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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Gillis
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Jamie Gillis
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Filmography","4.1 As an actor (list incomplete)","4.2 As a director (partial list)","5 Awards","6 See also","7 Sources","8 References","9 External links"]
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American actor and director
Jamie GillisGillis at the CES in Las Vegas, 1999BornJamey Ira Gurman(1943-04-20)April 20, 1943New York City, U.S.DiedFebruary 19, 2010(2010-02-19) (aged 66)New York City, U.S.Other namesAl Cianelli, Jamier Kantor, Jaime Gillis, Jaimie Gillis, Jaimi Gillis, Jamey Gillis, Jamie Grill, Buster Hymen, Jamey, James Kleeman, Ronny Morgan, Barry Gillis, Sir Jamie Gillis, James Rugman (gay)Partner(s)Serena, Zarela Martinez
Jamie Gillis (born Jamey Ira Gurman; April 20, 1943 – February 19, 2010) was an American pornographic actor, director and member of the AVN Hall of Fame.
He was married to the porn actress Serena.
Early life
Gillis was born Jamey Ira Gurman in New York City. He was named after the Tyrone Power character in the film The Black Swan (1942), and he took the name Gillis from the girlfriend he was living with when he made his first films. Gillis later attended Columbia University and graduated magna cum laude. While supporting himself driving a cab, he answered an ad in The Village Voice.
Career
He appeared in more than 470 movies as an actor." He also directed several adult movies. Openly bisexual, he appeared in many gay porn films, including a sex scene with Zebedy Colt in the 1975 Gerard Damiano BDSM-themed film The Story of Joanna. Gillis appeared in the mainstream Hollywood film Nighthawks (1981) as the boss of Lindsay Wagner's character (he's credited as 'Designer'). He also made his name in two Radley Metzger films, The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) and Barbara Broadcast (1977); the former is considered, by award-winning author Toni Bentley, the "crown jewel" of the Golden Age of Porn.
According to Al Goldstein, Gillis was always described as "sexually the wildest, most decadent, off-the-wall guy in the business." His scene with Brooke Fields was problematic. He was a pioneer in the pornographic style known as Gonzo. In addition to starring in the first Buttman film, he also created the influential On the Prowl series. Featuring a porn star who rides in a limo looking for regular guys to have sex with, the video series was very popular and inspired a scene in the movie Boogie Nights. He also co-produced the popular Dirty Debutante series with fellow director and performer Ed Powers, as well as the Walking Toilet Bowl series of films that focused on golden showers and coprophilia.
Death
Gillis died on February 19, 2010, in New York City from melanoma, which was diagnosed four to five months earlier. In an audio interview given to The Rialto Report shortly before his death, Gillis stated that in the 1970s he had wanted his ashes to be scattered in Times Square, but years later he changed his mind, stating that the cleaned up Times Square that emerged in the 1990s would contaminate his ashes.
Filmography
As an actor (list incomplete)
Die You Zombie Bastards! (2005)
Potty Mouth (2004)
Luv Generation (2004)
Sunset Stripped (2002)
New Wave Hookers 5 (1997)
Bobby Sox (1996)
Taboo XI (1993)
Taboo IX (1991)
Play My Flute (1991)
Uncle Jamie's Double Trouble (1991)
Playin' Dirty (1990)
Jamie Gillis and Africa (1990)
Taboo VII (1989)
Alien Space Avenger (1989)
Adventures of Buttman (1989)
Pretty Peaches (1989)
Head Lock (1989)
Pretty Peaches 2 (1987)
Babyface 2 (1986)
Taboo V (1986)
Taboo IV (1985)
Ten Little Maidens (1985)
Love Mexican Style (1985)
Too Naughty to Say No (1985)
New Wave Hookers (1984)
Trinity Brown (1984)
A Little Bit of Hanky Panky (1984)
Corruption (1983)
Night of the Zombies (1981)
Roommates (1981)
Neon Nights (1981)
Amanda by Night (1981)
Wanda Whips Wall Street (1981)
Nighthawks (1981)
Dracula Exotica (1980)
The Seduction of Cindy (1980)
800 Fantasy Lane (1979)
The Ecstasy Girls (1979)
Sensual Fire (1979)
Heavenly Desire (1979)
Hot Honey (1978)
Dracula Sucks (aka Lust At First Bite) (1978)
A Coming of Angels (1977)
Barbara Broadcast (1977)
Lustful Feelings (1977)
Obsessed (1977)
Captain Lust and the Pirate Women (1977)
Through the Looking Glass (1976)
Winter Heat (1976)
Water Power (1976)
The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976)
Oriental Blue (1976)
Saturday Night Special (1976)
Boy 'Napped (1975)
Sometime Sweet Susan (1975)
Abigail Lesley is Back in Town(1975)
The Seduction of Lyn Carter (1974)
Fantasy Girls (1974)
Deep Throat Part II (1974)
As a director (partial list)
Devious Old Gillis (1998)
Back on the Prowl 2 (1998)
Back on the Prowl (1998)
Punished Sex Offenders (1990)
Takeout Torture (1990)
On the Prowl (1989)
Awards
1976 AFAA Award – Best Actor (The Opening of Misty Beethoven)
1977 AAFA Award – Best Actor (Coming of Angels)
1979 AAFA Award – Best Actor (Ecstasy Girls)
1982 AFAA Award – Best Supporting Actor (Roommates)
1984 XRCO Award – Best Kinky Scene (Insatiable II)
1985 XRCO Award – Best Kinky Scene (Nasty)
1987 XRCO Award – Best Actor (Deep Throat 2)
1987 XRCO Award – Best Supporting Actor (Babyface 2)
1987 XRCO Award – Best Kinky Scene (Let's Get It On With Amber Lynn)
1989 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actor – (Pretty Peaches 2)
1989 XRCO Award – Best Actor (Second Skin)
1997 AVN Award – Best Actor – Film (Bobby Sox)
1999 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actor – Video (Forever Night)
AVN Hall of Fame
XRCO Hall of Fame
See also
Golden Age of Porn
List of male performers in gay porn films
Sources
Nicolas Barbano: Verdens 25 hotteste pornostjerner (Rosinante, Denmark 1999) ISBN 87-7357-961-0: Features a chapter on him.
The Rialto Report: Jamie Gillis: New York Beginnings, audio interview with Jamie Gillis, November 17, 2013
Sloan, Will (November 21, 2013). "The Godfather of Gonzo Porn". Hazlitt. Random House of Canada. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
References
^ a b c "Porn Star Jamie Gillis Remembered by Non-Porn-Star Friends". New York. March 15, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2013. His real name was Jamey Gurman; he was a native New Yorker and "renaissance Jew" who graduated magna cum laude from Columbia University and, in the spirit of countercultural exploration and open-mindedness, ended up in porn.
^ a b Jamie Gillis: New York Beginnings, audio interview with Jamie Gillis, The Rialto Report, November 17, 2013"
^ a b "SCREW Interview with Jamie Gillis: The Hamlet of Hard-Core," SCREW, May 17, 1976, pp. 4-9, 41.media, retrieved January 15, 2015.
^ "The Underboss". Gay Erotic Video Index. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
^ a b c West, Ashley (April 7, 2017). "'The Opening of Misty Beethoven' (1976): Jamie Gillis and Constance Money". The Rialto Report. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^ Bentley, Toni (June 2014). "The Legend of Henry Paris". Playboy. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
^ Bentley, Toni (June 2014). "The Legend of Henry Paris" (PDF). ToniBentley.com. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
^ Sloan, Will (November 21, 2013). "The Godfather of Gonzo Porn". Random House. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ XBIZ (September 25, 2007). "The Godfathers of Gonzo". XBIZ.com. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ Peter Warren (February 19, 2010). "Jamie Gillis Passes Away". business.avn.com. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g "rame awards list". Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
^ MayorDefacto. "Transcript of the video A Night of Legends: First Annual XRCO Adult Film Awards". Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
^ "Winners of XRCO Awards 1986".
^ "Academy Awards of XXX Convene in 'the Valley of Lust': Uptight Undercurrent Mars Atmosphere of Kinky Abandon in Era of Challenges From Law". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 1988. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
^ "Winners of XRCO Awards 1988".
^ a b c "Past AVN Award Winners". Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
^ "AVN Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
^ "XRCO Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
External links
Jamie Gillis at IMDb
Jamie Gillis at the Internet Adult Film Database
Jamie Gillis at the Adult Film Database
Jamie Gillis: New York Beginnings, audio interview with Jamie Gillis, The Rialto Report, November 17, 2013
Jamie Gillis at AllMovie
The Prince of Gonzo Porn – July 2007 interview
1983 interview with Shauna Grant on YouTube
Interview by Al Goldstein in SCREW magazine, July 9, 1973, pp. 5–8.
vteAVN Award for Best Actor((f)ilm and (v)ideo were used as separate categories in most years prior to 2009)1980s
Richard Pacheco (1984) (f)
Eric Edwards (1985) (f)
Harry Reems (f) / Eric Edwards (v) (1986)
Mike Horner (f) / Buck Adams (v) (1987)
John Leslie (f) / Robert Bullock (v) (1988)
Robert Bullock (f) / Buck Adams (v) (1989)
1990s
Jon Martin (1990) (v)
Randy Spears (f) / Eric Edwards (v) (1991)
Buck Adams (f) / Tom Byron (v) (1992)
Mike Horner (f) / Joey Silvera (v) (1993)
Mike Horner (f) / Jonathan Morgan (v) (1994)
Buck Adams (f) / Steven St. Croix (v) (1995)
Mike Horner (f) / Jon Dough (v) (1996)
Jamie Gillis (f) / Jon Dough (v) (1997)
Steven St. Croix (f) / Tom Byron (v) (1998)
James Bonn (f) / Michael J. Cox (v) (1999)
2000s
James Bonn (f) / Randy Spears (v) (2000)
Evan Stone (f) / Joel Lawrence (v) (2001)
Anthony Crane (f) / Mike Horner (v) (2002)
Brad Armstrong (f) / Dale DaBone (v) (2003)
Randy Spears (f) / Evan Stone (v) (2004)
Justin Sterling (f) / Barrett Blade (v) (2005)
Randy Spears (f) / Evan Stone (v) (2006)
Randy Spears (f) / Evan Stone (v) (2007)
Tom Byron (f) / Brad Armstrong (v) (2008)
Evan Stone (2009)
2010s
Eric Swiss (2010)
Tom Byron (2011)
Dale DaBone (2012)
Steven St. Croix (2013)
Tommy Pistol (2014)
Steven St. Croix (2015)
Tommy Pistol (2016)
Xander Corvus (2017)
Tommy Pistol (2018)
Seth Gamble (2019)
2020s
Seth Gamble
2020
2021
Tommy Pistol (2022)
Seth Gamble (2013)
vteAVN Award for Best Supporting Actor((f)ilm and (v)ideo were used as separate categories in most years prior to 2009)1980s
Richard Pacheco (1984) (f)
John Leslie (1985) (f)
Ron Jeremy (1986) (f)
Joey Silvera (1987) (f)
Michael Gaunt (1988) (f)
Jamie Gillis (f) / Richard Pacheco (v) (1989)
1990s
Rick Savage (1990)
Jon Martin (f) / Ron Jeremy (v) (1991)
Jon Dough (f) / Mike Horner (v) (1992)
Randy Spears (f) / Tony Tedeschi (v) (1993)
Steve Drake (f) / Randy Spears (v) (1994)
Jon Dough (f) / Jonathan Morgan (v) (1995)
Steven St. Croix (f) / Alex Sanders (v) (1996)
Tony Tedeschi (1997)
Wilde Oscar (f) / Dave Hardman (v) (1998)
Michael J. Cox (f) / Jamie Gillis (v) (1999)
2000s
Michael J. Cox (f) / Tom Byron (v) (2000)
Randy Spears (f) / Wilde Oscar (v) (2001)
Herschel Savage (f) / Mike Horner (v) (2002)
Mr. Marcus (f) / Randy Spears (v) (2003)
Steven St. Croix (f) / Randy Spears (v) (2004)
Rod Fontana (f) / Randy Spears (v) (2005)
Randy Spears (f) / Tommy Gunn (v) (2006)
Kurt Lockwood (f) / Manuel Ferrara (v) (2007)
Randy Spears (f) / Barrett Blade (v) (2008)
Ben English (2009)
2010s
Tom Byron (2010)
Evan Stone (2011)
Xander Corvus (2012)
Tom Byron (2013)
Xander Corvus
2014
2015
Steven St. Croix (2016)
Brad Armstrong (2017)
Small Hands (2018)
Charles Dera (2019)
2020s
Tommy Pistol (2020)
Xander Corvus (2021)
Tommy Pistol
2022
2023
Portals: Biography Society Film United States
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He was named after the Tyrone Power character in the film The Black Swan (1942), and he took the name Gillis from the girlfriend he was living with when he made his first films.[2] Gillis later attended Columbia University and graduated magna cum laude.[1] While supporting himself driving a cab, he answered an ad in The Village Voice.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underboss-4"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"Zebedy Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebedy_Colt"},{"link_name":"BDSM-themed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"The Story of Joanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Joanna"},{"link_name":"Nighthawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nighthawks_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Radley Metzger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley_Metzger"},{"link_name":"The Opening of Misty Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opening_of_Misty_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRR-20170407-5"},{"link_name":"Barbara Broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Broadcast"},{"link_name":"Toni Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Bentley"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Porn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-201406-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-201406-7"},{"link_name":"Al Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVV-3"},{"link_name":"Gonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_pornography"},{"link_name":"Buttman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stagliano"},{"link_name":"On the Prowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Prowl_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Boogie Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ed Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Powers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"golden showers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_shower_(urolagnia)"},{"link_name":"coprophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprophilia"}],"text":"He appeared in more than 470 movies as an actor.\"[4] He also directed several adult movies. Openly bisexual, he appeared in many gay porn films, including a sex scene with Zebedy Colt in the 1975 Gerard Damiano BDSM-themed film The Story of Joanna. Gillis appeared in the mainstream Hollywood film Nighthawks (1981) as the boss of Lindsay Wagner's character (he's credited as 'Designer'). He also made his name in two Radley Metzger films, The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976)[5] and Barbara Broadcast (1977); the former is considered, by award-winning author Toni Bentley, the \"crown jewel\" of the Golden Age of Porn.[6][7]According to Al Goldstein, Gillis was always described as \"sexually the wildest, most decadent, off-the-wall guy in the business.\"[3] His scene with Brooke Fields was problematic. He was a pioneer in the pornographic style known as Gonzo. In addition to starring in the first Buttman film, he also created the influential On the Prowl series. Featuring a porn star who rides in a limo looking for regular guys to have sex with, the video series was very popular and inspired a scene in the movie Boogie Nights.[8] He also co-produced the popular Dirty Debutante series with fellow director and performer Ed Powers,[9] as well as the Walking Toilet Bowl series of films that focused on golden showers and coprophilia.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Rialto Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rialto_Report"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"cleaned up Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square#1960s%E2%80%931990s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillis-2"}],"text":"Gillis died on February 19, 2010, in New York City from melanoma, which was diagnosed four to five months earlier.[10] In an audio interview given to The Rialto Report shortly before his death, Gillis stated that in the 1970s he had wanted his ashes to be scattered in Times Square, but years later he changed his mind, stating that the cleaned up Times Square that emerged in the 1990s would contaminate his ashes.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Gillis&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Die You Zombie Bastards!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_You_Zombie_Bastards!"},{"link_name":"New Wave Hookers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wave_Hookers"},{"link_name":"Night of the Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Zombies"},{"link_name":"Wanda Whips Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Whips_Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"Nighthawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nighthawks_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Dracula Sucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_Sucks"},{"link_name":"Barbara Broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Broadcast"},{"link_name":"Lustful Feelings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lustful_Feelings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Obsessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Through the Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking_Glass_(film)"},{"link_name":"Winter Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Heat"},{"link_name":"Water Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Power_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Opening of Misty Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opening_of_Misty_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRR-20170407-5"},{"link_name":"Deep Throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Gillis&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"On the Prowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Prowl_(film_series)"}],"text":"As an actor (list incomplete)[edit]\nDie You Zombie Bastards! (2005)\nPotty Mouth (2004)\nLuv Generation (2004)\nSunset Stripped (2002)\nNew Wave Hookers 5 (1997)\nBobby Sox (1996)\nTaboo XI (1993)\nTaboo IX (1991)\nPlay My Flute (1991)\nUncle Jamie's Double Trouble (1991)\nPlayin' Dirty (1990)\nJamie Gillis and Africa (1990)\nTaboo VII (1989)\nAlien Space Avenger (1989)\nAdventures of Buttman (1989)\nPretty Peaches (1989)\nHead Lock (1989)\nPretty Peaches 2 (1987)\nBabyface 2 (1986)\nTaboo V (1986)\nTaboo IV (1985)\nTen Little Maidens (1985)\nLove Mexican Style (1985)\nToo Naughty to Say No (1985)\nNew Wave Hookers (1984)\nTrinity Brown (1984)\nA Little Bit of Hanky Panky (1984)\nCorruption (1983)\nNight of the Zombies (1981)\nRoommates (1981)\nNeon Nights (1981)\nAmanda by Night (1981)\nWanda Whips Wall Street (1981)\nNighthawks (1981)\nDracula Exotica (1980)\nThe Seduction of Cindy (1980)\n800 Fantasy Lane (1979)\nThe Ecstasy Girls (1979)\nSensual Fire (1979)\nHeavenly Desire (1979)\nHot Honey (1978)\nDracula Sucks (aka Lust At First Bite) (1978)\nA Coming of Angels (1977)\nBarbara Broadcast (1977)\nLustful Feelings (1977)\nObsessed (1977)\nCaptain Lust and the Pirate Women (1977)\nThrough the Looking Glass (1976)\nWinter Heat (1976)\nWater Power (1976)\nThe Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976)[5]\nOriental Blue (1976)\nSaturday Night Special (1976)\nBoy 'Napped (1975)\nSometime Sweet Susan (1975)\nAbigail Lesley is Back in Town(1975)\nThe Seduction of Lyn Carter (1974)\nFantasy Girls (1974)\nDeep Throat Part II (1974)\nAs a director (partial list)[edit]\nDevious Old Gillis (1998)\nBack on the Prowl 2 (1998)\nBack on the Prowl (1998)\nPunished Sex Offenders (1990)\nTakeout Torture (1990)\nOn the Prowl (1989)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFAA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Film_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"The Opening of Misty Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opening_of_Misty_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRR-20170407-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAME-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAME-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAME-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAME-11"},{"link_name":"XRCO Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Award"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XRCO1985-12"},{"link_name":"XRCO Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Award"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XRCO1986-13"},{"link_name":"XRCO Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAME-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_Awards_of_XXX_Convene_in_'the_Valley_of_Lust'-14"},{"link_name":"XRCO Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAME-11"},{"link_name":"XRCO Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Award"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XRCO1988-15"},{"link_name":"AVN Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVN-16"},{"link_name":"XRCO Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAME-11"},{"link_name":"AVN Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVN-16"},{"link_name":"AVN Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVN-16"},{"link_name":"AVN Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_AVN_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVN_HOF-17"},{"link_name":"XRCO Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XRCOHOF-18"}],"text":"1976 AFAA Award – Best Actor (The Opening of Misty Beethoven)[5][11]\n1977 AAFA Award – Best Actor (Coming of Angels)[11]\n1979 AAFA Award – Best Actor (Ecstasy Girls)[11]\n1982 AFAA Award – Best Supporting Actor (Roommates)[11]\n1984 XRCO Award – Best Kinky Scene (Insatiable II)[12]\n1985 XRCO Award – Best Kinky Scene (Nasty)[13]\n1987 XRCO Award – Best Actor (Deep Throat 2)[11][14]\n1987 XRCO Award – Best Supporting Actor (Babyface 2)[11]\n1987 XRCO Award – Best Kinky Scene (Let's Get It On With Amber Lynn)[15]\n1989 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actor – (Pretty Peaches 2)[16]\n1989 XRCO Award – Best Actor (Second Skin)[11]\n1997 AVN Award – Best Actor – Film (Bobby Sox)[16]\n1999 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actor – Video (Forever Night)[16]\nAVN Hall of Fame[17]\nXRCO Hall of Fame[18]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"87-7357-961-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7357-961-0"},{"link_name":"The Rialto Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.therialtoreport.com/"},{"link_name":"Jamie Gillis: New York Beginnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.therialtoreport.com/2013/11/17/jamie-gillis-new-york-beginnings-podcast-25/"},{"link_name":"\"The Godfather of Gonzo Porn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//penguinrandomhouse.ca/hazlitt/longreads/godfather-gonzo-porn"},{"link_name":"Random House of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_of_Canada"}],"text":"Nicolas Barbano: Verdens 25 hotteste pornostjerner (Rosinante, Denmark 1999) ISBN 87-7357-961-0: Features a chapter on him.\nThe Rialto Report: Jamie Gillis: New York Beginnings, audio interview with Jamie Gillis, November 17, 2013\nSloan, Will (November 21, 2013). \"The Godfather of Gonzo Porn\". Hazlitt. Random House of Canada. Retrieved March 9, 2014.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Golden Age of Porn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn"},{"title":"List of male performers in gay porn films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_performers_in_gay_porn_films"}]
|
[{"reference":"Sloan, Will (November 21, 2013). \"The Godfather of Gonzo Porn\". Hazlitt. Random House of Canada. Retrieved March 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://penguinrandomhouse.ca/hazlitt/longreads/godfather-gonzo-porn","url_text":"\"The Godfather of Gonzo Porn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_of_Canada","url_text":"Random House of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Porn Star Jamie Gillis Remembered by Non-Porn-Star Friends\". New York. March 15, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2013. His real name was Jamey Gurman; he was a native New Yorker and \"renaissance Jew\" who graduated magna cum laude from Columbia University and, in the spirit of countercultural exploration and open-mindedness, ended up in porn.","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2010/03/porn_star_jamie_gillis_remembe.html","url_text":"\"Porn Star Jamie Gillis Remembered by Non-Porn-Star Friends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"\"The Underboss\". Gay Erotic Video Index. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080207114824/http://www.wtule.net/v9718.html","url_text":"\"The Underboss\""},{"url":"http://www.wtule.net/v9718.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"West, Ashley (April 7, 2017). \"'The Opening of Misty Beethoven' (1976): Jamie Gillis and Constance Money\". The Rialto Report. Retrieved April 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.therialtoreport.com/2017/04/07/misty-beethoven/","url_text":"\"'The Opening of Misty Beethoven' (1976): Jamie Gillis and Constance Money\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rialto_Report","url_text":"The Rialto Report"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Toni (June 2014). \"The Legend of Henry Paris\". Playboy. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Bentley","url_text":"Bentley, Toni"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204030128/http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris","url_text":"\"The Legend of Henry Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy","url_text":"Playboy"},{"url":"http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Toni (June 2014). \"The Legend of Henry Paris\" (PDF). ToniBentley.com. Retrieved January 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Bentley","url_text":"Bentley, Toni"},{"url":"http://www.tonibentley.com/pdfarticles/playboy/RadleyMetzger_AuteuroftheErotic_ToniBentley.pdf","url_text":"\"The Legend of Henry Paris\""}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Will (November 21, 2013). \"The Godfather of Gonzo Porn\". Random House. Retrieved December 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://penguinrandomhouse.ca/hazlitt/longreads/godfather-gonzo-porn","url_text":"\"The Godfather of Gonzo Porn\""}]},{"reference":"XBIZ (September 25, 2007). \"The Godfathers of Gonzo\". XBIZ.com. Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xbiz.com/articles/profiles/84467","url_text":"\"The Godfathers of Gonzo\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Warren (February 19, 2010). \"Jamie Gillis Passes Away\". business.avn.com. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.avn.com/articles/37411.html","url_text":"\"Jamie Gillis Passes Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"rame awards list\". Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190421220757/http://www.rame.net/library/lists/best.html","url_text":"\"rame awards list\""},{"url":"http://www.rame.net/library/lists/best.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MayorDefacto. \"Transcript of the video A Night of Legends: First Annual XRCO Adult Film Awards\". Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812055222/https://docs.google.com/View?docid=dcpxgmgk_0hrghhdgp","url_text":"\"Transcript of the video A Night of Legends: First Annual XRCO Adult Film Awards\""},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/View?docid=dcpxgmgk_0hrghhdgp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of XRCO Awards 1986\".","urls":[{"url":"http://aiwards.com/xrco/1986","url_text":"\"Winners of XRCO Awards 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academy Awards of XXX Convene in 'the Valley of Lust': Uptight Undercurrent Mars Atmosphere of Kinky Abandon in Era of Challenges From Law\". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 1988. Retrieved January 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-19/entertainment/ca-29687_1_academy-awards","url_text":"\"Academy Awards of XXX Convene in 'the Valley of Lust': Uptight Undercurrent Mars Atmosphere of Kinky Abandon in Era of Challenges From Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of XRCO Awards 1988\".","urls":[{"url":"http://aiwards.com/xrco/1988","url_text":"\"Winners of XRCO Awards 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past AVN Award Winners\". Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090312060026/http://www.avnawards.com/index.php?content=pastwinners","url_text":"\"Past AVN Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.avnawards.com/index.php?content=pastwinners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AVN Hall of Fame\". Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002002341/http://www.avnawards.com/index.php?content=halloffame","url_text":"\"AVN Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.avnawards.com/index.php?content=halloffame","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"XRCO Hall of Fame\". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007005528/http://www.bwdl.net/XRCO-2/hall.htm","url_text":"\"XRCO Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.bwdl.net/XRCO-2/hall.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Van_Saun
|
Jesse Van Saun
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American soccer player (born 1976)
Jesse Van SaunPersonal informationDate of birth
(1976-04-20) April 20, 1976 (age 48)Place of birth
Hillsdale, New Jersey, United StatesHeight
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Position(s)
Midfielder, defenderYouth career1994–1997
St. John's Red StormSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1998
New England Revolution
5
(0)1998
→ Worcester Wildfire (loan)
1
(0)1998
→ Connecticut Wolves (loan)
3
(0)1998
→ Project 40 (loan)
6
(0)1999
Kansas City Wizards
0
(0)1999
→ Project 40 (loan)
13
(0)2000
Long Island Rough Riders
15
(1)2002
New York Freedom
18
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Jesse Van Saun (born 1976) is an American retired soccer player who played professionally in Major League Soccer and USISL.
Van Saun grew up in Hillsdale, New Jersey and graduated from Pascack Valley High School. He played soccer with the Brooklyn Italians youth team. He attended St. John's University where he was part of the school's 1996 NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship-winning team. On February 1, 1998, the New England Revolution selected Van Saun in the second round (seventeenth overall) of the 1998 MLS College Draft. He played five games for the Revolution and went on loan to the Worcester Wildfire of the USISL in April. He struggled with injuries including an abdominal strain and hospitalization due to dehydration. In August, he went on loan with the Project 40 team. When the Revolution signed Tony Kuhn in April 1999, they waived Van Saun to free up a roster spot. Two days later the Chicago Fire claimed Van Saun off waivers. On May 6, 1999, the Fire traded him to the Kansas City Wizards in exchange for Ryan Tinsley. His problems with heat stroke continued with the Wizards. In July 1999, he went on loan for two games with Project 40. The Wizards waived him in November 1999. In 2000, he played for the Long Island Rough Riders. In 2002, he played for the New York Freedom.
References
^ Yannis, Alex. "Red Storm Rising? Champions Are Young", The New York Times, December 17, 1996. Accessed November 2, 2017. "'He laid the groundwork for the program,' said Jesse Van Saun, who scored the winning goal in the semifinal match against Creighton.... Van Saun was recruited nationwide out of Pascack Valley High School in Hillsdale, N.J."
^ St. John's Flips Head Over Heels For Title
^ VAN SAUN , KELLY LEAD WILDFIRE Worcester Telegram & Gazette (MA) - Sunday, April 26, 1998
^ SOCCER - REVOLUTION NOTES - Jair, D.C. share mutual respect Boston Herald - Sunday, April 11, 1999
^ TRANSACTIONS Washington Post - Thursday, May 6, 1999
^ Wizards defender is doing fine The Kansas City Star - Thursday, July 29, 1999
^ 1998 Thunder MVP joins U.S. Pro-40 for Friday’s game
^ Wizards bid farewell to seven players The Kansas City Star - Thursday, November 25, 1999
^ 2000 LONG ISLAND ROUGH RIDERS TEAM STATISTICS
External links
Jesse Van Saun at Major League Soccer
vteNCAA Division I men's soccer tournament Most Outstanding PlayerOffensive
1959: Dueker
1960: Balassi
1961: Killen
1962: Trigg
1963: McBride
1964: J. Lewis
1965: C. Gentile
1966: Hites
1967: Werner
1968: Morelli
1969: Trost
1970: Hadican
1971: Henderson
1972: Counce
1973: Counce
1974: Davy
1975: Atuegbu
1976: Atuegbu
1977: Young
1978: Olavson
1979: Ariri
1980: Anderson
1981: Morrone
1982: DiBernardo
1983: Stollmeyer
1984: Amatasiro
1985: Ervine
1986: Stone
1987: Murray
1988: Snow
1989: Baicher
1990: Moore
1991: Reyna
1992: Reyna
1993: Friends
1994: Silvera
1995: M. Gentile
1996: Van Saun
1997: George
1998: Korol
1999: Lavrynenko
2000: D. Lewis
2001: Kneipper
2002: López
2003: Peterson
2004: McAthy
2005: Garey
2006: Perera
2007: Tracy
2008: Zusi
2009: Villanueva
2010: Caldwell
2011: Speas
2012: Neumann
2013: Shipp
2014: Steeves
2015: Morris
2016: Harkes
2017: Langsdorf
2018: Sejdić
2019: Dike
2020: Roberts
2021: Reid
2022: Opoku
2023: Sylla
Defensive
1959: Knobbe
1960: Hennessy
1961: Malone
1962: Oswald
1963: Rupp
1964: Hura
1965: Gilsinn
1966: Ivanow
1967: McDermott
1968: Jelencovich
1969: Leahy
1970: Neusel
1971: Diane
1972: Arena
1973: Demling
1974: Leiba
1975: Arnautoff
1976: Arnautoff
1977: Tipping
1978: Fry
1979: Gettemeier
1980: Schweitzer
1981: Kapp
1982: Johnston
1983: Schmid
1984: Schmid
1985: Caligiuri
1986: Weadock
1987: Genovese
1988: Anhaeuser
1989: Meola
1990: Friedel
1991: Causey
1992: Causey
1993: Bates
1994: Peters
1995: Lamphear
1996: Sancho
1997: Reis
1998: Garcia
1999: Garcia
2000: Gbandi
2001: Stokes
2002: Wells
2003: Nolly
2004: Nolly
2005: Seitz
2006: Iro
2007: Edwards
2008: Gonzalez
2009: Restrepo
2010: Sarkodie
2011: Cowles
2012: Soffner
2013: Steffen
2014: Brown
2015: Vincent
2016: Epstein
2017: Hilliard-Arce
2018: St. Clair
2019: Nealis
2020: Celentano
2021: Marks
2022: Shealy
2023: Boye
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"USISL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USISL"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Pascack Valley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascack_Valley_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Italians"},{"link_name":"St. John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"1996 NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_soccer_tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New England Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1998 MLS College Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_MLS_College_Draft"},{"link_name":"Worcester Wildfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Wildfire"},{"link_name":"USISL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USISL"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Project 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_40"},{"link_name":"Tony Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Fire_S.C."},{"link_name":"Kansas City Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards"},{"link_name":"Ryan Tinsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Tinsley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rough Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rough_Riders"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New York Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Freedom_(soccer)"}],"text":"Jesse Van Saun (born 1976) is an American retired soccer player who played professionally in Major League Soccer and USISL.Van Saun grew up in Hillsdale, New Jersey and graduated from Pascack Valley High School.[1] He played soccer with the Brooklyn Italians youth team. He attended St. John's University where he was part of the school's 1996 NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship-winning team.[2] On February 1, 1998, the New England Revolution selected Van Saun in the second round (seventeenth overall) of the 1998 MLS College Draft. He played five games for the Revolution and went on loan to the Worcester Wildfire of the USISL in April.[3] He struggled with injuries including an abdominal strain and hospitalization due to dehydration. In August, he went on loan with the Project 40 team. When the Revolution signed Tony Kuhn in April 1999, they waived Van Saun to free up a roster spot.[4] Two days later the Chicago Fire claimed Van Saun off waivers. On May 6, 1999, the Fire traded him to the Kansas City Wizards in exchange for Ryan Tinsley.[5] His problems with heat stroke continued with the Wizards.[6] In July 1999, he went on loan for two games with Project 40.[7] The Wizards waived him in November 1999.[8] In 2000, he played for the Long Island Rough Riders.[9] In 2002, he played for the New York Freedom.","title":"Jesse Van Saun"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/17/sports/red-storm-rising-champions-are-young.html","external_links_name":"\"Red Storm Rising? Champions Are Young\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/16/sports/st-john-s-flips-head-over-heels-for-title.html","external_links_name":"St. John's Flips Head Over Heels For Title"},{"Link":"http://www.dansoccerzone.com/mnthunder/news/Display.php?NewsItemId=310","external_links_name":"1998 Thunder MVP joins U.S. Pro-40 for Friday’s game"},{"Link":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/aleague/stats/2000/stats.lgistax.html","external_links_name":"2000 LONG ISLAND ROUGH RIDERS TEAM STATISTICS"},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jesse-van-saun","external_links_name":"Jesse Van Saun"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morogoro
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Morogoro
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["1 Mindu Dam","2 Geography, agriculture, and climate","3 Education","4 Transport","5 Sports and culture","6 Sister cities","7 Fuel tanker explosion","8 Gallery","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 06°49′27″S 37°39′48″E / 6.82417°S 37.66333°E / -6.82417; 37.66333Municipality in and capital of Morogoro Region, Tanzania
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City of Morogoro Region in TanzaniaMorogoroCity of Morogoro RegionMji kasoro bahariMorogoro clock towerMorogoroLocation of MorogoroShow map of TanzaniaMorogoroMorogoro (Africa)Show map of AfricaCoordinates: 06°49′27″S 37°39′48″E / 6.82417°S 37.66333°E / -6.82417; 37.66333CountryTanzaniaRegionMorogoro RegionDistrictMorogoro DistrictArea • Total360 km2 (140 sq mi) • Land260 km2 (100 sq mi) • Water100 km2 (40 sq mi)Highest elevation509 m (1,669 ft)Population (2022 census) • Total471,409 • Density1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi)Time zoneGMT +3ClimateAwWebsitewww.morogoro.go.tz
Morogoro is a city located in the eastern part of Tanzania, approximately 196 kilometers (122 miles) west of Dar es Salaam. It serves as the capital of the Morogoro Region. Informally, it is referred to as Mji kasoro bahari, which translates to city short of an ocean/port.
In Morogoro, the non-profit organization APOPO trains Gambian pouched rats known as HeroRATS, for landmine detection as well as the detection of tuberculosis. Notably, the Sokoine University of Agriculture is based in Morogoro. The city is also home to various missions that provide educational and medical facilities, benefiting the local community.
Mindu Dam
The Mindu Dam, situated on the Ngerengere River, stands as the primary water source for Morogoro, meeting approximately 80% of the city's water demands. Despite its critical role, the dam has been a focal point of controversy since its inception in 1978. The formation of a reservoir behind the dam has led to a surge in bilharzia infection rates, while the city's water supply has suffered pollution from mercury runoff originating from nearby gold mining activities. Furthermore, deforestation in the dam's vicinity has accelerated sedimentation, adversely affecting its capacity.
In an effort to mitigate these challenges, a program funded by USAID/MCC, with a budget of $8.31 million, was initiated in 2012–13. The program's objective was to restore the quality of drinking water resources from the Uluguru Mountains by establishing an inlet and treatment plant near the Regional Governance offices at the upper end of Boma Road. This initiative aimed to benefit the Morogoro Water Supply Authority (MORUWASA) by enhancing the quality and availability of water resources.
A panorama of Morogoro Town showing the town and the activities of the people. The Nguru Mountains can be seen in the background.
Geography, agriculture, and climate
The city is situated at the foothills of the Uluguru Mountains and serves as a significant agricultural center in the region. Morogoro is the site of many Sisal plantations. The climate in Morogoro is warm and tropical with average highs ranging from 32 °C (90.7 °F) to 27.8 °C (82.6 °F), and lows ranging from 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) to 12.4 °C (54.3 °F).
Climate data for Morogoro (1991–2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
32.2(90.0)
32.6(90.7)
31.8(89.2)
29.8(85.6)
28.7(83.7)
28.1(82.6)
27.8(82.0)
28.7(83.7)
30.3(86.5)
31.7(89.1)
32.3(90.1)
32.6(90.7)
30.6(87.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
16.7(62.1)
16.2(61.2)
15.9(60.6)
15.7(60.3)
14.6(58.3)
13.0(55.4)
12.4(54.3)
12.6(54.7)
13.5(56.3)
15.0(59.0)
16.2(61.2)
16.6(61.9)
14.9(58.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
100.4(3.95)
78.0(3.07)
141.8(5.58)
203.8(8.02)
74.5(2.93)
15.3(0.60)
10.0(0.39)
8.2(0.32)
7.1(0.28)
39.5(1.56)
52.7(2.07)
91.2(3.59)
822.5(32.38)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)
6.5
5.8
11.9
18.0
10.8
2.9
2.1
2.0
1.5
4.3
5.8
7.2
78.8
Source: NOAA
Education
Morogoro is home to several notable universities and colleges, including Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Muslim University of Morogoro, St. Joseph University College, and Jordan University College. Mzumbe University is located approximately 26 kilometers south of the town along the Iringa Highway. The municipality also houses renowned institutions such as Ardhi Institute Morogoro, Morogoro Teachers College, and LITI (Livestock Training Institute).
Morogoro boasts several notable secondary schools, including Kilakala Girls High School, one of the oldest in the country and previously known as Marian College. The region is also home to Morogoro Secondary School, formerly Aga Khan Secondary School, Forest Hill Secondary, Jabal Hira Muslim Secondary, Kigurunyembe Secondary, Lutheran Junior Seminary, St. Francis de Sales Seminary, Kimamba Secondary, Sua Secondary, Ifakara Secondary, St. Peter's Seminary, Lupanga Practising Secondary School (a recently established institution near Kigurunyembe Teacher's College), and Kola Hill Secondary School. Additionally, Morogoro is host to the Morogoro International School, an English-language institution established in 1975.
Transport
In Morogoro, transportation options include public transport buses called dala dalas, which cater to commuting needs within the town and nearby areas. The fares for these buses usually range from Tsh. 500 to 700 for trips within the town to nearby locations. For quicker travel within the town, motorcycles, known as boda bodas, and three-wheeled vehicles called Bajajs are popular choices. The fares for these modes of transportation vary based on the distance traveled.
Sports and culture
In the Tanzanian Premier League, Morogoro is represented by the football club Mtibwa Sugar F.C. The city is also known for its musical heritage. Salim Abdullah, the founder of the Cuban Marimba Band, hails from Morogoro, and the Morogoro Jazz Band was established in 1944. During the mid-1960s to the 1970s, Morogoro was home to Mbaraka Mwinshehe, a highly influential musician known for his skills as a lead guitarist and singer-songwriter in Tanzania. Additionally, the Amani Center in Morogoro provides support to over 3,400 disabled individuals in the surrounding villages.
Sister cities
The city of Milwaukee, in the state of Wisconsin, United States, has a sister city relationship with Morogoro, as designated by Sister Cities International. Additionally, Morogoro is twinned with Linköping in Sweden and Vaasa in Finland.
Fuel tanker explosion
On August 10, 2019, Morogoro experienced a devastating incident when a fuel tanker exploded in the town. The explosion led to the loss of 100 lives and caused injuries to at least 47 others. This event stands as one of the most significant disasters of its nature to occur in Tanzania.
Gallery
The Uluguru Mountains in the background of Morogoro city
Waterfalls in Morogoro
Sisal plantations in the outskirts of Morogoro (Uluguru Mountains in the background)
Aerial view
The Jamhuri Stadium
References
^ ""Statistical Abstract 2011", Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, page 3". Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.
^ Citypopulation.de Population of the major cities in Tanzania
^
"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Morogoro, Tanzania". Weatherbase. 2011.
Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
^ "Amani Home". city short of an ocean.
^ IRDC Archive: The Essential Health Interventions Project Archived 2007-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Mindu destruction setting stage for a catastrophe". Archived from the original on January 16, 2005.
^ Smith, Celina; Schaafsma, Marije; Platts, Philip; Mwakalila, Shadrack; White, Sue; Ashagre, Biniam (June 22, 2014). "Water for Everyone". The Arc Journal. hdl:1826/9342 – via dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk.
^ "Highland Estate". www.estates.co.tz. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ "Morogoro Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ "School History | Morogoro International School".
^ a b Askew, Kelly Michelle (2002). Performing the nation: Swahili music and cultural politics in Tanzania. University Of Chicago Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-226-02981-8.
^ "Amani Home". Amani Centre Morogoro.
^ "Milwaukee's Sister Cities". city.milwaukee.gov.
^ "Vaasa twin Cities". britannica.com.
^ "Death toll of Morogoro fuel tanker fire hits 100". The Citizen (Tanzania). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Citizen (Tanzania). 21 August 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
^ "Toll from Tanzania truck blast reaches 100". NTV Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: NTV Uganda. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Morogoro.
Media related to Morogoro at Wikimedia Commons
vteCities of Tanzania
Dar es Salaam
Mwanza
Zanzibar City
Arusha
Mbeya
Morogoro
Tanga
Dodoma
Kigoma
Moshi
Tabora
Songea
Musoma
Iringa
Shinyanga
vteMorogoro, TanzaniaHistory
Morogoro tanker explosion (2019)
Education
Morogoro Secondary School
Morogoro International School
Kilakala Girls High School
Sokoine University of Agriculture
Jordan University College
Landmarks
Jamhuri Stadium
Commons
Tanzania Portal
vteDistricts of Morogoro Region, Tanzania
Gairo
Kilombero
Kilosa
Morogoro
Mvomero
Ulanga
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weatherbase-3"},{"link_name":"Morogoro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morogoro_Region"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"APOPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOPO"},{"link_name":"Gambian pouched rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_pouched_rat"},{"link_name":"HeroRATS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeroRATS"},{"link_name":"landmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmine"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoine_University_of_Agriculture"}],"text":"Municipality in and capital of Morogoro Region, TanzaniaCity of Morogoro Region in TanzaniaMorogoro is a city located in the eastern part of Tanzania, approximately 196 kilometers (122 miles) west of Dar es Salaam.[3] It serves as the capital of the Morogoro Region. Informally, it is referred to as Mji kasoro bahari, which translates to city short of an ocean/port.[4]In Morogoro, the non-profit organization APOPO trains Gambian pouched rats known as HeroRATS, for landmine detection as well as the detection of tuberculosis. Notably, the Sokoine University of Agriculture is based in Morogoro. The city is also home to various missions that provide educational and medical facilities, benefiting the local community.","title":"Morogoro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ngerengere River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngerengere_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morogoro_panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morogoro_panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nguru Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguru_Mountains"}],"text":"The Mindu Dam, situated on the Ngerengere River, stands as the primary water source for Morogoro, meeting approximately 80% of the city's water demands. Despite its critical role, the dam has been a focal point of controversy since its inception in 1978. The formation of a reservoir behind the dam has led to a surge in bilharzia infection rates,[5] while the city's water supply has suffered pollution from mercury runoff originating from nearby gold mining activities.[6] Furthermore, deforestation in the dam's vicinity has accelerated sedimentation, adversely affecting its capacity.[7]In an effort to mitigate these challenges, a program funded by USAID/MCC, with a budget of $8.31 million, was initiated in 2012–13. The program's objective was to restore the quality of drinking water resources from the Uluguru Mountains by establishing an inlet and treatment plant near the Regional Governance offices at the upper end of Boma Road. This initiative aimed to benefit the Morogoro Water Supply Authority (MORUWASA) by enhancing the quality and availability of water resources.A panorama of Morogoro Town showing the town and the activities of the people. The Nguru Mountains can be seen in the background.","title":"Mindu Dam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uluguru Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluguru_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMOCLINO-9"}],"text":"The city is situated at the foothills of the Uluguru Mountains and serves as a significant agricultural center in the region. Morogoro is the site of many Sisal plantations.[8] The climate in Morogoro is warm and tropical with average highs ranging from 32 °C (90.7 °F) to 27.8 °C (82.6 °F), and lows ranging from 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) to 12.4 °C (54.3 °F).Climate data for Morogoro (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n100.4(3.95)\n\n78.0(3.07)\n\n141.8(5.58)\n\n203.8(8.02)\n\n74.5(2.93)\n\n15.3(0.60)\n\n10.0(0.39)\n\n8.2(0.32)\n\n7.1(0.28)\n\n39.5(1.56)\n\n52.7(2.07)\n\n91.2(3.59)\n\n822.5(32.38)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n6.5\n\n5.8\n\n11.9\n\n18.0\n\n10.8\n\n2.9\n\n2.1\n\n2.0\n\n1.5\n\n4.3\n\n5.8\n\n7.2\n\n78.8\n\n\nSource: NOAA[9]","title":"Geography, agriculture, and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoine_University_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Muslim University of Morogoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_University_of_Morogoro"},{"link_name":"Jordan University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_University_College"},{"link_name":"Mzumbe University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzumbe_University"},{"link_name":"Iringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iringa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Morogoro is home to several notable universities and colleges, including Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Muslim University of Morogoro, St. Joseph University College, and Jordan University College. Mzumbe University is located approximately 26 kilometers south of the town along the Iringa Highway. The municipality also houses renowned institutions such as Ardhi Institute Morogoro, Morogoro Teachers College, and LITI (Livestock Training Institute).Morogoro boasts several notable secondary schools, including Kilakala Girls High School, one of the oldest in the country and previously known as Marian College. The region is also home to Morogoro Secondary School, formerly Aga Khan Secondary School, Forest Hill Secondary, Jabal Hira Muslim Secondary, Kigurunyembe Secondary, Lutheran Junior Seminary, St. Francis de Sales Seminary, Kimamba Secondary, Sua Secondary, Ifakara Secondary, St. Peter's Seminary, Lupanga Practising Secondary School (a recently established institution near Kigurunyembe Teacher's College), and Kola Hill Secondary School. Additionally, Morogoro is host to the Morogoro International School, an English-language institution established in 1975.[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boda bodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda_boda"},{"link_name":"Bajajs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaj_Pulsar"}],"text":"In Morogoro, transportation options include public transport buses called dala dalas, which cater to commuting needs within the town and nearby areas. The fares for these buses usually range from Tsh. 500 to 700 for trips within the town to nearby locations. For quicker travel within the town, motorcycles, known as boda bodas, and three-wheeled vehicles called Bajajs are popular choices. The fares for these modes of transportation vary based on the distance traveled.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanzanian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Mtibwa Sugar F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtibwa_Sugar_F.C."},{"link_name":"Morogoro Jazz Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morogoro_Jazz_Band"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Askew-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Askew-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the Tanzanian Premier League, Morogoro is represented by the football club Mtibwa Sugar F.C. The city is also known for its musical heritage. Salim Abdullah, the founder of the Cuban Marimba Band, hails from Morogoro, and the Morogoro Jazz Band was established in 1944.[11] During the mid-1960s to the 1970s, Morogoro was home to Mbaraka Mwinshehe, a highly influential musician known for his skills as a lead guitarist and singer-songwriter in Tanzania.[11] Additionally, the Amani Center in Morogoro provides support to over 3,400 disabled individuals in the surrounding villages.[12]","title":"Sports and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Sister Cities International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Cities_International"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Linköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Vaasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaasa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The city of Milwaukee, in the state of Wisconsin, United States, has a sister city relationship with Morogoro, as designated by Sister Cities International.[13] Additionally, Morogoro is twinned with Linköping in Sweden and Vaasa in Finland.[14]","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a fuel tanker exploded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morogoro_tanker_explosion"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citizen_21aug-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTV_21aug-16"}],"text":"On August 10, 2019, Morogoro experienced a devastating incident when a fuel tanker exploded in the town. The explosion led to the loss of 100 lives and caused injuries to at least 47 others. This event stands as one of the most significant disasters of its nature to occur in Tanzania.[15][16]","title":"Fuel tanker explosion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uluguru_Mountain.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterfalls_in_Morogoro.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Uluguru_and_Sisal_plantations.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal"},{"link_name":"Uluguru Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluguru_Mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Morogoro_town.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamhuri_Stadium,_Morogoro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamhuri Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_Stadium_(Morogoro)"}],"text":"The Uluguru Mountains in the background of Morogoro city\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWaterfalls in Morogoro\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSisal plantations in the outskirts of Morogoro (Uluguru Mountains in the background)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Jamhuri Stadium","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fradinhos
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Fradinhos
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["1 Geography","1.1 Biome","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°36′07″N 27°06′06″W / 38.60194°N 27.10167°W / 38.60194; -27.10167Island in the Azores, Portugal
FradinhosNative name: Os FradinhosFradinhos seen from the Cabras IsletsFradinhosLocation of the islet group off the coast of TerceiraEtymology"Os Fradinhos" is Portuguese for "the little friars"GeographyLocationAtlantic OceanCoordinates38°36′07″N 27°06′06″W / 38.60194°N 27.10167°W / 38.60194; -27.10167AdministrationPortugalAutonomous regionAzoresDemographicsPopulationuninhabited
The Fradinhos (Portuguese: Os Fradinhos; literally, The Little Friars) is an unvegetated, uninhabited islet group composed of four distinct escarpments located off the southeast coast of the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.
Geography
The Fradinhos are located off the coast of Terceira, approximately 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) off of Porto Judeu and 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) from Angra do Heroísmo. The four exposed rock formations are the basaltic tops of a submarine volcanic cone, heavily eroded by the sea and frequently immersed completely by waves during inclement weather. As such, the rocks only reach between 4 and 8 metres (13 and 26 ft) above sea level.
However, the Fradinhos are part of larger rock formations which slope up to sea level rather steeply from the surrounding ocean floor. The underwater environment in the area is characterized by lava flows with various caverns, slopes, and fractures—all eroded by the sea over time—which is typical in the volcanically-formed Azores.
Biome
The zone around Fradinhos is biodiverse, with more than 100 identified species. Its waters are home to Azores chromis (Chromis limbata), barred hogfish, black corals, groupers, Mediterranean parrotfish (Sparisoma cretense), red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa), oysters, slipper lobsters (family Scyllaridae), and European spider crab (Maja squinado). The area also supports pelagic fish such as barracuda, bluefish, longfin yellowtail, and Chilean devil ray. Though the exposed surfaces of the Fradinhos are not vegetated by terrestrial plants, the underwater surfaces are home to various algae including the red alga Asparagopsis armata.
The Fradinhos offer excellent visibility for scuba diving. However, due to their location in open ocean relatively far off the coast, strong currents, and caverns up to 30 metres (98 ft) deep, only experienced divers should attempt a visit. By boat it takes approximately 20 minutes to reach Fradinhos from Angra do Heroísmo, or 35 minutes from Praia da Vitória.
References
^ Moreira, Maria Eugénia S. de Albergaria (2015). "Fradinhos, ilhéu dos (Fradinhos, islet of the)". Enciclopédia Açoriana (Encyclopedia Azoriana) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ a b c Regional Government of the Azores Tourism Directorate (15 July 2013). "Fradinhos - Dive Spots". dive.visitazores.com. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
vte Autonomous Region of the AzoresGrupo Oriental (Eastern Group)
Santa Maria
São Miguel
Grupo Central (Central Group)
Faial
Graciosa
Pico
São Jorge
Terceira
Grupo Ocidental (Western Group)
Corvo
Flores
Islets
Baixo
Cabras
Formigas
Fradinhos
Madalena
Monchique
Mosteiros
Praia
Rosais
Sabrina
Topo
Vila Franca
List of Islets in the Azores
Caves and geological features
Algar do Carvão
Gruta das Torres
Gruta do Carvão
Reefs, banks and seamounts
Dollabarat Reef
D. João de Castro Bank
Princess Alice Bank
Hydrothermal vents and seamounts of the Azores
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"islet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islet"},{"link_name":"Terceira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Island"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"}],"text":"Island in the Azores, PortugalThe Fradinhos (Portuguese: Os Fradinhos; literally, The Little Friars) is an unvegetated, uninhabited islet group composed of four distinct escarpments located off the southeast coast of the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.","title":"Fradinhos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porto Judeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Judeu"},{"link_name":"Angra do Heroísmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo"},{"link_name":"basaltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcano"},{"link_name":"volcanic cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea1-1"},{"link_name":"lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"}],"text":"The Fradinhos are located off the coast of Terceira, approximately 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) off of Porto Judeu and 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) from Angra do Heroísmo. The four exposed rock formations are the basaltic tops of a submarine volcanic cone, heavily eroded by the sea and frequently immersed completely by waves during inclement weather. As such, the rocks only reach between 4 and 8 metres (13 and 26 ft) above sea level.[1]However, the Fradinhos are part of larger rock formations which slope up to sea level rather steeply from the surrounding ocean floor. The underwater environment in the area is characterized by lava flows with various caverns, slopes, and fractures—all eroded by the sea over time—which is typical in the volcanically-formed Azores.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biodiverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"Chromis limbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis_limbata"},{"link_name":"barred hogfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_hogfish"},{"link_name":"black corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_coral"},{"link_name":"groupers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouper"},{"link_name":"Sparisoma cretense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparisoma_cretense"},{"link_name":"Scorpaena scrofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpaena_scrofa"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"slipper lobsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipper_lobster"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Maja squinado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_squinado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diveazores1-2"},{"link_name":"pelagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone"},{"link_name":"barracuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracuda"},{"link_name":"bluefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefish"},{"link_name":"longfin yellowtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_yellowtail"},{"link_name":"Chilean devil ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_devil_ray"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diveazores1-2"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"red alga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae"},{"link_name":"Asparagopsis armata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagopsis_armata"},{"link_name":"scuba diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"Praia da Vitória","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia_da_Vit%C3%B3ria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diveazores1-2"}],"sub_title":"Biome","text":"The zone around Fradinhos is biodiverse, with more than 100 identified species. Its waters are home to Azores chromis (Chromis limbata), barred hogfish, black corals, groupers, Mediterranean parrotfish (Sparisoma cretense), red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa), oysters, slipper lobsters (family Scyllaridae), and European spider crab (Maja squinado).[2] The area also supports pelagic fish such as barracuda, bluefish, longfin yellowtail, and Chilean devil ray.[2] Though the exposed surfaces of the Fradinhos are not vegetated by terrestrial plants, the underwater surfaces are home to various algae including the red alga Asparagopsis armata.The Fradinhos offer excellent visibility for scuba diving. However, due to their location in open ocean relatively far off the coast, strong currents, and caverns up to 30 metres (98 ft) deep, only experienced divers should attempt a visit. By boat it takes approximately 20 minutes to reach Fradinhos from Angra do Heroísmo, or 35 minutes from Praia da Vitória.[2]","title":"Geography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Moreira, Maria Eugénia S. de Albergaria (2015). \"Fradinhos, ilhéu dos (Fradinhos, islet of the)\". Enciclopédia Açoriana (Encyclopedia Azoriana) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culturacores.azores.gov.pt/ea/pesquisa/Default.aspx?id=7151","url_text":"\"Fradinhos, ilhéu dos (Fradinhos, islet of the)\""}]},{"reference":"Regional Government of the Azores Tourism Directorate (15 July 2013). \"Fradinhos - Dive Spots\". dive.visitazores.com. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dive.visitazores.com/en/divespots/fradinhos","url_text":"\"Fradinhos - Dive Spots\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputating
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Amputation
|
["1 Types","1.1 Leg","1.2 Arm","1.3 Other","1.4 Self-amputation","1.5 Urgent","2 Causes","2.1 Circulatory disorders","2.2 Neoplasm","2.3 Trauma","2.4 Congenital anomalies","2.5 Infection","2.6 Frostbite","2.7 Athletic performance","2.8 Criminal penalties","3 Surgery","3.1 Method","3.2 Post-operative management","4 Trauma","4.1 Causes","4.2 Treatment","4.3 Epidemiology","5 Prevention","6 Prognosis","7 Etymology","8 Notable cases","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading"]
|
Medical procedure that removes a part of the body
Medical conditionAmputationOther namesSevered limbAn amputee running with a blade prostheticSpecialtySurgery
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
Emergency medicineComplicationsPhantom limb syndromeCausesTrauma or intentional as part of surgery and sometimes corporal punishment.
Part of a series onCorporal punishment
By place
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By implementation
Amputation
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By country
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Campaigns against corporal punishment
vte
Criminal procedure
Criminal trials and convictions
Rights of the accused
Fair trial
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Jury trial
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Dangerous offender4, 5
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Imprisonment
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Three-strikes law
Post-sentencing
Parole
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Life licence6
Criminal justice
Exoneration
Habitual offender
Miscarriage of justice
Pardon
Recidivism
Rehabilitation
Restorative justice
Sex offender registry
Sexually violent predator laws1
Related areas of law
Civil procedure
Criminal defenses
Criminal law
Evidence
Portals
Law portal
1 US courts
2 Not in English/Welsh courts
3 Scottish courts
4 English/Welsh courts
5 Canadian courts
6 UK courts
vte
Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, judicial amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes. Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment. When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator. The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo cave, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo dating back to at least 31,000 years ago, where it was done when the amputee was a young child.
Types
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Leg
Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of digits. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations. Common partial foot amputations include the Chopart, Lisfranc, and ray amputations.
Common forms of ankle disarticulations include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations. A less common major amputation is the Van Nes rotation, or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and reattachment of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee.
Types of amputations include:
An above-knee amputation
partial foot amputation
amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint
ankle disarticulation
amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint
trans-tibial amputation
amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation
knee disarticulation
amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint
trans-femoral amputation
amputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation
hip disarticulation
amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint
trans-pelvic disarticulation
amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a hemipelvectomy or hindquarter amputation
Arm
The 18th century guide to amputationsTypes of upper extremity amputations include:
partial hand amputation
wrist disarticulation
trans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation
elbow disarticulation
trans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation
shoulder disarticulation
forequarter amputation
A variant of the trans-radial amputation is the Krukenberg procedure in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action.
Other
Partial amputation of index finger.
Facial amputations include but are not limited to:
amputation of the ears
amputation of the nose (rhinotomy)
amputation of the tongue (glossectomy).
amputation of the eyes (enucleation).
amputation of the teeth (Dental evulsion). Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa).
Breasts:
amputation of the breasts (mastectomy).
Genitals:
amputation of the testicles (castration).
amputation of the penis (penectomy).
amputation of the foreskin (circumcision).
amputation of the clitoris (clitoridectomy).
Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, and decapitation, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations.
Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease.
Self-amputation
See also: Autotomy and Body integrity identity disorder
In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days.
Body integrity identity disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.
Urgent
In surgery, a guillotine amputation is an amputation performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting. Typical indications include catastrophic trauma or infection control in the setting of infected gangrene. A guillotine amputation is typically followed with a more time-consuming, definitive amputation such as an above or below knee amputation.
Causes
Circulatory disorders
Diabetic vasculopathy
Sepsis with peripheral necrosis
Peripheral artery disease which can lead to gangrene
A severe deep vein thrombosis (phlegmasia cerulea dolens) can cause compartment syndrome and gangrene
Neoplasm
Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcoma
Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma, liposarcoma), melanoma
Trauma
Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I.
Severe limb injuries in which the efforts to save the limb fail or the limb cannot be saved.
Traumatic amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example, a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw)
Amputation in utero (Amniotic band)
Congenital anomalies
Deformities of digits and/or limbs (e.g., proximal femoral focal deficiency, Fibular hemimelia)
Extra digits and/or limbs (e.g., polydactyly)
Infection
Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and/or diabetic foot infections
Gangrene
Trench foot
Necrosis
Meningococcal meningitis
Streptococcus
Vibrio vulnificus
Necrotizing fasciitis
Gas gangrene
Legionella
Influenza A Virus
Animal bites
Sepsis
Bubonic plague
Frostbite
Frostbite is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity) is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues. Its pathophysiology involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and blood clots upon thawing, leading to cell damage and cell death. Treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb; if there is deep injury autoamputation may occur.
Athletic performance
Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance.
Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance.
Rugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed.
National Football League safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season.
Criminal penalties
According to Quran 5:38, the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand. Under Sharia law, after repeated offense, the foot may also be cut off. This is still in practice today in countries like Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and 11 of the 36 states within Nigeria.
Cross-amputation is one of the Hudud punishments prescribed under Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia law) and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor. The scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the Quran (surah 5.33-34) which stipulates:The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion, or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed. The severe punishment, for "highway robbery (hirabah, qat' al-tariq) and civil disturbance against Islam", is usually carried out in a single session in public, without anaesthetic and using a sword. The ancient punishment is practised in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Somalia; Mauritania, the Maldives; Iran; Taliban-era Afghanistan and Yemen.
In 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed a bill to the Virginia Assembly that ostensibly would have replaced capital punishment with other penalties, including amputation, for certain crimes, although not all were really punishable by death at the time. For the crimes of rape, sodomy, and polygamy (the latter removed from a later version), the punishment was to be castration for men or rhinotomy for women. For intentional maiming, the bill specified literal eye for an eye retribution. The bill never passed, due to the combination of its perceived barbarity in some parts and perceived leniency in others.
From the 16th century, English law provided for cutting off a hand as punishment for striking someone inside a courtroom. Thomas Jefferson's punishments revision bill also intended to repeal this.
As of 2021, this form of punishment is controversial, as most modern cultures consider it to be morally abhorrent, as it has the effect of permanently disabling a person and constitutes torture. It is thus seen as grossly disproportionate for crimes less than those such as murder.
Surgery
Method
Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.
Surgeons performing an amputation have to first ligate the supplying artery and vein, so as to prevent hemorrhage (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally, the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Sharp and rough edges of bones are filed, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis.
Amputation of the leg of First Lieutenant Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros, commander of the Brazilian Battleship Tamandaré (Henrique Fleiuss, Semana Illustrada, 1866).
Distal stabilisation of muscles is often performed. This allows effective muscle contraction which reduces atrophy, allows functional use of the stump and maintains soft tissue coverage of the remnant bone. The preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum. In joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone. Muscles are attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions.
An experimental technique known as the "Ewing amputation" aims to improve post-amputation proprioception. Another technique with similar goals, which has been tested in a clinical trial, is Agonist-antagonist Myoneural Interface (AMI).
In 1920, Dr. Janos Ertl Sr. of Hungary, developed the Ertl procedure in order to return a high number of amputees to the work force. The Ertl technique, an osteomyoplastic procedure for transtibial amputation, can be used to create a highly functional residual limb. Creation of a tibiofibular bone bridge provides a stable, broad tibiofibular articulation that may be capable of some distal weight bearing. Several different modified techniques and fibular bridge fixation methods have been used; however, no current evidence exists regarding comparison of the different techniques.
Post-operative management
A 2019 Cochrane systematic review aimed to determine whether rigid dressings were more effective than soft dressings in helping wounds heal following transtibial (below the knee) amputations. Due to the limited and very low certainty evidence available, the authors concluded that it was uncertain what the benefits and harms were for each dressing type. They recommended that clinicians consider the pros and cons of each dressing type on a case-by-case basis: rigid dressings may potentially benefit patients who have a high risk of falls; soft dressings may potentially benefit patients who have poor skin integrity.
A 2017 review found that the use of rigid removable dressings (RRD's) in trans-tibial amputations, rather than soft bandaging, improved healing time, reduced edema, prevented knee flexion contractures and reduced complications, including further amputation, from external trauma such as falls onto the stump.
Post-operative management, in addition to wound healing, considers maintenance of limb strength, joint range, edema management, preservation of the intact limb (if applicable) and stump desensitization.
Trauma
Traumatic amputation is the partial or total avulsion of a part of a body during a serious accident, like traffic, labor, or combat.
Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss.
Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amputation. This is especially useful for emergency physicians to quickly evaluate patients and decide on consultations.
Causes
Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee.
Traumatic amputation is uncommon in humans (1 per 20,804 population per year). Loss of limb usually happens immediately during the accident, but sometimes a few days later after medical complications. Statistically, the most common causes of traumatic amputations are:
Vehicle accidents (cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trains, etc.)
Labor accidents (equipment, instruments, cylinders, chainsaws, press machines, meat machines, wood machines, etc.)
Agricultural accidents, with machines and mower equipment
Electric shock hazards
Firearms, bladed weapons, explosives
Violent rupture of ship rope or industry wire rope
Ring traction (ring amputation, de-gloving injuries)
Building doors and car doors
Animal attacks
Gas cylinder explosions
Other rare accidents
Treatment
The development of the science of microsurgery over the last 40 years has provided several treatment options for a traumatic amputation, depending on the patient's specific trauma and clinical situation:
1st choice: Surgical amputation - break - prosthesis
2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction.
3rd choice: Replantation - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969)
4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after 2000)
Epidemiology
In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the American Statistical Association. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for traffic accidents and 69.24% for labor accidents.
The population of the United States in 1999 was about 300,000,000, so the conclusion is that there is one amputation per 20,804 persons per year. In the group of labor amputations, 53% occurred in laborers and technicians, 30% in production and service workers, 16% in silviculture and fishery workers.
A study found that in 2010, 22.8% of patients undergoing amputation of a lower extremity in the United States were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days.
In 2017, an estimated 57.7 million people globally were living with existing traumatic limb injuries. Of these 57.7 million, the leading causes of amputation "were falls (36.2%), road injuries (15.7%), other transportation injuries (11.2%), and mechanical forces (10.4%)."
Prevention
Methods in preventing amputation, limb-sparing techniques, depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary. Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or decubitus ulcers in bedridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene, which, when widespread, necessitates amputation.
There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor blood circulation.
Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speed up recovery times and prevent infections.
A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease. The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart.
For victims of trauma, advances in microsurgery in the 1970s have made replantations of severed body parts possible.
The establishment of laws, rules, and guidelines, and employment of modern equipment help protect people from traumatic amputations.
Prognosis
The individual may experience psychological trauma and emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations.
A large proportion of amputees (50–80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs; they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome).
A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, (Phantoms in the Brain: V.S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee) such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head.
In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis.
Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq War.
Due to technological advances in prosthetics, many amputees live active lives with little restriction. Organizations such as the Challenged Athletes Foundation have been developed to give amputees the opportunity to be involved in athletics and adaptive sports such as amputee soccer.
Nearly half of the individuals who have an amputation due to vascular disease will die within 5 years, usually secondary to the extensive co-morbidities rather than due to direct consequences of amputation. This is higher than the five year mortality rates for breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer. Of persons with diabetes who have a lower extremity amputation, up to 55% will require amputation of the second leg within two to three years.
Etymology
The word amputation is borrowed from Latin amputātus, past participle of amputāre "to prune back (a plant), prune away, remove by cutting (unwanted parts or features), cut off (a branch, limb, body part)," from am-, assimilated variant of amb- "about, around" + putāre "to prune, make clean or tidy, scour (wool)". The English word "Poes" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th-century French texts and early English writers also used the words "extirpation" (16th-century French texts tended to use extirper), "disarticulation", and "dismemberment" (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply "cutting", but by the end of the 17th century "amputation" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.
Notable cases
Patch Adams
Rick Allen
Douglas Bader
Götz of the Iron Hand
Carl Brashear
Lisa Bufano
Roberto Carlos
Tammy Duckworth
Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri
Terry Fox
Zach Gowen
Pete Gray
Shaquem Griffin
Robert David Hall
Bethany Hamilton
Hugh Herr
Frida Kahlo
Ronnie Lott
Hari Budha Magar
Aimee Mullins
Oscar Pistorius
Amy Purdy
Aron Ralston
Hans-Ulrich Rudel
Alex Zanardi
See also
Acrotomophilia
Adapted automobile
Flail limb
Robotic prosthesis control
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^ Hoock, Maja (September 2021). "Innovative prostheses positively change the Paralympics". WIPO. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
^ Robbins JM, Strauss G, Aron D, Long J, Kuba J, Kaplan Y (November 2008). "Mortality rates and diabetic foot ulcers: is it time to communicate mortality risk to patients with diabetic foot ulceration?". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 98 (6): 489–93. doi:10.7547/0980489. PMID 19017860. S2CID 38232703.
^ Savage PE (1983). "The diabetic foot". Problems in Peripheral Vascular Disease. Springer Netherlands. pp. 69–73. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6648-5_12. ISBN 9789401166508.
^ Lowe, Peter (1612). A discourse of the whole art of chyrurgerie. Wherein is exactly set downe the definition, causes, accidents, prognostications, and cures of all sorts of diseases ... Wherunto is added the rule of making remedies which chirurgions doe commonly use: with the Presages of divine Hyppocrates. Wellcome Library. London : Thomas Purfoot.
Further reading
Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South (University of Georgia Press, 2015). xviii, 257 pp.
