutiny". Stuff. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. ^ Manch, Thomas (17 November 2021). "Covid-19: Government to open Auckland border on December 15, allowing travel for Christmas". Stuff. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021. ^ Cheng, Derek (8 December 2021). "Covid 19 Delta outbreak: Revealed - The public health advice to have Auckland unshackled by now and why Jacinda Ardern rejected it". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021. ^ Ensor, Jamie (8 December 2021). "Christopher Luxon calls for Auckland border to be lifted 'tonight' after previously unreleased public health advice emerges". Newshub. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021. ^ "Watch live: Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announces any changes to traffic light system". Radio New Zealand. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ "Govt under fire for not dropping Auckland's Covid-19 Protection Framework settings sooner". Radio New Zealand. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ Quinn, Rowan (13 December 2021). "Too early for Auckland and other regions to move out of red - experts". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ "Dunedin only southern council insisting on passports so far". Otago Daily Times. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ Savory, Logan (7 December 2021). "Invercargill councillors introduce vaccine mandate at some council facilities". Stuff. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ "Covid-19 Omicron: Chris Hipkins reveals decision on borders, boosters amid Omicron threat". The New Zealand Herald. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021. ^ "COVID-29: Omicron outbreak would push New Zealand back to red traffic light setting, says Jacinda Ardern". Radio New Zealand. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022. ^ Piper, Denise (20 January 2022). "Covid-19: Northland to move to orange traffic light setting on Thursday night". Stuff. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ Ardern, Jacinda (20 January 2022). "Northland to move to Orange, NZ prepared for Omicron". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ Ardern, Jacinda (23 January 2022). "New Zealand to move to Red from 11.59pm today". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "New Zealand adds new restrictions and Ardern delays her wedding as omicron spreads". National Public Radio. Associated Press. 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ Neilson, Michael (23 March 2022). "Covid 19 Omicron rules changed: Outdoor gathering limits scrapped; vaccine passes and some mandates end April 4 - Jacinda Ardern". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022. ^ a b c Whyte, Anna (23 March 2022). "PM reveals changes to mandates, vaccines passes and restrictions". 1 News. Retrieved 23 March 2022. ^ "Vaccine passes, QR codes no longer a requirement - Ardern". 1 News. TVNZ. 23 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ a b "Covid-19 Omicron outbreak: Orange for Easter! NZ to move to new traffic light setting from midnight; 9495 new community cases". New Zealand Herald. 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ "Covid-19: All of NZ to move to orange setting from 11.59pm tonight". Radio New Zealand. 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ Hudson, Daisy (3 September 2022). "'Critical oversight' in mask consultation". Otago Daily Times. Allied Press. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022. ^ Venuto, Damien (8 September 2022). "The Front Page: Michael Baker on what should follow the Covid-19 traffic light framework". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ^ Trevett, Claire; Pearse, Adam (8 September 2022). "Covid 19: Gone by Wednesday? Government set to decide on scrapping traffic light system, other orders". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ^ "Air NZ drop mask requirement following government's decision". 1 News. TVNZ. 12 September 2022. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022. ^ Houlahan, Mike (13 September 2022). "Back to normal life as Covid restrictions end". Otago Daily Times. Allied Press. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022. ^ Wiles, Siouxsie (12 September 2022). "Ditching Covid restrictions now could be a big and expensive mistake". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022. ^ Ardern, Jacinda (29 November 2021). "Traffic light levels announced". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021. ^ "Traffic light setting changes for some North Island regions from tonight". Radio New Zealand. 30 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022. ^ Ardern, Jacinda (20 January 2022). "Northland to move to Orange, NZ prepared for Omicron". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ Cooke, Henry (23 January 2022). "Covid-19 NZ: New Zealand to move to red at 11.59pm tonight after mystery Omicron cases". Stuff. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022. External links Official website vteCOVID-19 pandemic in New ZealandPeopleCabinet Jacinda Ardern David Clark Chris Hipkins Winston Peters Grant Robertson Ayesha Verrall Megan Woods Epidemic ResponseCommittee Simon Bridges Kiri Allan Paula Bennett Marama Davidson Ruth Dyson Paul Goldsmith Shane Reti David Seymour Fletcher Tabuteau Michael Wood Michael Woodhouse Officials Jim Bliss Ashley Bloomfield Mike Bush Andrew Coster Peter Crabtree Rose King Megan Main Caroline McElnay John Ombler Brian Roche Sharon Shea Heather Simpson Sarah Stuart-Black Ian Town Darryn Webb Scientists Michael Baker Jemma Geoghegan Matire Harwood David Hayman Shaun Hendy Rod Jackson David Murdoch Dion O'Neale Helen Petousis-Harris Michael Plank Papaarangi Reid David Skegg Simon Thornley Collin Tukuitonga Nikki Turner Ayesha Verrall Siouxsie Wiles Anne Wyllie Others Suzy Cato Claire Deeks Rob Fyfe Sue Grey Hone Harawira Toby Morris Anna Mowbray Graham Philip Paul Reid Jami-Lee Ross Brian Tamaki Billy Te Kahika Government Alert levels COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 COVID-19 Response (Vaccinations) Legislation Act 2021 COVID-19 Response Recognition Award District health boards Managed isolation Ministry of Health My Vaccine Pass New Zealand Microbiology Network NZ COVID Tracer NZ Pass Verifier Traffic light system Vaccination Zero-COVID Royal Commission of Inquiry into COVID-19 Lessons Learned Organisations Counterspin Media Samoan Assemblies of God in New Zealand Te Pūnaha Matatini The Freedoms & Rights Coalition Voices for Freedom The Disinformation Project ImpactEconomy 2degrees Air New Zealand Allied Press ASB Bank Bank of New Zealand Bauer Media Group Bunnings Dunedin Railways Fletcher Building Flight Centre H & J Smith Hermitage Hotel Jetstar Le Lapérouse MediaWorks Millennium & Copthorne Hotels Ngāi Tahu Tourism NZME Te Papa SkyCity Entertainment Group Smiths City Steel & Tube TAB Virgin Australia Warehouse Group Disease clusters Marist College (Auckland) Papatoetoe High School Ruby Princess (Hawke's Bay) Social Protests 2022 Wellington protest Social impact Timeline 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Associated statesand dependencies Cook Islands Niue Tokelau	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Traffic light rating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light_rating_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Government"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"community transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_transmission"},{"link_name":"restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"alert level system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"lockdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockdown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Jacinda Ardern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH_12_Sep_2022-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Health.govt.nz_12_Sep_2022-4"}],"text":"\"Traffic light system\" redirects here. For similar systems, see Traffic light rating system.The COVID-19 Protection Framework (known colloquially as the traffic light system[1]) was a system used by the New Zealand Government during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. The three-tier traffic light system used vaccination and community transmission rates to determine the level of restrictions needed. It came into effect at 11:59 pm on 2 December 2021, replacing the four-tier alert level system, which used lockdowns.[2] On 12 September 2022, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that the traffic light system would be dropped at 11:59 pm that night.[3][4]","title":"COVID-19 Protection Framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traffic light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"The traffic light system used three colour-coded levels based on a traffic light: Red when the health care system is at risk of being overloaded, Orange when there is pressure on the health care system, and Green when hospitalisation levels are manageable.[2] The Green level was never used.","title":"Traffic light system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Green light","text":"COVID-19 is present across New Zealand, but with limited community transmission, sporadic imported cases, manageable hospitalisation levels. The health system will be ready to respond, including primary care, public health, and hospitals.[2]Mandatory record keeping and scanning\nFace coverings will be compulsory on flights and encouraged indoors.\nPublic facilities, retailers, workplaces, education providers, and specified community events are allowed to operate.\nNo regional boundary restrictions.\nNo limits for hospitality operators, social and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals, tangihanga, events (both indoors and outdoors), close contact businesses (such as hairdressers) and gyms with vaccine certificate requirements.\nBusinesses and events lacking vaccine certificate requirements will be subject to a 100-person limit, based on one-metre distancing.","title":"Traffic light system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Orange light","text":"Increasing community transmission with increasing pressure on health system. The whole of health system will focus its resources, but can continue to manage primary care, public health, and hospitals. Increasing risk to at-risk populations.[2]Mandatory record keeping and scanning.\nMandatory face masks on flights, public transportation, retailers, public venues, encouraged elsewhere.\nPublic facilities and retailers will be allowed to open with capacity limits based on one-metre distancing.\nEducation facilities will be allowed to open with public health measures in place.\nWorkplaces and specified outdoor community events allowed.\nNo regional boundary restrictions.\nNo limits for hospitality operators, social and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals, tangihanga, events (both indoors and outdoors), close contact businesses (such as hairdressers) and gyms with vaccine certificate requirements.\nBusinesses and events without vaccine certificate requirements will be subject to a 50-person limit, based on one-metre distancing.","title":"Traffic light system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Red light","text":"Action needed to protect both at-risk people and health system from unsustainable number of hospitalisations.[2]Mandatory record keeping and scanning.\nMandatory face masks on flights, public transportation, retailers, public venues, and recommended when leaving the house.\nPublic facilities subject to 100-person limit, based on one-metre social distancing.\nRetailers subject to capacity limit, based on one-metre social distancing.\nWorking from home encouraged.\nEducation providers open with public health restrictions.\nSpecified outdoor community events allowed subject to capacity limits.\nRegional boundary restrictions may apply.For places with vaccine certificate requirements:Hospitality operators, social and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals, tangihanga, events (both indoors and outdoors), and gyms will be allowed to open subject to a 100-person limit, based on one-metre physical distancing.\nClose contact businesses will be allowed to reopen subject to public health requirements.\nTertiary education providers subject to onsite vaccine delivery with capacity based on one-metre distancing.For places without vaccine certificate requirements:Hospitality providers without vaccine certificates can only provide contactless services.\nSocial and religious gatherings, weddings, civil unions, funerals and tangihanga without vaccine certificates subject to a 25-person limit.\nTertiary education providers can only provide distance learning.\nIndoor and outdoor events, gyms, and close contact businesses (such as hairdressers) closed.","title":"Traffic light system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proof of vaccination status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The My Vaccine Pass was announced in October 2021. They are used as a proof of vaccination status, and a condition of entry for restaurants, bars, and other places.[5]After 3 December 2021, while in Red, non-essential businesses are required to use vaccine passes for a condition of entry, and must verify a reasonable amount of them.[6][better source needed]\nIt is common for some businesses to not verify passes at all.[7]","title":"My Vaccine Pass"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacinda Ardern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Alert level system","text":"The previously used alert level system was introduced on 21 March 2020 by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. It used four tiers or levels, with levels 3 and 4 being forms of lockdown. In level 1 there are no restrictions; in level 2 there are limits on gatherings; in level 3 only purposeful travel is allowed alongside strict limits on gatherings; and in level 4 only essential travel is allowed and gatherings are banned.[8] The aim of the system was to eliminate COVID-19 entirely from the community, and the purpose of vaccinations was to help stop COVID-19 and not to slow it down.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie Wiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Wiles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shaun Hendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Hendy"},{"link_name":"Māori Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party"},{"link_name":"Rawiri Waititi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawiri_Waititi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Announcement","text":"On 15 October 2021, Ardern announced that the alert level system would soon be dropped in favour of a \"traffic light\" system, officially called the COVID-19 Protection Framework. She initially stated that the system would be adopted nationwide once all DHBs reach the milestone of 90% of the eligible population being fully vaccinated and will occur in the Auckland Region once its three DHBs achieve 90%.[10]On 8 November, Ardern stated that cabinet expects to move Auckland into the traffic light system from 29 November 2021.[11]On 22 November, Ardern stated that the 90% target would not have to be met for New Zealand to move to the traffic light system, confirming that New Zealand would enter the new system on 3 December, replacing the previous alert level system. Auckland and areas with low vaccination start on the Red setting while the rest of the country starts on the Orange setting.[11]The Government's abandonment of the COVID-19 elimination strategy was criticised by immunologist and health adviser Siouxsie Wiles, who argued that this policy shift would put the unvaccinated and vulnerable at risk.[12] Similar sentiments were echoed by physicist and health adviser Shaun Hendy and Māori Party co-leader Rawiri Waititi, who suggested that the Government should not rule out Alert Level 4 \"circuit breakers\" to combat outbreaks and the lower Māori vaccination rate.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 Response (Vaccinations) Legislation Act 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Response_(Vaccinations)_Legislation_Act_2021"},{"link_name":"My Vaccine Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Vaccine_Pass"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Christopher Luxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Luxon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Region"},{"link_name":"Taupō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taup%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"Kawerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawerau"},{"link_name":"Whakatāne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakat%C4%81ne"},{"link_name":"Ōpōtiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cp%C5%8Dtiki"},{"link_name":"Gisborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne_Region"},{"link_name":"Wairoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairoa"},{"link_name":"Rangitikei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangitikei_District"},{"link_name":"Whanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"},{"link_name":"Ruapehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu_District"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-December_update-19"},{"link_name":"Phil Goff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Goff"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sue Crengle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Crengle"},{"link_name":"University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago"},{"link_name":"Michael Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Baker_(epidemiologist)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dunedin City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Timaru District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaru_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Auckland Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Council"},{"link_name":"Wellington City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_City_Council"},{"link_name":"vaccine passes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Vaccine_Pass"},{"link_name":"Invercargill City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Southland District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Gore District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Waitaki District Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitaki_District"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"He Waka Tuia Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_Waka_Tuia_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Omicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Marlborough Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Region"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Implementation","text":"The COVID-19 Response (Vaccinations) Legislation Act 2021 provided the legal framework for the COVID-19 Protection Framework, including vaccination and the My Vaccine Pass vaccine certificates. The law was passed on 23 November 2021, despite opposition from the Human Rights Commission, National, Act, and Māori parties, which objected to the rapid passage of the legislation and expressed concerns about its implications for human rights and Māori wellbeing and safety.[14][15]Border restrictions in Auckland remained in place until 15 December 2021. Under the traffic light system, fully vaccinated people were allowed to travel across the Auckland border freely. Unvaccinated people would only be able to leave Auckland if they receive a negative COVID-19 test 72 hours prior to departure. However, there would be no similar restrictions on unvaccinated people entering Auckland.[16] On 8 December, The New Zealand Herald reported that the Ministry of Health had proposed that the Auckland border should be lifted in tandem with the country's transition into the traffic light system on 3 December. However, Prime Minister Ardern and COVID-19 Response Minister Hipkins had opted to retain the Auckland border until 15 December to minimise community transmissions and boost regional vaccination rates.[17] In response, National Party leader Christopher Luxon called for the lifting of Auckland's boundary restrictions.[18]On 13 December, Ardern announced that Auckland and all other \"red\" regions excluding Northland would move to COVID-19 framework setting orange at 11.59pm on 30 December. Regions moving into \"orange\" include Taupō, Rotorua, Kawerau, Whakatāne, Ōpōtiki, Gisborne, Wairoa, Rangitikei, Whanganui and Ruapehu. This announcement came following a Cabinet meeting about whether any regions would move to a different setting under the \"traffic light system.\"[19] Mayor of Auckland Phil Goff and Auckland business leaders criticised the Government for not moving Auckland to \"orange\" earlier.[20] University of Auckland epidemiologist Rod Jackson and the National Māori Pandemic Group co-leader Sue Crengle expressed concerns about lowering Auckland and other region's COVID-19 framework setting below red, while University of Otago epidemiologist Michael Baker argued that Auckland could move to setting orange, citing Auckland and the country's downward trend in case numbers over the past seven days.[21]In response to the traffic light system's vaccine pass requirements, several local councils including the Dunedin City Council, Timaru District Council, Auckland Council, and Wellington City Council introduced policies in early December 2021 requiring people to show vaccine passes in order to access council facilities including pools, libraries, venues, and offices. Other local councils including the Invercargill City Council, the Southland District Council, Gore District Council, and the Waitaki District Councils have stated they would allow people to access their facilities without requiring vaccine passes.[22]On 7 December 2021, the Invercargill City Council voted to introduce vaccine pass requirements for certain council facilities including libraries, swimming pools, He Waka Tuia Museum, and city council chambers.[23]On 21 December 2021, Hipkins announced that the Cabinet had decided that the \"traffic light system\" would be used to manage outbreaks. In the event of Omicron community outbreaks, affected areas would move into the red traffic light setting.[24]On 17 January 2022, Prime Minister Ardern announced that New Zealand would move to a red traffic light setting if Omicron was spreading in the community.[25]On 20 January 2022, Ardern announced that Northland would move to the orange traffic light setting at 11:59 pm that night due to a surge of vaccination rates in the region.[26][27]On 23 January 2022, the Government moved New Zealand into the red traffic light setting in response to recent community transmissions of the Omicron variant in the Nelson–Marlborough Region.[28][29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Vaccine Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Vaccine_Pass"},{"link_name":"NZ COVID Tracer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer"},{"link_name":"QR code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1_News_23_March_2022-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1_News_23_March_2022-31"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Chris Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bishop_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Teanau Tuiono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanau_Tuiono"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pasifika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1_News_23_March_2022-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH_13_Apr_2022-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Revisions","text":"On 23 March, Ardern announced that the New Zealand Government would ease several of the COVID-19 Protection Framework's \"red setting\" restrictions including:Lifting all outdoor gathering restrictions from 11:59pm on 25 March.\nRaising the indoor gathering limit from 100 to 200 from 11:59pm on 25 March. However, facemasks would be required in most indoor settings.\nEliminating My Vaccine Pass requirements from 11:59pm on 4 April.\nEnding vaccine mandates for education, Police, and Defence Force staff as well as businesses using vaccine passes from 11:59pm on 4 April.\nEnding the NZ COVID Tracer app QR code scanning requirement.[30][31][32]Under the revised \"orange\" settings of the Framework, facemasks would be required in many indoor settings and there would be no outdoor and indoor capacity limits. Under the revised \"green\" settings of the Framework, facemasks would be encouraged for indoor settings with no limits on outdoor and indoor capacity limits. Under all three \"traffic light\" settings, COVID-19 positive individuals and close household contacts would be required to isolate for seven days.[31]In response to the Government's announcement on 23 March 2022 that it would ease the \"red setting\" restrictions, the opposition National Party COVID-19 spokesperson Chris Bishop welcomed\nthe elimination of the vaccine pass system while calling for the abolition of the \"traffic light\" system. By contrast, the Green Party's spokesperson Teanau Tuiono claimed that the easing of vaccine mandate requirements would have an impact on vulnerable segments including children under the age of five years old, Māori, Pasifika, immunocompromised people, and disabled people.[31]On 13 April, Hipkins announced that New Zealand would shift from the red to orange setting at 11:59 pm that night. As a result, indoor and outdoor capacity limits for public gatherings were eliminated. While facemasks will still be required at certain gatherings, events, and \"close proximity\" businesses, they will no longer be compulsory for schools.[33][34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otago Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times"},{"link_name":"Ministry for Disabled People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Disabled_People"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Michael Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Baker_(epidemiologist)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"Epidemic Preparedness (Covid-19) Notice 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemic_Preparedness_(Covid-19)_Notice_2020&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 rapid antigen test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Health.govt.nz_12_Sep_2022-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH_12_Sep_2022-3"},{"link_name":"Air New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Long COVID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Abolition","text":"On 3 September 2022, the Otago Daily Times reported that the Government was considering removing most facemask requirements except high risk health settings as part of a review of New Zealand's \"traffic light\" settings. The newspaper also reported that the Government had failed to adequately consult disability support organisations, who only received a request for feedback on the proposal from the Ministry for Disabled People on 1 September. Disabled Persons Assembly NZ chief executive Prudence Walker and CCS Disability Action chief executive Melissa Smith expressed concern that they had only been given 24 hours to respond to the Government's proposal. By contrast, Retail NZ chief executive Greg Harford called for the Government to drop facemask requirements, citing a Retail NZ survey which found that two thirds of customers were ignoring the masking requirement.[35]On 6 September 2022, epidemiologist Michael Baker advocated abandoning the \"traffic light system\" in favour of a \"more straightforward system.\" Baker's remarks accompanied reports that the Government was considering abandoning the \"traffic light system\" when it reviewed New Zealand's COVID-19 settings that month.[36]On 8 September 2022, The New Zealand Herald reported that the Government would make a decision on 12 September about a proposal to scrap the entire \"traffic light system\" rather than tweak the settings or move to \"Green.\" If the proposal goes ahead, the \"traffic light system\" and other COVID-19 protection orders including mask mandates could be scrapped on 14 September when the Epidemic Preparedness (Covid-19) Notice 2020, the main legal instrument under which the Covid-19 orders are issued, is due to expire if Cabinet decides not to renew it.[37]On 12 September, Ardern announced that the traffic light system would be dropped at 11:59 pm that night. As a result, most COVID-19 rules and restrictions would be eliminated:Only people who test positive for COVID-19 will be required to isolate for seven days. Household contacts do not have to isolate unless they test positive but are encouraged to take a COVID-19 rapid antigen test every five days.\nFace mask requirements will be eliminated in most public spaces and public transportation except certain healthcare facilities like hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and aged care facilities. Workplaces and marae are free to set mask requirements.\nVaccine and testing requirements for all travellers entering New Zealand will end at 11:59 pm on 12 September. Overseas visitors will still receive free RAT tests.\nThe Government's vaccine mandate for health and disability workers ends at 11:59 pm on 26 September. Some employers may require employees to be vaccinated due to health and safety legislative requirements.\nAnti-viral medicines will be made freely available to all New Zealanders aged 65 years and above who test positive for COVID-19. For Māori and Pasifika, the minimum age requirement will be 50 years and over.[4][3]On 12 September, national carrier Air New Zealand announced that it would be dropping its facemask requirement from 11:59pm in response to the Government's decision to end the \"traffic light system.\"[38] While Disabled Persons Assembly CEO Walker expressed concerns that the scrapping of mask mandates would discouraged disabled and vulnerable people from going out due to the fear of catching COVID-19, Business South chief executive Mike Collins opined that the ending of COVID-19 regulations showed that the virus could be managed in the community and that it would benefit the retail and tourism sectors.[39]Immunologist Wiles described the Government's decision to drop the \"traffic light system\" as a \"big, long term expensive, mistake.\" She argued that New Zealand needed to retain the COVID-19 Protection Framework to protect the country from newer COVID-19 strains that were immune to existing vaccines and treatments, new infection waves, and the problem of \"Long COVID\" among vulnerable patients. Wiles also argued that facemasks and RAT tests were useful tools for curbing the spread of COVID-19.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"COVID-19 Protection Framework (Traffic lights)\". 15 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://covid19.govt.nz/traffic-lights/covid-19-protection-framework/","url_text":"\"COVID-19 Protection Framework (Traffic lights)\""}]},{"reference":"\"COVID-19 Protection Framework\". Unite against COVID-19. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://covid19.govt.nz/traffic-lights/covid-19-protection-framework/","url_text":"\"COVID-19 Protection Framework\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Government","url_text":"New Zealand Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211129070056/https://covid19.govt.nz/traffic-lights/covid-19-protection-framework/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Covid-19 traffic light system scrapped: All you need to know\". The New Zealand Herald. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-traffic-light-system-scrapped-all-you-need-to-know/2U5IN5GLHEUGLEHS6C43ZE3W4E/","url_text":"\"Covid-19 traffic light system scrapped: All you need to know\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"COVID-19 (novel coronavirus)\". Ministry of Health. 12 September 2022. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.health.govt.nz/covid-19-novel-coronavirus","url_text":"\"COVID-19 (novel coronavirus)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Ministry of Health"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220912050701/https://www.health.govt.nz/covid-19-novel-coronavirus","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"My Vaccine Pass\". 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://covid19.govt.nz/covid-19-vaccines/covid-19-vaccination-certificates/my-vaccine-pass/","url_text":"\"My Vaccine Pass\""}]},{"reference":"\"PM announces Covid-19 vaccine certificate\". Radio New Zealand. 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/452941/pm-announces-covid-19-vaccine-certificate","url_text":"\"PM announces Covid-19 vaccine certificate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand","url_text":"Radio New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Concerns lax hospitality venues not scanning vaccine passes\". 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/127366823/concerns-lax-hospitality-venues-not-scanning-vaccine-passes","url_text":"\"Concerns lax hospitality venues not scanning vaccine passes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus: PM Jacinda Ardern outlines NZ's new alert system, over-70s should stay at home\". The New Zealand Herald. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/coronavirus-pm-jacinda-ardern-outlines-nzs-new-alert-system-over-70s-should-stay-at-home/NKTHAAX6D5JET6DIBEMLDZ2FSU/","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: PM Jacinda Ardern outlines NZ's new alert system, over-70s should stay at home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024849/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/coronavirus-pm-jacinda-ardern-outlines-nzs-new-alert-system-over-70s-should-stay-at-home/NKTHAAX6D5JET6DIBEMLDZ2FSU/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"COVID-19: Elimination strategy for Aotearoa New Zealand\". Ministry of Health. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-response-planning/covid-19-elimination-strategy-aotearoa-new-zealand","url_text":"\"COVID-19: Elimination strategy for Aotearoa New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Ministry of Health"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211202142043/https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-response-planning/covid-19-elimination-strategy-aotearoa-new-zealand","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Kristin (15 October 2021). \"Govt to ditch alert levels for new traffic light system\". 1 News. TVNZ. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/10/15/govt-to-ditch-alert-levels-for-new-traffic-light-system/","url_text":"\"Govt to ditch alert levels for new traffic light system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_News","url_text":"1 News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVNZ","url_text":"TVNZ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211129020708/https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/10/15/govt-to-ditch-alert-levels-for-new-traffic-light-system/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PM expects Auckland to move to traffic light system in three weeks\". Radio New Zealand. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/455171/pm-expects-auckland-to-move-to-traffic-light-system-in-three-weeks","url_text":"\"PM expects Auckland to move to traffic light system in three weeks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand","url_text":"Radio New Zealand"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024849/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/455171/pm-expects-auckland-to-move-to-traffic-light-system-in-three-weeks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wiles, Siouxsie (22 September 2021). \"Siouxsie Wiles: Why we need to stay the course on elimination\". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefect	Praefectus	["1 Praetorian prefects","2 Police and civil prefects","3 Military prefects","4 Prefects as provincial governors","5 Religious prefects","6 References"]	Prefect in ancient Rome Politics of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom753–509 BC Roman Republic509–27 BC Roman Empire27 BC – AD 395 Principate27 BC – AD 284 DominateAD 284–641 WesternAD 395–476 EasternAD 395–1453 Timeline Constitution Kingdom Republic Sullan republic Empire Augustan reforms Late Empire Political institutions Imperium Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Ordinary magistrates Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor Extraordinary magistrates Corrector Dictator Magister equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri Public law Mos maiorum Ius Senatus consultum Quaestio perpetua Senatus consultum ultimum Titles and honours Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praeses Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Triumvir monetalis Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Other countries vte Look up praefectus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Praefectus, often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) but conferred by delegation from a higher authority. They did have some authority in their prefecture, such as controlling prisons and in civil administration. Praetorian prefects The Praetorian prefect (Praefectus praetorio) began as the military commander of a general's guard company in the field, then grew in importance as the Praetorian Guard became a potential kingmaker during the Empire. From the Emperor Diocletian's tetrarchy (c. 300) they became the administrators of the four Praetorian prefectures, the government level above the (newly created) dioceses and (multiplied) provinces. Police and civil prefects Praefectus urbi, or praefectus urbanus: city prefect, in charge of the administration of Rome. Praefectus vigilum: commander of the Vigiles (firemen and police). Praefectus aerarii: nobles appointed guardians of the state treasury. Praefectus aerarii militaris: prefect of the military treasury. Praefectus annonae: official charged with the supervision of the grain supply to the city of Rome. Military prefects Praefectus alae: commander of a cavalry unit. Praefectus castrorum: camp commandant. Praefectus cohortis: commander of a cohort (constituent unit of a legion, or analogous unit). Praefectus classis: fleet commander. Praefectus equitatus: cavalry commander. Praefectus equitum: cavalry commander. Praefectus fabrum: officer in charge of fabri, i.e. well-trained engineers and artisans. Praefectus legionis: equestrian legionary commander. Praefectus legionis agens vice legati: equestrian acting legionary commander. Praefectus orae maritimae: official in charge with the control and defense of an important sector of sea coast. Praefectus socium (sociorum): Roman officer appointed to a command function in an ala sociorum (unit recruited among the socii, Italic peoples of a privileged status within the empire). For some auxiliary troops, specific titles could even refer to their peoples: Praefectus Laetorum (Germanic, notably in Gaul) Praefectus Sarmatarum gentilium (from the steppes, notably in Italy) Prefects as provincial governors Roman provinces were usually ruled by high-ranking officials. Less important provinces though were entrusted to prefects, military men who would otherwise only govern parts of larger provinces. The most famous example is Pontius Pilate, who governed Judaea at a time when it was administered as an annex of Syria. As Egypt was a special imperial domain, a rich and strategic granary, where the Emperor enjoyed an almost pharaonic position unlike any other province or diocese, its head was styled uniquely Praefectus Augustalis, indicating that he governed in the personal name of the emperor, the "Augustus". Septimius Severus, after conquering Mesopotamia, introduced the same system there too. After the mid-1st century, as a result of the Pax Romana, the governorship was gradually shifted from the military prefects to civilian fiscal officials called procurators, Egypt remaining the exception. Religious prefects Praefectus urbi: a prefect of the republican era who guarded the city during the annual sacrifice of the Feriae Latinae on Mount Alban in which the consuls participated. His former title was "custos urbi" ("guardian of the city"). References ^ a b c d e Berger, Adolf (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 643. ISBN 1-58477-142-9. ^ "Provincial governors (Roman)". Livius.org. Jona Lendering. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2014-12-18. ^ Smith, William (1875). Praefectus Urbi - in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray. pp. 953–954. Retrieved July 27, 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praefectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/praefectus"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"}],"text":"Look up praefectus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Praefectus, often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) but conferred by delegation from a higher authority. 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From the Emperor Diocletian's tetrarchy (c. 300) they became the administrators of the four Praetorian prefectures, the government level above the (newly created) dioceses and (multiplied) provinces.","title":"Praetorian prefects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Praefectus urbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_urbi"},{"link_name":"praefectus urbanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_urbanus"},{"link_name":"Praefectus vigilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_vigilum"},{"link_name":"Vigiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigiles"},{"link_name":"Praefectus aerarii militaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerarium_militare"},{"link_name":"Praefectus annonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_annonae"}],"text":"Praefectus urbi, or praefectus urbanus: city prefect, in charge of the administration of Rome.\nPraefectus vigilum: commander of the Vigiles (firemen and police).\nPraefectus aerarii: nobles appointed guardians of the state treasury.\nPraefectus aerarii militaris: prefect of the military treasury.\nPraefectus annonae: official charged with the supervision of the grain supply to the city of Rome.","title":"Police and civil prefects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Praefectus castrorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_castrorum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger-1"},{"link_name":"Praefectus cohortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praefectus_cohortus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cohort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Praefectus classis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_classis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger-1"},{"link_name":"Praefectus fabrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger-1"},{"link_name":"sea coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_coast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger-1"},{"link_name":"Praefectus Laetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_Laetorum"},{"link_name":"steppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe"}],"text":"Praefectus alae: commander of a cavalry unit.\nPraefectus castrorum: camp commandant.[1]\nPraefectus cohortis: commander of a cohort (constituent unit of a legion, or analogous unit).\nPraefectus classis: fleet commander.[1]\nPraefectus equitatus: cavalry commander.\nPraefectus equitum: cavalry commander.\nPraefectus fabrum: officer in charge of fabri, i.e. well-trained engineers and artisans.[1]\nPraefectus legionis: equestrian legionary commander.[1]\nPraefectus legionis agens vice legati: equestrian acting legionary commander.\nPraefectus orae maritimae: official in charge with the control and defense of an important sector of sea coast.[1]\nPraefectus socium (sociorum): Roman officer appointed to a command function in an ala sociorum (unit recruited among the socii, Italic peoples of a privileged status within the empire).For some auxiliary troops, specific titles could even refer to their peoples:Praefectus Laetorum (Germanic, notably in Gaul)\nPraefectus Sarmatarum gentilium (from the steppes, notably in Italy)","title":"Military prefects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontius Pilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate"},{"link_name":"Judaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_Province"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"pharaonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Praefectus Augustalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_Augustalis"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Pax Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana"},{"link_name":"procurators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Roman provinces were usually ruled by high-ranking officials. 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Septimius Severus, after conquering Mesopotamia, introduced the same system there too.After the mid-1st century, as a result of the Pax Romana, the governorship was gradually shifted from the military prefects to civilian fiscal officials called procurators, Egypt remaining the exception.[2]","title":"Prefects as provincial governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feriae Latinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriae_Latinae"},{"link_name":"consuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Praefectus urbi: a prefect of the republican era who guarded the city during the annual sacrifice of the Feriae Latinae on Mount Alban in which the consuls participated. His former title was \"custos urbi\" (\"guardian of the city\").[3]","title":"Religious prefects"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Berger, Adolf (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 643. ISBN 1-58477-142-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-142-9","url_text":"1-58477-142-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Provincial governors (Roman)\". Livius.org. Jona Lendering. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2014-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150504221228/http://www.livius.org/gi-gr/governor/governor.html","url_text":"\"Provincial governors (Roman)\""},{"url":"https://www.livius.org/gi-gr/governor/governor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, William (1875). Praefectus Urbi - in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray. pp. 953–954. Retrieved July 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Praefectus_Urbi.html","url_text":"Praefectus Urbi - in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150504221228/http://www.livius.org/gi-gr/governor/governor.html","external_links_name":"\"Provincial governors (Roman)\""},{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/gi-gr/governor/governor.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Praefectus_Urbi.html","external_links_name":"Praefectus Urbi - in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uqlidisi	Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi	["1 Notes","2 References"]	10th century Islamic-world mathematician Abū al-Ḥassan, Aḥmad Ibn Ibrāhīm, al-Uqlīdisī (Arabic: أبو الحسن أحمد بن ابراهيم الإقليدسي, fl. 952) was a mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age, possibly from Damascus, who wrote the earliest surviving book on the use of decimal fractions with Hindu–Arabic numerals, Kitāb al-Fuṣūl fī al-Ḥisāb al-Hindī (The Book of Chapters on Hindu Arithmetic), in Arabic in 952. The book is well preserved in a single 12th century manuscript, but other than the author's name, original year of publication (341 AH, 952/3 AD) and the place (Damascus) we know nothing else about the author: after an extensive survey of extant reference material, mathematical historian Ahmad Salīm Saʿīdān, who discovered the manuscript in 1960, could find no other mention of him. His nickname al-Uqlīdisī ("the Euclidean") was commonly given to people who sold manuscript copies of Euclid's Elements. In the introductory remarks to his Arithmetic, Al-Uqlīdisī claims that he traveled to confer with every arithmetic expert he knew of, and read every previous book he could find, and comprehensively synthesized this previous work while adding his own ideas. The Arithmetic describes the main calculation methods of medieval Islamic arithmetic, including finger reckoning, the Greco-Babylonian sexagesimal system commonly used for astronomy, calculations with fractions, and positional decimal calculations using the Hindu–Arabic system performed using the dust board and stylus. It is especially notable for its treatment of decimal fractions, and for showing how to calculate using pen and paper rather than an erasable dust board. While the Persian mathematician Jamshīd al-Kāshī claimed to have discovered decimal fractions himself in the 15th century, J. Lennart Berggren notes that he was mistaken, as decimal fractions were first used five centuries before him by al-Uqlidisi as early as the 10th century. A. S. Saidan who studied al-Uqlidisi's mathematical treatise in detail wrote: The most remarkable idea in this work is that of decimal fraction. Al-Uqlidisi uses decimal fractions as such, appreciates the importance of a decimal sign, and suggests a good one. Not al-Kashi (d. 1436/7) who treated decimal fractions in his "Miftah al-Hisab", but al-Uqlidisi, who lived five centuries earlier, is the first Muslim mathematician so far known to write about decimal fractions. Notes ^ a b c Saidan 1978. ^ MS 802 at Yeni Cami Library, Istanbul, written in 582 AH (1186 AD) ^ Berggren 2007. ^ O'Connor & Robertson 1999. References Berggren, J. Lennart (2007). "Mathematics in Medieval Islam". The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook. Princeton University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9. Brentjes, Sonja (2005). "Uqlidisi, Al-". In Glick, Thomas; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (eds.). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (1999). "Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. Saidan, A. S. (1966). "The Earliest Extant Arabic Arithmetic: Kitāb al-Fuṣūl fī al-Ḥisāb al-Hindī of Abū al-Ḥassan, Aḥmad Ibn Ibrāhim, al-Uqlīdisī". Isis. 57 (4): 475–490. JSTOR 228518. Saidan, A. S. (1976). "Al-Uqlīdisī, Abu'l-Ḥasan Aḥmad Ibn Ibrāhīm". In Gillispie, Charles C. (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13 – Staudinger–Veronese. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons / American Council of Learned Societies. pp. 544–546. ISBN 0-684-12925-6. Saidan, A. S., ed. (1978). The Arithmetic of Al-Uqlīdisī: The Story of Hindu–Arabic Arithmetic as told in the Kitāb al-Fuṣūl fī al-Ḥisāb al-Hindī. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9772-1. ISBN 978-94-009-9774-5. vteMathematics in the medieval Islamic worldMathematicians9th century 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk Sanad ibn Ali al-Jawharī Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Kindi Qusta ibn Luqa Al-Mahani al-Dinawari Banū Mūsā brothers Hunayn ibn Ishaq Al-Khwarizmi Yusuf al-Khuri Ishaq ibn Hunayn Na'im ibn Musa Thābit ibn Qurra al-Marwazi Abu Said Gorgani 10th century Abu al-Wafa al-Khazin Al-Qabisi Abu Kamil Ahmad ibn Yusuf Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ al-Khojandi Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Brethren of Purity Ibn Sahl Ibn Yunus al-Uqlidisi Al-Battani Sinan ibn Thabit Ibrahim ibn Sinan Al-Isfahani Nazif ibn Yumn al-Qūhī Abu al-Jud Al-Sijzi Al-Karaji al-Majriti al-Jabali 11th century Abu Nasr Mansur Alhazen Kushyar Gilani Al-Biruni Ibn al-Samh Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Avicenna al-Jayyānī al-Nasawī al-Zarqālī ibn Hud Al-Isfizari Omar Khayyam Muhammad al-Baghdadi 12th century Jabir ibn Aflah Al-Kharaqī Al-Khazini Al-Samawal al-Maghribi al-Hassar Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi Ibn al-Yasamin 13th century Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili Ahmad al-Buni Ibn Munim Alam al-Din al-Hanafi Ibn Adlan al-Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi al-Abhari Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi al-Hasan al-Marrakushi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi Ibn al-Banna' Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 14th century Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri Ibn al-Shatir Ibn al-Durayhim Al-Khalili al-Umawi 15th century Ibn al-Majdi al-Rūmī al-Kāshī Ulugh Beg Ali Qushji al-Wafa'i al-Qalaṣādī Sibt al-Maridini Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 16th century Al-Birjandi Muhammad Baqir Yazdi Taqi ad-Din Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi Mathematicalworks The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing De Gradibus Principles of Hindu Reckoning Book of Optics The Book of Healing Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Toledan Tables Tabula Rogeriana Zij Concepts Alhazen's problem Islamic geometric patterns Centers Al-Azhar University Al-Mustansiriya University House of Knowledge House of Wisdom Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din Madrasa Maragheh observatory University of al-Qarawiyyin Influences Babylonian mathematics Greek mathematics Indian mathematics Influenced Byzantine mathematics European mathematics Indian mathematics Related Hindu–Arabic numeral system Arabic numerals (Eastern Arabic numerals, Western Arabic numerals) Trigonometric functions History of trigonometry History of algebra Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Academics MathSciNet zbMATH This Syria biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Asian mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal"},{"link_name":"Hindu–Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidan1978-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"AH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Salīm Saʿīdān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_S._Saidan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidan1978-1"},{"link_name":"Euclid's Elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidan1978-1"},{"link_name":"medieval Islamic arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam"},{"link_name":"sexagesimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagesimal"},{"link_name":"decimal fractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_fraction"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"Jamshīd al-Kāshī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsh%C4%ABd_al-K%C4%81sh%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerggren2007-3"},{"link_name":"decimal fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_fraction"},{"link_name":"decimal sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_sign"},{"link_name":"al-Kashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kashi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson1999-4"}],"text":"Abū al-Ḥassan, Aḥmad Ibn Ibrāhīm, al-Uqlīdisī (Arabic: أبو الحسن أحمد بن ابراهيم الإقليدسي, fl. 952) was a mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age, possibly from Damascus, who wrote the earliest surviving book on the use of decimal fractions with Hindu–Arabic numerals, Kitāb al-Fuṣūl fī al-Ḥisāb al-Hindī (The Book of Chapters on Hindu Arithmetic), in Arabic in 952.[1] The book is well preserved in a single 12th century manuscript,[2] but other than the author's name, original year of publication (341 AH, 952/3 AD) and the place (Damascus) we know nothing else about the author: after an extensive survey of extant reference material, mathematical historian Ahmad Salīm Saʿīdān, who discovered the manuscript in 1960, could find no other mention of him.[1] His nickname al-Uqlīdisī (\"the Euclidean\") was commonly given to people who sold manuscript copies of Euclid's Elements.[1]In the introductory remarks to his Arithmetic, Al-Uqlīdisī claims that he traveled to confer with every arithmetic expert he knew of, and read every previous book he could find, and comprehensively synthesized this previous work while adding his own ideas. The Arithmetic describes the main calculation methods of medieval Islamic arithmetic, including finger reckoning, the Greco-Babylonian sexagesimal system commonly used for astronomy, calculations with fractions, and positional decimal calculations using the Hindu–Arabic system performed using the dust board and stylus. It is especially notable for its treatment of decimal fractions, and for showing how to calculate using pen and paper rather than an erasable dust board.While the Persian mathematician Jamshīd al-Kāshī claimed to have discovered decimal fractions himself in the 15th century, J. Lennart Berggren notes that he was mistaken, as decimal fractions were first used five centuries before him by al-Uqlidisi as early as the 10th century.[3]A. S. Saidan who studied al-Uqlidisi's mathematical treatise in detail wrote:The most remarkable idea in this work is that of decimal fraction. Al-Uqlidisi uses decimal fractions as such, appreciates the importance of a decimal sign, and suggests a good one. Not al-Kashi (d. 1436/7) who treated decimal fractions in his \"Miftah al-Hisab\", but al-Uqlidisi, who lived five centuries earlier, is the first Muslim mathematician so far known to write about decimal fractions.[4]","title":"Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaidan1978_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaidan1978_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaidan1978_1-2"},{"link_name":"Saidan 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSaidan1978"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Yeni Cami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerggren2007_3-0"},{"link_name":"Berggren 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBerggren2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson1999_4-0"},{"link_name":"O'Connor & Robertson 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1999"}],"text":"^ a b c Saidan 1978.\n\n^ MS 802 at Yeni Cami Library, Istanbul, written in 582 AH (1186 AD)\n\n^ Berggren 2007.\n\n^ O'Connor & Robertson 1999.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Berggren, J. Lennart (2007). \"Mathematics in Medieval Islam\". The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook. Princeton University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11485-9","url_text":"978-0-691-11485-9"}]},{"reference":"Brentjes, Sonja (2005). \"Uqlidisi, Al-\". In Glick, Thomas; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (eds.). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC&pg=PA499","url_text":"\"Uqlidisi, Al-\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96930-7","url_text":"978-0-415-96930-7"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (1999). \"Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi\". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Uqlidisi/","url_text":"\"Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"}]},{"reference":"Saidan, A. S. (1966). \"The Earliest Extant Arabic Arithmetic: Kitāb al-Fuṣūl fī al-Ḥisāb al-Hindī of Abū al-Ḥassan, Aḥmad Ibn Ibrāhim, al-Uqlīdisī\". Isis. 57 (4): 475–490. JSTOR 228518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/228518","url_text":"228518"}]},{"reference":"Saidan, A. S. (1976). \"Al-Uqlīdisī, Abu'l-Ḥasan Aḥmad Ibn Ibrāhīm\". In Gillispie, Charles C. (ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Sheridan_(politician)	John E. Sheridan (politician)	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References"]	American politician (1902–1987) For the illustrator of the same name, see John E. Sheridan (illustrator). John Edward Sheridan (September 15, 1902 – November 12, 1987) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Early life and education Sheridan was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, the son of Irish immigrants. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, in 1925 and from the law department of Temple University School of Law in Philadelphia in 1931. Career Sheridan served as deputy attorney general of Pennsylvania from 1934 to 1937. He was a member of the Board of Revision of Taxes in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, in 1937 and the Pennsylvania counsel for the Delaware River Bridge Commission in 1938 and 1939. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944. Sheridan was elected as a Democrat to the 76th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of J. Burrwood Daly and was re-elected to the Seventy-seventh, Seventy-eighth, and Seventy-ninth Congresses. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1946. After his time in Congress, he served in the United States Air Force from 1954 to 1962, retiring as a colonel. He was a member of the County Board of Law Examiners from 1954 to 1965, and consul general for the Principality de Monaco in Philadelphia. Sheridan is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. References United States Congress. "John E. Sheridan (id: S000342)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-10 ^ "United States Census, 1910", FamilySearch, retrieved March 25, 2018 U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byJ. Burrwood Daly Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district November 7, 1939 – January 3, 1947 Succeeded byFranklin J. Maloney vtePennsylvania's delegation(s) to the 76th–79th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority) 76th Senate: ▌J. Davis (R) ▌J. Guffey (D) House: ▌G. Darrow (R) ▌J. Wolfenden (R) ▌J. R. Kinzer (R) ▌R. Rich (R) ▌P. Boland (D) ▌J. W. Ditter (R) ▌M. Dunn (D) ▌C. Faddis (D) ▌J. B. Snyder (D) ▌F. Walter (D) ▌J. B. Daly (D) ▌B. Allen (D) ▌M. Bradley (D) ▌H. Eberharter (D) ▌J. H. Flannery (D) ▌B. Jarrett (R) ▌J. McGranery (D) ▌G. Moser (D) ▌A. Rutherford (R) ▌L. Sacks (D) ▌R. Simpson (R) ▌B. Corbett (R) ▌I. Fenton (R) ▌F. Gartner (R) ▌C. Gerlach (R) ▌L. Graham (R) ▌C. Gross (R) ▌J. Kunkel (R) ▌J. McArdle (D) ▌J. McDowell (R) ▌F. Myers (D) ▌B. Rodgers (R) ▌H. Tibbott (R) ▌J. Van Zandt (R) ▌J. Sheridan (D) 77th Senate: ▌J. Davis (R) ▌J. Guffey (D) House: ▌J. Wolfenden (R) ▌J. R. Kinzer (R) ▌B. Rich (R) ▌P. Boland (D) ▌J. W. Ditter (R) ▌C. Faddis (D) ▌J. B. Snyder (D) ▌F. Walter (D) ▌H. Haines (D) ▌M. Bradley (D) ▌H. Eberharter (D) ▌J. H. Flannery (D) ▌B. Jarrett (R) ▌J. McGranery (D) ▌G. Moser (D) ▌A. Rutherford (R) ▌L. Sacks (D) ▌R. Simpson (R) ▌I. Fenton (R) ▌C. Gerlach (R) ▌L. Graham (R) ▌J. Kunkel (R) ▌J. McArdle (D) ▌F. Myers (D) ▌B. Rodgers (R) ▌H. Tibbott (R) ▌J. Van Zandt (R) ▌J. Sheridan (D) ▌A. Kelley (D) ▌T. Scanlon (D) ▌H. Scott (R) ▌F. Smith (D) ▌S. Weiss (D) ▌J. Wright (D) ▌W. Gillette (D) ▌E. Holland (D) ▌T. Miller (R) ▌V. Boland (D) 78th Senate: ▌J. Davis (R) ▌J. Guffey (D) House: ▌J. Wolfenden (R) ▌J. R. Kinzer (R) ▌J. W. Ditter (R) ▌J. B. Snyder (D) ▌F. Walter (D) ▌M. Bradley (D) ▌H. Eberharter (D) ▌J. McGranery (D) ▌R. Simpson (R) ▌I. Fenton (R) ▌C. Gerlach (R) ▌L. Graham (R) ▌J. Kunkel (R) ▌F. Myers (D) ▌B. Rodgers (R) ▌H. Tibbott (R) ▌J. Van Zandt (R) ▌J. Sheridan (D) ▌A. Kelley (D) ▌T. Scanlon (D) ▌H. Scott (R) ▌S. Weiss (D) ▌J. Wright (D) ▌W. Gillette (R) ▌T. Miller (R) ▌C. Gross (R) ▌G. Furlong (D) ▌J. Gallagher (R) ▌L. Gavin (R) ▌D. Hoch (D) ▌J. Murphy (D) ▌C. F. Pracht (R) ▌W. Troutman (R) ▌D. E. Brumbaugh (R) ▌S. McConnell (R) ▌J. Pratt (R) 79th Senate: ▌J. Guffey (D) ▌F. Myers (D) House: ▌J. Wolfenden (R) ▌J. R. Kinzer (R) ▌R. Rich (R) ▌J. B. Snyder (D) ▌F. Walter (D) ▌M. Bradley (D) ▌H. Eberharter (D) ▌R. Simpson (R) ▌I. Fenton (R) ▌C. Gerlach (R) ▌L. Graham (R) ▌J. Kunkel (R) ▌B. Rodgers (R) ▌H. Tibbott (R) ▌J. Sheridan (D) ▌A. Kelley (D) ▌S. Weiss (D) ▌W. Gillette (R) ▌C. Gross (R) ▌L. Gavin (R) ▌D. Hoch (D) ▌J. Murphy (D) ▌D. E. Brumbaugh (R) ▌S. McConnell (R) ▌B. Corbett (R) ▌B. Barrett (D) ▌H. Campbell (R) ▌D. Flood (D) ▌J. Fulton (R) ▌W. Granahan (D) ▌W. Green (D) ▌H. McGlinchey (D) ▌T. Morgan (D) ▌F. Buchanan (R) ▌C. Hoffman (R) ▌J. Scoblick (R) Authority control databases: People US Congress This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John E. Sheridan (illustrator)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Sheridan_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"}],"text":"For the illustrator of the same name, see John E. Sheridan (illustrator).John Edward Sheridan (September 15, 1902 – November 12, 1987) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.","title":"John E. Sheridan (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterbury, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Temple University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Beasley_School_of_Law"}],"text":"Sheridan was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, the son of Irish immigrants.[1] He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, in 1925 and from the law department of Temple University School of Law in Philadelphia in 1931.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_general"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Conventions"},{"link_name":"76th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Congress"},{"link_name":"J. Burrwood Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Burrwood_Daly"},{"link_name":"Seventy-seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th_Congress"},{"link_name":"Seventy-eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th_Congress"},{"link_name":"Seventy-ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Congress"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"consul general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_general"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"}],"text":"Sheridan served as deputy attorney general of Pennsylvania from 1934 to 1937. He was a member of the Board of Revision of Taxes in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, in 1937 and the Pennsylvania counsel for the Delaware River Bridge Commission in 1938 and 1939. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944.Sheridan was elected as a Democrat to the 76th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of J. Burrwood Daly and was re-elected to the Seventy-seventh, Seventy-eighth, and Seventy-ninth Congresses. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1946. After his time in Congress, he served in the United States Air Force from 1954 to 1962, retiring as a colonel. He was a member of the County Board of Law Examiners from 1954 to 1965, and consul general for the Principality de Monaco in Philadelphia.Sheridan is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"John E. Sheridan (id: S000342)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000342","url_text":"\"John E. Sheridan (id: S000342)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"United States Census, 1910\", FamilySearch, retrieved March 25, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MK2G-5ZN","url_text":"\"United States Census, 1910\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000342","external_links_name":"\"John E. Sheridan (id: S000342)\""},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MK2G-5ZN","external_links_name":"\"United States Census, 1910\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000342","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_E._Sheridan_(politician)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Gamma_Sigma	Beta Gamma Sigma	["1 History","2 Symbols","3 Chapters","4 Membership","5 Notable members","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	International business honor society Beta Gamma SigmaΒΓΣFoundedFebruary 26, 1913; 111 years ago (1913-02-26)University of WisconsinUniversity of IllinoisUniversity of CaliforniaTypeHonor SocietyAffiliationACHSStatusActiveEmphasisBusinessScopeInternationalColors Royal blue and GoldChapters600+Members980,000+ collegiateBoard ChairMary A. Gowan, Ph.D.Headquarters2029 Woodland Parkway Suite 130St. Louis, Missouri 63146 United StatesWebsiteOfficial website Beta Gamma Sigma (ΒΓΣ) is an international business honor society. Founded in 1913 at the University of Wisconsin, University of Illinois and the University of California, it has over 980,000 members, selected from more than 600 collegiate chapters in business schools accredited by AACSB International. It has collegiate chapters in over 190 countries. History The Society was founded on February 26, 1913 with the union of three pre-existing local societies for men in commerce and economics. These were: Beta Gamma Sigma (1907) at the University of Wisconsin, the Economics Club (1906) at the University of California, and Delta Kappa Chi (1910) at the University of Illinois. The three are considered co-equal founding institutions. The mission of Beta Gamma Sigma is to encourage and honor academic achievement in the study of business; cultivate and celebrate leadership and professional excellence and build their professional skills; to foster an enduring commitment to honor and integrity, the pursuit of wisdom, earnestness, and service; and to serve its lifetime members by helping them network and connect. In 1919, Beta Gamma Sigma was designated by the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) as "the scholarship society" for students in commerce and business administration. Today, only AACSB schools are eligible to host chapters. Gamma Epsilon Pi badge, before the 1933 merger On April 29, 1933, Beta Gamma Sigma merged with Gamma Epsilon Pi, a similar organization that had been formed to serve women. Gamma Epsilon Pi had been founded on March 26, 1918, also at the University of Illinois. Beta Gamma Sigma was older, by five years, and the society retained its name. Governance of the society is by convention, held biennially, with intermediate administration vested in a Board of Governors, these holding staggered, four-year terms. The organization is a member of the Association of College Honor Societies. In 2020, Beta Gamma Sigma added new societal impact standards and practices, declaring that business can be a force for global good and have committed to incorporating the environmental, social, & governance (ESGs) criteria and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into their business operations and programming. Beta Gamma Sigma members reside in over 190 countries and there are more than fifty alumni chapters and networking groups located in major metropolitan areas and other regions worldwide. Alumni groups provide ongoing educational and networking opportunities for members in person and virtually. Symbols The fraternity's badge is a rectangular shield with the Greek letters ΒΓΣ on a diagonal band. The Society explains its name as Beta (Β) is the initial letter of the Greek word BEBAEOS, which signifies honor, Gamma (Γ) is the initial letter of the Greek word GNOSIS, which means wisdom, and Sigma (Σ) is the initial letter of the Greek word SPOUDE, which means earnestness. Chapters Main article: List of Beta Gamma Sigma chapters Beta Gamma Sigma has chapters across the United States and around the world. Membership Membership eligibility requirements include that a student must be in the top 10% of a bachelors business program (top 20% for masters programs, and all doctoral students) Undergraduates are inducted toward the end of their degree program, but no earlier than after completion of 50% of the coursework or the last semester of the 3rd (junior) year for those in 4-year bachelor's degrees. Doctoral students are eligible for membership after having successfully defended their dissertation Notable members Lowell C. Smith, president of Nichols College Bengt Holmstrom, 2016 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics Ann-Marie Campbell, Executive Vice-president of The Home Depot Marillyn Hewson, President and CEO of Lockheed Martin Ellen Kullman, Former Board Chair & CEO of DuPont Alan Greenspan, Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Richard Hrabchak, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Mutual of Omaha Gerek Meinhardt – 2016 Olympian Fencing Team John Hanki – Inventor of Pokémon Go Eugene T. Lee – President of MBK Sports Management See also AACSB schools Association of College Honor Societies Honor society Professional fraternities and sororities References ^ a b c d e f Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) . Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. VI-16–18. ISBN 978-0963715906. ^ AACSB's name has been changed, keeping the same acronym. ^ Beta Gamma Sigma International Exchange Fall 2012 ^ "Sorority Directory". Banta's Greek Exchange: Published in the Interest of the College Fraternity World. George Banta Company, Incorporated. September 1922. p. 264. ^ Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. G. Banta Company. 1923. p. 61. ^ Baird, Wm Raimond; Brown, James Taylor (1923). Baird's manual of American college fraternities; a descriptive analysis of the fraternity system in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each fraternity (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. p. 608 – via Hathi Trust. ^ "Beta Gamma Sigma - University of Arkansas - Fort Smith College of Business". business.uafs.edu. Retrieved 1 July 2019. External links Beta Gamma Sigma Headquarters Beta Gamma Sigma at Association of College Honor Societies vteAssociation of College Honor SocietiesCurrently active members Alpha Beta Gamma Alpha Chi Alpha Epsilon Alpha Epsilon Delta Alpha Epsilon Rho Alpha Eta Mu Beta Alpha Iota Delta Alpha Kappa Delta Alpha Kappa Mu Alpha Lambda Delta Alpha Phi Sigma Alpha Pi Mu Alpha Sigma Lambda Alpha Sigma Mu Alpha Sigma Nu Beta Gamma Sigma Beta Kappa Chi Beta Phi Mu Chi Epsilon Chi Sigma Iota Delta Epsilon Sigma Delta Mu Delta Delta Tau Alpha Epsilon Pi Tau Epsilon Pi Phi Gamma Theta Upsilon Kappa Mu Epsilon Kappa Omicron Nu Kappa Tau Alpha Lambda Pi Eta Lambda Sigma Mortar Board Mu Kappa Tau National Society of Collegiate Scholars National Society of Scabbard and Blade Omega Chi Epsilon Omega Rho Omicron Delta Epsilon Phi Alpha Phi Beta Delta Phi Eta Sigma Phi Lambda Sigma Phi Sigma Phi Sigma Iota Phi Sigma Tau Phi Upsilon Omicron Pi Delta Phi Pi Gamma Mu Pi Kappa Lambda Pi Sigma Alpha Pi Tau Sigma Pi Theta Epsilon Psi Beta Psi Chi Rho Chi Sigma Beta Delta Sigma Delta Pi Sigma Lambda Alpha Sigma Lambda Chi Sigma Pi Sigma Sigma Tau Delta Sigma Theta Tau Tau Alpha Pi Tau Sigma Delta Theta Alpha Kappa Upsilon Pi Epsilon Xi Sigma Pi Active former membersHonor Society Caucus Omicron Delta Kappa Phi Beta Kappa Phi Kappa Phi Sigma Xi Alpha Delta Mu Alpha Omega Alpha Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha (preceded by Delta Sigma Rho and Tau Kappa Alpha) Eta Kappa Nu Golden Key Iota Sigma Pi Kappa Delta Pi Order of the Coif Pi Alpha Alpha Pi Omega Pi Sigma Gamma Tau Tau Beta Pi Defunct former members Delta Phi Delta Lambda Iota Tau Omicron Nu Sigma Tau Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honor society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-1"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"business schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school"},{"link_name":"AACSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACSB"}],"text":"Beta Gamma Sigma (ΒΓΣ) is an international business honor society.[1] Founded in 1913 at the University of Wisconsin, University of Illinois and the University of California, it has over 980,000 members, selected from more than 600 collegiate chapters in business schools accredited by AACSB International. It has collegiate chapters in over 190 countries.","title":"Beta Gamma Sigma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-1"},{"link_name":"American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_key_of_Gamma_Epsilon_Pi.png"},{"link_name":"Gamma Epsilon Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Epsilon_Pi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-1"},{"link_name":"Association of College Honor Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_College_Honor_Societies"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"}],"text":"The Society was founded on February 26, 1913 with the union of three pre-existing local societies for men in commerce and economics. These were: Beta Gamma Sigma (1907) at the University of Wisconsin, the Economics Club (1906) at the University of California, and Delta Kappa Chi (1910) at the University of Illinois.[1] The three are considered co-equal founding institutions.[1]The mission of Beta Gamma Sigma is to encourage and honor academic achievement in the study of business; cultivate and celebrate leadership and professional excellence and build their professional skills; to foster an enduring commitment to honor and integrity, the pursuit of wisdom, earnestness, and service; and to serve its lifetime members by helping them network and connect.In 1919, Beta Gamma Sigma was designated by the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) as \"the scholarship society\" for students in commerce and business administration. Today, only AACSB schools are eligible to host chapters.[2][1]Gamma Epsilon Pi badge, before the 1933 mergerOn April 29, 1933, Beta Gamma Sigma merged with Gamma Epsilon Pi, a similar organization that had been formed to serve women.[3] Gamma Epsilon Pi had been founded on March 26, 1918, also at the University of Illinois. Beta Gamma Sigma was older, by five years, and the society retained its name.[4][5][1]Governance of the society is by convention, held biennially, with intermediate administration vested in a Board of Governors, these holding staggered, four-year terms.[1] The organization is a member of the Association of College Honor Societies.In 2020, Beta Gamma Sigma added new societal impact standards and practices, declaring that business can be a force for global good and have committed to incorporating the environmental, social, & governance (ESGs) criteria and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into their business operations and programming.Beta Gamma Sigma members reside in over 190 countries and there are more than fifty alumni chapters and networking groups located in major metropolitan areas and other regions worldwide. Alumni groups provide ongoing educational and networking opportunities for members in person and virtually.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The fraternity's badge is a rectangular shield with the Greek letters ΒΓΣ on a diagonal band.[6]The Society explains its name as Beta (Β) is the initial letter of the Greek word BEBAEOS, which signifies honor, Gamma (Γ) is the initial letter of the Greek word GNOSIS, which means wisdom, and Sigma (Σ) is the initial letter of the Greek word SPOUDE, which means earnestness.[7]","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Beta Gamma Sigma has chapters across the United States and around the world.","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Membership eligibility requirements include that a student must be in the top 10% of a bachelors business program (top 20% for masters programs, and all doctoral students) Undergraduates are inducted toward the end of their degree program, but no earlier than after completion of 50% of the coursework or the last semester of the 3rd (junior) year for those in 4-year bachelor's degrees. Doctoral students are eligible for membership after having successfully defended their dissertation","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowell C. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_C._Smith"},{"link_name":"Nichols College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_College"},{"link_name":"Bengt Holmstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Ann-Marie Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Marie_Campbell"},{"link_name":"The Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"Marillyn Hewson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marillyn_Hewson"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ellen Kullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_J._Kullman"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"Alan Greenspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Greenspan"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Richard Hrabchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hrabchak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mutual of Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_of_Omaha"},{"link_name":"Gerek Meinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerek_Meinhardt"},{"link_name":"John Hanki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hanke"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go"},{"link_name":"Eugene T. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Lee_(sports_agent)"}],"text":"Lowell C. Smith, president of Nichols College\nBengt Holmstrom, 2016 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics\nAnn-Marie Campbell, Executive Vice-president of The Home Depot\nMarillyn Hewson, President and CEO of Lockheed Martin\nEllen Kullman, Former Board Chair & CEO of DuPont\nAlan Greenspan, Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve\nRichard Hrabchak, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Mutual of Omaha\nGerek Meinhardt – 2016 Olympian Fencing Team\nJohn Hanki – Inventor of Pokémon Go\nEugene T. Lee – President of MBK Sports Management","title":"Notable members"}]	[{"image_text":"Gamma Epsilon Pi badge, before the 1933 merger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/The_key_of_Gamma_Epsilon_Pi.png/80px-The_key_of_Gamma_Epsilon_Pi.png"}]	[{"title":"AACSB schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business"},{"title":"Association of College Honor Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_College_Honor_Societies"},{"title":"Honor society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_society"},{"title":"Professional fraternities and sororities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_fraternities_and_sororities"}]	[{"reference":"Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) [1879]. Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. VI-16–18. ISBN 978-0963715906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0963715906","url_text":"978-0963715906"}]},{"reference":"\"Sorority Directory\". Banta's Greek Exchange: Published in the Interest of the College Fraternity World. George Banta Company, Incorporated. September 1922. p. 264.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA264","url_text":"\"Sorority Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. G. Banta Company. 1923. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkuAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA61","url_text":"Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities"}]},{"reference":"Baird, Wm Raimond; Brown, James Taylor (1923). Baird's manual of American college fraternities; a descriptive analysis of the fraternity system in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each fraternity (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. p. 608 – via Hathi Trust.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007393856","url_text":"Baird's manual of American college fraternities; a descriptive analysis of the fraternity system in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each fraternity"}]},{"reference":"\"Beta Gamma Sigma - University of Arkansas - Fort Smith College of Business\". business.uafs.edu. Retrieved 1 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://business.uafs.edu/student-organizations/beta-gamma-sigma","url_text":"\"Beta Gamma Sigma - University of Arkansas - Fort Smith College of Business\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.betagammasigma.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/betagammasigma/docs/bgsiefall12","external_links_name":"Beta Gamma Sigma International Exchange Fall 2012"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA264","external_links_name":"\"Sorority Directory\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkuAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007393856","external_links_name":"Baird's manual of American college fraternities; a descriptive analysis of the fraternity system in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each fraternity"},{"Link":"https://business.uafs.edu/student-organizations/beta-gamma-sigma","external_links_name":"\"Beta Gamma Sigma - University of Arkansas - Fort Smith College of Business\""},{"Link":"http://www.betagammasigma.org/","external_links_name":"Beta Gamma Sigma Headquarters"},{"Link":"http://www.achsnatl.org/society.asp?society=bgs","external_links_name":"Beta Gamma Sigma"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157242267","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91078580","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_(Pittsburgh)	Chateau (Pittsburgh)	["1 Surrounding and adjacent Pittsburgh neighborhoods","2 See also","3 References","4 Gallery","5 External links"]	Neighborhood of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United StatesChateauNeighborhood of PittsburghChateau is the swathe of large warehouses and other industrial facilities between the Ohio River and PA Route 65.Coordinates: 40°26′57″N 80°01′42″W / 40.4493°N 80.0283°W / 40.4493; -80.0283CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyAllegheny CountyCityPittsburghArea • Total0.383 sq mi (0.99 km2)Population (2010) • Total11 • Density29/sq mi (11/km2) Chateau is a North Side neighborhood in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the council member for District 6 (North Shore/Downtown Neighborhoods). It is on the banks of the Ohio River and is separated from the neighborhood of Manchester by PA Route 65. As of the 2000 U.S. census, Chateau has a population of 39. A 2006 investigation by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette found the neighborhood virtually uninhabited. This may be because the neighborhood mostly consists of warehouses and places of business along the Ohio River. In August 2009, the Rivers Casino opened along the Ohio River in the Chateau neighborhood. Kamin Science Center and the Manchester Craftsmen's Guild are also located in Chateau. Chateau has a Zip Code of 15233. Surrounding and adjacent Pittsburgh neighborhoods Chateau has four land borders with the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Manchester to the north and north-northeast, Allegheny West to the northeast, North Shore to the east, and Marshall-Shadeland to the northwest. Across the Ohio River, Chateau runs adjacent with the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of (from northwest to southeast) Esplen, Elliott, West End Valley (with direct link via West End Bridge) and the South Shore See also List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods References ^ "Census: Pittsburgh" (PDF). Pittsburgh Department of City Planning. January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-07-19. ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Map". Archived from the original on 2018-03-18. Retrieved 2017-12-11. ^ Toker, Franklin (1994) . Pittsburgh: An Urban Portrait. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-5434-6. ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. "New casino had no 'not in my back yard' problem in Chateau; there are no back yards." Dec. 28, 2006 Gallery Kamin Science Center, opened in 1991, at 1 Allegheny Avenue in the Chateau neighborhood of Pittsburgh. Rivers Casino, opened in 2009, at 777 Casino Drive. Manchester Craftsmen's Guild, founded in 1968, at 1815 Metropolitan Street. West End Bridge, built from 1930 to 1932, crosses the Ohio River and connects Pittsburgh's West End to the Chateau neighborhood in the city's North Side. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chateau (Pittsburgh). Chateau at Pittsburgh Beautiful vteMunicipalities and communities of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United StatesSections andneighborhoodsDowntown Central Business District Chinatown (historic) Cultural District Strip District Uptown North Side / North Hills Allegheny Center Allegheny West Brighton Heights California-Kirkbride Central Northside Mexican War Streets Chateau East Allegheny Fineview Manchester Marshall-Shadeland Brunot Island North Shore Northview Heights Perry North Perry South Spring Garden Spring Hill–City View Summer Hill Troy Hill Washington's Landing South Side / South Hills Allentown Arlington Arlington Heights Beechview Beltzhoover Bon Air Brookline Carrick Hays Knoxville Lincoln Place Mount Oliver Mount Washington Chatham Village New Homestead Overbrook St. Clair Southshore South Side Flats South Side Slopes West End Banksville Chartiers Crafton Heights Duquesne Heights East Carnegie Elliott Esplen Fairywood Oakwood Ridgemont Sheraden Westwood Windgap East End Bedford Dwellings Bloomfield Central Lawrenceville Central Oakland Crawford-Roberts East Hills East Liberty Friendship Garfield Glen Hazel Greenfield Four Mile Run Hazelwood Highland Park Homewood North Homewood South Homewood West Larimer Lincoln–Lemington–Belmar Lower Lawrenceville Middle Hill Morningside North Oakland North Point Breeze Point Breeze Polish Hill Regent Square Shadyside South Oakland Panther Hollow Squirrel Hill North Squirrel Hill South Summerset at Frick Park Stanton Heights Swisshelm Park Terrace Village Upper Hill Upper Lawrenceville West Oakland FormermunicipalitiesCities Allegheny City Boroughs Allentown Beechview Beltzhoover Birmingham Brushton Carrick Duquesne (1849–1868) East Birmingham Elliott Esplen Hays Knoxville Lawrenceville Manchester Monongahela Montooth Mount Washington Northern Liberties Ormsby Overbrook St. Clair (1870–1872) St. Clair (1906–1923) Sheraden South Pittsburgh Spring Garden Temperanceville Union Borough West Liberty West Pittsburgh Westwood Townships Chartiers Collins Liberty Lower St. Clair McClure Oakland Peebles Pitt St. Clair Sterrett Union Township	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"PA Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_65"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppg_no_back_yards-4"},{"link_name":"Rivers Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_Casino_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Kamin Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamin_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"Manchester Craftsmen's Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Craftsmen%27s_Guild"},{"link_name":"Zip Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_Code"}],"text":"Chateau is a North Side neighborhood in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the council member for District 6 (North Shore/Downtown Neighborhoods).[3] It is on the banks of the Ohio River and is separated from the neighborhood of Manchester by PA Route 65.As of the 2000 U.S. census, Chateau has a population of 39. A 2006 investigation by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette found the neighborhood virtually uninhabited.[4] This may be because the neighborhood mostly consists of warehouses and places of business along the Ohio River.In August 2009, the Rivers Casino opened along the Ohio River in the Chateau neighborhood. Kamin Science Center and the Manchester Craftsmen's Guild are also located in Chateau. Chateau has a Zip Code of 15233.","title":"Chateau (Pittsburgh)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Allegheny West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_West_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Marshall-Shadeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-Shadeland"},{"link_name":"Esplen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplen_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"West End Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_Valley_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"South Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_(Pittsburgh)"}],"text":"Chateau has four land borders with the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Manchester to the north and north-northeast, \nAllegheny West to the northeast, North Shore to the east, and Marshall-Shadeland to the northwest. Across the Ohio River, Chateau runs adjacent with the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of (from northwest to southeast) Esplen, Elliott, West End Valley (with direct link via West End Bridge) and the South Shore","title":"Surrounding and adjacent Pittsburgh neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnegie_Science_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamin Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamin_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiversCasino.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rivers Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_Casino_(Pittsburgh)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManchesterCraftsmen%27sGuildPittsburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manchester Craftsmen's Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Craftsmen%27s_Guild"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_End_Bridge_From_West_End_Overlook.jpg"},{"link_name":"West End Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_Bridge_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"North Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)"}],"text":"Kamin Science Center, opened in 1991, at 1 Allegheny Avenue in the Chateau neighborhood of Pittsburgh.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRivers Casino, opened in 2009, at 777 Casino Drive.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tManchester Craftsmen's Guild, founded in 1968, at 1815 Metropolitan Street.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWest End Bridge, built from 1930 to 1932, crosses the Ohio River and connects Pittsburgh's West End to the Chateau neighborhood in the city's North Side.","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_neighborhoods"}]	[{"reference":"\"Census: Pittsburgh\" (PDF). Pittsburgh Department of City Planning. January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810193148/http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/cp/assets/census/2000_census_pgh_jan06.pdf","url_text":"\"Census: Pittsburgh\""},{"url":"http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/cp/assets/census/2000_census_pgh_jan06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Map\". Archived from the original on 2018-03-18. Retrieved 2017-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180318132303/https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/","url_text":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Map\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Toker, Franklin (1994) [1986]. Pittsburgh: An Urban Portrait. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-5434-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pittsburghurbanp00toke","url_text":"Pittsburgh: An Urban Portrait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5434-6","url_text":"0-8229-5434-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chateau_(Pittsburgh)&params=40.4493_N_80.0283_W_type:city(11)_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°26′57″N 80°01′42″W / 40.4493°N 80.0283°W / 40.4493; -80.0283"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810193148/http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/cp/assets/census/2000_census_pgh_jan06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Census: Pittsburgh\""},{"Link":"http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/cp/assets/census/2000_census_pgh_jan06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180318132303/https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pittsburghurbanp00toke","external_links_name":"Pittsburgh: An Urban Portrait"},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06362/749555-336.stm","external_links_name":"New casino had no 'not in my back yard' problem in Chateau; there are no back yards."},{"Link":"https://www.pittsburghbeautiful.com/2020/01/31/chateau/","external_links_name":"Chateau"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Inquisition	Cambridge Inquisition	["1 Layout","2 Round/Galbraith/Roffe: the Domesday debate","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	The Cambridge Inquisition – Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis or ICC – is one of the most important of the satellite surveys relating to the Domesday Book of 1086. It not only offers fuller information than the latter, but has also played an important and ongoing role in the debates over the making of the Domesday Book/Survey. Layout Though surviving only in a 12th century copy, the ICC is accepted to represent evidence of an early stage in the inquest process underlying the Domesday Book. It reports the results presented by jurors from the hundreds and vills of the shire, geographically organised. The ICC contains details of more settlements than Domesday Book covers, gives ratings for both 1066 and 1086, and also provides jurors' names, English and French. It also records details of livestock - “shameful to record...not even one ox, nor one cow, nor one pig escaped notice in his survey”, complained the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - omitted in the Book itself. Round/Galbraith/Roffe: the Domesday debate J H Round at the close of the 19th century argued influentially that the geographical framework of the ICC was representative of the nationwide survey as a whole; and that it was only after all the returns were in, that they were arranged in feudal form to create Domesday Book itself. A half-century later, V. H. Galbraith used the Exon Domesday with its feudal returns as a central model of the survey, with the sworn evidence of the hundred jurors relegated to a subsidiary role. The 21st century however has seen a renewed interest in the ICC, however, and a reappraisal of its perhaps normative role in the Domesday process. See also Ely Inquiry References ^ D. Roffe, Domesday Now (2016) p. 157 ^ D. Roffe, Domesday Now (2016) p. 26 and p. 68 ^ G. N. Garmonsway trans., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (London 1967) p. 216 ^ H. C. Darby, Domesday England (1986) p. 22 and p. 162 ^ D. Douglas, William the Conqueror (London 1966) p. 350 ^ D. Douglas, William the Conqueror (London 1966) p. 351 ^ Cambridge Inquisition Further reading Victoria County History, Cambridgeshire, vol. 1, pp. 400–437 External links Inquest Procedure	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It not only offers fuller information than the latter, but has also played an important and ongoing role in the debates over the making of the Domesday Book/Survey.","title":"Cambridge Inquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"hundreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"vills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Though surviving only in a 12th century copy, the ICC is accepted to represent evidence of an early stage in the inquest process underlying the Domesday Book.[1] It reports the results presented by jurors from the hundreds and vills of the shire, geographically organised. The ICC contains details of more settlements than Domesday Book covers, gives ratings for both 1066 and 1086, and also provides jurors' names, English and French.[2] It also records details of livestock - “shameful to record...not even one ox, nor one cow, nor one pig escaped notice in his survey”, complained the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[3] - omitted in the Book itself.[4]","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J H Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_H_Round"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"V. H. Galbraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._H._Galbraith"},{"link_name":"Exon Domesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon_Domesday"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"J H Round at the close of the 19th century argued influentially that the geographical framework of the ICC was representative of the nationwide survey as a whole; and that it was only after all the returns were in, that they were arranged in feudal form to create Domesday Book itself.[5] A half-century later, V. H. Galbraith used the Exon Domesday with its feudal returns as a central model of the survey, with the sworn evidence of the hundred jurors relegated to a subsidiary role.[6]The 21st century however has seen a renewed interest in the ICC, however, and a reappraisal of its perhaps normative role in the Domesday process.[7]","title":"Round/Galbraith/Roffe: the Domesday debate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Victoria County History, Cambridgeshire, vol. 1, pp. 400–437","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ely Inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_Inquiry"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/domesday-inquest/inquisitio-comitatus-cantabrigiensis","external_links_name":"Cambridge Inquisition"},{"Link":"http://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/domesday-inquest/inquest-procedure","external_links_name":"Inquest Procedure"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmer_tower	Zimmer tower	["1 Tower building","2 Description of the dials","2.1 The equation of time","2.2 The zodiac","2.3 The solar cycle and the dominical letter","2.4 The week","2.5 The globe","2.6 The months","2.7 The calendar dates","2.8 The seasons","2.9 The tides","2.10 The age of the moon","2.11 The phases of the moon","2.12 The metonic cycle and the epact","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°07′45″N 4°34′11″E / 51.12917°N 4.56972°E / 51.12917; 4.56972Tower in Lier, Belgium This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Detail view of the Jubilee clock The Zimmer tower (Dutch: Zimmertoren) is a tower in Lier, Belgium, also known as the Cornelius tower, that was originally a keep of Lier's 14th-century city fortifications. In 1930, astronomer and clockmaker Louis Zimmer (1888–1970) built the Jubilee (or Centenary) Clock, which is displayed on the front of the tower, and consists of 12 clocks encircling a central one with 57 dials. These clocks showed time on all continents, phases of the moons, times of tides and many other periodic phenomena. Front side Zimmer tower. A statue of Saint Gummarus, patron saint of Lier, can be seen above the door. In 1980 the tower became a state-protected monument. Tower building Full view of tower The original tower was built no later than 1425, though the precise date of construction is unknown. In 1812 the tower was sold by the municipal authorities, but after World War I, they repurchased it and slated it for demolition. In 1930 astronomer and clockmaker Louis Zimmer donated a complex clock which was installed in the old tower, which had to be substantially reconstructed for this. In honor of the astronomer the structure was renamed the Zimmer tower. In 1960 a pavilion for the new clock was built next to the tower to present Zimmer's masterpiece the wonder-clock. (Dutch: Wonderklok). These wonder-clocks were prepared for the 1935 world exhibition in Brussels; later they were demonstrated in the US. Around one of these dials moves the slowest pointer in the world – its complete revolution will take 25800 years, which corresponds to the period of the precession of the Earth's axis. Subsequently, Zimmer attached to the clocks a mechanical planetarium. The wonder-clocks impressed Albert Einstein, who congratulated Zimmer on the creation of these unusual mechanisms. On the small square at the foot of the tower an exhibition of the Solar System was arranged with the aid of metallic circles and the rings (circles designate the Sun and planets, rings the orbits of planets). These also show asteroids Felix (№ 1664) and Zimmer (№ 3064), which were named after Felix Timmermans and Louis Zimmer when discovered in 1929, and 1984. In 1980 the tower obtained the status of state protected monument. Now the Zimmer tower and pavilion with the wonder-clocks is a museum. Description of the dials Description of the dials on the Centenary clock The Centenary clock has one large dial in the centre, measuring 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in diameter. This dial shows the exact time (UTC+1; during daylight saving time UTC+2 is used instead). The twelve dials around the centre dial show the following (starting from the dial in the 2 o'clock position and going clockwise): the equation of time, the zodiac, the solar cycle and the dominical letter, the week, the globe, the months, the calendar dates, the seasons, the tides, the age of the moon, the phases of the moon and the metonic cycle and the epact. The equation of time This dial shows the difference in minutes between the apparent solar time and the mean solar time. Positive values indicate that the apparent solar time is ahead (fast) of the mean solar time, with maxima around 3 November and 15 May. Negative values indicate that the apparent solar time is behind (slow) of the mean solar time, with a maximum lag around 12 February and 27 July. The difference is zero four times a year; around 16 April 15 June, 1 September and 25 December. The zodiac Every year the Sun describes an imaginary circle around the Earth, called the zodiac. The zodiac is divided in twelve segments, each denoted by a sign associated with a constellation. This dial shows the zodiac signs. The signs of spring; Ram, Bull and Twins. The signs of the summer; Crab, Lion and Virgin. The signs of the fall; Balance, Scorpion and Bowman. The signs of winter; Capricorn, Water-bearer and Fishes. One revolution of this dial takes a year. The solar cycle and the dominical letter The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle. After the 28 years, dates reappear in the same order. On the inner circle, the hand indicates the current year of the solar cycle. On the outer circle, the hand shows the corresponding dominical letter. The dominical letter gives the day upon which the first Sunday of the year falls. The letter A means that the first Sunday of the year will fall on 1 January. The letter E for example, indicates that the first Sunday will be on 5 January. Leap years have two dominical letters because the dominical letter changes end February. The first letter covers January and February, the second covers March to December. For leap years, the outer circle will show two dominical letters. The cycle of the dominical letters for common years is twice every 11 years and once every 6 years, while for leap years is once every 28 years. 2008 (leap year starting on Tuesday) is the year 1 of the cycle, while 2007 (common year starting on Monday) is the year 28 of the cycle. From 1980 to 2007, respectively, there were: 1980 was a leap year starting on Tuesday, those dominical letters hence were FE, was the year 1 of the cycle. 1981 was a common year starting on Thursday, that dominical letter hence was D, was the year 2 of the cycle. 1982 was a common year starting on Friday, that dominical letter hence was C, was the year 3 of the cycle. 1983 was a common year starting on Saturday, that dominical letter hence was B, was the year 4 of the cycle. 1984 was a leap year starting on Sunday, those dominical letters hence were AG, was the year 5 of the cycle. 1985 was a common year starting on Tuesday, that dominical letter hence was F, was the year 6 of the cycle. 1986 was a common year starting on Wednesday, that dominical letter hence was E, was the year 7 of the cycle. 1987 was a common year starting on Thursday, that dominical letter hence was D, was the year 8 of the cycle. 1988 was a leap year starting on Friday, those dominical letters hence were CB, was the year 9 of the cycle. 1989 was a common year starting on Sunday, that dominical letter hence was A, was the year 10 of the cycle. 1990 was a common year starting on Monday, that dominical letter hence was G, was the year 11 of the cycle. 1991 was a common year starting on Tuesday, that dominical letter hence was F, was the year 12 of the cycle. 1992 was a leap year starting on Wednesday, those dominical letters hence were ED, was the year 13 of the cycle. 1993 was a common year starting on Friday, that dominical letter hence was C, was the year 14 of the cycle. 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday, that dominical letter hence was B, was the year 15 of the cycle. 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday, that dominical letter hence was A, was the year 16 of the cycle. 1996 was a leap year starting on Monday, those dominical letters hence were GF, was the year 17 of the cycle. 1997 was a common year starting on Wednesday, that dominical letter hence was E, was the year 18 of the cycle. 1998 was a common year starting on Thursday, that dominical letter hence was D, was the year 19 of the cycle. 1999 was a common year starting on Friday, that dominical letter hence was C, was the year 20 of the cycle. 2000 was a leap year starting on Saturday, those dominical letters hence were BA, was the year 21 of the cycle. 2001 was a common year starting on Monday, that dominical letter hence was G, was the year 22 of the cycle. 2002 was a common year starting on Tuesday, that dominical letter hence was F, was the year 23 of the cycle. 2003 was a common year starting on Wednesday, that dominical letter hence was E, was the year 24 of the cycle. 2004 was a leap year starting on Thursday, those dominical letters hence were DC, was the year 25 of the cycle. 2005 was a common year starting on Saturday, that dominical letter hence was B, was the year 26 of the cycle. 2006 was a common year starting on Sunday, that dominical letter hence was A, was the year 27 of the cycle. 2007 was a common year starting on Monday, that dominical letter hence was G, was the year 28 and final year of the cycle. The week This dial marks the seven days of the week, represented by ancient gods and their symbol. Day God Symbol Sunday Apollo Sun Monday Diana Moon Tuesday Mars lance Wednesday Mercurius golden staff Thursday Jupiter flash of lightning Friday Venus mirror Saturday Saturn sickle and scythe The globe The rotation of the Earth causes day and night. It is day on the part of the globe that is currently visible. The places on Earth that pass under the fixed meridian (the golden belt running from the North Pole to the South Pole) have noon at the same time. The globe rotates once every 24 hours. The months This dial depicts the twelve months. The hand shows the current month. One revolution takes a year. Number Month Alternative name Days 1 January Ice-month 31 2 February Duck-month 28 (29 days in leap years) 3 March Fish-month 31 4 April Harlequin-month 30 5 May Flower-month 31 6 June Shearing-month 30 7 July Hay-month 31 8 August Harvest-month 31 9 September Fruit-month 30 10 October Wine-month 31 11 November Slaughter-month 30 12 December Resting-month 31 The calendar dates This dial shows the exact date. The numbering goes to 31, the maximum number of days in a month. In months that have fewer days (28, 29 or 30), the hand automatically moves forward to the first day of the following month. The months with 31 days are January, March, May, July, August, October and December, the months with 30 days are April, June, September and November. February is the only month with less than 30 days. February has only 28 days (29 days in leap years). The seasons The dial shows four drawings by Felix Timmermans, representing the four seasons. Spring is represented by a child with flowers (upper left). The duration of the season is indicated with Arabic numerals for the days and Roman numerals for the hours. Spring lasts for 92 days and 11 hours. The summer is represented by a mower and lasts 93 days and 8 hours. Autumn is symbolised by a cornucopia and lasts 89 days and 10 hours. Winter is represented by an old lady reading by the fireside. The duration of the winter is exactly 90 days. On the dividing lines between the drawings is a small globe indicating the part of the globe that is being lit by the Sun at the start of the season. The differences in illumination during the year are caused by the Earth's axial tilt. The hand completes one revolution a year and shows the current season. The tides The dial indicates the tides at Lier, Belgium. The biggest ship and the flag without the streamer indicate high water. When the streamer is above the flag it is flood. It is ebb when the streamer is below the flag. At Lier, the water is rising for 3 hours and 53 minutes and falling in the other hours. This dial completes almost two revolutions a day. The age of the moon Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases. The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as libration. The time between two full moons is about 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes. This is the time it takes the Moon to make one orbit around the Earth. The dial shows how many days passed since last new moon, indicating the day in the cycle of the moon and showing on the inner circumference the phases of New Moon (Dutch: Nieuwe Maan, N.M.), First Quarter (Dutch: Eerste Kwartier, E.K.), Full Moon (Dutch: Volle Maan, V.M.) and Last Quarter (Dutch: Laatste Kwartier, L.K.). The phases of the moon This globe, colored half-gold and half-blue with golden stars, shows the phases of the moon. The golden part represents the visible part of the Moon. The metonic cycle and the epact The hand on this dial revolves once in 19 years. After this period, the different phases of the moon will fall again on the same dates in the year. The Greek astronomer Meton proved this in 432 BC. On the outer ring, the hand points to the golden number, or the number of the current year in the metonic cycle. The inner ring shows the epact, which is the age of the moon on the first of January of the current year. References Ceulemans, Luk (1980). Louis Zimmer. vzw Gilde "Heren van Lier" Zimmertorencomité (1982). Stad Lier, zimmertoren en wonderklok External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zimmer tower. Official Website Zimmertower The Zimmer Tower Louis Zimmer and the Centenary Clock, at Famous Belgians 51°07′45″N 4°34′11″E / 51.12917°N 4.56972°E / 51.12917; 4.56972 vteAstronomical clocksCzech Republic Olomouc Prague Žibřidice (Chaloupka's) France Beauvais Besançon Bourges Lyon Ploërmel Rouen Strasbourg Versailles (Passemant's) Germany Münster Rostock Stralsund Italy Brescia Clusone (Fanzago's) Cremona Mantua Messina Padua Venice (St Mark's) Switzerland Bern (Zytglogge) Sion Zug (Zytturm) United Kingdom Exeter Hampton Court Leicester Ottery St Mary Wells Wimborne Minster York Other countries Copenhagen (Jens Olsen's World Clock) Dubrovnik (Bell Tower) Gdańsk Lier (Zimmer tower) Lund Clockmakersand designers Paul Behrens Kaspar Brunner Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio Hans Düringer Nikolaus Lilienfeld Jens Olsen Richard of Wallingford Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué Rasmus Sørnes Auguste-Lucien Vérité Louis Zimmer Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lier_Zimmertoren.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Lier, Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lier,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"keep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep"},{"link_name":"clockmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockmaker"},{"link_name":"Louis Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Zimmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voorkant_Zimmertoren.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gummarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummarus"},{"link_name":"Lier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lier,_Belgium"}],"text":"Tower in Lier, BelgiumDetail view of the Jubilee clockThe Zimmer tower (Dutch: Zimmertoren) is a tower in Lier, Belgium, also known as the Cornelius tower, that was originally a keep of Lier's 14th-century city fortifications. In 1930, astronomer and clockmaker Louis Zimmer (1888–1970) built the Jubilee (or Centenary) Clock, which is displayed on the front of the tower, and consists of 12 clocks encircling a central one with 57 dials. These clocks showed time on all continents, phases of the moons, times of tides and many other periodic phenomena.Front side Zimmer tower. A statue of Saint Gummarus, patron saint of Lier, can be seen above the door.In 1980 the tower became a state-protected monument.","title":"Zimmer tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimmertoren,_Lier_(DSCF0673).jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"precession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession"},{"link_name":"planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"asteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"Felix Timmermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Timmermans"}],"text":"Full view of towerThe original tower was built no later than 1425, though the precise date of construction is unknown. In 1812 the tower was sold by the municipal authorities, but after World War I, they repurchased it and slated it for demolition. In 1930 astronomer and clockmaker Louis Zimmer donated a complex clock which was installed in the old tower, which had to be substantially reconstructed for this. In honor of the astronomer the structure was renamed the Zimmer tower.In 1960 a pavilion for the new clock was built next to the tower to present Zimmer's masterpiece the wonder-clock. (Dutch: Wonderklok). These wonder-clocks were prepared for the 1935 world exhibition in Brussels; later they were demonstrated in the US. Around one of these dials moves the slowest pointer in the world – its complete revolution will take 25800 years, which corresponds to the period of the precession of the Earth's axis. Subsequently, Zimmer attached to the clocks a mechanical planetarium. The wonder-clocks impressed Albert Einstein, who congratulated Zimmer on the creation of these unusual mechanisms.On the small square at the foot of the tower an exhibition of the Solar System was arranged with the aid of metallic circles and the rings (circles designate the Sun and planets, rings the orbits of planets). These also show asteroids Felix (№ 1664) and Zimmer (№ 3064), which were named after Felix Timmermans and Louis Zimmer when discovered in 1929, and 1984. In 1980 the tower obtained the status of state protected monument. Now the Zimmer tower and pavilion with the wonder-clocks is a museum.","title":"Tower building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimmer_Tower_Dials.png"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1"},{"link_name":"daylight saving time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"equation of time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time"},{"link_name":"zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac"},{"link_name":"solar cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle_(calendar)"},{"link_name":"dominical letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominical_letter"},{"link_name":"globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe"},{"link_name":"tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tides"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"metonic cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic_cycle"},{"link_name":"epact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epact"}],"text":"Description of the dials on the Centenary clockThe Centenary clock has one large dial in the centre, measuring 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in diameter. This dial shows the exact time\n(UTC+1; during daylight saving time UTC+2 is used instead). The twelve dials around the centre dial show the following (starting from the dial in the 2 o'clock position and going clockwise): the equation of time, the zodiac, the solar cycle and the dominical letter, the week, the globe, the months, the calendar dates, the seasons, the tides, the age of the moon, the phases of the moon and the metonic cycle and the epact.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apparent solar time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_solar_time"},{"link_name":"mean solar time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_solar_time"}],"sub_title":"The equation of time","text":"This dial shows the difference in minutes between the apparent solar time and the mean solar time.\nPositive values indicate that the apparent solar time is ahead (fast) of the mean solar time, with maxima around 3 November and 15 May.\nNegative values indicate that the apparent solar time is behind (slow) of the mean solar time, with a maximum lag around 12 February and 27 July.The difference is zero four times a year; around 16 April 15 June, 1 September and 25 December.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Capricorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Water-bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)"}],"sub_title":"The zodiac","text":"Every year the Sun describes an imaginary circle around the Earth, called the zodiac. The zodiac is divided in twelve segments, each denoted by a sign associated with a constellation.\nThis dial shows the zodiac signs. The signs of spring; Ram, Bull and Twins. The signs of the summer; Crab, Lion and Virgin. The signs of the fall; Balance, Scorpion and Bowman. The signs of winter; Capricorn, Water-bearer and Fishes. One revolution of this dial takes a year.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leap years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_years"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Thursday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Thursday"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Friday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Monday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Thursday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Saturday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"leap year starting on Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Thursday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday"}],"sub_title":"The solar cycle and the dominical letter","text":"The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle. After the 28 years, dates reappear in the same order.\nOn the inner circle, the hand indicates the current year of the solar cycle. On the outer circle, the hand shows the corresponding dominical letter. The dominical letter gives the day upon which the first Sunday of the year falls. The letter A means that the first Sunday of the year will fall on 1 January. The letter E for example, indicates that the first Sunday will be on 5 January.\nLeap years have two dominical letters because the dominical letter changes end February. The first letter covers January and February, the second covers March to December. For leap years, the outer circle will show two dominical letters. The cycle of the dominical letters for common years is twice every 11 years and once every 6 years, while for leap years is once every 28 years. 2008 (leap year starting on Tuesday) is the year 1 of the cycle, while 2007 (common year starting on Monday) is the year 28 of the cycle. From 1980 to 2007, respectively, there were:1980 was a leap year starting on Tuesday, those dominical letters hence were FE, was the year 1 of the cycle.\n1981 was a common year starting on Thursday, that dominical letter hence was D, was the year 2 of the cycle.\n1982 was a common year starting on Friday, that dominical letter hence was C, was the year 3 of the cycle.\n1983 was a common year starting on Saturday, that dominical letter hence was B, was the year 4 of the cycle.\n1984 was a leap year starting on Sunday, those dominical letters hence were AG, was the year 5 of the cycle.\n1985 was a common year starting on Tuesday, that dominical letter hence was F, was the year 6 of the cycle.\n1986 was a common year starting on Wednesday, that dominical letter hence was E, was the year 7 of the cycle.\n1987 was a common year starting on Thursday, that dominical letter hence was D, was the year 8 of the cycle.\n1988 was a leap year starting on Friday, those dominical letters hence were CB, was the year 9 of the cycle.\n1989 was a common year starting on Sunday, that dominical letter hence was A, was the year 10 of the cycle.\n1990 was a common year starting on Monday, that dominical letter hence was G, was the year 11 of the cycle.\n1991 was a common year starting on Tuesday, that dominical letter hence was F, was the year 12 of the cycle.\n1992 was a leap year starting on Wednesday, those dominical letters hence were ED, was the year 13 of the cycle.\n1993 was a common year starting on Friday, that dominical letter hence was C, was the year 14 of the cycle.\n1994 was a common year starting on Saturday, that dominical letter hence was B, was the year 15 of the cycle.\n1995 was a common year starting on Sunday, that dominical letter hence was A, was the year 16 of the cycle.\n1996 was a leap year starting on Monday, those dominical letters hence were GF, was the year 17 of the cycle.\n1997 was a common year starting on Wednesday, that dominical letter hence was E, was the year 18 of the cycle.\n1998 was a common year starting on Thursday, that dominical letter hence was D, was the year 19 of the cycle.\n1999 was a common year starting on Friday, that dominical letter hence was C, was the year 20 of the cycle.\n2000 was a leap year starting on Saturday, those dominical letters hence were BA, was the year 21 of the cycle.\n2001 was a common year starting on Monday, that dominical letter hence was G, was the year 22 of the cycle.\n2002 was a common year starting on Tuesday, that dominical letter hence was F, was the year 23 of the cycle.\n2003 was a common year starting on Wednesday, that dominical letter hence was E, was the year 24 of the cycle.\n2004 was a leap year starting on Thursday, those dominical letters hence were DC, was the year 25 of the cycle.\n2005 was a common year starting on Saturday, that dominical letter hence was B, was the year 26 of the cycle.\n2006 was a common year starting on Sunday, that dominical letter hence was A, was the year 27 of the cycle.\n2007 was a common year starting on Monday, that dominical letter hence was G, was the year 28 and final year of the cycle.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dii_Consentes"}],"sub_title":"The week","text":"This dial marks the seven days of the week, represented by ancient gods and their symbol.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rotation of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_rotation"},{"link_name":"meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)"}],"sub_title":"The globe","text":"The rotation of the Earth causes day and night. It is day on the part of the globe that is currently visible.\nThe places on Earth that pass under the fixed meridian (the golden belt running from the North Pole to the South Pole) have noon at the same time. The globe rotates once every 24 hours.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The months","text":"This dial depicts the twelve months. The hand shows the current month.\nOne revolution takes a year.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The calendar dates","text":"This dial shows the exact date. The numbering goes to 31, the maximum number of days in a month. In months that have fewer days (28, 29 or 30), the hand automatically moves forward to the first day of the following month. The months with 31 days are January, March, May, July, August, October and December, the months with 30 days are April, June, September and November. February is the only month with less than 30 days. February has only 28 days (29 days in leap years).","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felix Timmermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Timmermans"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"Earth's axial tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasons#Causes_and_effects"}],"sub_title":"The seasons","text":"The dial shows four drawings by Felix Timmermans, representing the four seasons. Spring is represented by a child with flowers (upper left). The duration of the season is indicated with Arabic numerals for the days and Roman numerals for the hours. Spring lasts for 92 days and 11 hours. The summer is represented by a mower and lasts 93 days and 8 hours. Autumn is symbolised by a cornucopia and lasts 89 days and 10 hours. Winter is represented by an old lady reading by the fireside. The duration of the winter is exactly 90 days.On the dividing lines between the drawings is a small globe indicating the part of the globe that is being lit by the Sun at the start of the season. The differences in illumination during the year are caused by the Earth's axial tilt. The hand completes one revolution a year and shows the current season.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lier,_Belgium"}],"sub_title":"The tides","text":"The dial indicates the tides at Lier, Belgium. The biggest ship and the flag without the streamer indicate high water. When the streamer is above the flag it is flood. It is ebb when the streamer is below the flag. At Lier, the water is rising for 3 hours and 53 minutes and falling in the other hours. This dial completes almost two revolutions a day.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_libration_with_phase2.gif"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"}],"sub_title":"The age of the moon","text":"Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases. The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as libration.The time between two full moons is about 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes. This is the time it takes the Moon to make one orbit around the Earth. The dial shows how many days passed since last new moon, indicating the day in the cycle of the moon and showing on the inner circumference the phases of New Moon (Dutch: Nieuwe Maan, N.M.), First Quarter (Dutch: Eerste Kwartier, E.K.), Full Moon (Dutch: Volle Maan, V.M.) and Last Quarter (Dutch: Laatste Kwartier, L.K.).","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phases of the moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase#Names_of_lunar_phases"}],"sub_title":"The phases of the moon","text":"This globe, colored half-gold and half-blue with golden stars, shows the phases of the moon. The golden part represents the visible part of the Moon.","title":"Description of the dials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meton"},{"link_name":"golden number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_number_(time)"},{"link_name":"metonic cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic_cycle"},{"link_name":"epact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epact"}],"sub_title":"The metonic cycle and the epact","text":"The hand on this dial revolves once in 19 years. After this period, the different phases of the moon will fall again on the same dates in the year. The Greek astronomer Meton proved this in 432 BC. On the outer ring, the hand points to the golden number, or the number of the current year in the metonic cycle. The inner ring shows the epact, which is the age of the moon on the first of January of the current year.","title":"Description of the dials"}]	[{"image_text":"Detail view of the Jubilee clock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lier_Zimmertoren.JPG/200px-Lier_Zimmertoren.JPG"},{"image_text":"Front side Zimmer tower. A statue of Saint Gummarus, patron saint of Lier, can be seen above the door.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Voorkant_Zimmertoren.jpg/200px-Voorkant_Zimmertoren.jpg"},{"image_text":"Full view of tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zimmertoren%2C_Lier_%28DSCF0673%29.jpg/170px-Zimmertoren%2C_Lier_%28DSCF0673%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Description of the dials on the Centenary clock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zimmer_Tower_Dials.png/220px-Zimmer_Tower_Dials.png"},{"image_text":"Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphou_Bay	Morphou Bay	["1 See also"]	Coordinates: 35°11′N 32°50′E / 35.183°N 32.833°E / 35.183; 32.833This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Morphou Bay" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Panoramic view of Morphou Bay (Güzelyurt Bay) Morphou Bay (Greek: Κόλπος Μόρφου, Kolpos Morfou; Turkish: Güzelyurt Körfezi), is a part of the Mediterranean Sea, located on the north-western side of the island of Cyprus. It is named after the nearby inland town of Morphou (Greek: Μόρφου; Turkish: Güzelyurt). The Morphou Bay region is home to a couple of historical sites, the ancient Greek city of Soli and the ruins known as Vouni Palace. The bay forms the westernmost seaboard of the break-away Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which claims the bay as its own territorial waters. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has received diplomatic recognition only from Turkey, on which it is dependent economically, politically and militarily. The rest of the international community, including the United Nations and European Union, recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island, including Morphou Bay. It was here that Turkey began landing supplies and volunteers to assist the Turkish Cypriots when the intercommunal violence between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities started in December 1963. See also Kokkina Authority control databases VIAF 35°11′N 32°50′E / 35.183°N 32.833°E / 35.183; 32.833 This Cyprus location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morphou_Bay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"island of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Morphou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphou"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Soli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soli,_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Cypriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots"}],"text":"Panoramic view of Morphou Bay (Güzelyurt Bay)Morphou Bay (Greek: Κόλπος Μόρφου, Kolpos Morfou; Turkish: Güzelyurt Körfezi), is a part of the Mediterranean Sea, located on the north-western side of the island of Cyprus. It is named after the nearby inland town of Morphou (Greek: Μόρφου; Turkish: Güzelyurt).The Morphou Bay region is home to a couple of historical sites, the ancient Greek city of Soli and the ruins known as Vouni Palace.The bay forms the westernmost seaboard of the break-away Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which claims the bay as its own territorial waters. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has received diplomatic recognition only from Turkey, on which it is dependent economically, politically and militarily. The rest of the international community, including the United Nations and European Union, recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island, including Morphou Bay. It was here that Turkey began landing supplies and volunteers to assist the Turkish Cypriots when the intercommunal violence between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities started in December 1963.","title":"Morphou Bay"}]	[{"image_text":"Panoramic view of Morphou Bay (Güzelyurt Bay)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Morphou_Bay.jpg/500px-Morphou_Bay.