ClassificationDICD-11: Medical: PK80.80; Traumatic: NA09, NA63, NB33, NC18, NC38, NC59, NC78, NC98, ND19, ND35ICD-10: Medical: Y83.5; Traumatic: S*8 (e.g. S68), T05, T09.6, T11.6, T13.6, T14.7MeSH: D000673
vteTests and procedures on muscle and soft tissueMuscle
Myotomy
Heller myotomy
Muscle biopsy
Electromyography
Tendon
Tenotomy
Tendon transfer
Fascia
Fasciotomy
Bursa
Bursectomy
Other
Amputation
Hemipelvectomy
Hemicorporectomy
Replantation
vteSubstantive human rightsWhat is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rightsCivil and political
Equality before the law
Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of association
Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
Freedom from discrimination
Freedom of information
Freedom of movement
Freedom of religion
Freedom from slavery
Freedom of speech
Freedom of thought
Freedom from torture
Legal aid
LGBT rights
Liberty
Nationality
Personhood
Presumption of innocence
Right of asylum
Right to die
Right to a fair trial
Right to family life
Right to keep and bear arms
Right to life
Right to petition
Right to privacy
Right to protest
Right to refuse medical treatment
Right to resist
Right of self-defense
Right to truth
Security of person
Suffrage
right to be a candidate
Right to homeland
Economic, socialand cultural
Digital rights
Equal pay for equal work
Fair remuneration
Labor rights
Right to an adequate standard of living
Right to clothing
Right to development
Right to education
Right to food
Right to health
Right to a healthy environment
Right to housing
Right to Internet access
Right to property
Right to public participation
Right of reply
Right to rest and leisure
Right of return
Right to science and culture
Right to social security
Right to water
Right to work
Sexual andreproductive
Abortion
Family planning
Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
Intersex human rights
LGBT rights
Sexual and reproductive health
Right to sexuality
Violations
Crimes against humanity
Genocide
War crimes
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Other
NARA
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"medical illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_illness"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"malignancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"preventive surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare"},{"link_name":"congenital amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_amputation"},{"link_name":"congenital disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorder"},{"link_name":"fetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"to punish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iran-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chuback_2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"East Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Medical conditionAmputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, judicial amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes.[1][2][3][4] Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.[5][6][7] When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator.[8][9] The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo cave, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo dating back to at least 31,000 years ago, where it was done when the amputee was a young child.[10]","title":"Amputation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe"},{"link_name":"Chopart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chopart"},{"link_name":"Lisfranc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_articulations"},{"link_name":"disarticulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarticulation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Van Nes rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nes_rotation"},{"link_name":"reattachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replantation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg"},{"link_name":"hemipelvectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipelvectomy"}],"sub_title":"Leg","text":"Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of digits. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations. Common partial foot amputations include the Chopart, Lisfranc, and ray amputations.Common forms of ankle disarticulations include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations.[11] A less common major amputation is the Van Nes rotation, or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and reattachment of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee.Types of amputations include:An above-knee amputationpartial foot amputation\namputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint\nankle disarticulation\namputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint\ntrans-tibial amputation\namputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation\nknee disarticulation\namputation of the lower limb at the knee joint\ntrans-femoral amputation\namputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation\nhip disarticulation\namputation of the lower limb at the hip joint\ntrans-pelvic disarticulation\namputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a hemipelvectomy or hindquarter amputation","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amputations_18c.jpg"},{"link_name":"forequarter amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forequarter_amputation"},{"link_name":"Krukenberg procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krukenberg_procedure"}],"sub_title":"Arm","text":"The 18th century guide to amputationsTypes of upper extremity amputations include:partial hand amputation\nwrist disarticulation\ntrans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation\nelbow disarticulation\ntrans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation\nshoulder disarticulation\nforequarter amputationA variant of the trans-radial amputation is the Krukenberg procedure in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Index_finger_amputation.jpg"},{"link_name":"index finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_finger"},{"link_name":"rhinotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinotomy"},{"link_name":"glossectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossectomy"},{"link_name":"enucleation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enucleation_of_the_eye"},{"link_name":"Dental evulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_evulsion"},{"link_name":"Iberomaurusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberomaurusian"},{"link_name":"Neolithic North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"mastectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastectomy"},{"link_name":"Genitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitals"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"penectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penectomy"},{"link_name":"foreskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"clitoridectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy"},{"link_name":"Hemicorporectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicorporectomy"},{"link_name":"decapitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"Genital modification and mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Partial amputation of index finger.Facial amputations include but are not limited to:\namputation of the ears\namputation of the nose (rhinotomy)\namputation of the tongue (glossectomy).\namputation of the eyes (enucleation).\namputation of the teeth (Dental evulsion). Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa).\nBreasts:\namputation of the breasts (mastectomy).\nGenitals:\namputation of the testicles (castration).\namputation of the penis (penectomy).\namputation of the foreskin (circumcision).\namputation of the clitoris (clitoridectomy).Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, and decapitation, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations.Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotomy"},{"link_name":"Body integrity identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_integrity_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"Aron Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Ralston"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Body integrity identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_integrity_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Self-amputation","text":"See also: Autotomy and Body integrity identity disorderIn some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days.[12]Body integrity identity disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.[13]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"},{"link_name":"infected gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infected_gangrene"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"},{"link_name":"above or below knee amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_knee_amputation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"}],"sub_title":"Urgent","text":"In surgery, a guillotine amputation is an amputation performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting.[14] Typical indications include catastrophic trauma or infection control in the setting of infected gangrene.[14] A guillotine amputation is typically followed with a more time-consuming, definitive amputation such as an above or below knee amputation.[14]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diabetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"Sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"Peripheral artery disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"deep vein thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis"},{"link_name":"phlegmasia cerulea dolens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmasia_cerulea_dolens"},{"link_name":"compartment syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Compartment-15"}],"sub_title":"Circulatory disorders","text":"Diabetic vasculopathy\nSepsis with peripheral necrosis\nPeripheral artery disease which can lead to gangrene\nA severe deep vein thrombosis (phlegmasia cerulea dolens) can cause compartment syndrome and gangrene[15]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg"},{"link_name":"liposarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma"},{"link_name":"osteosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma"},{"link_name":"chondrosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrosarcoma"},{"link_name":"fibrosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosarcoma"},{"link_name":"epithelioid sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelioid_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"Ewing's sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%27s_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"synovial sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"sacrococcygeal teratoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrococcygeal_teratoma"},{"link_name":"liposarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Neoplasm","text":"Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcomaCancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma, liposarcoma), melanoma[16]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury"},{"link_name":"Traumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"Amniotic band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_band"}],"sub_title":"Trauma","text":"Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I.Severe limb injuries in which the efforts to save the limb fail or the limb cannot be saved.\nTraumatic amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example, a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw)\nAmputation in utero (Amniotic band)","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proximal femoral focal deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_femoral_focal_deficiency"},{"link_name":"Fibular hemimelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibular_hemimelia"},{"link_name":"polydactyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly"}],"sub_title":"Congenital anomalies","text":"Deformities of digits and/or limbs (e.g., proximal femoral focal deficiency, Fibular hemimelia)\nExtra digits and/or limbs (e.g., polydactyly)","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteomyelitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis"},{"link_name":"diabetic foot infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_foot_infection"},{"link_name":"Gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"Trench foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_foot"},{"link_name":"Necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"Meningococcal meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_meningitis"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus"},{"link_name":"Vibrio vulnificus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus"},{"link_name":"Necrotizing fasciitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis"},{"link_name":"Gas gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene"},{"link_name":"Legionella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella"},{"link_name":"Influenza A Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_Virus"},{"link_name":"Animal bites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_bite"},{"link_name":"Sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"Bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"}],"sub_title":"Infection","text":"Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and/or diabetic foot infections\nGangrene\nTrench foot\nNecrosis\nMeningococcal meningitis\nStreptococcus\nVibrio vulnificus\nNecrotizing fasciitis\nGas gangrene\nLegionella\nInfluenza A Virus\nAnimal bites\nSepsis\nBubonic plague","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handford2017-18"},{"link_name":"pathophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology"},{"link_name":"blood clots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clot"},{"link_name":"cell damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_damage"},{"link_name":"cell death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_death"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handford2017-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"autoamputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoamputation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Frostbite","text":"Frostbite is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity)[17] is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues.[18] Its pathophysiology involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and blood clots upon thawing, leading to cell damage and cell death.[18] Treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb;[19] if there is deep injury autoamputation may occur.[20]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsperson"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chick"},{"link_name":"ring finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_finger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Jone Tawake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jone_Tawake"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_and_Canadian_football_position)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Lott"},{"link_name":"1985 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Athletic performance","text":"Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance.Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance.[21]\nRugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed.[22]\nNational Football League safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season.[23]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quran 5:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_5:38"},{"link_name":"Sharia law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_2008-26"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_2007-27"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Cross-amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-amputation"},{"link_name":"Hudud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud"},{"link_name":"Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment"},{"link_name":"hirabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirabah"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Virginia Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Assembly"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyd_TJP-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_Bill_64-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"rhinotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinotomy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"intentional maiming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)"},{"link_name":"eye for an eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_Bill_64-41"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Criminal penalties","text":"According to Quran 5:38, the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand. Under Sharia law, after repeated offense, the foot may also be cut off. This is still in practice today in countries like Brunei, the United Arab Emirates,[24] Iran,[25][26] Saudi Arabia,[27] Yemen,[28] and 11 of the 36 states within Nigeria.[29][30]\nCross-amputation is one of the Hudud punishments prescribed under Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia law) and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor.[31][32] The scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the Quran (surah 5.33-34) which stipulates:The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion, or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed.[33] The severe punishment, for \"highway robbery (hirabah, qat' al-tariq) and civil disturbance against Islam\", is usually carried out in a single session in public, without anaesthetic and using a sword. The ancient punishment is practised in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia;[34] Sudan;[35] Somalia;[36] Mauritania, the Maldives;[37] Iran;[38] Taliban-era Afghanistan and Yemen.[39]\nIn 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed a bill to the Virginia Assembly that ostensibly would have replaced capital punishment with other penalties, including amputation, for certain crimes,[40][41] although not all were really punishable by death at the time.[42] For the crimes of rape, sodomy, and polygamy (the latter removed from a later version), the punishment was to be castration for men or rhinotomy for women.[43] For intentional maiming, the bill specified literal eye for an eye retribution.[44] The bill never passed, due to the combination of its perceived barbarity in some parts and perceived leniency in others.[41][45]\nFrom the 16th century, English law provided for cutting off a hand as punishment for striking someone inside a courtroom. Thomas Jefferson's punishments revision bill also intended to repeal this.[46]\nAs of 2021, this form of punishment is controversial, as most modern cultures consider it to be morally abhorrent, as it has the effect of permanently disabling a person and constitutes torture. It is thus seen as grossly disproportionate for crimes less than those such as murder.[47]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg"},{"link_name":"ligate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein"},{"link_name":"hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"oscillating saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillating_saw"},{"link_name":"prosthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_de_Mariz_e_Barros"},{"link_name":"Battleship Tamandaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_ironclad_Tamandar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Method","text":"Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.Surgeons performing an amputation have to first ligate the supplying artery and vein, so as to prevent hemorrhage (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally, the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Sharp and rough edges of bones are filed, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis.Amputation of the leg of First Lieutenant Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros, commander of the Brazilian Battleship Tamandaré (Henrique Fleiuss, Semana Illustrada, 1866).Distal stabilisation of muscles is often performed. This allows effective muscle contraction which reduces atrophy, allows functional use of the stump and maintains soft tissue coverage of the remnant bone. The preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum. In joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone. Muscles are attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions.[48]An experimental technique known as the \"Ewing amputation\" aims to improve post-amputation proprioception.[49][50] Another technique with similar goals, which has been tested in a clinical trial,[51] is Agonist-antagonist Myoneural Interface (AMI).[52]In 1920, Dr. Janos Ertl Sr. of Hungary, developed the Ertl procedure in order to return a high number of amputees to the work force.[53] The Ertl technique, an osteomyoplastic procedure for transtibial amputation, can be used to create a highly functional residual limb. Creation of a tibiofibular bone bridge provides a stable, broad tibiofibular articulation that may be capable of some distal weight bearing. Several different modified techniques and fibular bridge fixation methods have been used; however, no current evidence exists regarding comparison of the different techniques.[54]","title":"Surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Post-operative management","text":"A 2019 Cochrane systematic review aimed to determine whether rigid dressings were more effective than soft dressings in helping wounds heal following transtibial (below the knee) amputations. Due to the limited and very low certainty evidence available, the authors concluded that it was uncertain what the benefits and harms were for each dressing type. They recommended that clinicians consider the pros and cons of each dressing type on a case-by-case basis: rigid dressings may potentially benefit patients who have a high risk of falls; soft dressings may potentially benefit patients who have poor skin integrity.[55]A 2017 review found that the use of rigid removable dressings (RRD's) in trans-tibial amputations, rather than soft bandaging, improved healing time, reduced edema, prevented knee flexion contractures and reduced complications, including further amputation, from external trauma such as falls onto the stump.[56]Post-operative management, in addition to wound healing, considers maintenance of limb strength, joint range, edema management, preservation of the intact limb (if applicable) and stump desensitization.","title":"Surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson1986-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Traumatic amputation is the partial or total avulsion of a part of a body during a serious accident, like traffic, labor, or combat.[57][58]Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss.[59]Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amputation. This is especially useful for emergency physicians to quickly evaluate patients and decide on consultations.[60]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Causes","text":"Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee.Traumatic amputation is uncommon in humans (1 per 20,804 population per year). Loss of limb usually happens immediately during the accident, but sometimes a few days later after medical complications. Statistically, the most common causes of traumatic amputations are:[61]Vehicle accidents (cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trains, etc.)\nLabor accidents (equipment, instruments, cylinders, chainsaws, press machines, meat machines, wood machines, etc.)\nAgricultural accidents, with machines and mower equipment\nElectric shock hazards\nFirearms, bladed weapons, explosives\nViolent rupture of ship rope or industry wire rope\nRing traction (ring amputation, de-gloving injuries)\nBuilding doors and car doors\nAnimal attacks\nGas cylinder explosions[62]\nOther rare accidents[63]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microsurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsurgery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Replantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replantation"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson1986-58"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"The development of the science of microsurgery over the last 40 years has provided several treatment options for a traumatic amputation, depending on the patient's specific trauma and clinical situation:[citation needed]1st choice: Surgical amputation - break - prosthesis\n2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction.\n3rd choice: Replantation - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969)\n4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after 2000)[58]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amstat.org-64"},{"link_name":"not specific enough to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amstat.org-64"},{"link_name":"not specific enough to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Epidemiology","text":"In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the American Statistical Association. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for traffic accidents and 69.24% for labor accidents.[64][not specific enough to verify]\nThe population of the United States in 1999 was about 300,000,000, so the conclusion is that there is one amputation per 20,804 persons per year. In the group of labor amputations, 53% occurred in laborers and technicians, 30% in production and service workers, 16% in silviculture and fishery workers.[64][not specific enough to verify]\nA study found that in 2010, 22.8% of patients undergoing amputation of a lower extremity in the United States were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days.[65]\nIn 2017, an estimated 57.7 million people globally were living with existing traumatic limb injuries. Of these 57.7 million, the leading causes of amputation \"were falls (36.2%), road injuries (15.7%), other transportation injuries (11.2%), and mechanical forces (10.4%).\"[66]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limb-sparing techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb-sparing_techniques"},{"link_name":"decubitus ulcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decubitus_ulcers"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"hyperbaric oxygen therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillon1-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillon2-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vella-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"microsurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsurgery"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Methods in preventing amputation, limb-sparing techniques, depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary. Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or decubitus ulcers in bedridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene, which, when widespread, necessitates amputation.[67]There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor blood circulation.[68][69]Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speed up recovery times and prevent infections.[70]A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arteriosclerosis.[71][72] Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease.[73] The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart.[74]For victims of trauma, advances in microsurgery in the 1970s have made replantations of severed body parts possible.The establishment of laws, rules, and guidelines, and employment of modern equipment help protect people from traumatic amputations.[75]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amputation-76"},{"link_name":"phantom limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_limb"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"phantom eye syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_eye_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Phantoms in the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantoms_in_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"V.S. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"Sandra Blakeslee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Blakeslee"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"stump socks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump_sock"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amputation-76"},{"link_name":"heterotopic ossification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopic_ossification"},{"link_name":"improvised explosive devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Challenged Athletes Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenged_Athletes_Foundation"},{"link_name":"adaptive sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_sports"},{"link_name":"amputee soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputee_football"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"The individual may experience psychological trauma and emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations.[76]A large proportion of amputees (50–80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs;[77] they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome).A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, (Phantoms in the Brain: V.S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee) such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head.[78]In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis.[76]Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq War.[79]Due to technological advances in prosthetics, many amputees live active lives with little restriction. Organizations such as the Challenged Athletes Foundation have been developed to give amputees the opportunity to be involved in athletics and adaptive sports such as amputee soccer.[80]Nearly half of the individuals who have an amputation due to vascular disease will die within 5 years, usually secondary to the extensive co-morbidities rather than due to direct consequences of amputation. This is higher than the five year mortality rates for breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer.[81] Of persons with diabetes who have a lower extremity amputation, up to 55% will require amputation of the second leg within two to three years.[82]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disarticulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarticulation"},{"link_name":"dismemberment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"The word amputation is borrowed from Latin amputātus, past participle of amputāre \"to prune back (a plant), prune away, remove by cutting (unwanted parts or features), cut off (a branch, limb, body part),\" from am-, assimilated variant of amb- \"about, around\" + putāre \"to prune, make clean or tidy, scour (wool)\". The English word \"Poes\" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th-century French texts and early English writers also used the words \"extirpation\" (16th-century French texts tended to use extirper), \"disarticulation\", and \"dismemberment\" (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply \"cutting\", but by the end of the 17th century \"amputation\" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.[83]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patch Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Adams"},{"link_name":"Rick Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Allen_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bader"},{"link_name":"Götz of the Iron Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen"},{"link_name":"Carl Brashear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brashear"},{"link_name":"Lisa Bufano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bufano"},{"link_name":"Roberto Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Tammy Duckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth"},{"link_name":"Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamandalam_Sankaran_Embranthiri"},{"link_name":"Terry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Zach Gowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Gowen"},{"link_name":"Pete Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Gray"},{"link_name":"Shaquem Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaquem_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Robert David Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_David_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bethany Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Hugh Herr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Herr"},{"link_name":"Frida Kahlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Kahlo"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Lott"},{"link_name":"Hari Budha Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Budha_Magar"},{"link_name":"Aimee Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee_Mullins"},{"link_name":"Oscar Pistorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius"},{"link_name":"Amy Purdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Purdy"},{"link_name":"Aron Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Ralston"},{"link_name":"Hans-Ulrich Rudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel"},{"link_name":"Alex Zanardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zanardi"}],"text":"Patch Adams\nRick Allen\nDouglas Bader\nGötz of the Iron Hand\nCarl Brashear\nLisa Bufano\nRoberto Carlos\nTammy Duckworth\nKalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri\nTerry Fox\nZach Gowen\nPete Gray\nShaquem Griffin\nRobert David Hall\nBethany Hamilton\nHugh Herr\nFrida Kahlo\nRonnie Lott\nHari Budha Magar\nAimee Mullins\nOscar Pistorius\nAmy Purdy\nAron Ralston\nHans-Ulrich Rudel\nAlex Zanardi","title":"Notable cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11"},{"link_name":"PK80.80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1240534166"},{"link_name":"NA09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#145676455"},{"link_name":"NA63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1600884926"},{"link_name":"NB33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1490794347"},{"link_name":"NC18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932853630"},{"link_name":"NC38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619727205"},{"link_name":"NC59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#591425200"},{"link_name":"NC78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1954883241"},{"link_name":"NC98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619212116"},{"link_name":"ND19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932338507"},{"link_name":"ND35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1599611342"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"Y83.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Y83.5"},{"link_name":"S68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/S68"},{"link_name":"T05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T05"},{"link_name":"T09.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T09.6"},{"link_name":"T11.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T11.6"},{"link_name":"T13.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T13.6"},{"link_name":"T14.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T14.7"},{"link_name":"MeSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings"},{"link_name":"D000673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000673"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures"},{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"soft tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue"},{"link_name":"Muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"Myotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotomy"},{"link_name":"Heller myotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heller_myotomy"},{"link_name":"Muscle biopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_biopsy"},{"link_name":"Electromyography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromyography"},{"link_name":"Tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon"},{"link_name":"Tenotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenotomy"},{"link_name":"Tendon 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housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_housing"},{"link_name":"Right to Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"Right to property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_property"},{"link_name":"Right to public participation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_participation"},{"link_name":"Right of reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_reply"},{"link_name":"Right to rest and leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure"},{"link_name":"Right of return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_return"},{"link_name":"Right to science and culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture"},{"link_name":"Right to social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_social_security"},{"link_name":"Right to water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation"},{"link_name":"Right to work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_work"},{"link_name":"Sexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights"},{"link_name":"reproductive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights"},{"link_name":"Abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"Family planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning"},{"link_name":"Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"Intersex human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory"},{"link_name":"Sexual and reproductive health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health"},{"link_name":"Right to sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"War crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4001773-4"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294867205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004661"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000312745&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118406&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10675426"}],"text":"Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South (University of Georgia Press, 2015). xviii, 257 pp.ClassificationDICD-11: Medical: PK80.80; Traumatic: NA09, NA63, NB33, NC18, NC38, NC59, NC78, NC98, ND19, ND35ICD-10: Medical: Y83.5; Traumatic: S*8 (e.g. S68), T05, T09.6, T11.6, T13.6, T14.7MeSH: D000673vteTests and procedures on muscle and soft tissueMuscle\nMyotomy\nHeller myotomy\nMuscle biopsy\nElectromyography\nTendon\nTenotomy\nTendon transfer\nFascia\nFasciotomy\nBursa\nBursectomy\nOther\nAmputation\nHemipelvectomy\nHemicorporectomy\nReplantationvteSubstantive human rightsWhat is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rightsCivil and political\nEquality before the law\nFreedom from arbitrary arrest and detention\nFreedom of assembly\nFreedom of association\nCruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment\nFreedom from discrimination\nFreedom of information\nFreedom of movement\nFreedom of religion\nFreedom from slavery\nFreedom of speech\nFreedom of thought\nFreedom from torture\nLegal aid\nLGBT rights\nLiberty\nNationality\nPersonhood\nPresumption of innocence\nRight of asylum\nRight to die\nRight to a fair trial\nRight to family life\nRight to keep and bear arms\nRight to life\nRight to petition\nRight to privacy\nRight to protest\nRight to refuse medical treatment\nRight to resist\nRight of self-defense\nRight to truth\nSecurity of person\nSuffrage\nright to be a candidate\nRight to homeland\nEconomic, socialand cultural\nDigital rights\nEqual pay for equal work\nFair remuneration\nLabor rights\nRight to an adequate standard of living\nRight to clothing\nRight to development\nRight to education\nRight to food\nRight to health\nRight to a healthy environment\nRight to housing\nRight to Internet access\nRight to property\nRight to public participation\nRight of reply\nRight to rest and leisure\nRight of return\nRight to science and culture\nRight to social security\nRight to water\nRight to work\nSexual andreproductive\nAbortion\nFamily planning\nFreedom from involuntary female genital mutilation\nIntersex human rights\nLGBT rights\nSexual and reproductive health\nRight to sexuality\nViolations\nCrimes against humanity\nGenocide\nWar crimesAuthority control databases National\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nOther\nNARA","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"An above-knee amputation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The 18th century guide to amputations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amputations_18c.jpg/250px-Amputations_18c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Partial amputation of index finger.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Index_finger_amputation.jpg/220px-Index_finger_amputation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcoma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg/220px-2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg/220px-World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg"},{"image_text":"Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg/200px-Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amputation of the leg of First Lieutenant Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros, commander of the Brazilian Battleship Tamandaré (Henrique Fleiuss, Semana Illustrada, 1866).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg/220px-%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg"},{"image_text":"Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg/170px-3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Acrotomophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrotomophilia"},{"title":"Adapted automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapted_automobile"},{"title":"Flail limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flail_limb"},{"title":"Robotic prosthesis control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_prosthesis_control"}]
|
[{"reference":"Fathi, Nazila (2008-01-11). \"Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html","url_text":"\"Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Chuback, Jennifer E. (March 2005). Whitelaw, W.A. (ed.). The history of rhinoplasty. 14th Annual History of Medicine Days. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary. pp. 10–15 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16854023","url_text":"The history of rhinoplasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary","url_text":"University of Calgary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate","url_text":"ResearchGate"}]},{"reference":"Kocharkarn W (Summer 2000). \"Traumatic amputation of the penis\" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Urology. 26: 385–389. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 – via Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology.","urls":[{"url":"http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf","url_text":"\"Traumatic amputation of the penis\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters R (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godescalc
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Gottschalk
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["1 Given name","2 Surname","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
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Gottschalk or Godescalc (Old High German) is a male German name that can be translated literally as "servant of God". Latin forms include Godeschalcus and Godescalcus.
Given name
Godescalc of Benevento, 8th-century Lombard duke
Godescalc (fl. 781–783), Carolingian scribe; author of the Godescalc Evangelistary
Godescalc of Le Puy, 10th-century bishop, first documented pilgrim of the Via Podiensis
Gottschalk of Orbais, a 9th-century theologian, poet, and unwilling monk, best known as a hero of the Jansenists and for his conflict with Hincmar
Gottschalk (Slavic prince), 11th-century Slavic Prince of the Wends (Saint Gottschalk)
a 12th-century Holstein peasant, protagonist of the Visio Godeschalci
Surname
Alfred Gottschalk (biochemist) (1894–1973), German biochemist
Alfred Gottschalk (rabbi) (1930–2009), German-born American rabbi
Ben Gottschalk (born 1992), American NFL football player
Carl W. Gottschalk (1922–1997), American professor and kidney researcher
Elisabeth Gottschalk (1912–1989), German-born Dutch historical geographer and professor
Heyno Gottschalk, († 1541), Lutheran monk, the last abbot in Oldenstadt
Jacob C. Gottschalk (c. 1670–c. 1763), American Mennonite bishop
John Gottschalk (born 1943), American newspaper publisher
Joseph Gottschalk (1950–2003), American cycling exhibitionist
Kay Gottschalk (born 1965), German politician
Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869), American composer and pianist
Louis F. Gottschalk (1864–1934), American composer
Louis A. Gottschalk (1916–2008), American psychiatrist
Marie Gottschalk (born 1958), American political scientist
Robert Gottschalk (1918–1982), American camera technician and founder of Panavision
Timo Gottschalk (born 1974), German rally navigator
Thomas Gottschalk (born 1950), German entertainer and actor
Walter Gottschalk (1918–2004), American mathematician
Other uses
Gottschalks, a former retail chain in the United States
Gottschalk v. Benson, a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court patent case
See also
Gotschalk
Gottschall
Gottschalck
Godchaux
Godshall
Abdullah (name)
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gottschalk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godescalc of Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godescalc_of_Benevento"},{"link_name":"Godescalc Evangelistary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godescalc_Evangelistary"},{"link_name":"Via Podiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Podiensis"},{"link_name":"Gottschalk of Orbais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais"},{"link_name":"Jansenists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenism"},{"link_name":"Hincmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hincmar"},{"link_name":"Gottschalk (Slavic prince)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalk_(Slavic_prince)"},{"link_name":"Visio Godeschalci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visio_Godeschalci"}],"text":"Godescalc of Benevento, 8th-century Lombard duke\nGodescalc (fl. 781–783), Carolingian scribe; author of the Godescalc Evangelistary\nGodescalc of Le Puy, 10th-century bishop, first documented pilgrim of the Via Podiensis\nGottschalk of Orbais, a 9th-century theologian, poet, and unwilling monk, best known as a hero of the Jansenists and for his conflict with Hincmar\nGottschalk (Slavic prince), 11th-century Slavic Prince of the Wends (Saint Gottschalk)\na 12th-century Holstein peasant, protagonist of the Visio Godeschalci","title":"Given name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Gottschalk (biochemist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gottschalk_(biochemist)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Gottschalk (rabbi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gottschalk_(rabbi)"},{"link_name":"Ben Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Carl W. Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_W._Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Heyno Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyno_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Jacob C. Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_C._Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"John Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Kay Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Louis Moreau Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Louis F. Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_F._Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Louis A. Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_A._Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Marie Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Robert Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Timo Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Walter Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gottschalk"}],"text":"Alfred Gottschalk (biochemist) (1894–1973), German biochemist\nAlfred Gottschalk (rabbi) (1930–2009), German-born American rabbi\nBen Gottschalk (born 1992), American NFL football player\nCarl W. Gottschalk (1922–1997), American professor and kidney researcher\nElisabeth Gottschalk (1912–1989), German-born Dutch historical geographer and professor\nHeyno Gottschalk, († 1541), Lutheran monk, the last abbot in Oldenstadt\nJacob C. Gottschalk (c. 1670–c. 1763), American Mennonite bishop\nJohn Gottschalk (born 1943), American newspaper publisher\nJoseph Gottschalk (1950–2003), American cycling exhibitionist\nKay Gottschalk (born 1965), German politician\nLouis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869), American composer and pianist\nLouis F. Gottschalk (1864–1934), American composer\nLouis A. Gottschalk (1916–2008), American psychiatrist\nMarie Gottschalk (born 1958), American political scientist\nRobert Gottschalk (1918–1982), American camera technician and founder of Panavision\nTimo Gottschalk (born 1974), German rally navigator\nThomas Gottschalk (born 1950), German entertainer and actor\nWalter Gottschalk (1918–2004), American mathematician","title":"Surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gottschalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalks"},{"link_name":"Gottschalk v. Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalk_v._Benson"}],"text":"Gottschalks, a former retail chain in the United States\nGottschalk v. Benson, a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court patent case","title":"Other uses"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Gotschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotschalk_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Gottschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschall"},{"title":"Gottschalck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalck"},{"title":"Godchaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godchaux"},{"title":"Godshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godshall"},{"title":"Abdullah (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_(name)"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Gottschalk&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Gottschalk&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCOS
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ARCOS-1
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["1 Carriers (incomplete)","2 Landing points","3 See also","4 External links"]
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This article is about the fiber optic system. For other uses, see Arcos (disambiguation).
The Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) is a fiber optic submarine communications cable of 8,400 kilometers that extends between the United States, the Bahamas, the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Curaçao, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico. Because of its length, it was divided in two phases: Phase 1 being in service since September 2001 and Phase II since March 2002. The cable system was set in a ring configuration and is operated on a non-common carrier basis.
Carriers (incomplete)
Columbus Networks (Formerly- New World Network)
Telecomunicaciones Ultramarinas de Puerto Rico (TUPR or ULTRACOM)
Landing points
Route of the cable.
North Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.
Cancún, Mexico
Tulum, Mexico
Ladyville, Belize
Puerto Barrios, Guatemala
Puerto Cortés, Honduras
Trujillo, Honduras
Puerto Lempira, Honduras
Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua
Bluefields, Nicaragua
Puerto Limón, Costa Rica
María Chiquita, Panama
Ustupo, Panama
Cartagena, Colombia
Riohacha, Colombia
Punto Fijo, Venezuela
Willemstad, Curaçao
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands
Crooked Island, Bahamas
Cat Island, Bahamas
Nassau, Bahamas
See also
ECFS (cable system)
External links
Official website
ARCOS-1 Cable Landing License as adopted by the Federal Communications Commission
ARCOS-1 Transfer of Control (PDF) as adopted by the Federal Communications Commission
vteSubmarine communications cables in the Atlantic OceanOperational or future
2Africa
AC-2
AEConnect
Africa Coast to Europe
ALBA-1
AMX-1
ANTILLAS I
ARCOS-1
Americas II
Apollo
Atlantic Crossing 1
Atlantis-2
BDSNi
BRICS Cable
C-Lion1
Circe
Columbus II
Columbus III
Concerto 1
Danice
Dunant
ECFS
EllaLink
FARICE-1
GLO-1
GlobeNet
Grace Hopper
Greenland Connect
HUGO
Hibernia Express
MAREA
MAYA-1
Main One
Monet
NorSea Com 1
PAN AM
PEC
Pacific Caribbean Cable System
SACS
SAIL
SAT-3/WASC
SAex
SAm-1
SEA-ME-WE 3
SHEFA-2
SMPR-1
Southern Caribbean Fiber
Svalbard Undersea Cable System
Tangerine
ULYSSES
UNISUR
VSNL Northern Europe
VSNL Western Europe
West Africa Cable System
Legacy or abandoned
CANTAT-1
CANTAT-2
CANTAT-3
ODIN
Pangea
REMBRANDT-1
REMBRANDT-2
RIOJA-1
RIOJA-2
RIOJA-3
SAT-2
TCS-1
UK-Belgium 5
WASACE
This article related to telecommunications is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arcos (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcos_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"fiber optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optic"},{"link_name":"submarine communications cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"common carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carrier"}],"text":"This article is about the fiber optic system. For other uses, see Arcos (disambiguation).The Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) is a fiber optic submarine communications cable of 8,400 kilometers that extends between the United States, the Bahamas, the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Curaçao, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico. Because of its length, it was divided in two phases: Phase 1 being in service since September 2001 and Phase II since March 2002. The cable system was set in a ring configuration and is operated on a non-common carrier basis.","title":"ARCOS-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Communications"},{"link_name":"Telecomunicaciones Ultramarinas de Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicaciones_Ultramarinas_de_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"Columbus Networks (Formerly- New World Network)\nTelecomunicaciones Ultramarinas de Puerto Rico (TUPR or ULTRACOM)","title":"Carriers (incomplete)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARCOS-1-route.png"},{"link_name":"North Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Miami_Beach"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cancún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulum"},{"link_name":"Ladyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladyville"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Puerto Barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Barrios"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Puerto Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Puerto Lempira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Lempira"},{"link_name":"Puerto Cabezas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Cabezas"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Bluefields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefields"},{"link_name":"Puerto Limón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"María Chiquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Chiquita"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Ustupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustupo"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Riohacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riohacha"},{"link_name":"Punto Fijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_Fijo"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Willemstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willemstad"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Punta Cana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Cana"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Puerto Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Plata_(city)"},{"link_name":"Providenciales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providenciales"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"Crooked Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Island,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Cat Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Island,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"}],"text":"Route of the cable.North Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.\nCancún, Mexico\nTulum, Mexico\nLadyville, Belize\nPuerto Barrios, Guatemala\nPuerto Cortés, Honduras\nTrujillo, Honduras\nPuerto Lempira, Honduras\nPuerto Cabezas, Nicaragua\nBluefields, Nicaragua\nPuerto Limón, Costa Rica\nMaría Chiquita, Panama\nUstupo, Panama\nCartagena, Colombia\nRiohacha, Colombia\nPunto Fijo, Venezuela\nWillemstad, Curaçao\nSan Juan, Puerto Rico\nPunta Cana, Dominican Republic\nPuerto Plata, Dominican Republic\nProvidenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands\nCrooked Island, Bahamas\nCat Island, Bahamas\nNassau, Bahamas","title":"Landing points"}]
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[{"image_text":"Route of the cable.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ARCOS-1-route.png/325px-ARCOS-1-route.png"}]
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[{"title":"ECFS (cable system)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECFS_(cable_system)"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.cwnetworks.com/network-systems/arcos-1/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/International/Orders/1999/da991312.txt","external_links_name":"ARCOS-1 Cable Landing License"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/International/Orders/2000/da002107.pdf","external_links_name":"ARCOS-1 Transfer of Control"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARCOS-1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship_NS11_crash
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Airship N.S.11 crash
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["1 Aircraft","2 Accident","3 Cause","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°57′04″N 1°02′35″E / 52.951°N 1.043°E / 52.951; 1.043
Airship NS11 crashA model of an NS class airship similar to NS11AccidentDate15 July 1919 (1919-07-15)SummaryLightning strike (suspected)SiteNorth Sea off Cley next the Sea, Norfolk, England52°57′04″N 1°02′35″E / 52.951°N 1.043°E / 52.951; 1.043Aircraft typeNS class airshipOperatorRoyal Air ForceRegistrationNS11Flight originRAF PulhamDestinationRAF PulhamCrew9Fatalities9Injuries0Survivors0
The Airship NS11 crash was an airship accident which occurred on 15 July 1919. The Royal Air Force (RAF) airship exploded off the east coast of England over the North Sea, killing all nine crew on board.
Aircraft
NS11 was one of 14 North Sea-class airships ordered by the Royal Navy for the Royal Naval Air Service, but by the time NS11 was delivered in September 1918, the Royal Naval Air Service had been amalgamated with the Royal Flying Corps to form the RAF. The airship was built and tested at RNAS Kingsnorth near Kingsnorth in Kent. She was fitted with two 260 hp (195 kW) Fiat engines and had an envelope with a capacity of 360,000 cu ft (10,000 m3) cubic feet. Prior to the accident, she had made voyages of more than 1000 miles (1600 km) over the North Sea, setting a world record for non-rigid airships.
Accident
NS11 had taken off from RAF Pulham in Pulham St Mary, Norfolk, around midnight on the night of 14/15 July 1919 and was heading over the North Sea on a mine-hunting patrol. In the early hours of 15 July, she was seen to fly beneath a long "greasy black cloud" off the village of Cley next the Sea on the Norfolk coast when locals reported an abnormal noise from her engines (which may have suggested she was experiencing engine trouble). She was returning towards the coast when she exploded into a ball of flames, causing a vivid glare lasting for several minutes as the burning airship descended, plunging into the sea after a second explosion. None of the nine crew members on board the airship survived. The Sheringham lifeboat was launched but its crew could only find a small part of the aluminium wreckage.
The accident occurred less than 48 hours after the airship R34 arrived at RAF Pulham after a successful double-crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, including the first-ever east–west crossing by air.
Cause
The findings of the official Court of Enquiry were inconclusive, but amongst other possibilities it was thought that a lightning strike may have caused the explosion.
Aftermath
There is a memorial plaque and drinking fountain in the grounds of the Viaduct Sports & Social Club in Earlestown, Merseyside. The names of the crew are commemorated on Hollybrook Memorial, Southampton. One of the crew was buried at Ann's Hill Cemetery in Gosport.
See also
R38-class airship
R101
List of airship accidents
History of the Royal Navy
References
^ a b c d "British Airship Burns with Crew; Twelve Lost When the NS-11 Falls Flaming Into the North Sea". The New York Times. 16 July 1919. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
^ a b "Airship Burnt At Sea." Times 16 July 1919: 12. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 Oct. 2013
^ a b "NS11 - A Local View". ns11.org. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
^ "NS11 - As Bright as Day". ns11.org. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
^ "NS11 - Memorials". ns11.org. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
vteAviation accidents and incidents before 1920
Jul 13, 1897 Arctic Balloon Expedition
Feb 14, 1902 Santos-Dumont nº6 crash (Monaco)
May 12, 1902 Pax airship disaster
Nov 30, 1907 Patrie airship disappearance
Sep 25, 1909 Lebaudy République airship
Apr 24, 1910 Zeppelin LZ 5 crash
Jul 13, 1910 Erbslöh airship crash
May 21, 1911 Paris to Madrid air race accident
Feb 17, 1912 Martin-Handasyde No. 3
May 13, 1912 Brooklands Flanders Monoplane crash
Sep 10, 1912 Bristol Coanda Monoplane crash
Dec 15, 1912 Handley Page Type F crash
Apr 17, 1913 Zodiac balloon accident
Aug 7, 1913 Cody Floatplane crash
Sep 9, 1913 Helgoland disaster
Oct 17, 1913 Johannisthal disaster
Aug 23, 1914 Zeppelin LZ 23 shot down
Feb 17, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 24
Mar 21, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 29 crash
Jun 07, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 37 shot down
Jun 07, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 38 shed bombardment
Aug 10, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 43 fire
Dec 17, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 39
Feb 01, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 54 crash
Feb 21, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 47
Apr 01, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 48
May 03, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 59 crash
May 04, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 32
May 05, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 55 shot down
Sep 16, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 31
Sep 24, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 76
Sep 24, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 74
Oct 02, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 72
Nov 27, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 78 shot down
Nov 28, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 61 shot down
Dec 28, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 53 fire
Mar 17, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 86
May 14, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 64
Jun 17, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 95 shot down
Aug 21, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 66
Oct 08, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 102
Oct 20, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 85 crash
Oct 20, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 89 crash
Dec 14, 1917 C.26 crash
Apr 07, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 104
Aug 06, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 112
Aug 11, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 100
Aug 19, 1918 Maxstoke air crash
May 26, 1919 Tarrant Tabor
Jul 15, 1919 Airship N.S.11 crash
Jul 21, 1919 Wingfoot Air Express crash
Aug 2, 1919 Verona Caproni Ca. 48 crash
For single-person aviation accidents see:Aviators killed in early aviation accidents
► the 1920s
vteAviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies, and British Overseas TerritoriesBefore1910
Thomas Harris (May 1824)
Cecil Shadbolt (July 1892)
Percy Pilcher (October 1899)
1910s
Charles Rolls (July 1910)
Cecil Grace (December 1910)
Brooklands Flanders Monoplane (May 1912)
Cody Floatplane (August 1913)
Maxstoke (August 1918)
Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown (June 1919)
Airship N.S.11 (July 1919)
1920s
Golders Green Handley Page O/400 (December 1920)
R38-class airship (June 1921)
Air Union Farman Goliath (August 1923)
Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 (September 1923)
KLM Fokker F.III disappearance (April 1924)
Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 (December 1924)
Air Union Blériot 155 (August 1926)
Air Union Blériot 155 (October 1926)
KLM Fokker F.VIII (August 1927)
Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 (June 1929)
Luft Hansa Junkers G 24 (November 1929)
1930s
Air Union Farman Goliath (February 1930)
Meopham air disaster (July 1930)
London, Scottish & Provincial Airways Airspeed Courier (September 1934)
Hillman's Airways de Havilland Dragon Rapide (October 1934)
SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 (December 1935)
Jersey Air Disaster (July 1936)
KLM Croydon accident (December 1936)
Edmonton air crash (September 1938)
Jersey Airport disaster (November 1938)
1940s
Dunbeath air crash (August 1942)
Ruislip Wellington accident (October 1942)
RAF Hudson (May 1943)
Gibraltar Liberator AL523 (July 1943)
Moordown air disaster (March 1944)
Freckleton air disaster (August 1944)
USAAF Boeing B-17 on North Barrule (April 1945)
Elvetham air crash (October 1945)
Broadway Consolidated Liberator (November 1945)
Railway Air Services Dakota (December 1946)
BOAC Douglas C-47 (January 1947)
Croydon Dakota accident (January 1947)
Heathrow disaster (March 1948)
Northwood mid-air collision (July 1948)
KLM Constellation air disaster (October 1948)
Exhall mid-air collision (February 1949)
Manchester BEA Douglas DC-3 accident (August 1949)
1950s
Llandow air disaster (March 1950)
Heathrow BEA Vickers Viking (October 1950)
Ringway Dakota (March 1951)
Aer Lingus C-47 accident (January 1952)
Farnborough Airshow crash (September 1952)
Little Rissington UFO incident (October 1952)
Aldbury Valetta accident (January 1954)
Swissair Convair CV-240 (June 1954)
Prestwick air disaster (December 1954)
Hawker Hunter multiple aircraft accident (February 1956)
RAF Lakenheath nuclear near-disaster (July 1956)
London Heathrow Avro Vulcan (October 1956)
Sutton Wick air crash (March 1957)
British European Airways Flight 411 (March 1957)
Blackbushe Viking accident (May 1957)
Nutts Corner BEA Viscount (October 1957
Aquila Airways Solent (November 1957)
Winter Hill air disaster (February 1958)
London Vickers Viking accident (September 1958)
Syerston Avro Vulcan (September 1958)
BOAC Bristol Britannia (December 1958)
Turkish Airlines Gatwick (February 1959)
1960s
Channel Airways Dakota accident (May 1962)
BAC One-Eleven test crash (October 1963)
British United Airways Flight 1030X (April 1965)
Little Baldon air crash (July 1965)
Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 (July 1965)
Cambrian Airways Liverpool (July 1965)
Pan Am Flight 292 (September 1965)
Felthorpe Trident crash (June 1966)
Holden's Lightning flight (July 1966)
Stockport air disaster (June 1967)
Iberia Flight 062 (November 1967)
Hawker Hunter Tower Bridge incident (April 1968)
BOAC Flight 712 (April 1968)
BKS Air Transport Flight C.6845 (July 1968)
Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 701 (January 1969)
1969 theft of C-130 (May 1969)
1970s
British European Airways Flight 548 (June 1972)
Court Line Flight 95 (April 1974)
British Airways bombing attempt (July 1974)
Norfolk mid-air collision (August 1974)
Graham Hill plane crash (November 1975)
British Airtours Boeing 707 crash (March 1977)
British Army Gazelle downing (February 1978)
Dan-Air Flight 0034 (July 1979)
1980s
Biggin Hill Invader crash (September 1980)
Aer Lingus Flight 164 (May 1981)
Dan-Air Flight 240 (June 1981)
Bristow Helicopters Westland Wessex crash (August 1981)
British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident (June 1982)
British Airways Sikorsky S-61 crash (July 1983)
Manchester Airport disaster (August 1985)
Hindawi affair (April 1986)
British Army Lynx shootdown (June 1988)
British International Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N crash (July 1988)
Pan Am Flight 103 (December 1988)
template
Kegworth air disaster (January 1989)
1990s
British Army Gazelle shootdown (February 1990)
Scotland RAF Shackleton crash (April 1990)
British Airways Flight 5390 (June 1990)
Llyn Padarn helicopter crash (August 1993)
British Army Lynx shootdown (March 1994)
Mull of Kintyre Chinook crash (June 1994)
Air Algérie Flight 702P (December 1994)
Bristow Helicopters Flight 56C (January 1995)
Royal Air Force Nimrod R1 ditching (May 1995)
Knight Air Flight 816 (May 1995)
Virgin Atlantic Flight 024 (November 1997)
Edinburgh Air Charter Flight 3W (September 1999)
Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 (December 1999)
2000s
Loganair Flight 670A (February 2001)
British Airways Flight 268 (February 2005)
Loganair Islander accident (March 2005)
Morecambe Bay Eurocopter AS365 crash (December 2006)
Alderney UFO sighting (April 2007)
British Airways Flight 38 (January 2008)
Biggin Hill Cessna Citation crash (March 2008)
2010s
Vauxhall helicopter crash (January 2013)
CHC Scotia Flight 23R (August 2013)
Glasgow helicopter crash (November 2013)
Haughey Air AgustaWestland AW139 crash (March 2014)
Loganair Flight 6780 (December 2014)
Blackbushe Phenom 300 crash (July 2015)
Shoreham Airshow crash (August 2015)
Leicester helicopter crash (October 2018)
Gatwick Airport drone incident (December 2018)
English Channel Piper PA-46 crash (January 2019)
Includes Crown dependencies and current overseas territories; this template excludes currently independent countries formerly a part of the British Empire, and this template also excludes Hong Kong
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"}],"text":"The Airship NS11 crash was an airship accident which occurred on 15 July 1919. The Royal Air Force (RAF) airship exploded off the east coast of England over the North Sea, killing all nine crew on board.","title":"Airship N.S.11 crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Sea-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_class_airship"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"RNAS Kingsnorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Kingsnorth"},{"link_name":"Kingsnorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsnorth_(Medway)"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"envelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship#Envelope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19190716p1-1"}],"text":"NS11 was one of 14 North Sea-class airships ordered by the Royal Navy for the Royal Naval Air Service, but by the time NS11 was delivered in September 1918, the Royal Naval Air Service had been amalgamated with the Royal Flying Corps to form the RAF. The airship was built and tested at RNAS Kingsnorth near Kingsnorth in Kent. She was fitted with two 260 hp (195 kW) Fiat engines and had an envelope with a capacity of 360,000 cu ft (10,000 m3) cubic feet. Prior to the accident, she had made voyages of more than 1000 miles (1600 km) over the North Sea, setting a world record for non-rigid airships.[1]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF Pulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Pulham"},{"link_name":"Pulham St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulham_St_Mary"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"mine-hunting patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehunter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19190716p1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS11_-_Local_View-3"},{"link_name":"Cley next the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cley_next_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19190716p1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19190716p1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS11_-_As_Bright_as_Day-4"},{"link_name":"Sheringham lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheringham_Lifeboat_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"R34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R33-class_airship"}],"text":"NS11 had taken off from RAF Pulham in Pulham St Mary, Norfolk, around midnight on the night of 14/15 July 1919 and was heading over the North Sea on a mine-hunting patrol.[1][2][3] In the early hours of 15 July, she was seen to fly beneath a long \"greasy black cloud\" off the village of Cley next the Sea on the Norfolk coast when locals reported an abnormal noise from her engines (which may have suggested she was experiencing engine trouble).[1] She was returning towards the coast when she exploded into a ball of flames, causing a vivid glare lasting for several minutes as the burning airship descended, plunging into the sea after a second explosion. None of the nine crew members on board the airship survived.[1][4] The Sheringham lifeboat was launched but its crew could only find a small part of the aluminium wreckage.[2]The accident occurred less than 48 hours after the airship R34 arrived at RAF Pulham after a successful double-crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, including the first-ever east–west crossing by air.","title":"Accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS11_-_Local_View-3"}],"text":"The findings of the official Court of Enquiry were inconclusive, but amongst other possibilities it was thought that a lightning strike may have caused the explosion.[3]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earlestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlestown"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS11_-_Memorials-5"}],"text":"There is a memorial plaque and drinking fountain in the grounds of the Viaduct Sports & Social Club in Earlestown, Merseyside. The names of the crew are commemorated on Hollybrook Memorial, Southampton. One of the crew was buried at Ann's Hill Cemetery in Gosport.[5]","title":"Aftermath"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"R38-class airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R38-class_airship"},{"title":"R101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R101"},{"title":"List of airship accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airship_accidents"},{"title":"History of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy"}]
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[{"reference":"\"British Airship Burns with Crew; Twelve Lost When the NS-11 Falls Flaming Into the North Sea\". The New York Times. 16 July 1919. Retrieved 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1919/07/16/archives/british-airship-burns-with-crew-twelve-lost-when-the-ns11-falls.html","url_text":"\"British Airship Burns with Crew; Twelve Lost When the NS-11 Falls Flaming Into the North Sea\""}]},{"reference":"\"NS11 - A Local View\". ns11.org. Retrieved 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ns11.org/loss-of-ns11-%E2%80%93-a-local-view/","url_text":"\"NS11 - A Local View\""}]},{"reference":"\"NS11 - As Bright as Day\". ns11.org. Retrieved 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ns11.org/","url_text":"\"NS11 - As Bright as Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"NS11 - Memorials\". ns11.org. Retrieved 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ns11.org/the-last-crew/memorials/","url_text":"\"NS11 - Memorials\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Airship_N.S.11_crash¶ms=52.951_N_1.043_E_","external_links_name":"52°57′04″N 1°02′35″E / 52.951°N 1.043°E / 52.951; 1.043"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Airship_N.S.11_crash¶ms=52.951_N_1.043_E_","external_links_name":"52°57′04″N 1°02′35″E / 52.951°N 1.043°E / 52.951; 1.043"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1919/07/16/archives/british-airship-burns-with-crew-twelve-lost-when-the-ns11-falls.html","external_links_name":"\"British Airship Burns with Crew; Twelve Lost When the NS-11 Falls Flaming Into the North Sea\""},{"Link":"http://www.ns11.org/loss-of-ns11-%E2%80%93-a-local-view/","external_links_name":"\"NS11 - A Local View\""},{"Link":"http://www.ns11.org/","external_links_name":"\"NS11 - As Bright as Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.ns11.org/the-last-crew/memorials/","external_links_name":"\"NS11 - Memorials\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Sundstr%C3%B6m
|
Niklas Sundström
|
["1 Career statistics","1.1 Regular season and playoffs","1.2 International","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Swedish ice hockey player
Not to be confused with Niklas Lundström.
Ice hockey player
Niklas Sundström
Niklas Sundström playing for the New York Rangers against the Vancouver Canucks in October 1997Born
(1975-06-06) 6 June 1975 (age 49)Örnsköldsvik, SwedenHeight
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight
191 lb (87 kg; 13 st 9 lb)Position
Right WingShot
LeftPlayed for
Modo HockeyNew York RangersSan Jose SharksMontreal CanadiensHC Milano VipersNational team
SwedenNHL draft
8th overall, 1993New York RangersPlaying career
1991–2013
Lars Niklas Sundström (born June 6, 1975) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player who started his professional career in Modo Hockey. He was drafted eighth overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Rangers. He was also on Wayne Gretzky's line. He was not known for his goal scoring ability, but for his defensive play. He was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 1999, and to the Montreal Canadiens in 2003. Sundström plays forward and specializes in defensive roles. When he was a junior player he formed a line in Modo with future NHL stars Peter Forsberg and Markus Näslund. He wore the number 24 for the San Jose Sharks and the New York Rangers but wore the number 37 for the Montreal Canadiens. After 11 NHL seasons, he returned to play in Sweden at the start of the 2006–07 season, leading Modo to a surprise title during his first season, scoring several vital goals in the playoffs. He formed an effective partnership with Norwegian Per-Åge Skrøder, leading to Skrøder winning the top scorer rankings in 2009. Modo still missed the playoffs that year, despite Sundström having the best plus-minus rating in the entire series. On December 3, 2013, Sundström officially announced his retirement.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
1991–92
Modo Hockey
SEL
9
1
3
4
0
—
—
—
—
—
1992–93
Modo Hockey
SEL
39
7
11
18
18
3
0
0
0
0
1992–93
Modo Hockey
SWE U20
2
3
1
4
0
—
—
—
—
—
1993–94
Modo Hockey
SEL
37
7
12
19
28
11
4
3
7
2
1993–94
Modo Hockey
SWE U20
3
3
4
7
2
—
—
—
—
—
1994–95
Modo Hockey
SEL
33
8
13
21
30
—
—
—
—
—
1995–96
New York Rangers
NHL
82
9
12
21
14
11
4
3
7
4
1996–97
New York Rangers
NHL
82
24
28
52
20
9
0
5
5
2
1997–98
New York Rangers
NHL
70
19
28
47
24
—
—
—
—
—
1998–99
New York Rangers
NHL
81
13
30
43
20
—
—
—
—
—
1999–2000
San Jose Sharks
NHL
79
12
25
37
22
12
0
2
2
2
2000–01
San Jose Sharks
NHL
82
10
39
49
28
6
0
3
3
2
2001–02
San Jose Sharks
NHL
73
9
30
39
50
12
1
6
7
6
2002–03
San Jose Sharks
NHL
47
2
10
12
22
—
—
—
—
—
2002–03
Montreal Canadiens
NHL
33
5
9
14
8
—
—
—
—
—
2003–04
Montreal Canadiens
NHL
66
8
12
20
18
4
1
0
1
2
2004–05
HC Milano Vipers
ITA
33
9
30
39
40
15
4
14
18
22
2005–06
Montreal Canadiens
NHL
55
6
9
15
30
5
0
3
3
4
2006–07
Modo Hockey
SEL
47
9
36
45
116
20
5
8
13
26
2007–08
Modo Hockey
SEL
45
7
30
37
128
5
0
6
6
14
2008–09
Modo Hockey
SEL
49
18
35
53
70
—
—
—
—
—
2009–10
Modo Hockey
SEL
32
5
15
20
28
—
—
—
—
—
2010–11
Modo Hockey
SEL
53
11
22
33
40
—
—
—
—
—
2011–12
Modo Hockey
SEL
50
11
26
37
42
6
1
1
2
0
2012–13
Modo Hockey
SEL
46
9
14
23
34
5
2
1
3
4
SEL totals
441
93
217
310
534
50
12
19
31
46
NHL totals
750
117
232
349
256
59
6
22
28
22
International
Year
Team
Event
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
1992
Sweden
EJC
6
1
0
1
6
1993
Sweden
EJC
6
4
9
13
10
1993
Sweden
WJC
7
10
4
14
0
1994
Sweden
WJC
7
4
7
11
10
1995
Sweden
WJC
7
4
4
8
4
1996
Sweden
WCH
4
2
2
4
0
1998
Sweden
OG
4
1
1
2
2
1998
Sweden
WC
10
1
5
6
8
1999
Sweden
WC
8
5
2
7
4
2002
Sweden
OG
4
1
3
4
0
Junior totals
33
23
24
47
34
Senior totals
30
10
13
23
14
References
^ ""Ville inte säga att jag kanske hade cancer"". www.expressen.se (in Swedish). December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
NHLPA player bio
Preceded byPeter Ferraro
New York Rangers first round draft pick 1993
Succeeded byDan Cloutier
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niklas Lundström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Lundstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Modo Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_Hockey"},{"link_name":"1993 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Peter Forsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Forsberg"},{"link_name":"Markus Näslund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_N%C3%A4slund"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Per-Åge Skrøder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-%C3%85ge_Skr%C3%B8der"},{"link_name":"plus-minus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus-minus_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Niklas Lundström.Ice hockey playerLars Niklas Sundström (born June 6, 1975) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player who started his professional career in Modo Hockey. He was drafted eighth overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Rangers. He was also on Wayne Gretzky's line. He was not known for his goal scoring ability, but for his defensive play. He was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 1999, and to the Montreal Canadiens in 2003. Sundström plays forward and specializes in defensive roles. When he was a junior player he formed a line in Modo with future NHL stars Peter Forsberg and Markus Näslund. He wore the number 24 for the San Jose Sharks and the New York Rangers but wore the number 37 for the Montreal Canadiens. After 11 NHL seasons, he returned to play in Sweden at the start of the 2006–07 season, leading Modo to a surprise title during his first season, scoring several vital goals in the playoffs. He formed an effective partnership with Norwegian Per-Åge Skrøder, leading to Skrøder winning the top scorer rankings in 2009. Modo still missed the playoffs that year, despite Sundström having the best plus-minus rating in the entire series. On December 3, 2013, Sundström officially announced his retirement.[1]","title":"Niklas Sundström"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"\"Ville inte säga att jag kanske hade cancer\"\". www.expressen.se (in Swedish). December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressen.se/sport/hockey/shl/ville-inte-saga-att-jag-kanske-hade-cancer/","url_text":"\"\"Ville inte säga att jag kanske hade cancer\"\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.expressen.se/sport/hockey/shl/ville-inte-saga-att-jag-kanske-hade-cancer/","external_links_name":"\"\"Ville inte säga att jag kanske hade cancer\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8459430","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=740&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/10692-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/s/sundsni01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=5253","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050831154717/http://nhlpa.com/WebStats/PlayerBiography.asp?ID=5481","external_links_name":"NHLPA player bio"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated_swellshark
|
Reticulated swellshark
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of shark
Reticulated swellshark
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Subdivision:
Selachimorpha
Order:
Carcharhiniformes
Family:
Scyliorhinidae
Genus:
Cephaloscyllium
Species:
C. fasciatum
Binomial name
Cephaloscyllium fasciatumW. L. Y. Chan, 1966
Synonyms
Cephaloscyllium maculatum Schaaf-Da Silva & Ebert, 2008
Cephaloscyllium pardelotum Schaaf-Da Silva & Ebert, 2008
Sharks portal
The reticulated swellshark (Cephaloscyllium fasciatum) is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae. The Reticulated swellshark is found in the western Pacific Ocean between latitudes 21° N and 28° S, at depths between 220 and 450 m. It is a blunt snouted shark with an inflatable stomach, narrow eye slits and a pattern of spots and lines covering its body. It can grow up to 80 cm in length.
References
^ Dulvy, N.K.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Dharmadi, Finucci, B.; Rigby, C.L.; Sherman, C.S. (2020). "Cephaloscyllium fasciatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T162207827A162870102. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162207827A162870102.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Allen, Gerry (2000). Marine Fishes of South-East Asia. Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 40. ISBN 978-962-593-267-5.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Cephaloscyllium fasciatum" in FishBase. may 2006 version.
Taxon identifiersCephaloscyllium fasciatum
Wikidata: Q2988036
Wikispecies: Cephaloscyllium fasciatum
CoL: 5XK9F
FishBase: 796
GBIF: 2418615
iNaturalist: 97010
IRMNG: 10853701
ITIS: 160094
IUCN: 200014
NCBI: 495837
Observation.org: 905751
OBIS: 277100
Open Tree of Life: 805288
Plazi: 96A33EC0-54A5-AF57-33E8-98444362D590
WoRMS: 277100
ZooBank: FA8C199F-11DF-4FA6-9EB7-BC87D857F05F
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sharks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sharks"},{"link_name":"catshark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catshark"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Scyliorhinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catshark"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"21° N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"28° S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerry-2"}],"text":"Sharks portalThe reticulated swellshark (Cephaloscyllium fasciatum) is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae. The Reticulated swellshark is found in the western Pacific Ocean between latitudes 21° N and 28° S, at depths between 220 and 450 m. It is a blunt snouted shark with an inflatable stomach, narrow eye slits and a pattern of spots and lines covering its body. It can grow up to 80 cm in length.[2]","title":"Reticulated swellshark"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dulvy, N.K.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Dharmadi, Finucci, B.; Rigby, C.L.; Sherman, C.S. (2020). \"Cephaloscyllium fasciatum\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T162207827A162870102. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162207827A162870102.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162207827/162870102","url_text":"\"Cephaloscyllium fasciatum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162207827A162870102.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162207827A162870102.en"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Gerry (2000). Marine Fishes of South-East Asia. Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 40. ISBN 978-962-593-267-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-267-5","url_text":"978-962-593-267-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162207827/162870102","external_links_name":"\"Cephaloscyllium fasciatum\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162207827A162870102.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162207827A162870102.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Cephaloscyllium&speciesname=fasciatum","external_links_name":"\"Cephaloscyllium fasciatum\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5XK9F","external_links_name":"5XK9F"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/796","external_links_name":"796"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2418615","external_links_name":"2418615"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/97010","external_links_name":"97010"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10853701","external_links_name":"10853701"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=160094","external_links_name":"160094"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/200014","external_links_name":"200014"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=495837","external_links_name":"495837"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/905751/","external_links_name":"905751"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/277100","external_links_name":"277100"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=805288","external_links_name":"805288"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/96A33EC0-54A5-AF57-33E8-98444362D590","external_links_name":"96A33EC0-54A5-AF57-33E8-98444362D590"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=277100","external_links_name":"277100"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/FA8C199F-11DF-4FA6-9EB7-BC87D857F05F","external_links_name":"FA8C199F-11DF-4FA6-9EB7-BC87D857F05F"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash!_Boom!_Bang!
|
Crash! Boom! Bang!
|
["1 Release and promotion","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications and sales","7 References","8 External links"]
|
For the Crash Bandicoot game, see Crash Boom Bang!
1994 studio album by RoxetteCrash! Boom! Bang!Studio album by RoxetteReleased11 April 1994RecordedFebruary 1993 – January 1994StudioTits & Ass Studio, HalmstadEMI Studios, StockholmMayfair Studios, LondonCapri Digital Studios, CapriGenrePop rockLength62:06LabelEMIProducerClarence ÖfwermanRoxette chronology
Tourism(1992)
Crash! Boom! Bang!(1994)
Rarities(1995)
Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang!Artwork for the US edition
Singles from Crash! Boom! Bang!
"Sleeping in My Car"Released: 7 March 1994
"Crash! Boom! Bang!"Released: 9 May 1994
"Fireworks"Released: 9 September 1994
"Run to You"Released: 14 November 1994
"Vulnerable"Released: 17 March 1995
Crash! Boom! Bang! is the fifth studio album by Swedish pop rock duo Roxette, released on 11 April 1994 by EMI. The album was an immediate commercial success, peaking within the top 10 in over 20 national charts throughout Europe, Australasia and South America. The full-length album was not originally released in the United States, where a shortened version titled Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! was sold for a limited time through McDonald's outlets; this version sold over a million copies in the US but was deemed ineligible to chart on the Billboard 200 as, until 2007, Billboard had a policy of excluding albums sold by an exclusive retailer.
Five singles were released from the album: lead single "Sleeping in My Car" became the duo's second number one in their home country, and peaked at number seven on Billboard's European Hot 100 Singles. It would become the duo's final track to appear on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 50, and was also their last hit single in Australia. This was followed by the release of "Crash! Boom! Bang!", "Fireworks", "Run to You" and "Vulnerable". As of 2001, Crash! Boom! Bang! has sold in excess of 5 million copies worldwide. Japanese editions included "Almost Unreal" as a bonus track.
Release and promotion
Prior to Crash! Boom! Bang!'s international release, a shorter version of the album was released by CEMA for a limited time exclusively through outlets of the McDonald's restaurant chain in the US. Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! sold over a million copies, the proceeds of which were used to fund Ronald McDonald House Charities programs for the health and well-being of children. This CD was sold at below normal wholesale cost, and the promotion angered traditional music retailers, who claimed that it devalued music. This edition of the record was the subject of a 1998 lawsuit filed against an Uppsala-based music production company by Roxette and their Swedish record label. The duo and their label alleged that J.G.S. Skivproduktion illegally imported 40,000 copies of Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! into the EU. Rather than seek monetary damages, the duo requested the destruction of all remaining copies.
The record was released globally from 11 April 1994 on CD, cassette and vinyl formats. Japanese editions included "Almost Unreal" as a bonus track—the song had previously been released as a non-album single on the soundtrack of the Super Mario Bros. (1993) motion picture. Despite a tentative "early summer" release date being set for the US, the full-length album would not see release there until it was reissued globally with bonus tracks in 2009. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the full-length album sold 46,000 copies in the US as of 2005, as an import-release. The band toured extensively to promote the record, the "Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour" saw them perform to over a million people. Roxette became the first western act since Wham! in 1985 to stage a concert in communist China, performing to over 15,000 people at the Workers Indoor Arena. The tour concluded on 1 May 1995 in Moscow, with Roxette becoming the first act since 1917 to hold a concert on that date—a public holiday in Russia. As of 2001, the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.
Five singles were released from the album. "Sleeping in My Car" served as its lead single, and was an immediate commercial success throughout Europe. The song debuted at number one in Sweden, and peaked within the top 20 of national charts in numerous territories: namely Austria, Benelux, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia, Spain and the UK. It went on to peak at number seven on European Hot 100 Singles. The song was serviced to US radio stations from 2 June, and would be the duo's final track to appear on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 50. "Crash! Boom! Bang!", "Fireworks" and "Run to You" were released as subsequent singles, each with varying degrees of success. "Vulnerable" concomitantly served as both Crash! Boom! Bang!'s fifth and final single and lead single from the band's 1995 compilation Rarities. The album was released exclusively in South America and Asia, and compiled previously unreleased demos and remixes, as well as songs from the band's 1993 MTV Unplugged set.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEntertainment WeeklyC+Knoxville News SentinelLos Angeles TimesNME3/10Smash Hits
The album received mixed reviews from the American music press. A writer for Entertainment Weekly was critical of the album's ballads and mid-tempo songs, and complained that "If only Per Gissle (sic) had let the charged-up Marie Fredriksson sing lead vocals on all 15 songs, Crash! might've qualified as an unqualified guilty pleasure." People expressed a similar sentiment: complimenting the scope and diversity of material found on the record, but said that "As with the duo's previous work, Crash! Boom! Bang! hits its best notes when Fredriksson is at the mike", and said that her vocals were "more subtle and graceful than ". Although a review for AllMusic complimented the duo's vocals and songwriting, they lamented the album as being "too pop for rock listeners and too rock for mid-'90s pop fans." Conversely, Jean Rosenbluth of the Los Angeles Times praised the album's inclusion of harder rock influences, complimenting the "deliciously overwrought ballads, bubblegum and great almost-grunge." Music & Media stated that "The world champions of pop rock are defending their title in style with this 15-single jukebox, a fifty fifty balance between rockers ("Sleeping in My Car") and ballads ("Place Your Love" and the title track).
Track listing
All lyrics are written by Per Gessle; all music is composed by Gessle, except "Lies" by Gessle and Mats MP Persson and "Go to Sleep" and "See Me" by Marie FredrikssonCrash! Boom! Bang! – Original releaseNo.TitleLength1."Harleys & Indians (Riders in the Sky)"3:452."Crash! Boom! Bang!"5:023."Fireworks"3:584."Run to You"3:395."Sleeping in My Car"3:476."Vulnerable"5:037."The First Girl on the Moon"3:118."Place Your Love"3:099."I Love the Sound of Crashing Guitars"4:4910."What's She Like?"4:1611."Do You Wanna Go the Whole Way?"4:1112."Lies"3:4113."I'm Sorry"3:1014."Love Is All (Shine Your Light on Me)"6:4115."Go to Sleep"3:58Total length:62:06Crash! Boom! Bang! – Japanese releaseNo.TitleLength1."Harleys & Indians (Riders in the Sky)"3:452."Crash! Boom! Bang!"5:023."Fireworks"3:584."Run to You"3:395."Sleeping in My Car"3:466."Vulnerable"5:017."The First Girl on the Moon"3:008."Place Your Love"3:109."I Love the Sound of Crashing Guitars"4:4810."What's She Like?"4:1411."Do You Wanna Go the Whole Way?"4:1112."Almost Unreal"3:5913."Lies"3:4114."I'm Sorry"3:1015."Love Is All (Shine Your Light on Me)"6:4116."Go to Sleep"3:59Total length:66:05Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! – US releaseNo.TitleLength1."Harleys & Indians (Riders in the Sky)"3:452."Run to You"3:393."Crash! Boom! Bang!"5:024."I Love the Sound of Crashing Guitars"4:485."Do You Wanna Go the Whole Way?"4:096."The First Girl on the Moon"3:027."Place Your Love"3:078."Lies"3:349."I'm Sorry"3:1310."Go to Sleep"4:00Total length:38:20Crash! Boom! Bang! – 2009 reissue (CD bonus tracks)No.TitleLength16."Almost Unreal"3:5417."Crazy About You"3:5718."See Me"3:44Total length:73:30Crash! Boom! Bang! – 2009 reissue (iTunes bonus tracks)No.TitleLength19."Better Off on Her Own"2:4720."Always Breaking My Heart" (Demo)3:04Total length:79:21
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Crash! Boom! Bang!.
Roxette are Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson
Recorded at Tits & Ass Studio in Halmstad and EMI Studios in Stockholm, Sweden; Mayfair Studios in London, England and Capri Digital Studios in Capri, Italy between February 1993 and January 1994.
Mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound Studios, New York City
Remastered by Alar Suurna at Polar Studio, Stockholm (2009 reissue)
All songs published by Jimmy Fun Music, except: "Go to Sleep" by Shock the Music/Jimmy Fun Music.
Musicians
Marie Fredriksson – lead and background vocals, piano and keyboards
Per Gessle – lead and background vocals, acoustic, electric and resonator guitars, harmonica and mixing
Per "Pelle" Alsing – drums and percussion
Vicki Benckert – background vocals
Anders Herrlin – bass guitar, engineering and programming
Mats Holmquist – string arrangements and conducting
Jonas Isacsson – acoustic and electric guitars and mandolin
Christer Jansson – drums and percussion
Jarl "Jalle" Lorensson – harmonica
Clarence Öfwerman – keyboards, string arrangements, programming, production and mixing
Staffan Öfwerman – background vocals
Jan "Janne" Oldaeus – electric guitars
Mats "MP" Persson – electric guitars, mandolin, drums and percussion
Per "Pelle" Sirén – acoustic and electric guitars
Stockholms Nya Kammarorkester (credited as SNYKO) – strings
Alar Suurna – drums and percussion, engineering and mixing
Sveriges Radios Symfoniorkester – woodwind quartet
Nicolas "Nicki" Wallin – drums and percussion
Technical
Sleeve design by Roxette and Kjell Andersson
Photography by Jonas Linell
Set design by Mikael Varhelyi
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Crash! Boom! Bang!
Chart (1994)
Peakposition
Argentine Albums (CAPIF)
6
Australian Albums (ARIA)
3
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
3
Belgian Albums (IFPI)
5
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
26
Canadian Albums (The Record)
13
Chilean Albums (APF)
4
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
3
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
6
European Albums (Music & Media)
3
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
2
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
2
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)
9
Italian Albums (Musica e dischi)
14
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
8
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
6
Portuguese Albums (AFP)
3
Scottish Albums (OCC)
4
Spanish Albums (AFYVE)
2
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
1
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
1
UK Albums (OCC)
3
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for Crash! Boom! Bang!
Chart (1994)
Position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
9
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
48
European Albums (Music & Media)
12
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
9
Norwegian Russefeiring Period Albums (VG-lista)
9
Spanish Albums (AFYVE)
19
Swedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan)
5
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
8
UK Albums (OCC)
76
Certifications and sales
Certifications and sales for Crash! Boom! Bang!
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Austria (IFPI Austria)
Platinum
50,000*
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)
Platinum
40,406
Germany (BVMI)
Platinum
500,000^
Italy
—
100,000
Japan (RIAJ)
2× Platinum
400,000^
Netherlands (NVPI)
Gold
50,000^
Poland (ZPAV)
Gold
50,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
Platinum
100,000^
Sweden (GLF)
2× Platinum
200,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Platinum
50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
Summaries
Europe (IFPI)
Platinum
1,000,000*
Worldwide
—
5,000,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "BPI".
^ a b c Ninni O Schulman (15 April 2001). "Sagan om Roxette: På väg tillbaka - eller?" . Expressen (in Swedish). Bonnier AB. Archived from the original on 5 June 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
^ "Briefly: Company Town Annex". Los Angeles Times. 12 July 1994. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
^ Richard Harrington (28 September 1994). "On the Beat". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
^ Ed Christman (11 March 1995). "NARM Nuggets: Virgin Retail, Blockbuster Deal Off in U.S." Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 10. p. 53. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ Kai Loftus (18 April 1998). "International Newsline: EMI Svenska". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 16. p. 37. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^ Thorselius, Robert (May 2003). The Look for Roxette: The Illustrated Worldwide Discography & Price Guide (1st ed.). Sweden: Premium Förlag Publishing. ISBN 978-91-971894-8-4.
^ a b c Thom Duffy (14 May 1994). "International: Sleeping Around Europe". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 20. p. 58. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Keith Caulfield (16 August 2005). "Billboard.com > Ask a Question > Roxette's Rocky U.S. Relationship". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
^ Thom Duffy (29 April 1995). "EMA Telstar Books Roxette into Moscow To Close Tour". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 17. p. 61. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 16. 16 April 1994. p. 55. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "Roxette Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
^ John Lannert; Marcelo Fernández Bitar (20 May 1995). "Latin Notas". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 20. p. 35. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ a b Bryan Buss. "Crash! Boom! Bang! - Roxette | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
^ a b EW Staff (7 October 1994). "Album Review: 'Crash! Boom! Bang!' by Roxette". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
^ Campbell, Chuck (3 June 1994). "Sweden Strikes Again With New Roxette Release". Knoxville News Sentinel.
^ a b Jean Rosenbluth (23 October 1994). "Roxette, "Crash! Boom! Bang!"". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
^ Dee, Johnny (16 April 1994). "Long Play". NME. p. 36. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ Sutherland, Mark (13 April 1994). "New Albums". Smash Hits. p. 63. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ People Staff (10 October 1994). "Picks and Pans Review: Crash! Boom! Bang!". People. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
^ "Digital booklet". Crash! Boom! Bang! (liner notes). Roxette. Stockholm, Sweden: EMI Records. 1994. 7243 8 28727 2 6.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 42. 19 November 1994. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510 – via Google Books.
^ "Australiancharts.com – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ a b "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 24. 11 June 1994. p. 41. ISSN 0006-2510 – via Google Books.
^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 2469". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ a b "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 20. 14 May 1994. pp. 54–55. ISSN 0006-2510 – via Google Books.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "European Top 100 Albums" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 18. 30 April 1994. p. 15. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.
^ a b "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 21. 21 May 1994. p. 43. ISSN 0006-2510 – via Google Books.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 1994. 20. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 21 July 2022. Select "Album" in the "Tipo" field, type "Crash! Boom! Bang!" in the "Titolo" field and press "cerca".
^ ロクセットのアルバム売り上げランキング (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 22. 28 May 1994. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510 – via Google Books.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ "Jahreshitparade Alben 1994". austriancharts.at (in German). Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 1994" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "1994 in Review Sales Charts – European Top 100 Albums" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 52. 24 December 1994. p. 12. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.
^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1994" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Topp 40 Album Russetid 1994" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Los 50 títulos con mayores ventas en las listas de ventas de AFYVE en 1994" (PDF) (in Spanish). Anuarios SGAE. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
^ "Årslista Album (inkl samlingar), 1994" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1994". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ "Top 100 Albums 1994" (PDF). Music Week. 14 January 1995. p. 11. ISSN 0265-1548 – via World Radio History.
^ "Austrian album certifications – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ a b "Roxette" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Roxette; 'Crash! Boom! Bang!')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ Francesco D. Alonzo (4 March 1997). "Sorpresa: anche i Roxette sono accusati di copiare". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 3 June 2022. L'ultima produzione discografica in studio dei Roxette risale all7inizio '94: e "Crash! Boom! Bang!", che in Italia ha venduto 100 mila copie
^ "Japanese album certifications – ロクセット – CRASH！ BOOM！ BANG！" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 3 March 2017. Select 1994年6月 on the drop-down menu
^ "Dutch album certifications – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 3 March 2017. Enter Crash! Boom! Bang! in the "Artiest of titel" box.
^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2001 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Crash! Boom! Bang!')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "British album certifications – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
External links
Crash! Boom! Bang! at MusicBrainz (list of releases)
vteRoxette
Per Gessle
Marie Fredriksson
Studio albums
Pearls of Passion
Look Sharp!
Joyride
Tourism
Crash! Boom! Bang!
Have a Nice Day
Room Service
Charm School
Travelling
Good Karma
Compilations
Rarities
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
Baladas en Español
The Ballad Hits
The Pop Hits
A Collection of Roxette Hits: Their 20 Greatest Songs!
The Rox Box/Roxette 86–06
Roxette XXX – The 30 Biggest Hits
The RoxBox!: A Collection of Roxette's Greatest Songs
Bag of Trix
Remix albums
Dance Passion
Live albums
Live: Travelling the World
Videography
Sweden Live
Look Sharp Live
The Videos
Live-Ism
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! – Roxette's Greatest Video Hits
Crash! Boom! Live!
All Videos Ever Made & More!
Ballad & Pop Hits – The Complete Video Collection
Concert tours
Join the Joyride! Tour
Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour
The Neverending World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Clarence Öfwerman
Christoffer Lundquist
Gyllene Tider
The Lonely Boys
Helena Josefsson
Dea Norberg
Lena Philipsson
PG Roxette
Pop-Up Dynamo!
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(series)"},{"link_name":"Crash Boom Bang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Boom_Bang!"},{"link_name":"Roxette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxette"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"national charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Sleeping in My Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_in_My_Car"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Crash! Boom! Bang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash!_Boom!_Bang!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Run to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_You_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Almost Unreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Unreal"}],"text":"For the Crash Bandicoot game, see Crash Boom Bang!1994 studio album by RoxetteCrash! Boom! Bang! is the fifth studio album by Swedish pop rock duo Roxette, released on 11 April 1994 by EMI.[1] The album was an immediate commercial success, peaking within the top 10 in over 20 national charts throughout Europe, Australasia and South America. The full-length album was not originally released in the United States, where a shortened version titled Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! was sold for a limited time through McDonald's outlets; this version sold over a million copies in the US but was deemed ineligible to chart on the Billboard 200 as, until 2007, Billboard had a policy of excluding albums sold by an exclusive retailer.Five singles were released from the album: lead single \"Sleeping in My Car\" became the duo's second number one in their home country, and peaked at number seven on Billboard's European Hot 100 Singles. It would become the duo's final track to appear on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 50, and was also their last hit single in Australia. This was followed by the release of \"Crash! Boom! Bang!\", \"Fireworks\", \"Run to You\" and \"Vulnerable\". As of 2001, Crash! Boom! Bang! has sold in excess of 5 million copies worldwide. Japanese editions included \"Almost Unreal\" as a bonus track.","title":"Crash! Boom! Bang!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEMA_(record_label_distributor)"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expressen-2"},{"link_name":"Ronald McDonald House Charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McDonald_House_Charities"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"wholesale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"Almost Unreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Unreal"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._(film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._(film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB1-8"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"import","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-9"},{"link_name":"Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash!_Boom!_Bang!_Tour"},{"link_name":"Wham!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wham!"},{"link_name":"Workers Indoor Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Indoor_Arena"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"public holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expressen-2"},{"link_name":"Sleeping in My Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_in_My_Car"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"national charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB1-8"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB1-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Crash! Boom! Bang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash!_Boom!_Bang!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Run to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_You_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Rarities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarities_(Roxette_album)"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Prior to Crash! Boom! Bang!'s international release, a shorter version of the album was released by CEMA for a limited time exclusively through outlets of the McDonald's restaurant chain in the US. Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! sold over a million copies,[2] the proceeds of which were used to fund Ronald McDonald House Charities programs for the health and well-being of children.[3][4] This CD was sold at below normal wholesale cost, and the promotion angered traditional music retailers, who claimed that it devalued music.[5] This edition of the record was the subject of a 1998 lawsuit filed against an Uppsala-based music production company by Roxette and their Swedish record label. The duo and their label alleged that J.G.S. Skivproduktion illegally imported 40,000 copies of Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! into the EU. Rather than seek monetary damages, the duo requested the destruction of all remaining copies.[6]The record was released globally from 11 April 1994 on CD, cassette and vinyl formats. Japanese editions included \"Almost Unreal\" as a bonus track—the song had previously been released as a non-album single on the soundtrack of the Super Mario Bros. (1993) motion picture.[7] Despite a tentative \"early summer\" release date being set for the US,[8] the full-length album would not see release there until it was reissued globally with bonus tracks in 2009. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the full-length album sold 46,000 copies in the US as of 2005, as an import-release.[9] The band toured extensively to promote the record, the \"Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour\" saw them perform to over a million people. Roxette became the first western act since Wham! in 1985 to stage a concert in communist China, performing to over 15,000 people at the Workers Indoor Arena. The tour concluded on 1 May 1995 in Moscow, with Roxette becoming the first act since 1917 to hold a concert on that date—a public holiday in Russia.[10] As of 2001, the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.[2]Five singles were released from the album. \"Sleeping in My Car\" served as its lead single, and was an immediate commercial success throughout Europe. The song debuted at number one in Sweden, and peaked within the top 20 of national charts in numerous territories: namely Austria, Benelux, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia, Spain and the UK.[8] It went on to peak at number seven on European Hot 100 Singles.[11] The song was serviced to US radio stations from 2 June,[8] and would be the duo's final track to appear on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 50.[12] \"Crash! Boom! Bang!\", \"Fireworks\" and \"Run to You\" were released as subsequent singles, each with varying degrees of success. \"Vulnerable\" concomitantly served as both Crash! Boom! Bang!'s fifth and final single and lead single from the band's 1995 compilation Rarities. The album was released exclusively in South America and Asia, and compiled previously unreleased demos and remixes, as well as songs from the band's 1993 MTV Unplugged set.[13]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Per Gissle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Gessle"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-15"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-20"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-14"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-17"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"}],"text":"The album received mixed reviews from the American music press. A writer for Entertainment Weekly was critical of the album's ballads and mid-tempo songs, and complained that \"If only Per Gissle (sic) had let the charged-up Marie Fredriksson sing lead vocals on all 15 songs, Crash! might've qualified as an unqualified guilty pleasure.\"[15] People expressed a similar sentiment: complimenting the scope and diversity of material found on the record, but said that \"As with the duo's previous work, Crash! Boom! Bang! hits its best notes when Fredriksson is at the mike\", and said that her vocals were \"more subtle and graceful than [ever]\".[20] Although a review for AllMusic complimented the duo's vocals and songwriting, they lamented the album as being \"too pop for rock listeners and too rock for mid-'90s pop fans.\"[14] Conversely, Jean Rosenbluth of the Los Angeles Times praised the album's inclusion of harder rock influences, complimenting the \"deliciously overwrought ballads, bubblegum and great almost-grunge.\"[17] Music & Media stated that \"The world champions of pop rock are defending their title in style with this 15-single jukebox, a fifty fifty balance between rockers (\"Sleeping in My Car\") and ballads (\"Place Your Love\" and the title track).","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Per Gessle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Gessle"},{"link_name":"Marie Fredriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Fredriksson"},{"link_name":"Crash! Boom! Bang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash!_Boom!_Bang!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Run to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_to_You_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping in My Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_in_My_Car"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_(Roxette_song)"},{"link_name":"Almost Unreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Unreal"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"Always Breaking My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_Breaking_My_Heart"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Per Gessle; all music is composed by Gessle, except \"Lies\" by Gessle and Mats MP Persson and \"Go to Sleep\" and \"See Me\" by Marie FredrikssonCrash! Boom! Bang! – Original releaseNo.TitleLength1.\"Harleys & Indians (Riders in the Sky)\"3:452.\"Crash! Boom! Bang!\"5:023.\"Fireworks\"3:584.\"Run to You\"3:395.\"Sleeping in My Car\"3:476.\"Vulnerable\"5:037.\"The First Girl on the Moon\"3:118.\"Place Your Love\"3:099.\"I Love the Sound of Crashing Guitars\"4:4910.\"What's She Like?\"4:1611.\"Do You Wanna Go the Whole Way?\"4:1112.\"Lies\"3:4113.\"I'm Sorry\"3:1014.\"Love Is All (Shine Your Light on Me)\"6:4115.\"Go to Sleep\"3:58Total length:62:06Crash! Boom! Bang! – Japanese releaseNo.TitleLength1.\"Harleys & Indians (Riders in the Sky)\"3:452.\"Crash! Boom! Bang!\"5:023.\"Fireworks\"3:584.\"Run to You\"3:395.\"Sleeping in My Car\"3:466.\"Vulnerable\"5:017.\"The First Girl on the Moon\"3:008.\"Place Your Love\"3:109.\"I Love the Sound of Crashing Guitars\"4:4810.\"What's She Like?\"4:1411.\"Do You Wanna Go the Whole Way?\"4:1112.\"Almost Unreal\"3:5913.\"Lies\"3:4114.\"I'm Sorry\"3:1015.\"Love Is All (Shine Your Light on Me)\"6:4116.\"Go to Sleep\"3:59Total length:66:05Favorites from Crash! Boom! Bang! – US releaseNo.TitleLength1.\"Harleys & Indians (Riders in the Sky)\"3:452.\"Run to You\"3:393.\"Crash! Boom! Bang!\"5:024.\"I Love the Sound of Crashing Guitars\"4:485.\"Do You Wanna Go the Whole Way?\"4:096.\"The First Girl on the Moon\"3:027.\"Place Your Love\"3:078.\"Lies\"3:349.\"I'm Sorry\"3:1310.\"Go to Sleep\"4:00Total length:38:20Crash! Boom! Bang! – 2009 reissue (CD bonus tracks)No.TitleLength16.\"Almost Unreal\"3:5417.\"Crazy About You\"3:5718.\"See Me\"3:44Total length:73:30Crash! Boom! Bang! – 2009 reissue (iTunes bonus tracks)No.TitleLength19.\"Better Off on Her Own\"2:4720.\"Always Breaking My Heart\" (Demo)3:04Total length:79:21","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBB-21"},{"link_name":"Halmstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstad"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Mayfair Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair_Studios"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri"},{"link_name":"Mastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"George Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marino"},{"link_name":"Sterling Sound Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Sound_Studios"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"resonator guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator_guitar"},{"link_name":"harmonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Vicki Benckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Benckert"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"string arrangements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"conducting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"Clarence Öfwerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_%C3%96fwerman"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"Sveriges Radios Symfoniorkester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"woodwind quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_section"},{"link_name":"Sleeve design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_sleeve"},{"link_name":"Set design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_design"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Crash! Boom! Bang!.[21]Roxette are Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson\nRecorded at Tits & Ass Studio in Halmstad and EMI Studios in Stockholm, Sweden; Mayfair Studios in London, England and Capri Digital Studios in Capri, Italy between February 1993 and January 1994.\nMastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound Studios, New York City\nRemastered by Alar Suurna at Polar Studio, Stockholm (2009 reissue)\nAll songs published by Jimmy Fun Music, except: \"Go to Sleep\" by Shock the Music/Jimmy Fun Music.MusiciansMarie Fredriksson – lead and background vocals, piano and keyboards\nPer Gessle – lead and background vocals, acoustic, electric and resonator guitars, harmonica and mixing\nPer \"Pelle\" Alsing – drums and percussion\nVicki Benckert – background vocals\nAnders Herrlin – bass guitar, engineering and programming\nMats Holmquist – string arrangements and conducting\nJonas Isacsson – acoustic and electric guitars and mandolin\nChrister Jansson – drums and percussion\nJarl \"Jalle\" Lorensson – harmonica\nClarence Öfwerman – keyboards, string arrangements, programming, production and mixing\nStaffan Öfwerman – background vocals\nJan \"Janne\" Oldaeus – electric guitars\nMats \"MP\" Persson – electric guitars, mandolin, drums and percussion\nPer \"Pelle\" Sirén – acoustic and electric guitars\nStockholms Nya Kammarorkester (credited as SNYKO) – strings\nAlar Suurna – drums and percussion, engineering and mixing\nSveriges Radios Symfoniorkester – woodwind quartet\nNicolas \"Nicki\" Wallin – drums and percussionTechnicalSleeve design by Roxette and Kjell Andersson\nPhotography by Jonas Linell\nSet design by Mikael Varhelyi","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crash!_Boom!_Bang!&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"CAPIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Phonograms_and_Videograms_Producers"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Roxette-23"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Roxette-24"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-1994-06-11-25"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-group=-26"},{"link_name":"The Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Record_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-1994-05-14-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-1994-06-11-25"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-1994-05-14-27"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Roxette-28"},{"link_name":"European Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-1994-05-21-30"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Roxette-31"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_-32"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Roxette-35"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-1994-05-21-30"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-36"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Roxette-38"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Roxette-39"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-40"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crash!_Boom!_Bang!&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Crash! Boom! Bang!\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nArgentine Albums (CAPIF)[22]\n\n6\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[23]\n\n3\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[24]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgian Albums (IFPI)[25]\n\n5\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[26]\n\n26\n\n\nCanadian Albums (The Record)[27]\n\n13\n\n\nChilean Albums (APF)[25]\n\n4\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[27]\n\n3\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[28]\n\n6\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[29]\n\n3\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[30]\n\n2\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[31]\n\n2\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[32]\n\n9\n\n\nItalian Albums (Musica e dischi)[33]\n\n14\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[34]\n\n8\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[35]\n\n6\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[30]\n\n3\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[36]\n\n4\n\n\nSpanish Albums (AFYVE)[37]\n\n2\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[38]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[40]\n\n3\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Crash! Boom! Bang!\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[41]\n\n9\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[42]\n\n48\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[43]\n\n12\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[44]\n\n9\n\n\nNorwegian Russefeiring Period Albums (VG-lista)[45]\n\n9\n\n\nSpanish Albums (AFYVE)[46]\n\n19\n\n\nSwedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan)[47]\n\n5\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[48]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[49]\n\n76","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"BPI\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1548-1233-2","url_text":"\"BPI\""}]},{"reference":"Ninni O Schulman (15 April 2001). \"Sagan om Roxette: På väg tillbaka - eller?\" [Lord of Roxette: On the way back - or?]. Expressen (in Swedish). Bonnier AB. Archived from the original on 5 June 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010605042251/http://www.expressen.se/article.asp?id=63791","url_text":"\"Sagan om Roxette: På väg tillbaka - eller?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen","url_text":"Expressen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_Group","url_text":"Bonnier AB"},{"url":"http://www.expressen.se/article.asp?id=63791","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Briefly: Company Town Annex\". Los Angeles Times. 12 July 1994. Retrieved 8 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-12/business/fi-14717_1_emi-records-group-north-america","url_text":"\"Briefly: Company Town Annex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Richard Harrington (28 September 1994). \"On the Beat\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/09/28/on-the-beat/fc4e6add-5ceb-4fa4-b7b0-d997c575a0a3/","url_text":"\"On the Beat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Ed Christman (11 March 1995). \"NARM Nuggets: Virgin Retail, Blockbuster Deal Off in U.S.\" Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 10. p. 53. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QsEAAAAMBAJ&q=Roxette","url_text":"\"NARM Nuggets: Virgin Retail, Blockbuster Deal Off in U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Kai Loftus (18 April 1998). \"International Newsline: EMI Svenska\". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 16. p. 37. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ4EAAAAMBAJ&q=emi%20svenska&pg=PA37","url_text":"\"International Newsline: EMI Svenska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Thorselius, Robert (May 2003). The Look for Roxette: The Illustrated Worldwide Discography & Price Guide (1st ed.). Sweden: Premium Förlag Publishing. ISBN 978-91-971894-8-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-971894-8-4","url_text":"978-91-971894-8-4"}]},{"reference":"Thom Duffy (14 May 1994). \"International: Sleeping Around Europe\". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 20. p. 58. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SggEAAAAMBAJ&q=roxette%20sleeping%20in%20my%20car&pg=PA58","url_text":"\"International: Sleeping Around Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Keith Caulfield (16 August 2005). \"Billboard.com > Ask a Question > Roxette's Rocky U.S. Relationship\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519005909/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001015119","url_text":"\"Billboard.com > Ask a Question > Roxette's Rocky U.S. Relationship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001015119","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thom Duffy (29 April 1995). \"EMA Telstar Books Roxette into Moscow To Close Tour\". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 17. p. 61. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5AsEAAAAMBAJ&q=roxette%20CRASH!%20BOOM!%20BANG!&pg=PA61","url_text":"\"EMA Telstar Books Roxette into Moscow To Close Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hits of the World\". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 16. 16 April 1994. p. 55. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QggEAAAAMBAJ&q=roxette%20sleeping%20in%20my%20car&pg=PA55","url_text":"\"Hits of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Roxette Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 28 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/roxette/chart-history/hot-100","url_text":"\"Roxette Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"John Lannert; Marcelo Fernández Bitar (20 May 1995). \"Latin Notas\". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 20. p. 35. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 24 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2AsEAAAAMBAJ&q=roxette%20CRASH!%20BOOM!%20BANG!&pg=PA35","url_text":"\"Latin Notas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Bryan Buss. \"Crash! Boom! Bang! - Roxette | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r204135","url_text":"\"Crash! Boom! Bang! - Roxette | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"EW Staff (7 October 1994). \"Album Review: 'Crash! Boom! Bang!' by Roxette\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. 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Boom! Bang!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Roxette\" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifpi.fi/tutkimukset-ja-tilastot/kulta-ja-platinalevyt/?ulkomaiset=1&q=Roxette","url_text":"\"Roxette\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkituottajat_%E2%80%93_IFPI_Finland","url_text":"Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Roxette; 'Crash! Boom! Bang!')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Crash%21+Boom%21+Bang%21&strInterpret=Roxette&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Roxette; 'Crash! Boom! Bang!')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"Francesco D. Alonzo (4 March 1997). \"Sorpresa: anche i Roxette sono accusati di copiare\". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 3 June 2022. L'ultima produzione discografica in studio dei Roxette risale all7inizio '94: e \"Crash! Boom! Bang!\", che in Italia ha venduto 100 mila copie","urls":[{"url":"https://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/view.shtml#!/NjovZXMvaXQvcmNzZGF0aS9AMTEwMTI%3D","url_text":"\"Sorpresa: anche i Roxette sono accusati di copiare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera","url_text":"Corriere della Sera"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese album certifications – ロクセット – CRASH！ BOOM！ BANG！\" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. 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Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1548-1233-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Roxette – Crash! Boom! Bang!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996\". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224215935/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1996.html","url_text":"\"IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry"}]}]
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Bang!\""},{"Link":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2001","external_links_name":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2001 roku\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517224028/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Crash!_Boom!_Bang!","external_links_name":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Crash! Boom! Bang!')\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1548-1233-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – Roxette – Crash! Boom! 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martha_Mitchell_Effect
|
The Martha Mitchell Effect
|
["1 Summary","2 Accolades","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2022 American Netflix documentary film
Not to be confused with the Martha Mitchell effect, which this film is named for.
The Martha Mitchell EffectPosterDirected byAnne AlvergueDebra McClutchyProduced byBeth LevisonJudith MizrachyStarringMartha MitchellEdited byAnne AlvergueMusic by
Nathan Halpern
Robert Pycior
Chris Ruggiero
ProductioncompanyFoothill ProductionsDistributed byNetflixRelease date
June 17, 2022 (2022-06-17)
Running time40 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Martha Mitchell Effect is an American Netflix original film, a documentary directed by Anne Alvergue and Debra McClutchy. The film was released on June 17, 2022.
Summary
Told through archival footage, its story is centered around Watergate whistleblower Martha Mitchell, a cabinet wife who was gaslit by the Nixon administration in an attempt to keep her silent.
Accolades
It was nominated for Best Documentary Short Film at the 95th Academy Awards.
Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a positive review of 100% based on 5 critics' reviews.
References
^ O'Rourke, Ryan (2022-05-23). "'The Martha Mitchell Effect' Trailer Reveals One Woman's Gaslighting in the Wake of the Watergate Scandal". Collider. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
^ Donvito, Tina (24 April 2022). "Who Is Martha Mitchell? Find Out About The Real-Life Woman Behind Julia Roberts' Gaslit Character". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
^ Minow, Nell (2022-06-17). "7 Movies to Watch on the 50th Anniversary of Watergate". Rogert Ebert. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
^ 2023|Oscars.org
^ 95th Oscar Nominations Announcement | Hosted by Riz Ahmed & Allison Williams
^ 'The Elephant Whisperers' Wins Best Documentary Short Film | 95th Oscars (2023)
External links
The Martha Mitchell Effect at IMDb
The Martha Mitchell Effect on Netflix
The Martha Mitchell Effect at Rotten Tomatoes
Official trailer
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhimpunan_Indonesia
|
Perhimpoenan Indonesia
|
["1 History","2 Foreign action","3 Persecution of the students","4 Communist turn","5 References","5.1 Further reading"]
|
Indonesian student association in the Netherlands (1908–1942)
Perhimpoenan Indonesia or PI (English: Indonesian Association; Dutch: Indonesische Vereeniging) was an Indonesian student association in the Netherlands in the first half of the twentieth century. It was established under the Dutch name Indische Vereeniging (English: Indies' Association; Malay/Indonesian: Perhimpoenan Hindia). It later changed its name to Indonesische Vereeniging (Indonesian Association) in 1922, and its Malay translation Perhimpoenan Indonesia in 1925. Although small in membership numbers – throughout the period between 30 and 150 members – the organization was important because it was one of the first to campaign for full Indonesian independence from the Netherlands, and because many PI-students would later acquire prominent political positions in the independent state of Indonesia.
Flag of Perhimpoenan Indonesia
History
From left to right: Gunawan Mangunkusumo, Mohammad Hatta, Iwa Koesoemasoemantri, Sastromoeljono, and Sartono, c. 1920's
Perhimpoenan Indonesia was established in 1908 under the name of Indische Vereeniging and was initially a social club, providing a sociable environment for students from the Netherlands East Indies in the Netherlands. After the First World War the association politicized and changed its name to Indonesische Vereeniging in 1922 and Perhimpoenan Indonesia in 1925. From that moment onwards, it was an explicitly anti-colonial, nationalist organization with a strong anti-capitalist outlook. This was clearly visible in its journal Indonesia Merdeka ('Independent Indonesia').
The new principles of 1925 were:
'Only a united Indonesia putting aside particularistic differences, can break the power of the oppressors. The common aim – the creation of a free Indonesia – demands the building of nationalism based on a conscious self-reliant mass action.
An essential condition for the achievement of this aim is the participation of all layers of the Indonesian people in a unified struggle for Independence.
The essential and dominant element in every colonial political problem is the conflict of interest between the rulers and the ruled. The tendency of the ruling side to blur and mask this must be countered by a sharpening and accentuation of this conflict of interests.'
Important students in the first half of the 1920s were Soetomo, Nazir Pamontjak, Mohammad Hatta, and Achmad Soebardjo. In the end of the 1920s and the 1930s Soetan Sjahrir, Abdulmadjid Djojoadhiningrat, and Roestam Effendi gained in prominence. Via the return of its members, the PI was influential in the forging of a nationalist non-cooperationist movement in the Netherlands Indies. (Former) PI-members stood at the basis of the establishment of the Indonesian nationalist organizations PNI and PPPKI.
Foreign action
After the nationalist turn, the PI saw it as one of its principle tasks to seek support from anti-colonial and anti-imperialist organizations and movements in other parts of Europe. It also wanted to demonstrate the crimes and horrors of Dutch colonialism in the Netherlands Indies to the outside world. By sending informal 'ambassadors' to Paris, Brussels, and Berlin the Indonesian students established contact with prominent activists and anti-colonial movements, among whom Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress, Messali Hadj of the Algerian Étoile Nord-Africaine, and activists of the Chinese Kuomintang. Indonesian students were also present at the pacifist Congrès Democratique International in August 1926 in the French town of Bierville, and at several meetings of the League against Imperialism from February 1927 onwards. Mohammad Hatta, who was the chair and most important of the Indonesian students, was appointed in the executive committee of the LAI, and thus acquired much prominence and an extensive international network.
Persecution of the students
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Troubled by the foreign activities of Perhimpoenan Indonesia and the contacts with the communist Comintern, the Dutch authorities decided to crack down on the students in 1927, and to charge the students with sedition in Indonesia Merdeka. On 10 June 1927 house raids took place in Leiden and The Hague, in which large quantities of documents were seized. On 23 September, Mohammad Hatta, Ali Sastroamidjojo, Abdoelmadjid Djojoadhiningrat and Nazir Pamontjak were arrested and put under charge. The court case, which took place in March 1928, led to the release of all the students. The PI and Hatta gained much publicity in the Netherlands and the Netherlands Indies. The brochure Independent Indonesia which Hatta wrote in jail became a widely read document among Indonesian nationalists.
Communist turn
Nonetheless, the confrontation with the authorities also implied that many of the most active students refrained from further activities, and that the membership of the PI dwindled. Largely inactive, the leadership of the association was finally taken up by a group of communist Indonesian students under Abdulmadjid Djojoadhiningrat. Prominent nationalists, among whom Hatta and Sjahrir, were expelled from the association, and de facto the PI changed into a front organization of the Communist Party of the Netherlands.
In 1933 the PI-chair Roestam Effendi was elected as the first Indonesian in the Dutch Parliament as part of the CPH.
During the Second World War between 60 and 110 PI-members participated in the resistance against fascism.
References
^ Robert Elson, The Idea of Indonesia: A History. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) 45; John Ingleson, Perhimpunan Indonesia and the Indonesian Nationalist Movement, 1923–1928. (Victoria: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian studies, 1975); John Ingleson, Road to Exile: The Indonesian Nationalist Movement, 1927–1934. (Singapore: Heinemann, 1980) 1–18.
^ "Bestuurswisseling", Indonesia Merdeka 3.1 (February 1925): 3
^ Indonesian Identities Abroad: International Engagement of Colonial Students in the Netherlands, 1908–1931
^ Indische Nederlanders in het verzet
Further reading
John Ingleson, Perhimpunan Indonesia and the Indonesian Nationalist Movement, 1923–1928. (Victoria: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian studies, 1975)
John Ingleson, Road to Exile: The Indonesian Nationalist Movement, 1927–1934. (Singapore: Heinemann, 1980) 1–18.
Harry A. Poeze, In het land van de Overheerser: Indonesiërs in Nederland 1600–1950 (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1986).
Klaas Stutje, 'Indonesian Identities Abroad: International Engagement of Colonial Students in the Netherlands, 1908–1931', in: BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review, Volume 128-1 (2013) pp. 151–172.
Klaas Stutje, 'To maintain an independent course. Interwar Indonesian nationalism and international communism on a Dutch-European stage', in: Dutch Crossing, Volume 39-2 (2015).
|
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Although small in membership numbers – throughout the period between 30 and 150 members – the organization was important because it was one of the first to campaign for full Indonesian independence from the Netherlands, and because many PI-students would later acquire prominent political positions in the independent state of Indonesia.[1]Flag of Perhimpoenan Indonesia","title":"Perhimpoenan Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reproductie_van_een_foto_uit_een_publicatie_Titel_De_oprichters_der_Perhimpoen,_Bestanddeelnr_8821.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"Iwa Koesoemasoemantri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwa_Koesoemasoemantri"},{"link_name":"Sastromoeljono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastromoeljono"},{"link_name":"Sartono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartono"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908"},{"link_name":"Netherlands East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925"},{"link_name":"anti-colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-colonialism"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"anti-capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1920s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920"},{"link_name":"Soetomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soetomo"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"Achmad Soebardjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmad_Soebardjo"},{"link_name":"1920s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920"},{"link_name":"1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930"},{"link_name":"Soetan Sjahrir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soetan_Sjahrir"},{"link_name":"Roestam Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roestam_Effendi"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"non-cooperationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"PNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party"},{"link_name":"PPPKI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Political_Organisations_of_the_Indonesian_People"}],"text":"From left to right: Gunawan Mangunkusumo, Mohammad Hatta, Iwa Koesoemasoemantri, Sastromoeljono, and Sartono, c. 1920'sPerhimpoenan Indonesia was established in 1908 under the name of Indische Vereeniging and was initially a social club, providing a sociable environment for students from the Netherlands East Indies in the Netherlands. After the First World War the association politicized and changed its name to Indonesische Vereeniging in 1922 and Perhimpoenan Indonesia in 1925. From that moment onwards, it was an explicitly anti-colonial, nationalist organization with a strong anti-capitalist outlook. This was clearly visible in its journal Indonesia Merdeka ('Independent Indonesia').The new principles of 1925 were:'Only a united Indonesia putting aside particularistic differences, can break the power of the oppressors. The common aim – the creation of a free Indonesia – demands the building of nationalism based on a conscious self-reliant mass action. [...]\nAn essential condition for the achievement of this aim is the participation of all layers of the Indonesian people in a unified struggle for Independence.\nThe essential and dominant element in every colonial political problem is the conflict of interest between the rulers and the ruled. The tendency of the ruling side to blur and mask this must be countered by a sharpening and accentuation of this conflict of interests.'[2]Important students in the first half of the 1920s were Soetomo, Nazir Pamontjak, Mohammad Hatta, and Achmad Soebardjo. In the end of the 1920s and the 1930s Soetan Sjahrir, Abdulmadjid Djojoadhiningrat, and Roestam Effendi gained in prominence. Via the return of its members, the PI was influential in the forging of a nationalist non-cooperationist movement in the Netherlands Indies. (Former) PI-members stood at the basis of the establishment of the Indonesian nationalist organizations PNI and PPPKI.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"anti-colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-colonialism"},{"link_name":"anti-imperialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"anti-colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-colonialism"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Messali Hadj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messali_Hadj"},{"link_name":"Étoile Nord-Africaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_Nord-Africaine"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"August 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1926"},{"link_name":"Bierville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierville"},{"link_name":"League against Imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_against_Imperialism"},{"link_name":"February 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1927"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After the nationalist turn, the PI saw it as one of its principle tasks to seek support from anti-colonial and anti-imperialist organizations and movements in other parts of Europe. It also wanted to demonstrate the crimes and horrors of Dutch colonialism in the Netherlands Indies to the outside world. By sending informal 'ambassadors' to Paris, Brussels, and Berlin the Indonesian students established contact with prominent activists and anti-colonial movements, among whom Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress, Messali Hadj of the Algerian Étoile Nord-Africaine, and activists of the Chinese Kuomintang. Indonesian students were also present at the pacifist Congrès Democratique International in August 1926 in the French town of Bierville, and at several meetings of the League against Imperialism from February 1927 onwards. Mohammad Hatta, who was the chair and most important of the Indonesian students, was appointed in the executive committee of the LAI, and thus acquired much prominence and an extensive international network.[3]","title":"Foreign action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"Dutch authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_Inlichtingendienst"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"Ali Sastroamidjojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sastroamidjojo"},{"link_name":"March 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1928"},{"link_name":"Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"Indonesian nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_nationalism"}],"text":"Troubled by the foreign activities of Perhimpoenan Indonesia and the contacts with the communist Comintern, the Dutch authorities decided to crack down on the students in 1927, and to charge the students with sedition in Indonesia Merdeka. On 10 June 1927 house raids took place in Leiden and The Hague, in which large quantities of documents were seized. On 23 September, Mohammad Hatta, Ali Sastroamidjojo, Abdoelmadjid Djojoadhiningrat and Nazir Pamontjak were arrested and put under charge. The court case, which took place in March 1928, led to the release of all the students. The PI and Hatta gained much publicity in the Netherlands and the Netherlands Indies. The brochure Independent Indonesia which Hatta wrote in jail became a widely read document among Indonesian nationalists.","title":"Persecution of the students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"front organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933"},{"link_name":"Roestam Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roestam_Effendi"},{"link_name":"the Dutch Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"CPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nonetheless, the confrontation with the authorities also implied that many of the most active students refrained from further activities, and that the membership of the PI dwindled. Largely inactive, the leadership of the association was finally taken up by a group of communist Indonesian students under Abdulmadjid Djojoadhiningrat. Prominent nationalists, among whom Hatta and Sjahrir, were expelled from the association, and de facto the PI changed into a front organization of the Communist Party of the Netherlands.In 1933 the PI-chair Roestam Effendi was elected as the first Indonesian in the Dutch Parliament as part of the CPH.During the Second World War between 60 and 110 PI-members participated in the resistance against fascism.[4]","title":"Communist turn"}]
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[{"image_text":"Flag of Perhimpoenan Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bendera_Perhimpoenan_Indonesia.png/220px-Bendera_Perhimpoenan_Indonesia.png"},{"image_text":"From left to right: Gunawan Mangunkusumo, Mohammad Hatta, Iwa Koesoemasoemantri, Sastromoeljono, and Sartono, c. 1920's","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Reproductie_van_een_foto_uit_een_publicatie_Titel_De_oprichters_der_Perhimpoen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8821.jpg/290px-Reproductie_van_een_foto_uit_een_publicatie_Titel_De_oprichters_der_Perhimpoen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8821.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.bmgn-lchr.nl/articles/abstract/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.8359/","external_links_name":"Indonesian Identities Abroad: International Engagement of Colonial Students in the Netherlands, 1908–1931"},{"Link":"http://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/43118/indische-nederlanders-in-het-verzet.html","external_links_name":"Indische Nederlanders in het verzet"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155
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Psalms 152–155
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["1 Psalms 152-155","1.1 Psalm 152","1.2 Psalm 153","1.3 Psalm 154","1.4 Psalm 155","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Set of ancient texts
Psalms 152 to 155 are additional Psalms found in two Syriac biblical manuscripts to date and several manuscripts of Elijah of Anbar 's "Book of Discipline", first identified by the orientalist librarian Giuseppe Simone Assemani in 1759. Together with Psalm 151 they are also called the Five Apocryphal Psalms of David or the "Five Syriac Psalms".
Psalms 152-155
Psalm 152
"Spoken by David when he was contending with the lion and the wolf which took a sheep from his flock." This text has survived only in Syriac although the original language may have been Hebrew. The text has six verses, the tone is non-rabbinical, and it was probably composed in Israel during the Hellenistic period (c. 323–31 BC).
Psalm 153
"Spoken by David when returning thanks to God, who had delivered him from the lion and the wolf and he had slain both of them." This text has survived only in Syriac. Date and provenance are like Psalm 152. It is listed as the fifth of the apocryphal psalms by Wright.
Psalm 154
This Psalm survived in Syriac biblical manuscripts and also was found in Hebrew, in the Dead Sea scroll 11QPs(a)154 (also known as 11Q5 – The Great Psalms Scroll), a first-century AD manuscript. It is listed as the second of the apocryphal psalms by Wright who calls it "The Prayer of Hezekiah when enemies surrounded him".
Psalm 155
This psalm is extant in Syriac and was also found in the Dead Sea Scroll 11QPs(a)155 (also called 11Q5 – The Great Psalms Scroll), a first-century CE Hebrew manuscript. The theme of this psalm is similar to Psalm 22, and due to the lack of peculiarities it is impossible to suggest date and origin, save that its origin is clearly pre-Christian.
See also
Biblical canon
References
^ Herbert Edward Ryle; Montague Rhodes James, eds. (2014). Psalms of the Pharisees. Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 9781107623965.
^ Delcor, M., Cinq Nouveaux Psaumes Esséniens?, Revue de Qumrân, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1) (July 1958), pp. 85-102 (in French)
^ Charlesworth, J. H. (1982), The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research, pp. 202-204, quoted at Early Jewish Writings, More Psalms of David, accessed 15 July 2022
^ a b c d Wright, W. (1887), 'Some Apocryphal Psalms in Syriac', Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, 9, 257–266
^ a b c d James H. Charlesworth with James A. Sanders, More Psalms of David (Third Century B.C.-First Centiry A.D.). A New Translation and Introduction, in James H. Charlesworth (1985), The Old Testament Pseudoepigrapha, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company Inc., Volume 2, ISBN 0-385-09630-5 (Vol. 1), ISBN 0-385-18813-7 (Vol. 2), p. 609
^ James H. Charlesworth (2010). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 615. ISBN 978-1-59856-490-7. The original language of this psalm, which is extant only in Syriac, may be Hebrew... It is impossible to date this psalm. The general tone, Jewish but non-rabbinic character, and association with Psalms 151, 154 and 155 indicate that it was probably composed by a Palestinian Jew during the hellenistic period.
^ "מגילת שירי מגילות תהלים | מפעל המילון ההיסטורי". maagarim.hebrew-academy.org.il. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
^ A. Chadwick Thornhill (2015). The Chosen People: Election, Paul and Second Temple Judaism. InterVarsity Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8308-9915-9. Prior to their discovery at Qumran, the additional psalms of David survived primarily through Syriac copies, and scholars referred to them as Syria noncanonical psalms. Of these psalms, Psalms 151A, 151B and 155 are present within the Qumran Psalms Scroll (11QPsa), and are thus clearly pre-Christian in their composition.
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This article related to the Hebrew Bible is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"Biblical canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon"}]
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[{"reference":"Herbert Edward Ryle; Montague Rhodes James, eds. (2014). Psalms of the Pharisees. Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 9781107623965.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1JkAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Psalms of the Pharisees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107623965","url_text":"9781107623965"}]},{"reference":"James H. Charlesworth (2010). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 615. ISBN 978-1-59856-490-7. The original language of this psalm, which is extant only in Syriac, may be Hebrew... It is impossible to date this psalm. The general tone, Jewish but non-rabbinic character, and association with Psalms 151, 154 and 155 indicate that it was probably composed by a Palestinian Jew during the hellenistic period.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RU77ekrD_vIC&pg=PA615","url_text":"The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-490-7","url_text":"978-1-59856-490-7"}]},{"reference":"\"מגילת שירי מגילות תהלים | מפעל המילון ההיסטורי\". maagarim.hebrew-academy.org.il. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://maagarim.hebrew-academy.org.il/Pages/PMain.aspx?mishibbur=5001&page=2","url_text":"\"מגילת שירי מגילות תהלים | מפעל המילון ההיסטורי\""}]},{"reference":"A. Chadwick Thornhill (2015). The Chosen People: Election, Paul and Second Temple Judaism. InterVarsity Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8308-9915-9. Prior to their discovery at Qumran, the additional psalms of David survived primarily through Syriac copies, and scholars referred to them as Syria noncanonical psalms. Of these psalms, Psalms 151A, 151B and 155 are present within the Qumran Psalms Scroll (11QPsa), and are thus clearly pre-Christian in their composition.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31","url_text":"The Chosen People: Election, Paul and Second Temple Judaism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9915-9","url_text":"978-0-8308-9915-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1JkAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Psalms of the Pharisees"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24599198.pdf","external_links_name":"Cinq Nouveaux Psaumes Esséniens?"},{"Link":"http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/morepsalms.html","external_links_name":"More Psalms of David"},{"Link":"https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/wright_syriac_apocryphal_psalms.htm","external_links_name":"Some Apocryphal Psalms in Syriac"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RU77ekrD_vIC&pg=PA615","external_links_name":"The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha"},{"Link":"https://maagarim.hebrew-academy.org.il/Pages/PMain.aspx?mishibbur=5001&page=2","external_links_name":"\"מגילת שירי מגילות תהלים | מפעל המילון ההיסטורי\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"The Chosen People: Election, Paul and Second Temple Judaism"},{"Link":"http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/morepsalms.html","external_links_name":"5 Apocryphal Psalms of David"},{"Link":"http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/wright_syriac_apocryphal_psalms.htm","external_links_name":"5 Syriac Apocryphal Psalms"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011084293205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psalms_152%E2%80%93155&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Hahn
|
Michaela Hahn
|
["1 Early life and education","1.1 Florida State Seminoles, 2012–2015","2 Club career","3 International career","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American soccer player
Michaela Hahn
Hahn during a match for the Florida State Seminoles, 2015Personal informationFull name
Michaela Elizabeth HahnDate of birth
(1994-04-19) April 19, 1994 (age 30)Place of birth
Titusville, Florida, United StatesHeight
5 ft 4 in (1.63 m)Position(s)
MidfielderCollege careerYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2012–2015
Florida State Seminoles
103
(9)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2016
Western New York Flash
13
(1)2017
Seattle Reign FC
0
(0)2017
Apollon Ladies F.C.
2018
Houston Dash
14
(1)International career2015–2016
United States U23
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of August 16, 2018
Michaela Elizabeth Hahn (born April 19, 1994) is an American former soccer player. During her career she played for the Houston Dash, Western New York Flash and Seattle Reign FC in the NWSL. She has represented the United States on the under-23 national team. In 2014, she helped the Florida State Seminoles win their first-ever NCAA College Cup.
Early life and education
Raised in Titusville, Florida, Hahn attended Titusville High School, where she played for the girls soccer team. She was named twice to the Florida Today All-Space Coast first team and earned All-Cape Coast conference team honors as a freshman. Hahn played club soccer for Space Coast United and helped the team win the U-19 elite Florida State Cup championship. She played for the state Olympic Development Program (ODP) team from 2007 to 2009 after participating in regional ODP camps from 2008 to 2009.
Florida State Seminoles, 2012–2015
Hahn attended Florida State University, where she played for the Seminoles from 2012 to 2015. During her freshman season, she played in all 24 games, including two starts. Hahn scored her first collegiate goal in a match against College of Charleston. She played in all five of the Seminoles' 2012 NCAA College Cup games where they reached the semifinals and were eliminated by Penn State. During her sophomore season in 2013, Hahn made 27 starts in the 28 games in which she played and ranked third on the team in assists. She played in all six games of the 2013 NCAA College Cup and helped the team reach the finals where they were defeated by the UCLA Bruins 1–0 in overtime. Hahn finished the tournament with five points, including two goals and one assist.
Hahn started in 24 of the 26 games in which she played in the 2014 season and helped the Seminoles win the 2014 NCAA College Cup. As a senior, Hahn was a starting midfielder in all of the Seminoles' games and scored five goals, including two during the 2015 NCAA College Cup. Her defensive skills helped the Seminoles set new NCAA Tournament records with 10 consecutive shutouts and a consecutive scoreless streak of 931:47. She earned NSCAA All-Southeast Region Third Team, All-ACC Third Team, and NSCAA Scholar All-South Region Third Team honors.
Hahn finished her collegiate career with 103 appearances which tied for second in the school's history and tied for tenth in NCAA history.
Club career
In January 2016, Hahn was selected as the ninth pick of the 2016 NWSL College Draft by the Western New York Flash. During her rookie year, she made 13 appearances and scored one goal.
Following the team's move to North Carolina after the 2016 season, Hahn participated in training camp and pre-season with the North Carolina Courage, but was waived prior to the start of the 2017 NWSL season. On April 11, 2017, she was claimed off waivers by Seattle Reign FC. She was waived by the Seattle Reign on July 18, 2017. Later in 2017, Hahn signed for Apollon Limassol of the Cypriot First Division and UEFA Women's Champions League.
On January 31, 2018 she signed with the Houston Dash.
On August 16, 2018 Hahn announced her retirement for professional soccer in order to pursue a master's degree in Sports Management at Florida State University.
International career
Hahn has represented the United States on the under-23 national team.
See also
List of Florida State University people
Portals: Women's association football Sports Biography
References
^ "College of Education: Bachelor of Science With Major In" (PDF). The Florida State University Commencement Ceremony. Florida State University. December 2015. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ a b Dowling, Lyn (April 24, 2015). "Titusville's Hahn named to U.S. U23 women's team". Florida Today. Indy Star. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Dowling, Lyn (December 9, 2014). "Brevard duo bask in college soccer title". Florida Today. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ a b Parsons, Michael (January 30, 2016). "Michaela Hahn excited to start professional career". USA Today. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Michaela Hahn". Florida State University. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Hays, Graham (December 9, 2013). "Bruins have that unbeatable feeling". ESPN. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Hays, Graham (December 6, 2014). "Why Midfield Play Could Be The Difference In College Cup Title Game". ESPN. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Hays, Graham (December 7, 2014). "How The Florida State Seminoles Finally Reached Their Ultimate Goal". ESPN. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ "Western New York Flash: News".
^ a b Forrester, Nick (April 11, 2017). "Seattle Reign FC claim midfielder Michaela Hahn off waivers". Excelle Sports. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ "Seattle Reign FC Claim Midfielder Michaela Hahn Off Waivers". The Bold. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ "Reign FC Waive Midfielder Michaela Hahn". The Bold. July 17, 2017. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
^ "Απόλλων Ladies: Διπλό μεταγραφικό". 24sports (in Greek). August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
^ "Houston Dash sign midfielders Michaela Hahn and Allison Wetherington". January 31, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
^ "Houston Dash MF Michaela Hahn announces retirement". August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michaela Hahn.
Michaela Hahn at Soccerway
U.S. Soccer player profile Archived April 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
NWSL player profile Archived May 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
Florida State player profile Archived April 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
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During her career she played for the Houston Dash, Western New York Flash and Seattle Reign FC in the NWSL. She has represented the United States on the under-23 national team.[2] In 2014, she helped the Florida State Seminoles win their first-ever NCAA College Cup.[3]","title":"Michaela Hahn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titusville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titusville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Titusville High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titusville_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday_013016-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsu_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsu_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsu_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsu_bio-5"}],"text":"Raised in Titusville, Florida, Hahn attended Titusville High School, where she played for the girls soccer team.[4][5] She was named twice to the Florida Today All-Space Coast first team and earned All-Cape Coast conference team honors as a freshman.[5] Hahn played club soccer for Space Coast United and helped the team win the U-19 elite Florida State Cup championship.[5] She played for the state Olympic Development Program (ODP) team from 2007 to 2009 after participating in regional ODP camps from 2008 to 2009.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University"},{"link_name":"Seminoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_women%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsu_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsu_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsu_bio-5"},{"link_name":"2012 NCAA College 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first collegiate goal in a match against College of Charleston.[5] She played in all five of the Seminoles' 2012 NCAA College Cup games where they reached the semifinals and were eliminated by Penn State.[5] During her sophomore season in 2013, Hahn made 27 starts in the 28 games in which she played and ranked third on the team in assists.[5] She played in all six games of the 2013 NCAA College Cup and helped the team reach the finals where they were defeated by the UCLA Bruins 1–0 in overtime.[5][6] Hahn finished the tournament with five points, including two goals and one assist.[5]Hahn started in 24 of the 26 games in which she played in the 2014 season and helped the Seminoles win the 2014 NCAA College Cup.[5][7][8] As a senior, Hahn was a starting midfielder in all of the Seminoles' games and scored five goals, including two during the 2015 NCAA College Cup.[5] Her defensive skills helped the Seminoles set new NCAA Tournament records with 10 consecutive shutouts and a consecutive scoreless streak of 931:47.[5] She earned NSCAA All-Southeast Region Third Team, All-ACC Third Team, and NSCAA Scholar All-South Region Third Team honors.[5]Hahn finished her collegiate career with 103 appearances which tied for second in the school's history and tied for tenth in NCAA history.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 NWSL College Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NWSL_College_Draft"},{"link_name":"Western New York Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_York_Flash"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday_013016-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-excelle_waiver-10"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Courage"},{"link_name":"2017 NWSL 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pursue a master's degree in Sports Management at Florida State University.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"under-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-23_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indystar_042415-2"}],"text":"Hahn has represented the United States on the under-23 national team.[2]","title":"International career"}]
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Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seminoles.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209574221","url_text":"\"Michaela Hahn\""}]},{"reference":"Hays, Graham (December 9, 2013). \"Bruins have that unbeatable feeling\". ESPN. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/10103356/espnw-ucla-bruins-win-first-national-soccer-title-overtime-goal-florida-state-seminoles","url_text":"\"Bruins have that unbeatable feeling\""}]},{"reference":"Hays, Graham (December 6, 2014). \"Why Midfield Play Could Be The Difference In College Cup Title Game\". ESPN. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11988265/why-midfield-play-difference-college-cup-title-game","url_text":"\"Why Midfield Play Could Be The Difference In College Cup Title Game\""}]},{"reference":"Hays, Graham (December 7, 2014). \"How The Florida State Seminoles Finally Reached Their Ultimate Goal\". ESPN. 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Retrieved August 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.24sports.com.cy/gr/sports/podosfairo/kypros/gynaikeio/apollon-ladies-diplo-metagrafiko-mpam","url_text":"\"Απόλλων Ladies: Διπλό μεταγραφικό\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houston Dash sign midfielders Michaela Hahn and Allison Wetherington\". January 31, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2018/01/31/houston-dash-sign-midfielders-michaela-hahn-and-allison-wetherington","url_text":"\"Houston Dash sign midfielders Michaela Hahn and Allison Wetherington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houston Dash MF Michaela Hahn announces retirement\". August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2018/08/16/houston-dash-mf-michaela-hahn-announces-retirement","url_text":"\"Houston Dash MF Michaela Hahn announces retirement\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://registrar.fsu.edu/archive/commencement_programs/2015-9.pdf","external_links_name":"\"College of Education: Bachelor of Science With Major In\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220618172828/https://registrar.fsu.edu/archive/commencement_programs/2013-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/2015/04/24/titusvilles-hahn-named-us-womens-team/26312919/","external_links_name":"\"Titusville's Hahn named to U.S. U23 women's team\""},{"Link":"http://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2014/12/09/brevard-duo-bask-college-soccer-title/20153635/","external_links_name":"\"Brevard duo bask in college soccer title\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2016/01/30/michaela-hahn-excited-start-professional-career/79194884/","external_links_name":"\"Michaela Hahn excited to start professional career\""},{"Link":"http://www.seminoles.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209574221","external_links_name":"\"Michaela Hahn\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/10103356/espnw-ucla-bruins-win-first-national-soccer-title-overtime-goal-florida-state-seminoles","external_links_name":"\"Bruins have that unbeatable feeling\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11988265/why-midfield-play-difference-college-cup-title-game","external_links_name":"\"Why Midfield Play Could Be The Difference In College Cup Title Game\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11994377/how-florida-state-seminoles-reached-their-ultimate-goal","external_links_name":"\"How The Florida State Seminoles Finally Reached Their Ultimate Goal\""},{"Link":"http://www.wnyflash.com/news/?article_id=337","external_links_name":"\"Western New York Flash: News\""},{"Link":"http://www.excellesports.com/news/seattle-reign-michaela-hahn-waivers/","external_links_name":"\"Seattle Reign FC claim midfielder Michaela Hahn off waivers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191209201138/https://medium.com/@ReignFC/seattle-reign-fc-claim-midfielder-michaela-hahn-off-waivers-a156231c177","external_links_name":"\"Seattle Reign FC Claim Midfielder Michaela Hahn Off Waivers\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@ReignFC/seattle-reign-fc-claim-midfielder-michaela-hahn-off-waivers-a156231c177","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201123224036/https://medium.com/@ReignFC/reign-fc-waive-midfielder-michaela-hahn-6d1d4bde426e","external_links_name":"\"Reign FC Waive Midfielder Michaela Hahn\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@ReignFC/reign-fc-waive-midfielder-michaela-hahn-6d1d4bde426e","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.24sports.com.cy/gr/sports/podosfairo/kypros/gynaikeio/apollon-ladies-diplo-metagrafiko-mpam","external_links_name":"\"Απόλλων Ladies: Διπλό μεταγραφικό\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2018/01/31/houston-dash-sign-midfielders-michaela-hahn-and-allison-wetherington","external_links_name":"\"Houston Dash sign midfielders Michaela Hahn and Allison Wetherington\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2018/08/16/houston-dash-mf-michaela-hahn-announces-retirement","external_links_name":"\"Houston Dash MF Michaela Hahn announces retirement\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/michaela-hahn/442353/","external_links_name":"Michaela Hahn"},{"Link":"https://www.ussoccer.com/players/2015/04/20/16/43/michaela-hahn#tab-1","external_links_name":"U.S. Soccer player profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170418084013/https://www.ussoccer.com/players/2015/04/20/16/43/michaela-hahn#tab-1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/view/220141e9r7l2dkof5f696nx0p","external_links_name":"NWSL player profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170520082428/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/view/220141e9r7l2dkof5f696nx0p","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.seminoles.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209574221","external_links_name":"Florida State player profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160425211053/http://www.seminoles.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209574221","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jook-sing_noodles
|
Jook-sing noodles
|
["1 Description","2 Use in dishes","3 References"]
|
Type of Chinese egg noodle
Jook-sing noodlesChef making the noodles in the traditional methodTypeCantonese noodlesPlace of originChinaMain ingredientsFlour, eggs (traditionally duck eggs)
Jook-sing noodlesTraditional Chinese竹昇麵Simplified Chinese竹升面Jyutpingzuk1 sing1 min6
Literal meaningbamboo rise noodleTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyinzhúshēng miànYue: CantoneseJyutpingzuk1 sing1 min6Southern MinHokkien POJtik-sing-mī
Jook-sing noodles is a rare type of Cantonese noodle found in some parts of Hong Kong, Macau, and some parts of Canton in Guangdong province, China.
Description
The noodle is made with eggs, traditionally made with duck egg, and is considered one of the rarer noodles in existence. Historically the chef rides a bamboo log to press the eggs, flour, and other ingredients together. As of 2008 in Hong Kong, only a few restaurants are left that make the noodles in the traditional manner.
Use in dishes
One of the noodle's most popular combinations in a dish is jook-sing wonton noodles (竹昇雲吞麵).
References
^ a b TVB. "TVB." Episode 1 on May 25, 2008 of Chua's Choice (蔡瀾歎名菜), See 蔡生解說 tab for picture of chef riding the log. Retrieved on 2008-06-21.
vteNoodlesVariantsChinese
Biangbiang noodles
Cellophane noodles
Cumian
Jook-sing noodles
Juanfen
Knife-cut noodles
Lamian
Lai fun
Migan
Mixian
Misua
Mung bean sheets
Oil noodles
Rice noodles
Rice vermicelli
Saang mein
Shahe fen
Shrimp roe noodles
Silver needle noodles
Yi mein
Youmian
European
Halušky
Schupfnudel
Spätzle
Pasta
Japanese
Hiyamugi
Instant noodles
Shirataki noodles
Soba
Sōmen
Udon
Jewish & Israeli
Egg barley
Farfel
Jewish egg noodles
Lokshen
Ptitim
Varnishkes
Korean
Cheonsachae
Dangmyeon
Dotori-guksu
Garak-guksu
Jjolmyeon
Memil-guksu
Somyeon
Sujebi
Thai
Khanom chin
DishesBruneian,Malaysian&Singaporean
Bihun goreng
Curry mee
Char kway teow
Hae mee
Katong Laksa
Kolo mee
Laksa
Lor mee
Mee goreng
Mee bandung Muar
Mee pok
Mee siam
Mee Jawa
Satay bee hoon
Burmese
Kat kyi kaik
Khauk swè thoke
Kya zan hinga
Kyay oh
Meeshay
Mohinga
Mont di
Nan gyi thohk
Ohn no khao swè
Sigyet khauk swè
Cambodian
Bánh hỏi
Banh kanh
Kuyteav
Num banhchok
Central Asian/ Turkic
Beshbarmak
Kesme
Laghman
Chinese
Ants climbing a tree
Banmian
Beef chow fun
Beef noodle soup
Chow mein
Crossing-the-bridge noodles
Dandan noodles
Hokkien mee
Hot dry noodles
Kaomianjin
Liangpi
Lo mein
Mee pok
Millinge
Shanghai fried noodles
Wonton noodles
Zhajiangmian
Ganmianpi
Indonesian
Bakmi
Bihun goreng
I fu mie
Ketoprak
Kwetiau ayam
Kwetiau goreng
Kwetiau sapi
Laksa
Lakso
Mie aceh
Mie ayam
Mie bakso
Mie caluk
Mie cakalang
Mie celor
Mie gomak
Mie goreng
Mie jawa
Mie kangkung
Mie kari
Mie kering
Mie koclok
Mie kocok
Mie rebus
Soto ayam
Soto mie
Tekwan
Japanese
Aburasoba
Taiwan mazesoba
Champon
Harusame saifun
Ramen
Sara udon
Tantanmen
Tokoroten
Tsukemen
Yaki udon
Yakisoba
Jewish & Israeli
Jewish chicken noodle soup
Kasha varnishkes
Kugel
Kugel Yerushalmi
Lokshen
Lokshen mit kaese
Noodle kugel
Korean
Bibim-guksu
Garak-guksu
Gogi-guksu
Jajangmyeon
Janchi-guksu
Japchae
Jat-guksu
Jjamppong
Jjapaguri (ram-don)
Kal-guksu
Kong-guksu
Mak-guksu
Milmyeon
Naengmyeon
Ramyeon
Philippines
Batchoy
Maki mi
Mami
Odong
Pancit buko
Pancit bihon
Pancit choca
Pancit estacion
Pancit kinalas
Pancit lomi
Pancit Malabon
Pancit Molo
Shing-a-ling
Pancit sotanghon
Sopa de fideo
Taiwanese
A-gei
Eel noodles
Oyster vermicelli
Ta-a mi
Taiwanese beef noodle soup
Thai
Bami
Kuai tiao
Khao soi
Mi krop
Nam ngiao
Kuaitiao nam tok
Pad kee mao
Pad see ew
Pad thai
Rat na
Vietnamese
Bánh canh
Bánh cuốn
Bánh hỏi
Bún bò Huế
Bún mắm
Bún ốc
Bún riêu
Bún thịt nướng
Cao lầu
Mì
Mì Quảng
Phở
Bún chả
Others
Feu
Fried noodles
Thukpa
Instant noodlebrands
Imperial Big Meal
Indomie
Koka
Lucky Me!
Maggi
Mama
Maruchan
Master Kong
Mie Sedaap
Mr. Noodles
Nissin Foods
Chikin Ramen
Cup Noodles
Demae Ramen
Top Ramen
Pot
Prima Taste
Prince Noodles
Samyang Ramen
Sapporo Ichiban
Science Noodles
Shin Ramyun
Smith & Jones
Super
The Nation's
TTL Hua Tiao Chicken Noodles
Wai Wai
Wei Lih Men
List articles
Noodles
Instant
Noodle dishes
Fried noodles
Ramen
Noodle restaurants
Ramen
See also
Cart noodle
Noodle soup
Nunuk Nuraini
Category
Food portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"link_name":"noodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"}],"text":"Jook-sing noodles is a rare type of Cantonese noodle found in some parts of Hong Kong, Macau, and some parts of Canton in Guangdong province, China.","title":"Jook-sing noodles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvb1-1"}],"text":"The noodle is made with eggs, traditionally made with duck egg, and is considered one of the rarer noodles in existence. Historically the chef rides a bamboo log to press the eggs, flour, and other ingredients together. As of 2008 in Hong Kong, only a few restaurants are left that make the noodles in the traditional manner.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvb1-1"}],"text":"One of the noodle's most popular combinations in a dish is jook-sing wonton noodles (竹昇雲吞麵).[1]","title":"Use in dishes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://food.tvb.com/chuaschoice/20080525.html#","external_links_name":"TVB"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bentonit_Ijevan
|
FC Bentonit Ijevan
|
["1 History","2 League Record","3 References"]
|
Football clubBentonitFull nameFootball Club Bentonit IjevanFounded1977; 47 years ago (1977)Dissolved2007; 17 years ago (2007)2007Armenian First League, 9th (withdrew)
FC Bentonit Ijevan (Armenian: Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Բենտոնիտ Իջևան), is a defunct Armenian football club from the town of Ijevan, Tavush Province.
History
The club was founded in 1977 FC Bentonit Ijevan. In 1992, it was renamed Kaen Ijevan, and later in 1993 it was known as BMA Ijevan. After a brief retirement between 1994 and 1995 the club participated in the 1996–1997 Armenian First League competition as FC Kaen Ijevan. The club did not participate in the domestic competitions between 1997 and 1999. In 2002, the club entered another period of interval until 2006. In 2007, they played a single season in the First League as FC Bentonit Ijevan under the ownership of the "Ijevan Bentonit Combine OJSC", before being dissolved in 2007.
League Record
Year
Club Name
Division
Position
GP
W
D
L
GS
GA
PTS
1990
Bentonit Ijevan
Armenian SSR League
20
30
3
8
19
35
93
14
1991
-
unknown
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1992
Kayen Ijevan
Armenian First League
9
26
17
2
7
52
29
36
1993
BMA Ijevan
Armenian First League
10
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
1994 – 1995–96
-
no participation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1996–97
Kayen Ijevan
Armenian First League
12
22
1
3
18
19
75
6
1997–2006
-
no participation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2007
Bentonit Ijevan
Armenian First League
9
3
2
0
1
8
4
6
2008–present
-
no participation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
References
^ "Armenia - List of Champions". RSSSF. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
vteFootball clubs in ArmeniaActive clubs2023–24 Premier League
Alashkert
Ararat-Armenia
Ararat Yerevan
BKMA
Noah
Pyunik
Shirak
Urartu
Van
West Armenia
2023-24 First League
BKMA-2
Alashkert-2
Ararat-Armenia-2
Gandzasar Kapan
Pyunik-2
Shirak-2
Urartu-2
Lernayin Artsakh
Ararat-2
Noah-2
Mika
Syunik
Onor
Andranik
Nikarm
Defunct clubs
Abovyan
Akhtala
Akhtamar
Almast
Ani
Aragats
Arabkir
Aragats Gyumri
Araks Ararat
Araks Yerevan
Armavir
Armenicum
Arpa
Aznavour
Bentonit
BMA-Arai Echmiadzin
Debed
Dilijan
Dinamo Yerevan
Dinamo Yeghvard
Dvin Artashat
Erebuni
Erebuni-Homenmen FC
FIMA Yerevan
Geghard
Hachn
Impuls
Karin
Kasakh
Khimik Vanadzor
Kilikia
King Delux
Kumayri
Kotayk
Lernagorts Kapan
Lernagorts Vardenis
Lokomotiv Yerevan
Lori
Luys-Ararat
Malatia
Masis
Moush Charentsavan
Moush Kasagh
Nairi
Nig Aparan
Nork Marash
Noravank
Patani
RUOR Yerevan
Sevan
Shengavit
Shinarar
Sipan
SKVV Yerevan
Spitak
Spartak Yerevan
Torpedo Yerevan
Tavush
Tufagorts
Ulisses
Urmia Masis
Vagharshapat
Van Yerevan
Vanadzor
Yeghvard
Yerevan
Yerevan United
Yezerk
Zangezour
Zvartnots-AAL
Yerazank
Makaravank
This article about an Armenian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Armenia - List of Champions\". RSSSF. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/armechamp.html","url_text":"\"Armenia - List of Champions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/armechamp.html","external_links_name":"\"Armenia - List of Champions\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_Bentonit_Ijevan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genucia_gens
|
Genucia gens
|
["1 Origin","2 Praenomina","3 Branches and cognomina","4 Members","4.1 Genucii Augurini","4.2 Genucii Aventinenses","4.3 Genucii Clepsinae","4.4 Others","5 Footnotes","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography"]
|
Ancient Roman family
The gens Genucia was a prominent family of the Roman Republic. It was probably of patrician origin, but most of the Genucii appearing in history were plebeian. The first of the Genucii to hold the consulship was Titus Genucius Augurinus in 451 BC.
Origin
The Genucii have traditionally been regarded as a gens with both patrician and plebeian branches, in part because they held consulships in 451 and 445 BC, when the office is generally supposed to have been closed to the plebeians. But in support of the argument that Titus Genucus Augurinus, the consul of 451, was a plebeian, it has been noted that several other consuls in the decades preceding the decemvirate bore names that in later times were regarded as plebeian. Further, Diodorus Siculus gives the consul's name as Minucius. But Livy, Dionysius, and the Capitoline Fasti all give Genucius, and the same man is supposed to have been one of the first college of decemvirs; all of the other decemvirs that year were patricians. If the consulship were not absolutely closed to the plebeians before the decemvirate, all historical sources agree that it was when Marcus Genucius was consul in 445.
Plebeian Genucii appear as early as 476 BC, when a Titus Genucius was tribune of the plebs. If the gens was originally patrician, then the plebeian Genucii may have arisen as the result of intermarriage with the plebeians, or because some of the Genucii were expelled from the patriciate or voluntarily chose to become plebeians. Throughout the history of the Republic, these Genucii were renowned as representatives of and advocates for the rights of the plebeian order.
Praenomina
The Genucii of the Republic favoured the praenomina Lucius, Titus, Marcus, and Gnaeus, all of which were very common throughout Roman history.
Branches and cognomina
The surnames of the Genucii under the Republic included Aventinensis, Augurinus, Cipus or Cippus, and Clepsina.
Augurinus, also the name of a family in the Minucia gens, is derived from the priestly occupation of an augur, although it cannot be determined whether the family acquired this name because one of its ancestors was an augur, or because he resembled one in some respect. The Genucii Augurini were the oldest family of the Genucii, and are generally believed to have been patricians, as two of them held the consulship before it was open to the plebeians; but the Capitoline Fasti give Augurinus as the surname of Gnaeus Genucius, one of the consular tribunes of 399 and 396 BC, who was a plebeian, according to Livy. This apparent inconsistency would be avoided if the Fasti mistakenly assigned him the surname Augurinus instead of Aventinensis, which was the name of a plebeian family of the Genucii. Alternatively, some of the Genucii Augurini may have gone over to the plebeians, as the Minucii Augurini appear to have done.