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Kokkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokkina"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587514#identifiers"},{"title":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/315527374"},{"title":"35°11′N 32°50′E / 35.183°N 32.833°E / 35.183; 32.833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morphou_Bay&params=35_11_N_32_50_E_region:CY_type:waterbody"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyprus_blank_1.svg"},{"title":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morphou_Bay&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cyprus-geo-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cyprus-geo-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyprus-geo-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morphou_Bay&params=35_11_N_32_50_E_region:CY_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"35°11′N 32°50′E / 35.183°N 32.833°E / 35.183; 32.833"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Morphou+Bay%22","external_links_name":"\"Morphou Bay\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Morphou+Bay%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Morphou+Bay%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Morphou+Bay%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Morphou+Bay%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Morphou+Bay%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315527374","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morphou_Bay&params=35_11_N_32_50_E_region:CY_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"35°11′N 32°50′E / 35.183°N 32.833°E / 35.183; 32.833"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morphou_Bay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu	Kainuu	["1 Geography","2 Historical province","3 Municipalities","3.1 Sub-regions","3.2 List of municipalities","3.3 Former municipalities","3.4 Changes in the region's municipalities","4 Economy","5 Education","6 Transportation","7 Tourism and culture","7.1 Cultural events and sightseeing","7.2 History- and art-related sightseeing","7.3 Regional food culture","8 Local media","8.1 Local newspapers","8.2 Local radio stations","9 Regional politics","9.1 Parliamentary elections 2019","9.2 Municipal elections 2012","10 Regional government and regional development","10.1 Regional Council of Kainuu","10.2 Areas of responsibility","10.3 Key strategies and documents driving the Regional Councils actions","11 Regional policymaking","11.1 Regional Assembly 2013–2016","11.2 Regional Youth Council of Kainuu","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 64°30′N 28°00′E / 64.500°N 28.000°E / 64.500; 28.000Region of Finland Region in Ostrobothnia, FinlandKainuu KajanalandRegionRegion of KainuuKainuun maakunta (Finnish)Landskapet Kajanaland (Swedish) FlagCoat of armsKainuu on a map of FinlandCoordinates: 64°30′N 28°00′E / 64.500°N 28.000°E / 64.500; 28.000CountryFinlandHistorical provinceOstrobothniaCapitalKajaaniGovernment • Regional MayorPentti Malinen • Chairman of the Regional AssemblyPentti Kettunen • Chairman of the Regional BoardTimo KorhonenArea • Total22,687.38 km2 (8,759.65 sq mi)Population (2019). • Total72,306 • Density3.2/km2 (8.3/sq mi)GDP • Total€2.111 billion (2015) • Per capita€26,779 (2015)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)ISO 3166 codeFI-05NUTS134Regional birdSiberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus)Regional fishEuropean smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)Regional flowerHeather (Calluna vulgaris)Regional StoneGreenschistRegional lakeOulujärviRegional songNälkämaan laulu (The Song of the Starving Land)Websitewww.kainuu.fi/ 'Cajania' redirects here. For the lake formerly known as Lake Cajania, see Oulujärvi. Kainuu, also historically known as Cajania (Swedish: Kajanaland), is one of the 19 regions of Finland (maakunta / landskap). Kainuu borders the regions of North Ostrobothnia, North Savo and North Karelia. In the east, it also borders Russia (Republic of Karelia). Culturally Kainuu is part of larger Eastern-Finnish cultural heritage. The dialect of Kainuu resembles Savonian and Karelian dialects. Geography Boreal forest makes up most of the biome in Kainuu. The forest in Kainuu mostly consists of birches, pines and spruces. The atypical regional geography and landscape consist of lakes, hills and vast uninhabited forest areas. The largest lake in the region is the Oulujärvi (928.09 km2), one of the largest lakes in Finland. Its shorelines, open waters and islands in Kainuu belong to the municipalities of Paltamo and Kajaani. The highest point in Kainuu is the Iso Tuomivaara (385 m), located in the municipality of Hyrynsalmi. The regional climate is continental. The three most populous urban areas in Kainuu (December 31, 2017) are Kajaani town center (30,028), Vuokatti village (6,207) in Sotkamo municipality, and Kuhmo town center (5,349). Historical province For history, geography and culture, see Ostrobothnia (historical province). For the origin of the name Kainuu, see Origin of the name Kainuu. Municipalities Main article: Municipalities of Kainuu The region of Kainuu consists of eight municipalities, two of which have city status (marked in bold). Sub-regions Kajaani sub-region Kajaani Paltamo Ristijärvi Sotkamo Kehys-Kainuu Hyrynsalmi Kuhmo Puolanka Suomussalmi List of municipalities Coat ofarms Municipality Population Land area(km2) Density(/km2) Finnishspeakers Swedishspeakers Otherspeakers Hyrynsalmi 2,063 1,421 1 98 % 0.2 % 2 % Kajaani 36,513 1,835 20 93 % 0.1 % 7 % Kuhmo 7,582 4,807 2 97 % 0.1 % 3 % Paltamo 3,037 919 3 98 % 0.1 % 2 % Puolanka 2,359 2,461 1 97 % 0.2 % 3 % Ristijärvi 1,164 836 1 98 % 0 % 2 % Sotkamo 10,274 2,649 4 95 % 0.2 % 5 % Suomussalmi 7,172 5,270 1 97 % 0.1 % 3 % Total 70,164 20,198 3 95 % 0.1 % 5 % Former municipalities Vuolijoki Kajaani rural municipality Changes in the region's municipalities Vaala (moved to Northern Ostrobothnia in 2016) The administrative capital of Kainuu is Kajaani. Vaala, formerly one of the nine municipal members of the Kainuu region became part of the Northern Ostrobothnia in the beginning of the year 2016. Kainuu Regional Population between 1980 - 2015 Year Population 1980 99,247 1985 99,288 1990 96,957 1995 95,201 2000 89,777 2005 85,303 2010 82,073 2015 79,032 Statistics Finland & Population Register Center The municipality of Vaala is still counted as part of the region in the end of 2015. Economy In 2012 Kainuu region had a total of 29 722 jobs. The largest sector in the employment market of Kainuu is the service sector with (21 915) 73,7 % share of the regions entire employed workforce. The industrial and construction sector follow as the 2nd largest actor with (5 243) 17,6 % of the employed working under these fields. Third largest sector is the forest industry and agriculture with a (2 228) 7,5 % workforce. The smallest uncounted factor in these statistics are the miscellaneous jobs that do not fit easily under any of three general terms mentioned above. The miscellaneous jobs form 336 1,2 % of the region's workforce. The total unemployment of Kainuu was in 2014 6 001 which is 16,9 % of the workforce of the area. The nationwide average at the time was 12,4 %. The worst unemployment was in the town of Kuhmo with (771) 19,6 % people unemployed. The town with the least amount of unemployment was the municipality of Sotkamo with (684) 14,1 % people unemployed. Kainuu has a total of 4301 firms by each sector in its economy. Three of the largest sectors are Agriculture, forestry and fishing, wholesale and retail trade and construction. The smallest three are education, mining & quarrying and information & communication. State, municipal and private sectors are the three big players in the regions employment market. Private sector is the largest actor in the region with 51% of the workforce working on it. Municipal sector comes up to 29% and the state has 7% of the workforce. Statewide averages are 58% for the private, 23% for the municipal and 6% for the state sectors. The number of companies in the region of Kainuu is 3 429. Education The regional education qualification level is at 67,4 % between the age groups of 15 years and over. The average of women in the region for the educational qualification is 67,4 % and for men 67,3 %. The nationwide average is 69,4% for the whole age group and the nationwide average for women is 70,1 % and for men 68,7%. Based on these numbers Kainuu has the 8th lowest educational level out of the 19 regions of Finland. Kainuu has several further education institutes and organizations that are centralized in the town of Kajaani. These are Kajaani University of Applied Sciences, AIKOPA and Kainuu Vocational College (KAO). Many of the municipalities and towns also offer education for the upper secondary education. Kajaani University of Applied Sciences (KAMK) offers education, research, development and innovation services. These happen in the fields of activity tourism, nursing and health care, business and innovation, information systems and mechanical engineering. The students number at 2000 in the KAMK and the staff at 235. AIKOPA is part of KAMK's and University of Oulu's service that is provided for joint adult and continuing education. AIKOPa offers services like education, expertise, research and development at the higher education level. The Kainuu Vocational College (KAO) has a goal to give training, vocational and basic skills for both the young people and adults who number approximately at 2600. KAO has six different field of education through which students and the adults alike can receive qualification and training. These are technology and transportation, tourism, catering and domestic services, natural resources, healthcare, culture and business and administration. Transportation The Kajaani railway station The Vuokatti railway station Kainuu has a total of 4 732 kilometers of road network and the average of 505 private cars / 1000 inhabitants. The air traffic of Kainuu had 81 854 cumulative passengers of which 77 981 were domestic and 3 873 were international passengers. The only major airport in the region is the Kajaani airport which is located some 7 kilometers (4 mi) northwest from the Kajaani town center. The Kajaani railway station works as the central hub for the Kainuu regions train passenger and freight transportation. The passenger traffic from and to Kajaani railway station runs between the line 13 of Helsinki-Kajaani and the line 14A of Oulu-Kontiomäki. Tourism and culture The windmill of Riihipiha in Vuolijoki Tourism is a significant factor in the regional economics of Kainuu. The two most important seasons for the regions tourism are winter and summer. Winter season is the more popular one amongst the tourists and travelers. The single most popular month for the overnight stays in Kainuu is July. The count for the nights spent in the Kainuu region was 970 953 in the year of 2014. Domestic tourism forms major part of the annual tourism. Around 9-10% of the annual tourism of the regions comes from the international tourism. The variation of this number is dependent on the recent economic downturn that has caused drop in the Russian tourism towards the Kainuu region in which the Russians are the single largest customerbase. Kainuu region has three major sports and ski resorts, which are Paljakka, Ukkohalla and Vuokatti. These resorts offer various sport possibilities for different seasons such as skiing, downhill skiing and hiking among others. Outside the sport resorts are also tourism related service clusters and networks such as Wild Taiga which offer various services from different actors of Kuhmo and Suomussalmi municipalities. Other significant regional points of interests from the perspective of tourism are the areas around Oulujärvi, Kajaani and Ristijärvi. In tourism Oulujärvi is concentrated on offering services in water- and culture based tourism around the lake. Kajaani, the town on the shores of lake, is the so-called capital of Kainuu and through this it is also the central transportational hub in the area. The town is central for the tourists who come to the Kainuu region either by train or by plane to the Kajaani Airport. Hövelö (Eino Leino House) in Paltaniemi, Kajaani Kajaani offers many commercial and culturally related services for tourists. The historical village of Paltaniemi in Kajaani is well-known as the birthplace of the Finnish poet Eino Leino, and Elias Lönnrot lived in the same village when he compiled the Finnish national epic Kalevala. The writer Ilmari Kianto also influenced the Kainuu region, and through his works, Kianto made known the description of the Kainuu poor people at the time. Other examples of these cultural services includes the Town Theater, Kaukametsä Culture and Congress Center, Kainuu Museum and the Kajaani Art Museum and many others. Kajawood, a film production company, also known as the "Finnish Hollywood", is located in Sotkamo, Kainuu. Cultural events and sightseeing The region of Kainuu and its municipalities offer wide variety of different seasonal events and sightseeing possibilities. Cultural events vary from sports to entertainment and cultural events. Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival Kajaani Poetry Week Kajaani Dance Kajaani International Dog Show Swamp Soccer Swamp Rock The Kajaani ChurchThe Kajaani Castle ruinsNotable history-related sightseeing in Kainuu Suomussalmi Rock Lanka Fest Kainuu Orienteering Week Lost in Kajaani Kainuun Musiikki juhlat Ethno Music Festival Sommelo History- and art-related sightseeing Eino Leino House Kainuu museum Kajaani Art Museum The Raatteen Portti Winter War Museum Winter War Museum Kajaani Castle Kajaani Church The Kalevala Village Regional food culture Food products that come from the nature are essential part of the local food culture in Kainuu. These include fish, various berries, game meat and variety of mushrooms. A few examples of these are the traditional vendace soup, smoked meat soup and the sweetened lingonberry porridge. Bread and bakery are also one of the corner stones of Kainuu-based kitchen. These include rye bread and local specialties such as a traditional sweet delicacy called Rönttönen and the bread cheese / squeaky cheese that is often served together with cloudberry jam or as is. Local media The Kainuu region's most popular newspaper is the morning newspaper Kainuun Sanomat with 50 000 daily readers and 16 093 copies in circulation. There are also several other smaller news- and free newspapers which are more local and town based in their news coverage and distribution. The more popular example in the Kainuu region is the Koti-Kajaani with a total of 30 276 - 38 369 copies in circulations in the weekdays of Wednesday and Saturday. Local newspapers Kainuun Sanomat Koti-Kajaani Kuhmolainen Puolanka-lehti Sotkamo-lehti Ylä-Kainuu Väylä Local radio stations Kainuu has two regional radio stations among the statewide radio stations. Radio Kajaus bases it content on pop music, news and interviews on the current affairs. Kainuun Radio is one of the 19 regional radiostations owned by the state company Yleisradio (YLE). Between 6.30 – 17.00 the station broadcasts its own regional content. Outside of that the station will share the contents of the statewide Yle Radio Suomi station. Radio Kajaus YLE Kainuun radio Regional politics In the Finnish parliamentary election Kainuu is part of the Oulu electoral district which elects 18 members of the Finnish parliament from the local district. Parliamentary elections 2019 Parliamentary elections 2019 % Of Votes Cast Centre Party Finns Party Left Alliance SDP National Coalition Green League Christian Democrats Movement Now Blue Reform Seven Star Movement Swedish People's Party Other Kainuu 31.28 20.42 18.54 9.57 7.75 6.23 2.20 0.40 0.38 0.21 0.08 2.94 Whole country 13.76 17.48 8.17 17.73 17.00 11.49 3.90 2.25 0.97 0.37 4.53 2.35 A municipal election is held every 4 years and the members of the elected municipal councils also elect members amongst themselves to represent their respective municipality in the regional council of Kainuu. Traditionally, up to this date, the Centre Party has been the largest political entity in both the Oulu electoral district and in the region of Kainuu. Municipal elections 2012 Municipal Elections 2012 Council Seats Center Party Left Alliance SDP National Coalition Green League Finns Party Other Total Hyrynsalmi 13 5 2 0 0 0 1 21 Kajaani 13 8 7 8 1 2 9 51 Kuhmo 15 2 5 3 1 2 7 35 Paltamo 11 3 3 1 1 0 2 21 Puolanka 14 4 0 0 0 0 2 21 Ristijärvi 12 0 1 2 0 0 2 17 Sotkamo 15 6 1 4 1 0 8 35 Suomussalmi 19 10 0 2 0 0 4 35 Vaala 14 3 1 0 0 0 3 21 Kainuu in total 126 41 20 20 4 4 38 257 Regional government and regional development Regional Council of Kainuu The Regional Council of Kainuu is one of the 19 regional councils in Finland. The law gives these councils two mains tasks that are development of the region and the land use and planning in the region. A regional council is a key actor in the area that is responsible of the implementation of the Structural Fund programs of the EU. Networking with other actors both within and outside the region is important in protecting and promoting the unique culture of the region. Regional Council of Kainuu is governed by the regional assembly, decisions carried out by the regional board and assisted by the Regional council's office, which is led by the regional mayor. The Regional Assembly of Kainuu has 35 members. The regional council's office has about 20-25 employees and is divided into different teams depending on the area of their responsibility and expertise. The establishing treaty of the Regional Council of Kainuu (accepted in December 2015) defines the Assembly tasks as follows: The Regional Assembly elects a council chairman and also the 1st and 2nd vice chairmen to whom the assembly also grants a right to be present and to speak at the meetings of the Board of the Regional Council. The Regional Assembly approves an estimated budget for the Regional Council for each financial year and a financial plan for the Regional Council at least for 3 years. Regional Assembly decides based on the preparations of the audit board, auditor’s report and reminders in the report on how these give rise to action. While approving the financial statement the Regional Assembly also decides on the discharge for the entities and persons accountable. The Regional Assembly chooses the members of the Regional Board and also chooses the chairman and the vice chairmen and decides upon the length of the term of the Regional Board. Regional Assembly also has the ability to establish such institutions and actors which it sees fit for the moment. Regional Assembly appoints an audit board for the inspection of the management and the financial situation. The Assembly also decides upon the proposal of the audit board whether there is a call for one or two auditing firm. Regional Assembly's tasks, Regional Council of Kainuu Areas of responsibility Land Use and Planning Land use planning, cooperation with interest groups and other authority related tasks which are the key fields of responsibility in the regional land use planning. The Regional land use plan is drafted by the Regional Council of Kainuu and approved by the Regional Assembly. Up until the beginning of the year 2016 the approved plan was sent to be validated at the Ministry of Environment. The changes in the legislations deemed that the need for the validation of the Ministry of Environment was no longer necessary. From the perspective of the municipalities involved in the regional development, regional land use plan is the guide and framework that has to be taken into account when the municipalities plan or change their local master plans or local detailed plans. Regional land use plans should also be noted by the authorities of whose decision making the plans affect. The regional land use plan is a map which contains the planning entries, instructions and descriptions. These affect the contents of the land use plan, give background to the decisions made and bring forth the meaningful data about the effectiveness factors. Phased regional land use land works as supplement and provide information to the previously mentioned regional land use plan. Regional Development Regional development unit is responsible for the regional development plan. This task is given by the law to the regional councils. Regional development also has the task of leading, planning and implementing both the national and EU level regional- and cohesion policymaking in the region of Kainuu. This is done in cooperation with neighboring regions. Regional development views that developing and maintaining the regions vigor is important. This relates to the work that is done on both the local, national and international level in cooperation with other actors. Cooperation and Supervision of Interests According to 5§ of the establishing treaty of the regional council of Kainuu the mission for the council is to observe and take into account in their own work the aspects of interest driving between other actors and cooperation. In this the establishing treaty emphasizes the importance of managing the partnerships both inside the region and outside of it. The later refers to national, EU and other international level of activities. The themes for interest driving are changed depending how the situation and times dictate it and these themes and their changes can be found from the project catalog document that is kept by the regional council. Cooperation and communication have an important role from the perspective of the interest driving. The establishing treaty notes that these two should have the role of upholding the positive image of the region of Kainuu both inside and outside of the region. An interest driving team is formed for the purpose of this role that also has members from other important actors from other organizations in addition to the regional council of Kainuu. Projects According to the charter of the Regional council, one of the essential tasks of the organization is improving the wellbeing of the region's population. Among other interest driving goals, improving the living- and the business environment in the region is one of the goals of the regional development. Projects, plans and other development related-work are ways to work towards these goals with the relevant actors inside and outside of the region. The project programs and their goals are controlled to some extent by the goals set in the regional strategic programme. For the project work the regional council has to do tasks that relate to requisitioning, co-financing and being as a partner in the projects. The project preparations are divided in the responsibilities inside the regional council teams (land use & planning, regional development etc.) depending on their field of expertise that are for example in charge of the international funding of the project. In the years of the 2014 – 2020 EU funding is offered towards the region of Kainuu in the programs of Baltic Sea Region Programme, Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme, Interreg Europe, ENI Kolarctic and the Karelia CBC. Other activities of the Regional Council Europe Direct Kainuu The European Commission maintains an information network called the Europe Direct and one of its offices can be found from the office of regional council of Kainuu. The Europe Direct offers general information about the Europe, EU, functions and actions of the union and the funding possibilities that it offers together with the themes that the funds are emphasizing. For the information distribution the office uses social media, news letters and brochures. Key strategies and documents driving the Regional Councils actions The Regional Plan of Kainuu 2035 The Kainuu Regional Plan of 2035 represents the political intentions of the region. This document has the strategies that hold inside of them the vision for the region and the politically desired outcomes for the future. The regional plan is approved by the Regional Assembly of Kainuu. The Regional land use plan From the perspective of the regional planning and land use the regional land use plan is the most important document that drives their actions. The timeframe for this plan varies between 10 – 30 years and the examination for the current regional land use plan started in the year of 2014... Regional Programme 2014 - 2017 Regional programmes intent is to bring up ways and means through which the long timespan strategic goals of the Regional Plan 2035 can be accomplished. Strategic choices and emphasizing certain themes are ways through which the regional council aims to achieve these goals. This includes cooperation in the teams of regional development and the interest driving team and also utilizing other development actions taken by the organization. Four emphasized themes are set for the programme of 2014 – 2017. These have themes that aim towards the development of different sectors in the society. The timeframe for each regional programme is four years. Implementation plan An implementation plan is compiled out for the region of Kainuu. The time frame for this plan is two years. The function for the implementation plan is to monitor, prioritize and harmonize the region councils work together with other authorities that relate to the goals set in the regional programme. The implementation plan is an instrument to guiding projects in a way that the themes and goals of the regional programmes and the condition for the fund funding are met and achieved in these projects. Regional policymaking Regional Assembly 2013–2016 Representatives in the Regional Assembly Regional Assembly of Kainuu Center Party Left Alliance SDP National Coalition Green League Finns Party Other Total Number of Assembly Representatives 14 5 4 4 1 6 1 35 The Regional Assembly of 2013-2016 Pentti Kettunen, Chairman Eero Suutari, 1st Vice Chairman Kati Nykänen, 2nd Vice Chairman Municipalities and towns each get certain count of representatives in the assembly. This is based on their population size. These are divided into three different categories. These numbers also include the vice representavies from each member of the assembly. Kajaani: 15 representatives in total. Kuhmo, Sotkamo and Suomussalmi: 4 representatives each. Hyrynsalmi, Puolanka, Paltamo and Ristijärvi 2 representavies each. The Regional Board of 2015-2016 Timo Korhonen, Chairman Eija Hakkarainen, 1st Vice Chairman Marisanna Jarva 2nd Vice Chairman Regional Youth Council of Kainuu Kainuu region also has its own Regional Youth Council, which is also the only regional level youth council in Finland. The council was formed in 2008 and it is meant to be a nonpartisan influencing group for the regions youth. Two members are selected from each municipality and town and also from the local higher education institutions – KAO & AMK. The members of the youth council are appointed by their local municipal councils or their institutions student council. The term if two years long and during that time the youth council will also get a total of seven sponsor representatives from the Regional Assembly and the Kainuus Social and Welfare Council. The Regional Councils office will help the Youth Council with such things as setting up meetings, compile agenda for the next meeting and giving counsel and guidance on how to make meeting records, how decision making works and so forth. Youth councils work is not defined by law, but the Regional Assembly has decided that the Youth Council should have four main tasks among more minor ones. The main tasks are: Youth Council will hold at least one annual Regional Youth Forum. Youth Council should meet both the local policymakers and parliament members. Youth Council will take part in the meetings of the Regional Assembly of Kainuu. Youth Council takes part in to the development and planning of the region’s future. Extra duties are as follows: Youth council must keep an close eye on the regional developments and try to influence the decision making that affects the local youth. Youth Council should inspire the local youth to take part in what the societal and political activities have to offer at large. Youth Council should also participate in seminars, events and training and if the need arises – they should also help to organize these events. Term for each regional youth council is two-year long. The youth council representatives will select one chairman amongst themselves who is accompanied by two vice chairmen for the two-year term. The council also selects a secretary who will cooperate together with a contact from the regional council of Kainuu who gives the necessary help, guidance and advice that the youth council secretary needs to handle their tasks. See also Kainuu people Kainuu Brigade Kainuu Road Koillismaa Nälkämaan laulu Vuolijoki References ^ Preliminary population in the Kainuu region Preliminary population statistics. Statistics Finland. Referenced on 12.28.2015 ^ Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional GDP per Capita, OECD.Stats. Accessed on 16 November 2018. ^ "Cajanaburg", Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. II (1st ed.), Edinburgh: Colin Macfarquhar, 1771. ^ Sisä-Suomen tuulivoimaselvitys raportti part 3 Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine Report. Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on 12.29.2015 ^ http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_027_fi.px/table/ ^ Vaala siirtyy Kainuusta Pohjois-Pohjanmaahan vuoden 2016 alusta Press release. Ministry of Finance. Referenced on the 04.01.2016 ^ Regional population by the language and the number of forgeiners and the area size. Statistics Finland ^ Population Information System -statistics Archived 2015-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Population Register Center. Referred to on 01.07.2016 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kainuu in statistics 2015 Statistics brochure. Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced 12.29.2015 ^ Educational level statistics of the regions of Finland based on the gender & graduates in the year of 2013. Statistics Finland. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Info on the Kajaani University of Applied Science. KAMK. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Info on AIKOPA Archived 2016-02-16 at the Wayback Machine. AIKOPA. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Kainuu Vocational College Info. Kainuu Vocational College. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ a b Brochure. KAMK. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Fields of study info. Kainuu Vocational College. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Statistical Yearbook of Tourism in Kainuu 2014 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Yearbook. Kainuun Etu Oy. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Resort homepage in English. Paljakka Hiihtokeskus. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Resort homepage in English. Ukkohalla -Ski and Sport Resort. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage in English. Vuokatti. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Wild Taiga Infopage Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Wild Taiga. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of Oulunjärvi Archived 2016-01-28 at the Wayback Machine. Oulunjärven Jättiläiset ry. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ "Paltaniemi, synnyinseutu" (in Finnish). Kainuun Eino Leino -seura ry. Retrieved 1 October 2022. ^ Suutari, Tiina (16 March 2021). "Kotiseutuna Kajaani: Maanjäristys tuhosi ensimmäisen kirkon Paltaniemellä – Kirkkoaholla on toiminut erikoinen eläintarha". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 October 2022. ^ Piippo, Esko (28 February 2021). "Näkökulma: Elias Lönnrotin Hövelön aika". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 October 2022. ^ Korpikirjailija Ilmari Kianto – Yle Elävä arkisto (in Finnish) ^ Info on the congress & culture center. Town of Kajaani. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ a b Info of the museum. Town of Kajaani ^ a b Info of the museum. Town of Kajaani. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ KAJAWOOD: KAINUU – SUOMEN HOLLYWOOD (in Finnish) ^ YLE: Vuokattiin tulee Hollywood-tason LED-elokuvastudio – mahdollistaa The Mandalorianin kaltaiset virtuaalimaailmat (in Finnish) ^ Homepage of the event. Kajaani Runo Viikko. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of the event Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Kajaani Dance. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of the show Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. Kajaani International Dog Show ^ Info about the event. Ukkohalla. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Info of the event. Ukkohalla. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of the event. Suomussalmi Rock. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Info page of the event. Puolanka-Info. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of the event. Kainuu Orienteering Week. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of the event Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. Lost in Kajaani. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage. Loud'n Live Promotions. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of the festival. Pro Sommelo Ry. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ "Eino Leino -talo Kajaanin Paltaniemellä" (in Finnish). Visit Kajaani. Retrieved 1 October 2022. ^ Homepage of the Museum Archived 2016-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. Raate Travels-Oy. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Info on the Winter War Museum. City of Kuhmo. Referenced on 01.07.2016 ^ The Kalevala Village Info. Discovering Finland Guide Oy. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Circulation statistics of Kainuun Sanomat. Kainuun Sanomat. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ The circulation statistics of Koti-Kajaani Koti Kajaani. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of Kuhmolainen. Kuhmolainen. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Info. Puolanka-lehti. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of Sotkamo-lehti. Sotkamo-lehti. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of Ylä-Kainuu. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Homepage of Väylä Archived 2016-02-23 at the Wayback Machine. Väylä. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Program list. Radio Kajaus. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ Info. Kainuun Radio. Referenced on the 01.07.2016 ^ a b c Tasks of the Regional Assembly of Kainuu Tasks of the Regional Assembly of Kainuu. Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on 04.01.2016 ^ Regional Councils office staff Contact Information. Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on 04.01.2016 ^ a b c d e >Brochure of the Reginal Council in Finnish Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on the 01.18.2016 ^ >Brochure of the Reginal land use planning in Finland Ministry of the Environment. Referenced on the 01.18.2016 ^ http://www.finlex.fi/fi/esitykset/he/2015/20150114 Government Bill 114/2015. Finlex. Referenced on the 01.18.2016 ^ Regional Land Use Planning Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on the 18.01.2016 ^ a b >Project Funding Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on the 01.18.2016 ^ Europe Direct Kainuu in Finnish Archived 2016-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Europe Direct Kainuu. Referenced on the 18.01.2016 ^ a b c >The Plan of Kainuu 2035 & Regional Programme 2014 -2017 Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on the 01.18.2016 ^ Implementation Plan Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on the 01.18.2016 ^ Members of the Regional Council Archived 2016-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Contact Information. Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on 04.01.2016 ^ Regional Board of Kainuu Contact Information. Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on 04.01.2016 ^ Info about the Regional Youth Council. The Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on the 01.14.2016 ^ a b c d >Handbook of the Regional Youth Council 2015 Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine. Regional Council of Kainuu. Referenced on the 01.14.2016 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kainuu. (in English) Kainuu (official site). http://www.kainuunliitto.fi/en/ vteRegions of FinlandRegions Åland Central Finland Central Ostrobothnia Kainuu Kymenlaakso Lapland North Karelia North Ostrobothnia North Savo Ostrobothnia Päijät-Häme Pirkanmaa Satakunta South Karelia South Ostrobothnia South Savo Southwest Finland Kanta-Häme Uusimaa Former regions Eastern Uusimaa (Itä-Uusimaa) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oulujärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouluj%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"regions of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"North Ostrobothnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia"},{"link_name":"North Savo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Savonia"},{"link_name":"North Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karelia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia"},{"link_name":"dialect of Kainuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu_dialect"}],"text":"Region of FinlandRegion in Ostrobothnia, Finland'Cajania' redirects here. For the lake formerly known as Lake Cajania, see Oulujärvi.Kainuu, also historically known as Cajania[3] (Swedish: Kajanaland), is one of the 19 regions of Finland (maakunta / landskap). Kainuu borders the regions of North Ostrobothnia, North Savo and North Karelia. In the east, it also borders Russia (Republic of Karelia).Culturally Kainuu is part of larger Eastern-Finnish cultural heritage. The dialect of Kainuu resembles Savonian and Karelian dialects.","title":"Kainuu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oulujärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouluj%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"Hyrynsalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrynsalmi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"urban areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"Kajaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani"},{"link_name":"Vuokatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuokatti"},{"link_name":"Sotkamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotkamo"},{"link_name":"Kuhmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhmo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Boreal forest makes up most of the biome in Kainuu. The forest in Kainuu mostly consists of birches, pines and spruces. The atypical regional geography and landscape consist of lakes, hills and vast uninhabited forest areas.The largest lake in the region is the Oulujärvi (928.09 km2), one of the largest lakes in Finland. Its shorelines, open waters and islands in Kainuu belong to the municipalities of Paltamo and Kajaani.The highest point in Kainuu is the Iso Tuomivaara (385 m), located in the municipality of Hyrynsalmi.[4] The regional climate is continental. The three most populous urban areas in Kainuu (December 31, 2017) are Kajaani town center (30,028), Vuokatti village (6,207) in Sotkamo municipality, and Kuhmo town center (5,349).[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostrobothnia (historical province)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Origin of the name Kainuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_Kainuu"}],"text":"For history, geography and culture, see Ostrobothnia (historical province).For the origin of the name Kainuu, see Origin of the name Kainuu.","title":"Historical province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland"}],"text":"The region of Kainuu consists of eight municipalities, two of which have city status (marked in bold).","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kajaani sub-region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_sub-region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kajaani.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Kajaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paltamo.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Paltamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paltamo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ristijarvi.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Ristijärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristij%C3%A4rvi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sotkamo.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Sotkamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotkamo"},{"link_name":"Kehys-Kainuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehys-Kainuu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyrynsalmi.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Hyrynsalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrynsalmi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Kuhmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhmo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puolanka.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Puolanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suomussalmi.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Suomussalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomussalmi"}],"sub_title":"Sub-regions","text":"Kajaani sub-region\n\n Kajaani\n Paltamo\n Ristijärvi\n Sotkamo\n\nKehys-Kainuu\n\n Hyrynsalmi\n Kuhmo\n Puolanka\n Suomussalmi","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of municipalities","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vuolijoki.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Vuolijoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolijoki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kajaanin_mlk.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"rural municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalaiskunta"}],"sub_title":"Former municipalities","text":"Vuolijoki\n Kajaani rural municipality","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vaala.vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Vaala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaala"},{"link_name":"Kajaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Changes in the region's municipalities","text":"Vaala (moved to Northern Ostrobothnia in 2016)The administrative capital of Kainuu is Kajaani.Vaala, formerly one of the nine municipal members of the Kainuu region became part of the Northern Ostrobothnia in the beginning of the year 2016.[6]The municipality of Vaala is still counted as part of the region in the end of 2015.","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"}],"text":"In 2012 Kainuu region had a total of 29 722 jobs. The largest sector in the employment market of Kainuu is the service sector with (21 915) 73,7 % share of the regions entire employed workforce. The industrial and construction sector follow as the 2nd largest actor with (5 243) 17,6 % of the employed working under these fields. Third largest sector is the forest industry and agriculture with a (2 228) 7,5 % workforce. The smallest uncounted factor in these statistics are the miscellaneous jobs that do not fit easily under any of three general terms mentioned above. The miscellaneous jobs form 336 1,2 % of the region's workforce.[9]The total unemployment of Kainuu was in 2014 6 001 which is 16,9 % of the workforce of the area. The nationwide average at the time was 12,4 %. The worst unemployment was in the town of Kuhmo with (771) 19,6 % people unemployed. The town with the least amount of unemployment was the municipality of Sotkamo with (684) 14,1 % people unemployed. Kainuu has a total of 4301 firms by each sector in its economy. Three of the largest sectors are Agriculture, forestry and fishing, wholesale and retail trade and construction. The smallest three are education, mining & quarrying and information & communication.[9]State, municipal and private sectors are the three big players in the regions employment market. Private sector is the largest actor in the region with 51% of the workforce working on it. Municipal sector comes up to 29% and the state has 7% of the workforce. Statewide averages are 58% for the private, 23% for the municipal and 6% for the state sectors. The number of companies in the region of Kainuu is 3 429.[9]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kajaani University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref4-14"},{"link_name":"University of Oulu's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oulu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The regional education qualification level is at 67,4 % between the age groups of 15 years and over. The average of women in the region for the educational qualification is 67,4 % and for men 67,3 %. The nationwide average is 69,4% for the whole age group and the nationwide average for women is 70,1 % and for men 68,7%. Based on these numbers Kainuu has the 8th lowest educational level out of the 19 regions of Finland.[10]Kainuu has several further education institutes and organizations that are centralized in the town of Kajaani. These are Kajaani University of Applied Sciences,[11] AIKOPA[12] and Kainuu Vocational College (KAO).[13] Many of the municipalities and towns also offer education for the upper secondary education.Kajaani University of Applied Sciences (KAMK) offers education, research, development and innovation services. These happen in the fields of activity tourism, nursing and health care, business and innovation, information systems and mechanical engineering. The students number at 2000 in the KAMK and the staff at 235.[14]AIKOPA is part of KAMK's and University of Oulu's service that is provided for joint adult and continuing education. AIKOPa offers services like education, expertise, research and development at the higher education level.[14]The Kainuu Vocational College (KAO) has a goal to give training, vocational and basic skills for both the young people and adults who number approximately at 2600. KAO has six different field of education through which students and the adults alike can receive qualification and training. These are technology and transportation, tourism, catering and domestic services, natural resources, healthcare, culture and business and administration.[15]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kajaani_railway_station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vuokatti_railway_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vuokatti railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vuokatti_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"},{"link_name":"Kajaani railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_railway_station"}],"text":"The Kajaani railway stationThe Vuokatti railway stationKainuu has a total of 4 732 kilometers of road network and the average of 505 private cars / 1000 inhabitants.[9]The air traffic of Kainuu had 81 854 cumulative passengers of which 77 981 were domestic and 3 873 were international passengers.[9] The only major airport in the region is the Kajaani airport which is located some 7 kilometers (4 mi) northwest from the Kajaani town center.The Kajaani railway station works as the central hub for the Kainuu regions train passenger and freight transportation. The passenger traffic from and to Kajaani railway station runs between the line 13 of Helsinki-Kajaani and the line 14A of Oulu-Kontiomäki.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riihipihan_tuulimylly.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vuolijoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolijoki"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref5-16"},{"link_name":"Paljakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paljakka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ukkohalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukkohalla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Vuokatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuokatti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kajaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani"},{"link_name":"train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kajaani Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B6vel%C3%B6.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kajaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani"},{"link_name":"Paltaniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paltaniemi"},{"link_name":"Eino Leino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eino_Leino"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Elias Lönnrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot"},{"link_name":"Kalevala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ilmari Kianto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmari_Kianto"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref6-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref7-28"},{"link_name":"Kajawood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kajawood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Sotkamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotkamo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The windmill of Riihipiha in VuolijokiTourism is a significant factor in the regional economics of Kainuu.[9] The two most important seasons for the regions tourism are winter and summer. Winter season is the more popular one amongst the tourists and travelers. The single most popular month for the overnight stays in Kainuu is July. The count for the nights spent in the Kainuu region was 970 953 in the year of 2014. Domestic tourism forms major part of the annual tourism. Around 9-10% of the annual tourism of the regions comes from the international tourism. The variation of this number is dependent on the recent economic downturn that has caused drop in the Russian tourism towards the Kainuu region in which the Russians are the single largest customerbase.[16]Kainuu region has three major sports and ski resorts, which are Paljakka,[17] Ukkohalla[18] and Vuokatti.[19] These resorts offer various sport possibilities for different seasons such as skiing, downhill skiing and hiking among others.Outside the sport resorts are also tourism related service clusters and networks such as Wild Taiga which offer various services from different actors of Kuhmo and Suomussalmi municipalities.[20] Other significant regional points of interests from the perspective of tourism are the areas around Oulujärvi, Kajaani and Ristijärvi.[9]In tourism Oulujärvi is concentrated on offering services in water- and culture based tourism around the lake.[21] Kajaani, the town on the shores of lake, is the so-called capital of Kainuu and through this it is also the central transportational hub in the area. The town is central for the tourists who come to the Kainuu region either by train or by plane to the Kajaani Airport.[9]Hövelö (Eino Leino House) in Paltaniemi, KajaaniKajaani offers many commercial and culturally related services for tourists. The historical village of Paltaniemi in Kajaani is well-known as the birthplace of the Finnish poet Eino Leino,[22] and Elias Lönnrot lived in the same village when he compiled the Finnish national epic Kalevala.[23][24] The writer Ilmari Kianto also influenced the Kainuu region, and through his works, Kianto made known the description of the Kainuu poor people at the time.[25] Other examples of these cultural services includes the Town Theater, Kaukametsä Culture and Congress Center,[26] Kainuu Museum[27] and the Kajaani Art Museum[28] and many others. Kajawood, a film production company, also known as the \"Finnish Hollywood\", is located in Sotkamo, Kainuu.[29][30]","title":"Tourism and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhmo_Chamber_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Swamp Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_football"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kajaani_kirkko_20090116.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Kajaani Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kajaanin_linna.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Kajaani Castle ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_Castle"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Kainuu Orienteering Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu_Orienteering_Week"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Cultural events and sightseeing","text":"The region of Kainuu and its municipalities offer wide variety of different seasonal events and sightseeing possibilities. Cultural events vary from sports to entertainment and cultural events.Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival\nKajaani Poetry Week[31]\nKajaani Dance[32]\nKajaani International Dog Show[33]\nSwamp Soccer[34]\nSwamp Rock[35]The Kajaani ChurchThe Kajaani Castle ruinsNotable history-related sightseeing in KainuuSuomussalmi Rock[36]\nLanka Fest[37]\nKainuu Orienteering Week[38]\nLost in Kajaani[39]\nKainuun Musiikki juhlat[40]\nEthno Music Festival Sommelo[41]","title":"Tourism and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref6-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref7-28"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Kajaani Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kajaani Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani_Church"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"History- and art-related sightseeing","text":"Eino Leino House[42]\nKainuu museum[27]\nKajaani Art Museum[28]\nThe Raatteen Portti Winter War Museum[43]\nWinter War Museum[44]\nKajaani Castle\nKajaani Church\nThe Kalevala Village[45]","title":"Tourism and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vendace soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_cuisine#Kainuu"},{"link_name":"smoked meat soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Rönttönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntt%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"bread cheese / squeaky cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_cuisine"}],"sub_title":"Regional food culture","text":"Food products that come from the nature are essential part of the local food culture in Kainuu. These include fish, various berries, game meat and variety of mushrooms. A few examples of these are the traditional vendace soup, smoked meat soup and the sweetened lingonberry porridge.Bread and bakery are also one of the corner stones of Kainuu-based kitchen. These include rye bread and local specialties such as a traditional sweet delicacy called Rönttönen and the bread cheese / squeaky cheese that is often served together with cloudberry jam or as is.","title":"Tourism and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kainuun Sanomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuun_Sanomat"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"The Kainuu region's most popular newspaper is the morning newspaper Kainuun Sanomat with 50 000 daily readers and 16 093 copies in circulation.[46] There are also several other smaller news- and free newspapers which are more local and town based in their news coverage and distribution. The more popular example in the Kainuu region is the Koti-Kajaani with a total of 30 276 - 38 369 copies in circulations in the weekdays of Wednesday and Saturday.[47]","title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Local newspapers","text":"Kainuun Sanomat\nKoti-Kajaani\nKuhmolainen[48]\nPuolanka-lehti[49]\nSotkamo-lehti[50]\nYlä-Kainuu[51]\nVäylä[52]","title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Local radio stations","text":"Kainuu has two regional radio stations among the statewide radio stations. Radio Kajaus bases it content on pop music, news and interviews on the current affairs.[53] Kainuun Radio is one of the 19 regional radiostations owned by the state company Yleisradio (YLE). Between 6.30 – 17.00 the station broadcasts its own regional content. Outside of that the station will share the contents of the statewide Yle Radio Suomi station.[54]Radio Kajaus\nYLE Kainuun radio","title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oulu electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_(electoral_district)"}],"text":"In the Finnish parliamentary election Kainuu is part of the Oulu electoral district which elects 18 members of the Finnish parliament from the local district.","title":"Regional politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oulu electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_(electoral_district)"}],"sub_title":"Parliamentary elections 2019","text":"A municipal election is held every 4 years and the members of the elected municipal councils also elect members amongst themselves to represent their respective municipality in the regional council of Kainuu. Traditionally, up to this date, the Centre Party has been the largest political entity in both the Oulu electoral district and in the region of Kainuu.","title":"Regional politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Municipal elections 2012","title":"Regional politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regional government and regional development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref3-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref3-55"}],"sub_title":"Regional Council of Kainuu","text":"The Regional Council of Kainuu is one of the 19 regional councils in Finland. The law gives these councils two mains tasks that are development of the region and the land use and planning in the region. A regional council is a key actor in the area that is responsible of the implementation of the Structural Fund programs of the EU. Networking with other actors both within and outside the region is important in protecting and promoting the unique culture of the region.Regional Council of Kainuu is governed by the regional assembly, decisions carried out by the regional board and assisted by the Regional council's office, which is led by the regional mayor. The Regional Assembly of Kainuu has 35 members.[55] The regional council's office has about 20-25 employees and is divided into different teams depending on the area of their responsibility and expertise.[56]The establishing treaty of the Regional Council of Kainuu (accepted in December 2015) defines the Assembly tasks as follows:The Regional Assembly elects a council chairman and also the 1st and 2nd vice chairmen to whom the assembly also grants a right to be present and to speak at the meetings of the Board of the Regional Council.\nThe Regional Assembly approves an estimated budget for the Regional Council for each financial year and a financial plan for the Regional Council at least for 3 years.\nRegional Assembly decides based on the preparations of the audit board, auditor’s report and reminders in the report on how these give rise to action. While approving the financial statement the Regional Assembly also decides on the discharge for the entities and persons accountable.\nThe Regional Assembly chooses the members of the Regional Board and also chooses the chairman and the vice chairmen and decides upon the length of the term of the Regional Board.\nRegional Assembly also has the ability to establish such institutions and actors which it sees fit for the moment.\nRegional Assembly appoints an audit board for the inspection of the management and the financial situation. The Assembly also decides upon the proposal of the audit board whether there is a call for one or two auditing firm.Regional Assembly's tasks, Regional Council of Kainuu[55]","title":"Regional government and regional development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref10-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref12-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref10-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref10-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref10-57"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref11-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref11-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Areas of responsibility","text":"Land Use and PlanningLand use planning, cooperation with interest groups and other authority related tasks which are the key fields of responsibility in the regional land use planning.[57]The Regional land use plan is drafted by the Regional Council of Kainuu and approved by the Regional Assembly. Up until the beginning of the year 2016 the approved plan was sent to be validated at the Ministry of Environment.[58] The changes in the legislations deemed that the need for the validation of the Ministry of Environment was no longer necessary.[59]From the perspective of the municipalities involved in the regional development, regional land use plan is the guide and framework that has to be taken into account when the municipalities plan or change their local master plans or local detailed plans. Regional land use plans should also be noted by the authorities of whose decision making the plans affect. The regional land use plan is a map which contains the planning entries, instructions and descriptions. These affect the contents of the land use plan, give background to the decisions made and bring forth the meaningful data about the effectiveness factors. Phased regional land use land works as supplement and provide information to the previously mentioned regional land use plan.[60]Regional DevelopmentRegional development unit is responsible for the regional development plan. This task is given by the law to the regional councils. Regional development also has the task of leading, planning and implementing both the national and EU level regional- and cohesion policymaking in the region of Kainuu. This is done in cooperation with neighboring regions. Regional development views that developing and maintaining the regions vigor is important. This relates to the work that is done on both the local, national and international level in cooperation with other actors. \nCooperation and Supervision of Interests[57]According to 5§ of the establishing treaty of the regional council of Kainuu the mission for the council is to observe and take into account in their own work the aspects of interest driving between other actors and cooperation. In this the establishing treaty emphasizes the importance of managing the partnerships both inside the region and outside of it. The later refers to national, EU and other international level of activities. The themes for interest driving are changed depending how the situation and times dictate it and these themes and their changes can be found from the project catalog document that is kept by the regional council.[57]Cooperation and communication have an important role from the perspective of the interest driving. The establishing treaty notes that these two should have the role of upholding the positive image of the region of Kainuu both inside and outside of the region. An interest driving team is formed for the purpose of this role that also has members from other important actors from other organizations in addition to the regional council of Kainuu.[57]ProjectsAccording to the charter of the Regional council, one of the essential tasks of the organization is improving the wellbeing of the region's population. Among other interest driving goals, improving the living- and the business environment in the region is one of the goals of the regional development. \nProjects, plans and other development related-work are ways to work towards these goals with the relevant actors inside and outside of the region. The project programs and their goals are controlled to some extent by the goals set in the regional strategic programme.[61]For the project work the regional council has to do tasks that relate to requisitioning, co-financing and being as a partner in the projects. The project preparations are divided in the responsibilities inside the regional council teams (land use & planning, regional development etc.) depending on their field of expertise that are for example in charge of the international funding of the project. In the years of the 2014 – 2020 EU funding is offered towards the region of Kainuu in the programs of Baltic Sea Region Programme, Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme, Interreg Europe, ENI Kolarctic and the Karelia CBC.[61]Other activities of the Regional CouncilEurope Direct KainuuThe European Commission maintains an information network called the Europe Direct and one of its offices can be found from the office of regional council of Kainuu. The Europe Direct offers general information about the Europe, EU, functions and actions of the union and the funding possibilities that it offers together with the themes that the funds are emphasizing. For the information distribution the office uses social media, news letters and brochures.[62]","title":"Regional government and regional development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref13-63"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref10-57"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref13-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref13-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Key strategies and documents driving the Regional Councils actions","text":"The Regional Plan of Kainuu 2035The Kainuu Regional Plan of 2035 represents the political intentions of the region. This document has the strategies that hold inside of them the vision for the region and the politically desired outcomes for the future. The regional plan is approved by the Regional Assembly of Kainuu.[63]The Regional land use planFrom the perspective of the regional planning and land use the regional land use plan is the most important document that drives their actions. The timeframe for this plan varies between 10 – 30 years and the examination for the current regional land use plan started in the year of 2014...[57]Regional Programme 2014 - 2017Regional programmes intent is to bring up ways and means through which the long timespan strategic goals of the Regional Plan 2035 can be accomplished. Strategic choices and emphasizing certain themes are ways through which the regional council aims to achieve these goals. This includes cooperation in the teams of regional development and the interest driving team and also utilizing other development actions taken by the organization.[63]Four emphasized themes are set for the programme of 2014 – 2017. These have themes that aim towards the development of different sectors in the society. The timeframe for each regional programme is four years.[63]Implementation planAn implementation plan is compiled out for the region of Kainuu. The time frame for this plan is two years. The function for the implementation plan is to monitor, prioritize and harmonize the region councils work together with other authorities that relate to the goals set in the regional programme. The implementation plan is an instrument to guiding projects in a way that the themes and goals of the regional programmes and the condition for the fund funding are met and achieved in these projects.[64]","title":"Regional government and regional development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regional policymaking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref3-55"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Regional Assembly 2013–2016","text":"The Regional Assembly of 2013-2016[55]Pentti Kettunen, Chairman\nEero Suutari, 1st Vice Chairman\nKati Nykänen, 2nd Vice ChairmanMunicipalities and towns each get certain count of representatives in the assembly. This is based on their population size. These are divided into three different categories. These numbers also include the vice representavies from each member of the assembly.[65]Kajaani: 15 representatives in total.\nKuhmo, Sotkamo and Suomussalmi: 4 representatives each.\nHyrynsalmi, Puolanka, Paltamo and Ristijärvi 2 representavies each.The Regional Board of 2015-2016[66]Timo Korhonen, Chairman\nEija Hakkarainen, 1st Vice Chairman\nMarisanna Jarva 2nd Vice Chairman","title":"Regional policymaking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"youth council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_council"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref9-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref9-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref9-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref9-68"}],"sub_title":"Regional Youth Council of Kainuu","text":"Kainuu region also has its own Regional Youth Council, which is also the only regional level youth council in Finland. The council was formed in 2008 and it is meant to be a nonpartisan influencing group for the regions youth. Two members are selected from each municipality and town and also from the local higher education institutions – KAO & AMK.[67]The members of the youth council are appointed by their local municipal councils or their institutions student council. The term if two years long and during that time the youth council will also get a total of seven sponsor representatives from the Regional Assembly and the Kainuus Social and Welfare Council. The Regional Councils office will help the Youth Council with such things as setting up meetings, compile agenda for the next meeting and giving counsel and guidance on how to make meeting records, how decision making works and so forth.[68]Youth councils work is not defined by law, but the Regional Assembly has decided that the Youth Council should have four main tasks among more minor ones. The main tasks are:[68]Youth Council will hold at least one annual Regional Youth Forum.\nYouth Council should meet both the local policymakers and parliament members.\nYouth Council will take part in the meetings of the Regional Assembly of Kainuu.\nYouth Council takes part in to the development and planning of the region’s future.Extra duties are as follows:[68]Youth council must keep an close eye on the regional developments and try to influence the decision making that affects the local youth.\nYouth Council should inspire the local youth to take part in what the societal and political activities have to offer at large.\nYouth Council should also participate in seminars, events and training and if the need arises – they should also help to organize these events.Term for each regional youth council is two-year long. The youth council representatives will select one chairman amongst themselves who is accompanied by two vice chairmen for the two-year term. The council also selects a secretary who will cooperate together with a contact from the regional council of Kainuu who gives the necessary help, guidance and advice that the youth council secretary needs to handle their tasks.[68]","title":"Regional policymaking"}]	[{"image_text":"The Kajaani railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kajaani_railway_station.jpg/220px-Kajaani_railway_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Vuokatti railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vuokatti_railway_station.jpg/220px-Vuokatti_railway_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"The windmill of Riihipiha in Vuolijoki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Riihipihan_tuulimylly.jpg/220px-Riihipihan_tuulimylly.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hövelö (Eino Leino House) in Paltaniemi, Kajaani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/H%C3%B6vel%C3%B6.JPG/220px-H%C3%B6vel%C3%B6.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Kainuu people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu_people"},{"title":"Kainuu Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu_Brigade"},{"title":"Kainuu Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu_Road"},{"title":"Koillismaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koillismaa"},{"title":"Nälkämaan laulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4lk%C3%A4maan_laulu"},{"title":"Vuolijoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolijoki"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cajanaburg\", Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 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Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/kotiseutuna-kajaani-maanjaristys-tuhosi-ensimmaisen-kirkon-paltaniemella-kirkkoaholla-on-toiminut-erikoinen-elaintarha-197176727/","url_text":"\"Kotiseutuna Kajaani: Maanjäristys tuhosi ensimmäisen kirkon Paltaniemellä – Kirkkoaholla on toiminut erikoinen eläintarha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuun_Sanomat","url_text":"Kainuun Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"Piippo, Esko (28 February 2021). \"Näkökulma: Elias Lönnrotin Hövelön aika\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/nakokulma-elias-lonnrotin-hovelon-aika-196185427/","url_text":"\"Näkökulma: Elias Lönnrotin Hövelön aika\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuun_Sanomat","url_text":"Kainuun Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"\"Eino Leino -talo Kajaanin Paltaniemellä\" (in Finnish). Visit Kajaani. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Centralen	T-Centralen	["1 First station: Lines 17–19 (Green Line) and 13–14 (Red Line)","2 Second station: Lines 10 and 11 (Blue Line)","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 59°19′54″N 18°03′39″E / 59.33167°N 18.06083°E / 59.33167; 18.06083Stockholm Metro station Not to be confused with these interconnected transit stations: Stockholm Central Station (regional/long distance rail), Stockholm City Station (commuter rail), or Cityterminalen (bus). T-CentralenStockholm metro stationBlue Line PlatformsGeneral informationLocationNorrmalm, StockholmCoordinates59°19′54″N 18°03′39″E / 59.33167°N 18.06083°E / 59.33167; 18.06083Owned byStorstockholms LokaltrafikPlatforms3 island platforms (cross-platform transfers for Green and Red lines)Tracks6ConnectionsStockholm Central StationConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesOther informationStation codeTceHistoryOpened24 November 1957; 66 years ago (24 November 1957)Passengers2019174,550 boarding per weekday (metro total)201939,800 (Blue Line)201946,000 (Green Line)201988,750 (Red Line)20193,900 boarding per weekday (tram) Services Preceding station Stockholm metro Following station KungsträdgårdenTerminus Line 10 Rådhusettowards Hjulsta Line 11 Rådhusettowards Akalla Gamla stantowards Norsborg Line 13 Östermalmstorgtowards Ropsten Gamla stantowards Fruängen Line 14 Östermalmstorgtowards Mörby centrum Hötorgettowards Åkeshov Line 17 Gamla stantowards Skarpnäck Hötorgettowards Alvik Line 18 Gamla stantowards Farsta strand Hötorgettowards Hässelby strand Line 19 Gamla stantowards Hagsätra LocationGreen line highlightedBlue line highlightedRed line highlighted T-Centralen (Swedish for "The T-Central"; T being an abbreviation for "tunnelbana", the Swedish word for "underground" or "subway") is a metro station that forms the heart of the Stockholm metro system, in the sense that it is the only station where all three of the system's lines meet. That, its central location, and its connections with other modes of transport make it the busiest station in the system. The station is located in the Norrmalm borough of Stockholm, between Sergels torg (Sergel's Square) and the street of Vasagatan. On a winter day in 2018, some 340,000 passengers (174,550 boarding and 166,850 alighting) travelled to or from the metro station. It is connected by a pedestrian underpass to the neighbouring Stockholm Central Station across Vasagatan (for national and regional trains) and to the Cityterminalen long-distance bus terminal, making it easy to continue a journey started by metro train. When opened on 24 November 1957 the name of the station was "Centralen" ("The Central"), but it was renamed on 27 January 1958, as the metro station often was mistaken for the central railway station to which it is connected, but with some distance. During construction, it was intended to be called Klara, but that name was abandoned before opening. T-Centralen has two separate sets of platforms, connected by a long moving walkway on a mezzanine level. The station was open as part of the section connecting Slussen and Hötorget thereby west and east sections of the green line. On 5 April 1964, T-Centralen became the north terminus of the first stretch of the Red line running to Fruängen. On 16 May 1965, the Red line was extended north to Östermalmstorg. On 31 August 1975, the first stretch of the Blue Line to Hjulsta was opened. The trains were running via Hallonbergen and Rinkeby. On 30 October 1977, a one-station extension of the Blue line east to Kungsträdgården was opened. The Stockholm City commuter rail station is located below the metro station, with direct escalators to the metro platforms. It opened on 10 July 2017 as part of the Stockholm City Line. Since 2018, T-Centralen has been the western terminus of the Spårväg City tramway. First station: Lines 17–19 (Green Line) and 13–14 (Red Line) The official opening of the T-Centralen station by King Gustaf VI Adolf and Queen Louise on 24 November 1957 This station, located 1.5 km part of T-Centralen are lines 17–19 (Green line) from Gamla stan and Hötorget, and lines 13–14 (Red line) between Gamla stan and Östermalmstorg. The station is located under Klara Church and Åhléns City department store. The station has two platforms located at different ground levels. The upper level is located 8,5 metres below ground, and serves the northbound Green line and southbound Red line. The lower level is 14 metres below ground, and serves the southbound Green line and northbound Red line, allowing cross-platform interchange between opposite-direction trains between these two lines; Gamla stan and Slussen, the next two stations to the south, are similarly arranged to allow easy transfers between trains going in the same direction. The station has two entrances. One (TCE S) is located south-west, and has doors at Vasagatan 20, Klara Västra Kyrkogata 20 and an entrance located in Stockholm Central by a pedestrian underpass which was opened on 1 December 1958. The second entrance (TCE N) is located to the northeast, and its doors are located at Drottninggatan, Sergels torg 16 and Klarabergsgatan 48. Due to the number of drug addicts in the surrounding area, the entrance to Klara kyrka and the walkway were closed for a long time, with a massive steel plate blocking the doors. The entrance reopened in 2013. Second station: Lines 10 and 11 (Blue Line) The entrance to T-Centralen from Vasagatan The second part of T-Centralen, located 700 meters from the Blue-line terminus of Kungsträdgården, opened on 31 August 1975 as the 79th station. Lines 10–11 (which make up the Blue line) pass through this station from metro stations Kungsträdgården to the east and Rådhuset to the west. The station lies under the Åhléns department store and Centralposten post office. The station is located 26–32 metres below ground, and has one platform. This station has two entrances. The first one (TCE X) has its doors at Vasagatan 9 (about 150 metres north of the Central Station, along Vasagatan Street) and, across the street, Vasagatan 36. The second one (TCE N, shared with the first station, above) has its doors at Sergels torg and Klarabergsgatan. Access to the Blue line platform via the latter entrance is by two escalators. Gallery Drottninggatan Ground-Level Entrance Blue Line Platform Upper Green & Red Line Platform Underground Passage to Central Station Upper Green & Red Line Platform Lower Green & Red Line Platform Blå Gången ("Blue Passage") Ceramic Mural by Anders Österlin and Signe Persson-Melin Underground Concourse next to Sergels Torg Exit to Klarabergsgatan Blue Line Platform Escalators from Stockholm City Commuter Train Station References ^ a b c d e f "Fakta om SL och regionen 2019" (PDF) (in Swedish). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. pp. 51, 54, 67, 69. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021. ^ "T-Centralen". ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Stockholm". urbanrail. ^ "Station Stockholm City" (in Swedish). Swedish Transport Administration. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ Barrow, Keith (10 July 2017). "Stockholm City Line opens". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 2017-07-28. ^ "Spårväg City startar från T-Centralen" (in Swedish). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. 1 September 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. External links Plan of station (pdf) Images of T-Centralen vte Green line of the Stockholm metro Green lineShared stations Alvik Kristineberg Thorildsplan Fridhemsplan Sankt Eriksplan Odenplan Rådmansgatan Hötorget T-Centralen Gamla stan Slussen Medborgarplatsen Skanstull Gullmarsplan 17 Åkeshov Brommaplan Abrahamsberg Abrahamsberg Stora mossen Shared station Skärmarbrink Hammarbyhöjden Björkhagen Kärrtorp Bagarmossen Skarpnäck 18 Shared station Skärmarbrink Blåsut Sandsborg Skogskyrkogården Tallkrogen Gubbängen Hökarängen Farsta Farsta strand 19 Hässelby strand Hässelby gård Johannelund Vällingby Råcksta Blackeberg Islandstorget Ängbyplan Åkeshov Brommaplan Abrahamsberg Stora mossen Shared station Globen Enskede gård Sockenplan Svedmyra Stureby Bandhagen Högdalen Rågsved Hagsätra vte Red line of the Stockholm metroStations13 Norsborg Hallunda Alby Fittja Masmo Vårby gård Vårberg Skärholmen Sätra Bredäng Mälarhöjden Axelsberg Örnsberg Aspudden Liljeholmen Hornstull Zinkensdamm Mariatorget Slussen Gamlan stan T-Centralen Östermalmstorg Karlaplan Gärdet Ropsten 14 Fruängen Västertorp Hägerstensåsen Telefonplan Midsommarkransen Liljeholmen Hornstull Zinkensdamm Mariatorget Slussen Gamlan stan T-Centralen Östermalmstorg Stadion Tekniska högskolan Universitetet Bergshamra Danderyds sjukhus Mörby centrum vte Blue line of the Stockholm metroStations10 Kungsträdgården T-Centralen Rådhuset Fridhemsplan Stadshagen Västra skogen Huvudsta Solna strand Sundbybergs centrum Duvbo Rissne Rinkeby Tensta Hjulsta 11 Kungsträdgården T-Centralen Rådhuset Fridhemsplan Stadshagen Västra skogen Solna centrum Näckrosen Hallonbergen Kista Husby Akalla Abandoned stationsKymlingeFuture stationsBarkarby extension (Expected to open in 2026) Barkarbystaden Barkarby Nacka extension (Expected to open in 2030) Sofia Hammarby kanal Sickla Järla Nacka vte Stockholm metroLines 10 11 Blue line 13 14 Red line 17 18 19 Green line Future Yellow line Stations Abrahamsberg Akalla Åkeshov Alby Alvik Ängbyplan Aspudden Axelsberg Bagarmossen Bandhagen Bergshamra Björkhagen Blackeberg Blåsut Bredäng Brommaplan Danderyds sjukhus Duvbo Enskede gård Farsta Farsta strand Fittja Fridhemsplan Fruängen Gamla stan Gärdet Globen Gubbängen Gullmarsplan Hagsätra Hägerstensåsen Hallonbergen Hallunda Hammarbyhöjden Hässelby Gård Hässelby Strand Hjulsta Högdalen Hökarängen Hornstull Hötorget Husby Huvudsta Islandstorget Johannelund Karlaplan Kärrtorp Kista Kristineberg Kungsträdgården Liljeholmen Mälarhöjden Mariatorget Masmo Medborgarplatsen Midsommarkransen Mörby centrum Näckrosen Norsborg Odenplan Örnsberg Östermalmstorg Råcksta Rådhuset Rådmansgatan Rågsved Rinkeby Rissne Ropsten Sandsborg Sätra Skanstull Skärholmen Skärmarbrink Skarpnäck Skogskyrkogården Slussen Sockenplan Solna centrum Solna strand Sankt Eriksplan Stadion Stadshagen Stora Mossen Stureby Sundbybergs centrum Svedmyra T-Centralen Tallkrogen Tekniska högskolan Telefonplan Tensta Thorildsplan Universitetet Vällingby Vårberg Vårby gård Västertorp Västra skogen Zinkensdamm Former Bagarmossen (surface level) Future Arenastaden Barkarby Barkarbystaden Hagastaden Hammarby kanal Järla Nacka Sickla Slakthusområdet Sofia Södra Hagalund Unused Kymlinge Rolling stockCurrent C20 C30 Former C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C12 C13 C14 C15	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Stockholm City Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_City_Station"},{"link_name":"Cityterminalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityterminalen"},{"link_name":"metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Stockholm metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_metro"},{"link_name":"Norrmalm borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrmalm_borough"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sergels torg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergels_torg"},{"link_name":"Vasagatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasagatan,_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sl_och_regionen_2019-1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Cityterminalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityterminalen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"moving walkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_walkway"},{"link_name":"mezzanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Slussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slussen_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Hötorget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6torget_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Fruängen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fru%C3%A4ngen_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Östermalmstorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalmstorg_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Hjulsta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjulsta_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Hallonbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallonbergen_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Rinkeby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkeby_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Kungsträdgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden_metro_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urbanrail-3"},{"link_name":"Stockholm City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_City_Station"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Stockholm City Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_City_Line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Spårväg City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5rv%C3%A4g_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Stockholm Metro stationNot to be confused with these interconnected transit stations: Stockholm Central Station (regional/long distance rail), Stockholm City Station (commuter rail), or Cityterminalen (bus).T-Centralen (Swedish for \"The T-Central\"; T being an abbreviation for \"tunnelbana\", the Swedish word for \"underground\" or \"subway\") is a metro station that forms the heart of the Stockholm metro system, in the sense that it is the only station where all three of the system's lines meet. That, its central location, and its connections with other modes of transport make it the busiest station in the system. The station is located in the Norrmalm borough of Stockholm, between Sergels torg (Sergel's Square) and the street of Vasagatan.On a winter day in 2018, some 340,000 passengers (174,550 boarding and 166,850 alighting) travelled to or from the metro station.[1] It is connected by a pedestrian underpass to the neighbouring Stockholm Central Station across Vasagatan (for national and regional trains) and to the Cityterminalen long-distance bus terminal, making it easy to continue a journey started by metro train.When opened on 24 November 1957[2] the name of the station was \"Centralen\" (\"The Central\"), but it was renamed on 27 January 1958, as the metro station often was mistaken for the central railway station to which it is connected, but with some distance. During construction, it was intended to be called Klara, but that name was abandoned before opening. T-Centralen has two separate sets of platforms, connected by a long moving walkway on a mezzanine level. The station was open as part of the section connecting Slussen and Hötorget thereby west and east sections of the green line. On 5 April 1964, T-Centralen became the north terminus of the first stretch of the Red line running to Fruängen. On 16 May 1965, the Red line was extended north to Östermalmstorg. On 31 August 1975, the first stretch of the Blue Line to Hjulsta was opened. The trains were running via Hallonbergen and Rinkeby. On 30 October 1977, a one-station extension of the Blue line east to Kungsträdgården was opened.[3]The Stockholm City commuter rail station is located below the metro station, with direct escalators to the metro platforms. It opened on 10 July 2017 as part of the Stockholm City Line.[4][5] Since 2018, T-Centralen has been the western terminus of the Spårväg City tramway.[6]","title":"T-Centralen"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-Centralen_1957.jpg"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Gustaf VI Adolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf"},{"link_name":"Queen Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Mountbatten"},{"link_name":"Green line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_line_(Stockholm_metro)"},{"link_name":"Gamla stan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_stan"},{"link_name":"Hötorget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6torget"},{"link_name":"Red line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_line_(Stockholm_metro)"},{"link_name":"Östermalmstorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalmstorg"},{"link_name":"Klara Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klara_Church"},{"link_name":"Åhléns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85hl%C3%A9ns"},{"link_name":"cross-platform interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange"},{"link_name":"Vasagatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasagatan,_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Klara Västra Kyrkogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klara_V%C3%A4stra_Kyrkogata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Drottninggatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drottninggatan"},{"link_name":"Sergels torg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergels_torg"},{"link_name":"Klarabergsgatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarabergsgatan"},{"link_name":"drug addicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addiction"}],"text":"The official opening of the T-Centralen station by King Gustaf VI Adolf and Queen Louise on 24 November 1957This station, located 1.5 km part of T-Centralen are lines 17–19 (Green line) from Gamla stan and Hötorget, and lines 13–14 (Red line) between Gamla stan and Östermalmstorg. The station is located under Klara Church and Åhléns City department store.The station has two platforms located at different ground levels. The upper level is located 8,5 metres below ground, and serves the northbound Green line and southbound Red line. The lower level is 14 metres below ground, and serves the southbound Green line and northbound Red line, allowing cross-platform interchange between opposite-direction trains between these two lines; Gamla stan and Slussen, the next two stations to the south, are similarly arranged to allow easy transfers between trains going in the same direction.The station has two entrances. One (TCE S) is located south-west, and has doors at Vasagatan 20, Klara Västra Kyrkogata 20 and an entrance located in Stockholm Central by a pedestrian underpass which was opened on 1 December 1958. The second entrance (TCE N) is located to the northeast, and its doors are located at Drottninggatan, Sergels torg 16 and Klarabergsgatan 48. Due to the number of drug addicts in the surrounding area, the entrance to Klara kyrka and the walkway were closed for a long time, with a massive steel plate blocking the doors. The entrance reopened in 2013.","title":"First station: Lines 17–19 (Green Line) and 13–14 (Red Line)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stationen_T-Centralen_Stockholm_Ing%C3%A5ngen_p%C3%A5_Vasagatan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kungsträdgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden"},{"link_name":"Kungsträdgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden"},{"link_name":"Rådhuset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5dhuset"},{"link_name":"Åhléns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85hl%C3%A9ns"},{"link_name":"Centralposten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centralposten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vasagatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasagatan,_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Klarabergsgatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarabergsgatan"},{"link_name":"escalators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalator"}],"text":"The entrance to T-Centralen from VasagatanThe second part of T-Centralen, located 700 meters from the Blue-line terminus of Kungsträdgården, opened on 31 August 1975 as the 79th station. Lines 10–11 (which make up the Blue line) pass through this station from metro stations Kungsträdgården to the east and Rådhuset to the west. The station lies under the Åhléns department store and Centralposten post office.The station is located 26–32 metres below ground, and has one platform.This station has two entrances. The first one (TCE X) has its doors at Vasagatan 9 (about 150 metres north of the Central Station, along Vasagatan Street) and, across the street, Vasagatan 36. The second one (TCE N, shared with the first station, above) has its doors at Sergels torg and Klarabergsgatan. Access to the Blue line platform via the latter entrance is by two escalators.","title":"Second station: Lines 10 and 11 (Blue Line)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drottninggatan,_Klarabergsgatan,_T-centralen,_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drottninggatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drottninggatan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-Centralen_Metro_station_in_Stockholm.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-Centralen_Tunnelbana_H%C3%A4sselby.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholm_-_Tunnelbana_-_T-Centralen_(11106242483).jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Central_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholm_-_Tunnelbana_-_T-Centralen_(11106188146).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholm_-_Tunnelbana_-_T-Centralen_(11106372803).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholm_-_Tunnelbana_-_T-Centralen_(11106389673).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholm_-_Tunnelbana_-_T-Centralen_(11106213694).jpg"},{"link_name":"Anders Österlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_%C3%96sterlin"},{"link_name":"Signe Persson-Melin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signe_Persson-Melin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholm_-_Tunnelbana_-_T-Centralen_(11106613863).jpg"},{"link_name":"Concourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concourse"},{"link_name":"Sergels Torg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergels_torg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escalators_at_T-Centralen_Stockholm_February_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Klarabergsgatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarabergsviadukten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-Centralen_(15206559140).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-centralen_metro_station_december_2017_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockholm City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_City_Station"},{"link_name":"Commuter Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_commuter_rail"}],"text":"Drottninggatan Ground-Level Entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlue Line Platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUpper Green & Red Line Platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnderground Passage to Central Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUpper Green & Red Line Platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLower Green & Red Line Platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlå Gången (\"Blue Passage\")\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCeramic Mural by Anders Österlin and Signe Persson-Melin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnderground Concourse next to Sergels Torg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExit to Klarabergsgatan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlue Line Platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEscalators from Stockholm City Commuter Train Station","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"The official opening of the T-Centralen station by King Gustaf VI Adolf and Queen Louise on 24 November 1957","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/T-Centralen_1957.jpg/220px-T-Centralen_1957.jpg"},{"image_text":"The entrance to T-Centralen from Vasagatan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stationen_T-Centralen_Stockholm_Ing%C3%A5ngen_p%C3%A5_Vasagatan.jpg/220px-Stationen_T-Centralen_Stockholm_Ing%C3%A5ngen_p%C3%A5_Vasagatan.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fakta om SL och regionen 2019\" (PDF) (in Swedish). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. pp. 51, 54, 67, 69. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sll.se/globalassets/2.-kollektivtrafik/fakta-om-sl-och-lanet/sl_och_regionen_2019.pdf#page=51","url_text":"\"Fakta om SL och regionen 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storstockholms_Lokaltrafik","url_text":"Storstockholms Lokaltrafik"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201227192823/https://www.sll.se/globalassets/2.-kollektivtrafik/fakta-om-sl-och-lanet/sl_och_regionen_2019.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"T-Centralen\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kynerd.net/Tunnelbanan/T_Centralen.html","url_text":"\"T-Centralen\""}]},{"reference":"Schwandl, Robert. \"Stockholm\". urbanrail.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/se/stockholm/stockhlm.htm","url_text":"\"Stockholm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Stockholm City\" (in Swedish). Swedish Transport Administration. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trafikverket.se/nara-dig/Stockholm/projekt-i-stockholms-lan/Citybanan/Citybanans-stationer/Stockholm-City/","url_text":"\"Station Stockholm City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Administration","url_text":"Swedish Transport Administration"}]},{"reference":"Barrow, Keith (10 July 2017). \"Stockholm City Line opens\". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 2017-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/commuter-rail/stockholm-city-line-opens.html","url_text":"\"Stockholm City Line opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Railway_Journal","url_text":"International Railway Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Spårväg City startar från T-Centralen\" (in Swedish). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. 1 September 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151319/https://sl.se/sv/info/nyheter/sparvag-city-startar-fran-t-centralen/?date=true","url_text":"\"Spårväg City startar från T-Centralen\""},{"url":"https://sl.se/sv/info/nyheter/sparvag-city-startar-fran-t-centralen/?date=true","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T-Centralen&params=59_19_54_N_18_03_39_E_type:railwaystation_region:SE","external_links_name":"59°19′54″N 18°03′39″E / 59.33167°N 18.06083°E / 59.33167; 18.06083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T-Centralen&params=59_19_54_N_18_03_39_E_type:railwaystation_region:SE","external_links_name":"59°19′54″N 18°03′39″E / 59.33167°N 18.06083°E / 59.33167; 18.06083"},{"Link":"https://www.sll.se/globalassets/2.-kollektivtrafik/fakta-om-sl-och-lanet/sl_och_regionen_2019.pdf#page=51","external_links_name":"\"Fakta om SL och regionen 2019\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201227192823/https://www.sll.se/globalassets/2.-kollektivtrafik/fakta-om-sl-och-lanet/sl_och_regionen_2019.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kynerd.net/Tunnelbanan/T_Centralen.html","external_links_name":"\"T-Centralen\""},{"Link":"http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/se/stockholm/stockhlm.htm","external_links_name":"\"Stockholm\""},{"Link":"http://www.trafikverket.se/nara-dig/Stockholm/projekt-i-stockholms-lan/Citybanan/Citybanans-stationer/Stockholm-City/","external_links_name":"\"Station Stockholm City\""},{"Link":"http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/commuter-rail/stockholm-city-line-opens.html","external_links_name":"\"Stockholm City Line opens\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151319/https://sl.se/sv/info/nyheter/sparvag-city-startar-fran-t-centralen/?date=true","external_links_name":"\"Spårväg City startar från T-Centralen\""},{"Link":"https://sl.se/sv/info/nyheter/sparvag-city-startar-fran-t-centralen/?date=true","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mitt.sl.se/ficktid/karta/vinter/city_stn.pdf","external_links_name":"Plan of station"},{"Link":"http://www.kynerd.net/Tunnelbanan/T_Centralen.html","external_links_name":"Images of T-Centralen"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saunders	George Saunders	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Background and work","2.2 Awards","3 Awards and honors","3.1 Other honors","4 Selected works","4.1 Story collections","4.2 Novels","4.3 Nonfiction","4.4 Essays and reporting","4.5 Anthologies","4.6 Interviews","4.7 Other","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	American writer (born 1958) For other people named George Saunders, see George Saunders (disambiguation). George SaundersSaunders in 2023Born (1958-12-02) December 2, 1958 (age 65)Amarillo, Texas, U.S.Occupation Writer journalist college professor LanguageEnglishEducationColorado School of Mines (B.S.)Syracuse University (M.A.)Period1986–present Notable works CivilWarLand in Bad Decline (1996) Pastoralia (2000) Tenth of December (2013) Lincoln in the Bardo (2017) Notable awards MacArthur Fellowship 2006 PEN/Malamud Award 2013 Folio Prize 2014 Tenth of December: Stories Booker Prize 2017 Lincoln in the Bardo SpousePaula RedickChildren2Websitewww.georgesaundersbooks.com George Saunders (born December 2, 1958) is an American writer of short stories, essays, novellas, children's books, and novels. His writing has appeared in The New Yorker, Harper's, McSweeney's, and GQ. He also contributed a weekly column, "American Psyche", to The Guardian's weekend magazine between 2006 and 2008. A professor at Syracuse University, Saunders won the National Magazine Award for fiction in 1994, 1996, 2000, and 2004, and second prize in the O. Henry Awards in 1997. His first story collection, CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, was a finalist for the 1996 PEN/Hemingway Award. In 2006, Saunders received a MacArthur Fellowship and won the World Fantasy Award for his short story "CommComm". His story collection In Persuasion Nation was a finalist for the Story Prize in 2007. In 2013, he won the PEN/Malamud Award and was a finalist for the National Book Award. Saunders's Tenth of December: Stories won the 2013 Story Prize for short-story collections and the inaugural (2014) Folio Prize. His novel Lincoln in the Bardo won the 2017 Booker Prize. Early life and education Saunders was born in Amarillo, Texas. He grew up in Oak Forest, Illinois, near Chicago, attended St. Damian Catholic School and graduated from Oak Forest High School in Oak Forest, Illinois. He spent some of his early twenties working as a roofer in Chicago, a doorman in Beverly Hills, and a slaughterhouse knuckle-puller. In 1981, he received a B.S. in geophysical engineering from Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. Of his scientific background, Saunders has said, "any claim I might make to originality in my fiction is really just the result of this odd background: basically, just me working inefficiently, with flawed tools, in a mode I don't have sufficient background to really understand. Like if you put a welder to designing dresses." In 1988, he was awarded an M.A. in creative writing from Syracuse University, where he worked with Tobias Wolff. At Syracuse, he met Paula Redick, a fellow writer, whom he married. Saunders recalled, "we engaged in three weeks, a Syracuse Creative Writing Program record that, I believe, still stands". Of his influences, Saunders has written: I really love Russian writers, especially from the 19th and early 20th Century: Gogol, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Babel. I love the way they take on the big topics. I'm also inspired by a certain absurdist comic tradition that would include influences like Mark Twain, Daniil Kharms, Groucho Marx, Monty Python, Steve Martin, Jack Handey, etc. And then, on top of that, I love the strain of minimalist American fiction writing: Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, Raymond Carver, Tobias Wolff. Career Background and work From 1989 to 1996, Saunders worked as a technical writer and geophysical engineer for Radian International, an environmental engineering firm in Rochester, New York. He also worked for a time with an oil exploration crew in Sumatra in the early 1980s. Since 1997, Saunders has been on the faculty of Syracuse University, teaching creative writing in the school's MFA program while continuing to publish fiction and nonfiction. In 2006, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and a $500,000 MacArthur Fellowship. He was a Visiting Writer at Wesleyan University and Hope College in 2010 and participated in Wesleyan's Distinguished Writers Series and Hope College's Visiting Writers Series. His nonfiction collection, The Braindead Megaphone, was published in 2007. Saunders's fiction often focuses on the absurdity of consumerism, corporate culture, and the role of mass media. Many reviewers mention his writing's satirical tone, but his work also raises moral and philosophical questions. The tragicomic element in his writing has earned Saunders comparisons to Kurt Vonnegut, whose work has inspired him. Ben Stiller bought the film rights to CivilWarLand in Bad Decline in the late 1990s; as of 2007, the project was in development by Stiller's company, Red Hour Productions. Saunders has also written a feature-length screenplay based on his short story "Sea Oak". Saunders considered himself an Objectivist in his twenties but now views the philosophy unfavorably, likening it to neoconservatism. He is a student of Nyingma Buddhism. Awards Saunders has won the National Magazine Award for Fiction four times: in 1994, for "The 400-Pound CEO" (published in Harper's); in 1996, for "Bounty" (also published in Harper's); in 2000, for "The Barber's Unhappiness" (published in The New Yorker); and in 2004, for "The Red Bow" (published in Esquire). Saunders won second prize in the 1997 O. Henry Awards for his short story "The Falls", initially published in the January 22, 1996, issue of The New Yorker. His first short-story collection, CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, was a finalist for the 1996 PEN/Hemingway Award. In 2001, Saunders received a Lannan Literary Fellowship in Fiction from the Lannan Foundation. In 2006, Saunders was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. Also that year, he received a MacArthur Fellowship; his short-story collection In Persuasion Nation was a finalist for The Story Prize; and he won the World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction for his short story "CommComm", first published in the August 1, 2005, issue of The New Yorker. In 2009, Saunders received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2014, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2013, Saunders won the PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story. His short-story collection Tenth of December won the 2013 Story Prize. The collection also won the inaugural Folio Prize in 2014, "the first major English-language book prize open to writers from around the world". The collection was also a finalist for the National Book Award and was named one of the "10 Best Books of 2013" by the editors of The New York Times Book Review. In a January 2013 cover story, The New York Times Magazine called Tenth of December "the best book you'll read this year". One of the stories in the collection, "Home", was a 2011 Bram Stoker Award finalist. In 2017, Saunders published his first novel, Lincoln in the Bardo, which won the Booker Prize and was a New York Times bestseller. Awards and honors Year Title Award Category Result Ref 1994 "The 400-Pound CEO" National Magazine Award Fiction Won 1996 "Bounty" National Magazine Award Won CivilWarLand in Bad Decline PEN/Hemingway Award — Shortlisted 1997 "The Falls" O. Henry Awards — 2nd prize 2000 "The Barber's Unhappiness" National Magazine Award Fiction Won 2003 "The Red Bow" Bram Stoker Award Short Fiction Shortlisted 2004 National Magazine Award Fiction Won 2006 In Persuasion Nation The Story Prize — Shortlisted "CommComm" World Fantasy Award Short Story Won 2011 "Home" Bram Stoker Award Short Fiction Shortlisted 2013 Tenth of December: Stories Goodreads Choice Award Fiction 10th The Story Prize — Won 2014 National Book Award Fiction Shortlisted The Writers' Prize — Won 2017 Lincoln in the Bardo Booker Prize — Won 2018 Locus Award First Novel Nom (4th) Premio Gregor von Rezzori — Won 2023 — Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction — Won Other honors Lannan Foundation – Lannan Literary Fellowship, 2001 MacArthur Fellowship, 2006 Guggenheim Fellowship, 2006 American Academy of Arts and Letters, Academy Award, 2009 PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story, 2013 The New York Times Book Review, "10 Best Books of 2013", Tenth of December: Stories American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Elected as Member, 2014 American Academy of Arts and Letters, Inducted as Member, 2018 The House of Culture (Stockholm) International Literary Prize, 2018 Selected works This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2017) Story collections CivilWarLand in Bad Decline (1996) (short stories and a novella) Pastoralia (2000) (short stories and a novella) In Persuasion Nation (2006) (short stories) Tenth of December: Stories (2013) (short stories) Liberation Day: Stories (2022) (short stories) Novels Lincoln in the Bardo (2017) Nonfiction — (2007). The Braindead Megaphone (collected essays). — (2021). A Swim in a Pond in the Rain: In Which Four Russians Give a Master Class on Writing, Reading, and Life. Essays and reporting — (2006). A bee stung me, so I killed all the fish (notes from the Homeland 2003–2006). Riverhead Books. — (Autumn 2009). "The View from the South Side, 1970". Granta (108): 120–122. — (2014). "Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness". — (July 11–18, 2016). "Trump days: up close with the candidate and his crowds". American Chronicles. The New Yorker. Vol. 92, no. 21. pp. 50–61. Anthologies Fakes: An Anthology of Pseudo-Interviews, Faux-Lectures, Quasi-Letters, "Found" Texts, and Other Fraudulent Artifacts, edited by David Shields and Matthew Vollmer (2012) Cappelens Forslags Conversational Lexicon Volume II, edited by Pil Cappelen Smith, published by Cappelens Forslag (2016) ISBN 978-82-999643-4-0 Interviews "Choose Your Own Adventure: A Conversation With Jennifer Egan and George Saunders". New York Times Magazine, November 2015. "A Conversation with George Saunders". Image Journal, 2016. "George Saunders: The Art of Fiction No. 245". The Paris Review, issue 231 (Winter 2019). "An Interview with George Saunders". Believer Magazine, January 2021. "George Saunders on A Swim in a Pond in the Rain." Mayday, March 2021. Other Title Year First published Reprinted/collected Notes I can speak!™ 1999 Saunders, George (June 21–28, 1999). "I can speak!™". The New Yorker. In Persuasion Nation Saunders, George (December 30, 2019). "I can speak!™". The New Yorker. Vol. 95, no. 42. pp. 57–58. Often acclaimed as among his best short stories. The Very Persistent Gappers of Frip 2000 Children's book "Four Institutional Monologues" 2000 McSweeney's 4th story included in In Persuasion Nation Originally released as a booklet The Brief and Frightening Reign of Phil 2005 Novella "Fox 8" 2013, 2018 Fox 8 (2018) First released as an e-book in 2013, the story was later published in hardcover by Random House in 2018. "A Two-Minute Note to the Future" 2014 Aphoristic essay on brown paper Chipotle bag. "Love Letter" 2020 The New Yorker, April 6, 2020 The Best American Short Stories 2021 "Thursday" 2023 The New Yorker Notes ^ In the "Author's Note" to the 2012 paperback reprint of CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, Saunders writes about an early story he published in 1986, titled "A Lack of Order in the Floating Object Room," which he "used ... to get into Syracuse. This story was originally published in Northwest Review, Volume 24, Number 2, in 1986." References ^ a b Saunders, George. "My Writing Education: A Time Line". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 26, 2015. ^ a b Lovell, Joel (January 3, 2013). "George Saunders Has Written the Best Book You'll Read This Year". The New York Times. The New York Times Magazine. ^ "American psyche \| Life and style". The Guardian. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ a b World Fantasy Convention (2010). "Award Winners and Nominees". Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011. ^ "Saunders Wins PEN/Malamud Award". Pw.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2014. ^ a b Dark, Larry (March 5, 2014). "TSP: George Saunders Wins His First Book Award, The Story Prize, for Tenth of December". The Story Prize (Press release). Retrieved September 25, 2022. ^ a b Ron Charles (March 10, 2014). "George Saunders wins $67,000 for first Folio Prize". Washington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2014. ^ a b "Tenth of December by George Saunders wins inaugural Folio Prize 2014" (PDF). Folio Prize. March 10, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014. ^ "Booker winner took 20 years to write". bbc.com. October 18, 2017. ^ Dankowski, Terra (September 1, 2022). "Newsmaker: George Saunders". American Libraries. Retrieved September 25, 2022. ^ a b Miller, Laura (April 26, 2000). "Knuckle-puller makes good". Salon.com. Retrieved November 20, 2022. ^ Childers, Doug (July 1, 2000). "The Wag Chats with George Saunders". The Wag. Retrieved June 4, 2007. ^ a b c Enslin, Rob (May 24, 2022). "Writing a Legacy". Syracuse University. Retrieved November 20, 2022. ^ "George Saunders – Cultivating Thought". June 3, 2016. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ "Ayn Rand is for children". Salon.com. January 19, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2014. ^ a b Moore, Sophia (November 16, 2022). "George Saunders talks teaching, life experience and writing at Alumni Academy". The Daily Orange. Retrieved November 18, 2022. ^ Silverblatt, Michael (December 27, 2007). "George Saunders: The Braindead Megaphone". Bookworm. KCRW. Retrieved September 25, 2022. ^ Saunders, George. "God Bless You, Mr. Vonnegut". Amazon. Retrieved June 4, 2007. ^ Whitney, Joel. "Dig the Hole: An Interview with George Saunders". Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007. ^ Vollmer, Matthew. "'Knowable in the Smallest Fragment': An Interview with George Saunders". Retrieved June 1, 2007. ^ Bemis, Alec Hanley (May 10, 2006). "Mean Snacks and Monkey Shit". LA Weekly. pp. 12–27. Archived from the original on September 4, 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2007. ^ "Winners and Finalists Database". ASME. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ "The Falls". The New Yorker. ^ "The O. Henry Prize Stories". ^ "George Saunders". newyorker.com. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ Clark, Judi. "George Saunders". Lannan Foundation. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation". Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ "George Saunders". MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ "The Story Prize - Winners & Finalists 2012". Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ "Commcomm". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ Staff (April 14, 2009). "The American Academy Of Arts And Letters Announces 2009 Literature Award Winners" (PDF) (Press release). New York: American Academy of Arts and Letters. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ "2009 Literature Award Winners". artsandletters.org. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ "Press Releases". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. ^ "Past Award Winners". penfaulkner.org. PEN/Faulkner. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ "The 2014 Folio Prize Shortlist is Announced". Folio Prize. February 10, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014. ^ Wood, Gaby (February 10, 2014). "Folio Prize 2013: The Americans are coming, but not the ones we were expecting". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014. ^ "2013 National Book Award". nationalbook.org. ^ "The 10 Best Books of 2013". New York Times. 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013. ^ Lovell, Joel (January 3, 2013). "George Saunders Just Wrote The Best Book You'll Read This Year". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ^ "Bram Stoker Award 2011 Nominees". Locus Magazine. 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012. ^ Knobel, Leah (July 6, 2023). "George Saunders to Receive 2023 Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction". Library of Congress (Press release). Washington, D.C. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ Tucker, Neely (August 15, 2023). "George Saunders Accepts the Library's Prize for American Fiction". Timeless. The Library of Congress. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ Loughlin, Wendy S. (July 11, 2023). "George Saunders Honored With Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction". Syracuse University News. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ "2018 Newly Elected Members – American Academy of Arts and Letters". artsandletters.org. Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ Boll, Carol (March 9, 2018). "George Saunders Elected to Academy of Arts and Letters". SU News. Retrieved April 29, 2021. ^ Sehgal, Parul (January 12, 2021). "George Saunders Conducts a Cheery Class on Fiction's Possibilities". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2021. ^ Promotional chapbook of essays, limited to 500 copies to accompany the book In persuasion nation ^ Convocation speech delivered at Syracuse University for the class of 2013 ^ Online version is titled "Who are all these Trump supporters?". ^ "#14: I Can Speak!™ by George Saunders". Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ "On George Saunders: "The Barber's Unhappiness" and "I CAN SPEAK!"". November 18, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ "Excerpts from McSweeney's Quarterly: Four Institutional Monologues". ^ "'Fox 8' by George Saunders: A fantastical tale from the Man Booker winner \| Books \| the Guardian". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018. ^ Preston, Alex (November 27, 2018). "Fox 8 by George Saunders review – wisdom in the woods". The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2018. ^ "Aphoristic essay on brown paper Chipotle bag". June 3, 2016. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2022. ^ "George Saunders Reads "Thursday"". The New Yorker. June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023. External links Official website "George Saunders Has Written the Best Book You'll Read This Year", Joel Lovell, The New York Times Magazine, January 3, 2013 10 Free Stories by George Saunders Available on the Web "Adjust Your Vision: Tolstoy's Last and Darkest Novel", George Saunders, NPR, January 6, 2013 "Radio Interview with George Saunders" on Read First, Ask Later (Ep. 27 – Season Finale) 2014 - college radio book talk show - Lehigh Carbon Community College "George Saunders: On Story", by Sarah Klein & Tom Mason, Redglass Pictures, The Atlantic, December 8, 2015 Library resources about George Saunders Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By George Saunders Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries vteWorks by George SaundersFiction CivilWarLand in Bad Decline (1996, short stories and a novella) Pastoralia (2000, short stories and a novella) The Very Persistent Gappers of Frip (2000, novella) The Brief and Frightening Reign of Phil (2005, novella) In Persuasion Nation (2006, short stories) Tenth of December: Stories (2013, short stories) Lincoln in the Bardo (2017, novel) Liberation Day: Stories (2022, short stories) Nonfiction The Braindead Megaphone (2007, essays) Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness (2014, commencement address) A Swim in a Pond in the Rain (2021) vteRecipients of the Booker Prize List of winners and nominated authors The Best of the Booker The Golden Man Booker International Booker Prize 1969–79 1969: P. H. Newby (Something to Answer For) 1970: Bernice Rubens (The Elected Member) 1970 Lost Prize: J. G. Farrell (Troubles) 1971: V. S. Naipaul (In a Free State) 1972: John Berger (G.) 1973: J. G. Farrell (The Siege of Krishnapur) 1974: Nadine Gordimer (The Conservationist) and Stanley Middleton (Holiday) 1975: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (Heat and Dust) 1976: David Storey (Saville) 1977: Paul Scott (Staying On) 1978: Iris Murdoch (The Sea, The Sea) 1979: Penelope Fitzgerald (Offshore) 1980s 1980: William Golding (Rites of Passage) 1981: Salman Rushdie (Midnight's Children) 1982: Thomas Keneally (Schindler's Ark) 1983: J. M. Coetzee (Life & Times of Michael K) 1984: Anita Brookner (Hotel du Lac) 1985: Keri Hulme (The Bone People) 1986: Kingsley Amis (The Old Devils) 1987: Penelope Lively (Moon Tiger) 1988: Peter Carey (Oscar and Lucinda) 1989: Kazuo Ishiguro (The Remains of the Day) 1990s 1990: A. S. Byatt (Possession) 1991: Ben Okri (The Famished Road) 1992: Michael Ondaatje (The English Patient) and Barry Unsworth (Sacred Hunger) 1993: Roddy Doyle (Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha) 1994: James Kelman (How Late It Was, How Late) 1995: Pat Barker (The Ghost Road) 1996: Graham Swift (Last Orders) 1997: Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things) 1998: Ian McEwan (Amsterdam) 1999: J. M. Coetzee (Disgrace) 2000s 2000: Margaret Atwood (The Blind Assassin) 2001: Peter Carey (True History of the Kelly Gang) 2002: Yann Martel (Life of Pi) 2003: DBC Pierre (Vernon God Little) 2004: Alan Hollinghurst (The Line of Beauty) 2005: John Banville (The Sea) 2006: Kiran Desai (The Inheritance of Loss) 2007: Anne Enright (The Gathering) 2008: Aravind Adiga (The White Tiger) 2009: Hilary Mantel (Wolf Hall) 2010s 2010: Howard Jacobson (The Finkler Question) 2011: Julian Barnes (The Sense of an Ending) 2012: Hilary Mantel (Bring Up the Bodies) 2013: Eleanor Catton (The Luminaries) 2014: Richard Flanagan (The Narrow Road to the Deep North) 2015: Marlon James (A Brief History of Seven Killings) 2016: Paul Beatty (The Sellout) 2017: George Saunders (Lincoln in the Bardo) 2018: Anna Burns (Milkman) 2019: Margaret Atwood (The Testaments) and Bernardine Evaristo (Girl, Woman, Other) 2020s 2020: Douglas Stuart (Shuggie Bain) 2021: Damon Galgut (The Promise) 2022: Shehan Karunatilaka (The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida) 2023: Paul Lynch (Prophet Song) vteWorld Fantasy Award—Short Fiction1975–2000 "Pages from a Young Girl's Journal" by Robert Aickman (1975) "Belsen Express" by Fritz Leiber (1976) "There's a Long, Long Trail A-Winding" by Russell Kirk (1977) "The Chimney" by Ramsey Campbell (1978) "Naples" by Avram Davidson (1979) "Mackintosh Willy" by Ramsey Campbell (1980, tie) "The Woman Who Loved the Moon" by Elizabeth A. Lynn (1980, tie) "The Ugly Chickens" by Howard Waldrop (1981) "The Dark Country" by Dennis Etchison (1982, tie) "Do the Dead Sing?" by Stephen King (1982, tie) "The Gorgon" by Tanith Lee (1983) "Elle Est Trois, (La Mort)" by Tanith Lee (1984) "The Bones Wizard" by Alan Ryan (1985, tie) "Still Life with Scorpion" by Scott Baker (1985, tie) "Paper Dragons" by James Blaylock (1986) "Red Light" by David J. Schow (1987) "Friend's Best Man" by Jonathan Carroll (1988) "Winter Solstice, Camelot Station" by John M. Ford (1989) "The Illusionist" by Steven Millhauser (1990) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by Neil Gaiman and Charles Vess (1991) "The Somewhere Doors" by Fred Chappell (1992) "Graves" by Joe Haldeman (1993, tie) "This Year's Class Picture" by Dan Simmons (1993, tie) "The Lodger" by Fred Chappell (1994) "The Man in the Black Suit" by Stephen King (1995) "The Grass Princess" by Gwyneth Jones (1996) "Thirteen Phantasms" by James Blaylock (1997) "Dust Motes" by P. D. Cacek (1998) "The Specialist's Hat" by Kelly Link (1999) "The Chop Girl" by Ian R. MacLeod (2000) 2001–present "The Pottawatomie Giant" by Andy Duncan (2001) "Queen for a Day" by Albert E. Cowdrey (2002) "Creation" by Jeffrey Ford (2003) "Don Ysidro" by Bruce Holland Rogers (2004) "Singing My Sister Down" by Margo Lanagan (2005) "CommComm" by George Saunders (2006) "Journey Into the Kingdom" by M. Rickert (2007) "Singing of Mount Abora" by Theodora Goss (2008) "26 Monkeys, Also the Abyss" by Kij Johnson (2009) "The Pelican Bar" by Karen Joy Fowler (2010) "Fossil-Figures" by Joyce Carol Oates (2011) "The Paper Menagerie" by Ken Liu (2012) "The Telling" by Gregory Norman Bossert (2013) "The Prayer of Ninety Cats" by Caitlín R. Kiernan (2014) "Do You Like to Look at Monsters?" by Scott Nicolay (2015) "Hungry Daughters of Starving Mothers" by Alyssa Wong (2016) "Das Steingeschöpf" by G. V. Anderson (2017) "The Birding: A Fairy Tale" by Natalia Theodoridou (2018) "Like a River Loves the Sky" by Emma Törzs / "Ten Deals with the Indigo Snake" by Mel Kassel (2019) "Read After Burning" by Maria Dahvana Headley (2020) "Glass Bottle Dancer" by Celeste Rita Baker (2021) "(emet)" by Lauren Ring (2022) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Saunders (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saunders_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Harper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"McSweeney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McSweeney%27s"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"National Magazine Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Award"},{"link_name":"O. Henry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry_Awards"},{"link_name":"PEN/Hemingway Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN/Hemingway_Award"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation"},{"link_name":"World Fantasy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award%E2%80%94Short_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFA-5"},{"link_name":"Story Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_Prize"},{"link_name":"PEN/Malamud Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN/Malamud_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Tenth of December: Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_of_December:_Stories"},{"link_name":"Story Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestoryprize-7"},{"link_name":"Folio Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio_Prize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ron_Charles-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foliopdf-9"},{"link_name":"Lincoln in the Bardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_in_the_Bardo"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"For other people named George Saunders, see George Saunders (disambiguation).George Saunders (born December 2, 1958) is an American writer of short stories, essays, novellas, children's books, and novels. His writing has appeared in The New Yorker, Harper's, McSweeney's, and GQ. He also contributed a weekly column, \"American Psyche\", to The Guardian's weekend magazine between 2006 and 2008.[3]A professor at Syracuse University, Saunders won the National Magazine Award for fiction in 1994, 1996, 2000, and 2004, and second prize in the O. Henry Awards in 1997. His first story collection, CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, was a finalist for the 1996 PEN/Hemingway Award. In 2006, Saunders received a MacArthur Fellowship and won the World Fantasy Award for his short story \"CommComm\".[4]His story collection In Persuasion Nation was a finalist for the Story Prize in 2007. In 2013, he won the PEN/Malamud Award[5] and was a finalist for the National Book Award. Saunders's Tenth of December: Stories won the 2013 Story Prize for short-story collections[6] and the inaugural (2014) Folio Prize.[7][8] His novel Lincoln in the Bardo won the 2017 Booker Prize.[9]","title":"George Saunders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amarillo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oak Forest, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Forest,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Oak Forest High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Forest_High_School"},{"link_name":"slaughterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon_2000-12"},{"link_name":"geophysical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoprofessions"},{"link_name":"Colorado School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_School_of_Mines"},{"link_name":"Golden, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"Tobias Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Wolff"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-writing_a_legacy-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-writing_a_legacy-14"},{"link_name":"Gogol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol"},{"link_name":"Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Babel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Babel"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Daniil Kharms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniil_Kharms"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"Monty Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python"},{"link_name":"Steve Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"Jack Handey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Handey"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"Raymond Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Carver"},{"link_name":"Tobias Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Wolff"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Saunders was born in Amarillo, Texas. He grew up in Oak Forest, Illinois, near Chicago, attended St. Damian Catholic School and graduated from Oak Forest High School in Oak Forest, Illinois. He spent some of his early twenties working as a roofer in Chicago, a doorman in Beverly Hills, and a slaughterhouse knuckle-puller.[10][11] In 1981, he received a B.S. in geophysical engineering from Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. Of his scientific background, Saunders has said, \"any claim I might make to originality in my fiction is really just the result of this odd background: basically, just me working inefficiently, with flawed tools, in a mode I don't have sufficient background to really understand. Like if you put a welder to designing dresses.\"[12]In 1988, he was awarded an M.A. in creative writing from Syracuse University, where he worked with Tobias Wolff.[13] At Syracuse, he met Paula Redick, a fellow writer, whom he married. Saunders recalled, \"we [got] engaged in three weeks, a Syracuse Creative Writing Program record that, I believe, still stands\".[1]Of his influences,[13] Saunders has written:I really love Russian writers, especially from the 19th and early 20th Century: Gogol, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Babel. I love the way they take on the big topics. I'm also inspired by a certain absurdist comic tradition that would include influences like Mark Twain, Daniil Kharms, Groucho Marx, Monty Python, Steve Martin, Jack Handey, etc. And then, on top of that, I love the strain of minimalist American fiction writing: Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, Raymond Carver, Tobias Wolff.[14]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"technical writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_writer"},{"link_name":"geophysical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoprofessions"},{"link_name":"environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"oil exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon_2000-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"creative writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_writing"},{"link_name":"MFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-writing_a_legacy-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D.O._Alumni_Academy-17"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Hope College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_College"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"corporate culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_culture"},{"link_name":"satirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"tragicomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedy"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ben Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stiller"},{"link_name":"film rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_rights"},{"link_name":"CivilWarLand in Bad Decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CivilWarLand_in_Bad_Decline"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Saunders&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Red Hour Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hour_Productions"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"feature-length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Objectivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism"},{"link_name":"neoconservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Nyingma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTMag-3"}],"sub_title":"Background and work","text":"From 1989 to 1996, Saunders worked as a technical writer and geophysical engineer for Radian International, an environmental engineering firm in Rochester, New York. He also worked for a time with an oil exploration crew in Sumatra in the early 1980s.[11][15]Since 1997, Saunders has been on the faculty of Syracuse University, teaching creative writing in the school's MFA program while continuing to publish fiction and nonfiction.[13][16] In 2006, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and a $500,000 MacArthur Fellowship. He was a Visiting Writer at Wesleyan University and Hope College in 2010 and participated in Wesleyan's Distinguished Writers Series and Hope College's Visiting Writers Series. His nonfiction collection, The Braindead Megaphone, was published in 2007.[17]Saunders's fiction often focuses on the absurdity of consumerism, corporate culture, and the role of mass media. Many reviewers mention his writing's satirical tone, but his work also raises moral and philosophical questions. The tragicomic element in his writing has earned Saunders comparisons to Kurt Vonnegut, whose work has inspired him.[18]Ben Stiller bought the film rights to CivilWarLand in Bad Decline in the late 1990s; as of 2007[update], the project was in development by Stiller's company, Red Hour Productions.[19] Saunders has also written a feature-length screenplay based on his short story \"Sea Oak\".[20]Saunders considered himself an Objectivist in his twenties but now views the philosophy unfavorably, likening it to neoconservatism.[21] He is a student of Nyingma Buddhism.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Magazine Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards"},{"link_name":"Harper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"O. Henry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry_Awards"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"PEN/Hemingway Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN/Hemingway_Award_for_Debut_Novel"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lannan Literary Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannan_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"Lannan Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannan_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"In Persuasion Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Persuasion_Nation"},{"link_name":"The Story Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_Prize"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award%E2%80%94Short_Fiction"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFA-5"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"PEN/Malamud Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN/Malamud_Award"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Tenth of December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_of_December:_Stories"},{"link_name":"Story Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestoryprize-7"},{"link_name":"Folio Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writers%27_Prize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ron_Charles-8"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014short-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foliopdf-9"},{"link_name":"National Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bram Stoker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lincoln in the Bardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_in_the_Bardo"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"New York Times bestseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Saunders has won the National Magazine Award for Fiction four times: in 1994, for \"The 400-Pound CEO\" (published in Harper's); in 1996, for \"Bounty\" (also published in Harper's); in 2000, for \"The Barber's Unhappiness\" (published in The New Yorker); and in 2004, for \"The Red Bow\" (published in Esquire).[22] Saunders won second prize in the 1997 O. Henry Awards for his short story \"The Falls\", initially published in the January 22, 1996, issue of The New Yorker.[23][24]His first short-story collection, CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, was a finalist for the 1996 PEN/Hemingway Award.[25]In 2001, Saunders received a Lannan Literary Fellowship in Fiction from the Lannan Foundation.[26]In 2006, Saunders was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.[27] Also that year, he received a MacArthur Fellowship;[28] his short-story collection In Persuasion Nation was a finalist for The Story Prize;[29] and he won the World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction for his short story \"CommComm\", first published in the August 1, 2005, issue of The New Yorker.[30][4]In 2009, Saunders received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[31][32] In 2014, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[33]In 2013, Saunders won the PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story.[34] His short-story collection Tenth of December won the 2013 Story Prize.[6] The collection also won the inaugural Folio Prize in 2014, \"the first major English-language book prize open to writers from around the world\".[7][35][36][8] The collection was also a finalist for the National Book Award[37] and was named one of the \"10 Best Books of 2013\" by the editors of The New York Times Book Review.[38] In a January 2013 cover story, The New York Times Magazine called Tenth of December \"the best book you'll read this year\".[39] One of the stories in the collection, \"Home\", was a 2011 Bram Stoker Award finalist.[40]In 2017, Saunders published his first novel, Lincoln in the Bardo, which won the Booker Prize and was a New York Times bestseller.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lannan Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannan_Foundation"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"PEN/Malamud Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN/Malamud_Award"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"Tenth of December: Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_of_December:_Stories"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The House of Culture (Stockholm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Culture_(Stockholm)"}],"sub_title":"Other honors","text":"Lannan Foundation – Lannan Literary Fellowship, 2001\nMacArthur Fellowship, 2006\nGuggenheim Fellowship, 2006\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, Academy Award, 2009\nPEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story, 2013\nThe New York Times Book Review, \"10 Best Books of 2013\", Tenth of December: Stories\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences, Elected as Member, 2014\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, Inducted as Member, 2018[44][45]\nThe House of Culture (Stockholm) International Literary Prize, 2018","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CivilWarLand in Bad Decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CivilWarLand_in_Bad_Decline"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"},{"link_name":"Pastoralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralia_(story)"},{"link_name":"In Persuasion Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Persuasion_Nation"},{"link_name":"Tenth of December: Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_of_December:_Stories"},{"link_name":"Liberation Day: Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day:_Stories"}],"sub_title":"Story collections","text":"CivilWarLand in Bad Decline (1996) (short stories and a novella)\nPastoralia (2000) (short stories and a novella)\nIn Persuasion Nation (2006) (short stories)\nTenth of December: Stories (2013) (short stories)\nLiberation Day: Stories (2022) (short stories)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln in the Bardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_in_the_Bardo"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Lincoln in the Bardo (2017)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Braindead Megaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Braindead_Megaphone"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D.O._Alumni_Academy-17"}],"sub_title":"Nonfiction","text":"— (2007). The Braindead Megaphone (collected essays).\n— (2021). A Swim in a Pond in the Rain: In Which Four Russians Give a Master Class on Writing, Reading, and Life.[46][16]","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"\"Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/george-saunderss-advice-to-graduates/"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"\"Trump days: up close with the candidate and his crowds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/11/george-saunders-goes-to-trump-rallies"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Essays and reporting","text":"— (2006). A bee stung me, so I killed all the fish (notes from the Homeland 2003–2006). Riverhead Books.[47]\n— (Autumn 2009). \"The View from the South Side, 1970\". Granta (108): 120–122.\n— (2014). \"Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness\".[48]\n— (July 11–18, 2016). \"Trump days: up close with the candidate and his crowds\". American Chronicles. The New Yorker. Vol. 92, no. 21. pp. 50–61.[49]","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anthologies","text":"Fakes: An Anthology of Pseudo-Interviews, Faux-Lectures, Quasi-Letters, \"Found\" Texts, and Other Fraudulent Artifacts, edited by David Shields and Matthew Vollmer (2012)\nCappelens Forslags Conversational Lexicon Volume II, edited by Pil Cappelen Smith, published by Cappelens Forslag (2016) ISBN 978-82-999643-4-0","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choose Your Own Adventure: A Conversation With Jennifer Egan and George Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/magazine/choose-your-own-adventure-a-conversation-with-jennifer-egan-and-george-saunders.html"},{"link_name":"A Conversation with George Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//imagejournal.org/article/a-conversation-with-george-saunders/"},{"link_name":"George Saunders: The Art of Fiction No. 245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theparisreview.org/interviews/7506/the-art-of-fiction-no-245-george-saunders"},{"link_name":"An Interview with George Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//believermag.com/logger/an-interview-with-george-saunders/"},{"link_name":"George Saunders on A Swim in a Pond in the Rain.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//maydaymagazine.com/saunders-swim-pond-rain/"}],"sub_title":"Interviews","text":"\"Choose Your Own Adventure: A Conversation With Jennifer Egan and George Saunders\". New York Times Magazine, November 2015.\n\"A Conversation with George Saunders\". Image Journal, 2016.\n\"George Saunders: The Art of Fiction No. 245\". The Paris Review, issue 231 (Winter 2019).\n\"An Interview with George Saunders\". Believer Magazine, January 2021.\n\"George Saunders on A Swim in a Pond in the Rain.\" Mayday, March 2021.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-periodactive_1-0"},{"link_name":"Northwest Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Review"}],"text":"^ In the \"Author's Note\" to the 2012 paperback reprint of CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, Saunders writes about an early story he published in 1986, titled \"A Lack of Order in the Floating Object Room,\" which he \"used ... to get into Syracuse. This story was originally published in Northwest Review, Volume 24, Number 2, in 1986.\"","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"— (2007). The Braindead Megaphone (collected essays).