The surname Aventinensis indicates one who lived on the Aventine Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome. The Aventinenses appear in the middle of the fourth century BC, and might have been descended from the Augurini, if Gnaeus Genucius Augurinus, the consular tribune, were the grandfather of Lucius Genucius Aventinensis, consul in BC 365 and 362. In this case, the consular tribune must have had a brother, Marcus, whose son or grandson was consul in 363.
The Clepsinae are described as patricians in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, but since the two known members of that name were consuls with a patrician colleague in 271 and 270, they must have been plebeian. They might have been descended from the Aventinenses, since the two Clepsinae share the filiation "L. f. L. n."; they could have been the sons of Lucius Genucius Aventinensis, consul in 303 BC.
Members
This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.
Genucii Augurini
Lucius Genucius, grandfather of the consuls of 451 and 445 BC.
Lucius Genucius L. f., father of the consuls of BC 451 and 445.
Titus Genucius L. f. L. n. Augurinus, consul in BC 451, and a member of the first decemvirate. Six years later, during his brother's consulship, Titus, a member of the Roman Senate, brought forward the law establishing the office consular tribune, allowing the election of plebeian magistrates.
Marcus Genucius L. f. L. n. Augurinus, consul in 445 BC. He and his colleague strenuously opposed the lex Canuleia, repealing the prohibition on the intermarriage between patricians and plebeians. After that law was passed, Marcus consulted with his brother, Titus, the consul of 451, on ways to resolve the strife between the orders, although some accused them of carrying on the business of the state in secret.
Marcus Genucius M. f. Augurinus, father of the consular tribune.
Gnaeus Genucius M. f. M. n. Augurinus, consular tribune in 399 and 396 BC. In the former year, Rome was ravaged by a plague, but the Roman forces besieging Veii met with some success. In his second tribuneship, Genucius and one of his colleagues, Lucius Titinius, were ambushed by a force of Faliscans and Capenates; Genucius died bravely in the fighting.
Genucii Aventinenses
Marcus Genucius Cn. f., father of Lucius, the consul of 365 and 362 BC.
Marcus Genucius M. f., father of Gnaeus, the consul of 363 BC.
Lucius Genucius M. f. Cn. n. Aventinensis, consul in 365, a year of terrible plague, marked by the death of Marcus Furius Camillus. Consul for the second time in 362, he was the first plebeian consul to lead an army in the field. Ambushed by the Hernici, Genucius was surrounded and killed when his troops panicked, leading the patricians to claim vindication for their opposition to the election of plebeian consuls.
Gnaeus Genucius M. f. M. n. Aventinensis, consul in 363 BC, the third year of a great plague, which distracted from the threat of war with the Hernici. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus was nominated dictator in order to perform the rite of clavum fingere, in hopes of appeasing the gods.
Lucius Genucius (Aventinensis), tribune of the plebs in 342 BC, brought forward a number of reforms, known as the leges Genuciae, abolishing usury, preventing the same person from holding two curule magistracies in the same year, or the same office twice within the next ten years (until 332 BC), and requiring that at least one consul had to be plebeian.
Lucius Genucius L. f. M. n. Aventinensis, consul in 303 BC, a year of relative peace, in which colonies were sent to Sora and Alba Fucens, Roman citizenship was granted to Arpinum and Trebula, Frusino was punished for conspiring with the Hernici, and a large force of Umbrian raiders was trapped in a cave and destroyed.
Genucii Clepsinae
Gaius Genucius L. f. L. n. Clepsina, consul in 276 BC, in which year Rome was again beset by pestilence. Consul for the second time in 270, either he or his brother, who had been consul the previous year, captured the town of Rhegium, which had revolted, and sent most of the soldiers responsible to Rome for trial, where they were scourged and beheaded.
Lucius Genucius L. f. L. n. Clepsina, consul in 271 BC, probably began the siege of Rhegium, although it is uncertain whether the town was ultimately captured by him, or by his brother, who was consul when the town fell the following year.
Others
Titus Genucius, tribune of the plebs in 476 BC, proposed an agrarian law, and accused Titus Menenius Lanatus in connection with the disaster at the Cremera and subsequent defeat at the hands of the Etruscans.
Gnaeus Genucius, tribune of the plebs in 473 BC, attempted to pass the agrarian law, and charged the consuls of the previous year with misconduct for having obstructed it. On the day of their trial, Genucius was found murdered in his house, a deed which helped set in motion the events leading to the ratification of the lex Publilia two years later.
Genucius, tribune of the plebs in an uncertain year, perhaps BC 241. According to Plutarch, war was declared against the Faliscans as the result of some insult offered to Genucius.
Lucius Genucius, one of the ambassadors sent to Syphax, king of Numidia, in 210 BC, during the Second Punic War.
Marcus Genucius, a military tribune serving under the consul Lucius Cornelius Merula in 193 BC. He fell in battle against the Boii.
Lucius Genucius L. f., a senator in 129 BC.
Genucius, a priest of the Magna Mater, was denied the right of inheritance by the consul Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus in 77 BC, on the grounds that he was a eunuch.
Genucius Cipus or Cippus, praetor in an uncertain year, voluntarily chose exile after the haruspices declared he would become king upon his return to the city.
Footnotes
^ Particularly L. Junius Brutus, one of the first consuls in 509 BC, S. Cassius Viscellinus in 502, 493, and 486, and M'. Tullius Longus in 500; from this some scholars conclude that the consulship was not formally closed to the plebeians until the decemvirate. Others argue that their names may have been later insertions, or even that the distinction between the orders was not fully developed at the beginning of the Republic. However, as Broughton notes with respect to Brutus, the weight of tradition is that these individuals were patricians, and they were so regarded by later generations; furthermore it was common for patrician families to have plebeian branches, and entirely plausible that in some cases the patrician lines faded into obscurity, leaving only the plebeian ones in later times.
^ In answer to this, Mommsen doubts the authenticity of the names assigned to the consulship of 445. Additionally, in this year the plebeians' insistence on being allowed to stand for the consulship resulted in the compromise that created the consular tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian; while Livy expressly states that the first plebeians actually elected to this office achieved it in BC 400, the names given for earlier years strongly suggest that plebeians were elected for the years 444 (the year after Genucius is supposed to have been consul) and 422. Thus, assuming that Marcus Genucius was consul in 445, it remains conceivable that he was a plebeian, and that the consular tribunes were created in response to his election.
^ By that time, at least one consul had to be plebeian, following the provision of the Lex Genucia, passed in 342 BC.
^ ", a Roman praetor, to whom an extraordinary prodigy is said to have happened. For, as he was going out of the gates of the city, clad in the paludamentum, horns suddenly grew out of his head, and it was said by the haruspices that if he returned to the city, he would be king: but lest this should happen, he imposed voluntary exile upon himself."
See also
List of Roman gentes
References
^ a b c d Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 245 ("Genucia Gens").
^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 4 (note 1).
^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 52 (note 1).
^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 45, 46 (note 1), 51 (and note 1).
^ Livy, v. 13.
^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 419 ("Augurinus").
^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 115–118.
^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 804 ("Clepsina").
^ a b Broughton, vol. I, pp. 195, 198.
^ Livy, iii. 33.
^ Dionysius, x. 54, 56, xi. 60.
^ Zonaras, vii. 18.
^ Dionysius, xi. 52, 58, 60.
^ Diodorus Siculus, xii. 31.
^ Zonaras, vii. 19.
^ Livy, v. 13, 18.
^ Diodorus Siculus, xiv. 54, 90.
^ Livy, vii. 1, 4, 6.
^ Diodorus Siculus, xv. 90, xvi. 4.
^ Eutropius, ii. 4.
^ Orosius, iii. 4.
^ Lydus, De Magistratibus i. 46.
^ Livy vii. 3
^ Diodorus Siculus, xvi. 2.
^ Livy, vii. 42.
^ Cornell, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, p. 337. Cornell shows that Livy confused the content of the Lex Licinia Sextia of 366 with the Lex Genucia of 342.
^ Brennan, The Praetorship, pp. 65-67. Brennan demonstrates that the ten year rule was only a temporary measure.
^ Livy, x. 1.
^ Diodorus Siculus, xx. 102.
^ Orosius, iv. 2, 3.
^ a b Capitoline Fasti.
^ Donysius xx. 7.
^ Appian, Bellum Samniticum 9.
^ Polybius, i. 7.
^ Livy, Epitome, 15.
^ Zonaras, viii. 6.
^ Valerius Maximus, ii. 7. § 15.
^ Frontinus, Strategemata iv. 1. § 38.
^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 198.
^ Livy, ii. 52.
^ Dionysius, ix. 26.
^ Livy, ii. 54.
^ Dionysius, ix. 37 ff, x. 38.
^ Zonaras, vii. 17.
^ Plutarch, "Life of Gaius Gracchus", 3.
^ Livy, xxvii. 4.
^ Livy, xxxv. 5.
^ Sherk, "Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno", p. 368.
^ Valerius Maximus, vii. 7. § 6.
^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 757 ("Genucius Cipus or Cippus").
^ Valerius Maximus, v. 6. § 3.
^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, xv. 565 ff.
^ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. xi. 37. s. 45.
Bibliography
Polybius, Historiae (The Histories).
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History).
Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome).
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia.
Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Metamorphoses.
Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis Historia (Natural History).
Sextus Julius Frontinus, Strategemata (Stratagems).
Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Samniticum (History of the Samnite Wars).
Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Summary of Roman History).
Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).
Johannes Lydus, De Magistratibus Reipublicae Romanae (On the Magistrates of the Roman Republic).
Joannes Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum (Extracts of History).
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).
Robert K. Sherk, "The Text of the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno", in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 7, pp. 361–369 (1966).
F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (editors), The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1989.
T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, Oxford University Press, 2000.
|
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The first of the Genucii to hold the consulship was Titus Genucius Augurinus in 451 BC.[1]","title":"Genucia gens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"decemvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decemviri"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Dionysius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"[ii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Genucia_Gens-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"tribune of the plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Genucia_Gens-1"}],"text":"The Genucii have traditionally been regarded as a gens with both patrician and plebeian branches, in part because they held consulships in 451 and 445 BC, when the office is generally supposed to have been closed to the plebeians. But in support of the argument that Titus Genucus Augurinus, the consul of 451, was a plebeian, it has been noted that several other consuls in the decades preceding the decemvirate bore names that in later times were regarded as plebeian.[i] Further, Diodorus Siculus gives the consul's name as Minucius. But Livy, Dionysius, and the Capitoline Fasti all give Genucius, and the same man is supposed to have been one of the first college of decemvirs; all of the other decemvirs that year were patricians. If the consulship were not absolutely closed to the plebeians before the decemvirate, all historical sources agree that it was when Marcus Genucius was consul in 445.[ii][1][4]Plebeian Genucii appear as early as 476 BC, when a Titus Genucius was tribune of the plebs. If the gens was originally patrician, then the plebeian Genucii may have arisen as the result of intermarriage with the plebeians, or because some of the Genucii were expelled from the patriciate or voluntarily chose to become plebeians. Throughout the history of the Republic, these Genucii were renowned as representatives of and advocates for the rights of the plebeian order.[1]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praenomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"Lucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_(praenomen)"}],"text":"The Genucii of the Republic favoured the praenomina Lucius, Titus, Marcus, and Gnaeus, all of which were very common throughout Roman history.","title":"Praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Genucia_Gens-1"},{"link_name":"Minucia gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minucia_gens"},{"link_name":"augur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Aventine Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill"},{"link_name":"Seven Hills of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Hills_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[iii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"filiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#filiation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton_195-12"}],"text":"The surnames of the Genucii under the Republic included Aventinensis, Augurinus, Cipus or Cippus, and Clepsina.[1]Augurinus, also the name of a family in the Minucia gens, is derived from the priestly occupation of an augur, although it cannot be determined whether the family acquired this name because one of its ancestors was an augur, or because he resembled one in some respect. The Genucii Augurini were the oldest family of the Genucii, and are generally believed to have been patricians, as two of them held the consulship before it was open to the plebeians; but the Capitoline Fasti give Augurinus as the surname of Gnaeus Genucius, one of the consular tribunes of 399 and 396 BC, who was a plebeian, according to Livy. This apparent inconsistency would be avoided if the Fasti mistakenly assigned him the surname Augurinus instead of Aventinensis, which was the name of a plebeian family of the Genucii. Alternatively, some of the Genucii Augurini may have gone over to the plebeians, as the Minucii Augurini appear to have done.[5][6]The surname Aventinensis indicates one who lived on the Aventine Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome. The Aventinenses appear in the middle of the fourth century BC, and might have been descended from the Augurini, if Gnaeus Genucius Augurinus, the consular tribune, were the grandfather of Lucius Genucius Aventinensis, consul in BC 365 and 362. In this case, the consular tribune must have had a brother, Marcus, whose son or grandson was consul in 363.[7]The Clepsinae are described as patricians in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, but since the two known members of that name were consuls with a patrician colleague in 271 and 270, they must have been plebeian.[8][iii] They might have been descended from the Aventinenses, since the two Clepsinae share the filiation \"L. f. L. n.\"; they could have been the sons of Lucius Genucius Aventinensis, consul in 303 BC.[9]","title":"Branches and cognomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praenomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"filiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Filiation"}],"text":"This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titus Genucius L. f. L. n. 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He and his colleague strenuously opposed the lex Canuleia, repealing the prohibition on the intermarriage between patricians and plebeians. After that law was passed, Marcus consulted with his brother, Titus, the consul of 451, on ways to resolve the strife between the orders, although some accused them of carrying on the business of the state in secret.[13][14][15]\nMarcus Genucius M. f. Augurinus, father of the consular tribune.\nGnaeus Genucius M. f. M. n. Augurinus, consular tribune in 399 and 396 BC. In the former year, Rome was ravaged by a plague, but the Roman forces besieging Veii met with some success. In his second tribuneship, Genucius and one of his colleagues, Lucius Titinius, were ambushed by a force of Faliscans and Capenates; Genucius died bravely in the fighting.[16][17]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Furius Camillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus"},{"link_name":"Hernici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernici"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"clavum fingere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavum_fingere"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"leges Genuciae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leges_Genuciae"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"Alba Fucens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Fucens"},{"link_name":"Roman citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Arpinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpino"},{"link_name":"Trebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebula_Balliensis"},{"link_name":"Frusino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosinone"},{"link_name":"Umbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbri"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Genucii Aventinenses","text":"Marcus Genucius Cn. f., father of Lucius, the consul of 365 and 362 BC.\nMarcus Genucius M. f., father of Gnaeus, the consul of 363 BC.\nLucius Genucius M. f. Cn. n. Aventinensis, consul in 365, a year of terrible plague, marked by the death of Marcus Furius Camillus. Consul for the second time in 362, he was the first plebeian consul to lead an army in the field. Ambushed by the Hernici, Genucius was surrounded and killed when his troops panicked, leading the patricians to claim vindication for their opposition to the election of plebeian consuls.[18][19][20][21][22]\nGnaeus Genucius M. f. M. n. Aventinensis, consul in 363 BC, the third year of a great plague, which distracted from the threat of war with the Hernici. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus was nominated dictator in order to perform the rite of clavum fingere, in hopes of appeasing the gods.[23][24]\nLucius Genucius (Aventinensis), tribune of the plebs in 342 BC, brought forward a number of reforms, known as the leges Genuciae, abolishing usury, preventing the same person from holding two curule magistracies in the same year, or the same office twice within the next ten years (until 332 BC), and requiring that at least one consul had to be plebeian.[25][26][27]\nLucius Genucius L. f. M. n. Aventinensis, consul in 303 BC, a year of relative peace, in which colonies were sent to Sora and Alba Fucens, Roman citizenship was granted to Arpinum and Trebula, Frusino was punished for conspiring with the Hernici, and a large force of Umbrian raiders was trapped in a cave and destroyed.[28][29]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhegium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broughton_195-12"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-34"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Genucii Clepsinae","text":"Gaius Genucius L. f. L. n. Clepsina, consul in 276 BC, in which year Rome was again beset by pestilence. Consul for the second time in 270, either he or his brother, who had been consul the previous year, captured the town of Rhegium, which had revolted, and sent most of the soldiers responsible to Rome for trial, where they were scourged and beheaded.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][9]\nLucius Genucius L. f. L. n. Clepsina, consul in 271 BC, probably began the siege of Rhegium, although it is uncertain whether the town was ultimately captured by him, or by his brother, who was consul when the town fell the following year.[31][39]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribune of the plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs"},{"link_name":"agrarian law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_law"},{"link_name":"Titus Menenius Lanatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Menenius_Lanatus_(consul_477_BC)"},{"link_name":"the Cremera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cremera"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"lex Publilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Publilia_(471_BC)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Faliscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falisci"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Syphax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphax"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Second Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"military tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune"},{"link_name":"Lucius Cornelius Merula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Merula_(consul_193_BC)"},{"link_name":"Boii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Magna Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybele"},{"link_name":"Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamercus_Aemilius_Lepidus_Livianus"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"haruspices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex"},{"link_name":"[iv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Titus Genucius, tribune of the plebs in 476 BC, proposed an agrarian law, and accused Titus Menenius Lanatus in connection with the disaster at the Cremera and subsequent defeat at the hands of the Etruscans.[40][41]\nGnaeus Genucius, tribune of the plebs in 473 BC, attempted to pass the agrarian law, and charged the consuls of the previous year with misconduct for having obstructed it. On the day of their trial, Genucius was found murdered in his house, a deed which helped set in motion the events leading to the ratification of the lex Publilia two years later.[42][43][44]\nGenucius, tribune of the plebs in an uncertain year, perhaps BC 241. According to Plutarch, war was declared against the Faliscans as the result of some insult offered to Genucius.[45]\nLucius Genucius, one of the ambassadors sent to Syphax, king of Numidia, in 210 BC, during the Second Punic War.[46]\nMarcus Genucius, a military tribune serving under the consul Lucius Cornelius Merula in 193 BC. He fell in battle against the Boii.[47]\nLucius Genucius L. f., a senator in 129 BC.[48]\nGenucius, a priest of the Magna Mater, was denied the right of inheritance by the consul Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus in 77 BC, on the grounds that he was a eunuch.[49]\nGenucius Cipus or Cippus, praetor in an uncertain year, voluntarily chose exile after the haruspices declared he would become king upon his return to the city.[iv][51][52][53]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Mommsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen"},{"link_name":"consular tribunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Lex Genucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leges_Genuciae"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"paludamentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paludamentum"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"^ Particularly L. Junius Brutus, one of the first consuls in 509 BC, S. Cassius Viscellinus in 502, 493, and 486, and M'. Tullius Longus in 500; from this some scholars conclude that the consulship was not formally closed to the plebeians until the decemvirate. Others argue that their names may have been later insertions, or even that the distinction between the orders was not fully developed at the beginning of the Republic. However, as Broughton notes with respect to Brutus, the weight of tradition is that these individuals were patricians, and they were so regarded by later generations; furthermore it was common for patrician families to have plebeian branches, and entirely plausible that in some cases the patrician lines faded into obscurity, leaving only the plebeian ones in later times.[2]\n\n^ In answer to this, Mommsen doubts the authenticity of the names assigned to the consulship of 445. Additionally, in this year the plebeians' insistence on being allowed to stand for the consulship resulted in the compromise that created the consular tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian; while Livy expressly states that the first plebeians actually elected to this office achieved it in BC 400, the names given for earlier years strongly suggest that plebeians were elected for the years 444 (the year after Genucius is supposed to have been consul) and 422. Thus, assuming that Marcus Genucius was consul in 445, it remains conceivable that he was a plebeian, and that the consular tribunes were created in response to his election.[3]\n\n^ By that time, at least one consul had to be plebeian, following the provision of the Lex Genucia, passed in 342 BC.\n\n^ \"[Genucius Cipus], a Roman praetor, to whom an extraordinary prodigy is said to have happened. For, as he was going out of the gates of the city, clad in the paludamentum, horns suddenly grew out of his head, and it was said by the haruspices that if he returned to the city, he would be king: but lest this should happen, he imposed voluntary exile upon himself.\"[50]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Historica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Ab Urbe Condita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"},{"link_name":"Valerius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Naturalis Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Sextus Julius Frontinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Frontinus"},{"link_name":"Plutarchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lives"},{"link_name":"Appian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Eutropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Paulus Orosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosius"},{"link_name":"Johannes Lydus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Lydian"},{"link_name":"Joannes Zonaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"T. Robert S. Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton"},{"link_name":"The Text of the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/11381/4167"},{"link_name":"F. W. Walbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Walbank"},{"link_name":"R. M. Ogilvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._Ogilvie"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Ancient History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History"},{"link_name":"The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-ancient-history/ECBD1B213970B22B68FAD3BF24AF7E6B"},{"link_name":"T. Corey Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Corey_Brennan"}],"text":"Polybius, Historiae (The Histories).\nDiodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History).\nTitus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome).\nDionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia.\nPublius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Metamorphoses.\nValerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).\nGaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis Historia (Natural History).\nSextus Julius Frontinus, Strategemata (Stratagems).\nPlutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.\nAppianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Samniticum (History of the Samnite Wars).\nLucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.\nEutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Summary of Roman History).\nPaulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).\nJohannes Lydus, De Magistratibus Reipublicae Romanae (On the Magistrates of the Roman Republic).\nJoannes Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum (Extracts of History).\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).\nT. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).\nRobert K. Sherk, \"The Text of the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno\", in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 7, pp. 361–369 (1966).\nF. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (editors), The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1989.\nT. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, Oxford University Press, 2000.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Roman gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/11381/4167","external_links_name":"The Text of the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-ancient-history/ECBD1B213970B22B68FAD3BF24AF7E6B","external_links_name":"The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Is_Father_to_the_Man
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Child Is Father to the Man
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["1 History","2 Commercial performance","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Production","7 Charts","8 Later Samples","9 Covers","10 References"]
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Album by Blood, Sweat & Tears
This article is about the album by Blood, Sweat & Tears. For the song by the Beach Boys, see Child Is Father of the Man.
Child Is Father to the ManStudio album by Blood, Sweat & TearsReleasedFebruary 21, 1968RecordedNovember 11 – December 20, 1967GenreJazz-rockLength49:28LabelColumbiaProducerJohn SimonBlood, Sweat & Tears chronology
Child Is Father to the Man(1968)
Blood, Sweat & Tears(1968)
Singles from Child Is Father to the Man
"I Can't Quit Her"Released: May 28, 1968
Child Is Father to the Man is the debut album by Blood, Sweat & Tears, released in February 1968. It reached number 47 on the Billboard pop albums chart in the United States.
History
As a teenager, Al Kooper went to a concert for jazz trumpeter Maynard Ferguson and this experience inspired Kooper to start a rock band with a horn section. Originally in a band called The Blues Project, Kooper left after band leader Danny Kalb rejected his idea of bringing in a horn section. He then left for the West Coast and found bassist Jim Fielder who believed in the songs that Kooper wrote. Though Kooper had big ideas for his next project, he didn't have the money to bring his ideas to fruition. He then threw a benefit for himself and invited several musicians he previously worked with, such as Judy Collins, Simon & Garfunkel, David Blue, Eric Andersen and Richie Havens. Although the performances sold out, the owner of the Cafe Au Go Go added such numerous expenses to the gross receipts that the net receipts after the performance were not enough to get a plane ticket or a taxi to the airport.
He later called Fielder and convinced him to come to New York. He also asked Bobby Colomby, Anderson and Steve Katz, who was his bandmate in his former band The Blues Project. Colomby called Fred Lipsius and the band placed an ad in The Village Voice for more horn players. Within a month, the band assembled an eight piece which also contained Randy Brecker, Jerry Weiss and Dick Halligan. Kooper then asked John Simon to produce them, after being fresh off from producing Simon & Garfunkel's album Bookends. The album was recorded in two weeks in December 1967. Simon asked all of the members to record their material in one take so he could study songs and make useful suggestions to the arrangements. After a brief promotional tour, Colomby and Katz ousted Kooper from the band, which led to Child is Father to the Man being the only BS&T album on which Kooper ever appeared. The band would later have two number one albums and several Grammys, although Kooper felt they were playing music that he didn't agree with. Despite being asked to leave Blood, Sweat & Tears, Kooper felt everything worked out well for him and the band.
Commercial performance
In the United States Child Is Father to the Man peaked at #47 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart. It failed to generate any Top 40 singles, although "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" and "I Can't Quit Her" found some play on progressive rock radio.
In 2012, the album was ranked number 266 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
The title is a quotation from a similarly titled poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins, slightly misquoting a poem by William Wordsworth called "My Heart Leaps Up".
CBS Records released The Rock Machine Turns You On, the first budget sampler LP, in the UK in 1968. The song "My Days Are Numbered" was included as Side Two track one on the album and introduced BST to a much wider audience.
The album was re-released in the UK in 1973, entitled "The First Album" on Embassy Records, a subsidiary of Columbia Records (catalogue number EMB 31028) with an identical track listing and the same picture on the front of the sleeve. The rear had new sleeve notes written by English DJ, Noel Edmonds.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling StonePositive
Writing for AllMusic, critic William Ruhlman wrote of the album:"Al Kooper's finest work, an album on which he moves the folk-blues-rock amalgamation of the Blues Project into even wider pastures, taking in classical and jazz elements (including strings and horns), all without losing the pop essence that makes the hybrid work. This is one of the great albums of the eclectic post-Sgt. Pepper era of the late '60s, a time when you could borrow styles from Greenwich Village contemporary folk to San Francisco acid rock and mix them into what seemed to have the potential to become a new American musical form... This is the sound of a group of virtuosos enjoying itself in the newly open possibilities of pop music. Maybe it couldn't have lasted; anyway, it didn't."
The song "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" found new life from 2002 to 2004, as Late Show with David Letterman band leader Paul Shaffer performed it regularly during the show's final full commercial break. The performances became more and more animated over time, including celebrity guests such as Ted Koppel, Nathan Lane, and others draping a cape over a kneeling Shaffer and attempting to lead him off stage before he stormed back to continue the song (a tribute to a similar gimmick employed by James Brown).
Track listing
Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Overture"Al Kooper1:322."I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know"Kooper5:573."Morning Glory"Larry Beckett, Tim Buckley4:164."My Days Are Numbered"Kooper3:195."Without Her"Harry Nilsson2:416."Just One Smile"Randy Newman4:38Total length:22:23
Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."I Can't Quit Her"Kooper, Irwin Levine3:382."Meagan's Gypsy Eyes"Steve Katz3:243."Somethin' Goin' On"Kooper8:004."House in the Country"Kooper3:045."The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud"Kooper4:126."So Much Love / Underture"Gerry Goffin, Carole King4:47Total length:27:05
1994 Master Sound edition bonus tracks (Columbia CK 64214)No.TitleWriter(s)Length13."I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" (demo version - mono)Kooper6:1014."Refugee from Yuhupitz" (Instrumental - demo version - mono)Kooper3:4415."I Can't Quit Her" (demo version - mono)Kooper, Levine3:0016."Morning Glory" (demo version - mono)Beckett, Buckley4:1117."Somethin' Going On" (demo version - mono)Kooper5:1918."The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud" (demo version - mono)Kooper5:03Total length:27:27 76:55
2000 remastered edition bonus tracks No.TitleWriter(s)Length13."Refugee from Yuhupitz" (Instrumental - demo version - mono)Kooper3:4414."I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" (demo version - mono)Kooper6:1015."The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud" (demo version - mono)Kooper5:03Total length:14:57 64:25
2012 remastered Limited edition 24k gold bonus tracks (IMPEX IMP8306)No.TitleWriter(s)Length13."I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" (Demo - mono)Kooper6:1314."Refugee From Yuhupitz" (Instrumental - Demo - mono)Kooper3:4615."I Can't Quit Her" (Demo - mono)Levine-Kooper3:0416."The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud" (Demo - mono)Kooper5:25Total length:18:28 67:56
Personnel
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Al Kooper – organ, piano; lead vocals (tracks 2, 4-7, 9-12); ondioline (track 8)
Fred Lipsius – piano, alto saxophone
Randy Brecker – trumpet, flugelhorn
Jerry Weiss – trumpet, flugelhorn; backing vocals (track 4)
Dick Halligan – trombone
Steve Katz – guitars; lead vocals (tracks 3, 8); backing vocals (tracks 3); lute (track 6)
Jim Fielder – bass guitar, fretless bass guitar
Bobby Colomby – drums, percussion; backing vocals (tracks 4, 10)
Additional musicians
Anahid Ajemian – violin
Fred Catero – sound effects
Harold Coletta – viola
Paul Gershman – violin
Al Gorgoni – organ, guitar, vocals
Manny Green – violin
Julie Held – violin
Doug James – shaker
Harry Katzman – violin
Leo Kruczek – violin
Harry Lookofsky – violin
Charles McCracken – cello
Melba Moore – choir, chorus
Gene Orloff – violin
Valerie Simpson – choir, chorus
Alan Schulman – cello
John Simon – organ, piano, conductor, cowbell
The Manny Vardi Strings
Production
Producers: Bob Irwin, John Simon
Engineer: Fred Catero
Mixing: John Simon
Mastering: Vic Anesini
Arrangers: Fred Catero, Al Gorgoni, Fred Lipsius, Alan Schulman, John Simon
Art direction: Howard Fritzson
Photography: Bob Cato, Don Hunstein
Packaging: Michael Cimicata
Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)
Year
Chart
Position
1968
Pop Albums
47
Later Samples
"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know"
"Maria" by Wu-Tang Clan from the album Wu-Tang Forever
Covers
In 2015, "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" performed by Italian singer Luca Ronka in Soul Man album
In 2013, "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" on the album Seesaw by Beth Hart & Joe Bonamassa
In 2008, "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" on the album Bad for You Baby by Gary Moore
In 1973, "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" on the album Extension of a Man by Donny Hathaway
In 2007, "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" was recorded live in Paris on September, 2007 by Amy Winehouse
References
^ Needs, Kris (January 5, 2018). "1968 Crowns of Creation". Record Collector. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Blood, Sweat & Tears - Child Is Father To The Man (Legacy Reissue). Columbia/Legacy Recordings. CK 63987.
^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time". Rolling Stone. 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
^ a b Ruhlman, William. "Child Is Father to the Man > Review". AllMusic. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
^ "Child Is Father to the Man". Rolling Stone. 27 April 1968. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
^ "The Cape Thing Collection on Late Show, 2002-2004". Youtube. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
^ "Child Is Father to the Man - Blood, Sweat & Tears | Awards | AllMusic". allmusic.com. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^ "Luca Ronka album, 'Soul Man', released in 2015". iTunes. 24 April 2015.
vteBlood, Sweat & Tears
Dave Gellis
Glenn McClelland
Jon Ossman
Carl Fischer
Barry Danielian
Charley Gordon
Ken Gioffre
Joel Rosenblatt
Bo Bice
Al Kooper
Randy Brecker
Jerry Weiss
Fred Lipsius
Dick Halligan
Steve Katz
Jim Fielder
Bobby Colomby
David Clayton-Thomas
Lew Soloff
Dave Bargeron
Bobby Doyle
Joe Henderson
Lou Marini Jr.
Larry Willis
Georg Wadenius
Jerry Fisher
Tom Malone
Ron McClure
Luther Kent
Jaco Pastorius
Steve Khan
Mike Stern
Don Alias
Roy McCurdy
Barry Finnerty
Neil Stubenhaus
Gregory Herbert
Steve Conte
Dave Panichi
Glenn McClelland
Jerry Sokolov
Franck Amsallem
Ted Kooshian
Dave Pietro
Rob Paparozzi
Jason Paige
Bernard Purdie
Studio albums
Child Is Father to the Man
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Blood, Sweat & Tears 3
B, S & T; 4
New Blood
No Sweat
Mirror Image
New City
More Than Ever
Brand New Day
Nuclear Blues
Live albums
In Concert
Live and Improvised
Live
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Found Treasures
The Collection
Super Hits
Rare, Rarer & Rarest
Soundtracks
The Owl and the Pussy Cat
Singles
"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
"Spinning Wheel"
"And When I Die"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Child Is Father of the Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Is_Father_of_the_Man"},{"link_name":"Blood, Sweat & Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"}],"text":"This article is about the album by Blood, Sweat & Tears. For the song by the Beach Boys, see Child Is Father of the Man.Child Is Father to the Man is the debut album by Blood, Sweat & Tears, released in February 1968. It reached number 47 on the Billboard pop albums chart in the United States.","title":"Child Is Father to the Man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Kooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper"},{"link_name":"Maynard Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"The Blues Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_Project"},{"link_name":"Danny Kalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kalb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Judy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Collins"},{"link_name":"Simon & Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"David Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blue_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Eric Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Richie Havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Havens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Cafe Au Go Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe_Au_Go_Go"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Bobby Colomby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Colomby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Randy Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Brecker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"}],"text":"As a teenager, Al Kooper went to a concert for jazz trumpeter Maynard Ferguson and this experience inspired Kooper to start a rock band with a horn section.[2] Originally in a band called The Blues Project, Kooper left after band leader Danny Kalb rejected his idea of bringing in a horn section.[2] He then left for the West Coast and found bassist Jim Fielder who believed in the songs that Kooper wrote.[2] Though Kooper had big ideas for his next project, he didn't have the money to bring his ideas to fruition.[2] He then threw a benefit for himself and invited several musicians he previously worked with, such as Judy Collins, Simon & Garfunkel, David Blue, Eric Andersen and Richie Havens.[2] Although the performances sold out, the owner of the Cafe Au Go Go added such numerous expenses to the gross receipts that the net receipts after the performance were not enough to get a plane ticket or a taxi to the airport.[2]He later called Fielder and convinced him to come to New York. He also asked Bobby Colomby, Anderson and Steve Katz, who was his bandmate in his former band The Blues Project.[2] Colomby called Fred Lipsius and the band placed an ad in The Village Voice for more horn players.[2] Within a month, the band assembled an eight piece which also contained Randy Brecker, Jerry Weiss and Dick Halligan.[2] Kooper then asked John Simon to produce them, after being fresh off from producing Simon & Garfunkel's album Bookends.[2] The album was recorded in two weeks in December 1967. Simon asked all of the members to record their material in one take so he could study songs and make useful suggestions to the arrangements.[2] After a brief promotional tour, Colomby and Katz ousted Kooper from the band, which led to Child is Father to the Man being the only BS&T album on which Kooper ever appeared.[2] The band would later have two number one albums and several Grammys, although Kooper felt they were playing music that he didn't agree with.[2] Despite being asked to leave Blood, Sweat & Tears, Kooper felt everything worked out well for him and the band.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Charts"},{"link_name":"progressive rock radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"the 500 greatest albums of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"similarly titled poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Child_is_father_to_the_man"},{"link_name":"Gerard Manley Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"William Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"My Heart Leaps Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Leaps_Up"},{"link_name":"The Rock Machine Turns You On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rock_Machine_Turns_You_On"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"Noel Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Edmonds"}],"text":"In the United States Child Is Father to the Man peaked at #47 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart. It failed to generate any Top 40 singles, although \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" and \"I Can't Quit Her\" found some play on progressive rock radio.In 2012, the album was ranked number 266 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[3]The title is a quotation from a similarly titled poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins, slightly misquoting a poem by William Wordsworth called \"My Heart Leaps Up\".CBS Records released The Rock Machine Turns You On, the first budget sampler LP, in the UK in 1968. The song \"My Days Are Numbered\" was included as Side Two track one on the album and introduced BST to a much wider audience.The album was re-released in the UK in 1973, entitled \"The First Album\" on Embassy Records, a subsidiary of Columbia Records (catalogue number EMB 31028) with an identical track listing and the same picture on the front of the sleeve. The rear had new sleeve notes written by English DJ, Noel Edmonds.","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Al Kooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper"},{"link_name":"Blues Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Project"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"contemporary folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"acid rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-4"},{"link_name":"Late Show with David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"Paul Shaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shaffer"},{"link_name":"Ted Koppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Koppel"},{"link_name":"Nathan Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Lane"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Writing for AllMusic, critic William Ruhlman wrote of the album:\"Al Kooper's finest work, an album on which he moves the folk-blues-rock amalgamation of the Blues Project into even wider pastures, taking in classical and jazz elements (including strings and horns), all without losing the pop essence that makes the hybrid work. This is one of the great albums of the eclectic post-Sgt. Pepper era of the late '60s, a time when you could borrow styles from Greenwich Village contemporary folk to San Francisco acid rock and mix them into what seemed to have the potential to become a new American musical form... This is the sound of a group of virtuosos enjoying itself in the newly open possibilities of pop music. Maybe it couldn't have lasted; anyway, it didn't.\"[4]The song \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" found new life from 2002 to 2004, as Late Show with David Letterman band leader Paul Shaffer performed it regularly during the show's final full commercial break. The performances became more and more animated over time, including celebrity guests such as Ted Koppel, Nathan Lane, and others draping a cape over a kneeling Shaffer and attempting to lead him off stage before he stormed back to continue the song (a tribute to a similar gimmick employed by James Brown).[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Kooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper"},{"link_name":"Larry Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Tim Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Without Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_Her_(Harry_Nilsson_song)"},{"link_name":"Harry Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Just One Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_One_Smile"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"Steve Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Katz_(musician)"},{"link_name":"So Much Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Much_Love_(Ben_E._King_song)"},{"link_name":"Gerry Goffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Goffin"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Overture\"Al Kooper1:322.\"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\"Kooper5:573.\"Morning Glory\"Larry Beckett, Tim Buckley4:164.\"My Days Are Numbered\"Kooper3:195.\"Without Her\"Harry Nilsson2:416.\"Just One Smile\"Randy Newman4:38Total length:22:23Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"I Can't Quit Her\"Kooper, Irwin Levine3:382.\"Meagan's Gypsy Eyes\"Steve Katz3:243.\"Somethin' Goin' On\"Kooper8:004.\"House in the Country\"Kooper3:045.\"The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud\"Kooper4:126.\"So Much Love / Underture\"Gerry Goffin, Carole King4:47Total length:27:051994 Master Sound edition bonus tracks (Columbia CK 64214)No.TitleWriter(s)Length13.\"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" (demo version - mono)Kooper6:1014.\"Refugee from Yuhupitz\" (Instrumental - demo version - mono)Kooper3:4415.\"I Can't Quit Her\" (demo version - mono)Kooper, Levine3:0016.\"Morning Glory\" (demo version - mono)Beckett, Buckley4:1117.\"Somethin' Going On\" (demo version - mono)Kooper5:1918.\"The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud\" (demo version - mono)Kooper5:03Total length:27:27 76:552000 remastered edition bonus tracks [2]No.TitleWriter(s)Length13.\"Refugee from Yuhupitz\" (Instrumental - demo version - mono)Kooper3:4414.\"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" (demo version - mono)Kooper6:1015.\"The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud\" (demo version - mono)Kooper5:03Total length:14:57 64:252012 remastered Limited edition 24k gold bonus tracks (IMPEX IMP8306)No.TitleWriter(s)Length13.\"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" (Demo - mono)Kooper6:1314.\"Refugee From Yuhupitz\" (Instrumental - Demo - mono)Kooper3:4615.\"I Can't Quit Her\" (Demo - mono)Levine-Kooper3:0416.\"The Modern Adventures of Plato, Diogenes and Freud\" (Demo - mono)Kooper5:25Total length:18:28 67:56","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Kooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper"},{"link_name":"ondioline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondioline"},{"link_name":"Fred Lipsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lipsius"},{"link_name":"Randy Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Brecker"},{"link_name":"flugelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn"},{"link_name":"Jerry Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Weiss_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dick Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Steve Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Katz_(musician)"},{"link_name":"lute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"},{"link_name":"Jim Fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Fielder"},{"link_name":"fretless bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretless_bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Bobby Colomby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Colomby"},{"link_name":"Anahid Ajemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahid_Ajemian"},{"link_name":"Fred Catero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Catero"},{"link_name":"sound effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_effect"},{"link_name":"Al Gorgoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gorgoni"},{"link_name":"Melba Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_Moore"},{"link_name":"Gene Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Orloff"},{"link_name":"Valerie Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Simpson"},{"link_name":"John Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_(record_producer)"}],"text":"Blood, Sweat & TearsAl Kooper – organ, piano; lead vocals (tracks 2, 4-7, 9-12); ondioline (track 8)\nFred Lipsius – piano, alto saxophone\nRandy Brecker – trumpet, flugelhorn\nJerry Weiss – trumpet, flugelhorn; backing vocals (track 4)\nDick Halligan – trombone\nSteve Katz – guitars; lead vocals (tracks 3, 8); backing vocals (tracks 3); lute (track 6)\nJim Fielder – bass guitar, fretless bass guitar\nBobby Colomby – drums, percussion; backing vocals (tracks 4, 10)Additional musiciansAnahid Ajemian – violin\nFred Catero – sound effects\nHarold Coletta – viola\nPaul Gershman – violin\nAl Gorgoni – organ, guitar, vocals\nManny Green – violin\nJulie Held – violin\nDoug James – shaker\nHarry Katzman – violin\nLeo Kruczek – violin\nHarry Lookofsky – violin\nCharles McCracken – cello\nMelba Moore – choir, chorus\nGene Orloff – violin\nValerie Simpson – choir, chorus\nAlan Schulman – cello\nJohn Simon – organ, piano, conductor, cowbell\nThe Manny Vardi Strings","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Hunstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hunstein"}],"text":"Producers: Bob Irwin, John Simon\nEngineer: Fred Catero\nMixing: John Simon\nMastering: Vic Anesini\nArrangers: Fred Catero, Al Gorgoni, Fred Lipsius, Alan Schulman, John Simon\nArt direction: Howard Fritzson\nPhotography: Bob Cato, Don Hunstein\nPackaging: Michael Cimicata","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"}],"text":"Album - Billboard (United States)","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Forever"}],"text":"\"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\"\n\"Maria\" by Wu-Tang Clan from the album Wu-Tang Forever","title":"Later Samples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Seesaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seesaw_(album)"},{"link_name":"Beth Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Hart"},{"link_name":"Joe Bonamassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bonamassa"},{"link_name":"Bad for You Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_for_You_Baby_(album)"},{"link_name":"Gary Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Moore"},{"link_name":"Extension of a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_of_a_Man"},{"link_name":"Donny Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Amy Winehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Winehouse"}],"text":"In 2015, \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" performed by Italian singer Luca Ronka in Soul Man album[8]\nIn 2013, \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" on the album Seesaw by Beth Hart & Joe Bonamassa\nIn 2008, \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" on the album Bad for You Baby by Gary Moore\nIn 1973, \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" on the album Extension of a Man by Donny Hathaway\nIn 2007, \"I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know\" was recorded live in Paris on September, 2007 by Amy Winehouse","title":"Covers"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Needs, Kris (January 5, 2018). \"1968 Crowns of Creation\". Record Collector. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Needs","url_text":"Needs, Kris"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629195819/https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/1968-crowns-creation","url_text":"\"1968 Crowns of Creation\""},{"url":"https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/1968-crowns-creation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time\". Rolling Stone. 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/blood-sweat-and-tears-child-is-father-to-the-man-172157/","url_text":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Ruhlman, William. \"Child Is Father to the Man > Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r30871","url_text":"\"Child Is Father to the Man > Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Child Is Father to the Man\". Rolling Stone. 27 April 1968. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/child-is-father-to-the-man-186542","url_text":"\"Child Is Father to the Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cape Thing Collection on Late Show, 2002-2004\". Youtube. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wEGnTatGgQ","url_text":"\"The Cape Thing Collection on Late Show, 2002-2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Child Is Father to the Man - Blood, Sweat & Tears | Awards | AllMusic\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/child-is-father-to-the-man-mw0000245285/awards","url_text":"\"Child Is Father to the Man - Blood, Sweat & Tears | Awards | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luca Ronka album, 'Soul Man', released in 2015\". iTunes. 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/it/album/soul-man-ep/id985540908","url_text":"\"Luca Ronka album, 'Soul Man', released in 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629195819/https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/1968-crowns-creation","external_links_name":"\"1968 Crowns of Creation\""},{"Link":"https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/1968-crowns-creation","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/blood-sweat-and-tears-child-is-father-to-the-man-172157/","external_links_name":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r30871","external_links_name":"\"Child Is Father to the Man > Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/child-is-father-to-the-man-186542","external_links_name":"\"Child Is Father to the Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wEGnTatGgQ","external_links_name":"\"The Cape Thing Collection on Late Show, 2002-2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/child-is-father-to-the-man-mw0000245285/awards","external_links_name":"\"Child Is Father to the Man - Blood, Sweat & Tears | Awards | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/it/album/soul-man-ep/id985540908","external_links_name":"\"Luca Ronka album, 'Soul Man', released in 2015\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ff646ee2-2eb0-3cf6-8798-d60fd4e63361","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Pitre_International_Airport
|
Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport
|
["1 Facilities","2 Airlines and destinations","3 Statistics","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 16°15′51″N 061°31′33″W / 16.26417°N 61.52583°W / 16.26417; -61.52583International airport on the French Caribbean island territory of Grande-Terre
Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet AirportAérodrome de Pointe-à-Pitre Le RaizetAéroport Guadeloupe Pôle CaraïbesIATA: PTPICAO: TFFRSummaryAirport typePublicOperatorCCI de Pointe à PitreServesPointe-à-Pitre, Grande-Terre, GuadeloupeLocationAbymesHub for
Air Caraïbes
Air Antilles Express
Focus city forAir FranceElevation AMSL35 ft / 11 mCoordinates16°15′51″N 061°31′33″W / 16.26417°N 61.52583°W / 16.26417; -61.52583Websiteguadeloupe.aeroport.frMapPTPLocation in GuadeloupeShow map of GuadeloupePTPPTP (Caribbean)Show map of CaribbeanRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
12/30
3,129
10,266
Asphalt
Statistics (2023)Passengers2,151,369Passenger traffic change 3.6%Aircraft movements28,784Aircraft movements change 18.6%Sources: AIP, UAF, Airport,
Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport or Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet Airport (French: Aérodrome de Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet or Aéroport Guadeloupe Pôle Caraïbes "Caribbean Hub") (IATA: PTP, ICAO: TFFR) is an international airport serving Pointe-à-Pitre on the island of Grande-Terre in Guadeloupe, France.
The airport is located in Abymes, 2.4 km (1.3 NM) north-northeast of Pointe-à-Pitre. It is the main hub for Air Caraïbes and Air Antilles Express. Air France also has two Airbus A320 based in Pointe-à-Pitre for regional flights. It is the largest of the six airports in the archipelago. In 2019, the airport handled 2,488,782 passengers; it is the second busiest airport in the Lesser Antilles after Queen Beatrix International Airport located in Aruba, and before Grantley Adams International Airport located in Barbados.
Facilities
Aerial view
The airport is at an elevation of 35 ft (11 m) above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 12/30 which measures 3,125 m × 45 m (10,253 ft × 148 ft). Runway 12/30 is long enough to allow aircraft as large as the A380 to take off and land without difficulty. The airport was also one of the first to handle the first A380 prototype in the second week of January 2006, for two days. The same year, the airport celebrated its 40th anniversary. The airport has two interconnected terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Terminal 1 serves both international and regional flights. Terminal 2 only serves regional flights.
The former Air Guadeloupe had its head office at the airport.
Airlines and destinations
AirlinesDestinations Air Antilles Barbados, Dominica–Douglas-Charles, Fort-de-France, Saint Barthélemy, St. Maarten, St. Martin, San Juan, Santo Domingo–Las Américas
Air Canada Montréal–Trudeau
Air Caraïbes Fort-de-France, Paris–Orly, St. Martin, Santo Domingo–Las Américas
Air France Cayenne, Fort-de-France, Miami, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Paris–Orly, Port-au-PrinceSeasonal: Montréal–Trudeau, St. Maarten Seasonal charter: Havana
Air Transat Seasonal: Montréal–Trudeau
American Eagle Miami
Corsair International Paris–Orly Seasonal: Bordeaux, Lyon
JetBlue Seasonal: New York–JFK
Sky High Santo Domingo–Las Américas
St Barth Commuter Saint Barthélemy
St Barth Executive Saint Barthélemy
Sunrise Airways Port-au-Prince
Winair Dominica–Douglas-Charles
Statistics
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Annual passenger traffic at PTP airport.
See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger traffic (enplaned + deplaned), 2000 - 2023
Year
Passengers
Year
Passengers
Year
Passengers
2000
2 117 232
2010
1 948 813
2020
1,269,864
2001
1 896 044
2011
2 050 471
2021
1,279,263
2002
1 805 420
2012
1 994 575
2022
2,077,233
2003
1 761 455
2013
2 033 763
2023
2,151,369
2004
1 866 739
2014
2 029 080
2024
2005
1 836 490
2015
2 089 763
2025
2006
1 861 362
2016
2 253 284
2026
2007
1 960 912
2017
2 361 173
2027
2008
2 020 042
2018
2 446 234
2028
2009
1 839 786
2019
2 488 782
2029
10 busiest routes from Guadeloupe Pôle Caraîbes Airport in 2020
Rank
City
Passengers
Top carriers
1
Paris Orly, France
1 224 015
Air France, Air Caraïbes, Corsair
2
Fort de France, France (Martinique)
427 920
Air France, Air Caraïbes, Air Antilles Express
3
Saint Martin Grand Case, France
166 072
Air Caraïbes, Air Antilles Express
4
Paris CDG, France
86 166
XL Airways
5
Cayenne, France (French Guiana)
47 811
Air France
6
Montréal, Canada
37 249
Air Canada, Air Transat (seasonal)
7
Port-au-Prince, Haîti
35 303
Air France
8
Saint Barthelemy, France
34 814
Air Antilles Express
9
New York JFK, USA
32 861
JetBlue
10
Miami, USA
31 201
Air France, American Airlines
References
^ "Air France, un acteur régional majeur dans la Caraïbe, Septembre 2013" (PDF). Corporate.airfrance.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ a b c d TFFR – Pointe a Pitre Le Raizet. AIP from French Service d'information aéronautique, effective 13 June 2024.
^ (in French) Aéroport de Pointe-à-Pitre – Le Raizet Archived 9 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Union des Aéroports Français
^ a b (in French) Aéroport Guadeloupe Pôle Caraïbes, official site
^ "Guadeloupe Airport Terminals".
^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 26 March 1988. 41. "Head Office: Aéroport du Raizet, 97110 Abymes, Guadeloupe, French West Indies"
^ "Winter 2022: Air France increases frequencies to Lapland and renews its Pointe-à-Pitre – Montreal route | Air France - Corporate".
^ "Air France-KLM NW23 Intercontinental Network Adjustments – 30OCT23". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ "GUADELOUPE AIRPORT - CARIBBEAN POLE". www.aeroport.fr. Union des Aéroports Français. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
External links
Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Pointe à Pitre (in French)
Current weather for TFFR at NOAA/NWS
Accident history for PTP at Aviation Safety Network
Portals: France Caribbean Aviation
vteAirports in FranceInternationalMajor
Lyon
Marseille
Nice
Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Paris–Orly
Minor
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Nouméa-Magenta
Pointe-à-Pitre
Pierrefonds
Raiatea
Réunion Roland Garros
Saint-Pierre
St. Barthélémy
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Tahiti-Fa'a'ā
Unscheduled
Abbeville
Agen
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Angers
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Cherbourg
Colmar
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Épinal
Gap
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Le Havre
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Lyon–Bron
Megève
Méribel
Montluçon
Morlaix
Moulins
Nancy-Essey
Orléans
Paris–Le Bourget
Périgueux
Pontoise
Quimper
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IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIP-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airport-4"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport"},{"link_name":"Pointe-à-Pitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Pitre"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Grande-Terre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-Terre"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Abymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abymes"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"NM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIP-2"},{"link_name":"Air Caraïbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Cara%C3%AFbes"},{"link_name":"Air Antilles Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Antilles_Express"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Queen Beatrix International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Beatrix_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba"},{"link_name":"Grantley Adams International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantley_Adams_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"}],"text":"International airport on the French Caribbean island territory of Grande-TerrePointe-à-Pitre International Airport or Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet Airport (French: Aérodrome de Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet[2] or Aéroport Guadeloupe Pôle Caraïbes[4] \"Caribbean Hub\") (IATA: PTP, ICAO: TFFR) is an international airport serving Pointe-à-Pitre on the island of Grande-Terre in Guadeloupe, France.The airport is located in Abymes, 2.4 km (1.3 NM) north-northeast of Pointe-à-Pitre.[2] It is the main hub for Air Caraïbes and Air Antilles Express. Air France also has two Airbus A320 based in Pointe-à-Pitre for regional flights. It is the largest of the six airports in the archipelago. In 2019, the airport handled 2,488,782 passengers; it is the second busiest airport in the Lesser Antilles after Queen Beatrix International Airport located in Aruba, and before Grantley Adams International Airport located in Barbados.","title":"Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guadeloupe_Airport.JPG"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIP-2"},{"link_name":"A380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Air Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Aerial viewThe airport is at an elevation of 35 ft (11 m) above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 12/30 which measures 3,125 m × 45 m (10,253 ft × 148 ft).[2] Runway 12/30 is long enough to allow aircraft as large as the A380 to take off and land without difficulty. The airport was also one of the first to handle the first A380 prototype in the second week of January 2006, for two days. The same year, the airport celebrated its 40th anniversary. The airport has two interconnected terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Terminal 1 serves both international and regional flights. Terminal 2 only serves regional flights. [5]The former Air Guadeloupe had its head office at the airport.[6]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22PTP%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at PTP airport.\nSee Wikidata query.Annual passenger traffic (enplaned + deplaned), 2000 - 2023[9]10 busiest routes from Guadeloupe Pôle Caraîbes Airport in 2020","title":"Statistics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Aerial view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Guadeloupe_Airport.JPG/220px-Guadeloupe_Airport.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Air France, un acteur régional majeur dans la Caraïbe, Septembre 2013\" (PDF). Corporate.airfrance.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808033352/http://corporate.airfrance.com/fileadmin/dossiers/documents/dossiers_de_presse/Air_France_un_acteur_regional_majeur_dans_la_Caraibe.pdf","url_text":"\"Air France, un acteur régional majeur dans la Caraïbe, Septembre 2013\""},{"url":"http://corporate.airfrance.com/fileadmin/dossiers/documents/dossiers_de_presse/Air_France_un_acteur_regional_majeur_dans_la_Caraibe.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guadeloupe Airport Terminals\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guadeloupe-airport.com/terminals.php","url_text":"\"Guadeloupe Airport Terminals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winter 2022: Air France increases frequencies to Lapland and renews its Pointe-à-Pitre – Montreal route | Air France - Corporate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://corporate.airfrance.com/en/news/winter-2022-air-france-increases-frequencies-lapland-and-renews-its-pointe-pitre-montreal-route","url_text":"\"Winter 2022: Air France increases frequencies to Lapland and renews its Pointe-à-Pitre – Montreal route | Air France - Corporate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air France-KLM NW23 Intercontinental Network Adjustments – 30OCT23\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231030-afklnw23inc","url_text":"\"Air France-KLM NW23 Intercontinental Network Adjustments – 30OCT23\""}]},{"reference":"\"GUADELOUPE AIRPORT - CARIBBEAN POLE\". www.aeroport.fr. Union des Aéroports Français. Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroport.fr/view-statistiques/guadeloupe-pole-caraibes","url_text":"\"GUADELOUPE AIRPORT - CARIBBEAN POLE\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Cuban_parliamentary_election
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1932 Cuban parliamentary election
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["1 Results","2 References"]
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Politics of Cuba
Constitution
Law
Communist Party
8th term
Congress
Rules
Central Committee (8th)
First Secretary
Miguel Díaz-Canel
Second Secretary
José Ramón Machado Ventura
Politburo (8th)
Secretariat (8th)
National Assembly
9th term
President
Esteban Lazo Hernández
Vice President
Ana María Marí Machado
Secretary
Homero Acosta Álvarez
Council of State (9th)
President
Esteban Lazo Hernández
Vice President
Ana María Marí Machado
Secretary
Homero Acosta Álvarez
Presidency (9th)
President (list)
Miguel Díaz-Canel
Vice President
Salvador Valdés Mesa
Council of Ministers (9th—list)
Prime Minister (list)
Manuel Marrero Cruz
Deputy Prime Minister
Ramiro Valdés Menendéz
Jorge Luis Perdomo Di-Lella
Jorge Luis Tapia Fonseca
Inés María Chapman Waugh
Ricardo Cabrisas Ruiz
Alejandro Gil Fernández
Secretary
José Amado Ricardo Guerra
Judiciary
People's Supreme Court (9th)
President
Ruben Remigio Ferro
Vice President
Maricela Sosa Ravelo
Farah Saucedo Perez
Yamir Rodriguez Tamayo
Filiberto Caballero Tamayo
Office of the Attorney General (9th)
Attorney General
Yamila Peña Ojeda
Office of the Comptroller General (9th)
Comptroller General
Gladys María Bejerano Portela
Elections and referendums
Recent elections
Parliamentary: 20182023
Referendums: 20192022
Administrative divisions
Provinces
Municipalities
Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
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Minister: Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla
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Related topics
Human rights
LGBT rights
Foreign interventions
Internationalism: MilitaryMedical
Cuba portal
Other countries
vte
Mid-term parliamentary elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1932 in order to fill half the seats in the House of Representatives. The Liberal Party was the biggest winner, taking 35 of the 69 seats.
Results
PartySeatsLiberal Party of Cuba35National Conservative Party25Cuban Popular Party9Total69Source: Nohlen
References
^ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p203 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
vte Elections and referendums in CubaParliamentary elections
1901
1904
1905
1908
1910
1912
1914
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1918
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1922
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1926
1930
1932
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1944
1946
1948
1950
1954
1956
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1976
1981
1986
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1998
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Presidential elections
1901
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1948
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Provincial elections
1908
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Abolished
Municipal elections
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1989
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1976
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Clausewitz
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Carl von Clausewitz
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["1 Name","2 Life and military career","3 Theory of war","3.1 Principal ideas","4 Interpretation and misinterpretation","5 Influence","5.1 Late 20th and early 21st century","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","8.1 Primary sources (including translations)","9 External links"]
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Prussian general and military theorist (1780–1831)
"Clausewitz" redirects here. For the part of defence of Berlin during World War II, see Operation Clausewitz. For the Paradox computer strategy games engine, see Clausewitz Engine.
Carl von ClausewitzCarl von Clausewitz, while in Prussian service, painted by Wilhelm Wach in early 1830s.Birth nameCarl Philipp Gottfried von ClausewitzBorn(1780-07-01)1 July 1780Burg bei Magdeburg, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman EmpireDied16 November 1831(1831-11-16) (aged 51)Breslau, Province of Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia (present-day Wrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)AllegiancePrussiaRussian Empire (1812–1813)Service/branchPrussian ArmyYears of service1792–1831RankMajor generalUnitRussian–German Legion (III Corps)Commands heldKriegsakademieBattles/wars
French Revolutionary Wars
Siege of Mainz
Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Borodino
Battle of Ligny
Battle of Wavre
Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz (German pronunciation: ⓘ; 1 July 1780 – 16 November 1831) was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" (in modern terms meaning psychological) and political aspects of waging war. His most notable work, Vom Kriege ("On War"), though unfinished at his death, is considered a seminal treatise on military strategy and science.
Clausewitz stressed the multiplex interaction of diverse factors in war, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the "fog of war" (i.e., in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often erroneous information and great fear, doubt, and excitement) call for rapid decisions by alert commanders. He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience. In contrast to the early work of Antoine-Henri Jomini, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs. Clausewitz had many aphorisms, of which the most famous is "War is the continuation of policy with other means." (often misquoted as "... by other means").: 87
Name
Clausewitz's Christian names are sometimes given in non-German sources as "Karl", "Carl Philipp Gottlieb", or "Carl Maria". He spelled his own given name with a "C" in order to identify with the classical Western tradition; writers who use "Karl" are often seeking to emphasize their German (rather than European) identity. "Carl Philipp Gottfried" appears on Clausewitz's tombstone. Nonetheless, sources such as military historian Peter Paret and Encyclopædia Britannica continue to use Gottlieb instead of Gottfried.
Life and military career
Clausewitz was born on 1 July 1780 in Burg bei Magdeburg in the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg as the fourth and youngest son of a family that made claims to a noble status which Carl accepted. Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia, though scholars question the connection. His grandfather, the son of a Lutheran pastor, had been a professor of theology. Clausewitz's father, once a lieutenant in the army of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, held a minor post in the Prussian internal-revenue service. Clausewitz entered the Prussian military service at the age of twelve as a lance corporal, eventually attaining the rank of major general.
Clausewitz served in the Rhine campaigns (1793–1794) including the siege of Mainz, when the Prussian Army invaded France during the French Revolution, and fought in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815. He entered the Kriegsakademie (also cited as "The German War School", the "Military Academy in Berlin", and the "Prussian Military Academy," later the "War College") in Berlin in 1801 (aged 21), probably studied the writings of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and/or Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schleiermacher and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief-of-staff of the newly reformed Prussian Army (appointed 1809). Clausewitz, Hermann von Boyen (1771–1848) and Karl von Grolman (1777–1843) were among Scharnhorst's primary allies in his efforts to reform the Prussian army between 1807 and 1814.
Clausewitz served during the Jena Campaign as aide-de-camp to Prince August. At the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October 1806—when Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the Prussian-Saxon army commanded by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick—he was captured, one of the 25,000 prisoners taken that day as the Prussian army disintegrated. He was 26. Clausewitz was held prisoner with his prince in France from 1807 to 1808. Returning to Prussia, he assisted in the reform of the Prussian army and state. Johann Gottlieb Fichte wrote On Machiavelli, as an Author, and Passages from His Writings in June 1807. ("Über Machiavell, als Schriftsteller, und Stellen aus seinen Schriften" ). Carl Clausewitz wrote an interesting and anonymous Letter to Fichte (1809) about his book on Machiavelli. The letter was published in Fichte's Verstreute kleine Schriften 157–166. For an English translation of the letter see Carl von Clausewitz Historical and Political Writings Edited by: Peter Paret and D. Moran (1992).
Marie von Clausewitz (née, Countess von Brühl)
On 10 December 1810, he married the socially prominent Countess Marie von Brühl, whom he had first met in 1803. She was a member of the noble German Brühl family originating in Thuringia. The couple moved in the highest circles, socialising with Berlin's political, literary, and intellectual élite. Marie was well-educated and politically well-connected—she played an important role in her husband's career progress and intellectual evolution. She also edited, published, and introduced his collected works.
Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon, Clausewitz left the Prussian army and served in the Imperial Russian Army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian campaign, taking part in the Battle of Borodino (1812). Like many Prussian officers serving in Russia, he joined the Russian–German Legion in 1813. In the service of the Russian Empire, Clausewitz helped negotiate the Convention of Tauroggen (1812), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies.
In 1815 the Russian-German Legion became integrated into the Prussian Army and Clausewitz re-entered Prussian service as a colonel. He was soon appointed chief-of-staff of Johann von Thielmann's III Corps. In that capacity he served at the Battle of Ligny and the Battle of Wavre during the Waterloo campaign in 1815. An army led personally by Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Ligny (south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo) on 16 June 1815, but they withdrew in good order. Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), when the Prussian forces arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch-Belgian forces pressing his front. Napoleon had convinced his troops that the field grey uniforms were those of Marshal Grouchy's grenadiers. Clausewitz's unit fought heavily outnumbered at Wavre (18–19 June 1815), preventing large reinforcements from reaching Napoleon at Waterloo. After the war, Clausewitz served as the director of the Kriegsakademie, where he served until 1830. In that year he returned to active duty with the army. Soon afterward, the outbreak of several revolutions around Europe and a crisis in Poland appeared to presage another major European war. Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilise in this emergency, which was sent to the Polish border. Its commander, Gneisenau, died of cholera (August 1831), and Clausewitz took command of the Prussian army's efforts to construct a cordon sanitaire to contain the great cholera outbreak (the first time cholera had appeared in modern heartland Europe, causing a continent-wide panic). Clausewitz himself died of the same disease shortly afterwards, on 16 November 1831.
His widow edited, published, and wrote the introduction to his magnum opus on the philosophy of war in 1832. (He had started working on the text in 1816 but had not completed it.) She wrote the preface for On War and had published most of his collected works by 1835. She died in January 1836.
Theory of war
Clausewitz was a professional combat soldier who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, utilising the campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoleon as frames of reference for his work. He wrote a careful, systematic, philosophical examination of war in all its aspects. The result was his principal book, On War, a major work on the philosophy of war. It was unfinished when Clausewitz died and contains material written at different stages in his intellectual evolution, producing some significant contradictions between different sections. The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate as to the exact meaning behind some seemingly contradictory observations in discussions pertinent to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war, for example (though many of these apparent contradictions are simply the result of his dialectical method). Clausewitz constantly sought to revise the text, particularly between 1827 and his departure on his last field assignments, to include more material on "people's war" and forms of war other than high-intensity warfare between states, but relatively little of this material was included in the book. Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Leo Tolstoy, both of whom were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.
Clausewitz's work is still studied today, demonstrating its continued relevance. More than sixteen major English-language books that focused specifically on his work were published between 2005 and 2014, whereas his 19th-century rival Jomini has faded from influence. The historian Lynn Montross said that this outcome "may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy. The one has been outdated by new weapons, the other still influences the strategy behind those weapons." Jomini did not attempt to define war but Clausewitz did, providing (and dialectically comparing) a number of definitions. The first is his dialectical thesis: "War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will." The second, often treated as Clausewitz's 'bottom line,' is in fact merely his dialectical antithesis: "War is merely the continuation of policy with other means." The synthesis of his dialectical examination of the nature of war is his famous "trinity," saying that war is "a fascinating trinity—composed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force; the play of chance and probability, within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason." Christopher Bassford says the best shorthand for Clausewitz's trinity should be something like "violent emotion/chance/rational calculation." However, it is frequently presented as "people/army/government," a misunderstanding based on a later paragraph in the same section. This misrepresentation was popularised by U.S. Army Colonel Harry Summers' Vietnam-era interpretation, facilitated by weaknesses in the 1976 Howard/Paret translation.
The degree to which Clausewitz managed to revise his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate. His final reference to war and Politik, however, goes beyond his widely quoted antithesis: "War is simply the continuation of political intercourse with the addition of other means. We deliberately use the phrase 'with the addition of other means' because we also want to make it clear that war in itself does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different. In essentials that intercourse continues, irrespective of the means it employs. The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continue throughout the war into the subsequent peace."
A prince or general who knows exactly how to organise his war according to his object and means, who does neither too little nor too much, gives by that the greatest proof of his genius. But the effects of this talent are exhibited not so much by the invention of new modes of action, which might strike the eye immediately, as in the successful final result of the whole. It is the exact fulfilment of silent suppositions, it is the noiseless harmony of the whole action which we should admire, and which only makes itself known in the total result.— Clausewitz, On War, Book III, Chapter 1: Vol. I pgs. 85–86
Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning. He relied on his own experiences, contemporary writings about Napoleon, and on deep historical research. His historiographical approach is evident in his first extended study, written when he was 25, of the Thirty Years' War. He rejects the Enlightenment's view of the war as a chaotic muddle and instead explains its drawn-out operations by the economy and technology of the age, the social characteristics of the troops, and the commanders' politics and psychology. In On War, Clausewitz sees all wars as the sum of decisions, actions, and reactions in an uncertain and dangerous context, and also as a socio-political phenomenon. He also stressed the complex nature of war, which encompasses both the socio-political and the operational and stresses the primacy of state policy. (One should be careful not to limit his observations on war to war between states, however, as he certainly discusses other kinds of protagonists).: viii
The word "strategy" had only recently come into usage in modern Europe, and Clausewitz's definition is quite narrow: "the use of engagements for the object of war" (which many today would call "the operational level" of war). Clausewitz conceived of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which might—depending on circumstances—involve the entire population of a political entity at war. In any case, Clausewitz saw military force as an instrument that states and other political actors use to pursue the ends of their policy, in a dialectic between opposing wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy.
Clausewitz's emphasis on the inherent superiority of the defense suggests that habitual aggressors are likely to end up as failures. The inherent superiority of the defense obviously does not mean that the defender will always win, however: there are other asymmetries to be considered. He was interested in co-operation between the regular army and militia or partisan forces, or citizen soldiers, as one possible—sometimes the only—method of defense. In the circumstances of the Wars of the French Revolution and those with Napoleon, which were energised by a rising spirit of nationalism, he emphasised the need for states to involve their entire populations in the conduct of war. This point is especially important, as these wars demonstrated that such energies could be of decisive importance and for a time led to a democratisation of the armed forces much as universal suffrage democratised politics.
While Clausewitz was intensely aware of the value of intelligence at all levels, he was also very skeptical of the accuracy of much military intelligence: "Many intelligence reports in war are contradictory; even more are false, and most are uncertain.... In short, most intelligence is false.": Vol. I p. 38 This circumstance is generally described as part of the fog of war. Such skeptical comments apply only to intelligence at the tactical and operational levels; at the strategic and political levels he constantly stressed the requirement for the best possible understanding of what today would be called strategic and political intelligence. His conclusions were influenced by his experiences in the Prussian Army, which was often in an intelligence fog due partly to the superior abilities of Napoleon's system but even more simply to the nature of war. Clausewitz acknowledges that friction creates enormous difficulties for the realization of any plan, and the fog of war hinders commanders from knowing what is happening. It is precisely in the context of this challenge that he develops the concept of military genius, whose capabilities are seen above all in the execution of operations. 'Military genius' is not simply a matter of intellect, but a combination of qualities of intellect, experience, personality, and temperament (and there are many possible such combinations) that create a very highly developed mental aptitude for the waging of war.
Principal ideas
Clausewitz as a young man
Key ideas discussed in On War include:
the dialectical approach to military analysis
the methods of "critical analysis"
the economic profit-seeking logic of commercial enterprise is equally applicable to the waging of war and negotiating for peace
the nature of the balance-of-power mechanism
the relationship between political objectives and military objectives in war
the asymmetrical relationship between attack and defense
the nature of "military genius" (involving matters of personality and character, beyond intellect)
the "fascinating trinity" (wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit) of war
philosophical distinctions between "absolute war," "ideal war," and "real war"
in "real war," the distinctive poles of a) limited objectives (political and/or military) and b) war to "render the enemy helpless"
the idea that war and its conduct belong fundamentally to the social realm rather than to the realms of art or science
"strategy" belongs primarily to the realm of art, but is constrained by quantitative analyses of political benefits versus military costs & losses
"tactics" belongs primarily to the realm of science (most obvious in the development of siege warfare)
the importance of "moral forces" (more than simply "morale") as opposed to quantifiable physical elements
the "military virtues" of professional armies (which do not necessarily trump the rather different virtues of other kinds of fighting forces)
conversely, the very real effects of a superiority in numbers and "mass"
the essential unpredictability of war
the "fog of war"
"friction" – the disparity between the ideal performance of units, organisations or systems and their actual performance in real-world scenarios (Book I, Chapter VII)
strategic and operational "centers of gravity"
the "culminating point of the offensive"
the "culminating point of victory"
Interpretation and misinterpretation
Clausewitz used a dialectical method to construct his argument, leading to frequent misinterpretation of his ideas. British military theorist B. H. Liddell Hart contends that the enthusiastic acceptance by the Prussian military establishment—especially Moltke the Elder, a former student of Clausewitz —of what they believed to be Clausewitz's ideas, and the subsequent widespread adoption of the Prussian military system worldwide, had a deleterious effect on military theory and practice, due to their egregious misinterpretation of his ideas:
As so often happens, Clausewitz's disciples carried his teaching to an extreme which their master had not intended.... theory of war was expounded in a way too abstract and involved for ordinary soldier-minds, essentially concrete, to follow the course of his argument—which often turned back from the direction in which it was apparently leading. Impressed yet befogged, they grasped at his vivid leading phrases, seeing only their surface meaning, and missing the deeper current of his thought.
As described by Christopher Bassford, then-professor of strategy at the National War College of the United States:
One of the main sources of confusion about Clausewitz's approach lies in his dialectical method of presentation. For example, Clausewitz's famous line that "War is the continuation of policy with other means," ("Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln") while accurate as far as it goes, was not intended as a statement of fact. It is the antithesis in a dialectical argument whose thesis is the point—made earlier in the analysis—that "war is nothing but a duel on a larger scale." His synthesis, which resolves the deficiencies of these two bold statements, says that war is neither "nothing but" an act of brute force nor "merely" a rational act of politics or policy. This synthesis lies in his "fascinating trinity" : a dynamic, inherently unstable interaction of the forces of violent emotion, chance, and rational calculation.
Another example of this confusion is the idea that Clausewitz was a proponent of total war as used in the Third Reich's propaganda in the 1940s. In fact, Clausewitz never used the term "total war": rather, he discussed "absolute war," a concept which evolved into the much more abstract notion of "ideal war" discussed at the very beginning of Vom Kriege—the purely logical result of the forces underlying a "pure," Platonic "ideal" of war. In what he called a "logical fantasy," war cannot be waged in a limited way: the rules of competition will force participants to use all means at their disposal to achieve victory. But in the real world, he said, such rigid logic is unrealistic and dangerous. As a practical matter, the military objectives in real war that support political objectives generally fall into two broad types: limited aims or the effective "disarming" of the enemy "to render politically helpless or militarily impotent. Thus, the complete defeat of the enemy may not be necessary, desirable, or even possible.
In modern times the reconstruction of Clausewitzian theory has been a matter of much dispute. One analysis was that of Panagiotis Kondylis, a Greek writer and philosopher, who opposed the interpretations of Raymond Aron in Penser la Guerre, Clausewitz, and other liberal writers. According to Aron, Clausewitz was one of the first writers to condemn the militarism of the Prussian general staff and its war-proneness, based on Clausewitz's argument that "war is a continuation of policy by other means." In Theory of War, Kondylis claims that this is inconsistent with Clausewitzian thought. He claims that Clausewitz was morally indifferent to war (though this probably reflects a lack of familiarity with personal letters from Clausewitz, which demonstrate an acute awareness of war's tragic aspects) and that his advice regarding politics' dominance over the conduct of war has nothing to do with pacifist ideas.
Other notable writers who have studied Clausewitz's texts and translated them into English are historians Peter Paret of the Institute for Advanced Study and Sir Michael Howard. Howard and Paret edited the most widely used edition of On War (Princeton University Press, 1976/1984) and have produced comparative studies of Clausewitz and other theorists, such as Tolstoy. Bernard Brodie's A Guide to the Reading of "On War," in the 1976 Princeton translation, expressed his interpretations of the Prussian's theories and provided students with an influential synopsis of this vital work. The 1873 translation by Colonel James John Graham was heavily—and controversially—edited by the philosopher, musician, and game theorist Anatol Rapoport.
The British military historian John Keegan attacked Clausewitz's theory in his book A History of Warfare. Keegan argued that Clausewitz assumed the existence of states, yet 'war antedates the state, diplomacy and strategy by many millennia.'
Influence
Clausewitz died without completing Vom Kriege, but despite this his ideas have been widely influential in military theory and have had a strong influence on German military thought specifically. Later Prussian and German generals, such as Helmuth Graf von Moltke, were clearly influenced by Clausewitz: Moltke's widely quoted statement that "No operational plan extends with high certainty beyond the first encounter with the main enemy force" is a classic reflection of Clausewitz's insistence on the roles of chance, friction, "fog," uncertainty, and interactivity in war.: 20–21
Clausewitz's influence spread to British thinking as well, though at first more as a historian and analyst than as a theorist. See for example Wellington's extended essay discussing Clausewitz's study of the Campaign of 1815—Wellington's only serious written discussion of the battle, which was widely discussed in 19th-century Britain. Clausewitz's broader thinking came to the fore following Britain's military embarrassments in the Boer War (1899–1902). One example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era is Spenser Wilkinson, journalist, the first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, and perhaps the most prominent military analyst in Britain from c. 1885 until well into the interwar period. Another is naval historian Julian Corbett (1854–1922), whose work reflected a deep if idiosyncratic adherence to Clausewitz's concepts and frequently an emphasis on Clausewitz's ideas about 'limited objectives' and the inherent strengths of the defensive form of war. Corbett's practical strategic views were often in prominent public conflict with Wilkinson's—see, for example, Wilkinson's article "Strategy at Sea", The Morning Post, 12 February 1912. Following the First World War, however, the influential British military commentator B. H. Liddell Hart in the 1920s erroneously attributed to him the doctrine of "total war" that during the First World War had been embraced by many European general staffs and emulated by the British. More recent scholars typically see that war as so confused in terms of political rationale that it in fact contradicts much of On War. That view assumes, however, a set of values as to what constitutes "rational" political objectives—in this case, values not shaped by the fervid Social Darwinism that was rife in 1914 Europe. One of the most influential British Clausewitzians today is Colin S. Gray; historian Hew Strachan (like Wilkinson also the Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, since 2001) has been an energetic proponent of the study of Clausewitz, but his own views on Clausewitz's ideas are somewhat ambivalent.
With some interesting exceptions (e.g., John McAuley Palmer, Robert M. Johnston, Hoffman Nickerson), Clausewitz had little influence on American military thought before 1945 other than via British writers, though Generals Eisenhower and Patton were avid readers of English translations. He did influence Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, : 233–260 Võ Nguyên Giáp, Ferdinand Foch, and Mao Zedong, and thus the Communist Soviet and Chinese traditions, as Lenin emphasized the inevitability of wars among capitalist states in the age of imperialism and presented the armed struggle of the working class as the only path toward the eventual elimination of war. Because Lenin was an admirer of Clausewitz and called him "one of the great military writers," his influence on the Red Army was immense. The Russian historian A.N. Mertsalov commented that "It was an irony of fate that the view in the USSR was that it was Lenin who shaped the attitude towards Clausewitz, and that Lenin's dictum that war is a continuation of politics is taken from the work of this anti-humanist anti-revolutionary." The American mathematician Anatol Rapoport wrote in 1968 that Clausewitz as interpreted by Lenin formed the basis of all Soviet military thinking since 1917, and quoted the remarks by Marshal V.D. Sokolovsky:
In describing the essence of war, Marxism-Leninism takes as its point of departure the premise that war is not an aim in itself, but rather a tool of politics. In his remarks on Clausewitz's On War, Lenin stressed that "Politics is the reason, and war is only the tool, not the other way around. Consequently, it remains only to subordinate the military point of view to the political.": 37
Henry A. Kissinger, however, described Lenin's approach as being that politics is a continuation of war by other means, thus turning Clausewitz's argument "on its head.": 198
Rapoport argued that:
As for Lenin's approval of Clausewitz, it probably stems from his obsession with the struggle for power. The whole Marxist conception of history is that of successive struggles for power, primarily between social classes. This was constantly applied by Lenin in a variety of contexts. Thus the entire history of philosophy appears in Lenin's writings as a vast struggle between "idealism" and "materialism." The fate of the socialist movement was to be decided by a struggle between the revolutionists and the reformers. Clausewitz's acceptance of the struggle for power as the essence of international politics must have impressed Lenin as starkly realistic.: 37–38
Clausewitz directly influenced Mao Zedong, who read On War in 1938 and organised a seminar on Clausewitz for the Party leadership in Yan'an. Thus the "Clausewitzian" content in many of Mao's writings is not merely a regurgitation of Lenin but reflects Mao's own study. The idea that war involves inherent "friction" that distorts, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements, has become common currency in fields such as business strategy and sport. The phrase fog of war derives from Clausewitz's stress on how confused warfare can seem while one is immersed within it. The term center of gravity, used in a military context derives from Clausewitz's usage, which he took from Newtonian mechanics. In U.S. military doctrine, "center of gravity" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at the operational, strategic, or political level, though this is only one aspect of Clausewitz's use of the term.
Late 20th and early 21st century
The deterrence strategy of the United States in the 1950s was closely inspired by President Dwight Eisenhower's reading of Clausewitz as a young officer in the 1920s. Eisenhower was greatly impressed by Clausewitz's example of a theoretical, idealized "absolute war" in Vom Kriege as a way of demonstrating how absurd it would be to attempt such a strategy in practice. For Eisenhower, the age of nuclear weapons had made what was for Clausewitz in the early-19th century only a theoretical vision an all too real possibility in the mid-20th century. From Eisenhower's viewpoint, the best deterrent to war was to show the world just how appalling and horrific a nuclear "absolute war" would be if it should ever occur, hence a series of much-publicized nuclear tests in the Pacific, giving first priority in the defense budget to nuclear weapons and to their delivery-systems over conventional weapons, and making repeated statements in public that the United States was able and willing at all times to use nuclear weapons. In this way, through the massive retaliation doctrine and the closely related foreign-policy concept of brinkmanship, Eisenhower hoped to hold out a credible vision of Clausewitzian nuclear "absolute war" in order to deter the Soviet Union and/or China from ever risking a war or even conditions that might lead to a war with the United States.
...Philanthropists may easily imagine there is a skillful method of disarming and overcoming an enemy without causing great bloodshed, and that this is the proper tendency of the art of War. However plausible this may appear, still it is an error which must be extirpated; for in such dangerous things as war, the errors which proceed from a spirit of benevolence are just the worst. As the use of physical power to the utmost extent by no means excludes the co-operation of the intelligence, it follows that he who uses force unsparingly, without reference to the quantity of bloodshed, must obtain a superiority if his adversary does not act likewise. By such means the former dictates the law to the latter, and both proceed to extremities, to which the only limitations are those imposed by the amount of counteracting force on each side.— Clausewitz, On War, Book I, Chapter 1: Vol. I, pp. 1–2
After 1970, some theorists claimed that nuclear proliferation made Clausewitzian concepts obsolete after the 20th-century period in which they dominated the world. John E. Sheppard, Jr., argues that by developing nuclear weapons, state-based conventional armies simultaneously both perfected their original purpose, to destroy a mirror image of themselves, and made themselves obsolete. No two powers have used nuclear weapons against each other, instead using diplomacy, conventional means, or proxy wars to settle disputes. If such a conflict did occur, presumably both combatants would be annihilated. Heavily influenced by the war in Vietnam and by antipathy to American strategist Henry Kissinger, the American biologist, musician, and game-theorist Anatol Rapoport argued in 1968 that a Clausewitzian view of war was not only obsolete in the age of nuclear weapons, but also highly dangerous as it promoted a "zero-sum paradigm" to international relations and a "dissolution of rationality" amongst decision-makers.: 73–77
The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century have seen many instances of state armies attempting to suppress insurgencies and terrorism, and engaging in other forms of asymmetrical warfare. Clausewitz did not focus solely on wars between countries with well-defined armies. The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by "non-state actors" - witness the wars in the French Vendée and in Spain. Clausewitz wrote a series of "Lectures on Small War" and studied the rebellion in the Vendée (1793–1796) and the Tyrolean uprising of 1809. In his famous "Bekenntnisdenkschrift" of 1812 he called for a "Spanish war in Germany" and laid out a comprehensive guerrilla strategy to be waged against Napoleon. In On War he included a famous chapter on "The People in Arms".
One prominent critic of Clausewitz is the Israeli military historian Martin van Creveld. In his 1991 book The Transformation of War, Creveld argued that Clausewitz's famous "Trinity" of people, army, and government was an obsolete socio-political construct based on the state, which was rapidly passing from the scene as the key player in war, and that he (Creveld) had constructed a new "non-trinitarian" model for modern warfare. Creveld's work has had great influence. Daniel Moran replied, 'The most egregious misrepresentation of Clausewitz's famous metaphor must be that of Martin van Creveld, who has declared Clausewitz to be an apostle of Trinitarian War, by which he means, incomprehensibly, a war of 'state against state and army against army,' from which the influence of the people is entirely excluded." Christopher Bassford went further, noting that one need only read the paragraph in which Clausewitz defined his Trinity to see "that the words 'people,' 'army,' and 'government' appear nowhere at all in the list of the Trinity's components.... Creveld's and Keegan's assault on Clausewitz's Trinity is not only a classic 'blow into the air,' i.e., an assault on a position Clausewitz doesn't occupy. It is also a pointless attack on a concept that is quite useful in its own right. In any case, their failure to read the actual wording of the theory they so vociferously attack, and to grasp its deep relevance to the phenomena they describe, is hard to credit."
Some have gone further and suggested that Clausewitz's best-known aphorism, that war is a continuation of policy with other means, is not only irrelevant today but also inapplicable historically. For an opposing view see the sixteen essays presented in Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century edited by Hew Strachan and Andreas Herberg-Rothe.
In military academies, schools, and universities worldwide, Clausewitz's Vom Kriege is often (usually in translation) mandatory reading.
Some theorists of management look to Clausewitz - just as some look to Sun Tzu - to bolster ideas on the concept of leadership.
See also
August Otto Rühle von Lilienstern – Prussian officer from whom Clausewitz allegedly took, without acknowledgement, several important ideas (including that about war as pursuing political aims) made famous in On War. However, substantial basis for assuming common influences exist, most prominently Scharnhorst, who was Clausewitz's "second father" and professional mentor. This provokes skepticism of the claim the ideas were plagiarized from Lilienstern.
Famous military writers
Niccolò Machiavelli – The Prince
Antoine-Henri Jomini
B.H. Liddell Hart
Sun Tzu
Maurice de Saxe
Absolute war
Operation Clausewitz
Philosophy of war
Principles of War
Strategic studies
U.S. Army Strategist
References
Informational notes
^ In German personal names, von is a preposition which approximately means of or from and usually denotes some sort of nobility. While von (always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by his last name, use Schiller, Clausewitz or Goethe, not von Schiller, etc.
^ "he great uncertainty of all data in war is a peculiar difficulty, because all action must, to a certain extent, be planned in a mere twilight, which in addition not unfrequently—like the effect of a fog or moonshine—gives to things exaggerated dimensions and an unnatural appearance.": Vol. I p. 54
^ "As the centre of gravity is always situated where the greatest mass of matter is collected, and as a shock against the center of gravity of a body always produces the greatest effect, and further, as the most effective blow is struck with the center of gravity of the power used, so it is also in war. The armed forces of every belligerent, whether of a single state or of an alliance of states, have a certain unity, and in that way, connection; but where connection is there come in analogies of the center of gravity. There are, therefore, in these armed forces certain centers of gravity, the movement and direction of which decide upon other points, and these centers of gravity are situated where the greatest bodies of troops are assembled. But just as, in the world of inert matter, the action against the center of gravity has its measure and limits in the connection of the parts, so it is in war, and here as well as there the force exerted may easily be greater than the resistance requires, and then there is a blow in the air, a waste of force.": Vol. II p. 180
Citations
^ Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016). "Clausewitz and His Works". Clausewitz.com. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
^ Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) . Howard, Michael; Paret, Peter (eds.). On War (Indexed ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-691-01854-6.
^ Holmes, James R. "Everything You Know About Clausewitz Is Wrong". thediplomat.com.
^ "Clausewitz's tombstone". Clausewitz.com. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
^ "Carl von Clausewitz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 February 2024.
^ Aron, Raymond (1983). Clausewitz: Philosopher of War. Taylor & Francis. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0710090096.
^ a b c d e Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016). "Clausewitz and His Works". Clausewitz.com. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
^ Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova. Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman Behind the Making of On War. New York/London: Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-022543-8
^ a b Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova (January 6, 2016). "Five Things You Didn't Know About Carl von Clausewitz". Real Clear Defense. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ See Timothy McCranor, "On the Pedagogical Intent of Clausewitz's On War", MCU Journal vol. 9, no. 1, Spring 2018, pp.133-154.
^ a b Smith, Rupert, The Utility of Force, Penguin Books, 2006, p. 57; Paul Donker, "The Evolution of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece," trans. Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019.
^ Paret, Peter (2012). "Clausewitz and Schlieffen as Interpreters of Frederick the Great: Three Phases in the History of Grand Strategy". Journal of Military History. 76 (3): 837–845.
^ Lynn Montross, War Through the Ages (2nd ed. 1946) p. 583.
^ Carl von Clausewitz, On War, originally Vom Kriege (3 vols., Berlin: 1832–34). The edition cited here was edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1984, pp. 75, 87, 89, 605.
^ Summers, Harry G., Jr. On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982).
^ Bassford, Christopher (2007). "The Primacy of Policy and the "Trinity" in Clausewitz's Mature Thought.". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.). Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–90.
^ Evan Luard, ed. (2016). Basic Texts in International Relations: The Evolution of Ideas about International Society. Springer. p. 244. ISBN 978-1349221073.
^ a b c d e von Clausewitz, Carl (1873) . On War . Translated by Graham, J.J. London: N. Trübner & Co.
^ Paret, Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times
^ Heuser, Beatrice (2007). "Clausewitz' Ideas of Strategy and Victory". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.). Clausewitz in the 21st Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–163.
^ Handel, Michael I. (1986). Clausewitz and Modern Strategy. Psychology Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0714632940.
^ Shepherd III, Frederick L. (2014). The Fog Of War: Effects Of Uncertainty On Airpower Employment. Pickle Partners. p. 9. ISBN 978-1782896807.
^ This list is from "Frequently Asked Questions about Clausewitz," ClausewitzStudies.org, edited by Christopher Bassford.
^ a b Tip-Toe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare by Christopher Bassford
^ Moltke, Helmuth (1892). Moltke: His Life and His Character: Sketched in Journals, Letters, Memoirs, a Novel, and Autobiographical Notes. Translated by Herms, Mary. New York: Harper & Brothers Franklin Square. p. 35.
^ Liddell Hart, B. H. Strategy London:Faber, 1967. Second rev. ed.
^ Bassford, Christopher (15 February 2022). "Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'" (PDF). Clausewitz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Brands, Hal; Suri, Jeremi (2015). The Power of the Past: History and Statecraft. Brookings Institution Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0815727132.
^ John Keegan, A History of Warfare, 1993. Second edition 2004, p. 3.
^ a b c Bassford, Christopher (1994). Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945. Oxford UP. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0195083835.
^ Strachan, Hew (2011). "Clausewitz and the First World War". Journal of Military History. 75 (2): 367–391.
^ Cormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) http://www.mqup.ca/war-as-paradox-products-9780773547698.php
^ T. Derbent: Giap et Clausewitz, éditions ADEN, Bruxelles 2006.
^ Shirer, p. 80
^ Kipp, Joseph W. "Lenin and Clausewitz: the Militarization of Marxism, 1914–1921." Military Affairs 1985 49(4): 184–191. ISSN 0026-3931. In JSTOR
^ a b Mertsalov, A.N. "Jomini versus Clausewitz" pp. 11–19 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 p. 16.
^ a b c Rapoport, Anatol "Introduction" pp. 11–82 from On War, London: Penguin, 1968.
^ Zhang, Yuanlin (1999). "Mao Zedongs Bezugnahme auf Clausewitz". Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. 81 (2): 443–471. doi:10.7788/akg.1999.81.2.443. S2CID 183164307.
^ Berkun, Scott (2005). The Art of Project Management. Beijing: OŔeilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00786-7.
^ Joseph W Graham (2002). What the U. S. Military Can Do to Defeat Terrorism. iUniverse. p. 7. ISBN 978-0595222599.
^ Gaddis, John Lewis We Now Know, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 , pp. 233–234.
^ Sheppard, John E. Jr. (September 1990). "On War: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant?". Parameters. 20 (3): 85–99.
^ Reiner Pommerin (2014). Clausewitz Goes Global: Carl von Clausewitz in the 21st century. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 293. ISBN 978-3937885780.
^ Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War: The Most Radical Reinterpretation of Armed Conflict Since Clausewitz (New York: The Free Press, 1991).
^ Daniel Moran, "Clausewitz on Waterloo: Napoleon at Bay", in Carl von Clausewitz and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815, ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Daniel Moran, and Gregory W. Pedlow (Clausewitz.com, 2010), p. 242, n. 11.
^ See for instance John Keegan, A History of Warfare (New York: Knopf, 1993), passim.
^ Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007). Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford. Oxford University Press.
^ Giuseppe Caforio, Social sciences and the military: an interdisciplinary overview (2006) p. 221
^
For example:
Paley, Norton (8 May 2014). Clausewitz Talks Business: An Executive's Guide to Thinking Like a Strategist. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 224. ISBN 9781482220278. Retrieved 29 February 2024. Strategy Guideline 7: Develop Leadership Skills
^
Compare:
Coker, Christopher (15 May 2017). Rebooting Clausewitz: 'On War' in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Oxford University Press. p. xx. ISBN 9780190862749. Retrieved 29 February 2024. Had lived in the twenty-first century he could have expected to have seen his book go into several editions. Perhaps his work would be raided by editors in search of an endless series of quotes. Perhaps while browsing airport bookshops we would find books with titles such as Clausewitz's Six Leadership Lessons .
Further reading
See massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, etc., on The Clausewitz Homepage bibliography section.
Aron, Raymond. Clausewitz: Philosopher of War. (1985). 418 pp. ISBN 0671628267 OCLC 13702496
Bassford, Christopher. Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0195083830 OCLC 27811623
Christopher Bassford, "Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare." Working paper.
Christopher Bassford, "Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War' Archived 2018-04-17 at the Wayback Machine" (Clausewitz.com). This is a 'working paper' first posted in 2016."
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clausewitz, Karl von" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 06 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 467.
Cormier, Youri. "Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics" Journal of Military and Security Studies, Vol 15, No 1 (2013) https://web.archive.org/web/20140729225332/http://jmss.synergiesprairies.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/519
Cormier, Youri (2014). "Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics". The International History Review. 36 (3): 419–442. doi:10.1080/07075332.2013.859166. S2CID 143665195.
Cormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp. 183–232
Dimitriu, George (2018). "Clausewitz and the politics of war: A contemporary theory". Journal of Strategic Studies. 43 (5): 1–41. doi:10.1080/01402390.2018.1529567.
Donker, Paul. "The Evolution of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece." Trans. Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019. Originally "Die Entwicklung von Clausewitz' Vom Kriege: Eine Rekonstruktion auf der Grundlage der früheren Fassungen seines Meisterwerks," in the Clausewitz-Gesellschaft's Jahrbuch2017, pp. 14–39.
Echevarria, Antulio J., II. After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War. (2001). 346 pp. ISBN 0700610715 OCLC 44516530
Echevarria II, Antulio J. (2007). Clausewitz and Contemporary War. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231911.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199231911.
Gat, Azar. The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz (1989) ISBN 0198229488 OCLC 18779344
Handel, Michael I., ed. Clausewitz and Modern Strategy. 1986. 324 pp. ISBN 0714632945 OCLC 13214672
Handel, Michael I. Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought. (2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's On War with Sun Tzu's The Art of War ISBN 0714681326 OCLC 318033033
Heuser, Beatrice. Reading Clausewitz. (2002). 238 pages, ISBN 0-7126-6484-X
Heuser, Beatrice (2010). "Small Wars in the Age of Clausewitz: The Watershed Between Partisan War and People's War". Journal of Strategic Studies. 33: 139–162. doi:10.1080/01402391003603623. S2CID 154880399.
Holmes, Terence M. (2007). "Planning versus Chaos in Clausewitz's On War". Journal of Strategic Studies. 30: 129–151. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.472.9658. doi:10.1080/01402390701210855. S2CID 44042550.
Sir Michael Howard, Clausewitz, 1983 . ISBN 0-192-87608-2 OCLC 8709266
Bassford, Christopher (1994). "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic". War in History. 1 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1177/096834459400100305. S2CID 162660742.
See critique of Keegan's arguments by Christopher Bassford, "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic," War in History, November 1994, pp. 319–336.
Kinross, Stuart (2009). Clausewitz and America. doi:10.4324/9780203089125. ISBN 978-0203089125.
Mieszkowski, Jan (2009). "How to do Things with Clausewitz". The Global South. 3: 18–29. doi:10.2979/GSO.2009.3.1.18. S2CID 143627760.
Mertsalov, A.N. "Jomini versus Clausewitz" pp. 11–19 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, ISBN 0-297-84913-1.
Paret, Peter. Clausewitz in His Time: Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015.
Peter Paret (2010). "Two Historians on Defeat in War and Its Causes". Historically Speaking. 11 (3): 2–8. doi:10.1353/hsp.0.0118. S2CID 162357305.
Paret, Peter. Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
Paret, Peter (2004). "From Ideal to Ambiguity: Johannes von Muller, Clausewitz, and the People in Arms". Journal of the History of Ideas. 65: 101–111. doi:10.1353/jhi.2004.0021. S2CID 143173095.
Rogers, Clifford J. (2002). "Clausewitz, Genius, and the Rules". The Journal of Military History. 66 (4): 1167–1176. doi:10.2307/3093268. JSTOR 3093268.
Paul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz. Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013. ISBN 979-10-91815-01-7 http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf
Rothfels, Hans "Clausewitz" pp. 93–113 from The Makers of Modern Strategy edited by Edward Mead Earle, Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.
Sharma, Vivek Swaroop (2015). "A social theory of war: Clausewitz and war reconsidered". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 28 (3): 327–347. doi:10.1080/09557571.2013.872600. S2CID 144039698.
Smith, Hugh. On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas. (2005). 303 pp.
Stoker, Donald J. Clausewitz: His Life and Work (Oxford UP, 2014) 376 pp. online review; also excerpt
Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007). Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199232024.
Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (2007) excerpt and text search
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (2001). "The Relationship of History and Theory in on War: The Clausewitzian Ideal and Its Implications". The Journal of Military History. 65 (2): 333–354. doi:10.2307/2677163. JSTOR 2677163.
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2008. ISBN 978-0700616169 OCLC 213765799
Villacres, Edward J. and Bassford, Christopher. "Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity". Parameters, Autumn 95, pp. 9–19,
Wallach, Jehuda L. The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars. (1986).
Waldman, Thomas (2012). "Clausewitz and the Study of War". Defence Studies. 13 (3): 345–374. doi:10.1080/14702436.2012.703843. ISSN 1470-2436. S2CID 153486360.
Primary sources (including translations)
Clausewitz, Carl von. Historical and Political Writings, ed. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (1992).
Clausewitz, Carl von. Vom Kriege. Berlin: Dümmlers Verlag, 1832.
Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) . Howard, Michael; Paret, Peter (eds.). On War (trans. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05657-9.
Clausewitz, Carl von. On War, abridged version translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, edited with an introduction by Beatrice Heuser Oxford World's Classics (Oxford University Press, 2007) ISBN 978-0-19-954002-0
Clausewitz, Carl von. Principles of War. Translated by Hans Gatske. The Military Service Publishing Company, 1942. Originally "Die wichtigsten Grundsätze des Kriegführens zur Ergänzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen" (written 1812).
Clausewitz, Carl von. Col. J. J. Graham, translator. Vom Kriege. On War – Volume 1, Project Gutenberg eBook. The full text of the 1873 English translation can be seen in parallel with the original German text at Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation) Archived 2018-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation) Archived 2018-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
Clausewitz, Karl von. On War. Trans. O.J. Matthijs Jolles. New York: Random House, 1943. Though not currently the standard translation, this is increasingly viewed by many Clausewitz scholars as the most precise and accurate English translation.
Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2676-2
Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3025-7 online review
Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3034-9
Clausewitz, Carl von. The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Archived 2020-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. Trans. anonymous , London: John Murray Publishers, 1843. Originally Carl von Clausewitz, Hinterlassene Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz über Krieg und Krieg führung, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832–37, "Der Feldzug von 1812 in Russland" in Vol. 7, Berlin, 1835.
Clausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur (First Duke of Wellington), ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran, On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815. (Clausewitz.com, 2010). This collection of documents includes, in a modern English translation, the whole of Clausewitz's study, The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview (Berlin: 1835). ISBN 1-4537-0150-8. It also includes Wellington's reply to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as two letters by Clausewitz to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.
Clausewitz, Carl von. Two Letters on Strategy. Ed./trans. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. Carlisle: Army War College Foundation, 1984.
External links
Carl von Clausewitz at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource
Mind Map of On War
Clausewitz homepage, large amounts of information.
Corn, Tony. "Clausewitz in Wonderland", Policy Review, September 2006. This is an article hostile to "Clausewitz and the Clausewitzians." See also reply by Clausewitz Homepage, "Clausewitz's self-appointed PR Flack."
Works by Carl von Clausewitz at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Carl von Clausewitz at Internet Archive
Works by Carl von Clausewitz at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
The Influence of Clausewitz on Jomini's Le Précis de l'Art de la Guerre
Two Letters On Strategy, addressed to the Prussian general-staff officer, Major von Roeder, respectively of 22 and 24 December 1827.
Erfourth M. & Bazin, A. (2014). Clausewitz's Military Genius and the #Human Dimension. The Bridge.
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For the part of defence of Berlin during World War II, see Operation Clausewitz. For the Paradox computer strategy games engine, see Clausewitz Engine.Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz[note 1] (German pronunciation: [ˌkaʁl fɔn ˈklaʊ̯zəvɪt͡s] ⓘ; 1 July 1780 – 16 November 1831)[1] was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the \"moral\" (in modern terms meaning psychological) and political aspects of waging war. His most notable work, Vom Kriege (\"On War\"), though unfinished at his death, is considered a seminal treatise on military strategy and science.Clausewitz stressed the multiplex interaction of diverse factors in war, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the \"fog of war\" (i.e., in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often erroneous information and great fear, doubt, and excitement) call for rapid decisions by alert commanders. He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience. In contrast to the early work of Antoine-Henri Jomini, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs. Clausewitz had many aphorisms, of which the most famous is \"War is the continuation of policy with other means.\" (often misquoted as \"... by other means\").[2]: 87 [3][dubious – discuss]","title":"Carl von Clausewitz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Paret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paret"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Clausewitz's Christian names are sometimes given in non-German sources as \"Karl\", \"Carl Philipp Gottlieb\", or \"Carl Maria\". He spelled his own given name with a \"C\" in order to identify with the classical Western tradition; writers who use \"Karl\" are often seeking to emphasize their German (rather than European) identity. \"Carl Philipp Gottfried\" appears on Clausewitz's tombstone.[4] Nonetheless, sources such as military historian Peter Paret and Encyclopædia Britannica continue to use Gottlieb instead of Gottfried.[5]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burg bei Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_bei_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"King of 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Schleiermacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher"},{"link_name":"Gerhard von Scharnhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_von_Scharnhorst"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Boyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Boyen"},{"link_name":"Karl von Grolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Grolman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Ferdinand_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jena-Auerstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt"},{"link_name":"Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClausewitzDotComBio-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marievonclausewitz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess"},{"link_name":"Marie von Brühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_von_Br%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Brühl family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_family"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5_Things-10"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"Russian–German Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93German_Legion"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Convention of Tauroggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClausewitzDotComBio-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Johann von Thielmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Thielmann"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wavre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre"},{"link_name":"Waterloo campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_campaign"},{"link_name":"Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligny"},{"link_name":"Mont-Saint-Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Saint-Jean,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Wavre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre"},{"link_name":"a crisis in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Gneisenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neidhardt_von_Gneisenau"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"cholera outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic#Origins_of_the_second_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClausewitzDotComBio-8"},{"link_name":"magnum opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece"},{"link_name":"philosophy of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_war"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith57-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5_Things-10"}],"text":"Clausewitz was born on 1 July 1780 in Burg bei Magdeburg in the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg as the fourth and youngest son of a family that made claims to a noble status which Carl accepted. Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia, though scholars question the connection.[6] His grandfather, the son of a Lutheran pastor, had been a professor of theology. Clausewitz's father, once a lieutenant in the army of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, held a minor post in the Prussian internal-revenue service. Clausewitz entered the Prussian military service at the age of twelve as a lance corporal, eventually attaining the rank of major general.[7]Clausewitz served in the Rhine campaigns (1793–1794) including the siege of Mainz, when the Prussian Army invaded France during the French Revolution, and fought in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815. He entered the Kriegsakademie (also cited as \"The German War School\", the \"Military Academy in Berlin\", and the \"Prussian Military Academy,\" later the \"War College\") in Berlin in 1801 (aged 21), probably studied the writings of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and/or Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schleiermacher and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief-of-staff of the newly reformed Prussian Army (appointed 1809). Clausewitz, Hermann von Boyen (1771–1848) and Karl von Grolman (1777–1843) were among Scharnhorst's primary allies in his efforts to reform the Prussian army between 1807 and 1814.[citation needed]Clausewitz served during the Jena Campaign as aide-de-camp to Prince August. At the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October 1806—when Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the Prussian-Saxon army commanded by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick—he was captured, one of the 25,000 prisoners taken that day as the Prussian army disintegrated. He was 26. Clausewitz was held prisoner with his prince in France from 1807 to 1808. Returning to Prussia, he assisted in the reform of the Prussian army and state.[7] Johann Gottlieb Fichte wrote On Machiavelli, as an Author, and Passages from His Writings in June 1807. (\"Über Machiavell, als Schriftsteller, und Stellen aus seinen Schriften\" ). Carl Clausewitz wrote an interesting and anonymous Letter to Fichte (1809) about his book on Machiavelli. The letter was published in Fichte's Verstreute kleine Schriften 157–166. For an English translation of the letter see Carl von Clausewitz Historical and Political Writings Edited by: Peter Paret and D. Moran (1992).Marie von Clausewitz (née, Countess von Brühl)On 10 December 1810, he married the socially prominent Countess Marie von Brühl, whom he had first met in 1803. She was a member of the noble German Brühl family originating in Thuringia. The couple moved in the highest circles, socialising with Berlin's political, literary, and intellectual élite. Marie was well-educated and politically well-connected—she played an important role in her husband's career progress and intellectual evolution.[8] She also edited, published, and introduced his collected works.[9]Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon, Clausewitz left the Prussian army and served in the Imperial Russian Army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian campaign, taking part in the Battle of Borodino (1812). Like many Prussian officers serving in Russia, he joined the Russian–German Legion in 1813. In the service of the Russian Empire, Clausewitz helped negotiate the Convention of Tauroggen (1812), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies.[7]In 1815 the Russian-German Legion became integrated into the Prussian Army and Clausewitz re-entered Prussian service as a colonel.[10] He was soon appointed chief-of-staff of Johann von Thielmann's III Corps. In that capacity he served at the Battle of Ligny and the Battle of Wavre during the Waterloo campaign in 1815. An army led personally by Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Ligny (south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo) on 16 June 1815, but they withdrew in good order. Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), when the Prussian forces arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch-Belgian forces pressing his front. Napoleon had convinced his troops that the field grey uniforms were those of Marshal Grouchy's grenadiers. Clausewitz's unit fought heavily outnumbered at Wavre (18–19 June 1815), preventing large reinforcements from reaching Napoleon at Waterloo. After the war, Clausewitz served as the director of the Kriegsakademie, where he served until 1830. In that year he returned to active duty with the army. Soon afterward, the outbreak of several revolutions around Europe and a crisis in Poland appeared to presage another major European war. Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilise in this emergency, which was sent to the Polish border. Its commander, Gneisenau, died of cholera (August 1831), and Clausewitz took command of the Prussian army's efforts to construct a cordon sanitaire to contain the great cholera outbreak (the first time cholera had appeared in modern heartland Europe, causing a continent-wide panic). Clausewitz himself died of the same disease shortly afterwards, on 16 November 1831.[7]His widow edited, published, and wrote the introduction to his magnum opus on the philosophy of war in 1832. (He had started working on the text in 1816 but had not completed it.)[11] She wrote the preface for On War and had published most of his collected works by 1835.[9] She died in January 1836.","title":"Life and military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"On War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_War"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith57-12"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Era"},{"link_name":"Jomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini"},{"link_name":"Lynn Montross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Montross"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"improper synthesis?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material"},{"link_name":"Harry Summers'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_G._Summers_Jr."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnWar1873-19"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paret-20"},{"link_name":"strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnWar1873-19"},{"link_name":"fog of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_of_war"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Clausewitz was a professional combat soldier who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, utilising the campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoleon as frames of reference for his work.[12] He wrote a careful, systematic, philosophical examination of war in all its aspects. The result was his principal book, On War, a major work on the philosophy of war. It was unfinished when Clausewitz died and contains material written at different stages in his intellectual evolution, producing some significant contradictions between different sections. The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate as to the exact meaning behind some seemingly contradictory observations in discussions pertinent to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war, for example (though many of these apparent contradictions are simply the result of his dialectical method). Clausewitz constantly sought to revise the text, particularly between 1827 and his departure on his last field assignments, to include more material on \"people's war\" and forms of war other than high-intensity warfare between states, but relatively little of this material was included in the book.[11] Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Leo Tolstoy, both of whom were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.Clausewitz's work is still studied today, demonstrating its continued relevance. More than sixteen major English-language books that focused specifically on his work were published between 2005 and 2014, whereas his 19th-century rival Jomini has faded from influence. The historian Lynn Montross said that this outcome \"may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy. The one has been outdated by new weapons, the other still influences the strategy behind those weapons.\"[13] Jomini did not attempt to define war but Clausewitz did, providing (and dialectically comparing) a number of definitions. The first is his dialectical thesis: \"War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.\" The second, often treated as Clausewitz's 'bottom line,' is in fact merely his dialectical antithesis: \"War is merely the continuation of policy with other means.\" The synthesis of his dialectical examination of the nature of war is his famous \"trinity,\" saying that war is \"a fascinating trinity—composed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force; the play of chance and probability, within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason.\"[14][improper synthesis?] Christopher Bassford says the best shorthand for Clausewitz's trinity should be something like \"violent emotion/chance/rational calculation.\" However, it is frequently presented as \"people/army/government,\" a misunderstanding based on a later paragraph in the same section. This misrepresentation was popularised by U.S. Army Colonel Harry Summers' Vietnam-era interpretation,[15] facilitated by weaknesses in the 1976 Howard/Paret translation.[16]The degree to which Clausewitz managed to revise his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate. His final reference to war and Politik, however, goes beyond his widely quoted antithesis: \"War is simply the continuation of political intercourse with the addition of other means. We deliberately use the phrase 'with the addition of other means' because we also want to make it clear that war in itself does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different. In essentials that intercourse continues, irrespective of the means it employs. The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continue throughout the war into the subsequent peace.\"[17]A prince or general who knows exactly how to organise his war according to his object and means, who does neither too little nor too much, gives by that the greatest proof of his genius. But the effects of this talent are exhibited not so much by the invention of new modes of action, which might strike the eye immediately, as in the successful final result of the whole. It is the exact fulfilment of silent suppositions, it is the noiseless harmony of the whole action which we should admire, and which only makes itself known in the total result.— Clausewitz, On War, Book III, Chapter 1[18]: Vol. I pgs. 85–86Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning. He relied on his own experiences, contemporary writings about Napoleon, and on deep historical research. His historiographical approach is evident in his first extended study, written when he was 25, of the Thirty Years' War. He rejects the Enlightenment's view of the war as a chaotic muddle and instead explains its drawn-out operations by the economy and technology of the age, the social characteristics of the troops, and the commanders' politics and psychology. In On War, Clausewitz sees all wars as the sum of decisions, actions, and reactions in an uncertain and dangerous context, and also as a socio-political phenomenon. He also stressed the complex nature of war, which encompasses both the socio-political and the operational and stresses the primacy of state policy. (One should be careful not to limit his observations on war to war between states, however, as he certainly discusses other kinds of protagonists).[19]: viiiThe word \"strategy\" had only recently come into usage in modern Europe, and Clausewitz's definition is quite narrow: \"the use of engagements for the object of war\" (which many today would call \"the operational level\" of war). Clausewitz conceived of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which might—depending on circumstances—involve the entire population of a political entity at war. In any case, Clausewitz saw military force as an instrument that states and other political actors use to pursue the ends of their policy, in a dialectic between opposing wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy.[20]Clausewitz's emphasis on the inherent superiority of the defense suggests that habitual aggressors are likely to end up as failures. The inherent superiority of the defense obviously does not mean that the defender will always win, however: there are other asymmetries to be considered. He was interested in co-operation between the regular army and militia or partisan forces, or citizen soldiers, as one possible—sometimes the only—method of defense. In the circumstances of the Wars of the French Revolution and those with Napoleon, which were energised by a rising spirit of nationalism, he emphasised the need for states to involve their entire populations in the conduct of war. This point is especially important, as these wars demonstrated that such energies could be of decisive importance and for a time led to a democratisation of the armed forces much as universal suffrage democratised politics.[21]While Clausewitz was intensely aware of the value of intelligence at all levels, he was also very skeptical of the accuracy of much military intelligence: \"Many intelligence reports in war are contradictory; even more are false, and most are uncertain.... In short, most intelligence is false.\"[18]: Vol. I p. 38 This circumstance is generally described as part of the fog of war. Such skeptical comments apply only to intelligence at the tactical and operational levels; at the strategic and political levels he constantly stressed the requirement for the best possible understanding of what today would be called strategic and political intelligence. His conclusions were influenced by his experiences in the Prussian Army, which was often in an intelligence fog due partly to the superior abilities of Napoleon's system but even more simply to the nature of war. Clausewitz acknowledges that friction creates enormous difficulties for the realization of any plan, and the fog of war hinders commanders from knowing what is happening. It is precisely in the context of this challenge that he develops the concept of military genius, whose capabilities are seen above all in the execution of operations. 'Military genius' is not simply a matter of intellect, but a combination of qualities of intellect, experience, personality, and temperament (and there are many possible such combinations) that create a very highly developed mental aptitude for the waging of war.[22]","title":"Theory of war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarlvonClausewitz.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"dialectical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TipToe-25"},{"link_name":"absolute war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_war"},{"link_name":"fog of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_of_war"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"centers of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"culminating point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culminating_point"}],"sub_title":"Principal ideas","text":"Clausewitz as a young manKey ideas discussed in On War include:[23]the dialectical approach to military analysis\nthe methods of \"critical analysis\"\nthe economic profit-seeking logic of commercial enterprise is equally applicable to the waging of war and negotiating for peace\nthe nature of the balance-of-power mechanism\nthe relationship between political objectives and military objectives in war\nthe asymmetrical relationship between attack and defense\nthe nature of \"military genius\" (involving matters of personality and character, beyond intellect)\nthe \"fascinating trinity\" (wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit) of war[24]\nphilosophical distinctions between \"absolute war,\" \"ideal war,\" and \"real war\"\nin \"real war,\" the distinctive poles of a) limited objectives (political and/or military) and b) war to \"render the enemy helpless\"\nthe idea that war and its conduct belong fundamentally to the social realm rather than to the realms of art or science\n\"strategy\" belongs primarily to the realm of art, but is constrained by quantitative analyses of political benefits versus military costs & losses\n\"tactics\" belongs primarily to the realm of science (most obvious in the development of siege warfare)\nthe importance of \"moral forces\" (more than simply \"morale\") as opposed to quantifiable physical elements\nthe \"military virtues\" of professional armies (which do not necessarily trump the rather different virtues of other kinds of fighting forces)\nconversely, the very real effects of a superiority in numbers and \"mass\"\nthe essential unpredictability of war\nthe \"fog of war\"[note 2]\n\"friction\" – the disparity between the ideal performance of units, organisations or systems and their actual performance in real-world scenarios (Book I, Chapter VII)\nstrategic and operational \"centers of gravity\"[note 3]\nthe \"culminating point of the offensive\"\nthe \"culminating point of victory\"","title":"Theory of war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dialectical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical"},{"link_name":"B. H. Liddell Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Moltke the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"military theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_theory"},{"link_name":"practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bassford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bassford"},{"link_name":"National War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_War_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClausewitzDotComBio-8"},{"link_name":"total war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Kondylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Kondylis"},{"link_name":"Raymond Aron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron"},{"link_name":"Peter Paret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paret"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Howard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(military_strategist)"},{"link_name":"game theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"Anatol Rapoport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport"},{"link_name":"John Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan"},{"link_name":"A History of Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Warfare"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Clausewitz used a dialectical method to construct his argument, leading to frequent misinterpretation of his ideas. British military theorist B. H. Liddell Hart contends that the enthusiastic acceptance by the Prussian military establishment—especially Moltke the Elder, a former student of Clausewitz [25]—of what they believed to be Clausewitz's ideas, and the subsequent widespread adoption of the Prussian military system worldwide, had a deleterious effect on military theory and practice, due to their egregious misinterpretation of his ideas:As so often happens, Clausewitz's disciples carried his teaching to an extreme which their master had not intended.... [Clausewitz's] theory of war was expounded in a way too abstract and involved for ordinary soldier-minds, essentially concrete, to follow the course of his argument—which often turned back from the direction in which it was apparently leading. Impressed yet befogged, they grasped at his vivid leading phrases, seeing only their surface meaning, and missing the deeper current of his thought.[26]As described by Christopher Bassford, then-professor of strategy at the National War College of the United States:One of the main sources of confusion about Clausewitz's approach lies in his dialectical method of presentation. For example, Clausewitz's famous line that \"War is the continuation of policy with other means,\" (\"Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln\") while accurate as far as it goes, was not intended as a statement of fact. It is the antithesis in a dialectical argument whose thesis is the point—made earlier in the analysis—that \"war is nothing but a duel [or wrestling match, the extended metaphor in which that discussion was embedded] on a larger scale.\" His synthesis, which resolves the deficiencies of these two bold statements, says that war is neither \"nothing but\" an act of brute force nor \"merely\" a rational act of politics or policy. This synthesis lies in his \"fascinating trinity\" [wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit]: a dynamic, inherently unstable interaction of the forces of violent emotion, chance, and rational calculation.[7]Another example of this confusion is the idea that Clausewitz was a proponent of total war as used in the Third Reich's propaganda in the 1940s. In fact, Clausewitz never used the term \"total war\": rather, he discussed \"absolute war,\" a concept which evolved into the much more abstract notion of \"ideal war\" discussed at the very beginning of Vom Kriege—the purely logical result of the forces underlying a \"pure,\" Platonic \"ideal\" of war.[27] In what he called a \"logical fantasy,\" war cannot be waged in a limited way: the rules of competition will force participants to use all means at their disposal to achieve victory. But in the real world, he said, such rigid logic is unrealistic and dangerous. As a practical matter, the military objectives in real war that support political objectives generally fall into two broad types: limited aims or the effective \"disarming\" of the enemy \"to render [him] politically helpless or militarily impotent. Thus, the complete defeat of the enemy may not be necessary, desirable, or even possible.[28]In modern times the reconstruction of Clausewitzian theory has been a matter of much dispute. One analysis was that of Panagiotis Kondylis, a Greek writer and philosopher, who opposed the interpretations of Raymond Aron in Penser la Guerre, Clausewitz, and other liberal writers. According to Aron, Clausewitz was one of the first writers to condemn the militarism of the Prussian general staff and its war-proneness, based on Clausewitz's argument that \"war is a continuation of policy by other means.\" In Theory of War, Kondylis claims that this is inconsistent with Clausewitzian thought. He claims that Clausewitz was morally indifferent to war (though this probably reflects a lack of familiarity with personal letters from Clausewitz, which demonstrate an acute awareness of war's tragic aspects) and that his advice regarding politics' dominance over the conduct of war has nothing to do with pacifist ideas.Other notable writers who have studied Clausewitz's texts and translated them into English are historians Peter Paret of the Institute for Advanced Study and Sir Michael Howard. Howard and Paret edited the most widely used edition of On War (Princeton University Press, 1976/1984) and have produced comparative studies of Clausewitz and other theorists, such as Tolstoy. Bernard Brodie's A Guide to the Reading of \"On War,\" in the 1976 Princeton translation, expressed his interpretations of the Prussian's theories and provided students with an influential synopsis of this vital work. The 1873 translation by Colonel James John Graham was heavily—and controversially—edited by the philosopher, musician, and game theorist Anatol Rapoport.The British military historian John Keegan attacked Clausewitz's theory in his book A History of Warfare.[29] Keegan argued that Clausewitz assumed the existence of states, yet 'war antedates the state, diplomacy and strategy by many millennia.'","title":"Interpretation and misinterpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_theory"},{"link_name":"Helmuth Graf von Moltke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClausewitzInEnglish-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClausewitzInEnglish-33"},{"link_name":"Spenser Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenser_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Chichele Professor of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichele_Professor_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"Julian Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Corbett"},{"link_name":"B. H. Liddell Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Social Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"Colin S. Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_S._Gray"},{"link_name":"Hew Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Strachan"},{"link_name":"Chichele Professor of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichele_Professor_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"John McAuley Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McAuley_Palmer_(general)"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Matteson_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patton"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cormier-35"},{"link_name":"Võ Nguyên Giáp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mertsalov,_A.N._pages_11-19-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mertsalov,_A.N._pages_11-19-39"},{"link_name":"Anatol Rapoport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"V.D. Sokolovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapoport-40"},{"link_name":"Henry A. Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Kissinger"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClausewitzInEnglish-33"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapoport-40"},{"link_name":"Yan'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%27an"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"fog of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_of_war"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"center of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)"},{"link_name":"Newtonian mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_mechanics"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Clausewitz died without completing Vom Kriege, but despite this his ideas have been widely influential in military theory and have had a strong influence on German military thought specifically. Later Prussian and German generals, such as Helmuth Graf von Moltke, were clearly influenced by Clausewitz: Moltke's widely quoted statement that \"No operational plan extends with high certainty beyond the first encounter with the main enemy force\" is a classic reflection of Clausewitz's insistence on the roles of chance, friction, \"fog,\" uncertainty, and interactivity in war.[30]: 20–21Clausewitz's influence spread to British thinking as well, though at first more as a historian and analyst than as a theorist.[30] See for example Wellington's extended essay discussing Clausewitz's study of the Campaign of 1815—Wellington's only serious written discussion of the battle, which was widely discussed in 19th-century Britain. Clausewitz's broader thinking came to the fore following Britain's military embarrassments in the Boer War (1899–1902). One example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era is Spenser Wilkinson, journalist, the first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, and perhaps the most prominent military analyst in Britain from c. 1885 until well into the interwar period. Another is naval historian Julian Corbett (1854–1922), whose work reflected a deep if idiosyncratic adherence to Clausewitz's concepts and frequently an emphasis on Clausewitz's ideas about 'limited objectives' and the inherent strengths of the defensive form of war. Corbett's practical strategic views were often in prominent public conflict with Wilkinson's—see, for example, Wilkinson's article \"Strategy at Sea\", The Morning Post, 12 February 1912. Following the First World War, however, the influential British military commentator B. H. Liddell Hart in the 1920s erroneously attributed to him the doctrine of \"total war\" that during the First World War had been embraced by many European general staffs and emulated by the British. More recent scholars typically see that war as so confused in terms of political rationale that it in fact contradicts much of On War.[31] That view assumes, however, a set of values as to what constitutes \"rational\" political objectives—in this case, values not shaped by the fervid Social Darwinism that was rife in 1914 Europe. One of the most influential British Clausewitzians today is Colin S. Gray; historian Hew Strachan (like Wilkinson also the Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, since 2001) has been an energetic proponent of the study of Clausewitz, but his own views on Clausewitz's ideas are somewhat ambivalent.With some interesting exceptions (e.g., John McAuley Palmer, Robert M. Johnston, Hoffman Nickerson), Clausewitz had little influence on American military thought before 1945 other than via British writers, though Generals Eisenhower and Patton were avid readers of English translations. He did influence Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky,[32] : 233–260 Võ Nguyên Giáp,[33] Ferdinand Foch,[34] and Mao Zedong, and thus the Communist Soviet and Chinese traditions, as Lenin emphasized the inevitability of wars among capitalist states in the age of imperialism and presented the armed struggle of the working class as the only path toward the eventual elimination of war.[35] Because Lenin was an admirer of Clausewitz and called him \"one of the great military writers,\" his influence on the Red Army was immense.[36] The Russian historian A.N. Mertsalov commented that \"It was an irony of fate that the view in the USSR was that it was Lenin who shaped the attitude towards Clausewitz, and that Lenin's dictum that war is a continuation of politics is taken from the work of this [allegedly] anti-humanist anti-revolutionary.\"[36] The American mathematician Anatol Rapoport wrote in 1968 that Clausewitz as interpreted by Lenin formed the basis of all Soviet military thinking since 1917, and quoted the remarks by Marshal V.D. Sokolovsky:In describing the essence of war, Marxism-Leninism takes as its point of departure the premise that war is not an aim in itself, but rather a tool of politics. In his remarks on Clausewitz's On War, Lenin stressed that \"Politics is the reason, and war is only the tool, not the other way around. Consequently, it remains only to subordinate the military point of view to the political.\"[37]: 37Henry A. Kissinger, however, described Lenin's approach as being that politics is a continuation of war by other means, thus turning Clausewitz's argument \"on its head.\"[30]: 198Rapoport argued that:As for Lenin's approval of Clausewitz, it probably stems from his obsession with the struggle for power. The whole Marxist conception of history is that of successive struggles for power, primarily between social classes. This was constantly applied by Lenin in a variety of contexts. Thus the entire history of philosophy appears in Lenin's writings as a vast struggle between \"idealism\" and \"materialism.\" The fate of the socialist movement was to be decided by a struggle between the revolutionists and the reformers. Clausewitz's acceptance of the struggle for power as the essence of international politics must have impressed Lenin as starkly realistic.[37]: 37–38Clausewitz directly influenced Mao Zedong, who read On War in 1938 and organised a seminar on Clausewitz for the Party leadership in Yan'an. Thus the \"Clausewitzian\" content in many of Mao's writings is not merely a regurgitation of Lenin but reflects Mao's own study.[38] The idea that war involves inherent \"friction\" that distorts, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements, has become common currency in fields such as business strategy and sport. The phrase fog of war derives from Clausewitz's stress on how confused warfare can seem while one is immersed within it.[39] The term center of gravity, used in a military context derives from Clausewitz's usage, which he took from Newtonian mechanics. In U.S. military doctrine, \"center of gravity\" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at the operational, strategic, or political level, though this is only one aspect of Clausewitz's use of the term.[40]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"massive retaliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_retaliation"},{"link_name":"brinkmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkmanship"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnWar1873-19"},{"link_name":"nuclear proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powers"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"conventional means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfare"},{"link_name":"proxy wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_wars"},{"link_name":"annihilated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Anatol Rapoport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapoport-40"},{"link_name":"insurgencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"asymmetrical warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetrical_warfare"},{"link_name":"rebellion in the Vendée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Martin van Creveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TipToe-25"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Hew Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Strachan"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"Sun Tzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Late 20th and early 21st century","text":"The deterrence strategy of the United States in the 1950s was closely inspired by President Dwight Eisenhower's reading of Clausewitz as a young officer in the 1920s. Eisenhower was greatly impressed by Clausewitz's example of a theoretical, idealized \"absolute war\" in Vom Kriege as a way of demonstrating how absurd it would be to attempt such a strategy in practice. For Eisenhower, the age of nuclear weapons had made what was for Clausewitz in the early-19th century only a theoretical vision an all too real possibility in the mid-20th century. From Eisenhower's viewpoint, the best deterrent to war was to show the world just how appalling and horrific a nuclear \"absolute war\" would be if it should ever occur, hence a series of much-publicized nuclear tests in the Pacific, giving first priority in the defense budget to nuclear weapons and to their delivery-systems over conventional weapons, and making repeated statements in public that the United States was able and willing at all times to use nuclear weapons. In this way, through the massive retaliation doctrine and the closely related foreign-policy concept of brinkmanship, Eisenhower hoped to hold out a credible vision of Clausewitzian nuclear \"absolute war\" in order to deter the Soviet Union and/or China from ever risking a war or even conditions that might lead to a war with the United States.[41]...Philanthropists may easily imagine there is a skillful method of disarming and overcoming an enemy without causing great bloodshed, and that this is the proper tendency of the art of War. However plausible this may appear, still it is an error which must be extirpated; for in such dangerous things as war, the errors which proceed from a spirit of benevolence are just the worst. As the use of physical power to the utmost extent by no means excludes the co-operation of the intelligence, it follows that he who uses force unsparingly, without reference to the quantity of bloodshed, must obtain a superiority if his adversary does not act likewise. By such means the former dictates the law to the latter, and both proceed to extremities, to which the only limitations are those imposed by the amount of counteracting force on each side.— Clausewitz, On War, Book I, Chapter 1[18]: Vol. I, pp. 1–2After 1970, some theorists claimed that nuclear proliferation made Clausewitzian concepts obsolete after the 20th-century period in which they dominated the world.[42] John E. Sheppard, Jr., argues that by developing nuclear weapons, state-based conventional armies simultaneously both perfected their original purpose, to destroy a mirror image of themselves, and made themselves obsolete. No two powers have used nuclear weapons against each other, instead using diplomacy, conventional means, or proxy wars to settle disputes. If such a conflict did occur, presumably both combatants would be annihilated. Heavily influenced by the war in Vietnam and by antipathy to American strategist Henry Kissinger, the American biologist, musician, and game-theorist Anatol Rapoport argued in 1968 that a Clausewitzian view of war was not only obsolete in the age of nuclear weapons, but also highly dangerous as it promoted a \"zero-sum paradigm\" to international relations and a \"dissolution of rationality\" amongst decision-makers.[37]: 73–77The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century have seen many instances of state armies attempting to suppress insurgencies and terrorism, and engaging in other forms of asymmetrical warfare. Clausewitz did not focus solely on wars between countries with well-defined armies. The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by \"non-state actors\" - witness the wars in the French Vendée and in Spain. Clausewitz wrote a series of \"Lectures on Small War\" and studied the rebellion in the Vendée (1793–1796) and the Tyrolean uprising of 1809. In his famous \"Bekenntnisdenkschrift\" of 1812 he called for a \"Spanish war in Germany\" and laid out a comprehensive guerrilla strategy to be waged against Napoleon. In On War he included a famous chapter on \"The People in Arms\".[43]One prominent critic of Clausewitz is the Israeli military historian Martin van Creveld. In his 1991 book The Transformation of War,[44] Creveld argued that Clausewitz's famous \"Trinity\" of people, army, and government was an obsolete socio-political construct based on the state, which was rapidly passing from the scene as the key player in war, and that he (Creveld) had constructed a new \"non-trinitarian\" model for modern warfare. Creveld's work has had great influence. Daniel Moran replied, 'The most egregious misrepresentation of Clausewitz's famous metaphor must be that of Martin van Creveld, who has declared Clausewitz to be an apostle of Trinitarian War, by which he means, incomprehensibly, a war of 'state against state and army against army,' from which the influence of the people is entirely excluded.\"[45] Christopher Bassford went further, noting that one need only read the paragraph in which Clausewitz defined his Trinity to see\"that the words 'people,' 'army,' and 'government' appear nowhere at all in the list of the Trinity's components.... Creveld's and Keegan's assault on Clausewitz's Trinity is not only a classic 'blow into the air,' i.e., an assault on a position Clausewitz doesn't occupy. It is also a pointless attack on a concept that is quite useful in its own right. In any case, their failure to read the actual wording of the theory they so vociferously attack, and to grasp its deep relevance to the phenomena they describe, is hard to credit.\"[24]Some have gone further and suggested that Clausewitz's best-known aphorism, that war is a continuation of policy with other means, is not only irrelevant today but also inapplicable historically.[46] For an opposing view see the sixteen essays presented in Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century edited by Hew Strachan and Andreas Herberg-Rothe.[47]In military academies, schools, and universities worldwide, Clausewitz's Vom Kriege is often (usually in translation) mandatory reading.[48]Some theorists of management look to Clausewitz - just as some look to Sun Tzu - to bolster ideas on the concept of leadership.[49][50]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Clausewitz Homepage bibliography 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Hans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rothfels"},{"link_name":"Gordon A. Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig"},{"link_name":"Felix Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"\"A social theory of war: Clausewitz and war reconsidered\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/271941186"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/09557571.2013.872600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F09557571.2013.872600"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144039698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144039698"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=42780"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Clausewitz-Life-Work-Donald-Stoker/dp/0199357943/"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199232024.001.0001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199232024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199232024"},{"link_name":"excerpt and text search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/0199232024/"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2677163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2677163"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2677163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2677163"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0700616169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700616169"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"213765799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/213765799"},{"link_name":"\"Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/Bassford/Trinity/TRININTR.htm"},{"link_name":"Wallach, Jehuda L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehuda_L._Wallach"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/14702436.2012.703843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F14702436.2012.703843"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1470-2436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-2436"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153486360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153486360"}],"text":"See massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, etc., on The Clausewitz Homepage bibliography section.\nAron, Raymond. Clausewitz: Philosopher of War. (1985). 418 pp. ISBN 0671628267 OCLC 13702496\nBassford, Christopher. Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0195083830 OCLC 27811623\nChristopher Bassford, \"Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare.\" Working paper.\nChristopher Bassford, \"Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War' Archived 2018-04-17 at the Wayback Machine\" (Clausewitz.com). This is a 'working paper' first posted in 2016.\"\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Clausewitz, Karl von\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 06 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 467.\nCormier, Youri. \"Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics\" Journal of Military and Security Studies, Vol 15, No 1 (2013) https://web.archive.org/web/20140729225332/http://jmss.synergiesprairies.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/519\nCormier, Youri (2014). \"Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics\". The International History Review. 36 (3): 419–442. doi:10.1080/07075332.2013.859166. S2CID 143665195.\nCormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp. 183–232\nDimitriu, George (2018). \"Clausewitz and the politics of war: A contemporary theory\". Journal of Strategic Studies. 43 (5): 1–41. doi:10.1080/01402390.2018.1529567.\nDonker, Paul. \"The Evolution of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece.\" Trans. Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019. Originally \"Die Entwicklung von Clausewitz' Vom Kriege: Eine Rekonstruktion auf der Grundlage der früheren Fassungen seines Meisterwerks,\" in the Clausewitz-Gesellschaft's Jahrbuch2017, pp. 14–39.\nEchevarria, Antulio J., II. After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War. (2001). 346 pp. ISBN 0700610715 OCLC 44516530\nEchevarria II, Antulio J. (2007). Clausewitz and Contemporary War. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231911.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199231911.\nGat, Azar. The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz (1989) ISBN 0198229488 OCLC 18779344\nHandel, Michael I., ed. Clausewitz and Modern Strategy. 1986. 324 pp. ISBN 0714632945 OCLC 13214672\nHandel, Michael I. Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought. (2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's On War with Sun Tzu's The Art of War ISBN 0714681326 OCLC 318033033\nHeuser, Beatrice. Reading Clausewitz. (2002). 238 pages, ISBN 0-7126-6484-X\nHeuser, Beatrice (2010). \"Small Wars in the Age of Clausewitz: The Watershed Between Partisan War and People's War\". Journal of Strategic Studies. 33: 139–162. doi:10.1080/01402391003603623. S2CID 154880399.\nHolmes, Terence M. (2007). \"Planning versus Chaos in Clausewitz's On War\". Journal of Strategic Studies. 30: 129–151. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.472.9658. doi:10.1080/01402390701210855. S2CID 44042550.\nSir Michael Howard, Clausewitz, 1983 [originally a volume in the Oxford University Press \"Past Masters\" series, reissued in 2000 as Clausewitz: A Very Short Introduction]. ISBN 0-192-87608-2 OCLC 8709266\nBassford, Christopher (1994). \"John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic\". War in History. 1 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1177/096834459400100305. S2CID 162660742.\nSee critique of Keegan's arguments by Christopher Bassford, \"John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic,\" War in History, November 1994, pp. 319–336.\nKinross, Stuart (2009). Clausewitz and America. doi:10.4324/9780203089125. ISBN 978-0203089125.\nMieszkowski, Jan (2009). \"How to do Things with Clausewitz\". The Global South. 3: 18–29. doi:10.2979/GSO.2009.3.1.18. S2CID 143627760.\nMertsalov, A.N. \"Jomini versus Clausewitz\" pp. 11–19 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, ISBN 0-297-84913-1.\nParet, Peter. Clausewitz in His Time: Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015.\nPeter Paret (2010). \"Two Historians on Defeat in War and Its Causes\". Historically Speaking. 11 (3): 2–8. doi:10.1353/hsp.0.0118. S2CID 162357305.\nParet, Peter. Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.\nParet, Peter (2004). \"From Ideal to Ambiguity: Johannes von Muller, Clausewitz, and the People in Arms\". Journal of the History of Ideas. 65: 101–111. doi:10.1353/jhi.2004.0021. S2CID 143173095.\nRogers, Clifford J. (2002). \"Clausewitz, Genius, and the Rules\". The Journal of Military History. 66 (4): 1167–1176. doi:10.2307/3093268. JSTOR 3093268.\nPaul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz. Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013. ISBN 979-10-91815-01-7 http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf\nRothfels, Hans \"Clausewitz\" pp. 93–113 from The Makers of Modern Strategy edited by Edward Mead Earle, Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.\nSharma, Vivek Swaroop (2015). \"A social theory of war: Clausewitz and war reconsidered\". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 28 (3): 327–347. doi:10.1080/09557571.2013.872600. S2CID 144039698.\nSmith, Hugh. On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas. (2005). 303 pp.\nStoker, Donald J. Clausewitz: His Life and Work (Oxford UP, 2014) 376 pp. online review; also excerpt\nStrachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007). Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199232024.\nStrachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (2007) excerpt and text search\nSumida, Jon Tetsuro (2001). \"The Relationship of History and Theory in on War: The Clausewitzian Ideal and Its Implications\". The Journal of Military History. 65 (2): 333–354. doi:10.2307/2677163. JSTOR 2677163.\nSumida, Jon Tetsuro. Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2008. ISBN 978-0700616169 OCLC 213765799\nVillacres, Edward J. and Bassford, Christopher. \"Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity\". Parameters, Autumn 95, pp. 9–19,\nWallach, Jehuda L. The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars. (1986).\nWaldman, Thomas (2012). \"Clausewitz and the Study of War\". Defence Studies. 13 (3): 345–374. doi:10.1080/14702436.2012.703843. ISSN 1470-2436. S2CID 153486360.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vom Kriege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/VomKriege1832/TOC.htm"},{"link_name":"Howard, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Howard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Paret, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paret"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-05657-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05657-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Howard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Peter Paret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paret"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-954002-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954002-0"},{"link_name":"Principles of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/mobile/principlesofwar.htm"},{"link_name":"On War – Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1946"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181111002001/http://clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181111002001/http://clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-2676-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2676-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-3025-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3025-7"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57772"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-3034-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3034-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/1812/Clausewitz-CampaignOf1812inRussia-EllesmereTranslation.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Campaign of 1812 in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/1812/Clausewitz-CampaignOf1812inRussia-EllesmereTranslation.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200113114054/http://clausewitz.com/readings/1812/Clausewitz-CampaignOf1812inRussia-EllesmereTranslation.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/"},{"link_name":"The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/five1-9.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4537-0150-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4537-0150-8"},{"link_name":"Wellington's reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/six.htm"},{"link_name":"two letters by Clausewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/three.htm"},{"link_name":"Two Letters on Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clausewitz.com/readings/TwoLetters/TwoLetters.htm"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources (including translations)","text":"Clausewitz, Carl von. Historical and Political Writings, ed. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (1992).\nClausewitz, Carl von. Vom Kriege. Berlin: Dümmlers Verlag, 1832.\nClausewitz, Carl von (1984) [1976]. Howard, Michael; Paret, Peter (eds.). On War (trans. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05657-9.\nClausewitz, Carl von. On War, abridged version translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, edited with an introduction by Beatrice Heuser Oxford World's Classics (Oxford University Press, 2007) ISBN 978-0-19-954002-0\nClausewitz, Carl von. Principles of War. Translated by Hans Gatske. The Military Service Publishing Company, 1942. Originally \"Die wichtigsten Grundsätze des Kriegführens zur Ergänzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen\" (written 1812).\nClausewitz, Carl von. Col. J. J. Graham, translator. Vom Kriege. On War – Volume 1, Project Gutenberg eBook. The full text of the 1873 English translation can be seen in parallel with the original German text at Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation) Archived 2018-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation) Archived 2018-11-11 at the Wayback Machine\nClausewitz, Karl von. On War. Trans. O.J. Matthijs Jolles. New York: Random House, 1943. Though not currently the standard translation, this is increasingly viewed by many Clausewitz scholars as the most precise and accurate English translation.\nClausewitz, Carl von (2018). Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2676-2\nClausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3025-7 online review\nClausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3034-9\nClausewitz, Carl von. The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Archived 2020-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. Trans. anonymous [Wellington's friend Francis Egerton, later Lord Ellesmere], London: John Murray Publishers, 1843. Originally Carl von Clausewitz, Hinterlassene Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz über Krieg und Krieg führung, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832–37, \"Der Feldzug von 1812 in Russland\" in Vol. 7, Berlin, 1835.\nClausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur (First Duke of Wellington), ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran, On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815. (Clausewitz.com, 2010). This collection of documents includes, in a modern English translation, the whole of Clausewitz's study, The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview (Berlin: 1835). ISBN 1-4537-0150-8. It also includes Wellington's reply to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as two letters by Clausewitz to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.\nClausewitz, Carl von. Two Letters on Strategy. Ed./trans. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. Carlisle: Army War College Foundation, 1984.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016). \"Clausewitz and His Works\". Clausewitz.com. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clausewitzstudies.org/mobile/Works.htm","url_text":"\"Clausewitz and His Works\""}]},{"reference":"Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) [1832]. Howard, Michael; Paret, Peter (eds.). On War [Vom Krieg] (Indexed ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-691-01854-6.","urls":[{"url_text":"Clausewitz, Carl von"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paret","url_text":"Howard, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01854-6","url_text":"978-0-691-01854-6"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, James R. \"Everything You Know About Clausewitz Is Wrong\". thediplomat.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/everything-you-know-about-clausewitz-is-wrong/","url_text":"\"Everything You Know About Clausewitz Is Wrong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clausewitz's tombstone\". Clausewitz.com. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clausewitz.com/TombSite.htm","url_text":"\"Clausewitz's tombstone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl von Clausewitz\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/120545/Carl-von-Clausewitz","url_text":"\"Carl von Clausewitz\""}]},{"reference":"Aron, Raymond (1983). Clausewitz: Philosopher of War. Taylor & Francis. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0710090096.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KPI9AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Clausewitz: Philosopher of War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710090096","url_text":"978-0710090096"}]},{"reference":"Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016). \"Clausewitz and His Works\". Clausewitz.com. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/Bassford/Cworks/Works.htm","url_text":"\"Clausewitz and His Works\""}]},{"reference":"Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova (January 6, 2016). \"Five Things You Didn't Know About Carl von Clausewitz\". Real Clear Defense. Retrieved 7 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2016/01/06/five_things_you_didnt_know_about_carl_von_clausewitz_108863.html","url_text":"\"Five Things You Didn't Know About Carl von Clausewitz\""}]},{"reference":"Paret, Peter (2012). \"Clausewitz and Schlieffen as Interpreters of Frederick the Great: Three Phases in the History of Grand Strategy\". Journal of Military History. 76 (3): 837–845.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bassford, Christopher (2007). \"The Primacy of Policy and the \"Trinity\" in Clausewitz's Mature Thought.\". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.). Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Evan Luard, ed. (2016). Basic Texts in International Relations: The Evolution of Ideas about International Society. Springer. p. 244. ISBN 978-1349221073.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V_S-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244","url_text":"Basic Texts in International Relations: The Evolution of Ideas about International Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349221073","url_text":"978-1349221073"}]},{"reference":"von Clausewitz, Carl (1873) [1832]. On War [Vom Krieg]. Translated by Graham, J.J. London: N. Trübner & Co.","urls":[{"url_text":"von Clausewitz, Carl"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQY4AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"On War"}]},{"reference":"Heuser, Beatrice (2007). \"Clausewitz' Ideas of Strategy and Victory\". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.). Clausewitz in the 21st Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–163.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Handel, Michael I. (1986). Clausewitz and Modern Strategy. Psychology Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0714632940.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4A6fCuHGWhcC&pg=PA71","url_text":"Clausewitz and Modern Strategy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714632940","url_text":"978-0714632940"}]},{"reference":"Shepherd III, Frederick L. (2014). The Fog Of War: Effects Of Uncertainty On Airpower Employment. Pickle Partners. p. 9. ISBN 978-1782896807.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lBhvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9","url_text":"The Fog Of War: Effects Of Uncertainty On Airpower Employment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782896807","url_text":"978-1782896807"}]},{"reference":"Moltke, Helmuth (1892). Moltke: His Life and His Character: Sketched in Journals, Letters, Memoirs, a Novel, and Autobiographical Notes. Translated by Herms, Mary. New York: Harper & Brothers Franklin Square. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bI5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA35","url_text":"Moltke: His Life and His Character: Sketched in Journals, Letters, Memoirs, a Novel, and Autobiographical Notes"}]},{"reference":"Bassford, Christopher (15 February 2022). \"Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'\" (PDF). Clausewitz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221211092848/https://www.clausewitz.com/mobile/Bassford-Supersession5.pdf","url_text":"\"Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'\""},{"url":"http://www.clausewitz.com/mobile/Bassford-Supersession5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brands, Hal; Suri, Jeremi (2015). The Power of the Past: History and Statecraft. Brookings Institution Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0815727132.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D03DCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147","url_text":"The Power of the Past: History and Statecraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815727132","url_text":"978-0815727132"}]},{"reference":"Bassford, Christopher (1994). Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945. Oxford UP. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0195083835.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zmCpdoajce0C&pg=PA20","url_text":"Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195083835","url_text":"978-0195083835"}]},{"reference":"Strachan, Hew (2011). \"Clausewitz and the First World War\". Journal of Military History. 75 (2): 367–391.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zhang, Yuanlin (1999). \"Mao Zedongs Bezugnahme auf Clausewitz\". Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. 81 (2): 443–471. doi:10.7788/akg.1999.81.2.443. S2CID 183164307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7788%2Fakg.1999.81.2.443","url_text":"10.7788/akg.1999.81.2.443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183164307","url_text":"183164307"}]},{"reference":"Berkun, Scott (2005). The Art of Project Management. Beijing: OŔeilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00786-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596007867","url_text":"The Art of Project Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00786-7","url_text":"978-0-596-00786-7"}]},{"reference":"Joseph W Graham (2002). What the U. S. Military Can Do to Defeat Terrorism. iUniverse. p. 7. ISBN 978-0595222599.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9hxB-FA5a5gC&pg=PA7","url_text":"What the U. S. Military Can Do to Defeat Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595222599","url_text":"978-0595222599"}]},{"reference":"Sheppard, John E. Jr. (September 1990). \"On War: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant?\". Parameters. 20 (3): 85–99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reiner Pommerin (2014). Clausewitz Goes Global: Carl von Clausewitz in the 21st century. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 293. ISBN 978-3937885780.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiner_Pommerin","url_text":"Reiner Pommerin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3UTaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA293","url_text":"Clausewitz Goes Global: Carl von Clausewitz in the 21st century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3937885780","url_text":"978-3937885780"}]},{"reference":"Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007). Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paley, Norton (8 May 2014). Clausewitz Talks Business: An Executive's Guide to Thinking Like a Strategist. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 224. ISBN 9781482220278. Retrieved 29 February 2024. 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Perhaps while browsing airport bookshops we would find books with titles such as Clausewitz's Six Leadership Lessons [...].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Coker","url_text":"Coker, Christopher"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ispDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Rebooting Clausewitz: 'On War' in the Twenty-First Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190862749","url_text":"9780190862749"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Clausewitz, Karl von\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 06 (11th ed.). 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ISBN 978-0199232024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199232024.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199232024","url_text":"978-0199232024"}]},{"reference":"Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (2001). \"The Relationship of History and Theory in on War: The Clausewitzian Ideal and Its Implications\". The Journal of Military History. 65 (2): 333–354. doi:10.2307/2677163. JSTOR 2677163.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2677163","url_text":"10.2307/2677163"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677163","url_text":"2677163"}]},{"reference":"Waldman, Thomas (2012). \"Clausewitz and the Study of War\". Defence Studies. 13 (3): 345–374. doi:10.1080/14702436.2012.703843. ISSN 1470-2436. S2CID 153486360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702436.2012.703843","url_text":"10.1080/14702436.2012.703843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-2436","url_text":"1470-2436"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153486360","url_text":"153486360"}]},{"reference":"Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) [1976]. Howard, Michael; Paret, Peter (eds.). On War (trans. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raubritter
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Robber baron (feudalism)
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["1 Germany","1.1 Early development","1.2 Great Interregnum","2 England","3 Literature references","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Sources"]
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Feudal landowner who engaged in banditry
This article is about the medieval practice. For the use of the term in the United States, see Robber baron (industrialist).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Legendary Raubritter Eppelein von Gailingen (1311–1381) during his escape from Nuremberg Castle
A robber baron or robber knight (German: Raubritter) was an unscrupulous feudal landowner who, protected by his fief's legal status, imposed high taxes and tolls out of keeping with the norm without authorization by some higher authority. Some resorted to actual banditry. The German term for robber barons, Raubritter (robber knights), was coined by Friedrich Bottschalk in 1810.