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Braindead_Megaphone","url_text":"The Braindead Megaphone"}]},{"reference":"— (2021). A Swim in a Pond in the Rain: In Which Four Russians Give a Master Class on Writing, Reading, and Life.","urls":[]},{"reference":"— (2006). A bee stung me, so I killed all the fish (notes from the Homeland 2003–2006). Riverhead Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"— (Autumn 2009). \"The View from the South Side, 1970\". Granta (108): 120–122.","urls":[]},{"reference":"— (2014). \"Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness\".","urls":[{"url":"https://6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/george-saunderss-advice-to-graduates/","url_text":"\"Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness\""}]},{"reference":"— (July 11–18, 2016). \"Trump days: up close with the candidate and his crowds\". American Chronicles. The New Yorker. Vol. 92, no. 21. pp. 50–61.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/11/george-saunders-goes-to-trump-rallies","url_text":"\"Trump days: up close with the candidate and his crowds\""}]},{"reference":"Saunders, George (December 30, 2019). \"I can speak!™\". The New Yorker. Vol. 95, no. 42. pp. 57–58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saunders, George. \"My Writing Education: A Time Line\". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/my-writing-education-a-timeline","url_text":"\"My Writing Education: A Time Line\""}]},{"reference":"Lovell, Joel (January 3, 2013). \"George Saunders Has Written the Best Book You'll Read This Year\". The New York Times. The New York Times Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/magazine/george-saunders-just-wrote-the-best-book-youll-read-this-year.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"\"George Saunders Has Written the Best Book You'll Read This Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"American psyche \| Life and style\". The Guardian. Retrieved October 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/americanpsyche","url_text":"\"American psyche \| Life and style\""}]},{"reference":"World Fantasy Convention (2010). \"Award Winners and Nominees\". Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201074405/http://worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html","url_text":"\"Award Winners and Nominees\""},{"url":"http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saunders Wins PEN/Malamud Award\". Pw.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130505163447/http://www.pw.org/content/saunders_wins_penmalamud_award","url_text":"\"Saunders Wins PEN/Malamud Award\""},{"url":"https://www.pw.org/content/saunders_wins_penmalamud_award","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dark, Larry (March 5, 2014). \"TSP: George Saunders Wins His First Book Award, The Story Prize, for Tenth of December\". The Story Prize (Press release). Retrieved September 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://thestoryprize.blogspot.com/2014/03/george-saunders-wins-his-first-book.html","url_text":"\"TSP: George Saunders Wins His First Book Award, The Story Prize, for Tenth of December\""}]},{"reference":"Ron Charles (March 10, 2014). \"George Saunders wins $67,000 for first Folio Prize\". Washington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Charles_(critic)","url_text":"Ron Charles"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/03/10/george-saunders-wins-67000-for-first-folio-prize","url_text":"\"George Saunders wins $67,000 for first Folio Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenth of December by George Saunders wins inaugural Folio Prize 2014\" (PDF). Folio Prize. March 10, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140311235715/http://www.thefolioprize.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Folio-Prize-winner-announcement-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Tenth of December by George Saunders wins inaugural Folio Prize 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.thefolioprize.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Folio-Prize-winner-announcement-1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Booker winner took 20 years to write\". bbc.com. October 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-41585512","url_text":"\"Booker winner took 20 years to write\""}]},{"reference":"Dankowski, Terra (September 1, 2022). \"Newsmaker: George Saunders\". American Libraries. Retrieved September 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2022/09/01/newsmaker-george-saunders/","url_text":"\"Newsmaker: George Saunders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Libraries","url_text":"American Libraries"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Laura (April 26, 2000). \"Knuckle-puller makes good\". Salon.com. Retrieved November 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2000/04/26/saunders_interview/","url_text":"\"Knuckle-puller makes good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com","url_text":"Salon.com"}]},{"reference":"Childers, Doug (July 1, 2000). \"The Wag Chats with George Saunders\". The Wag. Retrieved June 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewag.net/interviews/saunders.htm","url_text":"\"The Wag Chats with George Saunders\""}]},{"reference":"Enslin, Rob (May 24, 2022). \"Writing a Legacy\". Syracuse University. Retrieved November 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.edu/stories/george-saunders-writing-a-legacy/","url_text":"\"Writing a Legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University","url_text":"Syracuse University"}]},{"reference":"\"George Saunders – Cultivating Thought\". June 3, 2016. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160603085617/http://cultivatingthought.com/author/george-saunders/","url_text":"\"George Saunders – Cultivating Thought\""},{"url":"http://cultivatingthought.com/author/george-saunders/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ayn Rand is for children\". Salon.com. January 19, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/2013/01/19/ayn_rand_is_for_children","url_text":"\"Ayn Rand is for children\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Sophia (November 16, 2022). \"George Saunders talks teaching, life experience and writing at Alumni Academy\". The Daily Orange. Retrieved November 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyorange.com/2022/11/george-saunders-talks-teaching-life-experience-and-writing-alumni-academy/","url_text":"\"George Saunders talks teaching, life experience and writing at Alumni Academy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Orange","url_text":"The Daily Orange"}]},{"reference":"Silverblatt, Michael (December 27, 2007). \"George Saunders: The Braindead Megaphone\". Bookworm. KCRW. Retrieved September 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/bookworm/george-saunders-the-braindead-megaphone","url_text":"\"George Saunders: The Braindead Megaphone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCRW","url_text":"KCRW"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, George. \"God Bless You, Mr. Vonnegut\". Amazon. Retrieved June 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/feature/-/539001","url_text":"\"God Bless You, Mr. Vonnegut\""}]},{"reference":"Whitney, Joel. \"Dig the Hole: An Interview with George Saunders\". Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312225255/http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/216/dig_the_hole/","url_text":"\"Dig the Hole: An Interview with George Saunders\""},{"url":"http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/216/dig_the_hole","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vollmer, Matthew. \"'Knowable in the Smallest Fragment': An Interview with George Saunders\". Retrieved June 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutcult.com/litjourn2/html/GS1.html","url_text":"\"'Knowable in the Smallest Fragment': An Interview with George Saunders\""}]},{"reference":"Bemis, Alec Hanley (May 10, 2006). \"Mean Snacks and Monkey Shit\". LA Weekly. pp. 12–27. Archived from the original on September 4, 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060904114742/http://www.laweekly.com/art+books/books/mean-snacks-and-monkey-shit/13461/","url_text":"\"Mean Snacks and Monkey Shit\""},{"url":"http://www.laweekly.com/art+books/books/mean-snacks-and-monkey-shit/13461","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners and Finalists Database\". ASME. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181010181823/http://magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-awards/winners-finalists","url_text":"\"Winners and Finalists Database\""},{"url":"http://www.magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-awards/winners-finalists","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Falls\". The New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/01/22/the-falls-2","url_text":"\"The Falls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"\"The O. 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Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150415014913/http://thestoryprize.org/2006_winners.html","url_text":"\"The Story Prize - Winners & Finalists 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.thestoryprize.org/2006_winners.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commcomm\". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/08/01/commcomm","url_text":"\"Commcomm\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (April 14, 2009). \"The American Academy Of Arts And Letters Announces 2009 Literature Award Winners\" (PDF) (Press release). New York: American Academy of Arts and Letters. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2017. 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Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.loc.gov/news/george-saunders-to-receive-2023-library-of-congress-prize-for-american-fiction/s/798b8d9d-93d7-4151-82d3-3531984fbf99","url_text":"\"George Saunders to Receive 2023 Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Neely (August 15, 2023). \"George Saunders Accepts the Library's Prize for American Fiction\". Timeless. The Library of Congress. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2023/08/george-saunders-accepts-the-librarys-prize-for-american-fiction/","url_text":"\"George Saunders Accepts the Library's Prize for American Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress","url_text":"The Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Loughlin, Wendy S. (July 11, 2023). \"George Saunders Honored With Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction\". Syracuse University News. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.syr.edu/blog/2023/07/11/george-saunders-honored-with-library-of-congress-prize-for-american-fiction/","url_text":"\"George Saunders Honored With Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University_News","url_text":"Syracuse University News"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Newly Elected Members – American Academy of Arts and Letters\". artsandletters.org. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2018-newly-elected-members/","url_text":"\"2018 Newly Elected Members – American Academy of Arts and Letters\""}]},{"reference":"Boll, Carol (March 9, 2018). \"George Saunders Elected to Academy of Arts and Letters\". SU News. 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Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-writers-voice/george-saunders-reads-thursday","url_text":"\"George Saunders Reads \"Thursday\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.georgesaundersbooks.com/","external_links_name":"www.georgesaundersbooks.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Saunders&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Saunders&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/george-saunderss-advice-to-graduates/","external_links_name":"\"Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/11/george-saunders-goes-to-trump-rallies","external_links_name":"\"Trump days: up close with the candidate and his 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Logistics_Command	Air Materiel Command	["1 History","1.1 Airplane Engineering Department","1.2 Materiel Division","1.3 Air Service Command","1.4 Air Technical Services Command","1.5 Air Materiel Command","2 Lineage","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]	1944-1992 United States Air Force major command Not to be confused with Air Force Materiel Command. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Air Materiel Command" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Air Materiel CommandEmblem of Air Force Logistics CommandActive1946–1961CountryUnited StatesBranchUnited States Army Air Forces (1944–1946)United States Air Force (1946–1961)TypeMajor CommandRoleLogistics, Depot-Level aircraft maintenance, research and developmentGarrison/HQWright-Patterson Air Force Base, OhioMilitary unit Air Materiel Command (AMC) was a United States Army Air Forces and United States Air Force command. Its headquarters was located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. In 1961, the command was redesignated the Air Force Logistics Command with some of its functions transferred to the new Air Force Systems Command. History The logistics function can be traced before the earliest days of the Air Service, when the Equipment Division of the U.S. Army Signal Corps established a headquarters for its new Airplane Engineering Department at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio. Airplane Engineering Department The Airplane Engineering Department was established by the Equipment Division of the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1917 for World War I experimental engineering. The department had a 1917 Foreign Data Section, and the Airplane Engineering Department was on McCook Field at Dayton, Ohio. McCook Field established the Air School of Application in 1919 and after WW I, the department was renamed the Airplane Engineering Division on 31 August 1918, under Lt Col Jesse G. Vincent (Packard co-engineer of the 1917 V-12 Liberty engine) to study and design American versions of foreign aircraft. The division merged in 1926 with the Air Service's Supply Division (formed by 1919) to form the Materiel Division (Air Corps). In 1920, the Engineering Division's Bureau of Aircraft Production completed the design of the Ground Attack, Experimental, (GAX) aircraft built as the Boeing GA-1, and designed the VCP-1 that won the initial Pulitzer Race in 1920 at Roosevelt Field (the division also designed the TP-1 and TW-1). Materiel Division The Materiel Division was set up near Dayton, Ohio on 15 January 1926. The Materiel Division, controlled by the Office of the Chief of Air Corps (OCAC), possessed many characteristics of a major command. It brought together four major functions performed previously by three organizations: research and development (R&D), procurement, supply, and maintenance. With the construction of nearby Wilbur Wright Field, McCook Field was closed on 1 April 1927, and was subsequently demolished after its assets moved to the new Wright Field, the latter serving as the Air Corps', and later the Army Air Forces', principal R&D center from 1927 to 1947, including the Physiological Research Laboratory which opened in 1935. By 22 August 1935, the division operated an Army Aeronautical Museum at Wright Field, and by 22 November 1935, had an "Industrial War Plans Section". F.B. Vose became the Materiel Division commander on 19 October 1940, with the division employing procurement inspectors at Wright Field the same year. The division had four Field Service Sections: San Antonio, Fairfield, Middletown, and Sacramento. Then-Brigadier General Benjamin Foulois had a year as Chief of the Materiel Division at Wright Field from June 1929 to July 1930. The Air Corps Maintenance Command was established under the Materiel Division on June 25, 1941 - less than a week after the creation of the USAAF itself on June 20, 1941 - to control supply and maintenance and retained the "Air Corps" designation that remained in effect for the USAAF's training and logistics units. On 11 December 1941, with United States newly engaged in World War II, these four functions were divided between two organizations. Air Service Command This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Air Materiel Command" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Maintenance Command was redesignated Air Service Command and kept responsibility for supply and maintenance functions. The chief of the Air Service Command, Brig. Gen. Henry J. F. Miller, was charged with supervision in the United States of all AAF activities pertaining to storage and issue of supplies procured by the Air Corps and with overhaul, repair, maintenance, and salvage of all Air Corps equipment and supplies beyond the limits of the first two echelons of maintenance. The command was directed to compile AAF requirements for Air Corps and other supplies, to procure equipment and supplies needed for the operation and maintenance of AAF units, to prepare and issue all technical orders and instructions regarding Air Corps materiel, and to exercise technical control* over air depots outside of the continental limits of the United States. In addition, ASC received responsibility for coordination with the Army technical services in the supply and maintenance of equipment and supplies procured by them for the use of the AAF. The new command was separated from the Materiel Division but remained a part of the Office of the Chief of Air Corps. Between October 1941 and March 1942 the Air Service Command remained under the jurisdiction of the Chief of the Air Corps. Immediately after the beginning of the war it moved its headquarters to Washington, where it began operations on 15 December 1941. But a large portion of the headquarters organization remained at Wright Field, where it carried on the greater part of the command's activities. On 15 December 1942, its headquarters moved back to Dayton, establishing itself at Patterson Field, immediately adjacent to Wright Field. On 9 March 1942, the Air Service Command now became one of the major AAF commands, with relatively clear lines of responsibility and authority. Four air service area commands (San Antonio, Fairfield, Middletown, and Sacramento?), successors to the maintenance wings (and field service sections, originally activated in 1940?), had been activated in December 1941 to supervise the depots in given geographical areas. The depots, of which there were eleven by April 1942, became the centers of depot control areas, which directed the activities of subdepots within defined geographical limits. Unfortunately, the boundaries of some of the depot control areas overlapped those of air service areas, and since the depots were the real focal points of supply and maintenance activities, the air service areas never attained the status of fully functioning ASC subcommands. The air service areas were disbanded on 1 February 1943, to be succeeded by air depot control area commands, which were simply the eleven former depot control areas under a new name. The elimination of the four air service areas was apparently justified by subsequent operations; according to Maj. Gen. Walter H. Frank, commander of the ASC, the step proved "most beneficial." In May 1943 the air depot control area commands were redesignated air service commands with appropriate geographical designations, and from then to the end of the war the ASC conducted its operations in the continental United States through its eleven air service commands, each serving a separate geographical area. These air service commands included the Middletown Air Service Command (Olmsted Field, Middletown, Pennsylvania), Mobile ASC, Ogden Air Service Command, Oklahoma City Air Service Command, Rome Air Service Command, Sacramento Air Service Command, the San Antonio Air Service Command, the San Bernardino Air Service Command, Warner Robins Air Service Command, Warner Robins, as well as five-six others. In 1944 the air service commands were redesignated air technical service commands. The Materiel Division was assumed responsibility for R&D and procurement, and was redesignated Air Corps Materiel Command on 1 April 1942. This became Air Force Materiel Command in April 1942; Materiel Command in April 1943, and AAF Materiel Command on 15 January 1944. On 17 July 1944, Air Service Command and AAF Materiel Command were placed under a new organization, AAF Materiel and Services. On 31 August 1944, AAF Materiel and Services was redesignated Army Air Forces Technical Service Command. The 4000th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Command) was among units assigned directly to AAF Technical Service Command when it was established at Wright-Patterson Field on 1 April 1944. Chico Army Air Field transferred to the ATSC on 15 October 1944. Air Technical Services Command Emblem of Air Technical Service Command Army Air Forces Technical Service Command was redesignated Air Technical Service Command (ATSC) on 1 July 1945. By 1945, 14 bases in the United States were home to Air Technical Service Commands: Newark, New Jersey; Fairfield, California; Miami, Florida; Middletown, Pennsylvania; Mobile, Alabama; Ogden, Utah; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Oakland, California; Rome, New York; Sacramento, California; San Antonio, Texas; San Bernardino, California; the Spokane Air Technical Service Command at Spokane Army Air Field, Washington State; and Warner Robins, Georgia. In 1945, planning began for a separate, independent United States Air Force. In January 1946, General of the Army Eisenhower and Army Air Forces General Spaatz agreed on an Air Force organization of seven major commands, including the Air Technical Service Command. ATSC centers were also renamed. For example, San Antonio Air Technical Services Command at Kelly Air Force Base in Texas became the San Antonio Air Materiel Area in 1946. Air Materiel Command In 1946 AAF Technical Service Command was redesignated Air Materiel Command, and the air technical service commands were reorganized as Air Materiel Areas: Marianas Air Materiel Area (Harmon Field, Guam)(active as Provisional formation by 17 August 1948; active 1 February 1949) Under the command of the 19th Bombardment Wing from August 1948 to October 1949. Middletown Air Materiel Area (Middletown, Pennsylvania) Mobile Air Materiel Area (Brookley Air Force Base, Mobile, Alabama) Ogden Air Materiel Area (Hill Field, Utah) Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area (Tinker Field, Oklahoma) Philippine Air Materiel Area (Nichols Field) Rome Air Materiel Area (Rome, New York) (1 February 1943 – 25 June 1947) Sacramento Air Materiel Area (Sacramento, California) San Antonio Air Materiel Area (San Antonio, Texas) San Bernardino Air Materiel Area (1949–66), at Norton Field, California Warner Robins Air Materiel Area (1951–61) at Robins AFB and redesignated Warner Robins Air Logistics Center Two further Air Materiel Areas were established in the late 1940s and early 1950s: Japan Air Materiel Area (JAMA, 1947–1949), at Tachikawa Air Base, replaced by the Far East Air Materiel Command (FEAMCOM). Central Air Materiel Area, Europe (CAMAE, 1956–67), at Chateauroux Air Depot in France The functions of research and development and logistics were operated separately during World War II until they were reunited for several years in the late 1940s under Air Materiel Command. Among its forces was the Air Materiel Force, European Area, which was transferred from USAFE in on 1 January 1956. Air Materiel Force, European Area, at Chateauroux Air Depot, France, and Air Materiel Force, Pacific Area, at Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, were of Numbered Air Force status. Often these formations supervised Air Depot Wings, for example the 75th Air Depot Wing which was based at Chinhae Air Base in South Korea during the Korean War. In 1950, research and development were split off into a separate formation, the Air Research and Development Command. From the early 1950s to 1962, the 3079th Aviation Depot Wing under AMC, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, was a weapons of mass destruction unit of key strategic importance. It was active until 1962. In 1961, Air Materiel Command became the Air Force Logistics Command, while the Air Research and Development Command gained responsibility for weapon system acquisition and was renamed the Air Force Systems Command. Lineage Established as Army Air Forces Materiel and Services on 14 July 1944 Organized as a major command on 17 July 1944 Redesignated: Army Air Forces Technical Service Command on 31 August 1944 Redesignated: Air Technical Service Command on 1 July 1945 Redesignated: Air Materiel Command on 9 March 1946 Redesignated: Air Force Logistics Command on 1 April 1961 Inactivated on 1 July 1992 See also Cheli Air Force Station References ^ a b "Records of the Army Air Forces " (weblist). NARA. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ "Augustine Warner Robins, Brigadier General, United States Army Air Corps". Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ Administrator. "all-aero". Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ Aeronautical Research in Ohio cug.org ^ National Air and Space Intelligence Center History (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (AFD-120627-049) on 25 October 2012. Alt URL ^ "U.S. Gao - A-67411, November 22, 1935, 15 Comp. Gen. 436". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2015. ^ Zimmerman, David (1996). Top Secret Mission: The Tizard Mission and the Scientific War. ISBN 9780773514010. Retrieved 19 August 2013. (Zimmerman cites "NARS, RG 165, box 383)" ^ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ "The Army Air Forces in World War II Volume VI: Men and Planes: Chapter 11". Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ Ravenstein, 'The organization and lineage of the United States Air Force,' via DIANE Publishing, 7-8. ^ Craven and Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II: Men and Planes, 367. ^ "Draft letter, Brig. Gen. Carl Spaatz, 'Organization of the Air Service Command By Command of Maj. Gen. Arnold'". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 17 October 1941. pp. 24–27. Retrieved 4 September 2022. ^ "Griffiss Air Force Base, New York". www.techbastard.com. ^ Charles A. Ravenstein (1986). The organization and lineage of the United States Air Force. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4289-9344-0. ^ "Historic California Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields". Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ Leonard, Barry (2009). History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense (PDF). Vol. II, 1955–1972. Fort McNair: Center for Military History. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4379-2131-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2015. ^ San Antonio Air Logistics Center Office of History, Kelly AFB, Texas. A Brief History of Kelly Air Force Base. San Antonio, June 1993. ^ Ravenstein, Air Force combat wings : lineage and honors histories 1947-1977, 196. Had 374 TCW under command in 1948. ^ Ravenstein, Charles A. (1996), The Organization and Lineage of the United States Air Force. United States Air Force Historical Research Center ISBN 0-912799-17-X ^ Pike, John. "3079th Aviation Depot Wing". www.globalsecurity.org. ^ "Air Force Logistics Command Fact Sheet". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2015. This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Further reading Elliot V. Converse III, Rearming for the Cold War 1945–1960, Government Printing Office AMC's History Office published Materiel Research and Development in the Army Air Arm, 1914-1945 (November 1946) Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Air Force Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Systems_Command"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Air Force Materiel Command.Military unitAir Materiel Command (AMC) was a United States Army Air Forces and United States Air Force command. Its headquarters was located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. In 1961, the command was redesignated the Air Force Logistics Command with some of its functions transferred to the new Air Force Systems Command.","title":"Air Materiel Command"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Signal_Corps"},{"link_name":"McCook Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCook_Field"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"}],"text":"The logistics function can be traced before the earliest days of the Air Service, when the Equipment Division of the U.S. Army Signal Corps established a headquarters for its new Airplane Engineering Department at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Signal_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Foreign Data Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Intelligence_Center#History"},{"link_name":"McCook Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCook_Field"},{"link_name":"Air School of Application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFIT"},{"link_name":"Engineering Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Division"},{"link_name":"Jesse G. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_G._Vincent"},{"link_name":"Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard#Packard_automobile_engines"},{"link_name":"V-12 Liberty engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_L-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NARA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Materiel Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NARA-1"},{"link_name":"Boeing GA-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_GA-1"},{"link_name":"initial Pulitzer Race in 1920 at Roosevelt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Races"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Airplane Engineering Department","text":"The Airplane Engineering Department was established by the Equipment Division of the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1917 for World War I experimental engineering. The department had a 1917 Foreign Data Section, and the Airplane Engineering Department was on McCook Field at Dayton, Ohio. McCook Field established the Air School of Application in 1919 and after WW I, the department was renamed the Airplane Engineering Division on 31 August 1918, under Lt Col Jesse G. Vincent (Packard co-engineer of the 1917 V-12 Liberty engine) to study and design American versions of foreign aircraft. The division merged in 1926 with the Air Service's Supply Division[1] (formed by 1919)[2] to form the Materiel Division (Air Corps).[1] In 1920, the Engineering Division's Bureau of Aircraft Production completed the design of the Ground Attack, Experimental, (GAX) aircraft built as the Boeing GA-1, and designed the VCP-1 that won the initial Pulitzer Race in 1920 at Roosevelt Field (the division also designed the TP-1 and TW-1).[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of the Chief of Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Chief_of_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Wright Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Wright_Field"},{"link_name":"McCook Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCook_Field"},{"link_name":"Wright Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Field"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFD-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wright Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Field"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Foulois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Foulois"},{"link_name":"Wright Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Field"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"the creation of the USAAF itself on June 20, 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_in_aviation#June"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Materiel Division","text":"The Materiel Division was set up near Dayton, Ohio on 15 January 1926. The Materiel Division, controlled by the Office of the Chief of Air Corps (OCAC), possessed many characteristics of a major command. It brought together four major functions performed previously by three organizations: research and development (R&D), procurement, supply, and maintenance.With the construction of nearby Wilbur Wright Field, McCook Field was closed on 1 April 1927, and was subsequently demolished after its assets moved to the new Wright Field, the latter serving as the Air Corps', and later the Army Air Forces', principal R&D center from 1927 to 1947, including the Physiological Research Laboratory which opened in 1935.[4] By 22 August 1935, the division[citation needed] operated an Army Aeronautical Museum at Wright Field,[5] and by 22 November 1935, had an \"Industrial War Plans Section\".[6] F.B. Vose became the Materiel Division commander on 19 October 1940,[7] with the division employing procurement inspectors at Wright Field the same year.[8] The division had four Field Service Sections: San Antonio, Fairfield, Middletown, and Sacramento.[9]Then-Brigadier General Benjamin Foulois had a year as Chief of the Materiel Division at Wright Field from June 1929 to July 1930.[citation needed]The Air Corps Maintenance Command was established under the Materiel Division on June 25, 1941 - less than a week after the creation of the USAAF itself on June 20, 1941 - to control supply and maintenance and retained the \"Air Corps\" designation that remained in effect for the USAAF's training and logistics units. \nOn 11 December 1941, with United States newly engaged in World War II, these four functions were divided between two organizations.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Henry J. F. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._F._Miller"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft19411017ltr-12"},{"link_name":"Walter H. Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_H._Frank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Middletown Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middletown_Air_Service_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olmsted Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_Field"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ogden Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogden_Air_Service_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_Air_Service_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rome Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rome_Air_Service_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Air_Technical_Service_Command"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Bernardino_Air_Service_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warner Robins Air Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Robins_Air_Service_Command"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"4000th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Air_Base_Wing"},{"link_name":"Wright-Patterson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Field"},{"link_name":"Chico Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Air Service Command","text":"Maintenance Command was redesignated Air Service Command and kept responsibility for supply and maintenance functions.[10]The chief of the Air Service Command, Brig. Gen. Henry J. F. Miller, was charged with supervision in the United States of all AAF activities pertaining to storage and issue of supplies procured by the Air Corps and with overhaul, repair, maintenance, and salvage of all Air Corps equipment and supplies beyond the limits of the first two echelons of maintenance.[11] The command was directed to compile AAF requirements for Air Corps and other supplies, to procure equipment and supplies needed for the operation and maintenance of AAF units, to prepare and issue all technical orders and instructions regarding Air Corps materiel, and to exercise technical control* over air depots outside of the continental limits of the United States. In addition, ASC received responsibility for coordination with the Army technical services in the supply and maintenance of equipment and supplies procured by them for the use of the AAF. The new command was separated from the Materiel Division but remained a part of the Office of the Chief of Air Corps.Between October 1941 and March 1942 the Air Service Command remained under the jurisdiction of the Chief of the Air Corps.[12] Immediately after the beginning of the war it moved its headquarters to Washington, where it began operations on 15 December 1941. But a large portion of the headquarters organization remained at Wright Field, where it carried on the greater part of the command's activities.\nOn 15 December 1942, its headquarters moved back to Dayton, establishing itself at Patterson Field, immediately adjacent to Wright Field.On 9 March 1942, the Air Service Command now became one of the major AAF commands, with relatively clear lines of responsibility\nand authority. Four air service area commands (San Antonio, Fairfield, Middletown, and Sacramento?), successors to the maintenance wings (and field service sections, originally activated in 1940?), had been activated in December 1941 to supervise the depots in given geographical areas. The depots, of which there were eleven by April 1942, became the centers of depot control areas, which directed the activities of subdepots within defined geographical limits. Unfortunately, the boundaries of some of the depot control areas overlapped those of air service areas, and since the depots were the real focal points of supply and maintenance activities, the air service areas never attained the status of fully functioning ASC subcommands. The air service areas were disbanded on 1 February 1943, to be succeeded by air depot control area commands, which were simply the eleven former depot control areas under a new name. The elimination of the four air service areas was apparently justified by subsequent operations; according to Maj. Gen. Walter H. Frank, commander of the ASC, the step proved \"most beneficial.\"In May 1943 the air depot control area commands were redesignated air service commands with appropriate geographical designations, and from then to the end of the war the ASC conducted its operations in the continental United States through its eleven air service commands, each serving a separate geographical area. These air service commands included the Middletown Air Service Command (Olmsted Field, Middletown, Pennsylvania), Mobile ASC, Ogden Air Service Command, Oklahoma City Air Service Command, Rome Air Service Command,[13] Sacramento Air Service Command, the San Antonio Air Service Command, the San Bernardino Air Service Command, Warner Robins Air Service Command, Warner Robins, as well as five-six others. In 1944 the air service commands were redesignated air technical service commands.The Materiel Division was assumed responsibility for R&D and procurement, and was redesignated Air Corps Materiel Command on 1 April 1942. This became Air Force Materiel Command in April 1942; Materiel Command in April 1943, and AAF Materiel Command on 15 January 1944. On 17 July 1944, Air Service Command and AAF Materiel Command were placed under a new organization, AAF Materiel and Services. On 31 August 1944, AAF Materiel and Services was redesignated Army Air Forces Technical Service Command.[14]The 4000th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Command) was among units assigned directly to AAF Technical Service Command when it was established at Wright-Patterson Field on 1 April 1944. Chico Army Air Field transferred to the ATSC on 15 October 1944.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Technical_Service_Command_-_Emblem.png"},{"link_name":"Spokane Air Technical Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spokane_Air_Technical_Service_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spokane Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"General of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Spaatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Andrew_Spaatz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard-16"},{"link_name":"Kelly Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Air Technical Services Command","text":"Emblem of Air Technical Service CommandArmy Air Forces Technical Service Command was redesignated Air Technical Service Command (ATSC) on 1 July 1945.By 1945, 14 bases in the United States were home to Air Technical Service Commands: Newark, New Jersey; Fairfield, California; Miami, Florida; Middletown, Pennsylvania; Mobile, Alabama; Ogden, Utah; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Oakland, California; Rome, New York; Sacramento, California; San Antonio, Texas; San Bernardino, California; the Spokane Air Technical Service Command at Spokane Army Air Field, Washington State; and Warner Robins, Georgia.[citation needed] In 1945, planning began for a separate, independent United States Air Force. In January 1946, General of the Army Eisenhower and Army Air Forces General Spaatz agreed on an Air Force organization of seven major commands, including the Air Technical Service Command.[16] ATSC centers were also renamed. For example, San Antonio Air Technical Services Command at Kelly Air Force Base in Texas became the San Antonio Air Materiel Area in 1946.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marianas Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianas_Air_Materiel_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harmon Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_Field"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"19th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Middletown Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middletown_Air_Materiel_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mobile Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_Air_Materiel_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brookley Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookley_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Ogden Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"Hill Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Field"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"Tinker Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Field"},{"link_name":"Philippine Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Air_Materiel_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nichols Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_Field"},{"link_name":"Rome Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"Norton Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Field"},{"link_name":"Warner Robins Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Robins_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Materiel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Materiel_Area"},{"link_name":"Far East Air Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Air_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"Central Air Materiel Area, Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Air_Materiel_Area,_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chateauroux Air Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chateauroux_Air_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chateauroux Air Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chateauroux_Air_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tachikawa Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Numbered Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbered_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rav1996-19"},{"link_name":"75th Air Depot Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=75th_Air_Depot_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinhae Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinhae_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Air Research and Development Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Research_and_Development_Command"},{"link_name":"3079th Aviation Depot Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3079th_Aviation_Depot_Wing"},{"link_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Air Research and Development Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Research_and_Development_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Force Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Systems_Command"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFFactSheet-21"}],"sub_title":"Air Materiel Command","text":"In 1946 AAF Technical Service Command was redesignated Air Materiel Command, and the air technical service commands were reorganized as Air Materiel Areas:Marianas Air Materiel Area (Harmon Field, Guam)(active as Provisional formation by 17 August 1948; active 1 February 1949)[18] Under the command of the 19th Bombardment Wing from August 1948 to October 1949.\nMiddletown Air Materiel Area (Middletown, Pennsylvania)\nMobile Air Materiel Area (Brookley Air Force Base, Mobile, Alabama)\nOgden Air Materiel Area (Hill Field, Utah)\nOklahoma City Air Materiel Area (Tinker Field, Oklahoma)\nPhilippine Air Materiel Area (Nichols Field)\nRome Air Materiel Area (Rome, New York) (1 February 1943 – 25 June 1947)\nSacramento Air Materiel Area (Sacramento, California)\nSan Antonio Air Materiel Area (San Antonio, Texas)\nSan Bernardino Air Materiel Area (1949–66), at Norton Field, California\nWarner Robins Air Materiel Area (1951–61) at Robins AFB and redesignated Warner Robins Air Logistics CenterTwo further Air Materiel Areas were established in the late 1940s and early 1950s:Japan Air Materiel Area (JAMA, 1947–1949), at Tachikawa Air Base, replaced by the Far East Air Materiel Command (FEAMCOM).\nCentral Air Materiel Area, Europe (CAMAE, 1956–67), at Chateauroux Air Depot in FranceThe functions of research and development and logistics were operated separately during World War II until they were reunited for several years in the late 1940s under Air Materiel Command. Among its forces was the Air Materiel Force, European Area, which was transferred from USAFE in on 1 January 1956. Air Materiel Force, European Area, at Chateauroux Air Depot, France, and Air Materiel Force, Pacific Area, at Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, were of Numbered Air Force status.[19] Often these formations supervised Air Depot Wings, for example the 75th Air Depot Wing which was based at Chinhae Air Base in South Korea during the Korean War.In 1950, research and development were split off into a separate formation, the Air Research and Development Command.\nFrom the early 1950s to 1962, the 3079th Aviation Depot Wing under AMC, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, was a weapons of mass destruction unit of key strategic importance.[20] It was active until 1962.In 1961, Air Materiel Command became the Air Force Logistics Command, while the Air Research and Development Command gained responsibility for weapon system acquisition and was renamed the Air Force Systems Command.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Established as Army Air Forces Materiel and Services on 14 July 1944Organized as a major command on 17 July 1944\nRedesignated: Army Air Forces Technical Service Command on 31 August 1944\nRedesignated: Air Technical Service Command on 1 July 1945\nRedesignated: Air Materiel Command on 9 March 1946\nRedesignated: Air Force Logistics Command on 1 April 1961\nInactivated on 1 July 1992","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4697918#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007425667505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81067831"}],"text":"Elliot V. Converse III, Rearming for the Cold War 1945–1960, Government Printing Office\nAMC's History Office published Materiel Research and Development in the Army Air Arm, 1914-1945 (November 1946)Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Emblem of Air Technical Service Command","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Air_Technical_Service_Command_-_Emblem.png/220px-Air_Technical_Service_Command_-_Emblem.png"}]	[{"title":"Cheli Air Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheli_Air_Force_Station"}]	[{"reference":"\"Records of the Army Air Forces [AAF]\" (weblist). NARA. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/018.html","url_text":"\"Records of the Army Air Forces [AAF]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Augustine Warner Robins, Brigadier General, United States Army Air Corps\". Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/awrobins.htm","url_text":"\"Augustine Warner Robins, Brigadier General, United States Army Air Corps\""}]},{"reference":"Administrator. \"all-aero\". Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://all-aero.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3299:engineering-division-bureau-of-aircraft-production&catid=36","url_text":"\"all-aero\""}]},{"reference":"National Air and Space Intelligence Center History (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (AFD-120627-049) on 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053015/http://www.afisr.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120627-049.pdf","url_text":"National Air and Space Intelligence Center History"},{"url":"http://www.afisr.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120627-049.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Gao - A-67411, November 22, 1935, 15 Comp. Gen. 436\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013947/http://redbook.gao.gov/9/fl0043381.php","url_text":"\"U.S. Gao - A-67411, November 22, 1935, 15 Comp. Gen. 436\""},{"url":"http://redbook.gao.gov/9/fl0043381.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, David (1996). Top Secret Mission: The Tizard Mission and the Scientific War. ISBN 9780773514010. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k76Q1P4HEmwC&pg=PA221","url_text":"Top Secret Mission: The Tizard Mission and the Scientific War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773514010","url_text":"9780773514010"}]},{"reference":"\"Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search\". Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19400926&id=24UcAAAAIBAJ&pg=1856,5742427","url_text":"\"Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Army Air Forces in World War II Volume VI: Men and Planes: Chapter 11\". Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/VI/AAF-VI-11.html","url_text":"\"The Army Air Forces in World War II Volume VI: Men and Planes: Chapter 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft letter, Brig. Gen. Carl Spaatz, 'Organization of the Air Service Command By Command of Maj. Gen. Arnold'\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 17 October 1941. pp. 24–27. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/afhra-k205.10-952/AFHRA%20K205.10-944%20bios/page/n23/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Draft letter, Brig. Gen. Carl Spaatz, 'Organization of the Air Service Command By Command of Maj. Gen. Arnold'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency","url_text":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Griffiss Air Force Base, New York\". www.techbastard.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techbastard.com/afb/ny/griffiss.php","url_text":"\"Griffiss Air Force Base, New York\""}]},{"reference":"Charles A. Ravenstein (1986). The organization and lineage of the United States Air Force. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4289-9344-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EdQDrJkeu54C&pg=PA39","url_text":"The organization and lineage of the United States Air Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9344-0","url_text":"978-1-4289-9344-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic California Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields\". Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/SiskiyouAP.html","url_text":"\"Historic California Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields\""}]},{"reference":"Leonard, Barry (2009). History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense (PDF). Vol. II, 1955–1972. Fort McNair: Center for Military History. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4379-2131-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191216135402/https://history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf","url_text":"History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-2131-1","url_text":"978-1-4379-2131-1"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pike, John. \"3079th Aviation Depot Wing\". www.globalsecurity.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/agency/3079adw.htm","url_text":"\"3079th Aviation Depot Wing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Force Logistics Command Fact Sheet\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433901/air-force-logistics-command/","url_text":"\"Air Force Logistics Command Fact Sheet\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22","external_links_name":"\"Air Materiel Command\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22","external_links_name":"\"Air Materiel Command\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Air+Materiel+Command%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/018.html","external_links_name":"\"Records of the Army Air Forces [AAF]\""},{"Link":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/awrobins.htm","external_links_name":"\"Augustine Warner Robins, Brigadier General, United States Army Air Corps\""},{"Link":"http://all-aero.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3299:engineering-division-bureau-of-aircraft-production&catid=36","external_links_name":"\"all-aero\""},{"Link":"https://cug.org/5-publications/proceedings_attendee_lists/2003CD/S03_Proceedings/Pages/Authors/Bednarek.pdf","external_links_name":"Aeronautical Research in Ohio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053015/http://www.afisr.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120627-049.pdf","external_links_name":"National Air and Space Intelligence Center History"},{"Link":"http://www.afisr.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120627-049.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2quf0p5Oi8AJ:www.afisr.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120627-049.pdf+%22Building+856%22+%22national+air+and+space+intelligence+center%22&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgXx83xmqJIiQtQsL5fr4NQKKlu8rfoKTmeAu_UuvVNhzZdEl2ubNGGyR8EH0ASBq4GNUhNNDq0qneWMRGcuFUy9ZmFgxPtjX0ZgpquoQ4prSX-d6-X_vPC3Ir-3aicn5QI2PBT&sig=AHIEtbTx84__4s_nK1RZnIOXwjL4DixVUQ","external_links_name":"Alt URL"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013947/http://redbook.gao.gov/9/fl0043381.php","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Gao - A-67411, November 22, 1935, 15 Comp. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretto_School	Loretto School	["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Loretto Golf Academy","4 Headmasters","5 Notable alumni","6 Motto","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links","10 Gallery"]	School in Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland This article is about the Scottish independent school. For other schools and places, see Loretto (disambiguation). Loretto SchoolAddressLinkfield RoadMusselburgh, East Lothian, EH21 7AFScotlandInformationTypePublic schoolPrivate SchoolBoarding schoolDay SchoolEstablished1827; 197 years ago (1827)FounderThomas LanghorneHeadmasterGraham HawleyStaffc.200Genderco-educationalAge0 to 18Enrolmentc.500HousesSchool, Pinkie, Hope, Seton, Balcarres, Holm, Eleanora AlmondColour(s)Langhorne, Tristram, Greenlees, Mackintosh.PublicationThe LorettonianFormer pupilsOld LorettoniansWebsitewww.lorettoschool.co.uk Loretto School, founded in 1827, is an independent boarding and day school for boys and girls aged 0 to 18. The campus occupies 85 acres (34 ha) in Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland. The school has been named among others, in the Scottish enquiry on historic sexual abuse. In 2023 Loretto School was sued by a former pupil for extensive sexual, emotional and physical abuse suffered in the 1990s mostly at the hands of older pupils. Loretto offered an unreserved apology and deep regret for abuse experienced by children under its care. History The school was founded by the Reverend Thomas Langhorne in 1827. Langhorne came from Crosby Ravensworth in Westmorland. He named the school for Loretto House, his then home, which was itself named for a medieval chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto, which had formerly stood on the site of the school. The school was later taken over by his son, also named Thomas Langhorne. The last link with the Langhorne family was Thomas' son John, who was a master at Loretto from 1890 to 1897, and later headmaster at John Watson's Institution. Loretto was later under the headmastership of Dr. Hely Hutchinson Almond from 1862 to 1903. In the 1950s the school increased the accommodation in science laboratories, established arts as a part of the curriculum and introduced the chapel service as part of the daily school life. The school originally accepted only boys, but in 1981 girls joined the sixth form and in 1995 the third form, so making the school fully co-educational by 1995. Loretto school's Pinkie House, built in the Scots baronial style In 2001 the film director Don Boyd published an article in The Observer detailing his systematic sexual abuse by a teacher in the school in the 1960s. The revelation led to further allegations about the teacher from other former pupils and subsequent calls for the teacher's prosecution. The teacher, then 79 years old, was charged, but the case was dropped on the grounds of his ill health. The teacher later died. In 2017, it was announced that the school would be investigated as part of Lady Smith's inquiry into child sexual abuse. In 2021, Boyd told the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry that the late Guy Ray-Hills, a French teacher at Loretto, raped him in 1958 when Boyd was 10 years old. Loretto School admitted to the Inquiry that pupils had been abused by one of its teachers in the 1950s and 1960s. Angus Bell, a former pupil, gave evidence and later sued the school for £1 million for extensive sexual, emotional and physical abuse suffered in the 1990s mostly at the hands of older pupils under the "fagging" system. David Stock, a teacher, also gave evidence and said he informed the Loretto school authorities of the abuse but was targeted, forced to resign and sign a non-disclosure agreement. The Inquiry, which spanned a period from 1945 to 2021, published its findings in April 2023, upon which Loretto offered an unreserved apology and deep regret for abuse experienced by children under its care, at both the junior and senior schools. In 2010 the school was sued by an employee for sex discrimination: the employee felt she had been treated unfavourably following the announcement of her pregnancy. Judge Stewart Watt rejected the sexual discrimination claim asserting that 'there appears to have been no ulterior motive to make redundant during the review of the department; the only motive was to try to better organise the school', but he stated that the school had breached maternity regulations. The claimant was awarded £8,000 for loss of earnings and emotional stress. In 2013, Loretto School was informed by the Scottish Charity Regulator that it did not qualify for charitable status for failing to provide sufficient public benefit. Subsequently, the school modified its means-tested bursary provision and has remained a registered charity ever since. Former Scotland rugby captain Jason White took his first steps into teaching with a role at the school in September 2017. In the same month it was announced that Jacob Slater, 15, a pupil at the school, would appear in the American-Scottish historical action drama Outlaw King about Robert the Bruce and the Wars of Scottish Independence. Jamie Parker, former Loretto School pupil and Royal Academy of Dramatic Art student, was named Best Actor at the Olivier Awards in April 2017 for his performance as Harry Potter. In September 2018, the employment of a teacher at the school, who had been accused of inappropriate behaviour towards students, was terminated. Loretto School was listed as the fourth-highest Scottish independent school in the 2018 A level league tables. Facilities Loretto School is set in an 85-acre (34-hectare) campus and is made up of three parts: the Nursery for children aged 0–5, the Junior School ("The Nippers") for children aged 5–12, and the Senior School for those aged 12–18. Pupils attend as boarders, flexi-boarders and day pupils and are all attached to a specific house. Houses include Schoolhouse (day pupils), Seton House (boys' boarding), Holm House (girls' boarding), Balcarres House (girls' boarding), Pinkie House (boys' boarding), Hope House (boys' boarding) and Eleanora Almond House. It was announced on 27 June 2018 that Eleanora Almond House would be temporarily closed at the end of the academic year for renovation and extension. Loretto Golf Academy The Loretto Golf Academy, established in 2002, offers golf to over 250 pupils using the local links courses and the School's new Indoor Golf Centre. Headmasters 1825–1862 Langhorne family (Thomas, Thomas II, John) 1862–1903 Hely Hutchinson Almond 1903–1908 Henry Barrington Tristram 1908–1926 Allan Ramsey Smith 1926–1945 Dr James Robertson Campbell Greenlees 1945–1960 David Forbes Mackintosh 1960–1976 Rab Brougham Bruce Lockhart 1976–1984 David Bruce McMurray 1984–1995 The Rev. Norman Walker Drummond 1995–2000 Keith Joseph Budge 2001–2008 Michael Barclay Mavor 2008–2013 Peter A. Hogan 2013–2014 Elaine Logan (Acting Head) 2014 – present Dr Graham Hawley Notable alumni Further information: Category:People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh Notable Old Lorettonians include: Ralph Arnold – author and publisher Sir A. G. G. Asher – international cricketer and rugby player George Bertram Cockburn – pioneer aviator William Beardmore – cricketer Don Boyd – film director, producer, screenwriter, novelist Alexander Bruce, Lord Balfour of Burleigh – Unionist representative peer, Secretary for Scotland, Governor of the Bank of Scotland, Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, and leading figure in the Church of Scotland A. B. Carmichael - international rugby player Charles Walker Cathcart - international rugby player and surgeon Iain Conn - CEO Centrica Alexander Cary, Master of Falkland – nobleman and screenwriter Jim Clark – Formula One Champion (twice), Grand Prix winner and world champion Paul Clauss – international rugby player Alistair Darling – former Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer Air Marshal Sir Patrick Dunn – Royal Air Force officer who served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Flying Training Command Fergus Ewing – SNP politician Sir Nicholas Fairbairn – Conservative politician, former Solicitor General for Scotland Sir Denis Forman – Chair of the British Film Institute; Chairman and Managing Director of Granada Television Peter Fraser, Baron Fraser of Carmyllie – Conservative politician, former Solicitor General for Scotland Keith Geddes – Scottish Rugby Union player who fought in the Battle of Britain Stephen Gilbert (1912–2010) – Northern Irish novelist Major George Howson – Founder of the Royal British Legion Poppy Factory Alan Johnston, Lord Johnston – Senator of the College of Justice William Alexander Kerr – Victoria Cross recipient William Laidlay – Scottish artist, barrister and cricketer Hector Laing, Baron Laing of Dunphail – businessman and peer Norman Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick – former Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer Hew Lorimer – sculptor Donald Mackenzie Scottish judge, styled Lord Mackenzie Andrew Marr – journalist Edward Powys Mathers – translator, poet, and pioneer cryptic crossword setter James Broom Millar – first Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (1954–1960) James, Duke of Montrose – nobleman Robin Orr – composer Jamie Parker – actor and singer Sir Robert Pearson – cricketer, advocate and chairman of the London Stock Exchange Hugo Rifkind – columnist M.G. (Calum) Semple OBE - Epidemiologist Rev. Henry Holmes Stewart (1847–1937) FA Cup winner in 1873 Rob Strachan – Commander of Clan Strachan David Strang – Former Chief Constable of Lothian and Borders, and Chief Inspector of Scottish Prisons Alan Sutherland – artist Motto The motto of the school, Spartam nactus es, hanc exorna, means literally "You have obtained Sparta: embellish it". The Latin is a mistranslation by Erasmus of a line from a Greek play, Telephus by Euripides. The words have been interpreted as meaning "You were born with talents: develop them" or "Develop whatever talents you have inherited". In the late 18th century, the words were quoted by Edmund Burke in his pamphlet, Reflections on the Revolution in France: "There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction, or unreformed existence. Spartam nactus es; hanc exorna. This is, in my opinion, a rule of profound sense, and ought never to depart from the mind of an honest reformer. I cannot conceive how any man can have brought himself to that pitch of presumption, to consider his country as nothing but carte blanche, upon which he may scribble whatever he pleases ... a good patriot, and a true politician, always considers how he shall make the most of the existing materials of his country. A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a statesman. References ^ "Loretto School". Scottish Council of Independent Schools. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ "Welcome to Loretto School". Lorettoschool.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ The Langhorne Memorial, The Levite, Vol IV, No.7 (Spring 1927) ^ John Langhorne's grandfather (also John Langhorne, master of Giggleswick school) was the cousin and neighbour of Thomas Langhorne senior. See Crosby Ravensworth archives ^ Eunson, John (2012). Sporting Scots: How Scotland Brought Sport to the World–and the World Wouldn't Let Us Win. Black & White Publishing. ISBN 978-1845024147. ^ Stewart, Frank (1993). Loretto One-Fifty. William Blackwood. ASIN B000SIIZXI. ^ "Loretto School to go fully co-educational". The Herald. 29 June 1994. Retrieved 29 March 2014. ^ a b Don Boyd (19 August 2001). "Don Boyd: A suitable boy". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ a b "Sexually abused during his time at Loretto School, Don Boyd returns to Edinburgh and launches a book incorporating his abuse". The Scotsman. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ "UK news in brief". The Guardian. 26 August 2001. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ^ "Ex-Teacher Charged With Sexual Encounter With Pupil – Education News". redOrbit. 9 March 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ James McKillop and Graeme Smith (25 August 2001). "'I am in total shock. It feels as if I am being hung, drawn, and quartered'. Retired teacher hit by abuse allegations shuts door to Herald inquiries". The Herald. Glasgow. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ "Famous Scottish boarding schools named in child abuse inquiry". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 August 2017. ^ Cowan, David (4 May 2021). "Film director compares school abuser to Harvey Weinstein". BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2021. ^ a b Neil, Mackay (19 November 2023). "'I was a child in a madhouse of sexual abuse': Ex-Loretto pupil sues for £1 million". The Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2023. ^ Leask, David (22 November 2023). "Scottish boarding school was 'madhouse of violence', says ex-pupil". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 22 November 2023. ^ "Loretto pupils suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023. ^ "Loretto staff member wins £8,000 for sex discrimination". The Scotsman. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2018. ^ "Loretto School fail charity status test". BBC News. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ "Loretto School Ltd, SC013978, Charity Details from The Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR)". Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018. ^ Heatly, Gary (27 September 2017). "Ex-Scotland captain Jason White joins Loretto School". The Scotsman. Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ "Musselburgh's Loretto School pupil Jacob Slater to star in major new Netflix drama Outlaw King about Robert the Bruce". East Lothian Courier. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2018. ^ "Former Musselburgh pupil Jamie Parker's portrayal of Harry Potter wins him Best Actor at Olivier Awards". East Lothian Courier. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2018. ^ "Loretto School teacher suspended over 'inappropriate behaviour". Edinburgh Evening News. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ "School's head of drama sacked following 'disturbing' allegations". East Lothian Courier. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018. ^ "Best independent schools in 2018: Full league table for A-Level results". The Telegraph. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Loretto School Campus Map". 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ "Inspection Report". 1 February 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2014. ^ "current capacity of 50 young golfers, places in Loretto's Golf Academy are keenly prized". Lothian News. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2014. ^ "Michael Mavor". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ "Obituaries from The Times". Newspaper Archive Developments. 1975. p. 29. ^ ASHER, Sir Augustus Gordon Grant, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2016 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014) ^ "George Bertram Cockburn". Early Aviators. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ The Loretto Register, 1825 to 1948. T. and A. Constable. 1949. p. 143. ^ Eccleshall, Robert (1990). English Conservatism Since the Restoration: An Introduction and Anthology. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 978-1134997756. ^ "Sandy Carmichael: Still in love with rugby at 71". The Scotsman. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ "Charles Walker Cathcart". Edinburgh Medical Journal. 39 (4): 273–275. 1932. ISSN 0367-1038. PMC 5318766. ^ "Trust me, your gas bill's not a rip-off". The Times. 23 July 2017. ^ "You can all relax, Brody is back and taking centre stage in Homeland". London Evening Standard. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "When Ayrton Senna visted Musselburgh to pay tribute to Jim Clark". The Scotsman. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ Marshall (1951), pg 246. ^ "Some former pupils show the way". The Herald. Glasgow. 6 October 1998. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ "Air Marshal Sir Patrick Dunn". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 26 November 2018. ^ "Fergus Ewing profile: 'Forthright' SNP veteran was fixture in Scottish Government". Press and Journal. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ "OBITUARIES : Sir Nicholas Fairbairn". The Independent. London. 20 February 1995. ^ "Sir Denis Forman obituary". The Guardian. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "Ex-lord advocate Fraser of Carmyllie in alleged flight row". The Scotsman. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "F/O K I Geddes". Battle of Britain London Monument. Retrieved 26 November 2018. ^ "Stephen Gilbert: Writer who was lauded by Forster but is best known for a lurid novel about rats". The Independent. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "Howson, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37577. Retrieved 26 November 2018. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Lord Johnston". The Scotsman. 19 June 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2018. ^ "Loretto School". Victoria Cross.org. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ Venn, John (2011). Alumni Cantabrigienses. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1108036153. ^ Brewerton, David (12 July 2010). "Lord Laing of Dunphail obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ Castle, Stephen (3 October 1992). "The Crisis: Would the real Norman Lamont please stand up?". The Independent. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ "Hew Lorimer". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "Donald Mackenzie". Loretto Register. Retrieved 10 May 2020. ^ "Marr, Andrew William Stevenson, (born 31 July 1959), Presenter: Start The Week, Radio 4, since 2002; The Andrew Marr Show (formerly Sunday AM), BBC TV, since 2005". Who's Who. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.26659. ^ "Loretto School, Musselburgh". Library Thing. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "Obituary: James Broom Millar". The Times. 1986. Retrieved 8 January 2021. ^ ""An Greumach Mhor" ~ Chief of the Clan Graham: James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose". Clan Graham Society. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "Professor Robin Orr". The Independent. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "Former Musselburgh pupil Jamie Parker's portrayal of Harry Potter wins him Best Actor at Olivier Awards". East Lothian Courier. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ Foster, Joseph (1893). Oxford Men and Their Colleges. James Parker & Co. p. 384. ^ Rifkind, Hugo (9 December 2009). "Shared Opinion: Climate change has become a proxy subject for people who just want to sound off". The Spectator. 311 (9459): 28. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009. ^ "Calum Semple: a virologist and a piper". Bagpipe News. 1 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ Warsop, Keith (2004). The Early FA Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs. SoccerData. pp. 126–127. ISBN 1-899468-78-1. ^ "Rob Strachan, Mill of Strachan, Aberdeenshire - Commander of the Honourable Clan Strachan". Clan Strachan. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "HM Chief Inspector of Prisons – David Strang QPM BSc MSc". HM Inspector of Prisons. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "Top Class Art". The Glasgow Herald. 13 June 1983. Retrieved 6 February 2013. ^ Hawley, Graham. "School Motto". Loretto.com. Retrieved 19 May 2019. ^ a b Edmund Burke, "Reflections on the Revolution in France" in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke Vol. V (London: C. & J. Rivington, 1826), pp. 284–285 Sources Marshall, Howard; Jordon, J.P. (1951). Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match. London: Clerke & Cockeran. External links Loretto School's official website Profile on the ISC website Gallery Pinkie House Balcarres House and Holm House Sports field by the Esk Pinkie Entrance Loretto and the Old Stables Winter at Loretto Loretto at Millhill vtePublic schools in England, Scotland and WalesThe principal schools of EnglandRudolph Ackermann, 1816 Charterhouse Christ's Hospital Eton Harrow Merchant Taylors' Rugby St Paul's Westminster Winchester The Endowed Grammar Schoolsin England and WalesNicholas Carlisle, 1818 List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century) (475 schools) Clarendon schools 1864 Charterhouse Eton Harrow Merchant Taylors' Rugby St Paul's Shrewsbury Westminster Winchester Great Schools of EnglandHoward Staunton, 1865 Charterhouse Cheltenham Christ's Hospital Dulwich College Eton Harrow Merchant Taylors' Rugby Shrewsbury St Paul's Westminster Winchester Public Schools Act 1868 Charterhouse Eton Harrow Rugby Shrewsbury Westminster Winchester Public Schools Yearbook1889 (first edition) Bedford Bradfield Brighton Charterhouse Cheltenham Clifton Dover Dulwich Eton Fettes Glenalmond Haileybury Harrow Lancing Loretto Merchant Taylors' Malvern Marlborough Radley Repton Rossall Rugby St Paul's Sherborne Shrewsbury Tonbridge Uppingham Wellington Westminster Winchester Public Schools Yearbook1895 Bath College Bedford Grammar School Berkhamsted School Birmingham, King Edward's School Blackheath Proprietary School Bradfield College Brecon, Christ's College Brighton College Bromsgrove School Canterbury, King's School Charterhouse School Cheltenham College Christ's Hospital City of London School Clifton College Dover College Dulwich College Durham School Eastbourne College Eltham College Eton College Felsted School Fettes College Giggleswick School Glenalmond, Trinity College Haileybury School Harrow School Highgate School Ipswich School Isle of Man, King William's College King's College School Lancing College Leeds Grammar School Liverpool College Loretto School Merchant Taylors' Malvern College Manchester Grammar School Marlborough Merchant Taylors' Nottingham High School Oundle School Radley College Repton School Rossall School Rugby School St Paul's School Sedbergh School Sherborne School Shrewsbury School Tiverton, Blundell's School Tonbridge School University College School Uppingham School Warwick School Wellington College Westminster School Weymouth College Winchester College York, St Peter's School RMA Woolwich RMC Sandhurst RIEC Cooper's Hill HMS Britannia Great Public SchoolsEdward Arnold 1898 Charterhouse Cheltenham Clifton Eton Harrow Haileybury Marlborough Rugby Westminster Winchester 1911 postcard'..The Public Schools of England' Bedford Charterhouse Cheltenham Clifton Dulwich Eton Haileybury Harrow King Edward VI Manchester Grammar Merchant Taylors' Malvern Marlborough Radley Repton Rossall Rugby St Edwards St Paul's Shrewsbury Tonbridge Uppingham Wellington Westminster Winchester Public schools (United Kingdom) Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loretto (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretto_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh"},{"link_name":"East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Scottish independent school. For other schools and places, see Loretto (disambiguation).Loretto School, founded in 1827, is an independent boarding and day school for boys and girls aged 0 to 18. The campus occupies 85 acres (34 ha) in Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland.[2]The school has been named among others, in the Scottish enquiry on historic sexual abuse. In 2023 Loretto School was sued by a former pupil for extensive sexual, emotional and physical abuse suffered in the 1990s mostly at the hands of older pupils. Loretto offered an unreserved apology and deep regret for abuse experienced by children under its care.","title":"Loretto School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosby Ravensworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_Ravensworth"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Loreto"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watson%27s_Institution#John_Langhorne_(1897%E2%80%931925)"},{"link_name":"John Watson's Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watson%27s_Institution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hely Hutchinson Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hely_Hutchinson_Almond"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:401_LORETTO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scots baronial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_baronial"},{"link_name":"Don Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Boyd"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2001-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman-9"},{"link_name":"Lady Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Smith,_Lady_Smith"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Child_Abuse_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Scottish Charity Regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Charity_Regulator"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jason White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_White_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Outlaw King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_King"},{"link_name":"Robert the Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Wars of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Jamie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Parker"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Olivier Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The school was founded by the Reverend Thomas Langhorne in 1827. Langhorne came from Crosby Ravensworth in Westmorland. He named the school for Loretto House, his then home, which was itself named for a medieval chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto, which had formerly stood on the site of the school. The school was later taken over by his son, also named Thomas Langhorne. The last link with the Langhorne family was Thomas' son John, who was a master at Loretto from 1890 to 1897, and later headmaster at John Watson's Institution.[3][4] Loretto was later under the headmastership of Dr. Hely Hutchinson Almond from 1862 to 1903.[5]In the 1950s the school increased the accommodation in science laboratories, established arts as a part of the curriculum and introduced the chapel service as part of the daily school life.[6]The school originally accepted only boys, but in 1981 girls joined the sixth form and in 1995 the third form, so making the school fully co-educational by 1995.[7]Loretto school's Pinkie House, built in the Scots baronial styleIn 2001 the film director Don Boyd published an article in The Observer detailing his systematic sexual abuse by a teacher in the school in the 1960s.[8] The revelation led to further allegations about the teacher from other former pupils and subsequent calls for the teacher's prosecution.[9][10] The teacher, then 79 years old, was charged, but the case was dropped on the grounds of his ill health.[11][12] The teacher later died.[9] In 2017, it was announced that the school would be investigated as part of Lady Smith's inquiry into child sexual abuse.[13]In 2021, Boyd told the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry that the late Guy Ray-Hills, a French teacher at Loretto, raped him in 1958 when Boyd was 10 years old.[14] Loretto School admitted to the Inquiry that pupils had been abused by one of its teachers in the 1950s and 1960s. Angus Bell, a former pupil, gave evidence and later sued the school for £1 million for extensive sexual, emotional and physical abuse suffered in the 1990s mostly at the hands of older pupils under the \"fagging\" system.[15][16] David Stock, a teacher, also gave evidence and said he informed the Loretto school authorities of the abuse but was targeted, forced to resign and sign a non-disclosure agreement.[15] The Inquiry, which spanned a period from 1945 to 2021, published its findings in April 2023, upon which Loretto offered an unreserved apology and deep regret for abuse experienced by children under its care, at both the junior and senior schools.[17]In 2010 the school was sued by an employee for sex discrimination: the employee felt she had been treated unfavourably following the announcement of her pregnancy. Judge Stewart Watt rejected the sexual discrimination claim asserting that 'there appears to have been no ulterior motive to make [the employee] redundant during the review of the department; the only motive was to try to better organise the school', but he stated that the school had breached maternity regulations. The claimant was awarded £8,000 for loss of earnings and emotional stress.[18]In 2013, Loretto School was informed by the Scottish Charity Regulator that it did not qualify for charitable status for failing to provide sufficient public benefit.[19] Subsequently, the school modified its means-tested bursary provision and has remained a registered charity ever since.[20]Former Scotland rugby captain Jason White took his first steps into teaching with a role at the school in September 2017.[21] In the same month it was announced that Jacob Slater, 15, a pupil at the school, would appear in the American-Scottish historical action drama Outlaw King about Robert the Bruce and the Wars of Scottish Independence.[22]Jamie Parker, former Loretto School pupil and Royal Academy of Dramatic Art student, was named Best Actor at the Olivier Awards in April 2017 for his performance as Harry Potter.[23]In September 2018, the employment of a teacher at the school, who had been accused of inappropriate behaviour towards students, was terminated.[24][25]Loretto School was listed as the fourth-highest Scottish independent school in the 2018 A level league tables.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Loretto School is set in an 85-acre (34-hectare) campus and is made up of three parts: the Nursery for children aged 0–5, the Junior School (\"The Nippers\") for children aged 5–12, and the Senior School for those aged 12–18.[27] Pupils attend as boarders, flexi-boarders and day pupils and are all attached to a specific house. Houses include Schoolhouse (day pupils), Seton House (boys' boarding), Holm House (girls' boarding), Balcarres House (girls' boarding), Pinkie House (boys' boarding), Hope House (boys' boarding) and Eleanora Almond House. It was announced on 27 June 2018 that Eleanora Almond House would be temporarily closed at the end of the academic year for renovation and extension.[28]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The Loretto Golf Academy, established in 2002, offers golf to over 250 pupils using the local links courses and the School's new Indoor Golf Centre.[29]","title":"Loretto Golf Academy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hely Hutchinson Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hely_Hutchinson_Almond"},{"link_name":"Henry Barrington Tristram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tristram"},{"link_name":"James Robertson Campbell Greenlees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Greenlees"},{"link_name":"Rab Brougham Bruce Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_Bruce_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"1825–1862 Langhorne family (Thomas, Thomas II, John)\n1862–1903 Hely Hutchinson Almond\n1903–1908 Henry Barrington Tristram\n1908–1926 Allan Ramsey Smith\n1926–1945 Dr James Robertson Campbell Greenlees\n1945–1960 David Forbes Mackintosh\n1960–1976 Rab Brougham Bruce Lockhart\n1976–1984 David Bruce McMurray\n1984–1995 The Rev. Norman Walker Drummond\n1995–2000 Keith Joseph Budge\n2001–2008 Michael Barclay Mavor[30]\n2008–2013 Peter A. Hogan\n2013–2014 Elaine Logan (Acting Head)\n2014 – present Dr Graham Hawley","title":"Headmasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Loretto_School,_Musselburgh"},{"link_name":"Ralph Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Arnold_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"A. G. G. Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._G._G._Asher"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"George Bertram Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bertram_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"William Beardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beardmore_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Don Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Boyd"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2001-8"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bruce, Lord Balfour of Burleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bruce,_6th_Lord_Balfour_of_Burleigh"},{"link_name":"Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"A. B. Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Charles Walker Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Walker_Cathcart"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Iain Conn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Conn"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cary, Master of Falkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cary,_Master_of_Falkland"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Jim Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Clark"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Paul 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Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"William Laidlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laidlay"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Hector Laing, Baron Laing of Dunphail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Laing,_Baron_Laing_of_Dunphail"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Norman Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Hew Lorimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Lorimer"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Donald Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Mackenzie_(advocate)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Andrew Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Marr"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Edward Powys Mathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Powys_Mathers"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"James Broom Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Broom_Millar"},{"link_name":"Director General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_General"},{"link_name":"Ghana Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"James, Duke of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham,_8th_Duke_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Robin Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Orr"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Jamie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Parker"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Pearson"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Hugo Rifkind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Rifkind"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"M.G. (Calum) Semple OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Semple"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Rev. Henry Holmes Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stewart_(footballer_and_priest)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Rob Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Strachan"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"David Strang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strang_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Alan Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sutherland_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Further information: Category:People educated at Loretto School, MusselburghNotable Old Lorettonians include:Ralph Arnold – author and publisher[31]\nSir A. G. G. Asher – international cricketer and rugby player[32]\nGeorge Bertram Cockburn – pioneer aviator[33]\nWilliam Beardmore – cricketer[34]\nDon Boyd – film director, producer, screenwriter, novelist[8]\nAlexander Bruce, Lord Balfour of Burleigh – Unionist representative peer, Secretary for Scotland, Governor of the Bank of Scotland, Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, and leading figure in the Church of Scotland[35]\nA. B. Carmichael - international rugby player [36]\nCharles Walker Cathcart - international rugby player and surgeon[37]\nIain Conn - CEO Centrica[38]\nAlexander Cary, Master of Falkland – nobleman and screenwriter[39]\nJim Clark – Formula One Champion (twice), Grand Prix winner and world champion[40]\nPaul Clauss – international rugby player[41]\nAlistair Darling – former Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer[42]\nAir Marshal Sir Patrick Dunn – Royal Air Force officer who served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Flying Training Command[43]\nFergus Ewing – SNP politician[44]\nSir Nicholas Fairbairn – Conservative politician, former Solicitor General for Scotland[45]\nSir Denis Forman – Chair of the British Film Institute; Chairman and Managing Director of Granada Television[46]\nPeter Fraser, Baron Fraser of Carmyllie – Conservative politician, former Solicitor General for Scotland[47]\nKeith Geddes – Scottish Rugby Union player who fought in the Battle of Britain[48]\nStephen Gilbert (1912–2010) – Northern Irish novelist[49]\nMajor George Howson – Founder of the Royal British Legion Poppy Factory[50]\nAlan Johnston, Lord Johnston – Senator of the College of Justice[51]\nWilliam Alexander Kerr – Victoria Cross recipient[52]\nWilliam Laidlay – Scottish artist, barrister and cricketer[53]\nHector Laing, Baron Laing of Dunphail – businessman and peer[54]\nNorman Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick – former Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer[55]\nHew Lorimer – sculptor[56]\nDonald Mackenzie Scottish judge, styled Lord Mackenzie[57]\nAndrew Marr – journalist[58]\nEdward Powys Mathers – translator, poet, and pioneer cryptic crossword setter[59]\nJames Broom Millar – first Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (1954–1960)[60]\nJames, Duke of Montrose – nobleman[61]\nRobin Orr – composer[62]\nJamie Parker – actor and singer[63]\nSir Robert Pearson – cricketer, advocate and chairman of the London Stock Exchange[64]\nHugo Rifkind – columnist[65]\nM.G. (Calum) Semple OBE - Epidemiologist [66]\nRev. Henry Holmes Stewart (1847–1937) FA Cup winner in 1873[67]\nRob Strachan – Commander of Clan Strachan[68]\nDavid Strang – Former Chief Constable of Lothian and Borders, and Chief Inspector of Scottish Prisons[69]\nAlan Sutherland – artist[70]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Telephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephus"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Edmund Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke"},{"link_name":"Reflections on the Revolution in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-72"}],"text":"The motto of the school, Spartam nactus es, hanc exorna, means literally \"You have obtained Sparta: embellish it\". The Latin is a mistranslation by Erasmus of a line from a Greek play, Telephus by Euripides. The words have been interpreted as meaning \"You were born with talents: develop them\" or \"Develop whatever talents you have inherited\".[71]In the late 18th century, the words were quoted by Edmund Burke in his pamphlet, Reflections on the Revolution in France:[72]\"There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction, or unreformed existence. Spartam nactus es; hanc exorna. This is, in my opinion, a rule of profound sense, and ought never to depart from the mind of an honest reformer. I cannot conceive how any man can have brought himself to that pitch of presumption, to consider his country as nothing but carte blanche, upon which he may scribble whatever he pleases ... a good patriot, and a true politician, always considers how he shall make the most of the existing materials of his country. A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a statesman.[72]","title":"Motto"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Marshall, Howard; Jordon, J.P. (1951). Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match. London: Clerke & Cockeran.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkie01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loretto_Balcarres.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loretto_Sports.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkie_House02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loretto_Old_stables.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loretto_winter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loretto_Millhill.jpg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_schools_in_England"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_schools_in_England"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_schools_in_England"},{"link_name":"Public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Christ's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_and_Welsh_endowed_schools_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"Clarendon schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_schools"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Howard Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_College"},{"link_name":"Christ's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Dulwich College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_College"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Public Schools Act 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Schools_Act_1868"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_School"},{"link_name":"Bradfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradfield_College"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_College"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_College"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_College"},{"link_name":"Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_College"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Fettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettes_College"},{"link_name":"Glenalmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenalmond_College"},{"link_name":"Haileybury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Lancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancing_College"},{"link_name":"Loretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_College"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"Radley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley_College"},{"link_name":"Repton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repton_School"},{"link_name":"Rossall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossall_School"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Sherborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_School"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_School"},{"link_name":"Uppingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppingham_School"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_College,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Bath College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_College_(English_public_school)"},{"link_name":"Bedford Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_School"},{"link_name":"Berkhamsted School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkhamsted_School"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, King Edward's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Blackheath Proprietary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath_Proprietary_School"},{"link_name":"Bradfield College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradfield_College"},{"link_name":"Brecon, Christ's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_College,_Brecon"},{"link_name":"Brighton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_College"},{"link_name":"Bromsgrove School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove_School"},{"link_name":"Canterbury, King's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_College"},{"link_name":"Christ's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"City of London School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_School"},{"link_name":"Clifton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"Dover College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_College"},{"link_name":"Dulwich College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_College"},{"link_name":"Durham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_School"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne_College"},{"link_name":"Eltham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_College"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Felsted School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsted_School"},{"link_name":"Fettes College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettes_College"},{"link_name":"Giggleswick School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giggleswick_School"},{"link_name":"Glenalmond, Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenalmond_College"},{"link_name":"Haileybury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Highgate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_School"},{"link_name":"Ipswich School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_School"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man, King William's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_College"},{"link_name":"King's College School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_School"},{"link_name":"Lancing College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancing_College"},{"link_name":"Leeds Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Liverpool College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_College"},{"link_name":"Loretto School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Malvern College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_College"},{"link_name":"Manchester Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Nottingham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_High_School"},{"link_name":"Oundle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oundle_School"},{"link_name":"Radley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley_College"},{"link_name":"Repton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repton_School"},{"link_name":"Rossall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossall_School"},{"link_name":"Rugby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"St Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Sedbergh School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedbergh_School"},{"link_name":"Sherborne School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_School"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"Tiverton, Blundell's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blundell%27s_School"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_School"},{"link_name":"University College School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_School"},{"link_name":"Uppingham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppingham_School"},{"link_name":"Warwick School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_School"},{"link_name":"Wellington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_College,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Weymouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_College_(public_school)"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"York, St Peter's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York"},{"link_name":"RMA Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"RMC Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"RIEC Cooper's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Engineering_College"},{"link_name":"HMS Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College"},{"link_name":"Edward Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_College"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Haileybury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_School"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_College"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_College"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Haileybury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"King Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Manchester Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_College"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"Radley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley_College"},{"link_name":"Repton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repton_School"},{"link_name":"Rossall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossall_School"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"St Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edwards_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_School"},{"link_name":"Uppingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppingham_School"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_College,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Public schools (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_schools_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161795#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000405708841"}],"text":"Pinkie House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBalcarres House and Holm House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSports field by the Esk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPinkie Entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoretto and the Old Stables\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWinter at Loretto\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoretto at MillhillvtePublic schools in England, Scotland and WalesThe principal schools of EnglandRudolph Ackermann, 1816\nCharterhouse\nChrist's Hospital\nEton\nHarrow\nMerchant Taylors'\nRugby\nSt Paul's\nWestminster\nWinchester\nThe Endowed Grammar Schoolsin England and WalesNicholas Carlisle, 1818\nList of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century) (475 schools)\nClarendon schools 1864\nCharterhouse\nEton\nHarrow\nMerchant Taylors'\nRugby\nSt Paul's\nShrewsbury\nWestminster\nWinchester\nGreat Schools of EnglandHoward Staunton, 1865\nCharterhouse\nCheltenham\nChrist's Hospital\nDulwich College\nEton\nHarrow\nMerchant Taylors'\nRugby\nShrewsbury\nSt Paul's\nWestminster\nWinchester\nPublic Schools Act 1868\nCharterhouse\nEton\nHarrow\nRugby\nShrewsbury\nWestminster\nWinchester\nPublic Schools Yearbook1889 (first edition)\nBedford\nBradfield\nBrighton\nCharterhouse\nCheltenham\nClifton\nDover\nDulwich\nEton\nFettes\nGlenalmond\nHaileybury\nHarrow\nLancing\nLoretto\nMerchant Taylors'\nMalvern\nMarlborough\nRadley\nRepton\nRossall\nRugby\nSt Paul's\nSherborne\nShrewsbury\nTonbridge\nUppingham\nWellington\nWestminster\nWinchester\nPublic Schools Yearbook1895\nBath College\nBedford Grammar School\nBerkhamsted School\nBirmingham, King Edward's School\nBlackheath Proprietary School\nBradfield College\nBrecon, Christ's College\nBrighton College\nBromsgrove School\nCanterbury, King's School\nCharterhouse School\nCheltenham College\nChrist's Hospital\nCity of London School\nClifton College\nDover College\nDulwich College\nDurham School\nEastbourne College\nEltham College\nEton College\nFelsted School\nFettes College\nGiggleswick School\nGlenalmond, Trinity College\nHaileybury School\nHarrow School\nHighgate School\nIpswich School\nIsle of Man, King William's College\nKing's College School\nLancing College\nLeeds Grammar School\nLiverpool College\nLoretto School\nMerchant Taylors'\nMalvern College\nManchester Grammar School\nMarlborough\nMerchant Taylors'\nNottingham High School\nOundle School\nRadley College\nRepton School\nRossall School\nRugby School\nSt Paul's School\nSedbergh School\nSherborne School\nShrewsbury School\nTiverton, Blundell's School\nTonbridge School\nUniversity College School\nUppingham School\nWarwick School\nWellington College\nWestminster School\nWeymouth College\nWinchester College\nYork, St Peter's School\nRMA Woolwich\nRMC Sandhurst\nRIEC Cooper's Hill\nHMS Britannia\nGreat Public SchoolsEdward Arnold 1898\nCharterhouse\nCheltenham\nClifton\nEton\nHarrow\nHaileybury\nMarlborough\nRugby\nWestminster\nWinchester\n1911 postcard'..The Public Schools of England'\nBedford\nCharterhouse\nCheltenham\nClifton\nDulwich\nEton\nHaileybury\nHarrow\nKing Edward VI\nManchester Grammar\nMerchant Taylors'\nMalvern\nMarlborough\nRadley\nRepton\nRossall\nRugby\nSt Edwards\nSt Paul's\nShrewsbury\nTonbridge\nUppingham\nWellington\nWestminster\nWinchester\nPublic schools (United Kingdom)Authority control databases \nISNI","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Loretto school's Pinkie House, built in the Scots baronial style","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/401_LORETTO.jpg/220px-401_LORETTO.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Loretto School\". Scottish Council of Independent Schools. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scis.org.uk/find-a-school/loretto-school/","url_text":"\"Loretto School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Loretto School\". Lorettoschool.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lorettoschool.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Loretto School\""}]},{"reference":"Eunson, John (2012). Sporting Scots: How Scotland Brought Sport to the World–and the World Wouldn't Let Us Win. Black & White Publishing. ISBN 978-1845024147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VhQjAwAAQBAJ&q=Dr+Hely+Hutchinson+Almond+loretto&pg=PT107","url_text":"Sporting Scots: How Scotland Brought Sport to the World–and the World Wouldn't Let Us Win"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845024147","url_text":"978-1845024147"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Frank (1993). Loretto One-Fifty. William Blackwood. ASIN B000SIIZXI.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000SIIZXI","url_text":"B000SIIZXI"}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto School to go fully co-educational\". The Herald. 29 June 1994. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/loretto-school-to-go-fully-co-educational-1.496750","url_text":"\"Loretto School to go fully co-educational\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald"}]},{"reference":"Don Boyd (19 August 2001). \"Don Boyd: A suitable boy\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/aug/19/life1.lifemagazine","url_text":"\"Don Boyd: A suitable boy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sexually abused during his time at Loretto School, Don Boyd returns to Edinburgh and launches a book incorporating his abuse\". The Scotsman. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://living.scotsman.com/features/Sexually-abused-during-his-time.6496311.jp?articlepage=2","url_text":"\"Sexually abused during his time at Loretto School, Don Boyd returns to Edinburgh and launches a book incorporating his abuse\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK news in brief\". The Guardian. 26 August 2001. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/aug/26/theobserver.uknews1","url_text":"\"UK news in brief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Teacher Charged With Sexual Encounter With Pupil – Education News\". redOrbit. 9 March 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redorbit.com/news/education/422606/exteacher_charged_with_sexual_encounter_with_pupil/","url_text":"\"Ex-Teacher Charged With Sexual Encounter With Pupil – Education News\""}]},{"reference":"James McKillop and Graeme Smith (25 August 2001). \"'I am in total shock. It feels as if I am being hung, drawn, and quartered'. Retired teacher hit by abuse allegations shuts door to Herald inquiries\". The Herald. Glasgow. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/i-am-in-total-shock-it-feels-as-if-i-am-being-hung-drawn-and-quartered-retired-teacher-hit-by-abuse-allegations-shuts-door-to-herald-inquiries-1.175771","url_text":"\"'I am in total shock. It feels as if I am being hung, drawn, and quartered'. Retired teacher hit by abuse allegations shuts door to Herald inquiries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Famous Scottish boarding schools named in child abuse inquiry\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/31/famous-scottish-boarding-schools-named-child-abuse-inquiry/","url_text":"\"Famous Scottish boarding schools named in child abuse inquiry\""}]},{"reference":"Cowan, David (4 May 2021). \"Film director compares school abuser to Harvey Weinstein\". BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-56987683","url_text":"\"Film director compares school abuser to Harvey Weinstein\""}]},{"reference":"Neil, Mackay (19 November 2023). \"'I was a child in a madhouse of sexual abuse': Ex-Loretto pupil sues for £1 million\". The Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23932998.i-child-madhouse-sex-abuse-ex-loretto-man-sues-school/","url_text":"\"'I was a child in a madhouse of sexual abuse': Ex-Loretto pupil sues for £1 million\""}]},{"reference":"Leask, David (22 November 2023). \"Scottish boarding school was 'madhouse of violence', says ex-pupil\". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scottish-boarding-school-was-madhouse-of-violence-says-ex-pupil-227hql7w3","url_text":"\"Scottish boarding school was 'madhouse of violence', says ex-pupil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto pupils suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse\". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.childabuseinquiry.scot/news/loretto-pupils-suffered-sexual-physical-and-emotional-abuse","url_text":"\"Loretto pupils suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto staff member wins £8,000 for sex discrimination\". The Scotsman. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/loretto-staff-member-wins-ps8000-for-sex-discrimination-1713049","url_text":"\"Loretto staff member wins £8,000 for sex discrimination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto School fail charity status test\". BBC News. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-24382232","url_text":"\"Loretto School fail charity status test\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto School Ltd, SC013978, Charity Details from The Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR)\". Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscr.org.uk/about-charities/search-the-register/charity-details?number=SC013978","url_text":"\"Loretto School Ltd, SC013978, Charity Details from The Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR)\""}]},{"reference":"Heatly, Gary (27 September 2017). \"Ex-Scotland captain Jason White joins Loretto School\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/scotland/ex-scotland-captain-jason-white-joins-loretto-school-1-4570824","url_text":"\"Ex-Scotland captain Jason White joins Loretto School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"\"Musselburgh's Loretto School pupil Jacob Slater to star in major new Netflix drama Outlaw King about Robert the Bruce\". East Lothian Courier. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastlothiancourier.com/news/15524336.county-schoolboy-to-star-in-major-new-netflix-drama-about-robert-the-bruce/","url_text":"\"Musselburgh's Loretto School pupil Jacob Slater to star in major new Netflix drama Outlaw King about Robert the Bruce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Musselburgh pupil Jamie Parker's portrayal of Harry Potter wins him Best Actor at Olivier Awards\". East Lothian Courier. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastlothiancourier.com/news/15215241.former-musselburgh-pupils-portrayal-of-harry-potter-wins-him-best-actor-at-olivier-awards/","url_text":"\"Former Musselburgh pupil Jamie Parker's portrayal of Harry Potter wins him Best Actor at Olivier Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto School teacher suspended over 'inappropriate behaviour\". Edinburgh Evening News. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/our-region/loretto-school-teacher-suspended-over-inappropriate-behaviour-1-4799045","url_text":"\"Loretto School teacher suspended over 'inappropriate behaviour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News","url_text":"Edinburgh Evening News"}]},{"reference":"\"School's head of drama sacked following 'disturbing' allegations\". East Lothian Courier. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastlothiancourier.com/news/16963708.schools-head-of-drama-sacked-following-disturbing-allegations/","url_text":"\"School's head of drama sacked following 'disturbing' allegations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best independent schools in 2018: Full league table for A-Level results\". The Telegraph. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/0/best-independent-schools-2018-full-league-table-a-level-results/","url_text":"\"Best independent schools in 2018: Full league table for A-Level results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto School Campus Map\". 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loretto.com/campus-map/52652.html","url_text":"\"Loretto School Campus Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inspection Report\". 1 February 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scswis.com/berengCareservices/html/reports/getPdfBlob.php?id=81156","url_text":"\"Inspection Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"current capacity of 50 young golfers, places in Loretto's Golf Academy are keenly prized\". Lothian News. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153717/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-287993844.html","url_text":"\"current capacity of 50 young golfers, places in Loretto's Golf Academy are keenly prized\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-287993844.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Mavor\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/6990095/Michael-Mavor.html","url_text":"\"Michael Mavor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituaries from The Times\". Newspaper Archive Developments. 1975. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Obituaries_from_the_Times/8iUOAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Ralph+Crispian+Marshall+Arnold%22+%22Loretto%22&dq=%22Ralph+Crispian+Marshall+Arnold%22+%22Loretto%22&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"\"Obituaries from The Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Bertram Cockburn\". Early Aviators. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://britishaviation-ptp.com/early_aviators_1_50.html","url_text":"\"George Bertram Cockburn\""}]},{"reference":"The Loretto Register, 1825 to 1948. T. and A. Constable. 1949. p. 143.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xSzOAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Loretto Register, 1825 to 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Constable_(printer_and_publisher)","url_text":"T. and A. Constable"}]},{"reference":"Eccleshall, Robert (1990). English Conservatism Since the Restoration: An Introduction and Anthology. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 978-1134997756.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=caKKAgAAQBAJ&q=Alexander+Bruce%2C+6th+Lord+Balfour+of+Burleigh+loretto&pg=PA166","url_text":"English Conservatism Since the Restoration: An Introduction and Anthology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134997756","url_text":"978-1134997756"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandy Carmichael: Still in love with rugby at 71\". The Scotsman. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/sandy-carmichael-still-love-rugby-71-1511473","url_text":"\"Sandy Carmichael: Still in love with rugby at 71\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Walker Cathcart\". Edinburgh Medical Journal. 39 (4): 273–275. 1932. ISSN 0367-1038. PMC 5318766.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318766","url_text":"\"Charles Walker Cathcart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0367-1038","url_text":"0367-1038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318766","url_text":"5318766"}]},{"reference":"\"Trust me, your gas bill's not a rip-off\". The Times. 23 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trust-me-your-gas-bills-not-a-rip-off-d7jggjcss","url_text":"\"Trust me, your gas bill's not a rip-off\""}]},{"reference":"\"You can all relax, Brody is back and taking centre stage in Homeland\". London Evening Standard. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/you-can-all-relax-brody-is-back-and-taking-centre-stage-in-homeland-8972044.html","url_text":"\"You can all relax, Brody is back and taking centre stage in Homeland\""}]},{"reference":"\"When Ayrton Senna visted [sic] Musselburgh to pay tribute to Jim Clark\". The Scotsman. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/motorsport/when-ayrton-senna-visted-musselburgh-to-pay-tribute-to-jim-clark-1-4719571","url_text":"\"When Ayrton Senna visted [sic] Musselburgh to pay tribute to Jim Clark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some former pupils show the way\". The Herald. Glasgow. 6 October 1998. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/some-former-pupils-show-the-way-1.324733","url_text":"\"Some former pupils show the way\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Marshal Sir Patrick Dunn\". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Dunn_PH.htm","url_text":"\"Air Marshal Sir Patrick Dunn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fergus Ewing profile: 'Forthright' SNP veteran was fixture in Scottish Government\". Press and Journal. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/politics/scottish-politics/3156046/fergus-ewing-profile-forthright-snp-veteran-was-fixture-in-scottish-government//","url_text":"\"Fergus Ewing profile: 'Forthright' SNP veteran was fixture in Scottish Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"OBITUARIES : Sir Nicholas Fairbairn\". The Independent. London. 20 February 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries--sir-nicholas-fairbairn-1573984.html","url_text":"\"OBITUARIES : Sir Nicholas Fairbairn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Denis Forman obituary\". The Guardian. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/feb/25/denis-forman","url_text":"\"Sir Denis Forman obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-lord advocate Fraser of Carmyllie in alleged flight row\". The Scotsman. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/ex-lord-advocate-fraser-of-carmyllie-in-alleged-flight-row-1-735192","url_text":"\"Ex-lord advocate Fraser of Carmyllie in alleged flight row\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"\"F/O K I Geddes\". Battle of Britain London Monument. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbm.org.uk/airmen/Geddes.htm","url_text":"\"F/O K I Geddes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Gilbert: Writer who was lauded by Forster but is best known for a lurid novel about rats\". The Independent. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/stephen-gilbert-writer-who-was-lauded-by-forster-but-is-best-known-for-a-lurid-novel-about-rats-2016352.html","url_text":"\"Stephen Gilbert: Writer who was lauded by Forster but is best known for a lurid novel about rats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howson, George\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37577. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37577","url_text":"\"Howson, George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37577","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/37577"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Johnston\". The Scotsman. 19 June 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/lord-johnston-1-1173530","url_text":"\"Lord Johnston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto School\". Victoria Cross.org. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/cclorett.htm","url_text":"\"Loretto School\""}]},{"reference":"Venn, John (2011). Alumni Cantabrigienses. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1108036153.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/p2alumnicantabri04univuoft","url_text":"Alumni Cantabrigienses"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/p2alumnicantabri04univuoft/page/76","url_text":"76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108036153","url_text":"978-1108036153"}]},{"reference":"Brewerton, David (12 July 2010). \"Lord Laing of Dunphail obituary\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jul/12/lord-laing-of-dunphail-obituary","url_text":"\"Lord Laing of Dunphail obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Castle, Stephen (3 October 1992). \"The Crisis: Would the real Norman Lamont please stand up?\". The Independent. Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-crisis-would-the-real-norman-lamont-please-stand-up-stephen-castle-attempts-to-pin-down-the-1555484.html","url_text":"\"The Crisis: Would the real Norman Lamont please stand up?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hew Lorimer\". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1010.html","url_text":"\"Hew Lorimer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Mackenzie\". Loretto Register. Retrieved 10 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wauchopecottage.co.uk/susan/Interesting%20Information/Loretto_register.html?LMCL=vVl8DN","url_text":"\"Donald Mackenzie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marr, Andrew William Stevenson, (born 31 July 1959), Presenter: Start The Week, Radio 4, since 2002; The Andrew Marr Show (formerly Sunday AM), BBC TV, since 2005\". Who's Who. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.26659.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.26659","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.26659"}]},{"reference":"\"Loretto School, Musselburgh\". Library Thing. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.librarything.com/commonknowledge/search.php?q=Loretto+School%2C+Musselburgh%2C+East+Lothian%2C+Scotland%2C+UK&f=9&exact=1&type=2","url_text":"\"Loretto School, Musselburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: James Broom Millar\". The Times. 1986. 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ISBN 1-899468-78-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899468-78-1","url_text":"1-899468-78-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Rob Strachan, Mill of Strachan, Aberdeenshire - Commander of the Honourable Clan Strachan\". Clan Strachan. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clanstrachan.org/history/chief.html","url_text":"\"Rob Strachan, Mill of Strachan, Aberdeenshire - Commander of the Honourable Clan Strachan\""}]},{"reference":"\"HM Chief Inspector of Prisons – David Strang QPM BSc MSc\". HM Inspector of Prisons. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.scot/about/public-bodies/hmip/role/staff","url_text":"\"HM Chief Inspector of Prisons – David Strang QPM BSc MSc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Class Art\". The Glasgow Herald. 13 June 1983. Retrieved 6 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fcJAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5675,2649819&dq=alan-sutherland+artist&hl=en","url_text":"\"Top Class Art\""}]},{"reference":"Hawley, Graham. \"School Motto\". Loretto.com. Retrieved 19 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loretto.com/school-motto/33875.html","url_text":"\"School Motto\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Howard; Jordon, J.P. (1951). Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match. London: Clerke & Cockeran.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lorettoschool.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.lorettoschool.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.scis.org.uk/find-a-school/loretto-school/","external_links_name":"\"Loretto School\""},{"Link":"http://www.lorettoschool.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Loretto School\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VhQjAwAAQBAJ&q=Dr+Hely+Hutchinson+Almond+loretto&pg=PT107","external_links_name":"Sporting Scots: How Scotland Brought Sport to the World–and the World Wouldn't Let Us Win"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000SIIZXI","external_links_name":"B000SIIZXI"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/loretto-school-to-go-fully-co-educational-1.496750","external_links_name":"\"Loretto School to go fully co-educational\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/aug/19/life1.lifemagazine","external_links_name":"\"Don Boyd: A suitable boy\""},{"Link":"http://living.scotsman.com/features/Sexually-abused-during-his-time.6496311.jp?articlepage=2","external_links_name":"\"Sexually abused during his time at Loretto School, Don Boyd returns to Edinburgh and launches a book incorporating his abuse\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/aug/26/theobserver.uknews1","external_links_name":"\"UK news in brief\""},{"Link":"http://www.redorbit.com/news/education/422606/exteacher_charged_with_sexual_encounter_with_pupil/","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Teacher Charged With Sexual Encounter With Pupil – Education News\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/i-am-in-total-shock-it-feels-as-if-i-am-being-hung-drawn-and-quartered-retired-teacher-hit-by-abuse-allegations-shuts-door-to-herald-inquiries-1.175771","external_links_name":"\"'I am in total shock. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Chandra	Space Odyssey	["1 Literature","2 Films","2.1 Future","3 Development","4 Characters","5 References"]	Science fiction media franchise This article is about the science fiction franchise. For other uses, see Space Odyssey (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Space Odyssey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Space OdysseyAuthorArthur C. ClarkeCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenrescience fictionPublished1968 (1968)–1997 (1997)No. of books4 The Space Odyssey series is a series of science fiction novels by the writer Arthur C. Clarke. The first novel was developed concurrently with Stanley Kubrick's film version and published after the release of the film. The second was made into a feature film, released in 1984, respectively. Two of Clarke's early short stories have ties to the series. Literature Short stories: "The Sentinel" – short story written in 1948 and first published in 1951 as "Sentinel of Eternity" "Encounter in the Dawn" – short story first published in 1953 (re-titled "Encounter at Dawn" or "Expedition to Earth" in some later collections) Novels: 2001: A Space Odyssey – produced concurrently with the film and released in 1968 2010: Odyssey Two – 1982 novel, adapted as the 1984 film 2010: The Year We Make Contact with screenplay by Peter Hyams 2061: Odyssey Three – 1987 novel 3001: The Final Odyssey – 1997 novel Comic books: 2001: A Space Odyssey – 1976 oversized Marvel single-issue comic book adaptation based upon the 1968 film of the same name 2001: A Space Odyssey – ten-issue Marvel comic book series based upon the 1968 film of the same name that ran from 1976 to 1977 2010 – based on the 1984 film of the same name, originally published in Marvel Super Special #37, then again as a two-issue miniseries; both versions published by Marvel Comics in 1984 Films 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984) Future It was reported on Yahoo! in 2000 that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Tom Hanks were in discussions regarding turning both 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey into movies (Hanks would reportedly play Frank Poole in the 3001 film). An update in 2001 stated that there was no further development on the project. In November of 2014, it was reported that the U.S. cable channel Syfy had ordered a miniseries adaptation of 3001: The Final Odyssey into production, planned for broadcast in 2015. The miniseries would be executive-produced by Ridley Scott, David W. Zucker and Stuart Beattie; the latter would also be the primary script-writer. The estates of both Clarke and 2001: A Space Odyssey director Stanley Kubrick were reported as having "offered their full support", but the extent of their involvement was not known at the time. In February 2016, the series was mentioned as one of Syfy's "in development pipeline" projects during their press release for Prototype, though no further announcements have been made since that time. Development The 2001 screenplay was written by Clarke and Stanley Kubrick jointly, based on the seed idea in "The Sentinel" that an alien civilization left an object on the Moon to alert them to humankind's attainment of space travel. In addition, the 1953 short story "Encounter in the Dawn" contains elements of the first section of the film, in which the ancestors of humans are apparently given an evolutionary nudge by extraterrestrials. The opening part of another Clarke story, "Transience", has plot elements set in about the same time in human history, but is otherwise unrelated. The 1972 book The Lost Worlds of 2001 contains material that did not make it into the book or film. Clarke's first attempt to write the sequel to 2001 was a film screenplay, though he ultimately wrote a novel instead that was published in 1982. Clarke was not directly involved in the production of the second film, although he did communicate with writer/director Peter Hyams a great deal during the production via the then-pioneering medium of e-mail (as published in the book The Odyssey File) and also made a non-speaking cameo appearance in the film. Kubrick had no involvement in the 2010 novel or film, or any of the later projects. The Space Odyssey series combines several science-fiction narrative conventions with a metaphysical tone. Since the stories and settings in the books and films all diverge, Clarke suggested that the continuity of the series represents happenings in a set of parallel universes. One notable example is that in the 2001 novel, the voyage was to the planet Saturn. During production of the film, it was decided that the special effects for Saturn's rings would be too expensive, so the voyage in the film is to Jupiter instead. The second book, 2010, retcons the storyline of the first book to make the destination Jupiter as seen in the film. Clarke stated that the Time Odyssey novels are an "orthoquel" (a neologism coined by Clarke for this purpose, combining the word sequel with ortho-, the Greek prefix meaning "straight" or "perpendicular", and alluding to the fact that time is orthogonal to space in relativity theory) to the Space Odyssey series. Characters HAL 9000 is a sentient computer (or artificial intelligence) that becomes the primary antagonist of 2001: A Space Odyssey. HAL is also in the sequel novels and the film sequel 2010. In both films he is voiced by actor Douglas Rain. Dr. David "Dave" Bowman serves as the protagonist of 2001: A Space Odyssey. The character later appears in the sequel story released first as a book, 2010: Odyssey Two, and then as a movie, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, albeit as a non-corporeal entity, and also returns in two more books by Arthur C. Clarke, 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey. In the forewords to both 2010 and 2061, Clarke makes it clear that the plots of the movies and books do not necessarily follow a linear arc, and should be seen as taking place in parallel universes, or as being variations of a main theme; consequently there are apparent inconsistencies in the character of David Bowman throughout the series. In the two movies, Bowman is played by Keir Dullea. Dr. Heywood R. Floyd first appears in 2001: A Space Odyssey as being in charge of the mission to investigate the alien Monolith found on the Moon. After the events that took place in 2001: A Space Odyssey, he is the protagonist of 2010: Odyssey Two and 2061: Odyssey Three. Floyd was born in 1958 in America, and by 1999 is chairman of the National Council of Astronautics, overseeing all American spaceflight operations. He has two daughters (only one in the movies, born 1994) and was widowed when his wife Marion died in a plane crash. In 2010: The Year We Make Contact, Floyd has a new wife and a five-year-old son named Christopher. Floyd was played by William Sylvester in the film version of 2001: A Space Odyssey and by Roy Scheider in 2010: The Year We Make Contact. Dr. Frank Poole is an astronaut aboard Discovery One on the first crewed mission to Jupiter in 2001: A Space Odyssey (Saturn in the novel). He and Dave Bowman are the only crew members who were not put on board in suspended animation (hibernation). His boyhood hometown was Flagstaff, Arizona, where he visited the Lowell Observatory at its museums on many occasions. These visits sparked his interest in astronomy and astronautics, and hence he went to college to study these subjects. He is the main character of 3001: The Final Odyssey. In Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, Poole was portrayed by Gary Lockwood. Tom Hanks once expressed interest in directing a film version of 3001, in which he would have played Poole, but this never came to fruition. Walter Curnow appears in the book and movie versions of 2010: Odyssey Two as the American engineer who designs Discovery and helps to build Discovery II to go back to Jupiter. When the joint Soviet-American mission on the Leonov is planned instead, Curnow is one of the three American experts to go on the trip, along with Heywood Floyd and Dr. Chandra. Curnow is one of the first people to set foot on Discovery again, along with Maxim Brailovsky. Due to his engineering expertise, Discovery becomes operational again. In the 1984 film adaptation, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, Curnow is played by John Lithgow. Dr. Sivasubramanian Chandrasegaram Pillai (often abbreviated to Dr. Chandra) is mentioned in the novel of 2001: A Space Odyssey as a scientist who instructed the computer HAL 9000 in its basic functions (in the movie, it was a "Mr. Langley"). He is a main character in 2010: Odyssey Two where it was established that he was in fact the creator of HAL, and he is a member of the joint Russian-American expedition to Jupiter on board the Soviet spacecraft Alexei Leonov. Although the character does not make any further appearances in the Space Odyssey novels, he is briefly mentioned by an elderly Heywood Floyd in the novel 2061: Odyssey Three. In the movie version of 2010, Chandra was played by Bob Balaban and is referred to as Dr. R. Chandra. References ^ "3001: The Final Odyssey - Greg's Preview - Yahoo! Movies". 12 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Ausiello, Michael (2014-11-03). "'2001: A Space Odyssey' Sequel Ordered at Syfy — '3001: The Final Odyssey'". TVLine. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2017-07-09. ^ "Prototype: Syfy Orders New Thriller Series Pilot - canceled TV shows". TV Series Finale. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-09. ^ Review of “Firstborn” on www.scifidimensions.com ^ Obituary: William Sylvester, By Richard Chatten, 14 March 1995, The Independent ^ 3001:The Final Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke vteArthur C. Clarke's Space Odyssey seriesShort stories "The Sentinel" "Encounter in the Dawn" Films 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984) Novels 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) 2010: Odyssey Two (1982) 2061: Odyssey Three (1987) 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997) Non-fiction The Lost Worlds of 2001 Comics 2001: A Space Odyssey Elements Monoliths Discovery One HAL 9000 Related Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey 2001: A Space Odyssey in popular culture 2001: A Space Odyssey soundtrack Alex North's 2001: A Space Odyssey score Poole versus HAL 9000 (chess game) Machine Man A Time Odyssey 9000 Hal vteArthur C. Clarke Bibliography Novels Prelude to Space The Sands of Mars Islands in the Sky Against the Fall of Night Childhood's End Earthlight The City and the Stars The Deep Range A Fall of Moondust Dolphin Island Glide Path Imperial Earth The Fountains of Paradise The Songs of Distant Earth Cradle (with Gentry Lee) The Ghost from the Grand Banks The Hammer of God Richter 10 (with Mike McQuay) The Trigger (with Michael Kube-McDowell) The Light of Other Days (with Stephen Baxter) The Last Theorem (with Frederik Pohl) Novel seriesSpace Odyssey 2001: A Space Odyssey 2010: Odyssey Two 2061: Odyssey Three 3001: The Final Odyssey Rama series Rendezvous with Rama Rama II (with Gentry Lee) The Garden of Rama (with Gentry Lee) Rama Revealed (with Gentry Lee) A Time Odyssey Time's Eye (with Stephen Baxter) Sunstorm (with Stephen Baxter) Firstborn (with Stephen Baxter) Short story collections Expedition to Earth Reach for Tomorrow Tales from the White Hart The Other Side of the Sky Tales of Ten Worlds The Nine Billion Names of God Of Time and Stars The Wind from the Sun The Best of Arthur C. Clarke The Sentinel Tales from Planet Earth More Than One Universe The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke Non-fiction Interplanetary Flight: An Introduction to Astronautics The Lost Worlds of 2001 The View from Serendip The Odyssey File: The Making of 2010 How the World Was One: Beyond the Global Village An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural Adaptations 2001: A Space Odyssey (film) 2001: A Space Odyssey (comics) 2010: The Year We Make Contact (film) The Nine Billion Names of God (short film) Rendezvous with Rama (video game) "The Star" (TV episode) The Songs of Distant Earth (album) Rama (video game) Childhood's End (TV miniseries) Related Arthur C. Clarke in media Sir Arthur Clarke Award Arthur C. Clarke Award Geostationary orbit Clarke's three laws Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious Universe Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies God, the Universe and Everything Else Great Basses wreck 4923 Clarke Serendipaceratops GRB 080319B	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Odyssey (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Odyssey_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"}],"text":"This article is about the science fiction franchise. For other uses, see Space Odyssey (disambiguation).The Space Odyssey series is a series of science fiction novels by the writer Arthur C. Clarke. The first novel was developed concurrently with Stanley Kubrick's film version and published after the release of the film. The second was made into a feature film, released in 1984, respectively. Two of Clarke's early short stories have ties to the series.","title":"Space Odyssey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"Encounter in the Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter_in_the_Dawn"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"2010: Odyssey Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two"},{"link_name":"2010: The Year We Make Contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact"},{"link_name":"Peter Hyams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hyams"},{"link_name":"2061: Odyssey Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2061:_Odyssey_Three"},{"link_name":"3001: The Final Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3001:_The_Final_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(comics)#Treasury_edition"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(comics)#Monthly_series"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact#Comic_book"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact"},{"link_name":"Marvel Super Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Super_Special"}],"text":"Short stories:\"The Sentinel\" – short story written in 1948 and first published in 1951 as \"Sentinel of Eternity\"\n\"Encounter in the Dawn\" – short story first published in 1953 (re-titled \"Encounter at Dawn\" or \"Expedition to Earth\" in some later collections)Novels:2001: A Space Odyssey – produced concurrently with the film and released in 1968\n2010: Odyssey Two – 1982 novel, adapted as the 1984 film 2010: The Year We Make Contact with screenplay by Peter Hyams\n2061: Odyssey Three – 1987 novel\n3001: The Final Odyssey – 1997 novelComic books:2001: A Space Odyssey – 1976 oversized Marvel single-issue comic book adaptation based upon the 1968 film of the same name\n2001: A Space Odyssey – ten-issue Marvel comic book series based upon the 1968 film of the same name that ran from 1976 to 1977\n2010 – based on the 1984 film of the same name, originally published in Marvel Super Special #37, then again as a two-issue miniseries; both versions published by Marvel Comics in 1984","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"2010: The Year We Make Contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact"}],"text":"2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)\n2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984)","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"David W. Zucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Zucker"},{"link_name":"Stuart Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Beattie"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Future","text":"It was reported on Yahoo! in 2000 that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Tom Hanks were in discussions regarding turning both 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey into movies (Hanks would reportedly play Frank Poole in the 3001 film). An update in 2001 stated that there was no further development on the project.[1]In November of 2014, it was reported that the U.S. cable channel Syfy had ordered a miniseries adaptation of 3001: The Final Odyssey into production, planned for broadcast in 2015. The miniseries would be executive-produced by Ridley Scott, David W. Zucker and Stuart Beattie; the latter would also be the primary script-writer. The estates of both Clarke and 2001: A Space Odyssey director Stanley Kubrick were reported as having \"offered their full support\", but the extent of their involvement was not known at the time.[2] In February 2016, the series was mentioned as one of Syfy's \"in development pipeline\" projects during their press release for Prototype,[3] though no further announcements have been made since that time.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"Transience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transience_(short_story_by_Arthur_Clarke)"},{"link_name":"The Lost Worlds of 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Worlds_of_2001"},{"link_name":"e-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail"},{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"parallel universes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"retcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcons"},{"link_name":"Time Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Time_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"neologism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal"},{"link_name":"relativity theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 2001 screenplay was written by Clarke and Stanley Kubrick jointly, based on the seed idea in \"The Sentinel\" that an alien civilization left an object on the Moon to alert them to humankind's attainment of space travel. In addition, the 1953 short story \"Encounter in the Dawn\" contains elements of the first section of the film, in which the ancestors of humans are apparently given an evolutionary nudge by extraterrestrials. The opening part of another Clarke story, \"Transience\", has plot elements set in about the same time in human history, but is otherwise unrelated.The 1972 book The Lost Worlds of 2001 contains material that did not make it into the book or film.Clarke's first attempt to write the sequel to 2001 was a film screenplay, though he ultimately wrote a novel instead that was published in 1982. Clarke was not directly involved in the production of the second film, although he did communicate with writer/director Peter Hyams a great deal during the production via the then-pioneering medium of e-mail (as published in the book The Odyssey File) and also made a non-speaking cameo appearance in the film. Kubrick had no involvement in the 2010 novel or film, or any of the later projects.The Space Odyssey series combines several science-fiction narrative conventions with a metaphysical tone. Since the stories and settings in the books and films all diverge, Clarke suggested that the continuity of the series represents happenings in a set of parallel universes. One notable example is that in the 2001 novel, the voyage was to the planet Saturn. During production of the film, it was decided that the special effects for Saturn's rings would be too expensive, so the voyage in the film is to Jupiter instead. The second book, 2010, retcons the storyline of the first book to make the destination Jupiter as seen in the film.Clarke stated that the Time Odyssey novels are an \"orthoquel\" (a neologism coined by Clarke for this purpose, combining the word sequel with ortho-, the Greek prefix meaning \"straight\" or \"perpendicular\", and alluding to the fact that time is orthogonal to space in relativity theory) to the Space Odyssey series.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HAL 9000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Douglas Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Rain"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"2010: Odyssey Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two"},{"link_name":"2010: The Year We Make Contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_(film)"},{"link_name":"2061: Odyssey Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2061:_Odyssey_Three"},{"link_name":"3001: The Final Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3001:_The_Final_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"parallel universes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Keir Dullea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Dullea"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"2010: Odyssey Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two"},{"link_name":"2061: Odyssey Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2061:_Odyssey_Three"},{"link_name":"2010: The Year We Make Contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact"},{"link_name":"William Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"Roy Scheider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Scheider"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Discovery One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_One"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"the novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Dave Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowman_(Space_Odyssey)"},{"link_name":"suspended animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_animation"},{"link_name":"hibernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"astronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"3001: The Final Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3001:_The_Final_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gary Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"2010: Odyssey Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Heywood Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywood_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Dr. Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Chandra"},{"link_name":"2010: The Year We Make Contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)"},{"link_name":"HAL 9000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000"},{"link_name":"2010: Odyssey Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Heywood Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywood_Floyd"},{"link_name":"2061: Odyssey Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2061:_Odyssey_Three"},{"link_name":"movie version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bob Balaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Balaban"}],"text":"HAL 9000 is a sentient computer (or artificial intelligence) that becomes the primary antagonist of 2001: A Space Odyssey. HAL is also in the sequel novels and the film sequel 2010. In both films he is voiced by actor Douglas Rain.\nDr. David \"Dave\" Bowman serves as the protagonist of 2001: A Space Odyssey. The character later appears in the sequel story released first as a book, 2010: Odyssey Two, and then as a movie, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, albeit as a non-corporeal entity, and also returns in two more books by Arthur C. Clarke, 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey. In the forewords to both 2010 and 2061, Clarke makes it clear that the plots of the movies and books do not necessarily follow a linear arc, and should be seen as taking place in parallel universes, or as being variations of a main theme; consequently there are apparent inconsistencies in the character of David Bowman throughout the series. In the two movies, Bowman is played by Keir Dullea.\nDr. Heywood R. Floyd first appears in 2001: A Space Odyssey as being in charge of the mission to investigate the alien Monolith found on the Moon. After the events that took place in 2001: A Space Odyssey, he is the protagonist of 2010: Odyssey Two and 2061: Odyssey Three. Floyd was born in 1958 in America, and by 1999 is chairman of the National Council of Astronautics, overseeing all American spaceflight operations. He has two daughters (only one in the movies, born 1994) and was widowed when his wife Marion died in a plane crash. In 2010: The Year We Make Contact, Floyd has a new wife and a five-year-old son named Christopher. Floyd was played by William Sylvester in the film version of 2001: A Space Odyssey and by Roy Scheider in 2010: The Year We Make Contact.[5]\nDr. Frank Poole is an astronaut aboard Discovery One on the first crewed mission to Jupiter in 2001: A Space Odyssey (Saturn in the novel). He and Dave Bowman are the only crew members who were not put on board in suspended animation (hibernation). His boyhood hometown was Flagstaff, Arizona, where he visited the Lowell Observatory at its museums on many occasions. These visits sparked his interest in astronomy and astronautics, and hence he went to college to study these subjects.[6] He is the main character of 3001: The Final Odyssey. In Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, Poole was portrayed by Gary Lockwood. Tom Hanks once expressed interest in directing a film version of 3001, in which he would have played Poole, but this never came to fruition.\nWalter Curnow appears in the book and movie versions of 2010: Odyssey Two as the American engineer who designs Discovery and helps to build Discovery II to go back to Jupiter. When the joint Soviet-American mission on the Leonov is planned instead, Curnow is one of the three American experts to go on the trip, along with Heywood Floyd and Dr. Chandra. Curnow is one of the first people to set foot on Discovery again, along with Maxim Brailovsky. Due to his engineering expertise, Discovery becomes operational again. In the 1984 film adaptation, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, Curnow is played by John Lithgow.\nDr. Sivasubramanian Chandrasegaram Pillai (often abbreviated to Dr. Chandra) is mentioned in the novel of 2001: A Space Odyssey as a scientist who instructed the computer HAL 9000 in its basic functions (in the movie, it was a \"Mr. Langley\"). He is a main character in 2010: Odyssey Two where it was established that he was in fact the creator of HAL, and he is a member of the joint Russian-American expedition to Jupiter on board the Soviet spacecraft Alexei Leonov. Although the character does not make any further appearances in the Space Odyssey novels, he is briefly mentioned by an elderly Heywood Floyd in the novel 2061: Odyssey Three. In the movie version of 2010, Chandra was played by Bob Balaban and is referred to as Dr. R. Chandra.","title":"Characters"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"3001: The Final Odyssey - Greg's Preview - Yahoo! Movies\". 12 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070627014222/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/preview/1808402810","url_text":"\"3001: The Final Odyssey - Greg's Preview - Yahoo! Movies\""}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (2014-11-03). \"'2001: A Space Odyssey' Sequel Ordered at Syfy — '3001: The Final Odyssey'\". TVLine. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2017-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216182431/http://tvline.com/2014/11/03/2001-a-space-odyssey-sequel-tv-series-syfy-3001/","url_text":"\"'2001: A Space Odyssey' Sequel Ordered at Syfy — '3001: The Final Odyssey'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine","url_text":"TVLine"},{"url":"http://tvline.com/2014/11/03/2001-a-space-odyssey-sequel-tv-series-syfy-3001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prototype: Syfy Orders New Thriller Series Pilot - canceled TV shows\". TV Series Finale. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/prototype-syfy-orders-new-thriller-series-pilot/","url_text":"\"Prototype: Syfy Orders New Thriller Series Pilot - canceled TV shows\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Space+Odyssey%22","external_links_name":"\"Space Odyssey\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Space+Odyssey%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Space+Odyssey%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Space+Odyssey%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Space+Odyssey%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Space+Odyssey%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070627014222/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/preview/1808402810","external_links_name":"\"3001: The Final Odyssey - Greg's Preview - Yahoo! Movies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216182431/http://tvline.com/2014/11/03/2001-a-space-odyssey-sequel-tv-series-syfy-3001/","external_links_name":"\"'2001: A Space Odyssey' Sequel Ordered at Syfy — '3001: The Final Odyssey'\""},{"Link":"http://tvline.com/2014/11/03/2001-a-space-odyssey-sequel-tv-series-syfy-3001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/prototype-syfy-orders-new-thriller-series-pilot/","external_links_name":"\"Prototype: Syfy Orders New Thriller Series Pilot - canceled TV shows\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305165450/http://www.scifidimensions.com/Mar08/firstborn.htm","external_links_name":"Review of “Firstborn” on www.scifidimensions.com"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-william-sylvester-1611159.html","external_links_name":"Obituary: William Sylvester"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Kn	Advanced Format	["1 History","2 Overview","3 Categories","3.1 512 emulation (512e)","3.2 4K native (4Kn)","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Disk format and access using sector sizes larger than 512 bytes Advanced Format (AF)Advanced Format 512e logoGeneration-one standard4096 (4 KiB) bytes per sectorGeneration-one categories512 emulation (512e)4K physical sectors on the drive media with 512 byte logical configuration4K native (4Kn)4K physical sectors on the drive media and 4K configuration reported to the host4K-ready hostA host system which works equally well with legacy 512 as well as 512e hard disk drivesYear standard completedMarch 2010Created byIDEMA Long Data Sector Committee, composed of Dell, Fujitsu (now Toshiba Storage Device Corporation), Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, IDEMA, LSI Corporation, Maxtor (now Seagate), Microsoft, Phoenix Technologies, Samsung, Seagate Technology, Western Digital Advanced Format (AF) is any disk sector format used to store data on magnetic disks in hard disk drives (HDDs) that exceeds 528 bytes per sector, frequently 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte (4 KB) sectors. Larger sectors of an Advanced Format Drive (AFD) enable the integration of stronger error correction algorithms to maintain data integrity at higher storage densities. History The use of long data sectors was suggested in 1998 in a technical paper issued by the National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) calling attention to the conflict between continuing increases in areal density and the traditional 512-byte-per-sector format used in hard disk drives. Without revolutionary breakthroughs in magnetic recording system technologies, areal densities, and with them the storage capacities, hard disk drives were projected to stagnate. The storage industry trade organization, International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association (IDEMA), responded by organizing the IDEMA Long Data Sector Committee in 2000, where IDEMA and leading hardware and software suppliers collaborated on the definition and development of standards governing long data sectors, including methods by which compatibility with legacy computing components would be supported. In August 2005, Seagate shipped test drives with 1K physical sectors to industry partners for testing.: Figure 3 In 2010, industry standards for the first official generation of long data sectors using a configuration of 4096 bytes per sector, or 4K, were completed. All hard drive manufacturers committed to shipping new hard drive platforms for desktop and notebook products with the Advanced Format sector formatting by January 2011. Advanced Format was coined to cover what was expected to become several generations of long-data-sector technologies, and its logo was created to distinguish long-data-sector–based hard disk drives from those using legacy 512-byte sector. Enterprise disks can be formatted with additional 8-byte Data Integrity Fields, resulting in a 520 or 528-byte physical sectors. Overview Comparison of 512- and 4096-byte sector formats Description 512-byte sector 4096-byte sector Gap, sync, address mark 15 bytes User data 512 bytes 4096 bytes Error-correcting code 50 bytes 100 bytes Total 577 bytes 4211 bytes Efficiency 88.7% 97.3% 512-byte emulated device sector size 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Physical sector 1 Physical sector 2 Generation-one Advanced Format, 4K sector technology, uses the storage surface media more efficiently by combining data that would have been stored in eight 512-byte sectors into one single sector that is 4096 bytes (4 KB) in length. Key design elements of the traditional 512-byte sector architecture are maintained, specifically, the identification and synchronization marks at the beginning and the error correction coding (ECC) area at the end of the sector. Between the sector header and ECC areas, eight 512-byte sectors are combined, eliminating the need for redundant header areas between each individual chunk of 512-byte data. The Long Data Sector Committee selected the 4K block length for the first generation AF standard for several reasons, including its correspondence to the paging size used by processors and some operating systems as well as its correlation to the size of standard transactions in relational database systems. Format efficiency gains resulting from the 4K sector structure range from 7 to 11 percent in physical platter space. The 4K format provides enough space to expand the ECC field from 50 to 100 bytes to accommodate new ECC algorithms. The enhanced ECC coverage improves the ability to detect and correct processed data errors beyond the 50-byte defect length associated with the 512-byte sector legacy format. The Advanced Format standard employs the same gap, sync and address mark configuration as the traditional 512-byte sector layout, but combines eight 512-byte sectors into one data field. Hard disk drive format efficiency with Advanced Format 4K technology and distributed ECC Having a huge number of legacy 512-byte-sector–based hard disk drives shipped up to the middle of 2010, many systems, programs and applications accessing the hard disk drive are designed around the 512-byte-per-sector convention. Early engagement with the Long Data Sector Committee provided the opportunity for component and software suppliers to prepare for the transition to Advanced Format. For example, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2 (with certain hotfixes installed) support 512e format drives (but not 4Kn), as do contemporary versions of FreeBSD and Linux. Mac OS X Tiger and onwards can use Advanced Format drives and OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 additionally supports encrypting those. Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 also support 4Kn Advanced Format. Oracle Solaris 10 and 11 support 4Kn and 512e hard disk drives for non-root ZFS file systems, while version 11.1 provides installation and boot support for 512e devices. Prior to Windows Vista, Windows 2000 and Windows XP use 4096 bytes as default allocation unit size when use NTFS to format local hard disks, but do not align to 4KB boundaries. Categories Among the Advanced Format initiatives undertaken by the Long Data Sector Committee, methods to maintain backward compatibility with legacy computing solutions were also addressed. For this purpose, several categories of Advanced Format devices were created. 512 emulation (512e) Many host computer hardware and software components assume the hard drive is configured around 512-byte sector boundaries. This includes a broad range of items including chipsets, operating systems, database engines, hard drive partitioning and imaging tools, backup and file system utilities as well as a small fraction of other software applications. In order to maintain compatibility with legacy computing components, many hard disk drive suppliers support Advanced Format technologies on the recording media coupled with 512-byte conversion firmware. Hard drives configured with 4096-byte physical sectors with 512-byte firmware are referred to as Advanced Format 512e, or 512 emulation drives. On 512e drives, one LBA is equal to 512 bytes. Potential areas using 512-byte-based code The translation of the native 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical format (with 0, 8, 64, or 128-byte Data Integrity Fields) to a virtual 512, 520 or 528-byte increment is transparent to the entity accessing the hard disk drive. Read and write commands are issued to Advanced Format drives in the same format as legacy drives. However, during the read process, the Advanced Format hard drive loads the entire 4096-byte sector containing the requested 512-byte data into memory located on the drive. The emulation firmware extracts and re-formats the specific data into a 512-byte chunk before sending the data to the host. The entire process typically occurs with little or no degradation in performance. The translation process is more complicated when writing data that is not a multiple of 4K or not aligned to a 4K boundary. In these instances, the hard drive must read the entire 4096-byte sector containing the targeted data into internal memory, integrate the new data into the previously existing data and then rewrite the entire 4096-byte sector onto the disk media. This operation, known as read-modify-write (RMW), can require additional revolution of the magnetic disks, resulting in a perceptible performance impact to the system user. Performance analysis conducted by IDEMA and the hard drive vendors indicates that approximately five to ten percent of all write operations in a typical business PC user environment may be misaligned and a RMW performance penalty incurred. When using Advanced Format drives with legacy operating systems, it is important to realign the disk drive using software provided by the hard disk manufacturer. Disk realignment is necessary to avoid a performance degrading condition known as cluster straddling where a shifted partition causes filesystem clusters to span partial physical disk sectors. Since cluster-to-sector alignment is determined when creating hard drive partitions, the realignment software is used after partitioning the disk. This can help reduce the number of unaligned writes generated by the computing ecosystem. Further activities to make applications ready for the transition to Advanced Format technologies were spearheaded by the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly Long Data Sector Committee) and by the hard disk drive manufacturers. 4K native (4Kn) Advanced Format 4K native logo For hard disk drives working in the 4K native mode, there is no emulation layer in place, and the disk media directly exposes its 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical sector size to the system firmware and operating system. That way, the externally visible logical sectors organization of the 4K native drives is directly mapped to their internal physical sectors organization. Since April 2014, enterprise-class 4K native hard disk drives have been available on the market. Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions. For example, Microsoft Windows supports 4K native drives since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 (both released in 2012) in UEFI. 4K native drives may work on older operating systems such as Windows 7, but cannot be used as boot drive. Linux supports 4K native drives since the Linux kernel version 2.6.31 and util-linux-ng version 2.17 (released in 2009 and 2010, respectively). The color version of the logo indicating a 4K native drive is somewhat different from the 512e logo, featuring four rounded corners, a blue background, and text "4Kn" at the center of the logo. See also Partition alignment References ^ "Advanced Format Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ "Home- INSIC \| Information Storage Industry Consortium". INSIC. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12. ^ a b "The Advent of Advanced Format". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2013-11-18. ^ a b "Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives". Seagate. Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-15. ^ "Advanced Format – The Migration to 4K Sectors". Seagate Technology. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011. ^ Martin K. Petersen (30 August 2008). "Linux Data Integrity" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2020. Most disk drives use 512-byte sectors. Enterprise drives (Parallel SCSI/SAS/FC) support 520/528 byte 'fat' sectors. ^ Mueller, Scott (2013). Upgrading and Repairing PCs (21st ed.). Que Publishing. pp. 472–473. ISBN 978-0789750006. ^ Smith, Ryan (18 December 2009). "Western Digital's Advanced Format: The 4K Sector Transition Begins". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Swinburne, Richard (April 1, 2010). "The Facts: 4K Advanced Format Hard Disks". bit-tech.net. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ Hassner, Martin; Grochowski, Ed (May 31, 2005). 4K Byte-Sector HDD-Data Format Standard. Windows Hardware Engineering Conference. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ Curtis E. Stevens (2011). "Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive" (PDF). idema.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-11-05. ^ a b c "Advanced format (4K) disk compatibility update (Windows)". November 28, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved January 3, 2013. ^ "The arrow of time – FreeBSD on 4K sector drives". Ivoras.net. Archived from the original on 2014-03-16. Retrieved 2014-03-12. ^ "2.7. Allocating Disk Space". Freebsd.org. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-12. ^ "Disk Setup On FreeBSD". Wonkity.com. 2013-06-24. Archived from the original on 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12. ^ Jonathan Corbet (2010-03-09). "4K-sector drives and Linux". LWN.net. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-04. ^ Martin K. Petersen (2009-11-24). "Linux Storage Topology and Advanced Features" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-04. ^ "How to install a WD Advanced Format Drive on a non-Windows Operating System". January 19, 2012. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2013. ^ "Oracle Solaris 11.1 Administration: Devices and File Systems". Oracle Corporation. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-03-06. ^ Michael E. Fitzpatrick. "4K Sector Disk Drives: Transitioning to the Future with Advanced Format Technologies" (PDF). Toshiba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-24. ^ Goldwyn Rodrigues (2009-03-11). "Linux and 4K disk sectors". LWN.net. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-24. ^ "About the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly LDS Committee)". www.idema.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "4kB Data Sector Update - IDEMA 4kB Technical Committee" (PDF). www.snia.org. September 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "SmartAlign Technology for Advanced Format Hard Drives" (PDF). www.seagate.com. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Download the Hitachi Align Tool". www.hitachigst.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Advanced Format Software". www.wdc.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Enterprise Capacity 3.5 HDD Data Sheet" (PDF). Seagate Technology. April 23, 2014. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved August 10, 2014. ^ "WD Re Datacenter Distribution Specification Sheet" (PDF). Western Digital. January 21, 2016. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ "Microsoft support policy for 4K sector hard drives in Windows". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved October 24, 2013. ^ "The brave new world of 4Kn hard disks: A test with Windows (XP x64), Truecrypt, HDTune and others (Update: Now with Linux, XP 32-Bit) – The GAT at XIN.at". ^ "Linux kernel 2.6.31, Section 11. Block". kernelnewbies.org. September 9, 2009. Archived from the original on 2015-11-05. Retrieved October 10, 2015. ^ "util-linux-ng 2.17 Release Notes". kernel.org. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved October 10, 2015. ^ "Linux_2_6_37-DriversArch - Linux Kernel Newbies, Section 2.3. STORAGE". kernelnewbies.org. Retrieved 2024-03-23. ^ "Advanced Format Logo Overview". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-01-10. External links IDEMA: Advanced Format Technology (archived on September 29, 2011) Coughlin Associates: Aligning with the Future of Storage (archived on May 5, 2012) Western Digital: Advanced Format White Paper (September 2018) and its older version (April 2010) Hitachi Global Storage Technologies: Advanced Format Technology Brief The Tech Report: Western Digital brings Advanced Format to Caviar Green Dell: Support: System Image Support for Advanced Format Hard Drives on Dell Business Client Notebooks and Desktops	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disk sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_sector"},{"link_name":"hard disk drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"error correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction"}],"text":"Advanced Format (AF) is any disk sector format used to store data on magnetic disks in hard disk drives (HDDs) that exceeds 528 bytes per sector, frequently 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte (4 KB) sectors. Larger sectors of an Advanced Format Drive (AFD) enable the integration of stronger error correction algorithms to maintain data integrity at higher storage densities.","title":"Advanced Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"areal density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areal_density_(computer_storage)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDEMA2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDEMA2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seagate4K-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seagate4K-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Data Integrity Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oracle-data-integrity-6"}],"text":"The use of long data sectors was suggested in 1998 in a technical paper issued by the National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC)[2] calling attention to the conflict between continuing increases in areal density and the traditional 512-byte-per-sector format used in hard disk drives.[3] Without revolutionary breakthroughs in magnetic recording system technologies, areal densities, and with them the storage capacities, hard disk drives were projected to stagnate.The storage industry trade organization, International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association (IDEMA), responded by organizing the IDEMA Long Data Sector Committee in 2000, where IDEMA and leading hardware and software suppliers collaborated on the definition and development of standards governing long data sectors, including methods by which compatibility with legacy computing components would be supported.[3] In August 2005, Seagate shipped test drives with 1K physical sectors to industry partners for testing.[4]: Figure 3 In 2010, industry standards for the first official generation of long data sectors using a configuration of 4096 bytes per sector, or 4K, were completed. All hard drive manufacturers committed to shipping new hard drive platforms for desktop and notebook products with the Advanced Format sector formatting by January 2011.[4][5]Advanced Format was coined to cover what was expected to become several generations of long-data-sector technologies, and its logo was created to distinguish long-data-sector–based hard disk drives from those using legacy 512-byte sector. Enterprise disks can be formatted with additional 8-byte Data Integrity Fields, resulting in a 520 or 528-byte physical sectors.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"error correction coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_coding"},{"link_name":"paging size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_size"},{"link_name":"processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"relational database systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anandAF-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advanced_format_(4Kib)_HDD_sector.svg"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2008 R2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2"},{"link_name":"512e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#512e"},{"link_name":"4Kn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#4Kn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh848035-12"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lwn-4k-and-linux-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"OS X Mountain Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh848035-12"},{"link_name":"Oracle Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Windows 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"NTFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS"}],"text":"Generation-one Advanced Format, 4K sector technology, uses the storage surface media more efficiently by combining data that would have been stored in eight 512-byte sectors into one single sector that is 4096 bytes (4 KB) in length. Key design elements of the traditional 512-byte sector architecture are maintained, specifically, the identification and synchronization marks at the beginning and the error correction coding (ECC) area at the end of the sector. Between the sector header and ECC areas, eight 512-byte sectors are combined, eliminating the need for redundant header areas between each individual chunk of 512-byte data. The Long Data Sector Committee selected the 4K block length for the first generation AF standard for several reasons, including its correspondence to the paging size used by processors and some operating systems as well as its correlation to the size of standard transactions in relational database systems.[8]Format efficiency gains resulting from the 4K sector structure range from 7 to 11 percent in physical platter space.[9] The 4K format provides enough space to expand the ECC field from 50 to 100 bytes to accommodate new ECC algorithms. The enhanced ECC coverage improves the ability to detect and correct processed data errors beyond the 50-byte defect length associated with the 512-byte sector legacy format.[10] The Advanced Format standard employs the same gap, sync and address mark configuration as the traditional 512-byte sector layout, but combines eight 512-byte sectors into one data field.[11]Hard disk drive format efficiency with Advanced Format 4K technology and distributed ECCHaving a huge number of legacy 512-byte-sector–based hard disk drives shipped up to the middle of 2010, many systems, programs and applications accessing the hard disk drive are designed around the 512-byte-per-sector convention. Early engagement with the Long Data Sector Committee provided the opportunity for component and software suppliers to prepare for the transition to Advanced Format.For example, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2 (with certain hotfixes installed) support 512e format drives (but not 4Kn),[12] as do contemporary versions of FreeBSD[13][14][15] and Linux.[16][17] Mac OS X Tiger and onwards can use Advanced Format drives[18] and OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 additionally supports encrypting those. Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 also support 4Kn Advanced Format.[12] Oracle Solaris 10 and 11 support 4Kn and 512e hard disk drives for non-root ZFS file systems, while version 11.1 provides installation and boot support for 512e devices.[19] Prior to Windows Vista, Windows 2000 and Windows XP use 4096 bytes as default allocation unit size when use NTFS to format local hard disks, but do not align to 4KB boundaries.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Among the Advanced Format initiatives undertaken by the Long Data Sector Committee, methods to maintain backward compatibility with legacy computing solutions were also addressed. For this purpose, several categories of Advanced Format devices were created.","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chipsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipsets"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"database engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_engine"},{"link_name":"partitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_image"},{"link_name":"backup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup"},{"link_name":"file system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"},{"link_name":"software applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_application"},{"link_name":"LBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afdiag3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Data Integrity Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field"},{"link_name":"read-modify-write","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-modify-write"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idema-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snia-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"512 emulation (512e)","text":"Many host computer hardware and software components assume the hard drive is configured around 512-byte sector boundaries. This includes a broad range of items including chipsets, operating systems, database engines, hard drive partitioning and imaging tools, backup and file system utilities as well as a small fraction of other software applications. In order to maintain compatibility with legacy computing components, many hard disk drive suppliers support Advanced Format technologies on the recording media coupled with 512-byte conversion firmware. Hard drives configured with 4096-byte physical sectors with 512-byte firmware are referred to as Advanced Format 512e, or 512 emulation drives. On 512e drives, one LBA is equal to 512 bytes.Potential areas using 512-byte-based codeThe translation of the native 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical format (with 0, 8, 64, or 128-byte Data Integrity Fields) to a virtual 512, 520 or 528-byte increment is transparent to the entity accessing the hard disk drive. Read and write commands are issued to Advanced Format drives in the same format as legacy drives. However, during the read process, the Advanced Format hard drive loads the entire 4096-byte sector containing the requested 512-byte data into memory located on the drive. The emulation firmware extracts and re-formats the specific data into a 512-byte chunk before sending the data to the host. The entire process typically occurs with little or no degradation in performance.The translation process is more complicated when writing data that is not a multiple of 4K or not aligned to a 4K boundary. In these instances, the hard drive must read the entire 4096-byte sector containing the targeted data into internal memory, integrate the new data into the previously existing data and then rewrite the entire 4096-byte sector onto the disk media. This operation, known as read-modify-write (RMW), can require additional revolution of the magnetic disks, resulting in a perceptible performance impact to the system user. Performance analysis conducted by IDEMA and the hard drive vendors indicates that approximately five to ten percent of all write operations in a typical business PC user environment may be misaligned and a RMW performance penalty incurred.[20][21]When using Advanced Format drives with legacy operating systems, it is important to realign the disk drive using software provided by the hard disk manufacturer. Disk realignment is necessary to avoid a performance degrading condition known as cluster straddling where a shifted partition causes filesystem clusters to span partial physical disk sectors. Since cluster-to-sector alignment is determined when creating hard drive partitions, the realignment software is used after partitioning the disk. This can help reduce the number of unaligned writes generated by the computing ecosystem. Further activities to make applications ready for the transition to Advanced Format technologies were spearheaded by the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly Long Data Sector Committee)[22][23] and by the hard disk drive manufacturers.[24][25][26]","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advanced_Format_4Kn_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh848035-12"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012"},{"link_name":"UEFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"boot drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_drive"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Linux kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"},{"link_name":"util-linux-ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Util-linux-ng"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idema_2900-34"}],"sub_title":"4K native (4Kn)","text":"Advanced Format 4K native logoFor hard disk drives working in the 4K native mode, there is no emulation layer in place, and the disk media directly exposes its 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical sector size to the system firmware and operating system. That way, the externally visible logical sectors organization of the 4K native drives is directly mapped to their internal physical sectors organization. Since April 2014, enterprise-class 4K native hard disk drives have been available on the market.[27][28]Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions.[12] For example, Microsoft Windows supports 4K native drives since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 (both released in 2012) in UEFI.[29] 4K native drives may work on older operating systems such as Windows 7, but cannot be used as boot drive.[30]Linux supports 4K native drives since the Linux kernel version 2.6.31 and util-linux-ng version 2.17 (released in 2009 and 2010, respectively).[31][32][33]The color version of the logo indicating a 4K native drive is somewhat different from the 512e logo, featuring four rounded corners, a blue background, and text \"4Kn\" at the center of the logo.[34]","title":"Categories"}]	[{"image_text":"Hard disk drive format efficiency with Advanced Format 4K technology and distributed ECC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Advanced_format_%284Kib%29_HDD_sector.svg/800px-Advanced_format_%284Kib%29_HDD_sector.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Potential areas using 512-byte-based code","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Afdiag3.jpg/500px-Afdiag3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advanced Format 4K native logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Advanced_Format_4Kn_logo.png/170px-Advanced_Format_4Kn_logo.png"}]	[{"title":"Partition alignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_alignment"}]	[{"reference":"\"Advanced Format Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Surfin%27	Sidewalk Surfin'	["1 Composition","2 Reissue","3 Live versions","4 Cover versions","5 References"]	1964 single by Jan and Dean"Sidewalk Surfin'"Single by Jan and Deanfrom the album Ride the Wild Surf B-side"When It's Over"ReleasedSeptember 1964RecordedJuly 29, 1964GenrePopLength2:40LabelLiberty RecordsSongwriter(s)Brian Wilson, Roger ChristianProducer(s)Jan Berry for Screen Gems, Inc.Jan and Dean singles chronology "Ride The Wild Surf" (1964) "Sidewalk Surfin'" (1964) "(Here They Come) From All Over The World" (1965) "Sidewalk Surfin'" is a song with music by Brian Wilson and lyrics by Roger Christian, which was recorded by 1960s American pop singers Jan and Dean. The song was recorded as a single and then appeared on the 1964 album Ride the Wild Surf, and later on the Little Old Lady from Pasadena album. The B-side of the single is "When It's Over." "Sidewalk Surfin'" reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 31, 1964, which was Jan and Dean's lowest-charting single in a year and a half since the release of their number one hit single "Surf City." Jan and Dean were known for their music of the 1960s surf era with songs like "Dead Man's Curve," "Drag City," and "The Little Old Lady from Pasadena." Composition Jan Berry, Dean Torrence's partner in the Jan and Dean duo, wanted to write and compose about a sport other than surfing. He came up with the idea to make music about skateboarding. After trying, unsuccessfully, to come up with a song about that sport by himself, he decided to parody the Beach Boys' song "Catch a Wave," a song drawn from the group's 1963 album Surfer Girl. Berry asked the composer, Brian Wilson and Wilson's then-current lyricist associate, Roger Christian, to rewrite it. They complied, and eventually came up with "Sidewalk Surfin'," which is "Catch a Wave" with different lyrics about skateboarding. Reissue When the original recording of "Sidewalk Surfin'" got reissued as a single 12 years later, in the summer of 1976, the single got radio attention once again. This time, the single hovered right under the Billboard Hot 100, eventually peaking at #107. It became their first, and only, single to get major radio attention, and come close to a placement on the charts, since 1967. Live versions Jan and Dean performed a lip-synchronized version of the song on American Bandstand on August 22, 1964. On December 29, 1964, they performed the selection live at the T.A.M.I. Show. Cover versions Jan Berry covered the song by himself as a single in 1976, rewriting some of the lyrics to keep up with the new names and tricks of skateboarding of the 1970s. The lyrics were also easier for Berry to sing after the aphasia Berry sustained from his car accident near Dead Man's Curve, on April 12, 1966. References ^ "Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1963-1964". Jananddean-janberry.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2015-02-27. ^ "Jan & Dean - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved 2015-02-27. ^ a b c William Ruhlmann. "Sidewalk Surfin' - Jan & Dean \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-02-27. ^ "Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1970s". Jananddean-janberry.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27. ^ "American Bandstand - Season 7, Episode 48: Jan and Dean / Major Lance / Fabian (interview)". TV.com. 1964-08-22. Retrieved 2015-02-27. ^ "Teen Age Command Performance (1964) : Soundtracks". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27. vteJan and Dean Jan Berry Dean Torrence Albums Carnival of Sound (2010) Singles "Baby Talk" "Clementine" "Gee" "Heart and Soul" "A Sunday Kind of Love" "Who Put the Bomp" "Frosty the Snowman" "She's Still Talkin' Baby Talk" "Linda" "Surf City" "Honolulu Lulu" "Drag City" "Dead Man's Curve" "The New Girl In School" "The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena)" "Ride the Wild Surf" "Sidewalk Surfin'" "You Really Know How to Hurt a Guy" "I Found a Girl" "Norwegian Wood" "Batman!" "Popsicle" "School Days" "Louisiana Man" "Yellow Balloon" "Tijuana" "Vegetables" "In the Still of the Night" "Gonna Hustle You" "Blue Moon" "Oh What a Beautiful Morning" Songs "Julie" "Stay" Related topics Discography Deadman's Curve "Barbara Ann" vteBrian Wilson Discography Songs Studio albums Brian Wilson I Just Wasn't Made for These Times Orange Crate Art Imagination Gettin' In over My Head Brian Wilson Presents Smile What I Really Want for Christmas That Lucky Old Sun Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin In the Key of Disney No Pier Pressure At My Piano Live albums Live at the Roxy Theatre Brian Wilson Presents Pet Sounds Live Soundtracks I Just Wasn't Made for These Times Long Promised Road Compilations The Beach Boys Classics Selected by Brian Wilson Pet Projects: The Brian Wilson Productions The Big Beat 1963 Sessions '64 Playback: The Brian Wilson Anthology Singles "Caroline, No" "Gettin' Hungry" "Let's Go to Heaven in My Car" "Love and Mercy" "Melt Away" "Do It Again" "Your Imagination" "Wonderful" "Good Vibrations" "Our Prayer" (Freeform Reform) "Walking Down the Path of Life / Love & Mercy" "What I Really Want for Christmas" "Midnight's Another Day" "What Love Can Do" "The Like In I Love You" "God Only Knows" "The Right Time" "Runaway Dancer" "On the Island" Other non-Beach BoyssongsAlbum tracks "Rio Grande" "Still I Dream of It" "Smart Girls" "She Says That She Needs Me" "California Feelin'" "Soul Searchin'" "Can't Wait Too Long" "One Kind of Love" "The Last Song" "Somewhere Quiet" Co-written "The Big Beat" "Dead Man's Curve" "Drag City" "I Do" "Guess I'm Dumb" "He's a Doll" "The New Girl in School" "Push It" "Sidewalk Surfin'" "Surf City" Guest features "When Love Is Dying" "Any Emotions" "Falling Apart" "Dirty Computer" "Resentment" Memoirs Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story I Am Brian Wilson: A Memoir Documentaries I Just Wasn't Made for These Times Beautiful Dreamer: Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile Long Promised Road Tributes 2001 Radio City Music hall concert "Brian Wilson" Caroline Now! Making God Smile Melt Away: A Tribute to Brian Wilson "Pancreas" Smiles, Vibes & Harmony Smiling Pets "This Could Be the Night" Related media Adult/Child The Beach Boys Love You Catch a Wave The Cocaine Sessions Cows in the Pasture Folkways: A Vision Shared Friends Inside the Music of Brian Wilson Love & Mercy soundtrack Andy Paley sessions Pet Sounds Sessions "Shortenin' Bread" Smile Sessions Spring Sweet Insanity The Wilson Project The Wilsons A World of Peace Must Come Other topics American Spring The Beach Boys Bellagio home studio Bob & Sheri "Brian Wilson is a genius" California Music California sound The Honeys Eugene Landy Melinda Ledbetter Mike Love Stan Love Love v. Wilson Pet Sounds 50th Anniversary World Tour Radiant Radish Wilson–Beck 2013 Tour Carl Wilson Carnie Wilson Dennis Wilson Wendy Wilson Marilyn Wilson-Rutherford Wondermints Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Roger Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Christian_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Jan and Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_and_Dean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"Dead Man's Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve_(song)"},{"link_name":"Drag City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_City_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Little Old Lady from Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Old_Lady_from_Pasadena"}],"text":"\"Sidewalk Surfin'\" is a song with music by Brian Wilson and lyrics by Roger Christian, which was recorded by 1960s American pop singers Jan and Dean. The song was recorded as a single and then appeared on the 1964 album Ride the Wild Surf, and later on the Little Old Lady from Pasadena album. The B-side of the single is \"When It's Over.\"[1] \"Sidewalk Surfin'\" reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 31, 1964, which was Jan and Dean's lowest-charting single in a year and a half since the release of their number one hit single \"Surf City.\"[2][3] Jan and Dean were known for their music of the 1960s surf era with songs like \"Dead Man's Curve,\" \"Drag City,\" and \"The Little Old Lady from Pasadena.\"","title":"Sidewalk Surfin'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Berry"},{"link_name":"Dean Torrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Torrence"},{"link_name":"surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing"},{"link_name":"skateboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_(music)"},{"link_name":"the Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Catch a Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_a_Wave"},{"link_name":"Surfer Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer_Girl"},{"link_name":"Brian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-3"}],"text":"Jan Berry, Dean Torrence's partner in the Jan and Dean duo, wanted to write and compose about a sport other than surfing. He came up with the idea to make music about skateboarding. After trying, unsuccessfully, to come up with a song about that sport by himself, he decided to parody the Beach Boys' song \"Catch a Wave,\" a song drawn from the group's 1963 album Surfer Girl. Berry asked the composer, Brian Wilson and Wilson's then-current lyricist associate, Roger Christian, to rewrite it. They complied, and eventually came up with \"Sidewalk Surfin',\" which is \"Catch a Wave\" with different lyrics about skateboarding.[3]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"When the original recording of \"Sidewalk Surfin'\" got reissued as a single 12 years later, in the summer of 1976, the single got radio attention once again. This time, the single hovered right under the Billboard Hot 100, eventually peaking at #107. It became their first, and only, single to get major radio attention, and come close to a placement on the charts, since 1967.[3][4]","title":"Reissue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bandstand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"T.A.M.I. Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.A.M.I._Show"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jan and Dean performed a lip-synchronized version of the song on American Bandstand on August 22, 1964.[5]\nOn December 29, 1964, they performed the selection live at the T.A.M.I. Show.[6]","title":"Live versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aphasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia"}],"text":"Jan Berry covered the song by himself as a single in 1976, rewriting some of the lyrics to keep up with the new names and tricks of skateboarding of the 1970s. The lyrics were also easier for Berry to sing after the aphasia Berry sustained from his car accident near Dead Man's Curve, on April 12, 1966.","title":"Cover versions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1963-1964\". Jananddean-janberry.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2015-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150317054447/http://www.jananddean-janberry.com/main/index.php/disc/disc63-64","url_text":"\"Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1963-1964\""},{"url":"https://www.jananddean-janberry.com/main/index.php/disc/disc63-64","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jan & Dean - Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved 2015-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/304165/jan-dean/chart","url_text":"\"Jan & Dean - Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"William Ruhlmann. \"Sidewalk Surfin' - Jan & Dean \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/sidewalk-surfin-mt0031037364","url_text":"\"Sidewalk Surfin' - Jan & Dean \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1970s\". Jananddean-janberry.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jananddean-janberry.com/main/index.php/disc/disc1970s","url_text":"\"Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1970s\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Bandstand - Season 7, Episode 48: Jan and Dean / Major Lance / Fabian (interview)\". TV.com. 1964-08-22. Retrieved 2015-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/american-bandstand/jan-and-dean-major-lance-fabian-interview-159392/","url_text":"\"American Bandstand - Season 7, Episode 48: Jan and Dean / Major Lance / Fabian (interview)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teen Age Command Performance (1964) : Soundtracks\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058631/soundtrack","url_text":"\"Teen Age Command Performance (1964) : Soundtracks\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150317054447/http://www.jananddean-janberry.com/main/index.php/disc/disc63-64","external_links_name":"\"Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1963-1964\""},{"Link":"https://www.jananddean-janberry.com/main/index.php/disc/disc63-64","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/304165/jan-dean/chart","external_links_name":"\"Jan & Dean - Chart history\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/sidewalk-surfin-mt0031037364","external_links_name":"\"Sidewalk Surfin' - Jan & Dean \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.jananddean-janberry.com/main/index.php/disc/disc1970s","external_links_name":"\"Jan & Dean - Official Jan Berry Website - 1970s\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/shows/american-bandstand/jan-and-dean-major-lance-fabian-interview-159392/","external_links_name":"\"American Bandstand - Season 7, Episode 48: Jan and Dean / Major Lance / Fabian (interview)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058631/soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"Teen Age Command Performance (1964) : Soundtracks\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/56896a51-39ff-4b54-a977-d980d66177d8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_90	Playhouse 90	["1 Background","2 Writers","3 John Frankenheimer","4 Live to tape","5 Television listings","6 Source for films","7 Awards","8 References","9 External links"]	American television series Playhouse 90GenreAnthologyWritten byRobert Alan AurthurJames P. CavanaghHorton FooteJohn GayWilliam GibsonFrank D. GilroyArthur HaileyA.E. HotchnerErnest KinoyLoring MandelDon M. MankiewiczAbby MannJ. P. MillerPaul MonashTad MoselReginald RoseRod SerlingDavid ShawAaron SpellingLeslie StevensMalvin WaldDirected byJohn BrahmJames B. ClarkFielder CookVincent J. DonehueJohn FrankenheimerDavid GreeneGeorge Roy HillArthur HillerHerbert HirschmanBuzz KulikDelbert MannBurgess MeredithRobert MulliganJames NeilsonRalph NelsonArthur PennDavid Lowell RichOscar RudolphBoris SagalFranklin J. SchaffnerAlex SegalStewart SternRobert StevensDavid SwiftCharles Marquis WarrenPaul WendkosTheme music composerAlex NorthComposersJerry GoldsmithRobert AllenJohn WilliamsRobert DrasninFred SteinerBernard HerrmannCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes134ProductionExecutive producerPeter KortnerProducersJulian ClamanMartin ManulisHerbert BrodkinCinematographyGert AndersenAlbert KurlandEditorsHenry BatistaRobert L. SwansonSam GoldRichard K. BrockwayRunning time72–78 minutesProduction companiesCBS ProductionsFilmaster ProductionsScreen GemsOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseOctober 4, 1956 (1956-10-04) –May 18, 1960 (1960-05-18) Playhouse 90 is an American television anthology drama series that aired on CBS from 1956 to 1960 for a total of 133 episodes. The show was produced at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, California. Since live anthology drama series of the mid-1950s usually were hour-long shows, the title highlighted the network's intention to present something unusual: a weekly series of hour-and-a-half-long dramas rather than 60-minute plays. Background The producers of the show were Martin Manulis, John Houseman, Russell Stoneman, Fred Coe, Arthur Penn, and Hubbell Robinson. The leading director was John Frankenheimer (27 episodes), followed by Franklin J. Schaffner (19 episodes). Other directors included Sidney Lumet, George Roy Hill, Delbert Mann, and Robert Mulligan. With Alex North's opening theme music, the series debuted October 4, 1956, with Rod Serling's adaptation of Pat Frank's novel Forbidden Area starring Charlton Heston. The following week, Requiem for a Heavyweight, also scripted by Serling, received critical accolades and later dominated the 1956 Emmys by winning awards in six categories, including best direction, best teleplay and best actor. Serling was given the first Peabody Award for television writing. For many viewers, live television drama had moved to a loftier plateau. Playhouse 90 established a reputation as television's most distinguished anthology drama series and maintained a high standard for four seasons (with repeats in 1961). From the start, productions were planned to be both live and filmed, with a filmed show every fourth Thursday to relieve the pressure of mounting the live telecasts. The first filmed Playhouse 90 was The Country Husband (November 1, 1956) with Barbara Hale and Frank Lovejoy portraying a couple in a collapsing marriage. The filmed episodes were produced variously, by Screen Gems and CBS. The ambitious series frequently featured critically acclaimed dramas, including the original television versions of The Miracle Worker (with Teresa Wright as Annie Sullivan), and The Helen Morgan Story (with an Emmy to Polly Bergen for her performance in the title role), In the Presence of Mine Enemies (Rod Serling's Warsaw ghetto drama starring Charles Laughton, with Robert Redford in an early role), and the original television version of Judgment at Nuremberg, featuring Maximilian Schell, Werner Klemperer, Torben Meyer and Otto Waldis in the roles they would repeat in the 1961 film, but with an otherwise different cast, including Claude Rains in the Spencer Tracy role and Paul Lukas in the Burt Lancaster role. Playhouse 90 received many Emmy Award nominations, and it later ranked #33 on the TV Guide 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 1997, the acclaimed Requiem for a Heavyweight was ranked #30 on the TV Guide 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked Playhouse 90 #65 on their list of the 101 Best Written TV Series. In 2023, Variety ranked Playhouse 90 as the nineteenth-greatest TV show of all time. Early on, in 1956, Playhouse 90 faced some controversy due to scheduling. It was thought by independent producers that, in Playhouse 90's procurement, scheduling, and promotion decisions, major networks favored programs that they produced or, in which they had ownership interest. Worried about this issue, CBS suspended its plans for the series in fear that they had violated antitrust laws. Soon afterward, however, CBS received an oral opinion from its legal counsel that no laws had been violated, and the show continued. Writers Writers for the series included Robert Alan Aurthur, Rod Serling, Whitfield Cook, David E. Durston, Sumner Locke Elliott, Horton Foote, Frank D. Gilroy, Roger O. Hirson, A. E. Hotchner, Loring Mandel, Abby Mann, J. P. Miller, Paul Monash, and Leslie Stevens. Playwright Tad Mosel, who wrote four teleplays for Playhouse 90, recalled, "My first Playhouse 90 was Glamour... Glamour had come to television because CBS had built this magnificent Television City in Los Angeles... Television had come to deserve buildings for itself. This was a whole new idea, that you'd have a building for television. Playhouse 90 was one of the first shows to go into that mammoth building." John Frankenheimer Between 1954 and 1960, John Frankenheimer directed 152 live television dramas, an average of one every two weeks. During the 1950s he was regarded as television's top directorial talent and much of his significant work was for Playhouse 90, for which he directed 27 teleplays between 1956 and 1960. He began with Forbidden Area (October 4, 1956), adapted by Serling from the Pat Frank novel about Soviet sabotage, following with Rendezvous in Black (October 25, 1956), adapted from Cornell Woolrich's novel of twisted revenge; Eloise (November 22, 1956), adapted from the book by Kay Thompson and Hilary Knight; and The Family Nobody Wanted (December 20, 1956), from the Helen Doss book about a childless couple who adopt a dozen children of mixed ancestry, a book brought to television again in 1975. As Playhouse 90 moved into 1957, Frankenheimer directed a science fiction drama, The Ninth Day (January 10, 1957), by Howard and Dorothy Baker, about a small group of World War III survivors, and a Serling adaptation, The Comedian (February 14, 1957), based on the short story by Ernest Lehman, and starring Mickey Rooney as an abrasive, manipulative television comedian. In later interviews, Frankenheimer expressed his admiration for Rooney's acting in this memorable drama. A kinescope of The Comedian survives and remains available for viewing at the Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles. After The Last Tycoon (March 14, 1957), adapted from the F. Scott Fitzgerald novel about a film studio head, Frankenheimer followed with Tad Mosel's If You Knew Elizabeth (April 11, 1957) about an ambitious college professor; another Fitzgerald adaptation, Winter Dreams (May 23, 1957), dramatizing a romantic triangle; Clash by Night (June 13, 1957), with Kim Stanley in an adaptation of the Clifford Odets play; and The Fabulous Irishman (June 27, 1957), a biographical drama tracing events in the life of Robert Briscoe. Frankenheimer used a fake bull's head jutting into the frame when he staged The Death of Manolete (September 12, 1957), Barnaby Conrad's drama about the death of the legendary bullfighter, a production later ranked by Frankenheimer as one of his worst. Robert Alan Aurthur's script for A Sound of Different Drummers (October 3, 1957) borrowed so heavily from Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 that Bradbury sued. The Troublemakers (November 21, 1957) was George Bellak's adaptation of his own 1956 play about a campus newspaper editor killed by other students. Frankenheimer ended the year with The Thundering Wave (December 12, 1957), starring James and Pamela Mason in an Aurthur drama about an acting couple who agree to do a play together despite their separation. Frankenheimer kicked off 1958 with The Last Man (January 9, 1958), an Aaron Spelling revenge drama, followed by The Violent Heart (February 6, 1958) from the Daphne du Maurier story of romance on the French Riviera, Rumors of Evening (May 1, 1958) about a World War II pilot obsessed with a USO entertainer, and Serling's Bomber's Moon (May 22, 1958) about a World War II pilot accused of cowardice. A Town Has Turned to Dust (June 19, 1958), a Serling drama about an 1870 lynching of an innocent Mexican in a southwestern town, was based on the Emmett Till case. Note that the ad for this repeat, a production adapted from William Faulkner's story, makes no mention of Faulkner In The New York Times for October 3, 1958, the day after J. P. Miller's Days of Wine and Roses was telecast, Jack Gould wrote a rave review with much praise for the writer, director and cast: It was a brilliant and compelling work... Mr. Miller's dialogue was especially fine, natural, vivid and understated. Miss Laurie's performance was enough to make the flesh crawl, yet it also always elicited deep sympathy. Her interpretation of the young wife just a shade this side of delirium tremens—the flighty dancing around the room, her weakness of character and moments of anxiety and her charm when she was sober—was a superlative accomplishment. Miss Laurie is moving into the forefront of our most gifted young actresses. Mr. Robertson achieved first-rate contrast between the sober man fighting to hold on and the hopeless drunk whose only courage came from the bottle. His scene in the greenhouse, where he tried to find the bottle that he had hidden in the flower pot, was particularly good... John Frankenheimer's direction was magnificent. His every touch implemented the emotional suspense but he never let the proceedings get out of hand or merely become sensational. Old Man (November 20, 1958) was adapted by Horton Foote from William Faulkner's story set during the 1927 Mississippi River flood. Face of a Hero (January 1, 1959), based on the Pierre Boulle novel, starred Jack Lemmon, who took this play to Broadway for a run of 36 performances during October to November 1960. The following year, Frankenheimer began with The Blue Men (January 15, 1959), an Alvin Boretz drama about the trial of a police detective who refused to make an arrest. A. E. Hotchner adapted Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls into a two-part format (March 12 and March 19, 1959). Journey to the Day (April 22, 1960) was a Roger Hirson drama about group therapy. Live to tape Playhouse 90 began as a live series, making a transition to tape in 1957. Kevin Dowler, writing for the Museum of Broadcast Communications, noted: Its status as a "live" drama was short lived in any case, since the difficulties in mounting a 90-minute production on a weekly basis required the adoption of the recently-developed videotape technology, which was used to record entire shows beforehand from 1957 onward. Both the pressures and the costs of this ambitious production eventually resulted in Playhouse 90 being cut back to alternate weeks, sharing its time slot with The Big Party between 1959 and 1960. The final eight shows were aired irregularly between February and May 1960, with repeats broadcast during the summer weeks of 1961... The success of Playhouse 90 continued into the 1957-58 season with productions of The Miracle Worker, The Comedian, and The Helen Morgan Story. Although these shows, along with Requiem and Judgment at Nuremberg, were enough to ensure the historical importance of Playhouse 90, the program also stood out because of its emergence in the "film era" of television broadcasting evolution. By 1956, much of television production had moved from the east to the west coast, and from live performances to filmed series. Most of the drama anthologies, a staple of the evening schedule to this point, fell victim to the newer types of programs being developed. Playhouse 90 stands in contrast to the prevailing trend, and its reputation benefited from both the growing nostalgia for the waning live period, and a universal distaste for Hollywood on the part of New York television critics. It also is probable that since the use of videotape (not widespread at the time) preserved a "live" feel, so that discussion of the programs could be easily adapted to the standards introduced by the New York television critics. Normally, the program was telecast in black-and-white, but on Christmas night, 1958, it offered a color production of Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker, starring the New York City Ballet and choreographed by George Balanchine. The program (hosted by June Lockhart) was presented live, rather than on videotape, however, and it was long thought to have survived only on a black-and-white kinescope version. In 2021, the color videotape version was uploaded to YouTube. Television listings Season Time Slot 1 (1956–1957) Thursday at 9:30 pm ET 2 (1957–1958) 3 (1958–1959) 4 (1959–1960) Thursday at 9:30 pm (October 1, 1959 - January 21, 1960)Tuesday at 9:30 pm (February 9, 1960; March 22, 1960)Wednesday at 8:00 pm (February 24, 1960; May 18, 1960)Monday at 9:30 pm (March 7, 1960; May 2, 1960)Sunday at 9:30 pm (April 3, 1960)Friday at 9:30 pm (April 22, 1960) Source for films Several teleplays in the series were filmed later as theatrical motion pictures, including Requiem for a Heavyweight, The Helen Morgan Story, Days of Wine and Roses, and Judgment at Nuremberg. Seven Against the Wall was scripted by Howard Browne, who later reworked his teleplay into the screenplay for Roger Corman's 1967 movie, The St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Three of the actors in the Playhouse 90 production reprised their roles for the Corman film: Celia Lovsky, Milton Frome, and Frank Silvera. An indifferently received television movie production of In the Presence of Mine Enemies, starring Armin Mueller-Stahl in the Charles Laughton role, was shown on cable television in 1997 by Showtime. Awards When CBS ran this ad, illustrated by Hilary Knight, in newspapers on November 22, 1956, the network intentionally removed the name of lead actress Evelyn Rudie, who received an Emmy nomination for her performance as Eloise Peabody Awards 1957 Rod Serling for Requiem for a Heavyweight 1959 Playhouse 90 Golden Globe Awards 1957 Best TV Show – Playhouse 90 1958 Best Dramatic Anthology Series – Playhouse 90 Emmy Awards 1957 Best New Program Series – Playhouse 90 1957 Best Art Direction - One Hour or More – Albert Heschong for "Requiem for a Heavyweight" 1957 Best Single Performance by an Actor – Jack Palance in "Requiem for a Heavyweight" 1957 Best Single Program of the Year – "Requiem for a Heavyweight" 1957 Best Teleplay Writing - One Hour or More – Rod Serling for "Requiem for a Heavyweight" 1957 Best Director - One Hour or More – Ralph Nelson for "Requiem for a Heavyweight" 1958 Best Single Performance by an Actress – Polly Bergen in "The Helen Morgan Story" 1958 Best Single Program of the Year – "The Comedian" 1958 Best Teleplay Writing - One Hour or More – Rod Serling for "The Comedian" 1959 Best Dramatic Series - One Hour or Longer – Playhouse 90 1960 Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Drama – Playhouse 90 References ^ "Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". TV Guide (June 28–July 4). 