Some robber barons violated the custom under which tolls were collected on the Rhine either by charging higher tolls than the standard or by operating without authority from the Holy Roman Emperor altogether. During the period in the history of the Holy Roman Empire known as the Great Interregnum (1250–1273), the number of such tolling stations exploded in the absence of Imperial authority.
Medieval robber barons most often imposed high or unauthorized tolls on rivers or roads passing through their territory. Some robbed merchants, land travelers, and river traffic—seizing money, cargoes, even entire ships—or engaged in kidnapping for ransom.
Germany
Early development
Tolls were collected from ships sailing on the River Rhine in Europe for one thousand years from around 800 AD to 1800 AD. During this time, various feudal lords (among them archbishops who held fiefs from the Holy Roman Emperor) collected tolls from passing cargo ships to bolster their finances. Only the Holy Roman Emperor could authorise the collection of such tolls. Allowing the nobility and Church to collect tolls from the busy traffic on the Rhine seems to have been an attractive alternative to other means of taxation and funding of government functions.
Iron chains were often stretched across the river to prevent passage without paying the toll, and strategic towers were built to facilitate this.
The Holy Roman Emperor and the various noblemen and archbishops who were authorised to levy tolls seem to have worked out an informal way of regulating this process. Among the decisions involved in managing the collection of tolls on the Rhine were how many toll stations to have, where they should be built, how high the tolls should be, and the advantages/disadvantages. While this decision process was made no less complex by being informal, common factors included the local power structure (archbishops and nobles being the most likely recipients of a charter to collect tolls), space between toll stations (authorized toll stations seem to have been at least five kilometres apart), and ability to be defended from attack (some castles through which tolls were collected were tactically useful until the French invaded in 1689 and levelled them). Tolls were standardized either in terms of an amount of silver coin allowed to be charged or an "in-kind" toll of cargo from the ship.
The men who came to be known as robber barons or robber knights (German: Raubritter) violated the structure under which tolls were collected on the Rhine either by charging higher tolls than the standard or by operating without authority from the Holy Roman Emperor altogether.
Writers of the period referred to these practices as "unjust tolls," and not only did the robber barons thereby violate the prerogatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, they also went outside of the society's behavioural norms, since merchants were bound both by law and religious custom to charge a "just price" for their wares.
Great Interregnum
During the period in the history of the Holy Roman Empire known as the Great Interregnum (1250–1273), when there was no Emperor, the number of tolling stations exploded in the absence of imperial authority. In addition, robber barons began to earn their opprobrium by robbing ships of their cargoes, stealing entire ships, and even kidnapping.
In response to this organized, military lawlessness, the "Rheinischer Bund," or Rhine League was formed by 100 Cities, and from several princes and prince-prelates (lords of the Church), all of whom held large stakes in the restoration of law and order to the Rhine.
Officially launched in 1254, the Rhine League wasted no time putting robber barons out of business by the simple expedient of taking and destroying their castles. In the next three years, four robber barons were targeted and between ten and twelve robber castles destroyed or inactivated.
The Rhine League was not only successful in suppressing illicit collection of tolls and river robbery, they also took action against other state aggression. For example, they are documented as having intervened to rescue a victim of abduction by the Baron of Rietberg.
The procedure pioneered by the Rhine League for dealing with robber barons – to besiege, capture and destroy their castles – survived long after the League self-destructed from political strife over the election of a new Emperor and military reversals against unusually strong robber barons.
When the Interregnum ended, the new king Rudolf of Habsburg applied the lessons learned by the Rhine League to the destruction of the highway robbers at Sooneck, torching their castles and hanging them. While robber barony never entirely ceased, especially during the Hundred Years' War, the excesses of their heyday during the Interregnum never recurred.
England
The reign of King Stephen of England (1135–1154) was a long period of civil unrest commonly known as "The Anarchy". In the absence of strong central kingship, the nobility of England were a law unto themselves, as characterised in this excerpt from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
When the traitors saw that Stephen was a mild good humoured man who inflicted no punishment, then they committed all manner of horrible crimes. They had done him homage and sworn oaths of fealty to him, but not one of their oaths was kept. They were all forsworn and their oaths broken. For every great man built him castles and held them against the king; they sorely burdened the unhappy people of the country with forced labour on the castles; and when the castles were built they filled them with devils and wicked men. By night and by day they seized those they believed to have any wealth, whether they were men or women; and in order to get their gold or silver, they put them into prison and tortured them with unspeakable tortures, for never were martyrs tortured as they were. They hung them up by the feet and smoked them with foul smoke. They strung them up by the thumbs, or by the head, and hung coats of mail on their feet. They tied knotted cords round their heads and twisted it until it entered the brain. They put them in dungeons wherein were adders and snakes and toads and so destroyed them. Many thousands they starved to death.
Literature references
Michael Heller refers to the original robber barons to illustrate his tragedy of the anticommons in his 2008 book. The tragedy of the anticommons is a type of coordination breakdown, in which a single resource has numerous rightsholders who prevent others from using it, frustrating what would be a socially desirable outcome.
In Ken Follet's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth, taking place in England during The Anarchy, the main villain is a vicious and ruthless earl who behaves as described in the quote above.
See also
Robber baron (industrialist)
Rent-seeking
Notes
^ Zmora 2003, p. 3.
^ Klaus Graf, "Feindbild und Vorbild: Bemerkungen zur stadtischen Wahrnehmung des Adels", ZGO 141 (1993), pp. 121–154, at 138
^ Heller, Michael (2008). The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02916-7.
Sources
Look up robber baron (feudalism) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Zmora, Hillay (13 November 2003). State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440–1567. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52265-6. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Czech Republic
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For the use of the term in the United States, see Robber baron (industrialist).Legendary Raubritter Eppelein von Gailingen (1311–1381) during his escape from Nuremberg CastleA robber baron or robber knight (German: Raubritter) was an unscrupulous feudal landowner who, protected by his fief's legal status, imposed high taxes and tolls out of keeping with the norm without authorization by some higher authority. Some resorted to actual banditry.[1] The German term for robber barons, Raubritter (robber knights), was coined by Friedrich Bottschalk in 1810.[2]Some robber barons violated the custom under which tolls were collected on the Rhine either by charging higher tolls than the standard or by operating without authority from the Holy Roman Emperor altogether. During the period in the history of the Holy Roman Empire known as the Great Interregnum (1250–1273), the number of such tolling stations exploded in the absence of Imperial authority.Medieval robber barons most often imposed high or unauthorized tolls on rivers or roads passing through their territory. 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In addition, robber barons began to earn their opprobrium by robbing ships of their cargoes, stealing entire ships, and even kidnapping.In response to this organized, military lawlessness, the \"Rheinischer Bund,\" or Rhine League was formed by 100 Cities, and from several princes and prince-prelates (lords of the Church), all of whom held large stakes in the restoration of law and order to the Rhine.Officially launched in 1254, the Rhine League wasted no time putting robber barons out of business by the simple expedient of taking and destroying their castles. In the next three years, four robber barons were targeted and between ten and twelve robber castles destroyed or inactivated.The Rhine League was not only successful in suppressing illicit collection of tolls and river robbery, they also took action against other state aggression. For example, they are documented as having intervened to rescue a victim of abduction by the Baron of Rietberg.The procedure pioneered by the Rhine League for dealing with robber barons – to besiege, capture and destroy their castles – survived long after the League self-destructed from political strife over the election of a new Emperor and military reversals against unusually strong robber barons.When the Interregnum ended, the new king Rudolf of Habsburg applied the lessons learned by the Rhine League to the destruction of the highway robbers at Sooneck, torching their castles and hanging them. While robber barony never entirely ceased, especially during the Hundred Years' War, the excesses of their heyday during the Interregnum never recurred.","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Stephen of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"The Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"}],"text":"The reign of King Stephen of England (1135–1154) was a long period of civil unrest commonly known as \"The Anarchy\". In the absence of strong central kingship, the nobility of England were a law unto themselves, as characterised in this excerpt from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:When the traitors saw that Stephen was a mild good humoured man who inflicted no punishment, then they committed all manner of horrible crimes. They had done him homage and sworn oaths of fealty to him, but not one of their oaths was kept. They were all forsworn and their oaths broken. For every great man built him castles and held them against the king; they sorely burdened the unhappy people of the country with forced labour on the castles; and when the castles were built they filled them with devils and wicked men. By night and by day they seized those they believed to have any wealth, whether they were men or women; and in order to get their gold or silver, they put them into prison and tortured them with unspeakable tortures, for never were martyrs tortured as they were. They hung them up by the feet and smoked them with foul smoke. They strung them up by the thumbs, or by the head, and hung coats of mail on their feet. They tied knotted cords round their heads and twisted it until it entered the brain. They put them in dungeons wherein were adders and snakes and toads and so destroyed them. Many thousands they starved to death.","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heller_(law_professor)"},{"link_name":"tragedy of the anticommons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book2008-3"},{"link_name":"Ken Follet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Follet"},{"link_name":"The Pillars of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pillars_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"The Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"}],"text":"Michael Heller refers to the original robber barons to illustrate his tragedy of the anticommons in his 2008 book.[3] The tragedy of the anticommons is a type of coordination breakdown, in which a single resource has numerous rightsholders who prevent others from using it, frustrating what would be a socially desirable outcome.In Ken Follet's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth, taking place in England during The Anarchy, the main villain is a vicious and ruthless earl who behaves as described in the quote above.","title":"Literature references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmora20033_1-0"},{"link_name":"Zmora 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZmora2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-book2008_3-0"},{"link_name":"The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gridlockeconomy.com/"},{"link_name":"Basic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-465-02916-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02916-7"}],"text":"^ Zmora 2003, p. 3.\n\n^ Klaus Graf, \"Feindbild und Vorbild: Bemerkungen zur stadtischen Wahrnehmung des Adels\", ZGO 141 (1993), pp. 121–154, at 138\n\n^ Heller, Michael (2008). The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02916-7.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"robber baron (feudalism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/robber_baron_(feudalism)"},{"link_name":"State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440–1567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XRGwYva8WuEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-52265-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52265-6"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133060#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/139177387"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4192189-6"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph809852&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Look up robber baron (feudalism) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Zmora, Hillay (13 November 2003). State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440–1567. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52265-6. Retrieved 18 September 2015.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nCzech Republic","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Legendary Raubritter Eppelein von Gailingen (1311–1381) during his escape from Nuremberg Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Raubritter3.jpg/220px-Raubritter3.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Robber baron (industrialist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)"},{"title":"Rent-seeking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking"}]
|
[{"reference":"Heller, Michael (2008). The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02916-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gridlockeconomy.com/","url_text":"The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books","url_text":"Basic Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02916-7","url_text":"978-0-465-02916-7"}]},{"reference":"Zmora, Hillay (13 November 2003). State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440–1567. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52265-6. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XRGwYva8WuEC","url_text":"State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440–1567"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52265-6","url_text":"978-0-521-52265-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.gridlockeconomy.com/","external_links_name":"The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XRGwYva8WuEC","external_links_name":"State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440–1567"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139177387","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4192189-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph809852&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_(album)
|
Pike's Peak (album)
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
|
1962 studio album by Dave Pike QuartetPike's PeakStudio album by Dave Pike QuartetReleased1962RecordedNovember 1961New York CityGenreJazzLength36:00LabelEpicLA 16025ProducerMike BernikerDave Pike chronology
It's Time for Dave Pike(1961)
Pike's Peak(1962)
Bossa Nova Carnival(1962)
Pike's Peak is the second album by American jazz vibraphonist Dave Pike which was recorded in 1961 for the Epic label.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
The Allmusic review called it: "An excellent if generally overlooked straight-ahead set".
Track listing
"Why Not" (Dave Pike) - 6:51
"In a Sentimental Mood" (Duke Ellington) - 6:37
"Vierd Blues" (Miles Davis) - 6:02
"Bésame Mucho" (Consuelo Velázquez) - 6:57
"Wild Is the Wind" (Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington) - 9:33
Personnel
Dave Pike - vibraphone
Bill Evans - piano
Herbie Lewis - bass
Walter Perkins - drums
References
^ Bill Evans Catalog accessed July 9, 2015
^ a b Yanow, Scott. Pike's Peak – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
vteDave PikeStudio albums
It's Time for Dave Pike (1961)
Pike's Peak (1962)
Bossa Nova Carnival (1962)
Limbo Carnival (1962)
Dave Pike Plays the Jazz Version of Oliver! (1963)
Manhattan Latin (1964)
Jazz for the Jet Set (1966)
Pike's Groove (1986)
Live albums
The Doors of Perception (1970)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pike"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pike's Peak is the second album by American jazz vibraphonist Dave Pike which was recorded in 1961 for the Epic label.[1]","title":"Pike's Peak (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"}],"text":"The Allmusic review called it: \"An excellent if generally overlooked straight-ahead set\".[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In a Sentimental Mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_Sentimental_Mood"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Consuelo Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Wild Is the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Is_the_Wind_(song)"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Tiomkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Tiomkin"},{"link_name":"Ned Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Washington"}],"text":"\"Why Not\" (Dave Pike) - 6:51\n\"In a Sentimental Mood\" (Duke Ellington) - 6:37\n\"Vierd Blues\" (Miles Davis) - 6:02\n\"Bésame Mucho\" (Consuelo Velázquez) - 6:57\n\"Wild Is the Wind\" (Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington) - 9:33","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pike"},{"link_name":"vibraphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone"},{"link_name":"Bill Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evans"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Herbie Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Lewis"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Walter Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Perkins_(musician)"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Dave Pike - vibraphone\nBill Evans - piano\nHerbie Lewis - bass\nWalter Perkins - drums","title":"Personnel"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/bill-evans/catalog/#epic-la-16025","external_links_name":"Bill Evans Catalog"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000199414","external_links_name":"Pike's Peak – Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/41e8b5ef-d9d0-3639-bd18-df5ee33913cb","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_string_quartet_ensembles
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List of string quartet ensembles
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[]
|
This is a list of recognized string quartets (i.e. groups of musical performers), current or past, in alphabetical order. It does not include the names of musical quartet compositions.
Contents:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
References
External links
A
Abramyan String Quartet
Aeolian
Aizuri Quartet
Alban Berg
Alberni
ALEA
Alexander
Allegri
Amadeus
Amar
Amati
American SQ
Amsterdam String Quartet
Ancora String Quartet
Annex String Quartet
Apple Hill String Quartet
Arcanto Quartet
Arditti Quartet
Ariel String Quartet
Aron Quartet
Arpeggione
Artaria String Quartet
Artemis Quartet
Atom String Quartet
Atrium String Quartet
Audubon Quartet
Australian String Quartet
Aviv String Quartet
B
Badke Quartet
Balanescu Quartet
Barcelona
Bartók Quartet
Barylli Quartet
Bastiaan Quartet
Beethoven Quartet
Béla Quartet
Belcea Quartet
Berkshire String Quartet
Bessler Quartet
Blair Quartet
Bohemian Quartet
Bond
Borodin Quartet
Borromeo String Quartet
Boston String Quartet
Brentano Quartet
Brodsky Quartet
Brooklyn Rider
Budapest Quartet original
Budapest String Quartet
Busch Quartet
C
Calder Quartet
Calidore String Quartet
Capet Quartet
Carducci Quartet
Carmel
Carmine Quartet
Carpe Diem String Quartet
Casals
Cassatt Quartet
Cavani Quartet
Chiara String Quartet
Chilingirian Quartet
Ciompi Quartet
Circadian String Quartet
Cleveland Quartet
Clinton String Quartet
The Composers Quartet
Concord String Quartet
Conservatory String Quartet
ConTempo Quartet
Corigliano Quartet
Corvinus Quartet
Coull Quartet
Cuarteto Casals
Cuarteto Latinoamericano
Curtis String Quartet
Cypress Quartet
Czech Quartet
D
Dallas String Quartet
Danish Quartet
Danubius Quartet
Dartington String Quartet
Delme Quartet
Del Sol Quartet
Dover Quartet
Dubois String Quartet
Duke Quartet
E
Ébène Quartet
Element Quartet
Emerson String Quartet
Endellion Quartet
Enesco Quartet
English String Quartet
Enso String Quartet
Escala
Escher String Quartet
Esmé Quartet
Esterhazy Quartet
Ethel
Euclid Quartet
Entheos String Quartet
F
Fanny Mendelssohn Quartet
Festetics String Quartet
Fine Arts Quartet
Fitzwilliam Quartet
Fleshquartet
Flonzaley Quartet
Flux Quartet
Formosa Quartet
FourPlay String Quartet
Fred Sherry String Quartet
Fry Street Quartet
G
Gabrieli Quartet
Galatea Quartet
Galimir Quartet
Gaya Quartet
Gewandhaus
Goldner String Quartet
Griller Quartet
Guarneri Quartet
H
Hagen Quartet
Hampton String Quartet
Harlem Quartet
Hawthorne String Quartet
Hellmesberger Quartet
Henschel Quartet
Henry Holst String Quartet
Hollywood String Quartet
Hugo Wolf Quartet
Hungarian Quartet
J
JACK Quartet
Jade String Quartet
Janáček Quartet
Jasper String Quartet
Jerusalem Quartet
Juilliard String Quartet
Jupiter String Quartet
K
Kneisel Quartet
Kocian Quartet
Kodály Quartet
Kolisch Quartet
Komitas Quartet
Kopelman Quartet
Krettly Quartet
Kreutzer Quartet
Kronos Quartet
Kuss Quartet
Kutcher String Quartet
L
Laclede Quartet
Lark Quartet
LaSalle Quartet
Léner Quartet
Leningrad Taneiev Quartet
Lindsay String Quartet
Loewenguth Quartet
London Haydn Quartet
London Quartet
Ludwig Schuster
M
MacNaghten String Quartet
Maggini Quartet
Marie Hall
Marie Soldat-Roeger Quartet
Marmen Quartet
Martinů Quartet
Mecklenburg Quartet (Saint Petersburg)
Medici Quartet
Melos Quartet
Methera
Miami String Quartet
Midnight String Quartet
Miró Quartet
Modigliani Quartet
Moscow String Quartet
Moyzes Quartet
Müller Brothers
Musica Viva Australia
N
Nevine String Quartet
Nevsky String Quartet
New Hungarian Quartet
New Italian Quartet
New Orford String Quartet
New Vlach
New World String Quartet
New Zealand String Quartet
O
Oberlin String Quartet
Olive Mead Quartet
Orford String Quartet
Orion String Quartet
Orlando Quartet
Oslo String Quartet
P
Pacifica Quartet
Paganini Quartet
Panocha Quartet
Parisii Quartet
Parker Quartet
Parrenin Quartet
Pascal Quartet
Pavel Haas Quartet
Penderecki String Quartet
Perolé Quartet
Petersen Quartet
Philadelphia String Quartet
Philharmonia Quartet
Philharmonia Quartet Berlin
Philharmonic Quartet
Prague Quartet
Pražák Quartet
Prima Vista Quartet
Pro Arte Quartet
Q
Quatuor Bozzini
Quartet de Barcelona
Quarteto Bessler-Reis
Quartetto di Cremona
Quartetto Energie Nove
Quartetto Italiano
Quatuor Arpeggione
Quatuor Mosaïques
R
radio.string.quartet.vienna
RaVen Quartet
Regent String Quartet
Rosamunde Quartett
Rosé Quartet
RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet
Rubio Quartet
S
Sacconi Quartet
St. Lawrence Quartet
St. Petersburg String Quartet
Salomon Quartet
San Francisco
Schumann Quartet
Schuppanzigh Quartet
Section Quartet
Ševčík-Lhotský Quartet
Shanghai String Quartet
Shostakovich
Signum String Quartet
Silesian String Quartet
SKAZ String Quartet
Smetana Quartet
Smith Quartet
Soldier String Quartet
Somogyi String Quartet
Sonus Quartet
Soweto String Quartet
Spektral Quartet
Spencer Dyke Quartet
Stamic Quartet
Stanford String Quartet
Strub Quartet
Stratton Quartet (original)
T
T'ang Quartet
Takács Quartet
Talich Quartet
Taneyev
Tátrai Quartet
Tokyo String Quartet
Toronto String Quartette
Turtle Island String Quartet
U
Utrecht String Quartet
V
Vaghy String Quartet
Végh Quartet
Vermeer Quartet
Vertavo String Quartet
Viano String Quartet
Villiers Quartet
Virtuoso Quartet
Vitamin String Quartet
Vlach Quartet
Voces Quartet
Vogler Quartet
W
Walden String Quartet
Wihan Quartet
Y
Yale Quartet
Ysaÿe Quartet (1886)
Ysaÿe Quartet (1984)
Ying Quartet
Z
Zagreb Quartet (1919–present)
Zephyr Quartet
Zoellner Quartet
Zorian Quartet
References
^ Gerald Elias Adjunct Professor, Violin music.utah.edu, accessed 12 February 2022
^ "Bachblüten". Tagesspiegel (in German). 16 May 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ Euclid Quartet www.euclidquartet.com, accessed 12 February 2022
^ Entheos String Quartet www.entheosstringquartet.com
^ "Home | Jupiter String Quartet". Jupiter Quartet.
^ "The London Haydn Quartet". www.yale.edu/musicalinstruments/concerts. Yale University. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ Квартет герцога Мекленбургского (Russian Wikipedia)
^ Schweitzer, Vivien (4 October 2011). "Borodin Glows in an Intimate Salon". The New York Times.
^ Shostakovich Quartet www.discogs.com, accessed 12 December 2022
^ CD Reviews 24: Complete String Quartets, Shostakovich String Quartet dschjournal.com, accessed 12 December 2022
^ Квартет имени Шостаковича Shostakovich Quartet www.belcanto.ru, accessed 12 December 2022
^ "Balalaika Ensemble Quartet SKAZ Russia - official site of the Group". www.skaz1.com.
^ Tommasini, Anthony (22 January 2013). "A Champion of Dutch Composers Comes Ashore Without Much Flash". New York Times. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
A. Eaglefield-Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924) (pre-1924 entries)
R.D. Darrell, The Gramophone Shop Encyclopedia of Recorded Music (New York 1936)
J.R. Bennett, Smetana on 3000 Records (Oakwood Press, 1974)
E. Sackville-West and D. Shawe-Taylor, The Record Year 2 (Collins, London 1953)
External links
Website listing quartets and members
vteString quartetsAfrican
Soweto
American
Alexander
Ancora
Artaria
Audubon
Berkshire
Blair
Borromeo
Boston
Brentano
Brooklyn Rider
Calder
Carpe Diem
Cassatt
Cavani
Chiara
Ciompi
Cleveland
Clinton
Composers
Concord
Corigliano
Curtis
Del Sol
Dover
Emerson
Enso
Escher
Esterhazy
Ethel
Fine Arts
Flonzaley
FLUX
Formosa
Fred Sherry
Fry Street
Guarneri
Hampton
Harlem
Hawthorne
Hollywood
JACK
Juilliard
Kneisel
Kronos
Laclede
LaSalle
Miami
Midnight
Miró
New Hungarian
New World
Oberlin
Orion
Pacifica
Paganini
Perolé
Philadelphia
Pro Arte
San Francisco
Section
Soldier
Sonus
Stanford
Takács
Tokyo
Turtle Island
Vermeer
Vitamin
Yale
Ying
Zoellner
Asian & Oceanic
Australian
Bond
Goldner
Jade
New Zealand
Shanghai
T'ang
Zephyr
Austrian
Alban Berg
ALEA
Barylli
Hagen
Hellmesberger
Kolisch
Mosaïques
radio.string.quartet.vienna
Rosé
Schuppanzigh
British
Aeolian
Alberni
Allegri
Amadeus
Arditti
Badke
Balanescu
Belcea
Bond
3rd Brodsky
2nd Adolph Brodsky
Coull
Demon Strings
Duke
Element
Endellion
Escala
Fitzwilliam
Gabrieli
Griller
Kutcher
Lindsay
London
Maggini
Medici
Methera
Philharmonia
Philharmonic
RaVen
Regent
Sacconi
Salomon
Smith
Spencer Dyke
Stratton
Virtuoso
Canadian
Amati
Annex
Bozzini
Conservatory
Dubois
New Orford
St. Lawrence
Toronto
Vaghy
Czech
Bohemian
Janáček
Kocian
Martinů
Panocha
Pavel Haas
Prague
Pražák
Ševčík-Lhotský
Smetana
Talich
Vlach
New Vlach
Wihan
Eastern European
Atom
Moyzes
Silesian
Zagreb
French
Arpeggione
Béla
Capet
Ébène
Krettly
Loewenguth
Modigliani
Pascal
Prima Vista
Ysaÿe
German
Amar
1st Adolph Brodsky
Busch
Fanny Mendelssohn
Gewandhaus
Henschel
Ludwig Schuster
Melos
Müller Brothers
Petersen
Rosamunde
Signum
Vogler
Hungarian
Bartók
Budapest (1886)
Budapest (1917)
Carmine
Corvinus
Danubius
Festetics
Hungarian
Kodály
Léner
Takács
Tátrai
Végh
Irish
RTÉ Vanbrugh
Israeli
Ariel
Aviv
Carmel
Jerusalem
Italian
Cremona
Italiano
Mexican
Latinoamericano
Northern European
Galatea
Oslo
Vertavo
Ysaÿe
Russian
Atrium
Beethoven
Borodin
Komitas
Kopelman
Nevsky
St. Petersburg
Shostakovich
Taneyev
Spanish
Casals
Barcelona
List of string quartet ensembles
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=1"},{"link_name":"Abramyan String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abramyan_String_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aeolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Aizuri Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizuri_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Alban Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett"},{"link_name":"Alberni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberni_Quartet"},{"link_name":"ALEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALEA_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Allegri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegri_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Amar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Amati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amati_Quartet"},{"link_name":"American SQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ancora String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancora_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Annex String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annex_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Apple Hill String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Hill_Center_for_Chamber_Music#Apple_Hill_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Arcanto Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcanto_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tagesspiegel_2014-2"},{"link_name":"Arditti Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arditti_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ariel String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Aron Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_quartet"},{"link_name":"Arpeggione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpeggione_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Artaria String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaria_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Artemis Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Atom String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Atrium String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Audubon Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Australian String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Aviv String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviv_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=2"},{"link_name":"Badke Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badke_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Balanescu Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanescu_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Bartók Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%C3%B3k_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Barylli Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barylli_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Bastiaan Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiaan_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Beethoven Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Béla Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Belcea Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcea_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Berkshire String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Bessler Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bessler"},{"link_name":"Blair Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(band)"},{"link_name":"Borodin Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodin_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Borromeo String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borromeo_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Boston String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Brentano Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentano_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Brodsky Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodsky_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Rider"},{"link_name":"Budapest Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Quartet_(1886)"},{"link_name":"Budapest String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Busch Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"Calder Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calder_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Calidore String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidore_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Capet Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capet_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Carducci Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carducci_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Carmine Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Carpe Diem String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpe_Diem_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Casals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarteto_Casals"},{"link_name":"Cassatt Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassatt_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Cavani Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavani_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Chiara String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiara_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Chilingirian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilingirian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ciompi Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciompi_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Circadian String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Clinton String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"The Composers Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Composers_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Concord String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Conservatory String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"ConTempo Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConTempo_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Corigliano Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corigliano_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Corvinus Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvinus_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Coull Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coull_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Cuarteto Casals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarteto_Casals"},{"link_name":"Cuarteto Latinoamericano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarteto_Latinoamericano"},{"link_name":"Curtis String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Cypress Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Czech Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Dallas String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Danish Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Danubius Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubius_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Dartington String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Sauer"},{"link_name":"Delme Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delme_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Del Sol Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Sol_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Dover Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Dubois String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubois_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Duke Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Ébène Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A8ne_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Element Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Emerson String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Endellion Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endellion_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Enesco Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enesco_Quartet"},{"link_name":"English String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Enso String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enso_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Escala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_(group)"},{"link_name":"Escher String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escher_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Esmé Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esm%C3%A9_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Esterhazy Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhazy_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_(string_quartet)"},{"link_name":"Euclid Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euclid_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Entheos String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entheos_String_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Fanny Mendelssohn Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Festetics String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festetics_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Fitzwilliam Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Fleshquartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshquartet"},{"link_name":"Flonzaley Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flonzaley_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Flux Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Formosa Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Quartet"},{"link_name":"FourPlay String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourPlay_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Fred Sherry String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sherry_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Fry Street Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_Street_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"Gabrieli Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrieli_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Galatea Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Galimir Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Galimir"},{"link_name":"Gaya Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Gewandhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewandhaus_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Goldner String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldner_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Griller Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griller_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Guarneri Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarneri_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"Hagen Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Hampton String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Harlem Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Hellmesberger Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmesberger_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Henschel Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Henry Holst String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holst_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Hollywood String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Hugo Wolf Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Wolf_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"JACK Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Jade String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Janáček Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Jasper String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Juilliard String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Jupiter String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"Kneisel Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneisel_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kocian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kodály Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod%C3%A1ly_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kolisch Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolisch_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Komitas Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitas_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kopelman Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopelman_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Krettly Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krettly_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kreutzer Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreutzer_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kronos Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kuss Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuss_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Kutcher String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutcher_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"Laclede Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laclede_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Lark Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark_Quartet_(string_quartet)"},{"link_name":"LaSalle Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Léner Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ner_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Taneiev Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Taneiev_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Lindsay String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Loewenguth Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loewenguth_Quartet"},{"link_name":"London Haydn Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Haydn_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"London Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Schuster_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"MacNaghten String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Macnaghten"},{"link_name":"Maggini Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggini_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Marie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Marie Soldat-Roeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Soldat-Roeger"},{"link_name":"Marmen Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmen_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Martinů Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%C5%AF_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mecklenburg_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Medici Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Melos Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Methera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methera"},{"link_name":"Miami String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Midnight String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Miró Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%C3%B3_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Modigliani Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Moscow String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow_String_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Moyzes Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyzes_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Müller Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Musica Viva Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_Viva_Australia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"Nevine String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevine_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Nevsky String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevsky_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"New Hungarian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hungarian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"New Italian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Italian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"New Orford String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orford_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"New Vlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_Quartet_Prague"},{"link_name":"New World String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"New Zealand String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"Oberlin String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Olive Mead Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Mead"},{"link_name":"Orford String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Orion String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Orlando Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Oslo String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"Pacifica Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifica_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Paganini Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganini_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Panocha Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panocha_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Parisii Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisii_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Parker Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Parrenin Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrenin_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Pascal Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Pavel Haas Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Haas_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Penderecki String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penderecki_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Perolé Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perol%C3%A9_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Petersen Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Philharmonia Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Philharmonia Quartet Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Quartet_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Philharmonic Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonic_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Prague Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Pražák Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%BE%C3%A1k_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Prima Vista Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Vista_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Pro Arte Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Arte_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"Quatuor Bozzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Bozzini"},{"link_name":"Quartet de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Quarteto Bessler-Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bessler"},{"link_name":"Quartetto di Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartetto_di_Cremona"},{"link_name":"Quartetto Energie Nove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartetto_Energie_Nove"},{"link_name":"Quartetto Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartetto_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Quatuor Arpeggione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Arpeggione"},{"link_name":"Quatuor Mosaïques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Mosa%C3%AFques"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"radio.string.quartet.vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio.string.quartet.vienna"},{"link_name":"RaVen Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RaVen_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Regent String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Rosamunde Quartett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamunde_Quartett"},{"link_name":"Rosé Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_Quartet"},{"link_name":"RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Vanbrugh_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Rubio Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rubio_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=18"},{"link_name":"Sacconi Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacconi_Quartet"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Quartet"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Salomon Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Quartet"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Schumann Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schumann_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Schuppanzigh Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuppanzigh_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Section Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Section_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ševčík-Lhotský Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ev%C4%8D%C3%ADk-Lhotsk%C3%BD_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Shanghai String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shostakovich_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Signum String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signum_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Silesian String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"SKAZ String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKAZ_String_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Smetana Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smetana_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Smith Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Soldier String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Somogyi String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogyi_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Sonus Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonus_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Soweto String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Spektral Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektral_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Spencer Dyke Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Dyke_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Stamic Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamic_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Stanford String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Strub Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strub_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Stratton Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=19"},{"link_name":"T'ang Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27ang_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Takács Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Talich Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talich_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Taneyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneyev_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Tátrai Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1trai_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Tokyo String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Toronto String Quartette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_String_Quartette"},{"link_name":"Turtle Island String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Island_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=20"},{"link_name":"Utrecht String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht_String_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=21"},{"link_name":"Vaghy String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaghy_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Végh Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9gh_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Vermeer Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeer_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Vertavo String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertavo_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Viano String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viano_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Villiers Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Virtuoso Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuoso_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Vitamin String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Vlach Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Voces Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voces_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvartetul_%E2%80%9EVoces%E2%80%9D"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voces_Quartett"},{"link_name":"Vogler Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogler_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=22"},{"link_name":"Walden String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Wihan Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wihan_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=23"},{"link_name":"Yale Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ysaÿe Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysa%C3%BFe_Quartet_(1886)"},{"link_name":"Ysaÿe Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysa%C3%BFe_Quartet_(1984)"},{"link_name":"Ying Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying_Quartet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_string_quartet_ensembles&action=edit§ion=24"},{"link_name":"Zagreb Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Zephyr Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Zoellner Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoellner_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Zorian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorian_Quartet"}],"text":"Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ \n \n\nReferences\nExternal linksA[edit]\nAbramyan String Quartet[1]\nAeolian\nAizuri Quartet\nAlban Berg\nAlberni\nALEA\nAlexander\nAllegri\nAmadeus\nAmar\nAmati\nAmerican SQ\nAmsterdam String Quartet\nAncora String Quartet\nAnnex String Quartet\nApple Hill String Quartet\nArcanto Quartet[2]\nArditti Quartet\nAriel String Quartet\nAron Quartet\nArpeggione\nArtaria String Quartet\nArtemis Quartet\nAtom String Quartet\nAtrium String Quartet\nAudubon Quartet\nAustralian String Quartet\nAviv String Quartet\nB[edit]\nBadke Quartet\nBalanescu Quartet\nBarcelona\nBartók Quartet\nBarylli Quartet\nBastiaan Quartet\nBeethoven Quartet\nBéla Quartet\nBelcea Quartet\nBerkshire String Quartet\nBessler Quartet\nBlair Quartet\nBohemian Quartet\nBond\nBorodin Quartet\nBorromeo String Quartet\nBoston String Quartet\nBrentano Quartet\nBrodsky Quartet\nBrooklyn Rider\nBudapest Quartet original\nBudapest String Quartet\nBusch Quartet\nC[edit]\nCalder Quartet\nCalidore String Quartet\nCapet Quartet\nCarducci Quartet\nCarmel\nCarmine Quartet\nCarpe Diem String Quartet\nCasals\nCassatt Quartet\nCavani Quartet\nChiara String Quartet\nChilingirian Quartet\nCiompi Quartet\nCircadian String Quartet\nCleveland Quartet\nClinton String Quartet\nThe Composers Quartet\nConcord String Quartet\nConservatory String Quartet\nConTempo Quartet\nCorigliano Quartet\nCorvinus Quartet\nCoull Quartet\nCuarteto Casals\nCuarteto Latinoamericano\nCurtis String Quartet\nCypress Quartet\nCzech Quartet\nD[edit]\nDallas String Quartet\nDanish Quartet\nDanubius Quartet\nDartington String Quartet\nDelme Quartet\nDel Sol Quartet\nDover Quartet\nDubois String Quartet\nDuke Quartet\nE[edit]\nÉbène Quartet\nElement Quartet\nEmerson String Quartet\nEndellion Quartet\nEnesco Quartet\nEnglish String Quartet\nEnso String Quartet\nEscala\nEscher String Quartet\nEsmé Quartet\nEsterhazy Quartet\nEthel\nEuclid Quartet[3]\nEntheos String Quartet[4]\nF[edit]\nFanny Mendelssohn Quartet\nFestetics String Quartet\nFine Arts Quartet\nFitzwilliam Quartet\nFleshquartet\nFlonzaley Quartet\nFlux Quartet\nFormosa Quartet\nFourPlay String Quartet\nFred Sherry String Quartet\nFry Street Quartet\nG[edit]\nGabrieli Quartet\nGalatea Quartet\nGalimir Quartet\nGaya Quartet\nGewandhaus\nGoldner String Quartet\nGriller Quartet\nGuarneri Quartet\nH[edit]\nHagen Quartet\nHampton String Quartet\nHarlem Quartet\nHawthorne String Quartet\nHellmesberger Quartet\nHenschel Quartet\nHenry Holst String Quartet\nHollywood String Quartet\nHugo Wolf Quartet\nHungarian Quartet\nJ[edit]\nJACK Quartet\nJade String Quartet\nJanáček Quartet\nJasper String Quartet\nJerusalem Quartet\nJuilliard String Quartet\nJupiter String Quartet[5]\nK[edit]\nKneisel Quartet\nKocian Quartet\nKodály Quartet\nKolisch Quartet\nKomitas Quartet\nKopelman Quartet\nKrettly Quartet\nKreutzer Quartet\nKronos Quartet\nKuss Quartet\nKutcher String Quartet\nL[edit]\nLaclede Quartet\nLark Quartet\nLaSalle Quartet\nLéner Quartet\nLeningrad Taneiev Quartet\nLindsay String Quartet\nLoewenguth Quartet\nLondon Haydn Quartet[6]\nLondon Quartet\nLudwig Schuster\nM[edit]\nMacNaghten String Quartet\nMaggini Quartet\nMarie Hall\nMarie Soldat-Roeger Quartet\nMarmen Quartet\nMartinů Quartet\nMecklenburg Quartet (Saint Petersburg)[7]\nMedici Quartet\nMelos Quartet\nMethera\nMiami String Quartet\nMidnight String Quartet\nMiró Quartet\nModigliani Quartet\nMoscow String Quartet[8]\nMoyzes Quartet\nMüller Brothers\nMusica Viva Australia\nN[edit]\nNevine String Quartet\nNevsky String Quartet\nNew Hungarian Quartet\nNew Italian Quartet\nNew Orford String Quartet\nNew Vlach\nNew World String Quartet\nNew Zealand String Quartet\nO[edit]\nOberlin String Quartet\nOlive Mead Quartet\nOrford String Quartet\nOrion String Quartet\nOrlando Quartet\nOslo String Quartet\nP[edit]\nPacifica Quartet\nPaganini Quartet\nPanocha Quartet\nParisii Quartet\nParker Quartet\nParrenin Quartet\nPascal Quartet\nPavel Haas Quartet\nPenderecki String Quartet\nPerolé Quartet\nPetersen Quartet\nPhiladelphia String Quartet\nPhilharmonia Quartet\nPhilharmonia Quartet Berlin\nPhilharmonic Quartet\nPrague Quartet\nPražák Quartet\nPrima Vista Quartet\nPro Arte Quartet\nQ[edit]\nQuatuor Bozzini\nQuartet de Barcelona\nQuarteto Bessler-Reis\nQuartetto di Cremona\nQuartetto Energie Nove\nQuartetto Italiano\nQuatuor Arpeggione\nQuatuor Mosaïques\nR[edit]\nradio.string.quartet.vienna\nRaVen Quartet\nRegent String Quartet\nRosamunde Quartett\nRosé Quartet\nRTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet\nRubio Quartet\nS[edit]\nSacconi Quartet\nSt. Lawrence Quartet\nSt. Petersburg String Quartet\nSalomon Quartet\nSan Francisco\nSchumann Quartet\nSchuppanzigh Quartet\nSection Quartet\nŠevčík-Lhotský Quartet\nShanghai String Quartet\nShostakovich[9][10][11]\nSignum String Quartet\nSilesian String Quartet\nSKAZ String Quartet[12]\nSmetana Quartet\nSmith Quartet\nSoldier String Quartet\nSomogyi String Quartet\nSonus Quartet\nSoweto String Quartet\nSpektral Quartet\nSpencer Dyke Quartet\nStamic Quartet\nStanford String Quartet\nStrub Quartet\nStratton Quartet (original)\nT[edit]\nT'ang Quartet\nTakács Quartet\nTalich Quartet\nTaneyev\nTátrai Quartet\nTokyo String Quartet\nToronto String Quartette\nTurtle Island String Quartet\nU[edit]\nUtrecht String Quartet[13]\nV[edit]\nVaghy String Quartet\nVégh Quartet\nVermeer Quartet\nVertavo String Quartet\nViano String Quartet\nVilliers Quartet\nVirtuoso Quartet\nVitamin String Quartet\nVlach Quartet\nVoces Quartet [ro; de]\nVogler Quartet\nW[edit]\nWalden String Quartet\nWihan Quartet\nY[edit]\nYale Quartet\nYsaÿe Quartet (1886)\nYsaÿe Quartet (1984)\nYing Quartet\nZ[edit]\nZagreb Quartet (1919–present)\nZephyr Quartet\nZoellner Quartet\nZorian Quartet","title":"List of string quartet ensembles"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bachblüten\". Tagesspiegel (in German). 16 May 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/das-arcanto-quartett-in-berlin-bachblueten/9905766.html","url_text":"\"Bachblüten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Jupiter String Quartet\". Jupiter Quartet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jupiterquartet.com/","url_text":"\"Home | Jupiter String Quartet\""}]},{"reference":"\"The London Haydn Quartet\". www.yale.edu/musicalinstruments/concerts. Yale University. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151218210944/http://www.yale.edu/musicalinstruments/concerts/london-haydn-quartet.htm","url_text":"\"The London Haydn Quartet\""},{"url":"http://www.yale.edu/musicalinstruments/concerts/london-haydn-quartet.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schweitzer, Vivien (4 October 2011). \"Borodin Glows in an Intimate Salon\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/arts/music/moscow-string-quartet-at-frick-collection-review.html","url_text":"\"Borodin Glows in an Intimate Salon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balalaika Ensemble Quartet SKAZ Russia - official site of the Group\". www.skaz1.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skaz1.com/engl.htm","url_text":"\"Balalaika Ensemble Quartet SKAZ Russia - official site of the Group\""}]},{"reference":"Tommasini, Anthony (22 January 2013). \"A Champion of Dutch Composers Comes Ashore Without Much Flash\". New York Times. Retrieved 9 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/arts/music/utrecht-string-quartet-at-the-frick-collection.html","url_text":"\"A Champion of Dutch Composers Comes Ashore Without Much Flash\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://music.utah.edu/faculty/gerald-elias.php","external_links_name":"Gerald Elias Adjunct Professor, Violin"},{"Link":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/das-arcanto-quartett-in-berlin-bachblueten/9905766.html","external_links_name":"\"Bachblüten\""},{"Link":"https://www.euclidquartet.com/","external_links_name":"Euclid Quartet"},{"Link":"http://www.entheosstringquartet.com/","external_links_name":"Entheos String Quartet"},{"Link":"https://www.jupiterquartet.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home | Jupiter String Quartet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151218210944/http://www.yale.edu/musicalinstruments/concerts/london-haydn-quartet.htm","external_links_name":"\"The London Haydn Quartet\""},{"Link":"http://www.yale.edu/musicalinstruments/concerts/london-haydn-quartet.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/arts/music/moscow-string-quartet-at-frick-collection-review.html","external_links_name":"\"Borodin Glows in an Intimate Salon\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/2587076-Shostakovich-Quartet","external_links_name":"Shostakovich Quartet"},{"Link":"https://dschjournal.com/cd-reviews-24#opus049","external_links_name":"CD Reviews 24: Complete String Quartets, Shostakovich String Quartet"},{"Link":"https://www.belcanto.ru/shostakovich-quartet.html","external_links_name":"Квартет имени Шостаковича Shostakovich Quartet"},{"Link":"http://www.skaz1.com/engl.htm","external_links_name":"\"Balalaika Ensemble Quartet SKAZ Russia - official site of the Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/arts/music/utrecht-string-quartet-at-the-frick-collection.html","external_links_name":"\"A Champion of Dutch Composers Comes Ashore Without Much Flash\""},{"Link":"http://www.lmconsult.com/xqf.html","external_links_name":"Website listing quartets and members"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopoterium
|
Sarcopoterium
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of flowering plants in the rose family Rosaceae
Sarcopoterium
Sarcopoterium spinosum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rosaceae
Tribe:
Sanguisorbeae
Subtribe:
Sanguisorbinae
Genus:
SarcopoteriumSpach
Species:
S. spinosum
Binomial name
Sarcopoterium spinosum(L.) Spach
Synonyms
List
Bencomia spinosa (L.) G.Nicholson
Pimpinella spinosa Gaertn.
Poterium spinosum L.
Sanguisorba spinosa (L.) Bertol.
Sarcopoterium is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family. The genus is sometimes considered synonymous to Poterium. The sole species within this genus, Sarcopoterium spinosum, is common to the southeast Mediterranean region and the Middle East. In English it is known as the prickly, spiny, or thorny burnet It is a perennial bush with small flowers in inflorescence. Sarcopoterium spinosum flowers in February to April and its fruits mature in autumn, then fall to earth to germinate with the rain water.
Sarcopoterium spinosum has spines. In the summer (high temperatures) it is dry and appears dead.
References
^ "Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
^ Seligman, No'am; Henkin, Zalmen (2003). "Persistence in Sarcopoterium spinosum dwarf-shrub communities". Plant Ecology. 164 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1023/A:1021289412812. S2CID 31027430.
^ Gargano, Domenico; Fenu, Giuseppe; Medagli, Piero; Sciandrello, Saverio; Bernardo, Liliana (1 December 2007). "The status of Sarcopoterium spinosum (Rosaceae) at the western periphery of its range: Ecological constraints lead to conservation concerns". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 55 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1560/IJPS.55.1.1 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^ Sarcopoterium spinosum (SRCSP) on EPPO Global Database
Taxon identifiersSarcopoterium
Wikidata: Q2908640
Wikispecies: Sarcopoterium
APDB: 194628
BOLD: 620008
CoL: 7CGG
EoL: 75755
EPPO: 1SRCG
GBIF: 3001878
GRIN: 10746
iNaturalist: 81757
IPNI: 34020-1
IRMNG: 1044000
NCBI: 137459
Open Tree of Life: 591715
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:34020-1
Tropicos: 40029907
WFO: wfo-4000034073
Sarcopoterium spinosum
Wikidata: Q27845140
Wikispecies: Sarcopoterium spinosum
APDB: 152952
BOLD: 620009
CoL: 79N5B
EoL: 635271
EUNIS: 180140
FoIO: sarspi
GBIF: 3001879
GRIN: 33135
iNaturalist: 81756
IPNI: 741428-1
IRMNG: 11240605
NCBI: 137458
Observation.org: 145559
Open Tree of Life: 591706
PalDat: Sarcopoterium_spinosum
Plant List: rjp-1340
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:741428-1
Tropicos: 27800188
WoI: 418
WFO: wfo-0000985891
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rose family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_family"},{"link_name":"sole species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sarcopoterium is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family. The genus is sometimes considered synonymous to Poterium. The sole species within this genus, Sarcopoterium spinosum, is common to the southeast Mediterranean region[2] and the Middle East.[3] In English it is known as the prickly, spiny, or thorny burnet[4] It is a perennial bush with small flowers in inflorescence. Sarcopoterium spinosum flowers in February to April and its fruits mature in autumn, then fall to earth to germinate with the rain water.Sarcopoterium spinosum has spines. In the summer (high temperatures) it is dry and appears dead.","title":"Sarcopoterium"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach\". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:741428-1#synonyms","url_text":"\"Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach\""}]},{"reference":"Seligman, No'am; Henkin, Zalmen (2003). \"Persistence in Sarcopoterium spinosum dwarf-shrub communities\". Plant Ecology. 164 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1023/A:1021289412812. S2CID 31027430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021289412812","url_text":"10.1023/A:1021289412812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31027430","url_text":"31027430"}]},{"reference":"Gargano, Domenico; Fenu, Giuseppe; Medagli, Piero; Sciandrello, Saverio; Bernardo, Liliana (1 December 2007). \"The status of Sarcopoterium spinosum (Rosaceae) at the western periphery of its range: Ecological constraints lead to conservation concerns\". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 55 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1560/IJPS.55.1.1 (inactive 31 January 2024).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1560%2FIJPS.55.1.1","url_text":"10.1560/IJPS.55.1.1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:741428-1#synonyms","external_links_name":"\"Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021289412812","external_links_name":"10.1023/A:1021289412812"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31027430","external_links_name":"31027430"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1560%2FIJPS.55.1.1","external_links_name":"10.1560/IJPS.55.1.1"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SRCSP","external_links_name":"Sarcopoterium spinosum (SRCSP)"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/194628","external_links_name":"194628"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=620008","external_links_name":"620008"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7CGG","external_links_name":"7CGG"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/75755","external_links_name":"75755"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SRCG","external_links_name":"1SRCG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3001878","external_links_name":"3001878"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=10746","external_links_name":"10746"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/81757","external_links_name":"81757"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/34020-1","external_links_name":"34020-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1044000","external_links_name":"1044000"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=137459","external_links_name":"137459"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=591715","external_links_name":"591715"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A34020-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:34020-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40029907","external_links_name":"40029907"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000034073","external_links_name":"wfo-4000034073"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/152952","external_links_name":"152952"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=620009","external_links_name":"620009"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/79N5B","external_links_name":"79N5B"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/635271","external_links_name":"635271"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/180140","external_links_name":"180140"},{"Link":"https://flora.org.il/en/plants/sarspi","external_links_name":"sarspi"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3001879","external_links_name":"3001879"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33135","external_links_name":"33135"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/81756","external_links_name":"81756"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/741428-1","external_links_name":"741428-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11240605","external_links_name":"11240605"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=137458","external_links_name":"137458"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/145559/","external_links_name":"145559"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=591706","external_links_name":"591706"},{"Link":"https://www.paldat.org/pub/Sarcopoterium_spinosum","external_links_name":"Sarcopoterium_spinosum"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-1340","external_links_name":"rjp-1340"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A741428-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:741428-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27800188","external_links_name":"27800188"},{"Link":"https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=418","external_links_name":"418"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000985891","external_links_name":"wfo-0000985891"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532155105171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambre_Energy
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Ambre Energy
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["1 History","2 Felton Clean Coal Project","3 North American operations","4 Oil-Tech process","5 References","6 External links"]
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This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2016)
Ambre Energy Limited is an Australian coal and oil shale company. It has offices in Brisbane and Salt Lake City.
History
Ambre Energy was founded in June 2005 by Edek Choros, a geologist and mining engineer. In September 2005, Ambre Energy filed a patent for the Hybrid Energy System, a method for processing low value coal and other carbonaceous materials.
In April 2006, Ambre Energy started negotiations with American oil shale technology company Oil-Tech, Inc., incorporated in February 2000 in Utah. Oil-Tech, Inc. was a developer of the Oil-Tech staged electrically heated retort process for the oil shale pyrolysis. In October 2006, Ambre Energy and Oil-Tech established Millennium Synfuels, LLC, which take over property rights of the retorting technology. By 30 June 2007, Ambre Energy acquired 6% of Oil Tech and 17 October 2007, it acquired 35%. Further Oil Tech become a wholly owned subsidiary of Ambre Energy and as of 21 July 2008, was merged into Ambre Energy.
Felton Clean Coal Project
Ambre Energy is planning to build and operate a clean coal gasification plant at Felton Valley, 30 kilometres (19 mi) south west of Toowoomba, Queensland. The plan includes construction of an open-pit coal mine, and carbon capture facility. At the final stage, the plant is expected to produce enough gas for production of 2.8 million tonnes per year of dimethyl ether and generate 650 MW of electricity. It is also expected to produce by-products for fertilizer production, and olefins and plastics manufacturing.
In April 2012, Campbell Newman, the then-incoming Premier of Queensland, rejected the plans, with The Australian reporting that Ambre Energy was "at risk of financial collapse" in the wake of the decision. The company issued an official response to the article refuting the claim, adding that the Felton project "remains in the early investigation stage."
In December 2016, plans to mine in Felton resurfaced after Ambre Energy had two coal exploration permits renewed by the Queensland state government.
North American operations
In February 2009, it was announced that Ambre Energy were seeking to construct a coal plant in southeastern Montana for US$375 million that would produce up to 4.4 million tons of coal and 1.6 million barrels of synthetic crude annually. The company went on to acquire a 50% share in a mine in Decker, with Cloud Peak Energy owning the other 50%. However, in July 2012, Cloud Peak sued Ambre Energy, alleging that Ambre Energy's export plans for the mine were "developed without Cloud Peak's approval" and that Ambre Energy "intend to keep for themselves a disproportionate share of any potential value of the coal" from the mine. In December 2012, Cloud Peak agreed to sell their share of the mine to Ambre Energy for US$57 million, but in May 2013, it was announced that the deal was being renegotiated.
In November 2010, plans to build a coal export terminal in Longview, Washington, by Millenium Bulk Logistics, a subsidiary of Ambre Energy, were announced. Permits were approved by Cowlitz County commissioners later the same month, but in March 2011, Millenium Bulk Logistics withdrew the plans with an intention to resubmit their application "after doing environmental studies." The initial application provided an exportation target of 5.7 million tons of coal per year, but reports suggested Ambre Energy had plans to export as much as 80 million tons annually. In addition to this project, later plans to build a storage facility in the Port of Morrow and the Port of St. Helens in Oregon faced public opposition and were eventually rejected by state regulators in September 2014, citing potential damage to marine and riparian ecosystems and a potential threat to fishing grounds long used by Native American tribes in the region.
In December 2014, Ambre Energy sold all of its North American assets to Denver-based private equity firm Resource Capital Funds for US$18 million, with the new company continuing operations as Ambre Energy North America. In April 2015, Ambre Energy North America changed its name to Lighthouse Resources Inc., but made no changes to the company's leadership.
Oil-Tech process
Ambre Energy operates a small Oil-Tech-type of shale oil extraction pilot plant and 34,000 acres (140 km2) of oil shale leases, approximately 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Vernal, Utah. In Oil-Tech process, crushed oil shale is lifted by a conveyor system to the vertical retort, and is loaded into the retort from the top. The retort consists of a series of connected individual heating chambers, stacked atop each other. Heating rods extend into the centers of each of these chambers. The feed oil shale is heated to increasingly higher temperatures as it moves down the retort, attaining a temperature of 1,000 °F (540 °C) in the lowest chamber. The gases and vapors are vacuumed into a condensing unit. The spent shale is used for pre-heating feed oil shale. The advantages of this technology are its modular design, which enhances its portability and adaptability, its low water requirements, its heating efficiency, and the relatively high quality of the resulting product.
References
^
"Community opposition forces smaller coals to liquid project". Australia: ABC News. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
^ Klan, Anthony (2 April 2012). "Miner Ambre Energy in financial trouble as Queensland rejects its coalmine project". The Australian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ "Ambre Energy responds to article in The Australian". Ambre Energy. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Gillespie, Tom (14 December 2016). "Felton farmers gear up to fight return of Ambre Energy". The Toowoomba Chronicle. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Brown, Matthew; Deines, Kahrin (4 February 2009). "$375-Million Coal Plant Proposed for SE Montana". Flathead Bacon. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Learn, Scott (16 July 2012). "Lawsuit clouds Ambre Energy's plans to export coal from Columbia River ports". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Brown, Matthew (8 May 2013). "Ambre Energy's export coal deal stalls as companies renegotiate". The Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Learn, Scott (16 November 2010). "Australian coal company wants to build coal-export terminal in Longview to ship to Asia". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Learn, Scott (23 November 2010). "Cowlitz County OKs permits for Longview, Wash., terminal that would export coal to Asia". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Connelly, Joel (15 March 2011). "Strategic withdrawal for Longview coal exporter". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Loomis, Brandon (23 February 2011). "Protesters rally in SLC against coal-export plan". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Learn, Scott (17 January 2012). "Two coal companies want to export coal through the Port of St. Helens". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Learn, Scott (7 May 2012). "Kennedy, activists rally in Portland against exporting coal from Northwest ports". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Learn, Scott (17 July 2012). "Ambre Energy needs Oregon air permit to store coal at Port of Morrow". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Storrow, Benjamin (2 September 2014). "With Oregon and Vancouver decided, coal export fight moves to Washington". Casper Star Tribune. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Storrow, Benjamin (8 December 2014). "Ambre Energy sells North American assets in bid to save coal ports". Casper Star Tribune. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Plaven, George (13 April 2015). "Ambre Energy changes name to Lighthouse Resources". East Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources: The Continuing Evolution of America's Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries (PDF) (4th ed.). United States Department of Energy. 2010. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
^ a b
"Appendix A: Oil Shale Development Background and Technology Overview" (PDF). Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource Management Plan Amendments to Address Land Use Allocations in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming and Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. Argonne National Laboratory. November 2008. pp. A-54–56. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
External links
Company website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"oil shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"}],"text":"Ambre Energy Limited is an Australian coal and oil shale company. It has offices in Brisbane and Salt Lake City.","title":"Ambre Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"}],"text":"Ambre Energy was founded in June 2005 by Edek Choros, a geologist and mining engineer. In September 2005, Ambre Energy filed a patent for the Hybrid Energy System, a method for processing low value coal and other carbonaceous materials.In April 2006, Ambre Energy started negotiations with American oil shale technology company Oil-Tech, Inc., incorporated in February 2000 in Utah. Oil-Tech, Inc. was a developer of the Oil-Tech staged electrically heated retort process for the oil shale pyrolysis. In October 2006, Ambre Energy and Oil-Tech established Millennium Synfuels, LLC, which take over property rights of the retorting technology. By 30 June 2007, Ambre Energy acquired 6% of Oil Tech and 17 October 2007, it acquired 35%. Further Oil Tech become a wholly owned subsidiary of Ambre Energy and as of 21 July 2008, was merged into Ambre Energy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clean coal gasification plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal#Gasification"},{"link_name":"Felton Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Downs"},{"link_name":"Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"open-pit coal mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining"},{"link_name":"carbon capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"dimethyl ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether"},{"link_name":"olefins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene"},{"link_name":"plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"Campbell Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Newman"},{"link_name":"Premier of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ambre Energy is planning to build and operate a clean coal gasification plant at Felton Valley, 30 kilometres (19 mi) south west of Toowoomba, Queensland. The plan includes construction of an open-pit coal mine, and carbon capture facility.[1] At the final stage, the plant is expected to produce enough gas for production of 2.8 million tonnes per year of dimethyl ether and generate 650 MW of electricity. It is also expected to produce by-products for fertilizer production, and olefins and plastics manufacturing.In April 2012, Campbell Newman, the then-incoming Premier of Queensland, rejected the plans, with The Australian reporting that Ambre Energy was \"at risk of financial collapse\" in the wake of the decision.[2] The company issued an official response to the article refuting the claim, adding that the Felton project \"remains in the early investigation stage.\"[3]In December 2016, plans to mine in Felton resurfaced after Ambre Energy had two coal exploration permits renewed by the Queensland state government.[4]","title":"Felton Clean Coal Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"synthetic crude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_crude"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decker,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Cloud Peak Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Peak_Energy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Longview, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cowlitz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowlitz_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Port of Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Port of St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_St._Helens"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In February 2009, it was announced that Ambre Energy were seeking to construct a coal plant in southeastern Montana for US$375 million that would produce up to 4.4 million tons of coal and 1.6 million barrels of synthetic crude annually.[5] The company went on to acquire a 50% share in a mine in Decker, with Cloud Peak Energy owning the other 50%. However, in July 2012, Cloud Peak sued Ambre Energy, alleging that Ambre Energy's export plans for the mine were \"developed without Cloud Peak's approval\" and that Ambre Energy \"intend to keep for themselves a disproportionate share of any potential value of the coal\" from the mine.[6] In December 2012, Cloud Peak agreed to sell their share of the mine to Ambre Energy for US$57 million, but in May 2013, it was announced that the deal was being renegotiated.[7]In November 2010, plans to build a coal export terminal in Longview, Washington, by Millenium Bulk Logistics, a subsidiary of Ambre Energy, were announced.[8] Permits were approved by Cowlitz County commissioners later the same month,[9] but in March 2011, Millenium Bulk Logistics withdrew the plans with an intention to resubmit their application \"after doing environmental studies.\" The initial application provided an exportation target of 5.7 million tons of coal per year, but reports suggested Ambre Energy had plans to export as much as 80 million tons annually.[10] In addition to this project, later plans to build a storage facility in the Port of Morrow and the Port of St. Helens in Oregon faced public opposition and were eventually rejected by state regulators in September 2014, citing potential damage to marine and riparian ecosystems and a potential threat to fishing grounds long used by Native American tribes in the region.[11][12][13][14][15]In December 2014, Ambre Energy sold all of its North American assets to Denver-based private equity firm Resource Capital Funds for US$18 million, with the new company continuing operations as Ambre Energy North America.[16] In April 2015, Ambre Energy North America changed its name to Lighthouse Resources Inc., but made no changes to the company's leadership.[17]","title":"North American operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shale oil extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction"},{"link_name":"Vernal, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal,_Utah"},{"link_name":"spent shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_shale"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOE-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM2008appendix-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM2008appendix-19"}],"text":"Ambre Energy operates a small Oil-Tech-type of shale oil extraction pilot plant and 34,000 acres (140 km2) of oil shale leases, approximately 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Vernal, Utah. In Oil-Tech process, crushed oil shale is lifted by a conveyor system to the vertical retort, and is loaded into the retort from the top. The retort consists of a series of connected individual heating chambers, stacked atop each other. Heating rods extend into the centers of each of these chambers. The feed oil shale is heated to increasingly higher temperatures as it moves down the retort, attaining a temperature of 1,000 °F (540 °C) in the lowest chamber. The gases and vapors are vacuumed into a condensing unit. The spent shale is used for pre-heating feed oil shale.[18][19] The advantages of this technology are its modular design, which enhances its portability and adaptability, its low water requirements, its heating efficiency, and the relatively high quality of the resulting product.[19]","title":"Oil-Tech process"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Community opposition forces smaller coals to liquid project\". Australia: ABC News. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/07/2237725.htm","url_text":"\"Community opposition forces smaller coals to liquid project\""}]},{"reference":"Klan, Anthony (2 April 2012). \"Miner Ambre Energy in financial trouble as Queensland rejects its coalmine project\". The Australian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/business/miner-ambre-energy-in-financial-trouble-as-queensland-rejects-its-coalmine-project/news-story/77e9406ee18244b1e3e693f6ee0de455","url_text":"\"Miner Ambre Energy in financial trouble as Queensland rejects its coalmine project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambre Energy responds to article in The Australian\". Ambre Energy. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ambreenergy.com/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/ambre-energy-responds-to-article-in-the-australian","url_text":"\"Ambre Energy responds to article in The Australian\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501204811/http://ambreenergy.com/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/ambre-energy-responds-to-article-in-the-australian","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Tom (14 December 2016). \"Felton farmers gear up to fight return of Ambre Energy\". The Toowoomba Chronicle. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/felton-farmers-gear-fight-return-ambre-energy/3122582/","url_text":"\"Felton farmers gear up to fight return of Ambre Energy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toowoomba_Chronicle","url_text":"The Toowoomba Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Matthew; Deines, Kahrin (4 February 2009). \"$375-Million Coal Plant Proposed for SE Montana\". Flathead Bacon. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://flatheadbeacon.com/2009/02/04/375-million-coal-plant-proposed-for-se-montana/","url_text":"\"$375-Million Coal Plant Proposed for SE Montana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Learn, Scott (16 July 2012). \"Lawsuit clouds Ambre Energy's plans to export coal from Columbia River ports\". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/07/lawsuit_clouds_ambre_energys_p.html","url_text":"\"Lawsuit clouds Ambre Energy's plans to export coal from Columbia River ports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Matthew (8 May 2013). \"Ambre Energy's export coal deal stalls as companies renegotiate\". The Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tdn.com/news/state-and-regional/washington/ambre-energy-s-export-coal-deal-stalls-as-companies-renegotiate/article_6c0c674c-b83c-11e2-b816-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Ambre Energy's export coal deal stalls as companies renegotiate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Longview)","url_text":"The Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Learn, Scott (16 November 2010). \"Australian coal company wants to build coal-export terminal in Longview to ship to Asia\". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2010/11/australian_coal_company_wants.html","url_text":"\"Australian coal company wants to build coal-export terminal in Longview to ship to Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Learn, Scott (23 November 2010). \"Cowlitz County OKs permits for Longview, Wash., terminal that would export coal to Asia\". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2010/11/cowlitz_county_approves_permit.html","url_text":"\"Cowlitz County OKs permits for Longview, Wash., terminal that would export coal to Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Connelly, Joel (15 March 2011). \"Strategic withdrawal for Longview coal exporter\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/03/15/strategic-withdrawal-for-longview-coal-exporter/","url_text":"\"Strategic withdrawal for Longview coal exporter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"}]},{"reference":"Loomis, Brandon (23 February 2011). \"Protesters rally in SLC against coal-export plan\". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=51298749&itype=CMSID","url_text":"\"Protesters rally in SLC against coal-export plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"The Salt Lake Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Learn, Scott (17 January 2012). \"Two coal companies want to export coal through the Port of St. Helens\". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/01/two_coal_companies_want_to_exp.html","url_text":"\"Two coal companies want to export coal through the Port of St. Helens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Learn, Scott (7 May 2012). \"Kennedy, activists rally in Portland against exporting coal from Northwest ports\". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/05/activists_rally_in_portland_ag.html","url_text":"\"Kennedy, activists rally in Portland against exporting coal from Northwest ports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Learn, Scott (17 July 2012). \"Ambre Energy needs Oregon air permit to store coal at Port of Morrow\". The Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/07/ambre_energy_needs_oregon_air.html","url_text":"\"Ambre Energy needs Oregon air permit to store coal at Port of Morrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Storrow, Benjamin (2 September 2014). \"With Oregon and Vancouver decided, coal export fight moves to Washington\". Casper Star Tribune. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://trib.com/business/energy/with-oregon-and-vancouver-decided-coal-export-fight-moves-to/article_eed6489e-c617-5dbc-8e77-d45bc65569ca.html","url_text":"\"With Oregon and Vancouver decided, coal export fight moves to Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Star_Tribune","url_text":"Casper Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Storrow, Benjamin (8 December 2014). \"Ambre Energy sells North American assets in bid to save coal ports\". Casper Star Tribune. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://trib.com/business/energy/ambre-energy-sells-north-american-assets-in-bid-to-save/article_5da88180-3145-5d4c-bbd7-179674c1836b.html","url_text":"\"Ambre Energy sells North American assets in bid to save coal ports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Star_Tribune","url_text":"Casper Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Plaven, George (13 April 2015). \"Ambre Energy changes name to Lighthouse Resources\". East Oregonian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastoregonian.com/news/local/ambre-energy-changes-name-to-lighthouse-resources/article_43c480ed-cca7-5db3-a3db-9b5f33f052ee.html","url_text":"\"Ambre Energy changes name to Lighthouse Resources\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Oregonian","url_text":"East Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources: The Continuing Evolution of America's Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries (PDF) (4th ed.). United States Department of Energy. 2010. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110427231417/http://www.unconventionalfuels.org/publications/reports/SecureFuelsReport2010.pdf","url_text":"Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources: The Continuing Evolution of America's Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy","url_text":"United States Department of Energy"},{"url":"http://www.unconventionalfuels.org/publications/reports/SecureFuelsReport2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendix A: Oil Shale Development Background and Technology Overview\" (PDF). Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource Management Plan Amendments to Address Land Use Allocations in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming and Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. Argonne National Laboratory. November 2008. pp. A-54–56. Retrieved 23 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://ostseis.anl.gov/documents/fpeis/vol3/OSTS_FPEIS_vol3_App_A.pdf","url_text":"\"Appendix A: Oil Shale Development Background and Technology Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory","url_text":"Argonne National Laboratory"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/07/2237725.htm","external_links_name":"\"Community opposition forces smaller coals to liquid project\""},{"Link":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/business/miner-ambre-energy-in-financial-trouble-as-queensland-rejects-its-coalmine-project/news-story/77e9406ee18244b1e3e693f6ee0de455","external_links_name":"\"Miner Ambre Energy in financial trouble as Queensland rejects its coalmine project\""},{"Link":"http://ambreenergy.com/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/ambre-energy-responds-to-article-in-the-australian","external_links_name":"\"Ambre Energy responds to article in The Australian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501204811/http://ambreenergy.com/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/ambre-energy-responds-to-article-in-the-australian","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/felton-farmers-gear-fight-return-ambre-energy/3122582/","external_links_name":"\"Felton farmers gear up to fight return of Ambre Energy\""},{"Link":"https://flatheadbeacon.com/2009/02/04/375-million-coal-plant-proposed-for-se-montana/","external_links_name":"\"$375-Million Coal Plant Proposed for SE Montana\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/07/lawsuit_clouds_ambre_energys_p.html","external_links_name":"\"Lawsuit clouds Ambre Energy's plans to export coal from Columbia River ports\""},{"Link":"https://tdn.com/news/state-and-regional/washington/ambre-energy-s-export-coal-deal-stalls-as-companies-renegotiate/article_6c0c674c-b83c-11e2-b816-001a4bcf887a.html","external_links_name":"\"Ambre Energy's export coal deal stalls as companies renegotiate\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2010/11/australian_coal_company_wants.html","external_links_name":"\"Australian coal company wants to build coal-export terminal in Longview to ship to Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2010/11/cowlitz_county_approves_permit.html","external_links_name":"\"Cowlitz County OKs permits for Longview, Wash., terminal that would export coal to Asia\""},{"Link":"https://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/03/15/strategic-withdrawal-for-longview-coal-exporter/","external_links_name":"\"Strategic withdrawal for Longview coal exporter\""},{"Link":"https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=51298749&itype=CMSID","external_links_name":"\"Protesters rally in SLC against coal-export plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/01/two_coal_companies_want_to_exp.html","external_links_name":"\"Two coal companies want to export coal through the Port of St. Helens\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/05/activists_rally_in_portland_ag.html","external_links_name":"\"Kennedy, activists rally in Portland against exporting coal from Northwest ports\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/2012/07/ambre_energy_needs_oregon_air.html","external_links_name":"\"Ambre Energy needs Oregon air permit to store coal at Port of Morrow\""},{"Link":"https://trib.com/business/energy/with-oregon-and-vancouver-decided-coal-export-fight-moves-to/article_eed6489e-c617-5dbc-8e77-d45bc65569ca.html","external_links_name":"\"With Oregon and Vancouver decided, coal export fight moves to Washington\""},{"Link":"https://trib.com/business/energy/ambre-energy-sells-north-american-assets-in-bid-to-save/article_5da88180-3145-5d4c-bbd7-179674c1836b.html","external_links_name":"\"Ambre Energy sells North American assets in bid to save coal ports\""},{"Link":"https://www.eastoregonian.com/news/local/ambre-energy-changes-name-to-lighthouse-resources/article_43c480ed-cca7-5db3-a3db-9b5f33f052ee.html","external_links_name":"\"Ambre Energy changes name to Lighthouse Resources\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110427231417/http://www.unconventionalfuels.org/publications/reports/SecureFuelsReport2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources: The Continuing Evolution of America's Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries"},{"Link":"http://www.unconventionalfuels.org/publications/reports/SecureFuelsReport2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ostseis.anl.gov/documents/fpeis/vol3/OSTS_FPEIS_vol3_App_A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Appendix A: Oil Shale Development Background and Technology Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.ambreenergy.com/","external_links_name":"Company website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najbolje_pesme_1980%E2%80%931988
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Najbolje pesme 1980–1988
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["1 Track listing","2 Notes","3 References"]
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1988 compilation album by Električni OrgazamNajbolje pesme 1980–1988Compilation album by Električni OrgazamReleased1988Recorded1980–1988GenreNew wave, punk rock, post-punk, psychedelic rock, rockLength52:03LabelJugotonProducerIvan Stančić Piko, Srđan Gojković GileElektrični Orgazam compilations chronology
Paket aranžman(1981)
Najbolje pesme 1980–1988(1988)
Seks, droga, nasilje i strah / Balkan Horor Rock(1992)
Najbolje pesme 1980–1988 is the first greatest hits compilation by the Serbian rock band Električni Orgazam. The compilation was rereleased in the 1990s by Hi-Fi Centar and Yellow Dog Records.
Track listing
All tracks by S. Gojković, except where noted.
"Zlatni papagaj" (2:10)
"Krokodili dolaze" (S. Gojković, Lj. Đukić) (3:10)
"Konobar" (Đukić) (2:12)
"Nebo" (4:38)
"Odelo" (2:01)
"Dokolica" (2:29)
"Locomotion" (C. King, G. Goffin) (3:23)
"Skamenjen" (5:14)
"Vudu bluz" (2:58)
"Debela devojka" (2:41)
"Ja sam težak kao konj" (2:36)
"Ne postojim" (2:26)
"Kapetan Esid" (3:50)
"Kako bubanj kaže" (4:17)
"Bejbe, ti nisi tu (M. Jagger, K. Richards) (3:47)
"Igra rokenrol cela Jugoslavija" (4:11)
Notes
Tracks 1,2 - from Paket aranžman (1981)
Tracks 3,4 - from Električni orgazam (1981)
Tracks 5,6 - from Lišće prekriva Lisabon (1982)
Track 7 - from Les Chansones Populaires (1983)
Track 8 - from Kako bubanj kaže (1984)
Tracks 9-13 - from Distorzija (1986)
Tracks 14,15 - from Braćo i sestre (1987)
Track 16 - from Letim, sanjam, dišem (1988)
References
Električni Orgazam discography at Diskografije.com
Najbolje pesme 1980-1988 at Discogs
vteElektrični Orgazam
Srđan Gojković
Ljubomir Đukić
Branislav Petrović
Zoran Radomirović
Blagoje Nedeljković
Goran Sinadinović
Marina Vulić
Ljubomir Jovanović
Branko Kuštrin
Jovan Jovanović
Goran Čavajda
Ivan Pajević
Nikola Čuturilo
Vlada Funtek
Srđan Todorović
Miloš Velimir
Dejan Radisavljević
Ivan Ranković
Zdenko Kolar
Zoran Zagorčić
Studio albums
Električni orgazam
Lišće prekriva Lisabon
Les Chansones Populaires
Kako bubanj kaže
Distorzija
Letim, sanjam, dišem
Zašto da ne!
A um bum
Harmonajzer
To što vidiš to i jeste
Gde smo sad?
EPs
Warszawa '81
Compilation albums
Paket aranžman
Najbolje pesme 1980–1988
Seks, droga, nasilje i strah / Balkan Horor Rock
Najbolje pesme vol. 2 1992–1999
Breskve u teškom sirupu vol. 1
The Ultimate Collection
Live albums
Braćo i sestre
Balkan Horor Rok II
Warszawa '81
Živo i akustično
ElOrgNewWave
Singles
"Konobar"
"Dokolica"
"Odelo"
"Locomotion"
"Kako bubanj kaže"
Associated acts
Babe
Berliner Strasse
Bezobrazno Zeleno
Disciplina Kičme
Disciplin A Kitschme
Doktor Spira i Ljudska Bića
Du Du A
E-Play
Ekatarina Velika
Grupa I
Idoli
Katarina II
Kazna Za Uši
Partibrejkers
Pasta ZZ
Petar i Zli Vuci
Radnička Kontrola
Riblja Čorba
Rimtutituki
Siluete
Sunshine
U Škripcu
Vlada Divljan Old Stars Band
Zona B
Related articles
Električni Orgazam discography
Yugoton
Svi marš na ples!
Vrući dani i vrele noći
Sretno dijete
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_rock"},{"link_name":"Električni Orgazam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_Orgazam"},{"link_name":"Hi-Fi Centar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi_Centar"},{"link_name":"Yellow Dog Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Records"}],"text":"Najbolje pesme 1980–1988 is the first greatest hits compilation by the Serbian rock band Električni Orgazam. The compilation was rereleased in the 1990s by Hi-Fi Centar and Yellow Dog Records.","title":"Najbolje pesme 1980–1988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konobar"},{"link_name":"Odelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odelo"},{"link_name":"Dokolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokolica"},{"link_name":"Locomotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loco-Motion"},{"link_name":"C. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"G. Goffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Goffin"},{"link_name":"Kako bubanj kaže","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kako_bubanj_ka%C5%BEe"},{"link_name":"Bejbe, ti nisi tu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Time_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"M. Jagger, K. Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagger/Richards"}],"text":"All tracks by S. Gojković, except where noted.\"Zlatni papagaj\" (2:10)\n\"Krokodili dolaze\" (S. Gojković, Lj. Đukić) (3:10)\n\"Konobar\" (Đukić) (2:12)\n\"Nebo\" (4:38)\n\"Odelo\" (2:01)\n\"Dokolica\" (2:29)\n\"Locomotion\" (C. King, G. Goffin) (3:23)\n\"Skamenjen\" (5:14)\n\"Vudu bluz\" (2:58)\n\"Debela devojka\" (2:41)\n\"Ja sam težak kao konj\" (2:36)\n\"Ne postojim\" (2:26)\n\"Kapetan Esid\" (3:50)\n\"Kako bubanj kaže\" (4:17)\n\"Bejbe, ti nisi tu (M. Jagger, K. Richards) (3:47)\n\"Igra rokenrol cela Jugoslavija\" (4:11)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paket aranžman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_aran%C5%BEman"},{"link_name":"Električni orgazam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_orgazam_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lišće prekriva Lisabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%A1%C4%87e_prekriva_Lisabon"},{"link_name":"Les Chansones Populaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Chansones_Populaires"},{"link_name":"Kako bubanj kaže","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kako_bubanj_ka%C5%BEe_(album)"},{"link_name":"Distorzija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorzija"},{"link_name":"Braćo i sestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C4%87o_i_sestre"},{"link_name":"Letim, sanjam, dišem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letim,_sanjam,_di%C5%A1em"}],"text":"Tracks 1,2 - from Paket aranžman (1981)\nTracks 3,4 - from Električni orgazam (1981)\nTracks 5,6 - from Lišće prekriva Lisabon (1982)\nTrack 7 - from Les Chansones Populaires (1983)\nTrack 8 - from Kako bubanj kaže (1984)\nTracks 9-13 - from Distorzija (1986)\nTracks 14,15 - from Braćo i sestre (1987)\nTrack 16 - from Letim, sanjam, dišem (1988)","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://diskografije.com/category/elektricni-orgazam/","external_links_name":"Električni Orgazam discography at Diskografije.com"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Elektri%C4%8Dni-Orgazam-Najbolje-Pesme-1980-1988/release/1439725","external_links_name":"Najbolje pesme 1980-1988 at Discogs"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Scranton_High_School
|
West Scranton High School
|
["1 Extracurriculars","1.1 Sports","2 Notable alumni","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 41°24′34″N 75°41′17″W / 41.4094°N 75.688°W / 41.4094; -75.688Public high school in Scranton, Pennsylvania, United StatesWest Scranton High SchoolAddress1201 Luzerne StreetScranton, Pennsylvania 18504United StatesInformationSchool typePublic high schoolEstablished1935School districtScranton School DistrictPrincipalRenee StevensFaculty81.14 (FTE)Grades9-12Enrollment1,004 (2018-19)Student to teacher ratio12.37Campus typeUrbanColor(s)Blue and white MascotInvaderInformation570-348-3616WebsiteOfficial website
West Scranton High School, is a community-based school in the west side neighborhood of Scranton, Pennsylvania. It is one of the oldest schools in the area, having opened to the public in 1935, first as a junior high facility and later as a high school. It offers about 32 clubs and 17 sports, and hosts grades 9 through 12. Renée Stevens is the school's current principal. The school colors are royal blue and white and the mascot is the Invader. It is a public school enrolling approximately 1,000 students, with an average of about 250 students in each grade.
Extracurriculars
Scranton School District offers a variety of clubs, activities, and sports.
Sports
Baseball
Basketball (boys' and girls')
Cheerleading (football and basketball)
Cross country
Football- Coached by Jake Manetti
Golf
Soccer (boys' and girls')
Softball
Swimming and diving
Tennis (boys' and girls')
Track and field
Wrestling
The school's biggest athletic rival is the Scranton High School Knights, who share a football stadium - Memorial Stadium, located outside Scranton High School - with the Invaders. Each year, the two teams meet in "The Bell Game," usually in early October. The winner of the football game takes a locomotive bell, to remain in the victor's school until the following meeting.
Notable alumni
Nick Chickillo, former professional football player, Chicago Cardinals
Bill Ferrario, former professional football player, Green Bay Packers
Cosmo Iacavazzi, former professional football player, New York Jets, and member of College Football Hall of Fame
Don Jonas, former professional football player, Philadelphia Eagles
Kathleen Kane, former Pennsylvania Attorney General convicted of felony perjury and subsequently disbarred and sentence to jail time
Matt McGloin, former professional football player, Houston Texans and Oakland Raiders
Marc Spindler, former professional football player, Detroit Lions and New York Jets
Tyra Vaughn, former film actress and showgirl
References
^ "West Scranton High School Homepage". Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ a b c "West Scranton HS". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ "West Scranton High School Brochure" (PDF). 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ "John Baer: New A.G. Kane has a lot on her plate". 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.
vteLackawanna County, Pennsylvania schoolsMain school districtsAbington Heights
Abington Heights High School
Carbondale Area
Carbondale Area Junior Senior High School
Dunmore
Dunmore High School
Lakeland
Lakeland Elementry School - Mayfield Campus
Lakeland Elementry School - Scott Campus
Lakeland Junior Senior High School
Mid Valley
Mid Valley Secondary Center
Old Forge
Old Forge Junior-Senior High School
Riverside
Riverside Junior-Senior High School
Scranton
Scranton High School
West Scranton High School
Valley View
Valley View High School
Other schoolsCharter schools
Scranton School for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Forest City Regional (partially located in Susquehanna and Wayne Counties)
Forest City Regional High School
Lackawanna Trail (partially located in Wyoming County)
Lackawanna Trail Junior-Senior High School
North Pocono (partially located in Wayne County)
North Pocono High School
Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton
Holy Cross High School
Career and technology school (VoTech)
Career Technology Center of Lackawanna County
State-run schools
Scranton State School for the Deaf (CLOSED)
41°24′34″N 75°41′17″W / 41.4094°N 75.688°W / 41.4094; -75.688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48_kos_parikrama_of_Kurukshetra
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48 kos parikrama
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["1 Kurukshetra Development Board","2 Main sites","2.1 Hindu and Jain pilgrimage","2.2 Buddhist pilgrimage","2.3 Sikh pilgrimage","2.4 Genealogy registers","2.5 Number of visitors","3 Tirtha development","4 List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama","4.1 Tirthas of Kurukshetra district","4.2 Tirthas of Jind district","4.3 Tirthas of Panipat district","4.4 Tirthas of Kaithal district","4.5 Tirthas of Karnal district","5 Festivals","5.1 Gita Mahotsav","5.2 Gita Deepotsav","5.3 Revival of tirtha festivals","5.4 Kurukshetra Prasadam - Channa laddu speciality prasadam","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Hindu Pilgrimage
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Map with a description of the 48 kos parikrama (approx. 96 miles circle) around the holy city of Kurukshetra, displayed at Ban Ganga/Bhishma Kund
The 48 kos parikrama is a parikrama (a circumbabulatory pilgrimage) of various Mahabharata-related and other Vedic-era tirthas (Hindu sacred sites) around the holy city of Kurukshetra in the state of Haryana, India.
Associated with Krishna and the Mahabharata, it is an important place of pilgrimage for Hindus. It is one of three major pilgrimages related to Krishna in North India, the others being the "Braj parikarma" in Mathura in Uttar Pradesh state and "Dwarka parkarma" at Dwarkadhish Temple in Gujarat state.
Kurukshetra Development Board
Kurukshetra Development Board (KDB) was established to develop the 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra, its tirthas and related activities.
Main sites
Hindu and Jain pilgrimage
Krishna, Kaurava and Pandava visited and lived in this area, and it is revered as their Karma Bhūmi (most sacred land of virtuous deeds) also related to the five classical elements of Hinduism called Pancha Tattva. Brahma Sarovar is the focal site of this circuit, which can be subdivided into various other itineraries.
Within Kurukshetra, along with Brahma Sarovar, other important sites are Jyotisar (place of "Gitaupadesha" - the first Upadeśa or discourse of Bhagavad Gita by Krishna) and Sannihit Sarovar (Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra are kept here). Pilgrims also visit the Bhishama kund, Surya kund and Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple (where Pandavas along with Krishna prayed to Shiva and received his blessings for victory in the battle of Mahabharata)
In addition, pilgrims also visit Pehowa, where the most revered sites are Saraswati tirtha and Prithudak tirtha. Pehowa is an ancient city and its religious significance is mentioned in several puranas, such as Skanda Purana (1st to 5th century CE), Markandeya Purana (4th to 6th century CE) and Vamana Purana (5th to 11th century CE).
In Yamunanagar district, Kapal Mochan (Kapal Mochan (visited by Rama) and Sri Sarasvati Udgam Tirath at Adi Badri (place where deified mother goddess Sarasvati is revered because the sacred Sarasvati River enters the plains from the foothills of shivalik range) are also important sacred sites.
Many pilgrims like to trace their genealogy going back hundreds of generation, trace prior visits by their ancestors and record their own visit in the Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra and Hindu genealogy registers of Pehowa maintained by Pandas (professional genealogists).
List of most important sacred sites
Kurukshetra: Brahma Sarovar, Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple, Sannihit Sarovar, Jyotisar, Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra
Pehowa: Saraswati tirtha and Prithudak tirtha
Yamunanagar district: Kapal Mochan and Adi Badri
Buddhist pilgrimage
Further information: Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana
Buddha had visited Sthaneshwar and gave discourse on the banks of Brahma Sarovar where a Bodh Stupa was built. Stupa has five structures of brunt brick, first three from Kushana period, 4th from Gupta period, and the last from Verdana period and later medieval period. During Harshavardhana reign, a 3 meters wide compound wall was built.
For the Buddhist pilgrims, the most important sites are Brahma Sarovar and the Bodh Stupa on its northwestern flank. Other Buddhist pilgrimage sites nearby Buddhist sites include Chaneti, Topra, and Adi Badri Sharirika stupa. Many pilgrims prefer to follow the path taken by Buddha along Grand Trunk Road in Haryana. Stupas, pagodas and places in the order of travel by Buddha are:
From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, Buddha travelled along Grand Trunk Road in Haryana (also see Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana).
Kamashpura Aastha Pugdal Pagoda (Kumashpur) in Sonipat city, the place where Buddha gave Mahasatipatthana sutta.
Assandh Kushan stupa at Assandh in Karnal district
Kurukshetra Stupa on the banks of sacred Brahma Sarovar in Kurukshetra city was also visited by Hieun Tsang,
Topra between Kurukshetra and Yamunanagar, now has a large open air museum park housing several replica of Ashoka's edicts including largest Ashoka Chakra in the world, original site of Ashokan pillar which was moved to Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi in 1356 CE by Firuz Shah Tughlaq.
Srughna, now known as the Sugh Ancient Mound, on outskirts of Yamunanagar city
Chaneti Buddhist Stupa, on outskirts of Yamunanagar city, according to Hieun Tsang it was built by the King Ashoka.
Sikh pilgrimage
Several Sikh gurus had visited Sthaneshwar, Pehowa and Kapal Mochan for the holy dip.
In Kurukshetra, Sikh pilgrims visit Brahma Sarovar and the "Gurudawara Pehli Patshai" (just next to Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple on the south bank of Brahma Sarovar where the ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur stayed at). Following the trail of Sikh gurus, the pilgrims also visit Pehowa as well as Kapal Mochan. Kapal Mochan was visited by Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh after Battle of Bhangani in 1688 CE.
Other important Sikh pilgrimage sites are Sadaura, Lohgarh (capital of Banda Singh Bahadur) and Badkhalsa in Sonipat (where Bhai Kushal offered his head to retrieve Guru Teg Bhadur's head beheaded by mughals so that it can be taken to Anandpur Sahib}.
Genealogy registers
See also: Genealogy registers of Indian-origin religions
Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra are kept at Pehowa and Sannihit Sarovar.
Number of visitors
See also: Yatra
In 2019, over 40 lakh (4 million) people had attended the Gita Mahotsav festival in December.
Tirtha development
Govt is undertaking steps to revive ancient Sarasati river, develop ghats and in-situ plantation of panchavati trees. Visitors facilities such as roads, shades, water, toilet, landscaping, parking, cafe, interpretation centres etc. are also being developed.
The Panchavati trees, are trees scared to Indian-origin religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, such trees are the Vata (ficus benghalensis, Banyan), Ashvattha (ficus religiosa, Peepal), Bilva (aegle marmelos, Bengal Quince), Amalaki (phyllanthus emblica, Indian Gooseberry, Amla), Ashoka (Saraca asoca, Ashok), Udumbara (ficus racemosa, Cluster Fig, Gular), Nimba (Azadirachta indica, Neem) and Shami (prosopis spicigera, Indian Mesquite). See also sacred groves of India.
From June 2014 to July 2021, ₹31.48 crore have been spent by the Haryana government on the development and upgrade of 81 tirthas of '48-kos parikrama'. Improving the standard of cleanliness of tiraths has been raised an issue. Ghats, and visitor facilities, such as toilet, shelter, water, parking, etc. are being developed.
In 2021, it was announced that to develop Kurukshetra as a cultural hub, the by the Government of India will develop the Buddha Haryana circuit and a Sikh museum in Kurukshetra as all 10 Sikh gurus and Buddha had made yatra (pilgrimage) to Kurukshetra.
List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama
At least 134 Tirthas (sacred sites) have been identified. Some of the pilgrimages are listed below:
Tirthas of Kurukshetra district
See also: Tourism in Kurukshetra
1. Arunai tirtha, Arunai
2. Prachi tirtha, Pehowa
3. Saraswati tirtha, Pehowa
4. Brahmayoni tirtha, Pehowa
5. Prithudak tirtha, Pehowa
6. Shalihotra tirtha, Sarsa, Kurukshetra
7. Bhisma Kund, Narkatari
8. Ban Ganga, Dyalpur, Kurukshetra
9. Kulotaran Tirtha, Kirmich
10. Brahma Sarovar, Kurukshetra where Hindu genealogy registers are kept and Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre and Dharohar Museum are nearby.
11. Sannihit Sarovar, Kurukshetra:
12.Bhadrakali Temple, Kurukshetra
13. Aditi Tirtha and Abhimanyu ka Tila, Abhimanyupur
14. Jyotisar: The famous site where SGitaupadesha (Bhagavad Gita was revealed) to Arjuna under the tree.
15. Som Tirtha, Sainsa
16. Shukra Tirtha, Sataura
17. Galav Tirtha, Guldehra
18. Saptasarsvta Tirtha, Mangna
19. Brhma Tirtha (Brahma Sthan), Thana, Kurukshetra
20. Som Tirtha, Gumthala Garhu
21. Manipurak Tirtha, Murtjapur, Kurukshetra
22. Bhurishrava Tirtha, Bhor Saidan
23. Lomash Tirtha, Lohar Majra
24. Kamyak Tirtha, Kamauda
25. Aapga Tirtha, Mirjapur, Kurukshetra
26. Karan ka Tila, Mirjapur
27. Nabhikamal, Thanesar
28. Rantuk Yaksha, Bid Pipli
29. Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
30. Ojas Titha, Samsipur
31. Renuka Tirtha, Ranacha
32. Bhor Saidan
Tirthas of Jind district
32. Bhuteshwar tirtha, Jind
33. Ekhamsa tirtha, Ikkas
34. Ramhrad tirtha, Ramrai, Haryana
35. Sannehit tirtha, Ramrai
36. Pushkar tirtha, Pohkeri Kheri
37. Som tirtha, Pindara
38. Varahakalan tirtha, Braha Kalan
39. Ashwinikumar tirtha, Aasan, Haryana
40. Jamdagni tirtha, Jamni
41. Yayati tirtha, Kalwa, Haryana
42. Panchnanda tirtha (Hatkeshwar tirtha), Haat
43. Sarpadadhi tirtha, Safidon: by 2021 ₹1.08 crore was spent on Hansraj tirtha development at Safidon.
44. Hansraj tirtha, Safidon: by 2021 ₹1.08 crore was spent on tirtha development.
45. Khatwanesghwar, Narwana: by 2021 ₹1 crore was spent on tirtha development.
44. Sarpadaman tirtha, Safindon
45. Kayashodan tirtha, Kasuhan
46. Vamsamulam tirtha, Barsola
47. Khageshwar tirtha, Khadalwa
48. Ramsar tirtha, Kuchrana Kalan
49. Lohrishi/Lokodwar tirtha, Lodhar
Tirthas of Panipat district
50. Tarntauk Yaksha, Sinkh
Tirthas of Kaithal district
51. Pawanhrad tirtha, Pabnawa
52. Falgu tirtha, Faral
53. Pawaneshwar tirtha, Pharal
54. Kapil Muni tirtha, Kalayat
55. Pundrik tirtha, Pundri
56. Trivishtap tirtha, Tyontha
57. Kotikut tirtha, Kyodak / Keorak: by 2021 ₹1.02 crore was spent on tirtha development.
58. Banteshwar tirtha, Barot, Haryana
59. Namish tirtha, Nauch, Haryana
60. Vedvati tirtha, Balwanti
61. Vridkedar tirtha, Kaithal
62. Sarak tirtha, Shergarh, Kaithal
63. Manush tirtha, Manas, Kaithal
64. Navadurga tirtha, Devigarh, Kaithal
65. Gyaraharudri tirtha, Kaithal
66. Aapga tirtha, Gadli
67. Juhomi tirtha, Hajwana
68. Vishnupada tirtha, Barsana, Kaithal
69. Yajnasanjna tirtha, Geong
70. Kapilmuni tirtha, Kaul
71. Kulotaran tirtha, Kaul
72. Garhratheshwar tirtha, Kaul
73. Matri tirtha, Rasulpur, Kaithal
74. Suryakunda tirtha, Habri (Jyotinagar colony): by 2021 ₹67 lakh was spent on tirtha development, more budget will be spent as it was still in the initial stage of development.
75. Havya tirtha, Bhana
76. Chakramani tirtha, Sherda: by 2021 ₹1 crore was spent on tirtha development, second phase of which was still underway.
77. Rasamangal tirtha, Songhal: by 2021 ₹1.30 crore was spent on development of Kukrityanshan and Rasamangal tirhtas. Ghats conference hall, toilet were built.
78. Mukteshwar tirtha, Mator, Kaithal: by 2021 ₹1.92 crore was spent on tirtha development.
79. Sritirtha, Kasan,
80. Srikunja tirtha, Banpura
81. Ekshumati tirtha, Theh Polar partially excavated ancient archaeological mound associated with the rishi Pulastya.
82. Sutirtha tirtha, Sontha
83. Brahmavarta tirtha, Brabhavat
84. Aruntak Yaksha, Beharjaksha
85. Sringi Rishi tirtha/ Shankhni Devi tirtha, Sangan
86. Gobhwan tirtha, Guhana
87. Suryakunda, Sajuma
88. Seetvan/Swaragdwara tirtha, Siwan, Kaithal
89. Brombhodumber tirtha, Shila Kheri
90. Anyajanma tirtha, Deoda Kheri
91. Devi tirtha, Kalsi, Kaithal
92. Dhruvakunda tirtha, Dherdu
93. Kukrityanashan tirtha, Kaukat: by 2021 ₹1.05 crore was spent on development of Kukrityanshan and Rasamangal tirthas.
94. Kavya tirtha, Karoda
95. Lavakusha tirtha, Mundri
96. Vamana tirtha, Sounghal
97. Rinmochan tirtha, Rasina
98. Alepak tirtha, Shakra
99. Devi tirtha, Mohna
100. Gandharva tirtha, Gohran Kheri
Tirthas of Karnal district
See also: List of Sun deities and temples
101. Vedvati tirtha, Sitamai
102. Mishrak tirtha, Nisang
103. Aahan tirtha, Nigdu
104. Trigunananda tirtha, Guniyana
105. Pawan tirtha, Uplana
106. Jambunand tirtha, Jabala
107. Dasshswamedha tirtha, Salwan, Karnal
108. Dhankshetra tirtha, Assandh
109. Jarasandha ka kila, Assandh
110. Vimalsar tirtha, Saga, Karnal
111. Dasaratha tirtha/Raghvendra tirtha/Surya kund, Aaugandh
112. Prithavi tirtha, Balu, Karnal
113. Parashar tirtha, Bahalolpur
114. Daksheshwar tirtha, Dachar
115. Vyasa Sthali, Basthali
116. Goutam rishi/ Gavendra tirtha, Gondar, Karnal
117. Brahma tirtha, Sawant, Karnal
118. Akshyavata tirtha, Badthal
119. Falgu tirtha, Fafdana
120. Jyesthashrama tirtha, Borshyam
121. Koti tirtha, Borshyam
122. Surya tirtha, Borshyam
123. Vishnuhrad (Vishnupad) Vamnak tirtha, Borshyam
124. Brahma tirtha, Rasalwa
125. Anjani tirtha, Anjanthali
126. Jamdagni tirtha, Jalmana
127. Sudin and Narvada tirtha, Omkar ka Khera
128. Tripurari tirtha, Tigri, Karnal
129. Som tirtha, Samana Bahu
130. Chuchukaranva tirtha, Chorkarsa
131. Koti tirtha, Kurnal
132. Panchdeva tirtha, Pada, Karnal: by 2021 ₹64 lakh was spent on tirtha development for construction of five ponds, a ghat and shelter.
133. Prokshini tirtha, Patnapuri
134. Kaushiki tirtha, Koyar
135. Kultaran tirtha, Karsa Dod
Festivals
Majority of the tourists visit Kurukshetra during sacred events, specifically Somvati Amavasya, solar eclipse, Gita Mahotsav and to perform post-death rituals only.
Gita Mahotsav
International Gita Mahotsav (on varying dates in November or December based on the Vikram Samvat lunar calendar), Saraswati Jayanti (also known as the Vasant Panchami, on the fifth day of spring around February or March) and Holi festivals are celebrated at Brahma Sarovar every year. During the International Gita Mahotsav, more than 300 national and international stalls are set up around the Brahma Sarovar.
Gita Deepotsav
Jyotisar is one of the important site where the Gita International Festival is held every year in December. This also entails a Gita Deepotsav (Gita festival of lights) during which hundreds of thousands of traditional earthen diya lamps are lit on the banks of Brahma Sarovar, Sannihit Sarovar and Jyotisar Sarovar. For example, 300,000 lamps were lit in December 2020.
Revival of tirtha festivals
See also: List of Hindu festivals
Historically each of more than 134 tirthas in the 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra used to have its own unique festival. With passage of time, several of this tirthas have faded into oblivion and several such festivals have become extinct. To conserve the religious and cultural heritage these tirtha-specific festivals and fairs will be revived. This will also boost the local economy. In order to revive, the Kurukshetra Development Board (KDB) is identifying the fairs and religious events held at each tirthas (pilgrimage sites).
Kurukshetra Prasadam - Channa laddu speciality prasadam
See also: Bhog, Naivedya, and Geographical indication
Just like Mathura peda as prasāda (consecrated food offered as blessing) is a specialty of Braj Krishna circuit in Mathura area, the sweet laddu made from the roasted channa (Indian chichpea) will be used as the geo-specialty food prasāda of various tirthas within 48 kos kurukshetra prikarma. This will be called Kurukshetra Prasadam. Compared to other sweets such as barfi or peda, the laddu does not spoil easily and has a longer shelf life at room temperature. Kurukshetra Development Board (KDB) has advised all the sweet shops if any tourist or pilgrim asks for prasad then only chana laddoo must be given. KDB will open 5 shops of its own to sell channa laddu as Kurukshetra Prasadam.
See also
General
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Krishna related pilgrimages
Vraja Parikrama
Dwarka
Other religious
Adi Badri, Haryana
Dhosi Hill
Kapal Mochan
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Famous Hindu yatras
List of Hindu festivals
Padayatra
Ratha Yatra
Tirtha
Tirtha and Kshetra
Vedic era
King Kuru
Cemetery H culture
Painted Grey Ware culture
Historicity of the Mahabharata
References
^ "Kurukshetra map". kurukshetra.nic.in. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ "Haryana Tourism". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ "Development of all pilgrimage sites located within a radius of 48 kos (miles) of Kurukshetra would be carried out". Chief Minister's Office, Haryana. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ "The 48 Kos Kurukshetra Region". harekrsna.com. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ a b c d Fairs at ‘tirthas’ in five Haryana districts to be revived, The Tribune, 23 Aug 2021.
^ Jyotisar Archived 19 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Kurukshetra district website.
^ "Jyotisar". Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ a b "Tirath in Kurukshetra - Sannehit Sarovar". Kurukshetra district website. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ Dev Prasad (2010). Krishna: A Journey through the Lands & Legends of Krishna. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 216–. ISBN 978-81-8495-170-7.
^ "Religious Places in Kurukshetra: Sthaneswar Mahadev Mandir". Kurukshetra District website. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ Kurukshetra Development Board can get the responsibility of Saraswati Tirtha, Dainik Jagran, 4 Feb 2019.
^ yamunanagar.nic.in: History of Kapal Mochan
^ Tracing your Asian roots Archived 26 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine www.overseasindian.in.
^ Hindu Pilgrimage Marriage Records www.movinghere.org.uk.
^ 10 Places Across The World That Help You Trace Your Ancestors, India Times, 29 Jan 2016.
^ a b c "Buddhist Stupa At Kurukshetra". The Buddhist Forum. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
^ Dhamma patthana, dhamma.org.
^ Aastha Pugdal Pagoda at Kumaspur (Kamas Nigam in Sonepat, SDBST.
^ Khattar announces Rs100 cr to develop Saraswati, Topra Kalan, The Tribune, 11-Apr-2015
^ Park for Ashoka stalled?, DNA India News, 7-Nov-2016
^ HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), Tarikh I Ferozi Shahi - Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, pp 352-353
^ Corporation, Haryana Tourism. "Buddhist Stupa Chaneti - Places of interest - Yamuna Nagar - Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited". destination. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ "Buddhist Stupa, Chaneti, Yamunanagar (Buddhist Stupa), circa 3rd Century BC" (PDF).
^ "Buddhist Stupa At Chaneti". The Buddhist Forum. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ G.S., Randhir (1990). Sikh shrines in India. New Delhi: The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 42–43.
^ Charitar 71, Charitar of Kapal Mochan, Charitropakhyan, Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh
^ singh, Dr. Ganda (1964). Banda Singh Bahadur(in Punjabi. Sikh Itihaas Research Board, SGPC, AMRITSAR.
^ Pioneer, The. "CM unveils statue of Kushal Singh Dahiya". The Pioneer. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ Singh, Darshan (2003). Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9788179750322.
^ a b Scheme for students in haryana plant trees get 10 extra marks, Dainik Jagran, 26 July 2021.
^ Panchvati trees, greenmesg.org, accessed 26 July 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cleanliness of tiraths a challenge in Haryana, Hindustan Times, 27 July 2021.
^ "Tirthas of dist. Kurukshetra" (PDF). kurukshetra.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ Monuments & Sites in Haryana, Archaeological Survey Of India, page 34-35.
^ The Kurukshetra trail!, Asian Age, 10 Dec 2019.
^ 3L diyas to light up Kurukshetra on December 25, The Tribune, 23 Dec 2020.
^ Chana laddoo to be ‘Kurukshetra prasadam’, The Tribune, 1 March 2020.
External links
Google Maps search results for phrase "48 Kos temples near Haryana"
vteHindu temples in HaryanaAmbala
Ambika Devi temple
Baba Balak Nath temple
Jayanti Devi Temple
Naraingarh
Shahzadpur
Sountli
Bhiwani
Radha Swami Dinond Star temple
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48 kos parikrama
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Mahendragarh
Baba Kesria temple, Mandola
Baba Narsingh Dass temple, Kanti
Baba Rameshwar Dass temple, Bamanwas
Bagot Shiva temple
Chamunda Devi temple
Dhosi Hill
Jawala Devi temple, Mahasar
Kamania Rama temple
Khimag Devta temple, Sehlong
Modawala Shiv temple
Nuh
Jhirkeshwar mahadev
Palwal
Bada Hindu Mandir
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Panchkula
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Karoh Peak
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Panipat
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Shambhunath temple in Nahri
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Yamuna Nagar
Adi Badri Sarasvati Udgam Sthal temple
Bilaspur
Kalesar Mahadev temple
Kapal Mochan tirth
Panchmukhi Hanuman temple of Basatiyawala
vte48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra Part of a series on Hindu temples in HaryanaContext
Mahabharata
Kurukshetra War
Chakravyūha
Vaishnavism
Krishna
Bharatas tribe
Kauravas
Pandavas
Abhimanyu
Arjuna
Yatra
Parikrama
Hindu pilgrimage sites
List of Hindu temples
Festivals
Parikrama
International Gita Mahotsav Festival
Gita Deepotsav
Kurukshetra Prasadam - Channa laddu
Kurukshetra1. Arunai 2. Prachi 3. Saraswati 4. Brahmayoni 5. Prithudak, Pehowa 6. Shalihotra, Sarsa 7. Bhisma Kund, Narkatari 8. Ban Ganga, Dyalpur 9. Kulotaran 10. Brahma Sarovar 11. Sannihit Sarovar 12. Bhadrakali 13. Aditi Tirtha and Abhimanyu ka Tila, Amin 14. Jyotisar 15. Som Tirtha, Sainsa 16. Shukra Tirtha, Sataura 17. Galav 18. Saptasarsvta 19. Brahma Sthan 20. Som Tirtha, Gumthala gadu 21. Manipurak 22. Bhurishrava 23. Lomash 24. Kamyak 25. Aapga 26. Karan ka Tila 27. Nabhikamal, Thanesar 28. Rantuk Yaksha, Bid Pipli 29. Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple 30. Ojas 31. Renuka Jind32. Bhuteshwar 33. Ekhamsa 34. Ramhrad 35. Sannehit, Ramrai 36. Pushkar, Pohkarkheri 37. Som tirtha, Pindara 38. Varahakalan 39. Ashwinikumar 40. Jamdagni 41. Yayati 42. Panchnanda(Hatkeshwar) 43. Sarpadadhi 44. Sarpadaman 45. Kayashodan 46. Vamsamulam 47. Khageshwar 48. Ramsar 49. Lohrishi/LokodwarPanipat50. Tarntauk YakshaKaithal51. Pawanhrad 52. Falgu, Faral 53. Pawaneshwar 54. Kapil Muni, Kalayat 55. Pundrik, Pundri 56. Trivishtap 57. Kotikut 58. Banteshwar 59. Namish 60. Vedvati 61. Vridkedar, Kaithal 62. Sarak 63. Manush 64. Navadurga 65. Gyaraharudri, Kaithal 66. Aapga 67. Juhomi 68. Vishnupada 69. Yajnasanjna 70. Kapilmuni, Kaul 71. Kulotaran 72. Garhratheshwar 73. Matri 74. Suryakunda 75. Havya 76. Chakramani 77. Rasamangal 78. Mukteshwar 79. Sri tirtha 80. Srikunja 81. Ekshumati 82. Sutirtha 83. Brahmavarta 84. Arantuk Yaksha 85. Sringi Rishi 86. Gobhwan 87. Suryakunda, Sajuma 88. Seetvan 89. Brombhodumber 90. Anyajanma 91. Devi tirtha, Kalsi 92. Dhruvakunda 93. Kukrityanashan 94. Kavya 95. Lavakusha 96. Vamana 97. Rinmochan 98. Alepak 99. Devi tirtha, Mohna 100. GandharvaKarnal101. Vedvati 102. Mishrak, Nisang 103. Aahan 104. Trigunananda 105. Pawan tirtha, Uplana 106. Jambunand 107. Dasshswamedha 108. Dhankshetra, Assandh 109. Jarasandha ka kila, Assandh 110. Vimalsar 111. Dasaratha/Raghvendra 112. Prithavi 113. Parashar 114. Daksheshwar 115. Vyasa Sthali 116. Goutam rishi/ Gavendra 117. Brahma tirtha, Sawant 118. Akshyavata 119. Falgu, Fafdana 120. Jyesthashrama 121. Koti 122. Surya tirtha, Borshyam 123. Vishnuhrad (Vishnupad) 124. Brahma tirtha, Rasalwa 125. Anjani 126. Jamdagni, Jalmana 127. Sudin and Narvada 128. Tripurari 129. Som tirtha, Samana Bahu 130. Chuchukaranva 131. Koti tirtha, Kurnal 132. Panchdeva 133. Prokshini 134. KaushikiSee also
Indian-origin religions
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48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra
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Category
vte State of HaryanaCapital: ChandigarhTopics
Divisions of Haryana
Outline
History
Tourism
Geography
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Governors
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Districts anddivisionsAmbala division
Ambala
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Major cities
Faridabad
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Hisar
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Jind
Kurukshetra
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Culture
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Cinema
List of films, Chandrawal, Jagat Jakhar)
Music
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Saang)
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Braj Bhasha
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Pahari)
Haryanvi people
Economy
Power stations and power organisations
Places of interestSarasvati civilization(Indus Valley Civilisation)
Adi Badri
Balu, Kaithal
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Kunal
Lohari Ragho
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Archaeological
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Baoli (Stepwells)s
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Fatehabad (Rania,_Sirsa#History"Rania)
Gurgaon (Akhara Baoli, Badshahpur Baoli, Dhumaspur Baoli)
Maham in Rohtak (Choron ki Baoli)
Narnaul (Alijaan ki Bawdi)
Buddhist and Hindu sites
Buddhist mounds (Agroha Mound, Sugh Ancient Mound)
Buddhist stupas ([Adi Badri, Haryana
Haveli
Nangal Sirohi
Hemu Ki Haveli in Rewari
Noor Mahal in Karnal
Gurugram: (Sikanderpur, Mohammadpur Jharsa, 12 Biswa haveli in Gurgaon gaon, Mahalwala haveli in 8 Biswa of Gurgaon gaon)
Forts
Asigarh Fort (Hansi)
Badhshapur Fort
Buria Fort
Chhachhrauli Fort
Dhosi Hill Fort
Fatehabad Fort
Farrukhnagar Fort
Hisar-e-Firoza
Fort Kotla
Indor Fort
Jind Fort
Kaithal Fort
Gajpat Singh Fort at Karnal
Loharu Fort
Madhogarh Fort
Mahendragarh Fort
Meham Fort
Nahar Singh Fort at Ballabhgargh
Pinjore Fort
Raipur Rani Fort
Fort of King Saras of Sirsa
Tosham Hill Fort
Hills
Dhosi Hill near Narnaul
Kotla Hill in Mewat
Indor Hill in Mewat
Madhogarh Hill near Mahendragarh
Mahendragarh Hill
Morni Hills in Yamunanagar
Tosham Hill in Bhiwani
Caves
Chyvan Rishi Cave at Dhosi Hill
Tosham Hill Caverns
Nar Narayan Cave in Yamunanagar
Historical
Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore
Dhosi Hill
Farrukhnagar
Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex
Mughal Bridge at Kernal
Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra
Nahar Singh Mahal
Narnaul
Pataudi Palace
Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
Surajkund
Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal
Tosham rock inscription
Yadavindra Gardens
State Protected Monuments
Monuments of National Importance
Protected areas
Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary
Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary
Kalesar National Park
Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary
Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary
Morni
Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary
Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary
Sohna
Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary
Endangered wildlifebreeding
Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu, Bhiwani
Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra
Deer Park, Hisar
Kalesar Elephant Rehabilitation Centre
Pheasant Breeding Centre, Morni
Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala
Peacock & Chinkara Breeding Centre, Jhabua
Sparrow Conservation Centre, Pinjore
Vulture and Sparrow Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore
Zoos
Bhiwani Zoo
Hisar Deer Park
Rohtak Zoo
Pipli Zoo
Herbal parks
Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar
Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham
Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu
Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park
Lakes
Badkhal Lake
Blue Bird Lake at Hisar
Damdama Lake
Karna Lake
Tilyar Lake at Rohtak
Dams
Anangpur Dam
Hathni Kund Barrage
Kaushalya Dam
Masani barrage
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Palla barrage
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Najafgarh_drain
Sahibi River
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Religious
Adi Badri, Haryana Sarsvati udgam sthal
Agroha Dham
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Jayanti Devi Temple
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Extreme corners
Easternmost point: Kalesar village Yamuna riverbank in Yamunanagar district
Westernmost point: Chautala–Sangari border road crossing in Sirsa district
Southernmost point: Kol Gaon hill in Ferozepur Jhirka tehsil of Gurgaon district
Northernmost point: Khokhra village riverbank north of Chandigarh–Baddi river bridge in Panchkula district
Highest andlowest
Highest point: Karoh Peak in Sivalik Hills of Panchkula district
Lowest natural surface elevation point:
Deepest underground cave:
Coldest avg temp: Karoh Peak in Sivalik Hills of Panchkula district
Hottest avg temp: Hisar
Wettest avg rainfall: Morni hills in Sivalik Hills of Panchkula district
Driest avg rainfall: Bhiwani
Oldest
Oldest archaeological site: Rakhigarhi 4700 BC or 6700 years old Indus Valley Civilisation in Hisar district
Oldest archaeological mine site: Kaliyana hill Indus Valley Civilisation stone mine (3000 BC or 5000 years old) west of Charkhi Dadri
Government and politicsElections
Elections in Haryana
1991
1996
1998
1999
2004
2009
2014
2019
Chief ministers
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Rao Birender Singh
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Governors
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Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney
Hari Anand Barari
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Mahaveer Prasad
Babu Parmanand
Om Prakash Verma
Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
Jagannath Pahadia
Kaptan Singh Solanki
State agencies
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Debt Conciliation Board
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SportsVenues
Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium
Nahar Singh Stadium
Tau Devi Lal Stadium
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Teams
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Category: Haryana
Wikiproject: Haryana
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:48_kos_parikrama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ban Ganga/Bhishma Kund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra#Places_of_interest"},{"link_name":"kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos"},{"link_name":"parikrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikrama"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Vedic-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period"},{"link_name":"tirthas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hartour-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmhry-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harekrsna-4"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Braj parikarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Dwarka parkarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple#Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Dwarkadhish Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"}],"text":"Map with a description of the 48 kos parikrama (approx. 96 miles circle) around the holy city of Kurukshetra, displayed at Ban Ganga/Bhishma KundThe 48 kos parikrama is a parikrama (a circumbabulatory pilgrimage) of various Mahabharata-related and other Vedic-era tirthas (Hindu sacred sites) around the holy city of Kurukshetra in the state of Haryana, India.[1][2][3][4]Associated with Krishna and the Mahabharata, it is an important place of pilgrimage for Hindus. It is one of three major pilgrimages related to Krishna in North India, the others being the \"Braj parikarma\" in Mathura in Uttar Pradesh state and \"Dwarka parkarma\" at Dwarkadhish Temple in Gujarat state.","title":"48 kos parikrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tir16-5"}],"text":"Kurukshetra Development Board (KDB) was established to develop the 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra, its tirthas and related activities.[5]","title":"Kurukshetra Development Board"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaurava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurava"},{"link_name":"Pandava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandava"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"},{"link_name":"Bhūmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi"},{"link_name":"five classical elements of Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element#Classical_elements_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Pancha Tattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha_Tattva_(Vaishnavism)"},{"link_name":"Brahma Sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sarovar"},{"link_name":"Jyotisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotisar"},{"link_name":"Upadeśa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upade%C5%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sannihit Sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannihit_Sarovar"},{"link_name":"Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Kurukshetra,_Haryana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gene2-8"},{"link_name":"Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthaneshwar_Mahadev_Temple"},{"link_name":"Pandavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavas"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pehowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa"},{"link_name":"Saraswati tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa#Sarasvati_Temple"},{"link_name":"Prithudak tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa#Prithudak_Teerth"},{"link_name":"puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Skanda Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana"},{"link_name":"Markandeya Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya_Purana"},{"link_name":"Vamana Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana_Purana"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Yamunanagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamunanagar_district"},{"link_name":"Kapal Mochan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_Mochan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sri Sarasvati Udgam Tirath at Adi Badri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Badri,_Haryana"},{"link_name":"Sarasvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasvati"},{"link_name":"Sarasvati River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasvati_River"},{"link_name":"shivalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivalik_Hills"},{"link_name":"Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Haridwar#Kurukshetra,_Haryana"},{"link_name":"Hindu genealogy registers of Pehowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa#Genealogy_registers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen4-15"},{"link_name":"Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Kurukshetra,_Haryana"}],"sub_title":"Hindu and Jain pilgrimage","text":"Krishna, Kaurava and Pandava visited and lived in this area, and it is revered as their Karma Bhūmi (most sacred land of virtuous deeds) also related to the five classical elements of Hinduism called Pancha Tattva. Brahma Sarovar is the focal site of this circuit, which can be subdivided into various other itineraries.Within Kurukshetra, along with Brahma Sarovar, other important sites are Jyotisar (place of \"Gitaupadesha\" - the first Upadeśa or discourse of Bhagavad Gita by Krishna)[6][7] and Sannihit Sarovar (Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra are kept here).[8] Pilgrims also visit the Bhishama kund, Surya kund and Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple (where Pandavas along with Krishna prayed to Shiva and received his blessings for victory in the battle of Mahabharata)[9][10]In addition, pilgrims also visit Pehowa, where the most revered sites are Saraswati tirtha and Prithudak tirtha. Pehowa is an ancient city and its religious significance is mentioned in several puranas, such as Skanda Purana (1st to 5th century CE), Markandeya Purana (4th to 6th century CE) and Vamana Purana (5th to 11th century CE).[11]In Yamunanagar district, Kapal Mochan (Kapal Mochan (visited by Rama)[12] and Sri Sarasvati Udgam Tirath at Adi Badri (place where deified mother goddess Sarasvati is revered because the sacred Sarasvati River enters the plains from the foothills of shivalik range) are also important sacred sites.Many pilgrims like to trace their genealogy going back hundreds of generation, trace prior visits by their ancestors and record their own visit in the Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra and Hindu genealogy registers of Pehowa maintained by Pandas (professional genealogists).[13][14][15]List of most important sacred sitesKurukshetra: Brahma Sarovar, Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple, Sannihit Sarovar, Jyotisar, Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra\nPehowa: Saraswati tirtha and Prithudak tirtha\nYamunanagar district: Kapal Mochan and Adi Badri","title":"Main sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haryana#Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"Bodh Stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Stupa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Kushana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire"},{"link_name":"Verdana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardhana_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Harshavardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshavardhana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Bodh Stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Stupa"},{"link_name":"Buddhist pilgrimage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haryana#Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Adi Badri Sharirika stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Badri,_Haryana"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road"},{"link_name":"Stupas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"pagodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road"},{"link_name":"Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haryana#Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Kamashpura Aastha Pugdal Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumashpur#Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Mahasatipatthana sutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasatipatthana_sutta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kamas2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kamas1-18"},{"link_name":"Assandh Kushan stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assandh#Assandh_Stupa"},{"link_name":"Assandh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assandh"},{"link_name":"Karnal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnal_district"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra Stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Stupa"},{"link_name":"Brahma Sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sarovar"},{"link_name":"Hieun Tsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieun_Tsang"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Topra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topra_Kalan#Topra_Ashokan_Edicts_Archaeological_Park_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"Ashoka Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Feroz Shah Kotla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroz_Shah_Kotla"},{"link_name":"Firuz Shah Tughlaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Srughna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srughna"},{"link_name":"Sugh Ancient Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugh_Ancient_Mound"},{"link_name":"Chaneti Buddhist Stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaneti_Buddhist_Stupa"},{"link_name":"Hieun Tsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieun_Tsang"},{"link_name":"King Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Buddhist pilgrimage","text":"Further information: Buddhist pilgrimage sites in HaryanaBuddha had visited Sthaneshwar and gave discourse on the banks of Brahma Sarovar where a Bodh Stupa was built.[16] Stupa has five structures of brunt brick, first three from Kushana period, 4th from Gupta period, and the last from Verdana period and later medieval period. During Harshavardhana reign, a 3 meters wide compound wall was built.[16]For the Buddhist pilgrims, the most important sites are Brahma Sarovar and the Bodh Stupa on its northwestern flank. Other Buddhist pilgrimage sites nearby Buddhist sites include Chaneti, Topra, and Adi Badri Sharirika stupa. Many pilgrims prefer to follow the path taken by Buddha along Grand Trunk Road in Haryana. Stupas, pagodas and places in the order of travel by Buddha are:From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, Buddha travelled along Grand Trunk Road in Haryana (also see Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana).\nKamashpura Aastha Pugdal Pagoda (Kumashpur) in Sonipat city, the place where Buddha gave Mahasatipatthana sutta.[17][18]\nAssandh Kushan stupa at Assandh in Karnal district\nKurukshetra Stupa on the banks of sacred Brahma Sarovar in Kurukshetra city was also visited by Hieun Tsang,[16]\nTopra between Kurukshetra and Yamunanagar, now has a large open air museum park housing several replica of Ashoka's edicts including largest Ashoka Chakra in the world,[19][20] original site of Ashokan pillar which was moved to Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi in 1356 CE by Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[21]\nSrughna, now known as the Sugh Ancient Mound, on outskirts of Yamunanagar city\nChaneti Buddhist Stupa, on outskirts of Yamunanagar city, according to Hieun Tsang it was built by the King Ashoka.[22][23][24]","title":"Main sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sikh gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthaneshwar_Mahadev_Temple"},{"link_name":"Tegh Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegh_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"Pehowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bhangani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sadaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaura#History"},{"link_name":"Lohgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohgarh_(Bilaspur)"},{"link_name":"Banda Singh Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Bhai Kushal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushal_Singh_Dahiya"},{"link_name":"mughals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughals"},{"link_name":"Anandpur Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneer-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Sikh pilgrimage","text":"Several Sikh gurus had visited Sthaneshwar, Pehowa and Kapal Mochan for the holy dip.In Kurukshetra, Sikh pilgrims visit Brahma Sarovar and the \"Gurudawara Pehli Patshai\" (just next to Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple on the south bank of Brahma Sarovar where the ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur stayed at). Following the trail of Sikh gurus, the pilgrims also visit Pehowa as well as Kapal Mochan. Kapal Mochan was visited by Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh after Battle of Bhangani in 1688 CE.[25][26]Other important Sikh pilgrimage sites are Sadaura, Lohgarh (capital of Banda Singh Bahadur)[27] and Badkhalsa in Sonipat (where Bhai Kushal offered his head to retrieve Guru Teg Bhadur's head beheaded by mughals so that it can be taken to Anandpur Sahib}.[28][29]","title":"Main sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genealogy registers of Indian-origin religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rituals_after_death#Genealogy"},{"link_name":"Hindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Kurukshetra,_Haryana"},{"link_name":"Pehowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa"},{"link_name":"Sannihit Sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannihit_Sarovar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gene2-8"}],"sub_title":"Genealogy registers","text":"See also: Genealogy registers of Indian-origin religionsHindu genealogy registers of Kurukshetra are kept at Pehowa and Sannihit Sarovar.[8]","title":"Main sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tir16-5"}],"sub_title":"Number of visitors","text":"See also: YatraIn 2019, over 40 lakh (4 million) people had attended the Gita Mahotsav festival in December.[5]","title":"Main sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revive ancient Sarasati river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Badri,_Haryana#Revival"},{"link_name":"ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat"},{"link_name":"panchavati trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_trees#Panchavati"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tree1-30"},{"link_name":"trees scared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_trees"},{"link_name":"ficus benghalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_benghalensis"},{"link_name":"ficus religiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_religiosa"},{"link_name":"aegle marmelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_marmelos"},{"link_name":"phyllanthus emblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica"},{"link_name":"Saraca asoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca"},{"link_name":"ficus racemosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_racemosa"},{"link_name":"Azadirachta indica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica"},{"link_name":"prosopis spicigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_spicigera"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vati1-31"},{"link_name":"sacred groves of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Buddha Haryana circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India#Haryana"},{"link_name":"Sikh gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"}],"text":"Govt is undertaking steps to revive ancient Sarasati river, develop ghats and in-situ plantation of panchavati trees.[30] Visitors facilities such as roads, shades, water, toilet, landscaping, parking, cafe, interpretation centres etc. are also being developed.The Panchavati trees, are trees scared to Indian-origin religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, such trees are the Vata (ficus benghalensis, Banyan), Ashvattha (ficus religiosa, Peepal), Bilva (aegle marmelos, Bengal Quince), Amalaki (phyllanthus emblica, Indian Gooseberry, Amla), Ashoka (Saraca asoca, Ashok), Udumbara (ficus racemosa, Cluster Fig, Gular), Nimba (Azadirachta indica, Neem) and Shami (prosopis spicigera, Indian Mesquite).[31] See also sacred groves of India.From June 2014 to July 2021, ₹31.48 crore have been spent by the Haryana government on the development and upgrade of 81 tirthas of '48-kos parikrama'. Improving the standard of cleanliness of tiraths has been raised an issue. Ghats, and visitor facilities, such as toilet, shelter, water, parking, etc. are being developed.[32]In 2021, it was announced that to develop Kurukshetra as a cultural hub, the by the Government of India will develop the Buddha Haryana circuit and a Sikh museum in Kurukshetra as all 10 Sikh gurus and Buddha had made yatra (pilgrimage) to Kurukshetra.[32]","title":"Tirtha development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tirthas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tree1-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"At least 134 Tirthas (sacred sites) have been identified.[30] Some of the pilgrimages are listed below:[33]","title":"List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tourism in Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra#Tourism"},{"link_name":"Arunai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunai"},{"link_name":"Pehowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa"},{"link_name":"Saraswati tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa#Sarasvati_Temple"},{"link_name":"Prithudak tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehowa#Prithudak_Teerth"},{"link_name":"Sarsa, Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarsa,_Kurukshetra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narkatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narkatari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dyalpur, Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyalpur,_Kurukshetra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirmich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirmich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brahma Sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sarovar"},{"link_name":"Hindu genealogy registers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Kurukshetra,_Haryana"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra_Panorama_and_Science_Centre"},{"link_name":"Dharohar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharohar_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sannihit Sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannihit_Sarovar"},{"link_name":"Bhadrakali Temple, Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhadrakali_Temple,_Kurukshetra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abhimanyupur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhimanyupur"},{"link_name":"Jyotisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotisar"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"Sainsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sataura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sataura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guldehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guldehra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mangna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brahma Sthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sthan"},{"link_name":"Thana, Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thana,_Kurukshetra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gumthala Garhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gumthala_Garhu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Murtjapur, Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murtjapur,_Kurukshetra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bhurishrava Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhor_Saidan#Bhurishrava_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Bhor Saidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhor_Saidan"},{"link_name":"Lohar Majra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lohar_Majra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kamauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamauda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mirjapur, Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirjapur,_Kurukshetra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thanesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanesar"},{"link_name":"Bid Pipli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bid_Pipli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthaneshwar_Mahadev_Temple"},{"link_name":"Samsipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsipur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranacha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bhor Saidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhor_Saidan"}],"sub_title":"Tirthas of Kurukshetra district","text":"See also: Tourism in Kurukshetra1. Arunai tirtha, Arunai\n2. Prachi tirtha, Pehowa\n3. Saraswati tirtha, Pehowa\n4. Brahmayoni tirtha, Pehowa\n5. Prithudak tirtha, Pehowa\n6. Shalihotra tirtha, Sarsa, Kurukshetra\n7. Bhisma Kund, Narkatari\n8. Ban Ganga, Dyalpur, Kurukshetra\n9. Kulotaran Tirtha, Kirmich\n10. Brahma Sarovar, Kurukshetra where Hindu genealogy registers are kept and Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre and Dharohar Museum are nearby.\n11. Sannihit Sarovar, Kurukshetra:\n\n\n\n12.Bhadrakali Temple, Kurukshetra\n13. Aditi Tirtha and Abhimanyu ka Tila, Abhimanyupur\n14. Jyotisar: The famous site where SGitaupadesha (Bhagavad Gita was revealed) to Arjuna under the tree.\n15. Som Tirtha, Sainsa\n16. Shukra Tirtha, Sataura\n17. Galav Tirtha, Guldehra\n18. Saptasarsvta Tirtha, Mangna\n19. Brhma Tirtha (Brahma Sthan), Thana, Kurukshetra\n20. Som Tirtha, Gumthala Garhu\n21. Manipurak Tirtha, Murtjapur, Kurukshetra\n\n\n\n22. Bhurishrava Tirtha, Bhor Saidan\n23. Lomash Tirtha, Lohar Majra\n24. Kamyak Tirtha, Kamauda\n25. Aapga Tirtha, Mirjapur, Kurukshetra\n26. Karan ka Tila, Mirjapur\n27. Nabhikamal, Thanesar\n28. Rantuk Yaksha, Bid Pipli\n29. Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple\n30. Ojas Titha, Samsipur\n31. Renuka Tirtha, Ranacha\n32. Bhor Saidan","title":"List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhuteshwar tirtha, Jind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuteshwar_tirtha,_Jind"},{"link_name":"Ikkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikkas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ramrai, Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramrai,_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pohkeri Kheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pohkeri_Kheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Som tirtha, Pindara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindara_Temple"},{"link_name":"Braha Kalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braha_Kalan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aasan, Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aasan,_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jamni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamni"},{"link_name":"Kalwa, Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalwa,_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Safidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safidon"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Narwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwana"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Kasuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasuhan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barsola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barsola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khadalwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khadalwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuchrana Kalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchrana_Kalan"},{"link_name":"Lodhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lodhar&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tirthas of Jind district","text":"32. Bhuteshwar tirtha, Jind\n33. Ekhamsa tirtha, Ikkas\n34. Ramhrad tirtha, Ramrai, Haryana\n35. Sannehit tirtha, Ramrai\n36. Pushkar tirtha, Pohkeri Kheri\n37. Som tirtha, Pindara\n\n\n\n38. Varahakalan tirtha, Braha Kalan\n39. Ashwinikumar tirtha, Aasan, Haryana\n40. Jamdagni tirtha, Jamni\n41. Yayati tirtha, Kalwa, Haryana\n42. Panchnanda tirtha (Hatkeshwar tirtha), Haat\n43. Sarpadadhi tirtha, Safidon: by 2021 ₹1.08 crore was spent on Hansraj tirtha development at Safidon.[32] \n44. Hansraj tirtha, Safidon: by 2021 ₹1.08 crore was spent on tirtha development.[32] \n45. Khatwanesghwar, Narwana: by 2021 ₹1 crore was spent on tirtha development.[32]\n\n\n\n\n44. Sarpadaman tirtha, Safindon\n45. Kayashodan tirtha, Kasuhan\n46. Vamsamulam tirtha, Barsola\n47. Khageshwar tirtha, Khadalwa\n48. Ramsar tirtha, Kuchrana Kalan\n49. Lohrishi/Lokodwar tirtha, Lodhar","title":"List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinkh&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tirthas of Panipat district","text":"50. Tarntauk Yaksha, Sinkh","title":"List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pabnawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pabnawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Falgu tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falgu_tirtha"},{"link_name":"Faral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faral"},{"link_name":"Kapil Muni tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapil_Muni_tirtha"},{"link_name":"Kalayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayat"},{"link_name":"Pundri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundri"},{"link_name":"Tyontha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyontha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keorak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Barot, Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barot,_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nauch, Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauch,_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balwanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balwanti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vridkedar tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vridkedar_tirtha"},{"link_name":"Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithal"},{"link_name":"Shergarh, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shergarh,_Kaithal"},{"link_name":"Manas, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manas,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Devigarh, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devigarh,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gyaraharudri tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithal#Shree_Gyarah_Rudri_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Gadli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hajwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajwana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barsana, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barsana,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Geong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geong"},{"link_name":"Kaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaul,_Kaithal"},{"link_name":"Rasulpur, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasulpur,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Sherda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Songhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songhal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Mator, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mator,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Kasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasan,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Banpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banpura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theh Polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithal_district#Theh"},{"link_name":"rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi"},{"link_name":"Pulastya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulastya"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asin1-34"},{"link_name":"Sontha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sontha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brabhavat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brabhavat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beharjaksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beharjaksha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangan,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guhana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sajuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sajuma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siwan, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siwan,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shila Kheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shila_Kheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deoda Kheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deoda_Kheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalsi, Kaithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalsi,_Kaithal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dherdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dherdu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaukat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaukat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Karoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoda"},{"link_name":"Mundri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundri"},{"link_name":"Sounghal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sounghal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasina,_Kaithal"},{"link_name":"Shakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakra"},{"link_name":"Mohna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohna"},{"link_name":"Gohran Kheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gohran_Kheri&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tirthas of Kaithal district","text":"51. Pawanhrad tirtha, Pabnawa\n52. Falgu tirtha, Faral\n53. Pawaneshwar tirtha, Pharal\n54. Kapil Muni tirtha, Kalayat\n55. Pundrik tirtha, Pundri\n56. Trivishtap tirtha, Tyontha\n57. Kotikut tirtha, Kyodak / Keorak: by 2021 ₹1.02 crore was spent on tirtha development.[32]\n58. Banteshwar tirtha, Barot, Haryana\n59. Namish tirtha, Nauch, Haryana\n60. Vedvati tirtha, Balwanti\n61. Vridkedar tirtha, Kaithal\n62. Sarak tirtha, Shergarh, Kaithal\n63. Manush tirtha, Manas, Kaithal\n64. Navadurga tirtha, Devigarh, Kaithal\n65. Gyaraharudri tirtha, Kaithal\n66. Aapga tirtha, Gadli\n67. Juhomi tirtha, Hajwana\n\n\n\n68. Vishnupada tirtha, Barsana, Kaithal\n69. Yajnasanjna tirtha, Geong\n70. Kapilmuni tirtha, Kaul\n71. Kulotaran tirtha, Kaul\n72. Garhratheshwar tirtha, Kaul\n73. Matri tirtha, Rasulpur, Kaithal\n74. Suryakunda tirtha, Habri (Jyotinagar colony): by 2021 ₹67 lakh was spent on tirtha development, more budget will be spent as it was still in the initial stage of development.[32] \n75. Havya tirtha, Bhana\n76. Chakramani tirtha, Sherda: by 2021 ₹1 crore was spent on tirtha development, second phase of which was still underway.[32] \n77. Rasamangal tirtha, Songhal: by 2021 ₹1.30 crore was spent on development of Kukrityanshan and Rasamangal tirhtas. Ghats conference hall, toilet were built.[32]\n78. Mukteshwar tirtha, Mator, Kaithal: by 2021 ₹1.92 crore was spent on tirtha development.[32] \n79. Sritirtha, Kasan,\n80. Srikunja tirtha, Banpura\n81. Ekshumati tirtha, Theh Polar partially excavated ancient archaeological mound associated with the rishi Pulastya.[34]\n82. Sutirtha tirtha, Sontha\n83. Brahmavarta tirtha, Brabhavat\n84. Aruntak Yaksha, Beharjaksha\n\n\n\n85. Sringi Rishi tirtha/ Shankhni Devi tirtha, Sangan\n86. Gobhwan tirtha, Guhana\n87. Suryakunda, Sajuma\n88. Seetvan/Swaragdwara tirtha, Siwan, Kaithal\n89. Brombhodumber tirtha, Shila Kheri\n90. Anyajanma tirtha, Deoda Kheri\n91. Devi tirtha, Kalsi, Kaithal\n92. Dhruvakunda tirtha, Dherdu\n93. Kukrityanashan tirtha, Kaukat: by 2021 ₹1.05 crore was spent on development of Kukrityanshan and Rasamangal tirthas.[32]\n94. Kavya tirtha, Karoda\n95. Lavakusha tirtha, Mundri\n96. Vamana tirtha, Sounghal\n97. Rinmochan tirtha, Rasina\n98. Alepak tirtha, Shakra\n99. Devi tirtha, Mohna\n100. Gandharva tirtha, Gohran Kheri","title":"List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Sun deities and temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityas"},{"link_name":"Sitamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sitamai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nisang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisang"},{"link_name":"Nigdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigdu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guniyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guniyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uplana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uplana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabala"},{"link_name":"Salwan, Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salwan,_Karnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Assandh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assandh"},{"link_name":"Jarasandha ka kila, Assandh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assandh#Assandh_Stupa"},{"link_name":"Saga, Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saga,_Karnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aaugandh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaugandh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balu, Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balu,_Karnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bahalolpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahalolpu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dachar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basthali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basthali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gondar, Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondar,_Karnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sawant, Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sawant,_Karnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Badthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badthal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fafdana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fafdana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Borshyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borshyam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rasalwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasalwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anjanthali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjanthali"},{"link_name":"Jalmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalmana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omkar ka Khera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omkar_ka_Khera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tigri, Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigri,_Karnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samana Bahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samana_Bahu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chorkarsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chorkarsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pada, Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pada,_Karnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d21-32"},{"link_name":"Patnapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patnapuri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koyar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karsa Dod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karsa_Dod&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tirthas of Karnal district","text":"See also: List of Sun deities and temples101. Vedvati tirtha, Sitamai\n102. Mishrak tirtha, Nisang\n103. Aahan tirtha, Nigdu\n104. Trigunananda tirtha, Guniyana\n105. Pawan tirtha, Uplana\n106. Jambunand tirtha, Jabala\n107. Dasshswamedha tirtha, Salwan, Karnal\n108. Dhankshetra tirtha, Assandh\n109. Jarasandha ka kila, Assandh\n110. Vimalsar tirtha, Saga, Karnal\n111. Dasaratha tirtha/Raghvendra tirtha/Surya kund, Aaugandh\n112. Prithavi tirtha, Balu, Karnal\n\n\n\n113. Parashar tirtha, Bahalolpur\n114. Daksheshwar tirtha, Dachar\n115. Vyasa Sthali, Basthali\n116. Goutam rishi/ Gavendra tirtha, Gondar, Karnal\n117. Brahma tirtha, Sawant, Karnal\n118. Akshyavata tirtha, Badthal\n119. Falgu tirtha, Fafdana\n120. Jyesthashrama tirtha, Borshyam\n121. Koti tirtha, Borshyam\n122. Surya tirtha, Borshyam\n123. Vishnuhrad (Vishnupad) Vamnak tirtha, Borshyam\n\n\n\n124. Brahma tirtha, Rasalwa\n125. Anjani tirtha, Anjanthali\n126. Jamdagni tirtha, Jalmana\n127. Sudin and Narvada tirtha, Omkar ka Khera\n128. Tripurari tirtha, Tigri, Karnal\n129. Som tirtha, Samana Bahu\n130. Chuchukaranva tirtha, Chorkarsa\n131. Koti tirtha, Kurnal\n132. Panchdeva tirtha, Pada, Karnal: by 2021 ₹64 lakh was spent on tirtha development for construction of five ponds, a ghat and shelter.[32]\n133. Prokshini tirtha, Patnapuri\n134. Kaushiki tirtha, Koyar\n135. Kultaran tirtha, Karsa Dod","title":"List of pilgrimage sites in 48 kos parikrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somvati Amavasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amavasya"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Gita Mahotsav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tir16-5"}],"text":"Majority of the tourists visit Kurukshetra during sacred events, specifically Somvati Amavasya, solar eclipse, Gita Mahotsav and to perform post-death rituals only.[5]","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Gita Mahotsav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav"},{"link_name":"Vikram Samvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Samvat"},{"link_name":"Saraswati Jayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati"},{"link_name":"Vasant Panchami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant_Panchami"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"},{"link_name":"Brahma Sarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sarovar"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiankuru1-35"}],"sub_title":"Gita Mahotsav","text":"International Gita Mahotsav (on varying dates in November or December based on the Vikram Samvat lunar calendar), Saraswati Jayanti (also known as the Vasant Panchami, on the fifth day of spring around February or March) and Holi festivals are celebrated at Brahma Sarovar every year. During the International Gita Mahotsav, more than 300 national and international stalls are set up around the Brahma Sarovar.[35]","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gita International Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav"},{"link_name":"diya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(lamp)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tir10-36"}],"sub_title":"Gita Deepotsav","text":"Jyotisar is one of the important site where the Gita International Festival is held every year in December. This also entails a Gita Deepotsav (Gita festival of lights) during which hundreds of thousands of traditional earthen diya lamps are lit on the banks of Brahma Sarovar, Sannihit Sarovar and Jyotisar Sarovar. For example, 300,000 lamps were lit in December 2020.[36]","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Hindu festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tir16-5"}],"sub_title":"Revival of tirtha festivals","text":"See also: List of Hindu festivalsHistorically each of more than 134 tirthas in the 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra used to have its own unique festival. With passage of time, several of this tirthas have faded into oblivion and several such festivals have become extinct. To conserve the religious and cultural heritage these tirtha-specific festivals and fairs will be revived. This will also boost the local economy. In order to revive, the Kurukshetra Development Board (KDB) is identifying the fairs and religious events held at each tirthas (pilgrimage sites).[5]","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhog"},{"link_name":"Naivedya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naivedya"},{"link_name":"Geographical indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"Mathura peda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_peda"},{"link_name":"prasāda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pras%C4%81da"},{"link_name":"laddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu"},{"link_name":"channa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea#desi"},{"link_name":"specialty food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_food"},{"link_name":"barfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfi"},{"link_name":"peda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peda"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tir14-37"}],"sub_title":"Kurukshetra Prasadam - Channa laddu speciality prasadam","text":"See also: Bhog, Naivedya, and Geographical indicationJust like Mathura peda as prasāda (consecrated food offered as blessing) is a specialty of Braj Krishna circuit in Mathura area, the sweet laddu made from the roasted channa (Indian chichpea) will be used as the geo-specialty food prasāda of various tirthas within 48 kos kurukshetra prikarma. This will be called Kurukshetra Prasadam. Compared to other sweets such as barfi or peda, the laddu does not spoil easily and has a longer shelf life at room temperature. Kurukshetra Development Board (KDB) has advised all the sweet shops if any tourist or pilgrim asks for prasad then only chana laddoo must be given. KDB will open 5 shops of its own to sell channa laddu as Kurukshetra Prasadam.[37]","title":"Festivals"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map with a description of the 48 kos parikrama (approx. 96 miles circle) around the holy city of Kurukshetra, displayed at Ban Ganga/Bhishma Kund","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/48_kos_parikrama.jpg/220px-48_kos_parikrama.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/165px-Kurukshetra.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Hindu pilgrimage sites in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India"},{"title":"Vraja Parikrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama"},{"title":"Dwarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka"},{"title":"Adi Badri, Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Badri,_Haryana"},{"title":"Dhosi Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhosi_Hill"},{"title":"Kapal Mochan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_Mochan"},{"title":"Hindu pilgrimage sites in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India"},{"title":"Famous Hindu yatras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra#Famous_yatras"},{"title":"List of Hindu festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals"},{"title":"Padayatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padayatra"},{"title":"Ratha Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha_Yatra"},{"title":"Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)"},{"title":"Tirtha and Kshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirtha_and_Kshetra"},{"title":"King Kuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kuru"},{"title":"Cemetery H culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture"},{"title":"Painted Grey Ware culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture"},{"title":"Historicity of the Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Kurukshetra map\". kurukshetra.nic.in. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625103022/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/MAPs/ReligiousMap/map.jpg","url_text":"\"Kurukshetra map\""},{"url":"http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/MAPs/ReligiousMap/map.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Haryana Tourism\". Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5106","url_text":"\"Haryana Tourism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development of all pilgrimage sites located within a radius of 48 kos (miles) of Kurukshetra would be carried out\". Chief Minister's Office, Haryana. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://haryanacmoffice.gov.in/newsupdates/details/id/737","url_text":"\"Development of all pilgrimage sites located within a radius of 48 kos (miles) of Kurukshetra would be carried out\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 48 Kos Kurukshetra Region\". harekrsna.com. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/05-12/features2460.htm","url_text":"\"The 48 Kos Kurukshetra Region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jyotisar\". Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited. Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5326","url_text":"\"Jyotisar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana_Tourism_Corporation_Limited","url_text":"Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited"}]},{"reference":"\"Tirath in Kurukshetra - Sannehit Sarovar\". Kurukshetra district website. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140806210713/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/011-sanhitsarovar/index.htm","url_text":"\"Tirath in Kurukshetra - Sannehit Sarovar\""},{"url":"http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/011-sanhitsarovar/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dev Prasad (2010). Krishna: A Journey through the Lands & Legends of Krishna. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 216–. ISBN 978-81-8495-170-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o0_5caqiUH0C&pg=PT216","url_text":"Krishna: A Journey through the Lands & Legends of Krishna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8495-170-7","url_text":"978-81-8495-170-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Religious Places in Kurukshetra: Sthaneswar Mahadev Mandir\". Kurukshetra District website. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140822130435/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/029-stahniswar/index.htm","url_text":"\"Religious Places in Kurukshetra: Sthaneswar Mahadev Mandir\""},{"url":"http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/029-stahniswar/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Buddhist Stupa At Kurukshetra\". The Buddhist Forum. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebuddhistforum.com/buddhist-stupa-at-kurukshetra/","url_text":"\"Buddhist Stupa At Kurukshetra\""}]},{"reference":"Corporation, Haryana Tourism. \"Buddhist Stupa Chaneti - Places of interest - Yamuna Nagar - Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited\". destination. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815200234/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/buddhist-stupa-chaneti","url_text":"\"Buddhist Stupa Chaneti - Places of interest - Yamuna Nagar - Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited\""},{"url":"http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/buddhist-stupa-chaneti","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Buddhist Stupa, Chaneti, Yamunanagar (Buddhist Stupa), circa 3rd Century BC\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/sites/default/files/documents/signage-matter-5-12-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Buddhist Stupa, Chaneti, Yamunanagar (Buddhist Stupa), circa 3rd Century BC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buddhist Stupa At Chaneti\". The Buddhist Forum. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebuddhistforum.com/buddhist-stupa-at-chaneti/","url_text":"\"Buddhist Stupa At Chaneti\""}]},{"reference":"G.S., Randhir (1990). Sikh shrines in India. New Delhi: The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 42–43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"singh, Dr. Ganda (1964). Banda Singh Bahadur(in Punjabi. Sikh Itihaas Research Board, SGPC, AMRITSAR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pioneer, The. \"CM unveils statue of Kushal Singh Dahiya\". The Pioneer. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/cm-unveils-statue-of-kushal-singh-dahiya.html","url_text":"\"CM unveils statue of Kushal Singh Dahiya\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Darshan (2003). Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9788179750322.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9oYHCC7FTYwC&pg=PA171","url_text":"Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179750322","url_text":"9788179750322"}]},{"reference":"\"Tirthas of dist. Kurukshetra\" (PDF). kurukshetra.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091416/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf","url_text":"\"Tirthas of dist. Kurukshetra\""},{"url":"http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815200234/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/buddhist-stupa-chaneti","external_links_name":"\"Buddhist Stupa Chaneti - Places of interest - Yamuna Nagar - Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited\""},{"Link":"http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/buddhist-stupa-chaneti","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/sites/default/files/documents/signage-matter-5-12-17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Buddhist Stupa, Chaneti, Yamunanagar (Buddhist Stupa), circa 3rd Century BC\""},{"Link":"https://thebuddhistforum.com/buddhist-stupa-at-chaneti/","external_links_name":"\"Buddhist Stupa At Chaneti\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/cm-unveils-statue-of-kushal-singh-dahiya.html","external_links_name":"\"CM unveils statue of Kushal Singh Dahiya\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9oYHCC7FTYwC&pg=PA171","external_links_name":"Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur"},{"Link":"https://m.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-scheme-for-students-in-haryana-plant-trees-get-10-extra-marks-21865531.html","external_links_name":"Scheme for students in haryana plant trees get 10 extra marks"},{"Link":"https://greenmesg.org/nature/trees/sacred/panchavati_trees.php","external_links_name":"Panchvati trees"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/cleanliness-of-tiraths-a-challenge-in-haryana-101627412369348.html","external_links_name":"Cleanliness of tiraths a challenge in Haryana"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091416/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tirthas of dist. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letzlingen
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Letzlingen
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°26′49″N 11°29′8″E / 52.44694°N 11.48556°E / 52.44694; 11.48556Ortsteil of Gardelegen in Saxony-Anhalt, GermanyLetzlingen Ortsteil of Gardelegen
Coat of armsLocation of Letzlingen
Letzlingen Show map of GermanyLetzlingen Show map of Saxony-AnhaltCoordinates: 52°26′49″N 11°29′8″E / 52.44694°N 11.48556°E / 52.44694; 11.48556CountryGermanyStateSaxony-AnhaltDistrictAltmarkkreis Salzwedel TownGardelegenArea • Total64.71 km2 (24.98 sq mi)Elevation86 m (282 ft)Population (2009-12-31) • Total1,532 • Density24/km2 (61/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes39638Dialling codes039088Vehicle registrationSAWWebsitewww.letzlingen.de
Letzlingen is a village and a former municipality in the district Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Gardelegen.