1997. ^ "101 Best Written TV Series". Writers Guild of America West. June 2, 2013. ^ "The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time". Variety. December 20, 2023. ^ Boddy, William. Fifties Television: The Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-252-06299-5 ^ "Gerald Peary - interviews - Sterling Hayden". www.geraldpeary.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ^ Gould, Jack. "TV: Study in Alcoholism," The New York Times, October 3, 1958. ^ Dowler, Kevin. Museum of Broadcast Communications: Playhouse 90 ^ "CINEMA: Time Listings, Dec. 29, 1958". Time. December 29, 1958. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. ^ "NYCB's Nutcracker on TV - Dale Brauner". danceviewtimes.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018. External links Media related to Playhouse 90 at Wikimedia Commons Playhouse 90 at IMDb "Backstage at Playhouse 90," Time.com, December 2. 1957 'Writing for Television" by Rod Serling "Preserving television for future viewers" by Jake Ayres. Daily Bruin, May 29, 2007. Playhouse 90 at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Playhouse 90 at CVTA with episode list vtePlayhouse 90People John Frankenheimer Martin Manulis Franklin J. Schaffner Rod Serling Season 1 "Forbidden Area" "Requiem for a Heavyweight" "Sizeman and Son" "Rendezvous in Black" "The Country Husband" "The Big Slide" "Heritage of Anger" "Eloise" "Confession" "Made in Heaven" "Sincerely, Willis Wade" "The Family Nobody Wanted" "Massacre at Sand Creek" "Snowshoes: A Comedy of People and Horses" "The Ninth Day" "So Soon to Die" "The Star Wagon" "The Greer Case" "The Miracle Worker" "The Comedian" "The Coat of White" "The Blackwell Story" "Invitation to a Gunfighter" "The Last Tycoon" "The Hostess with the Mostes'" "Charley's Aunt" "Clipper Ship" "If You Know Elizabeth" "Three Men on a Horse" "Four Women in Black" "Child of Trouble" "Homeward Borne" "Helen Morgan" "Winter Dreams" "Circle of the Day" "Without Incident" "Clash by Night" "Ain't No Time for Glory" "The Fabulous Irishman" Season 2 "The Death of Manolete" "The Dark Side of the Earth" "Topaze" "A Sound of Different Drummers" "The Playroom" "Around the World in 90 Minutes" "The Mystery of Thirteen" "The Edge of Innocence" "The Clouded Image" "The Jet Propelled Couch" "The Troublemakers" "Panic Button" "Galvanized Yankee" "The Thundering Wave" "For I Have Loved Strangers" "The Lone Woman" "Reunion" "The Last Man" "The 80 Yard Run" "Before I Die" "The Gentleman From Seventh Avenue" "The Violent Heart" "No Time at All" "Point of No Return" "Portrait of a Murderer" "The Last Clear Chance" "The Male Animal" "The Right Hand Man" "Turn Left at Mount Everest" "The Dungeon" "Verdict of Three" "Rumors of Evening" "Not the Glory" "Nightmare at Ground Zero" "Bomber's Moon" "Natchez" "The Innocent Sleep" "A Town Has Turned to Dust" "The Great Gatsby" "A Bitter Heritage" Season 3 "The Plot to Kill Stalin" "Days of Wine and Roses" "The Time of Your Life" "The Long March" "Shadows Tremble" "Word From a Sealed-Off Box" "Heart of Darkness" "Old Man" "The Return of Ansel Gibbs" "Free Weekend" "Seven Against the Wall" "The Nutcracker" "Face of a Hero" "The Wings of the Dove" "The Blue Men" "The Velvet Alley" "A Quiet Game of Cards" "Child of Our Time" "The Second Man" "The Raider" "The Dingaling Girl" "Made in Japan" "For Whom the Bell Tolls" "A Trip to Paradise" "In Lonely Expectation" "The Day Before Atlanta" "Judgment at Nuremberg" "A Corner of the Garden" "Dark December" "Diary of a Nurse" "A Marriage of Strangers" "Out of Dust" "The Rank and File" "The Killers of Mussolini" "Project Immortality" "Dark as the Night" "The Second Happiest Day" Season 4 "Target for Three" "The Sounds of Eden" "Misalliance" "The Hidden Image" "The Grey Nurse Said Nothing" "The Tunnel" "The Silver Whistle" "A Dream of Treason" "To the Sound of Trumpets" "The Cruel Day" "Tomorrow" "The Hiding Place" "Alas, Babylon" "Journey to the Day" "The Shape of the River" "In the Presence of Mine Enemies" Revivals CBS Playhouse CBS Playhouse 90 Awards for Playhouse 90 vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series1950s Pulitzer Prize Playhouse (1951) Studio One (1952) Robert Montgomery Presents (Dramatic Program) / Dragnet (Mystery, Action or Adventure Program) (1953) The United States Steel Hour (Dramatic Program) / Dragnet (Mystery, Action or Adventure Program) (1954) The United States Steel Hour (Dramatic Series) / Dragnet (Mystery or Intrigue Series) / Stories of the Century (Western or Adventure Series) (1955) Producers' Showcase (Dramatic Series) / Disneyland (Action or Adventure Series) (1956) No Award (1957) Gunsmoke (Dramatic Series with Continuing Characters) / Playhouse 90 (Dramatic Anthology Series) (1958) Alcoa-Goodyear Theatre (Less than One Hour) / Playhouse 90 (One Hour or Longer) / Maverick (Western Series) (1959) 1960s Playhouse 90 (1960) Hallmark Hall of Fame (1961) The Defenders (1962) The Defenders (1963) The Defenders (1964) No Award (1965) The Fugitive (season 3) (1966) Mission: Impossible (season 1) (1967) Mission: Impossible (season 2) (1968) NET Playhouse (1969) 1970s Marcus Welby, M.D. (1970) The Bold Ones: The Senator (1971) Elizabeth R (1972) The Waltons (1973) Upstairs, Downstairs (1974) Upstairs, Downstairs (1975) Police Story (1976) Upstairs, Downstairs (1977) The Rockford Files (season 4) (1978) Lou Grant (season 2) (1979) 1980s Lou Grant (season 3) (1980) Hill Street Blues (1981) Hill Street Blues (1982) Hill Street Blues (1983) Hill Street Blues (1984) Cagney & Lacey (1985) Cagney & Lacey (1986) L.A. Law (1987) Thirtysomething (1988) L.A. Law (1989) 1990s L.A. Law (1990) L.A. Law (1991) Northern Exposure (1992) Picket Fences (1993) Picket Fences (1994) NYPD Blue (season 2) (1995) ER (season 2) (1996) Law & Order (season 7) (1997) The Practice (1998) The Practice (1999) 2000s The West Wing (season 1) (2000) The West Wing (season 2) (2001) The West Wing (season 3) (2002) The West Wing (season 4) (2003) The Sopranos (season 5) (2004) Lost (season 1) (2005) 24 (season 5) (2006) The Sopranos (season 6) (2007) Mad Men (season 1) (2008) Mad Men (season 2) (2009) 2010s Mad Men (season 3) (2010) Mad Men (season 4) (2011) Homeland (season 1) (2012) Breaking Bad (season 5) (2013) Breaking Bad (season 5) (2014) Game of Thrones (season 5) (2015) Game of Thrones (season 6) (2016) The Handmaid's Tale (season 1) (2017) Game of Thrones (season 7) (2018) Game of Thrones (season 8) (2019) 2020s Succession (season 2) (2020) The Crown (season 4) (2021) Succession (season 3) (2022) Succession (season 4) (2023) vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour (1954) Playhouse 90 (1957) The Seven Lively Arts (1958) Room 222 (1970) All in the Family (1971) Elizabeth R (1972) America: A Personal History of the United States (1973)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthology drama series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"CBS Television City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Television_City"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"}],"text":"Playhouse 90 is an American television anthology drama series that aired on CBS from 1956 to 1960 for a total of 133 episodes. The show was produced at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, California. Since live anthology drama series of the mid-1950s usually were hour-long shows, the title highlighted the network's intention to present something unusual: a weekly series of hour-and-a-half-long dramas rather than 60-minute plays.","title":"Playhouse 90"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Manulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Manulis"},{"link_name":"John Houseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Houseman"},{"link_name":"Fred Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Coe"},{"link_name":"Arthur Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Penn"},{"link_name":"Hubbell Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbell_Robinson"},{"link_name":"John Frankenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer"},{"link_name":"Franklin J. Schaffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet"},{"link_name":"George Roy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Roy_Hill"},{"link_name":"Delbert Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbert_Mann"},{"link_name":"Robert Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Alex North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_North"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Area_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Pat Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Frank"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Area_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"1956 Emmys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"The Country Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Husband_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hale"},{"link_name":"Frank Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Screen Gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Gems"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"The Miracle Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_Worker"},{"link_name":"Teresa Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Wright"},{"link_name":"The Helen Morgan Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Helen_Morgan_Story"},{"link_name":"Polly Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Bergen"},{"link_name":"In the Presence of Mine Enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Presence_of_Mine_Enemies_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"Warsaw ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_ghetto"},{"link_name":"Charles Laughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Laughton"},{"link_name":"Robert Redford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford"},{"link_name":"Judgment at Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_at_Nuremberg_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Schell"},{"link_name":"Werner Klemperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Klemperer"},{"link_name":"Torben Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torben_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Otto Waldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Waldis"},{"link_name":"Claude Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Rains"},{"link_name":"Spencer Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Paul Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lukas"},{"link_name":"Burt Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"TV Guide 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide%27s_50_Greatest_TV_Shows_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The producers of the show were Martin Manulis, John Houseman, Russell Stoneman, Fred Coe, Arthur Penn, and Hubbell Robinson. The leading director was John Frankenheimer (27 episodes), followed by Franklin J. Schaffner (19 episodes). Other directors included Sidney Lumet, George Roy Hill, Delbert Mann, and Robert Mulligan.With Alex North's opening theme music, the series debuted October 4, 1956, with Rod Serling's adaptation of Pat Frank's novel Forbidden Area starring Charlton Heston. The following week, Requiem for a Heavyweight, also scripted by Serling, received critical accolades and later dominated the 1956 Emmys by winning awards in six categories, including best direction, best teleplay and best actor. Serling was given the first Peabody Award for television writing. For many viewers, live television drama had moved to a loftier plateau. Playhouse 90 established a reputation as television's most distinguished anthology drama series and maintained a high standard for four seasons (with repeats in 1961).From the start, productions were planned to be both live and filmed, with a filmed show every fourth Thursday to relieve the pressure of mounting the live telecasts. The first filmed Playhouse 90 was The Country Husband (November 1, 1956) with Barbara Hale and Frank Lovejoy portraying a couple in a collapsing marriage. The filmed episodes were produced variously, by Screen Gems and CBS.The ambitious series frequently featured critically acclaimed dramas, including the original television versions of The Miracle Worker (with Teresa Wright as Annie Sullivan), and The Helen Morgan Story (with an Emmy to Polly Bergen for her performance in the title role), In the Presence of Mine Enemies (Rod Serling's Warsaw ghetto drama starring Charles Laughton, with Robert Redford in an early role), and the original television version of Judgment at Nuremberg, featuring Maximilian Schell, Werner Klemperer, Torben Meyer and Otto Waldis in the roles they would repeat in the 1961 film, but with an otherwise different cast, including Claude Rains in the Spencer Tracy role and Paul Lukas in the Burt Lancaster role.Playhouse 90 received many Emmy Award nominations, and it later ranked #33 on the TV Guide 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 1997, the acclaimed Requiem for a Heavyweight was ranked #30 on the TV Guide 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time.[1] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked Playhouse 90 #65 on their list of the 101 Best Written TV Series.[2] In 2023, Variety ranked Playhouse 90 as the nineteenth-greatest TV show of all time.[3]Early on, in 1956, Playhouse 90 faced some controversy due to scheduling. It was thought by independent producers that, in Playhouse 90's procurement, scheduling, and promotion decisions, major networks favored programs that they produced or, in which they had ownership interest. Worried about this issue, CBS suspended its plans for the series in fear that they had violated antitrust laws. Soon afterward, however, CBS received an oral opinion from its legal counsel that no laws had been violated, and the show continued.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Alan Aurthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alan_Aurthur"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"Whitfield Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield_Cook"},{"link_name":"David E. Durston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Durston"},{"link_name":"Sumner Locke Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Locke_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Horton Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Foote"},{"link_name":"Frank D. Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_D._Gilroy"},{"link_name":"Roger O. Hirson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_O._Hirson"},{"link_name":"A. E. Hotchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Hotchner"},{"link_name":"Loring Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring_Mandel"},{"link_name":"Abby Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Mann"},{"link_name":"J. P. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP_Miller"},{"link_name":"Paul Monash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Monash"},{"link_name":"Leslie Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Tad Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Mosel"},{"link_name":"Television City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_City"}],"text":"Writers for the series included Robert Alan Aurthur, Rod Serling, Whitfield Cook, David E. Durston, Sumner Locke Elliott, Horton Foote, Frank D. Gilroy, Roger O. Hirson, A. E. Hotchner, Loring Mandel, Abby Mann, J. P. Miller, Paul Monash, and Leslie Stevens. Playwright Tad Mosel, who wrote four teleplays for Playhouse 90, recalled, \"My first Playhouse 90 was Glamour... Glamour had come to television because CBS had built this magnificent Television City in Los Angeles... Television had come to deserve buildings for itself. This was a whole new idea, that you'd have a building for television. Playhouse 90 was one of the first shows to go into that mammoth building.\"","title":"Writers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Frankenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Area_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Pat Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Frank"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Area"},{"link_name":"Rendezvous in Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_in_Black_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Cornell Woolrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Woolrich"},{"link_name":"Eloise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_(books)"},{"link_name":"Kay Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Hilary Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Knight_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"The Family Nobody Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Nobody_Wanted_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Helen Doss book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Nobody_Wanted"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Baker_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Baker_(writer)"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III"},{"link_name":"The Comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedian_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Ernest Lehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lehman"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"kinescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinescope"},{"link_name":"Paley Center for Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media"},{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Tycoon"},{"link_name":"Tad Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Mosel"},{"link_name":"Winter Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Kim Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Clifford Odets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_by_Night_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Fabulous Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fabulous_Irishman_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Robert Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Briscoe_(politician)"},{"link_name":"The Death of Manolete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Manolete_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"the legendary bullfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolete"},{"link_name":"Robert Alan Aurthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alan_Aurthur"},{"link_name":"A Sound of Different Drummers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sound_of_Different_Drummers_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Fahrenheit 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_451"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Troublemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troublemakers_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"George Bellak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bellak"},{"link_name":"The Thundering Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thundering_Wave_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"James and Pamela Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason"},{"link_name":"The Last Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Spelling"},{"link_name":"The Violent Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Violent_Heart_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Daphne du Maurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier"},{"link_name":"Rumors of Evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumors_of_Evening_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Bomber's Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber%27s_Moon_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"A Town Has Turned to Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Has_Turned_to_Dust_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"Emmett Till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:91059sanantonio.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"J. P. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Miller"},{"link_name":"Days of Wine and Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Wine_and_Roses_(1958_TV_drama)"},{"link_name":"Jack Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gould"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Old Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Man_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Horton Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Foote"},{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Forget_Thee,_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"1927 Mississippi River flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927"},{"link_name":"Face of a Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_of_a_Hero_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulle"},{"link_name":"Jack Lemmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon"},{"link_name":"The Blue Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Men_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Alvin Boretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Boretz"},{"link_name":"A. E. Hotchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Hotchner"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"For Whom the Bell Tolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls"},{"link_name":"format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Journey to the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Day"},{"link_name":"Roger Hirson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_O._Hirson"}],"text":"Between 1954 and 1960, John Frankenheimer directed 152 live television dramas, an average of one every two weeks. During the 1950s he was regarded as television's top directorial talent and much of his significant work was for Playhouse 90, for which he directed 27 teleplays between 1956 and 1960. He began with Forbidden Area (October 4, 1956), adapted by Serling from the Pat Frank novel about Soviet sabotage, following with Rendezvous in Black (October 25, 1956), adapted from Cornell Woolrich's novel of twisted revenge; Eloise (November 22, 1956), adapted from the book by Kay Thompson and Hilary Knight; and The Family Nobody Wanted (December 20, 1956), from the Helen Doss book about a childless couple who adopt a dozen children of mixed ancestry, a book brought to television again in 1975.As Playhouse 90 moved into 1957, Frankenheimer directed a science fiction drama, The Ninth Day (January 10, 1957), by Howard and Dorothy Baker, about a small group of World War III survivors, and a Serling adaptation, The Comedian (February 14, 1957), based on the short story by Ernest Lehman, and starring Mickey Rooney as an abrasive, manipulative television comedian. In later interviews, Frankenheimer expressed his admiration for Rooney's acting in this memorable drama. A kinescope of The Comedian survives and remains available for viewing at the Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles.After The Last Tycoon (March 14, 1957), adapted from the F. Scott Fitzgerald novel about a film studio head, Frankenheimer followed with Tad Mosel's If You Knew Elizabeth (April 11, 1957) about an ambitious college professor; another Fitzgerald adaptation, Winter Dreams (May 23, 1957), dramatizing a romantic triangle; Clash by Night (June 13, 1957), with Kim Stanley in an adaptation of the Clifford Odets play; and The Fabulous Irishman (June 27, 1957), a biographical drama tracing events in the life of Robert Briscoe. Frankenheimer used a fake bull's head jutting into the frame when he staged The Death of Manolete (September 12, 1957), Barnaby Conrad's drama about the death of the legendary bullfighter, a production later ranked by Frankenheimer as one of his worst.Robert Alan Aurthur's script for A Sound of Different Drummers (October 3, 1957) borrowed so heavily from Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 that Bradbury sued.[5] The Troublemakers (November 21, 1957) was George Bellak's adaptation of his own 1956 play about a campus newspaper editor killed by other students. Frankenheimer ended the year with The Thundering Wave (December 12, 1957), starring James and Pamela Mason in an Aurthur drama about an acting couple who agree to do a play together despite their separation.Frankenheimer kicked off 1958 with The Last Man (January 9, 1958), an Aaron Spelling revenge drama, followed by The Violent Heart (February 6, 1958) from the Daphne du Maurier story of romance on the French Riviera, Rumors of Evening (May 1, 1958) about a World War II pilot obsessed with a USO entertainer, and Serling's Bomber's Moon (May 22, 1958) about a World War II pilot accused of cowardice. A Town Has Turned to Dust (June 19, 1958), a Serling drama about an 1870 lynching of an innocent Mexican in a southwestern town, was based on the Emmett Till case.Note that the ad for this repeat, a production adapted from William Faulkner's story, makes no mention of FaulknerIn The New York Times for October 3, 1958, the day after J. P. Miller's Days of Wine and Roses was telecast, Jack Gould wrote a rave review with much praise for the writer, director and cast:It was a brilliant and compelling work... Mr. Miller's dialogue was especially fine, natural, vivid and understated. Miss Laurie's performance was enough to make the flesh crawl, yet it also always elicited deep sympathy. Her interpretation of the young wife just a shade this side of delirium tremens—the flighty dancing around the room, her weakness of character and moments of anxiety and her charm when she was sober—was a superlative accomplishment. Miss Laurie is moving into the forefront of our most gifted young actresses. Mr. Robertson achieved first-rate contrast between the sober man fighting to hold on and the hopeless drunk whose only courage came from the bottle. His scene in the greenhouse, where he tried to find the bottle that he had hidden in the flower pot, was particularly good... John Frankenheimer's direction was magnificent. His every touch implemented the emotional suspense but he never let the proceedings get out of hand or merely become sensational.[6]Old Man (November 20, 1958) was adapted by Horton Foote from William Faulkner's story set during the 1927 Mississippi River flood. Face of a Hero (January 1, 1959), based on the Pierre Boulle novel, starred Jack Lemmon, who took this play to Broadway for a run of 36 performances during October to November 1960. The following year, Frankenheimer began with The Blue Men (January 15, 1959), an Alvin Boretz drama about the trial of a police detective who refused to make an arrest. A. E. Hotchner adapted Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls into a two-part format (March 12 and March 19, 1959). Journey to the Day (April 22, 1960) was a Roger Hirson drama about group therapy.","title":"John Frankenheimer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recently-developed videotape technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotape#Quad"},{"link_name":"The Comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedian_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Judgment at Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_at_Nuremberg_(Playhouse_90)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"},{"link_name":"George Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"June Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"kinescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinescope"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Playhouse 90 began as a live series, making a transition to tape in 1957. Kevin Dowler, writing for the Museum of Broadcast Communications, noted:Its status as a \"live\" drama was short lived in any case, since the difficulties in mounting a 90-minute production on a weekly basis required the adoption of the recently-developed videotape technology, which was used to record entire shows beforehand from 1957 onward. Both the pressures and the costs of this ambitious production eventually resulted in Playhouse 90 being cut back to alternate weeks, sharing its time slot with The Big Party between 1959 and 1960.The final eight shows were aired irregularly between February and May 1960, with repeats broadcast during the summer weeks of 1961...The success of Playhouse 90 continued into the 1957-58 season with productions of The Miracle Worker, The Comedian, and The Helen Morgan Story. Although these shows, along with Requiem and Judgment at Nuremberg, were enough to ensure the historical importance of Playhouse 90, the program also stood out because of its emergence in the \"film era\" of television broadcasting evolution.By 1956, much of television production had moved from the east to the west coast, and from live performances to filmed series. Most of the drama anthologies, a staple of the evening schedule to this point, fell victim to the newer types of programs being developed. Playhouse 90 stands in contrast to the prevailing trend, and its reputation benefited from both the growing nostalgia for the waning live period, and a universal distaste for Hollywood on the part of New York television critics. It also is probable that since the use of videotape (not widespread at the time) preserved a \"live\" feel, so that discussion of the programs could be easily adapted to the standards introduced by the New York television critics.[7]Normally, the program was telecast in black-and-white, but on Christmas night, 1958, it offered a color production of Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker, starring the New York City Ballet and choreographed by George Balanchine. The program (hosted by June Lockhart) was presented live, rather than on videotape, however, and it was long thought to have survived only on a black-and-white kinescope version. In 2021, the color videotape version was uploaded to YouTube.[8][9]","title":"Live to tape"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Requiem for a Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"The Helen Morgan Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Helen_Morgan_Story"},{"link_name":"Days of Wine and Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Wine_and_Roses_(film)"},{"link_name":"Judgment at Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_at_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Seven Against the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Against_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"Howard Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Browne"},{"link_name":"Roger Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Corman"},{"link_name":"The St. Valentine's Day Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_St._Valentine%27s_Day_Massacre_(film)"},{"link_name":"Celia Lovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Lovsky"},{"link_name":"Milton Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Frome"},{"link_name":"Frank Silvera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Silvera"},{"link_name":"television movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_movie"},{"link_name":"In the Presence of Mine Enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Presence_of_Mine_Enemies_(film)"},{"link_name":"Armin Mueller-Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Mueller-Stahl"},{"link_name":"Charles Laughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Laughton"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"}],"text":"Several teleplays in the series were filmed later as theatrical motion pictures, including Requiem for a Heavyweight, The Helen Morgan Story, Days of Wine and Roses, and Judgment at Nuremberg. Seven Against the Wall was scripted by Howard Browne, who later reworked his teleplay into the screenplay for Roger Corman's 1967 movie, The St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Three of the actors in the Playhouse 90 production reprised their roles for the Corman film: Celia Lovsky, Milton Frome, and Frank Silvera.An indifferently received television movie production of In the Presence of Mine Enemies, starring Armin Mueller-Stahl in the Charles Laughton role, was shown on cable television in 1997 by Showtime.","title":"Source for films"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eloise561122.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hilary Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Knight_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Rudie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Rudie"},{"link_name":"Eloise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_(books)"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Albert Heschong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Heschong"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Jack Palance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Palance"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"Ralph Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Polly Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Bergen"},{"link_name":"The Comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedian_(Playhouse_90)"}],"text":"When CBS ran this ad, illustrated by Hilary Knight, in newspapers on November 22, 1956, the network intentionally removed the name of lead actress Evelyn Rudie, who received an Emmy nomination for her performance as EloisePeabody Awards1957 Rod Serling for Requiem for a Heavyweight\n1959 Playhouse 90Golden Globe Awards1957 Best TV Show – Playhouse 90\n1958 Best Dramatic Anthology Series – Playhouse 90Emmy Awards1957 Best New Program Series – Playhouse 90\n1957 Best Art Direction - One Hour or More – Albert Heschong for \"Requiem for a Heavyweight\"\n1957 Best Single Performance by an Actor – Jack Palance in \"Requiem for a Heavyweight\"\n1957 Best Single Program of the Year – \"Requiem for a Heavyweight\"\n1957 Best Teleplay Writing - One Hour or More – Rod Serling for \"Requiem for a Heavyweight\"\n1957 Best Director - One Hour or More – Ralph Nelson for \"Requiem for a Heavyweight\"\n1958 Best Single Performance by an Actress – Polly Bergen in \"The Helen Morgan Story\"\n1958 Best Single Program of the Year – \"The Comedian\"\n1958 Best Teleplay Writing - One Hour or More – Rod Serling for \"The Comedian\"\n1959 Best Dramatic Series - One Hour or Longer – Playhouse 90\n1960 Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Drama – Playhouse 90","title":"Awards"}]	[{"image_text":"Note that the ad for this repeat, a production adapted from William Faulkner's story, makes no mention of Faulkner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/91059sanantonio.jpg/190px-91059sanantonio.jpg"},{"image_text":"When CBS ran this ad, illustrated by Hilary Knight, in newspapers on November 22, 1956, the network intentionally removed the name of lead actress Evelyn Rudie, who received an Emmy nomination for her performance as Eloise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Eloise561122.jpg/220px-Eloise561122.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time\". TV Guide (June 28–July 4). 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"101 Best Written TV Series\". Writers Guild of America West. June 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-best-written-tv-series/list","url_text":"\"101 Best Written TV Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time\". Variety. December 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/lists/greatest-tv-shows-of-all-time/","url_text":"\"The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerald Peary - interviews - Sterling Hayden\". www.geraldpeary.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geraldpeary.com/interviews/ghi/hayden.html","url_text":"\"Gerald Peary - interviews - Sterling Hayden\""}]},{"reference":"\"CINEMA: Time Listings, Dec. 29, 1958\". Time. December 29, 1958. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070501102913/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894076,00.html","url_text":"\"CINEMA: Time Listings, Dec. 29, 1958\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894076,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NYCB's Nutcracker on TV - Dale Brauner\". danceviewtimes.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://danceviewtimes.com/dvny/features/2003/nutcrackertv.htm","url_text":"\"NYCB's Nutcracker on TV - Dale Brauner\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-best-written-tv-series/list","external_links_name":"\"101 Best Written TV Series\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/lists/greatest-tv-shows-of-all-time/","external_links_name":"\"The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.geraldpeary.com/interviews/ghi/hayden.html","external_links_name":"\"Gerald Peary - interviews - Sterling Hayden\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/03/archives/study-of-alcoholism-piper-laurie-and-cliff-robertson-are-impressive.html","external_links_name":"Gould, Jack. \"TV: Study in Alcoholism,\" The New York Times, October 3, 1958."},{"Link":"http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/P/htmlP/playhouse90/playhouse90.htm","external_links_name":"Dowler, Kevin. Museum of Broadcast Communications: Playhouse 90"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070501102913/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894076,00.html","external_links_name":"\"CINEMA: Time Listings, Dec. 29, 1958\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894076,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://danceviewtimes.com/dvny/features/2003/nutcrackertv.htm","external_links_name":"\"NYCB's Nutcracker on TV - Dale Brauner\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048893/","external_links_name":"Playhouse 90"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071121080428/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825344,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Backstage at Playhouse 90,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150826040816/http://www.rodserling.com/PPBintro.htm","external_links_name":"'Writing for Television\" by Rod Serling"},{"Link":"http://www.dailybruin.com/index.php/article/2007/05/preserving_television_future_viewers","external_links_name":"\"Preserving television for future viewers\" by Jake Ayres. Daily Bruin, May 29, 2007."},{"Link":"https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/shows/playhouse-90","external_links_name":"Playhouse 90"},{"Link":"http://ctva.biz/US/Anthology/Playhouse90_04_%281959-60%29.htm","external_links_name":"Playhouse 90 at CVTA with episode list"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirco_Games	Mirco Games	["1 History","2 Products","2.1 Coin-Operated Games","2.1.1 Foosball Tables","2.1.2 Arcade video games","2.1.3 Electro-mechanical Games","2.1.4 Pinball","3 References"]	American electronics manufacturer Mirco Games Inc.Company typeDefunctIndustryCoin-operated GamesFoundedDecember 26, 1973; 50 years ago (1973-12-26) in Phoenix, Arizona, United StatesFoundersRichard N. Raymond, John L. WalshDefunct1980; 44 years ago (1980)FateSold to Amstar ElectronicsProductsVideo games Mirco Games Inc. was a manufacturer of coin-operated games based in Phoenix, Arizona founded in 1973. The company was a subsidiary of electronics manufacturer Mirco Inc, producing foosball tables and coin-operated video games through the 1970s. They notably created a few of the earliest games incorporating microprocessors, including The Spirit of ’76, the first commercially available pinball utilizing the technology. The company was eventually sold in 1980 to Amstar Electronics. History The roots of Mirco Games lie in the company Arizona Automation, an importer of foosball tables founded by Richard “Dick” N. Raymond and John L. Walsh. Walsh and Raymond had worked together at General Electric in Germany and discovered the popularity of foosball in Europe, which had not yet taken off in the United States. Raymond opened Arizona Automation in a 600 foot office space in 1970 in Phoenix, Arizona with Walsh serving as the import agent in Germany. Their tables were marketed under the name Champion Soccer. Within a year, Raymond bought out Walsh’s shares in the company. Subsequently, the German mark suffered in value, leading to Arizona Automation tables domestically. Using manufacturing materials in both the United States and Taiwan, Raymond found great success as the popularity for foosball boomed in the country. Within four years, the company achieved sales of $1 million. In November 1971, Joe Walsh along with Robert Kessler and Bruce Kinkler formed electronics company Mirco Incorporated, producing both electronics testing hardware and software. To help finance the expansion of this business, Micro purchased the assets of Arizona Automation to get into the coin-op market. On December 26, 1973, Micro Games Inc. was formed with all of Arizona Automation’s staff and product transferred to the new company. In 1974, Mirco Games published the book Table Soccer Rules and Strategy by Bob and Steve Edgell. One of the earliest books aimed at competitive coin-operated games, the company agreed to publish the book in exchange for one of their tables being featured on the cover. The book helped to spur competitive foosball to new heights, attracting mainstream interest in the craze. Mirco Games itself promoted foosball tournaments, spurring adoption of their tables in large numbers. They eventually captured 10% of the foosball table market. Bob Edgell subsequently joined Mirco Games in a marketing role. Using their combined expertise in coin-operated games and electronics, Micro Games expanded into electronic games starting in 1973. They first manufactured a number of Pong clones including Champion Ping-Pong (1973) and Challenge (1974). This new revenue stream helped grow the company from $1 million in the foosball trade to $7.3 million in 1975 – $6.1 million of which was from video games. Mirco also offered test equipment services to the coin-op industry through their Mirco Electronic Distributors subsidiary and opened manufacturing plants in Australia and Germany. Mirco Inc. started exploring early microprocessors after a number of engineers and managers at the company arrived from Motorola, which had released the 8-bit Motorola 6800 microprocessor. In 1975, Mirco Games was approached by engineer David Nutting who had led the project to convert an electro-mechanical pinball table to be powered by a microprocessor. After Nutting shipped Mirco Games one of his prototypes, a team led by former Motorola engineers created The Spirit of ’76 (1975) based on the Motorola 6800 microprocessor. When shown at the 1975 Music Operators of America show, The Spirit of ’76 was the first commercially available pinball game using a microprocessor. However, Mirco Games had no prior experience manufacturing pinball tables, and the game was not in a finalized state. The initial units shipped in November 1975 were over-engineered and defective, causing a halt to production in March of 1976. The table sold 140 units; its failure caused Mirco to not pursue the pinball business until reentering the market with cocktail table pinball model Lucky Draw (1978). At the same show, Mirco also introduced one of the earliest microprocessor-based video games, PT-109 (1975), utilizing the Fairchild F8 microprocessor – which also sold poorly. In January 1976, Mirco entered into an agreement with Fairchild Camera & Instrument to create a dedicated home video game console based on their Challenge arcade machine. The deal subsequently fell apart, resulting in a lawsuit over the terms of the agreement in 1977. Micro Inc's financial situation took a serious hit as a result of the game business, with The Spirit of '76, the Fairchild agreement, and the formation of their German subsidiary being blamed for the company's first reported loss in fiscal 1977. This situation led to a firing of 50% of staff and a 10% reduction in pay for those remaining. The company continued releasing coin-operated video games in a number of genres. These included racing games, flight combat games, and card games. Beginning with 21 (1976), Mirco found a niche in video adaptation of gambling-adjacent “gray market” games. Co-founder of Mirco Inc, John Walsh, went onto form Intermark Industries which distributed gray market video games similar to those produced under Mirco Games. The last game from the company was published in 1979. In 1980, Mirco Games and Mirco Games GmbH in Germany were sold by to Amstar Electronics, licensors of the game Phoenix (1980), whom Mirco had previously done distribution for. Products Coin-Operated Games Foosball Tables Champion Soccer (1971) as Arizona Automation Champion Soccer Club (1973) as Arizona Automation (not coin-operated, sold to the home) Grand Champion (1975) Grand Champ (1975) (not coin-operated, sold to the home) Maverick (1975) Grand Champion VI (January 1977) Arcade video games Champion Ping-Pong (1973) originally released as Arizona Automation, later as Mirco Games. Challenge (April 1974) Slam (August 1975) PT-109 (1975) Skywar (May 1976) 21 (September 1976) Super Stud (December 1976) Super 21 (August 1977) Formula M Vroom (November 1977) Dawn Patrol (June 1978) Hold & Draw (1978) Break In (1978) Hi-Lo Jackpot (1979) Electro-mechanical Games Scramble (June 1975) Pinball The Spirit of '76 (1975) Lucky Draw (June 1978) References ^ a b c d e f Bernhardt, Kenneth L.; Kinnear, Thomas C. (1978). Cases in marketing management. Dallas, Texas: Business Publications Inc. pp. 551–565. ISBN 0-256-02081-7. ^ a b "Mirco & Champion". RePlay. 1 (18): 17. 1976-02-28. ^ "PC Faults Located Through 'Flash II'". Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community. 7 (37): 16. 1973-09-12. ^ Franson, Paul (1974-07-11). "Portable tester checks complex logic". Electronics. 47 (15): 125–126. ^ a b "Arizona Auto. & Mirco, Inc. Merge". Cash Box: 51. 1974-02-23. ^ "Operator Sales & Mirco Stage Soccer Bout; 395 Teams Compete for Cash and Prizes". Cash Box: 51. 1974-05-11. ^ "Edgell Named Mirco's Dir. of Marketing". Cash Box: 45. 1976-05-01. ^ "Edgell And Reinhardt Promote At Mirco". Cash Box: 41, 43. 1976-12-18. ^ "Mirco Expands U.S. Facilities: Opens European Subsid.-Germany". Cash Box: 46. 1975-11-15. ^ "Mirco Games Opens Factory in Germany". Mir Co-Operator. 1 (1): 1. 1975. ^ "Connors App. Mirco President". Cash Box: 43. 1975-05-31. ^ a b c "Mirco Intro's 'Spirit of '76' Computerized Pinball And 'PT 109' Video Game at MOA Expo". Cash Box: 38. 1975-11-08. ^ a b Bailey, Clarence W. (1977-05-01). "Young firm survives crises in too-rapid growth". Arizona Republic. pp. D-16, D-21. ^ "Mirco hits Fairchild with $6 million lawsuit". Play Meter. 4 (1): 32. January 1978. ^ "Mirco Suit". RePlay. 3 (3): 58. December 1977. ^ "Fairchild sues Mirco". Play Meter. 4 (7): 56. 1978-04-07. ^ "John Walsh Forms Intermark Indus". Cash Box: 52–53. 1979-02-17. ^ a b "See the Exclusive". RePlay: 44. November 1979. ^ "Other games". Play Meter. 6 (19): 121. October 1980. ^ Kirk, Steve (1980-12-15). "The Game Reviews: 'Missile command' and 'Moon Cresta'-- recommended". Play Meter. 6 (23): 128–129, 131. ^ "Amstar Runs Up Amusement Factory Flag". RePlay. 6 (2): 118. November 1980. ^ "MOA Exhibits SRO; Advance Red Good And Seminar Tops". Cash Box: 43. 1971-10-02. ^ "Ariz. Automation Markets Home Model". Cash Box: 54. 1973-02-17. ^ a b c "The Magnificent Seven". Cash Box: Part III - Coin Machines 11. 1975-07-05. ^ "The 'Grand Champ'". Cash Box: 31. 1975-08-30. ^ "The Magnificent Seven". Play Meter. 1 (7): 12. June–July 1975. ^ a b "Mirco Introduces Two New Products". Cash Box: 41. 1976-12-18. ^ "Free Play". Cash Box: 50. 1974-04-13. ^ "Chicago Chatter". Cash Box. 35 (42): 52. 1974-04-20. ^ a b "Two all new games from MIRCO. The people who brought you Challenge". Play Meter. 1 (6): 41. May 1975. ^ "Micro Intro's "Slam" Video Cocktail Table". Cash Box: 39. 1975-08-02. ^ "Mirco Games Introduces Video Cocktail Table". Vending Times. 15 (8): 48. August 1975. ^ "Slam features skill and speed". Play Meter. 1 (8): 44. August 1975. ^ "Microprocessor gives action to table". Play Meter. 1 (11): 52. November 1975. ^ "Mirco Games Introduces PT-109 Video Game". Vending Times. 16 (1): 47. January 1976. ^ "Aces rocket to heroism in Skywar". Play Meter. 2 (5): 46. May 1976. ^ "Mirco Bows Upright & Cocktail "Skywar"". RePlay. 1 (30): 13. May 1976. ^ "'Skywar' New Air-Battle 2-Player Game From Mirco". Cash Box: 43. 1976-05-08. ^ "Video Blackjack". Play Meter. 2 (9): 40. September 1976. ^ "Mirco Intro's Its "21" Video". RePlay. 1 (43): 22. August 1976. ^ "Mirco Releases 'Super 21' Cocktail". Cash Box: 65. 1977-08-06. ^ "Mirco releases Super 21". Play Meter. 3 (17): 48. September 1977. ^ "New Game". Cash Box: 63. 1977-11-05. ^ "Dogfight at dawn". Play Meter. 4 (11): 60. 1978-06-15. ^ "California Clippings". Cash Box: 50. 1978-07-15. ^ "Mirco Introduces New 'Hold & Draw' Electronic Upright Video Poker Game". Cash Box: 45. 1978-07-22. ^ "Computer card game". Play Meter. 4 (15): 46. 1978-08-15. ^ "Mirco introduces gaming machines". Play Meter. 4 (9): 27. 1978-05-15. ^ "Mirco Games Introduces Scramble". Vending Times. 15 (6): 46. June 1975. ^ "Mirco enters pinball market with Spirit". Play Meter. 1 (11): 52. November 1975. ^ "Mirco Games Introduces Spirit of '76 Pin Game". Vending Times. 15 (11): 86. November 1975. ^ "Cocktail Model Pinball Game Is Marketed By Mirco". Cash Box: 50. 1978-06-17. ^ "Sitdown pingame". Play Meter. 4 (13): 70. 1978-07-15.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"foosball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_football"},{"link_name":"coin-operated video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"The Spirit of ’76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_%2776_(pinball)"}],"text":"Mirco Games Inc. was a manufacturer of coin-operated games based in Phoenix, Arizona founded in 1973. The company was a subsidiary of electronics manufacturer Mirco Inc, producing foosball tables and coin-operated video games through the 1970s. They notably created a few of the earliest games incorporating microprocessors, including The Spirit of ’76, the first commercially available pinball utilizing the technology. The company was eventually sold in 1980 to Amstar Electronics.","title":"Mirco Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"German mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-2"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"electronics testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_test_equipment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"8-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit_computing"},{"link_name":"Motorola 6800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800"},{"link_name":"David Nutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nutting"},{"link_name":"electro-mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game"},{"link_name":"pinball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinball"},{"link_name":"The Spirit of ’76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_%2776_(pinball)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"Fairchild F8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_F8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Camera & Instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Camera_and_Instrument"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(1980_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The roots of Mirco Games lie in the company Arizona Automation, an importer of foosball tables founded by Richard “Dick” N. Raymond and John L. Walsh. Walsh and Raymond had worked together at General Electric in Germany and discovered the popularity of foosball in Europe, which had not yet taken off in the United States. Raymond opened Arizona Automation in a 600 foot office space in 1970 in Phoenix, Arizona with Walsh serving as the import agent in Germany. Their tables were marketed under the name Champion Soccer. Within a year, Raymond bought out Walsh’s shares in the company.[1]Subsequently, the German mark suffered in value, leading to Arizona Automation tables domestically. Using manufacturing materials in both the United States and Taiwan, Raymond found great success as the popularity for foosball boomed in the country. Within four years, the company achieved sales of $1 million.[1][2]In November 1971, Joe Walsh along with Robert Kessler and Bruce Kinkler formed electronics company Mirco Incorporated, producing both electronics testing hardware and software.[1][3][4] To help finance the expansion of this business, Micro purchased the assets of Arizona Automation to get into the coin-op market. On December 26, 1973, Micro Games Inc. was formed with all of Arizona Automation’s staff and product transferred to the new company.[1][5]In 1974, Mirco Games published the book Table Soccer Rules and Strategy by Bob and Steve Edgell. One of the earliest books aimed at competitive coin-operated games, the company agreed to publish the book in exchange for one of their tables being featured on the cover. The book helped to spur competitive foosball to new heights, attracting mainstream interest in the craze. Mirco Games itself promoted foosball tournaments, spurring adoption of their tables in large numbers.[2][6] They eventually captured 10% of the foosball table market. Bob Edgell subsequently joined Mirco Games in a marketing role.[7][8]Using their combined expertise in coin-operated games and electronics, Micro Games expanded into electronic games starting in 1973. They first manufactured a number of Pong clones including Champion Ping-Pong (1973) and Challenge (1974). This new revenue stream helped grow the company from $1 million in the foosball trade to $7.3 million in 1975 – $6.1 million of which was from video games. Mirco also offered test equipment services to the coin-op industry through their Mirco Electronic Distributors subsidiary and opened manufacturing plants in Australia and Germany.[1][5][9][10]Mirco Inc. started exploring early microprocessors after a number of engineers and managers at the company arrived from Motorola,[11] which had released the 8-bit Motorola 6800 microprocessor. In 1975, Mirco Games was approached by engineer David Nutting who had led the project to convert an electro-mechanical pinball table to be powered by a microprocessor. After Nutting shipped Mirco Games one of his prototypes, a team led by former Motorola engineers created The Spirit of ’76 (1975) based on the Motorola 6800 microprocessor.When shown at the 1975 Music Operators of America show, The Spirit of ’76 was the first commercially available pinball game using a microprocessor.[12] However, Mirco Games had no prior experience manufacturing pinball tables, and the game was not in a finalized state. The initial units shipped in November 1975 were over-engineered and defective, causing a halt to production in March of 1976. The table sold 140 units;[13] its failure caused Mirco to not pursue the pinball business until reentering the market with cocktail table pinball model Lucky Draw (1978). At the same show, Mirco also introduced one of the earliest microprocessor-based video games, PT-109 (1975), utilizing the Fairchild F8 microprocessor – which also sold poorly.[12]In January 1976, Mirco entered into an agreement with Fairchild Camera & Instrument to create a dedicated home video game console based on their Challenge arcade machine.[1] The deal subsequently fell apart, resulting in a lawsuit over the terms of the agreement in 1977.[14][15][16] Micro Inc's financial situation took a serious hit as a result of the game business, with The Spirit of '76, the Fairchild agreement, and the formation of their German subsidiary being blamed for the company's first reported loss in fiscal 1977. This situation led to a firing of 50% of staff and a 10% reduction in pay for those remaining.[13]The company continued releasing coin-operated video games in a number of genres. These included racing games, flight combat games, and card games. Beginning with 21 (1976), Mirco found a niche in video adaptation of gambling-adjacent “gray market” games. Co-founder of Mirco Inc, John Walsh, went onto form Intermark Industries which distributed gray market video games similar to those produced under Mirco Games.[17]The last game from the company was published in 1979. In 1980, Mirco Games and Mirco Games GmbH in Germany were sold by to Amstar Electronics, licensors of the game Phoenix (1980), whom Mirco had previously done distribution for.[18][19][20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coin-Operated Games","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-27"}],"sub_title":"Coin-Operated Games - Foosball Tables","text":"Champion Soccer (1971)[22] as Arizona Automation\nChampion Soccer Club (1973)[23] as Arizona Automation (not coin-operated, sold to the home)\nGrand Champion (1975)[24]\nGrand Champ (1975)[24][25] (not coin-operated, sold to the home)\nMaverick (1975)[24][26]\nGrand Champion VI (January 1977)[27]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-27"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-18"}],"sub_title":"Coin-Operated Games - Arcade video games","text":"Champion Ping-Pong (1973) originally released as Arizona Automation, later as Mirco Games.\nChallenge (April 1974)[28][29]\nSlam (August 1975)[30][31][32][33]\nPT-109 (1975)[34][35]\nSkywar (May 1976)[36][37][38]\n21 (September 1976)[39][40]\nSuper Stud (December 1976)[27]\nSuper 21 (August 1977)[41][42]\nFormula M Vroom (November 1977)[43]\nDawn Patrol (June 1978)[44]\nHold & Draw (1978)[45][46][47]\nBreak In (1978)[48]\nHi-Lo Jackpot (1979)[18]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Coin-Operated Games - Electro-mechanical Games","text":"Scramble (June 1975)[30][49]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Coin-Operated Games - Pinball","text":"The Spirit of '76 (1975)[12][50][51]\nLucky Draw (June 1978)[52][53]","title":"Products"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bernhardt, Kenneth L.; Kinnear, Thomas C. (1978). Cases in marketing management. Dallas, Texas: Business Publications Inc. pp. 551–565. ISBN 0-256-02081-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-256-02081-7","url_text":"0-256-02081-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Mirco & Champion\". RePlay. 1 (18): 17. 1976-02-28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"PC Faults Located Through 'Flash II'\". Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community. 7 (37): 16. 1973-09-12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Franson, Paul (1974-07-11). \"Portable tester checks complex logic\". Electronics. 47 (15): 125–126.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Auto. & Mirco, Inc. Merge\". Cash Box: 51. 1974-02-23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Operator Sales & Mirco Stage Soccer Bout; 395 Teams Compete for Cash and Prizes\". Cash Box: 51. 1974-05-11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Edgell Named Mirco's Dir. of Marketing\". Cash Box: 45. 1976-05-01.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Edgell And Reinhardt Promote At Mirco\". Cash Box: 41, 43. 1976-12-18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Expands U.S. Facilities: Opens European Subsid.-Germany\". Cash Box: 46. 1975-11-15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Games Opens Factory in Germany\". Mir Co-Operator. 1 (1): 1. 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Connors App. Mirco President\". Cash Box: 43. 1975-05-31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Intro's 'Spirit of '76' Computerized Pinball And 'PT 109' Video Game at MOA Expo\". Cash Box: 38. 1975-11-08.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bailey, Clarence W. (1977-05-01). \"Young firm survives crises in too-rapid growth\". Arizona Republic. pp. D-16, D-21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco hits Fairchild with $6 million lawsuit\". Play Meter. 4 (1): 32. January 1978.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Suit\". RePlay. 3 (3): 58. December 1977.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fairchild sues Mirco\". Play Meter. 4 (7): 56. 1978-04-07.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Walsh Forms Intermark Indus\". Cash Box: 52–53. 1979-02-17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"See the Exclusive\". RePlay: 44. November 1979.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Other games\". Play Meter. 6 (19): 121. October 1980.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kirk, Steve (1980-12-15). \"The Game Reviews: 'Missile command' and 'Moon Cresta'-- recommended\". Play Meter. 6 (23): 128–129, 131.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Amstar Runs Up Amusement Factory Flag\". RePlay. 6 (2): 118. November 1980.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MOA Exhibits SRO; Advance Red Good And Seminar Tops\". Cash Box: 43. 1971-10-02.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ariz. Automation Markets Home Model\". Cash Box: 54. 1973-02-17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Magnificent Seven\". Cash Box: Part III - Coin Machines 11. 1975-07-05.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The 'Grand Champ'\". Cash Box: 31. 1975-08-30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Magnificent Seven\". Play Meter. 1 (7): 12. June–July 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Introduces Two New Products\". Cash Box: 41. 1976-12-18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Free Play\". Cash Box: 50. 1974-04-13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Chatter\". Cash Box. 35 (42): 52. 1974-04-20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Two all new games from MIRCO. The people who brought you Challenge\". Play Meter. 1 (6): 41. May 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Micro Intro's \"Slam\" Video Cocktail Table\". Cash Box: 39. 1975-08-02.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Games Introduces Video Cocktail Table\". Vending Times. 15 (8): 48. August 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Slam features skill and speed\". Play Meter. 1 (8): 44. August 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Microprocessor gives action to table\". Play Meter. 1 (11): 52. November 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Games Introduces PT-109 Video Game\". Vending Times. 16 (1): 47. January 1976.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Aces rocket to heroism in Skywar\". Play Meter. 2 (5): 46. May 1976.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Bows Upright & Cocktail \"Skywar\"\". RePlay. 1 (30): 13. May 1976.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"'Skywar' New Air-Battle 2-Player Game From Mirco\". Cash Box: 43. 1976-05-08.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Video Blackjack\". Play Meter. 2 (9): 40. September 1976.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Intro's Its \"21\" Video\". RePlay. 1 (43): 22. August 1976.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Releases 'Super 21' Cocktail\". Cash Box: 65. 1977-08-06.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco releases Super 21\". Play Meter. 3 (17): 48. September 1977.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Game\". Cash Box: 63. 1977-11-05.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dogfight at dawn\". Play Meter. 4 (11): 60. 1978-06-15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"California Clippings\". Cash Box: 50. 1978-07-15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Introduces New 'Hold & Draw' Electronic Upright Video Poker Game\". Cash Box: 45. 1978-07-22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Computer card game\". Play Meter. 4 (15): 46. 1978-08-15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco introduces gaming machines\". Play Meter. 4 (9): 27. 1978-05-15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Games Introduces Scramble\". Vending Times. 15 (6): 46. June 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco enters pinball market with Spirit\". Play Meter. 1 (11): 52. November 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mirco Games Introduces Spirit of '76 Pin Game\". Vending Times. 15 (11): 86. November 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cocktail Model Pinball Game Is Marketed By Mirco\". Cash Box: 50. 1978-06-17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sitdown pingame\". Play Meter. 4 (13): 70. 1978-07-15.","urls":[]}]	[]

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