References
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
This Altmarkkreis Salzwedel location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Intelligence_Battalion
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32nd Intelligence Battalion
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["1 Tasks and operations","2 Selection","3 Organization","4 Similar units","5 References","6 External links"]
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32nd Intelligence Battalion32. UnderrättelsebataljonCountry SwedenBranchSwedish ArmyTypeMilitary intelligence unitsSpecial reconnaissance unitsSizeBattalionPart ofLife Regiment HussarsGarrison/HQKarlsborgEngagementsKFORWar in AfghanistanNorthern Mali conflictMilitary unit
The 32nd Intelligence Battalion (Swedish: 32. Underrättelsebataljonen) is the premier reconnaissance and intelligence gathering unit of the Swedish Army. The battalion possesses units and material to conduct long range reconnaissance, sensitive sight exploration (SSE), sabotage and control indirect fire as well as close air support (CAS). It also has the main responsibility for all drone operations in the Swedish military. It is organized under the Life Regiment Hussars (K 3) in Karlsborg.
Tasks and operations
The 32nd Intelligence Battalion is tasked with various reconnaissance and intelligence gathering operations. The majority of this being carried out by the Ranger squadrons, who operate with 8 man patrols over long ranges deep behind enemy lines in order to conduct reconnaissance or sabotage vital enemy support functions/infrastructure. In addition to that, the battalion has unmanned aerial vehicles, both smaller SUAV systems at the Ranger squadrons as well as larger, more advanced TUAV systems.
Soldier of the 321st Squadron (Recon), defending a command post during a training exercise.
Member of the Parachute Ranger Squadron during a training operation.
The battalion has deployed to Kosovo, Afghanistan and Mali, conducting the full spectrum of its wartime tasks.
Selection
Anyone who applies to the battalion must have completed an approved basic military education (GMU) or Swedish military service. In addition to that, the person must also meet the position-specific requirements that are set, and which appear in the advertisement for the respective position.
Organization
The battalion includes, in addition to troop reconnaissance capability with fighter soldiers of the intelligence squadrons, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), paratroopers, snipers, medics, command and maintenance resources, and human source contact acquisition units.
The battalion in its current form comprises:
- Staff & support squadron
- Two reconnaissance squadrons
- Parachute Ranger squadron
The staff and support squadron provides command and logistic support, along with housing several specialist functions such as a HUMINT platoon and the battalions TUAV's. The reconnaissance squadrons along with the parachute rangers are made up of 3–4 platoons with 8-man patrols along with specialist functions such as snipers, TACP and SUAV teams.
Similar units
United Kingdom – 1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade
France – 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment
Germany – Fernspählehrkompanie 200
Norway – Etterretningsbataljonen
Finland – Laskuvarjojääkärit
United States - Regimental Reconnaissance Company, United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions
References
^ a b c d e f Försvarsmakten. "32:a underrättelsebataljonen". Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-06-14.
External links
Official website (in Swedish)
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Underrättelsebataljonen) is the premier reconnaissance and intelligence gathering unit of the Swedish Army. The battalion possesses units and material to conduct long range reconnaissance, sensitive sight exploration (SSE), sabotage and control indirect fire as well as close air support (CAS).[1] It also has the main responsibility for all drone operations in the Swedish military. It is organized under the Life Regiment Hussars (K 3) in Karlsborg.","title":"32nd Intelligence Battalion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:32swed.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:32ndswedfallschrim.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The 32nd Intelligence Battalion is tasked with various reconnaissance and intelligence gathering operations. The majority of this being carried out by the Ranger squadrons, who operate with 8 man patrols over long ranges deep behind enemy lines in order to conduct reconnaissance or sabotage vital enemy support functions/infrastructure. In addition to that, the battalion has unmanned aerial vehicles, both smaller SUAV systems at the Ranger squadrons as well as larger, more advanced TUAV systems.[1]Soldier of the 321st Squadron (Recon), defending a command post during a training exercise.Member of the Parachute Ranger Squadron during a training operation.The battalion has deployed to Kosovo, Afghanistan and Mali, conducting the full spectrum of its wartime tasks.[1]","title":"Tasks and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Anyone who applies to the battalion must have completed an approved basic military education (GMU) or Swedish military service. In addition to that, the person must also meet the position-specific requirements that are set, and which appear in the advertisement for the respective position.[1]","title":"Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Parachute Ranger squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallsk%C3%A4rmsj%C3%A4garna"},{"link_name":"HUMINT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)"},{"link_name":"TUAV's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/information-och-fakta/materiel-och-teknik/luft/uav-system-ornen/"},{"link_name":"snipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"TACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Control_Party"},{"link_name":"SUAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/information-och-fakta/materiel-och-teknik/luft/uav-system-svalankorpen/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The battalion includes, in addition to troop reconnaissance capability with fighter soldiers of the intelligence squadrons, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), paratroopers, snipers, medics, command and maintenance resources, and human source contact acquisition units.[1]The battalion in its current form comprises:- Staff & support squadron- Two reconnaissance squadrons- Parachute Ranger squadronThe staff and support squadron provides command and logistic support, along with housing several specialist functions such as a HUMINT platoon and the battalions TUAV's. The reconnaissance squadrons along with the parachute rangers are made up of 3–4 platoons with 8-man patrols along with specialist functions such as snipers, TACP and SUAV teams.[1]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Brigade"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Parachute_Dragoon_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Fernspählehrkompanie 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsp%C3%A4hlehrkompanie_200"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Etterretningsbataljonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etterretningsbataljonen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Regimental Reconnaissance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_Reconnaissance_Company"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions"}],"text":"United Kingdom – 1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade\n France – 13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment\n Germany – Fernspählehrkompanie 200\n Norway – Etterretningsbataljonen\n Finland – Laskuvarjojääkärit\nUnited States - Regimental Reconnaissance Company, United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions","title":"Similar units"}]
|
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| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABrah
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Surah
|
["1 Etymology","2 Chronological order of chapters","2.1 Early attempts","2.2 Modern work","3 Names of chapters in the Quran","4 Coherence in the Quran","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Chapter of the Quran
For other uses, see Surah (disambiguation) and Sura (disambiguation).
Quran
History
Waḥy
First revelation
Asbab al-Nuzul
Historicity
Manuscripts
Samarkand Kufic Quran
Sanaa manuscript
Topkapi manuscript
Birmingham manuscript
Divisions
Surah
List
Meccan
Medinan
Āyah
Juz'
Muqatta'at
Content
Prophets
Women
Animals
Legends
Miracles
Parables
Science
Eschatology
God
Reading
Qāriʾ
Hifz
Tajwid
Tarteel
Ahruf
Qira'at
Translations
List
English
Ahmadiyya
Exegesis
List
Hermeneutics
Esotericism
Abrogation
Biblical parallels
Related persons
Mentioned by name
Characteristics
I'jaz
Inerrancy
Related
Criticism
Quran and Sunnah
Quranism
Shi’a view
Category
Islam portalvte
A surah (/ˈsʊərə/; Arabic: سُورَة, romanized: sūrah; pl. سُوَر, suwar) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran. Its plural form in Arabic is suwar.
There are 114 surah in the Quran, each divided into ayat (verses). The surah are of unequal length; the shortest surah (al-Kawthar) has only three verses, while the longest (al-Baqarah) contains 286 verses. The Quran consists of one short introductory chapter (Q1), eight very long chapters, making up one-third of the Quran (Q2‒9); 19 mid-length chapters, making up another one-third (Q10‒28); and 86 short and very short ones of the last one-third (Q29‒114).
Of the 114 surah in the Quran, 86 are classified as Meccan, as they were revealed before Muhammad's migration to Medina (hijrah), while 28 are Medinan, as they were revealed after. This classification is only approximate in regard to the location of revelation; any surah revealed after the migration is termed Medinan and any revealed before it is termed Meccan. However, some Meccan suwar contain Medinian verses (verses revealed after the migration) and vice versa. Whether a surah is Medinian or Meccan depends on if the beginning of the surah was revealed before or after the migration.
The Meccan surah generally deal with faith and scenes of the Hereafter while the Medinan suwar are more concerned with organizing the social life of the nascent Muslim community and leading Muslims to the ultimate goal of attaining dar al-Islam by showing strength towards the unbelievers. Except for al-Tawbah, all suwar commence with "In the Name of Allah, al-Rahman (the Beneficent), al-Rahim (the Merciful)". This formula is known as the basmalah and denotes the boundaries between surah'. The surah' are arranged roughly in order of descending size; therefore the arrangement of the Quran is neither chronological nor thematic. Surah are recited during the standing portions (qiyam) of Muslim prayers. Al-Fatihah, the first surah of the Quran, is recited in every unit of prayer, and some units of prayer also involve recitation of all or part of any other surah.
Etymology
The word surah was used at the time of Muhammad as a term with the meaning of a portion or a set of verses of the Quran. This is evidenced by the appearance of the word surah in multiple locations in the Quran such as verse 24:1: "a sûrah which We have revealed and made ˹its rulings˺ obligatory, and revealed in it clear commandments so that you may be mindful." (see also verses 2:23, 9:64, 9:86, 9:124, 9:127, 10:38, and 47:20). It is also mentioned in plural form in the Quran: "Or do they say, “He has fabricated this ˹Quran˺!”? Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Produce ten fabricated sûrahs like it and seek help from whoever you can—other than Allah—if what you say is true!”"
In 1938, Arthur Jeffery suggested that the name derived from the Syriac word surṭā meaning 'writing'.
Chronological order of chapters
Further information: History of the Quran
Chapters in the Quran are not arranged in the chronological order of revelation, and the precise order has eluded scholars. According to hadith, Muhammad told his companions the traditional placement of every Wahy as was revealed to him, and Wm Theodore de Bary, an East Asian studies expert, describes that "The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one over-arching principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no attempt was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order...".
Early attempts
A number of medieval Islamic writers attempted to compile a chronologically ordered list of the chapters, with differing results. As no transmitted reports dating back to the time of Muhammad or his companions exists, their works necessarily represent the opinions of scholars, and none originates before the first quarter of the 8th century. One version is given in a 15th-century work by Abd al-Kafi, and is included in the chronological order given by the standard Egyptian edition of the Quran (1924). Another list is mentioned by Abu Salih, while a significantly different version of Abu Salih's is preserved in the book 'Kitab Mabani'. Yet another, from the 10th century, is given by Ibn Nadim.
A number of verses are associated with particular events which helps date them. Muhammad's first revelation was chapter 96 (year 609). Verses 16:41 and 47:13 refer to migration of Muslims which took place in the year 622. Verses 8:1–7 and 3:120–175 refer to battles of Badr (624) and Uhud (625) respectively. Muhammad's last pilgrimage is mentioned in 5:3 which occurred in 632, a few months before he died. This method is of limited usefulness because the Quran narrates the life of Muhammad or the early history of the Muslim community only incidentally and not in detail. In fact, very few chapters contain clear references to events which took place in Muhammad's life.
Modern work
Theodor Nöldeke's chronology is based on the assumption that the style of the Quran changes in one direction without reversals. Nöldeke studied the style and content of the chapters and assumed that first, later (Madinan) chapters and verses and are generally shorter than earlier (Meccan) ones, and second, that earlier Meccan verses have a distinct rhyming style while later verses are more prosaic (prose-like). According to Nöldeke, earlier chapters have common features: many of them open with oaths in which God swears by cosmic phenomena, they have common themes (including eschatology, creation, piety, authentication of Muhammad's mission and refutation of the charges against Muhammad), and some Meccan chapters have a clear 'tripartite' structure (for example chapters 45, 37, 26, 15, 21). Tripartite chapters open with a short warning, followed by one or more narratives about unbelievers, and finally address contemporaries of Muhammad and invite them to Islam. On the other hand, Madinan verses are longer and have a distinct style of rhyming and concern to provide legislation and guidance for the Muslim community.
Richard Bell took Nöldeke's chronology as a starting point for his research, however, Bell did not believe that Nöldeke's criteria of style were important. He saw a progressive change in Muhammad's mission from a man who preached monotheism into an independent leader of a paramount religion. For Bell this transformation in Muhammad's mission was more decisive compared with Nöldeke's criteria of style. Bell argued that passages which mentioned Islam and Muslim or implied that Muhammad's followers were a distinct community were revealed later. He classified the Quran into three main periods: the early period, the Quranic period, and the book period. Bell worked on the chronology of verses instead of chapters. Underlying Bell's method for dating revelations is the assumption that the normal unit of revelation is the short passage and the passages have been extensively edited and rearranged.
Mehdi Bazargan divided the Quran into 194 independent passages preserving some chapters intact as single blocks while dividing others into two or more blocks. He then rearranged these blocks approximately in order of increasing average verse length. This order he proposes is the chronological order. Bazargan assumed that verse length tended to increase over time and he used this assumption to rearrange the passages.
Neal Robinson, a scholar of Islamic studies, is of the opinion that there is no evidence that the style of Quran has changed in a consistent way and therefore style may not always be a reliable indicator of when and where a chapter was revealed. According to Robinson, the problem of the chronology of authorship is still far from solved.
Names of chapters in the Quran
Further information: List of chapters in the Quran
The verses and chapters when revealed to Muhammad in the Quran did not come with a title attached to them. Muhammad, as we find in some reports in hadith, used to refer to shorter chapters not by name, rather by their first verse. For example: Abu Hurairah quoted Muhammad as saying, "Al-Hamdu Lillahi Rabb il-`Aalameen" is the Mother of the Quran, the Mother of the Book, and the seven oft-repeated verses of the Glorious Quran.". We also find reports in which Muhammad used to refer to them by their name. For example, Abdullah bin Buraydah narrated from his father, "I was sitting with the Prophet and I heard him say, 'Learn Surah ul-Baqarah, because in learning it there is blessing, in ignoring it there is sorrow, and the sorceresses cannot memorize it."'
Arab tradition, similar to other tribal cultures of that time, was to name things according to their unique characteristics. They used this same method to name Quranic chapters. Most chapter names are found in hadith. Some were named according to their central theme, such as Al-Fatiha (The Opening) and Yusuf (Joseph), and some were named for the first word at the beginning of the chapter, such as Qaf, Ya-Sin, and ar-Rahman. Some surahs were also named according to a unique word that occurs in the chapter, such as al-Baqarah (The Cow), An-Nur (The Light), al-Nahl (The Bee), Az-Zukhruf (The Ornaments of Gold), Al-Hadid (The Iron), and Al-Ma'un (The Small Kindness).
Most chapter names are still used to this day. Several are known by multiple names: chapter Al-Masadd (The Palm Fibre) is also known as al-Lahab (The Flame). Surah Fussilat (Explained in Detail) is also known as Ha-Meem Sajda ("...it is a chapter that begins with Ha Mim and in which a verse requiring the performance of prostration has occurred.")
Coherence in the Quran
The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as "nazm" and "munasabah" in literature of the Islamic sphere and 'Coherence', 'text relations', 'intertextuality', and 'unity' in English literature. There are two points of view regarding the coherence of the verses of the Quran. In the first viewpoint, each chapter of the Quran has a central theme and its verses are related. The second viewpoint considers some chapters of the Quran as collections of passages which are not thematically related. Chapters deal with various subjects, for instance, chapter 99, which comprises only eight verses, is devoted exclusively to eschatology and chapter 12 narrates a story, while other chapters, in the same breath, speak of theological, historical, and ethico-legal matters. Chapters are known to consist of passages, not only verses. The borders between passages are arbitrary but are possible to determine.
For example, chapter 54 may be divided into six passages:
The Hour has drawn near...(54:1-8)
Before them, the people of Noah denied...(54:9-17)
’Ȃd ˹also˺ rejected ˹the truth˺. Then how ˹dreadful˺ were My punishment and warnings!... (54:18-22)
Thamûd rejected the warnings ˹as well˺... (54:23-32)
The people of Lot ˹also˺ rejected the warnings... (54:33-40)
And indeed, the warnings ˹also˺ came to the people of Pharaoh.... (54:41-55)
The study of text relations in the Quran dates back to a relatively early stage in the history of Quranic studies. The earliest Quranic interpreter known to have paid attention to this aspect of the Quran is Fakhruddin al-Razi (d.1209 ). Fakhr Razi believed that text relation is a meaning that links verses together or mentally associates them like cause-effect or reason-consequence. He linked to verse 1 of a chapter to verse 2, verse 2 to verse 3 and so on, and rejected traditionist interpretations if they contradicted interrelations between verses. Zarkashi (d.1392), another medieval Quranic exegete, admitted that relationships of some verses to other verses in a chapter is sometimes hard to explain, in those cases he assigned stylistic and rhetorical functions to them such as parenthesis, parable, or intentional subject shift. Zarkashi aimed at showing how important understanding the inter-verse relations is to understanding the Quran, however, he did not attempt to deal with one complete chapter to show its relations.
Contemporary scholars have studied the idea of coherence in the Quran more vigorously and are of widely divergent opinions. For example, Hamid Farrahi (d. 1930) and Richard Bell (d. 1952) have different opinions regarding coherence within chapters. Farrahi believed that the whole structure of the Quran is thematically coherent, which is to say, all verses of a chapter of the Quran are integrally related to each other to give rise to the major theme of the chapter and again all of the chapters are interconnected with each other to constitute the major theme of the Quran. According to Farrahi, each chapter has a central theme (umud or pillar) around which the verses revolve:
Each chapter of the Qur'an is a well-structured unit. It is only a lack of consideration and analysis on our part that they seem disjointed and incoherent... Each chapter imparts a specific message as its central theme. The completion of this theme marks the end of the chapter. If there were no such specific conclusion intended to be dealt with in each chapter there would be no need to divide the Qur'an into chapters. Rather the whole Qur'an would be a single chapter... We see that a set of verses has been placed together and named 'surah' the way a city is built with a wall erected round it. A single wall must contain a single city in it. What is the use of a wall encompassing different cities?....
In contrast, Richard Bell describes the Quranic style as disjointed:
Only seldom do we find in it evidence of sustained unified composition at any great length...some of the narratives especially accounts of Moses and of Abraham run to considerable length, but they tend to fall into separate incidents instead of being recounted straightforwardly...the distinctness of the separate pieces however is more obvious than their unity.
Arthur J. Arberry states that the chapters in many instances, as Muslims have been recognized from the earliest times, are of a 'composite' character, holding embedded in them fragments received by Muhammad at widely differing dates. However he disregards this 'fact' and views each chapter as an artistic whole. He believed that a repertory of familiar themes runs through the whole Quran and each chapter elaborates one of more, often many of, them.
Angelika Neuwirth is of the idea that verses in their chronological order are interrelated in a way that later verses explain earlier ones. She believes that Meccan chapters are coherent units.
Salwa El-Awa aims in her work to discuss the problem of textual relations in the Quran from a linguistic point of view and the way in which the verses of one chapter relate to each other and to the wider context of the total message of the Quran. El-Awa provides a detailed analysis in terms of coherence theory on chapters 33 and 75 and shows that these two chapters cohere and have a main contextual relationship.
Gheitury and Golfam believe that the permanent change of subject within a passage in the Quran, or what they call non-linearity, is a major linguistic feature of the Quran, a feature that puts the Quran beyond any specific 'context' and 'temporality'. According to Gheitury and Golfam for the Quran there is no preface, no introduction, no beginning, no end, a reader can start reading from anywhere in the text.
See also
Chapters and verses of the Bible – Divisions of books of the Bible
Parashah – Section of a biblical book in the Masoretic Text
List of chapters in the Quran
References
^ "Surah". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ "ص462 - كتاب المعجم الوسيط - باب السين - المكتبة الشاملة". shamela.ws. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
^ Nelson, Kristina (2001). The Art of Reciting the Qur'an. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-977-424-594-7.
^ Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, p.70. UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1872531656.
^ Andreas Kaplony Comparing Qurānic Suras with Pre-800 Documents
^ Jeffery, Arthur (1938). The foreign vocabulary of the Qur'ān. Baroda, India: Oriental Institute. p. 182. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Israr Ahmed – Bayan-ul-Qur'an – Introduction
^ de Bary, William Theodore; Bloom, Irene, eds. (1990). Eastern Canons: Approaches to the Asian Classics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07005-8.
^ a b c d e f Robinson, Neal (2003). Discovering the Qurʼan : a contemporary approach to a veiled text (2. ed.). Georgetown Univ. Press. pp. 25–97. ISBN 1589010248.
^ a b Sadeghi, Behnam (2011). "The Chronology of the Qurʾān: A Stylometric Research Program". Arabica. 58 (3–4): 210–299. doi:10.1163/157005810x529692.
^ Montgomery Watt, William (1957). "The Dating of the Qur'ān: A Review of Richard Bell's Theories". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1–2: 46–56.
^ Tirmidhi
^ Ahmad ibn Hanbal
^ "Surah Fussilat - 1-54". Quran.com. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ Surah Al-Qamar 54
^ a b Hamid al-Din Farahi, translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi (2008). Exordium to coherence in the Qur'an : an English translation of Fātiḥah Niẓām al-Qurʼān (1st ed.). Lahore: al-Mawrid. ISBN 978-9698799571.
^ El-Awa, Salwa (2005). Textual Relations in Qur'an: Relevance, Coherence and Structure. Routledge. ISBN 1134227477.
^ Mir, Mustansir (1986). Coherence in the Qur'an : a study of Islahi's concept of nazm in Tadabbur-i Qur'an. American Trust Publications. ISBN 0892590653.
^ Arberry, Arthur J. (1996). The Koran interpreted : a translation (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684825074.
^ McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (2008). The Cambridge companion to the Qur'ān (Reprinted with corrections. ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 97–115 (by Angelika Neuwirth). ISBN 978-0-521-53934-0.
^ Saleh, Wahid (2007). "Review: Textual Relations in the Qur'an: Relevance, Coherence and Structure. Routledge Studies in the Qur'an by Salwa M. S. El-Awa". Islamic Studies. 46 (2): 285–87.
^ Amer Gheitury, Arsalan Golfam (2008). "The Qur'an as a non-linear text:rethinking coherence". International Journal of Humanities. 15 (1): 119–133. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
External links
Media related to Surahs at Wikimedia Commons
vteChapters of the Quran (List)1-20
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Types
Meccan
Medinan
Al-Musabbihat
Four Quls
Hadith • Tafsir • Seerah
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Its plural form in Arabic is suwar.[2][3]There are 114 surah in the Quran, each divided into ayat (verses). The surah are of unequal length; the shortest surah (al-Kawthar) has only three verses, while the longest (al-Baqarah) contains 286 verses.[4] The Quran consists of one short introductory chapter (Q1), eight very long chapters, making up one-third of the Quran (Q2‒9); 19 mid-length chapters, making up another one-third (Q10‒28); and 86 short and very short ones of the last one-third (Q29‒114).[5]Of the 114 surah in the Quran, 86 are classified as Meccan, as they were revealed before Muhammad's migration to Medina (hijrah), while 28 are Medinan, as they were revealed after. This classification is only approximate in regard to the location of revelation; any surah revealed after the migration is termed Medinan and any revealed before it is termed Meccan. However, some Meccan suwar contain Medinian verses (verses revealed after the migration) and vice versa. Whether a surah is Medinian or Meccan depends on if the beginning of the surah was revealed before or after the migration.The Meccan surah generally deal with faith and scenes of the Hereafter while the Medinan suwar are more concerned with organizing the social life of the nascent Muslim community and leading Muslims to the ultimate goal of attaining dar al-Islam by showing strength towards the unbelievers. Except for al-Tawbah, all suwar commence with \"In the Name of Allah, al-Rahman (the Beneficent), al-Rahim (the Merciful)\". This formula is known as the basmalah and denotes the boundaries between surah'. The surah' are arranged roughly in order of descending size; therefore the arrangement of the Quran is neither chronological nor thematic. Surah are recited during the standing portions (qiyam) of Muslim prayers. Al-Fatihah, the first surah of the Quran, is recited in every unit of prayer, and some units of prayer also involve recitation of all or part of any other surah.","title":"Surah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"24:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/24?startingVerse=1"},{"link_name":"2:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/2?startingVerse=23"},{"link_name":"9:64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/9?startingVerse=64"},{"link_name":"9:86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/9?startingVerse=86"},{"link_name":"9:124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/9?startingVerse=124"},{"link_name":"9:127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/9?startingVerse=127"},{"link_name":"10:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/10?startingVerse=38"},{"link_name":"47:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/47?startingVerse=20"},{"link_name":"11:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/11?startingVerse=13"},{"link_name":"Arthur Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Jeffery"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeff-6"}],"text":"The word surah was used at the time of Muhammad as a term with the meaning of a portion or a set of verses of the Quran. This is evidenced by the appearance of the word surah in multiple locations in the Quran such as verse 24:1: \"a sûrah which We have revealed and made ˹its rulings˺ obligatory, and revealed in it clear commandments so that you may be mindful.\" (see also verses 2:23, 9:64, 9:86, 9:124, 9:127, 10:38, and 47:20). It is also mentioned in plural form in the Quran: \"Or do they say, “He has fabricated this ˹Quran˺!”? Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Produce ten fabricated sûrahs like it and seek help from whoever you can—other than Allah—if what you say is true!”\"[Quran 11:13]In 1938, Arthur Jeffery suggested that the name derived from the Syriac word surṭā meaning 'writing'.[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quran"},{"link_name":"chronological order of revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba"},{"link_name":"Wahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wm Theodore de Bary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wm_Theodore_de_Bary"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Further information: History of the QuranChapters in the Quran are not arranged in the chronological order of revelation, and the precise order has eluded scholars. According to hadith, Muhammad told his companions the traditional placement of every Wahy as was revealed to him,[7] and Wm Theodore de Bary, an East Asian studies expert, describes that \"The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one over-arching principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no attempt was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order...\".[8]","title":"Chronological order of chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrobinson-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrobinson-9"},{"link_name":"migration of Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Badr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr"},{"link_name":"Uhud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud"},{"link_name":"last pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrobinson-9"}],"sub_title":"Early attempts","text":"A number of medieval Islamic writers attempted to compile a chronologically ordered list of the chapters, with differing results. As no transmitted reports dating back to the time of Muhammad or his companions exists, their works necessarily represent the opinions of scholars, and none originates before the first quarter of the 8th century. One version is given in a 15th-century work by Abd al-Kafi, and is included in the chronological order given by the standard Egyptian edition of the Quran (1924).[9] Another list is mentioned by Abu Salih, while a significantly different version of Abu Salih's is preserved in the book 'Kitab Mabani'. Yet another, from the 10th century, is given by Ibn Nadim.[9]A number of verses are associated with particular events which helps date them. Muhammad's first revelation was chapter 96 (year 609). Verses 16:41 and 47:13 refer to migration of Muslims which took place in the year 622. Verses 8:1–7 and 3:120–175 refer to battles of Badr (624) and Uhud (625) respectively. Muhammad's last pilgrimage is mentioned in 5:3 which occurred in 632, a few months before he died. This method is of limited usefulness because the Quran narrates the life of Muhammad or the early history of the Muslim community only incidentally and not in detail. In fact, very few chapters contain clear references to events which took place in Muhammad's life.[9]","title":"Chronological order of chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodor Nöldeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsadeghi-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrobinson-9"},{"link_name":"Richard Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bell_(Arabist)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrobinson-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mehdi Bazargan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsadeghi-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrobinson-9"}],"sub_title":"Modern work","text":"Theodor Nöldeke's chronology is based on the assumption that the style of the Quran changes in one direction without reversals.[10] Nöldeke studied the style and content of the chapters and assumed that first, later (Madinan) chapters and verses and are generally shorter than earlier (Meccan) ones, and second, that earlier Meccan verses have a distinct rhyming style while later verses are more prosaic (prose-like). According to Nöldeke, earlier chapters have common features: many of them open with oaths in which God swears by cosmic phenomena, they have common themes (including eschatology, creation, piety, authentication of Muhammad's mission and refutation of the charges against Muhammad), and some Meccan chapters have a clear 'tripartite' structure (for example chapters 45, 37, 26, 15, 21). Tripartite chapters open with a short warning, followed by one or more narratives about unbelievers, and finally address contemporaries of Muhammad and invite them to Islam. On the other hand, Madinan verses are longer and have a distinct style of rhyming and concern to provide legislation and guidance for the Muslim community.[9]Richard Bell took Nöldeke's chronology as a starting point for his research, however, Bell did not believe that Nöldeke's criteria of style were important. He saw a progressive change in Muhammad's mission from a man who preached monotheism into an independent leader of a paramount religion. For Bell this transformation in Muhammad's mission was more decisive compared with Nöldeke's criteria of style. Bell argued that passages which mentioned Islam and Muslim or implied that Muhammad's followers were a distinct community were revealed later. He classified the Quran into three main periods: the early period, the Quranic period, and the book period.[9] Bell worked on the chronology of verses instead of chapters. Underlying Bell's method for dating revelations is the assumption that the normal unit of revelation is the short passage and the passages have been extensively edited and rearranged.[11]Mehdi Bazargan divided the Quran into 194 independent passages preserving some chapters intact as single blocks while dividing others into two or more blocks. He then rearranged these blocks approximately in order of increasing average verse length. This order he proposes is the chronological order. Bazargan assumed that verse length tended to increase over time and he used this assumption to rearrange the passages.[10]Neal Robinson, a scholar of Islamic studies, is of the opinion that there is no evidence that the style of Quran has changed in a consistent way and therefore style may not always be a reliable indicator of when and where a chapter was revealed. According to Robinson, the problem of the chronology of authorship is still far from solved.[9]","title":"Chronological order of chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of chapters in the Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Abu Hurairah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hurairah"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Further information: List of chapters in the QuranThe verses and chapters when revealed to Muhammad in the Quran did not come with a title attached to them. Muhammad, as we find in some reports in hadith, used to refer to shorter chapters not by name, rather by their first verse. For example: Abu Hurairah quoted Muhammad as saying, \"Al-Hamdu Lillahi Rabb il-`Aalameen\" is the Mother of the Quran, the Mother of the Book, and the seven oft-repeated verses of the Glorious Quran.\".[12][full citation needed] We also find reports in which Muhammad used to refer to them by their name. For example, Abdullah bin Buraydah narrated from his father, \"I was sitting with the Prophet and I heard him say, 'Learn Surah ul-Baqarah, because in learning it there is blessing, in ignoring it there is sorrow, and the sorceresses cannot memorize it.\"'[13]Arab tradition, similar to other tribal cultures of that time, was to name things according to their unique characteristics. They used this same method to name Quranic chapters. Most chapter names are found in hadith. Some were named according to their central theme, such as Al-Fatiha (The Opening) and Yusuf (Joseph), and some were named for the first word at the beginning of the chapter, such as Qaf, Ya-Sin, and ar-Rahman. Some surahs were also named according to a unique word that occurs in the chapter, such as al-Baqarah (The Cow), An-Nur (The Light), al-Nahl (The Bee), Az-Zukhruf (The Ornaments of Gold), Al-Hadid (The Iron), and Al-Ma'un (The Small Kindness).Most chapter names are still used to this day. Several are known by multiple names: chapter Al-Masadd (The Palm Fibre) is also known as al-Lahab (The Flame). Surah Fussilat (Explained in Detail) is also known as Ha-Meem Sajda (\"...it is a chapter that begins with Ha Mim and in which a verse requiring the performance of prostration has occurred.\")[14]","title":"Names of chapters in the Quran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nazm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazm"},{"link_name":"munasabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munasabah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology"},{"link_name":"chapter 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_54"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farrahi-16"},{"link_name":"54:1-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/54?startingVerse=1"},{"link_name":"54:9-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/54?startingVerse=9"},{"link_name":"’Ȃd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d"},{"link_name":"54:18-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/54?startingVerse=18"},{"link_name":"54:23-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/54?startingVerse=23"},{"link_name":"54:33-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/54?startingVerse=33"},{"link_name":"54:41-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/54?startingVerse=41"},{"link_name":"Fakhruddin al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"Zarkashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarkashi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmir-18"},{"link_name":"Hamid Farrahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiduddin_Farahi"},{"link_name":"Richard Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bell_(Arabist)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farrahi-16"},{"link_name":"Arthur J. Arberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Salwa El-Awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salwa_El-Awa"},{"link_name":"coherence theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as \"nazm\" and \"munasabah\" in literature of the Islamic sphere and 'Coherence', 'text relations', 'intertextuality', and 'unity' in English literature. There are two points of view regarding the coherence of the verses of the Quran. In the first viewpoint, each chapter of the Quran has a central theme and its verses are related. The second viewpoint considers some chapters of the Quran as collections of passages which are not thematically related. Chapters deal with various subjects, for instance, chapter 99, which comprises only eight verses, is devoted exclusively to eschatology and chapter 12 narrates a story, while other chapters, in the same breath, speak of theological, historical, and ethico-legal matters. Chapters are known to consist of passages, not only verses. The borders between passages are arbitrary but are possible to determine.For example, chapter 54[15] may be divided into six passages:[16]The Hour has drawn near...(54:1-8)\nBefore them, the people of Noah denied...(54:9-17)\n’Ȃd ˹also˺ rejected ˹the truth˺. Then how ˹dreadful˺ were My punishment and warnings!... (54:18-22)\nThamûd rejected the warnings ˹as well˺... (54:23-32)\nThe people of Lot ˹also˺ rejected the warnings... (54:33-40)\nAnd indeed, the warnings ˹also˺ came to the people of Pharaoh.... (54:41-55)The study of text relations in the Quran dates back to a relatively early stage in the history of Quranic studies. The earliest Quranic interpreter known to have paid attention to this aspect of the Quran is Fakhruddin al-Razi (d.1209 ). Fakhr Razi believed that text relation is a meaning that links verses together or mentally associates them like cause-effect or reason-consequence. He linked to verse 1 of a chapter to verse 2, verse 2 to verse 3 and so on, and rejected traditionist interpretations if they contradicted interrelations between verses. Zarkashi (d.1392), another medieval Quranic exegete, admitted that relationships of some verses to other verses in a chapter is sometimes hard to explain, in those cases he assigned stylistic and rhetorical functions to them such as parenthesis, parable, or intentional subject shift. Zarkashi aimed at showing how important understanding the inter-verse relations is to understanding the Quran, however, he did not attempt to deal with one complete chapter to show its relations.[17][18]Contemporary scholars have studied the idea of coherence in the Quran more vigorously and are of widely divergent opinions. For example, Hamid Farrahi (d. 1930) and Richard Bell (d. 1952) have different opinions regarding coherence within chapters. Farrahi believed that the whole structure of the Quran is thematically coherent, which is to say, all verses of a chapter of the Quran are integrally related to each other to give rise to the major theme of the chapter and again all of the chapters are interconnected with each other to constitute the major theme of the Quran. According to Farrahi, each chapter has a central theme (umud or pillar) around which the verses revolve:Each chapter of the Qur'an is a well-structured unit. It is only a lack of consideration and analysis on our part that they seem disjointed and incoherent... Each chapter imparts a specific message as its central theme. The completion of this theme marks the end of the chapter. If there were no such specific conclusion intended to be dealt with in each chapter there would be no need to divide the Qur'an into chapters. Rather the whole Qur'an would be a single chapter... We see that a set of verses has been placed together and named 'surah' the way a city is built with a wall erected round it. A single wall must contain a single city in it. What is the use of a wall encompassing different cities?....[16]In contrast, Richard Bell describes the Quranic style as disjointed:Only seldom do we find in it evidence of sustained unified composition at any great length...some of the narratives especially accounts of Moses and of Abraham run to considerable length, but they tend to fall into separate incidents instead of being recounted straightforwardly...the distinctness of the separate pieces however is more obvious than their unity.Arthur J. Arberry states that the chapters in many instances, as Muslims have been recognized from the earliest times, are of a 'composite' character, holding embedded in them fragments received by Muhammad at widely differing dates. However he disregards this 'fact' and views each chapter as an artistic whole. He believed that a repertory of familiar themes runs through the whole Quran and each chapter elaborates one of more, often many of, them.[19]Angelika Neuwirth is of the idea that verses in their chronological order are interrelated in a way that later verses explain earlier ones. She believes that Meccan chapters are coherent units.[20]Salwa El-Awa aims in her work to discuss the problem of textual relations in the Quran from a linguistic point of view and the way in which the verses of one chapter relate to each other and to the wider context of the total message of the Quran. El-Awa provides a detailed analysis in terms of coherence theory on chapters 33 and 75 and shows that these two chapters cohere and have a main contextual relationship.[21]Gheitury and Golfam believe that the permanent change of subject within a passage in the Quran, or what they call non-linearity, is a major linguistic feature of the Quran, a feature that puts the Quran beyond any specific 'context' and 'temporality'. According to Gheitury and Golfam for the Quran there is no preface, no introduction, no beginning, no end, a reader can start reading from anywhere in the text.[22]","title":"Coherence in the Quran"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Chapters and verses of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"title":"Parashah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashah"},{"title":"List of chapters in the Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran"}]
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[{"reference":"\"ص462 - كتاب المعجم الوسيط - باب السين - المكتبة الشاملة\". shamela.ws. Retrieved 2024-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://shamela.ws/book/7028/462","url_text":"\"ص462 - كتاب المعجم الوسيط - باب السين - المكتبة الشاملة\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Kristina (2001). The Art of Reciting the Qur'an. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-977-424-594-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=faS0GZ6wPCMC&dq=%22suwar%22&pg=PA25","url_text":"The Art of Reciting the Qur'an"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-594-7","url_text":"978-977-424-594-7"}]},{"reference":"Jeffery, Arthur (1938). The foreign vocabulary of the Qur'ān. Baroda, India: Oriental Institute. p. 182. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/foreignvocabular030753mbp","url_text":"The foreign vocabulary of the Qur'ān"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/foreignvocabular030753mbp/page/n199","url_text":"182"}]},{"reference":"de Bary, William Theodore; Bloom, Irene, eds. (1990). Eastern Canons: Approaches to the Asian Classics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07005-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wm_Theodore_de_Bary","url_text":"de Bary, William Theodore"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8cXp43fuVa8C","url_text":"Eastern Canons: Approaches to the Asian Classics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07005-8","url_text":"978-0-231-07005-8"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Neal (2003). Discovering the Qurʼan : a contemporary approach to a veiled text (2. ed.). Georgetown Univ. Press. pp. 25–97. ISBN 1589010248.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1589010248","url_text":"1589010248"}]},{"reference":"Sadeghi, Behnam (2011). \"The Chronology of the Qurʾān: A Stylometric Research Program\". Arabica. 58 (3–4): 210–299. doi:10.1163/157005810x529692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005810x529692","url_text":"10.1163/157005810x529692"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery Watt, William (1957). \"The Dating of the Qur'ān: A Review of Richard Bell's Theories\". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1–2: 46–56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Surah Fussilat - 1-54\". Quran.com. Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://quran.com/surah/fussilat/info","url_text":"\"Surah Fussilat - 1-54\""}]},{"reference":"Hamid al-Din Farahi, translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi (2008). Exordium to coherence in the Qur'an : an English translation of Fātiḥah Niẓām al-Qurʼān (1st ed.). Lahore: al-Mawrid. ISBN 978-9698799571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9698799571","url_text":"978-9698799571"}]},{"reference":"El-Awa, Salwa (2005). Textual Relations in Qur'an: Relevance, Coherence and Structure. Routledge. ISBN 1134227477.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134227477","url_text":"1134227477"}]},{"reference":"Mir, Mustansir (1986). Coherence in the Qur'an : a study of Islahi's concept of nazm in Tadabbur-i Qur'an. American Trust Publications. ISBN 0892590653.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892590653","url_text":"0892590653"}]},{"reference":"Arberry, Arthur J. (1996). The Koran interpreted : a translation (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684825074.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar","url_text":"The Koran interpreted : a translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684825074","url_text":"0684825074"}]},{"reference":"McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (2008). The Cambridge companion to the Qur'ān (Reprinted with corrections. ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 97–115 (by Angelika Neuwirth). ISBN 978-0-521-53934-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53934-0","url_text":"978-0-521-53934-0"}]},{"reference":"Saleh, Wahid (2007). \"Review: Textual Relations in the Qur'an: Relevance, Coherence and Structure. Routledge Studies in the Qur'an by Salwa M. S. El-Awa\". Islamic Studies. 46 (2): 285–87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Amer Gheitury, Arsalan Golfam (2008). \"The Qur'an as a non-linear text:rethinking coherence\". International Journal of Humanities. 15 (1): 119–133. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2013-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130807193720/http://humanities.journals.modares.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=57&vol=10","url_text":"\"The Qur'an as a non-linear text:rethinking coherence\""},{"url":"http://humanities.journals.modares.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=57&vol=10","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenborg_tram_stop
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Rosenborg tram stop
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 59°55′27″N 10°43′26″E / 59.92417°N 10.72389°E / 59.92417; 10.72389Not to be confused with Rosenborg tram stop (original).
UranienborgveienView towards Uranienborg ChurchGeneral informationLocationHegdehaugen, OsloNorwayCoordinates59°55′27″N 10°43′26″E / 59.92417°N 10.72389°E / 59.92417; 10.72389Line(s)Briskeby Line
Services
Preceding station
Trams in Oslo
Following station
Bogstadveientowards Majorstuen
Line 11
Briskebytowards Kjelsås
Rosenborg, formerly Uranienborgveien is at tram stop on the Briskeby Line of the Oslo Tramway. It is located in Josefines gate, close to its street junction with Bogstadveien. It serves the neighborhoods Rosenborg , Hegdehaugen and Uranienborg in the West End of Oslo. The station is preceded and succeeded by Bogstadveien and Briskeby, respectively. The station used to be near the junction of Holtegata and Uranienborgveien streets, but it was moved towards Hegdehaugen and Rosenborg in 2009, after the line had been upgraded and reconstructed. In 2014, it was moved even further towards Rosenborg, and consequently renamed. In the same move, the former Rosenborg stop was replaced with the newly established Bogstadveien stop, situated further north, closer to Majorstuen.
References
^ "Holdeplassene Uranienborg og Rosenborg". Oslo Sporvognsdrift (in Norwegian). June 5, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
^ "Trikk linje 19 får endret kjøremønster". Oslo Sporvognsdrift (in Norwegian). June 28, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
^ Eriksen, Kjersti Flugstad (23 April 2014). "Her er Oslos fem nye trikkeholdeplasser". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
vte Oslo TramwayLines
Briskeby
Bjørvika
Ekeberg
Frogner
Grünerløkka–Torshov
Homansbyen
Kjelsås
Lilleaker
Sinsen
Skøyen
Ullevål Hageby
Vika
Former
Gamlebyen
Kampen
Kolsås
Korsvoll
Lambertseter
Rodeløkka
Sagene
Simensbråten
Vestbanen
Vippetangen
Vålerenga
Østensjø
Trams
A
S
Ekebergbanen
Gullfisk
SM53/83
SM91
SL79
SL95
SL18
Operators
Akersbanerne
Bærumsbanen
Ekebergbanen
Holmenkolbanen
Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei
Kristiania Kommunale Sporveie
Kristiania Sporveisselskab
Oslo Sporveier
Oslo Vognselskap
Sporveien
Sporveien Trikken
Ruter
Depots
Avløs
Grefsen
Grünerløkka
Holtet
Kjelsås
Majorstuen
Rodeløkka
Sagene
Homansbyen
Torshov
Vålerenga
Incidents
Strømsveien tram fire
Stationsand stops
Abbediengen
Adamstuen
Aker Brygge
Bekkestua
Biermanns gate
Birkelunden
Bislett
Bjørvika
Bogstadveien
Briskeby
Bråten
Carl Berners plass
Dalsbergstien
Disen
Dronningens gate
Ekebergparken
Elisenberg
Forskningsparken
Frogner plass
Furulund
Gaustadalléen
Glads vei
Grefsen
Grefsenplatået
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History
Timeline
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This article related to the Oslo Tramway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Norwegian tram- or light rail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Holdeplassene Uranienborg og Rosenborg\". Oslo Sporvognsdrift (in Norwegian). June 5, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718205040/http://trikken.no/asp/Hoved.asp?SideId=2&NyID=2&NyhetsId=794","url_text":"\"Holdeplassene Uranienborg og Rosenborg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Sporvognsdrift","url_text":"Oslo Sporvognsdrift"},{"url":"http://trikken.no/asp/Hoved.asp?SideId=2&NyID=2&NyhetsId=794","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trikk linje 19 får endret kjøremønster\". Oslo Sporvognsdrift (in Norwegian). June 28, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://trikken.no/asp/Hoved.asp?SideId=2&NyID=2&NyhetsId=732","url_text":"\"Trikk linje 19 får endret kjøremønster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Sporvognsdrift","url_text":"Oslo Sporvognsdrift"}]},{"reference":"Eriksen, Kjersti Flugstad (23 April 2014). \"Her er Oslos fem nye trikkeholdeplasser\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/i/OndMl/her-er-oslos-fem-nye-trikkeholdeplasser","url_text":"\"Her er Oslos fem nye trikkeholdeplasser\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten","url_text":"Aftenposten"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rosenborg_tram_stop¶ms=59_55_27_N_10_43_26_E_region:NO-03_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"59°55′27″N 10°43′26″E / 59.92417°N 10.72389°E / 59.92417; 10.72389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rosenborg_tram_stop¶ms=59_55_27_N_10_43_26_E_region:NO-03_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"59°55′27″N 10°43′26″E / 59.92417°N 10.72389°E / 59.92417; 10.72389"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120718205040/http://trikken.no/asp/Hoved.asp?SideId=2&NyID=2&NyhetsId=794","external_links_name":"\"Holdeplassene Uranienborg og Rosenborg\""},{"Link":"http://trikken.no/asp/Hoved.asp?SideId=2&NyID=2&NyhetsId=794","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://trikken.no/asp/Hoved.asp?SideId=2&NyID=2&NyhetsId=732","external_links_name":"\"Trikk linje 19 får endret kjøremønster\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/i/OndMl/her-er-oslos-fem-nye-trikkeholdeplasser","external_links_name":"\"Her er Oslos fem nye trikkeholdeplasser\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosenborg_tram_stop&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosenborg_tram_stop&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Plan_of_Reforms
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Moroccan Plan of Reforms
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["1 Reforms","2 Sources"]
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Morocco portal History portalvte
The Plan of Moroccan Reforms (Arabic: برنامج الإصلاحات المغربية, French: Plan de réformes marocaines) or the Demands of the Moroccan People (وثيقة مطالب الشعب المغربي) was list of administrative, economic, and social reforms in favor the Moroccan people that the Moroccan Nationalist Movement, through the Moroccan Action Committee, demanded from the authorities of the French protectorate on 1 December 1934. Allal al-Fassi and other Moroccan nationalist leaders presented this document to the French Residence-general in Rabat, to Sultan Muhammad V in Casablanca, and to the French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval in Paris.
Reforms
The document contained the following reforms:
Administrative policy: establishment of an administrative system based on what appeared in the Treaty of Fes (1912), abolishment of direct rule, formation of a Moroccan government, and establishment of the freedom of expression
Economic and financial policy: an end to economic exploitation, equality in taxes between Moroccans and foreigners, creation of agricultural cooperatives, protection of traditional industries from competition, nationalization of railways and energy sources
Social policy: attention to education, particularly elementary education; attention to health, like modernizing clinics and hospitals; improvement of working conditions for Moroccans, such as limiting the workday to 8 hours
The document was divided into 15 sections:
Political reforms
Personal and general liberties
Moroccan citizenship and civil status
Equality reforms
Social reforms
Islamic affairs
Public health and social care
Labor affairs
Economic and financial reforms
Real estate system
Taxes and bills
Miscellaneous reforms
Arabic as the official language of the country
Moroccan flag and official holidays
Legislation
There was no response from the French authorities to these demands; in 1937, the French authorities imprisoned or exiled a number of nationalist leaders.
Sources
^ Yabiladi.com. "L'histoire de la naissance du CAM, premier parti marocain sous le protectorat". www.yabiladi.com (in French). Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ "المجزوءة الثانية : المغرب: الكفاح من أجل الاستقلال واستكمال الوحدة الترابية". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
Portals: History Morocco
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Nationalist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Nationalist_Movement"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Action Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_Action_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Allal al-Fassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allal_al-Fassi"},{"link_name":"French Residence-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Protectorate_Residence,_Rabat"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Muhammad V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"The Plan of Moroccan Reforms (Arabic: برنامج الإصلاحات المغربية, French: Plan de réformes marocaines) or the Demands of the Moroccan People (وثيقة مطالب الشعب المغربي) was list of administrative, economic, and social reforms in favor the Moroccan people that the Moroccan Nationalist Movement, through the Moroccan Action Committee, demanded from the authorities of the French protectorate on 1 December 1934.[1] Allal al-Fassi and other Moroccan nationalist leaders presented this document to the French Residence-general in Rabat, to Sultan Muhammad V in Casablanca, and to the French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval in Paris.","title":"Moroccan Plan of Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez"}],"text":"The document contained the following reforms:[2]Administrative policy: establishment of an administrative system based on what appeared in the Treaty of Fes (1912), abolishment of direct rule, formation of a Moroccan government, and establishment of the freedom of expression\nEconomic and financial policy: an end to economic exploitation, equality in taxes between Moroccans and foreigners, creation of agricultural cooperatives, protection of traditional industries from competition, nationalization of railways and energy sources\nSocial policy: attention to education, particularly elementary education; attention to health, like modernizing clinics and hospitals; improvement of working conditions for Moroccans, such as limiting the workday to 8 hoursThe document was divided into 15 sections:Political reforms\nPersonal and general liberties\nMoroccan citizenship and civil status\nEquality reforms\nSocial reforms\nIslamic affairs\nPublic health and social care\nLabor affairs\nEconomic and financial reforms\nReal estate system\nTaxes and bills\nMiscellaneous reforms\nArabic as the official language of the country\nMoroccan flag and official holidays\nLegislationThere was no response from the French authorities to these demands; in 1937, the French authorities imprisoned or exiled a number of nationalist leaders.","title":"Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"L'histoire de la naissance du CAM, premier parti marocain sous le protectorat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/71263/l-histoire-naissance-premier-parti-marocain.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"المجزوءة الثانية : المغرب: الكفاح من أجل الاستقلال واستكمال الوحدة الترابية\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.achamel.info/Lyceens/cours.php?id=844"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170606200551/http://www.achamel.info/Lyceens/cours.php?id=844"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Morocco"}],"text":"^ Yabiladi.com. \"L'histoire de la naissance du CAM, premier parti marocain sous le protectorat\". www.yabiladi.com (in French). Retrieved 29 August 2019.\n\n^ \"المجزوءة الثانية : المغرب: الكفاح من أجل الاستقلال واستكمال الوحدة الترابية\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2019.Portals: History Morocco","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Yabiladi.com. \"L'histoire de la naissance du CAM, premier parti marocain sous le protectorat\". www.yabiladi.com (in French). Retrieved 29 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/71263/l-histoire-naissance-premier-parti-marocain.html","url_text":"\"L'histoire de la naissance du CAM, premier parti marocain sous le protectorat\""}]},{"reference":"\"المجزوءة الثانية : المغرب: الكفاح من أجل الاستقلال واستكمال الوحدة الترابية\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.achamel.info/Lyceens/cours.php?id=844","url_text":"\"المجزوءة الثانية : المغرب: الكفاح من أجل الاستقلال واستكمال الوحدة الترابية\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606200551/http://www.achamel.info/Lyceens/cours.php?id=844","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%27s_Next_Top_Model
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Thailand's Next Top Model
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["1 Overview","2 Cycles","3 Episode summaries","3.1 Episodes 1-2","3.2 Episodes 3-4","3.3 Episodes 5-6","3.4 Episodes 7-8","3.5 Episodes 9-10","3.6 Episodes 11-12","3.7 Episodes 13-14","3.8 Episodes 15-16","3.9 Episodes 17-18","3.10 Episodes 19-20","3.11 Episodes 21-22","3.12 Episodes 23-24","3.13 Episodes 25-26","3.14 Special episode","4 Contestants","5 Summaries","5.1 Call-out order","5.2 Photo Shoot & Competition Guide","5.3 Makeovers","6 Presenter & Judges","7 References"]
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Thai TV series or program
Thailand's Next Top ModelPromotional photograph of the castGenreCompetitionCreated byTyra BanksPresented bySonia CoulingJudges
Sonia Couling
Rungnapa Kern
O Sira
Country of originThailandOriginal languageThaiNo. of seasons1No. of episodes26ProductionExecutive producerSonia CoulingRunning time60 minutes (30 minutes/day)Original releaseNetworkThaiTV 3ReleaseMay 18 (2005-05-18) –August 28, 2005 (2005-08-28)RelatedAmerica's Next Top Model
Thailand's Next Top Model was a Thai reality television show based on America's Next Top Model that aired in 2005. The show was hosted by Thai supermodel Sonia Couling. The show's only season aired on ThaiTV 3 every Wednesday and Thursday at 21.50-22.00. It began airing on 18 May 2005 and ended on 28 August 2005.
Week by week one of the girls is eliminated until only one remains and is crowned Thailand's Next Top Model. The prize for winning Thailand's Next Top Model included a contract with Elite Model Management in Bangkok, a brand new Toyota car and a cash prize of ฿500.000. It was won by You Kheawchaum from Samut Songkhram.
Overview
The show takes 500 applicants from around the country and selects 13 final participants, who then have to live together for 13 weeks.
Every week, another girl is eliminated through a series of photo shoots. In episodes 9 and 10, the top 5 girls took a trip to Tokyo, Japan. In the last episode, the last two girls compete to be the winner of the competition.
Cycles
Cycle
Premiere date
Winner
Runner-up
Other contestants in order of elimination
Number of contestants
International Destinations
1
18 May 2005
You Kheawchaum
May Sootpa
Yok Boonchuay, Numfon Dalhek, Ann Christodurachris, Jha Phuenghan, Tai Watmeuang, Lukkade Piampiboon, Gib Teerawasutkul, Apple Karachoth, Ratee Ngarmniyom, Luktarn Puagkong, Nok Pomanee
13
Tokyo
Episode summaries
Episodes 1-2
Original airdate: May 18–19, 2005
First call-out: Luktarn Puagkong
Bottom two: Yok Boonchuay & Numfon Dalhek
Eliminated: Yok Boonchuay
Episodes 3-4
Original airdate: May 25–26, 2005
First call-out: Ann Christodurachris
Bottom two: Numfon Dalhek & Lukkade Piampiboon
Eliminated: Numfon Dalhek
Episodes 5-6
Original airdate: June 1–2, 2005
First call-out: Gib Teerawisutkul
Bottom two: Jha Phuenghan & Ann Christodurachris
Eliminated: Ann Christodurachris
Episodes 7-8
Original airdate: June 8–9, 2005
First call-out: Nok Pomanee
Bottom two: Lukkade Piampiboon & Jha Phuenghan
Eliminated: Jha Phuenghan
Episodes 9-10
Original airdate: June 15–16, 2005
First call-out: May Sootpa
Bottom two: Tai Watmeuang & Nok Pomanee
Eliminated: Tai Watmeuang
Episodes 11-12
Original airdate: June 22–23, 2005
First call-out: Ratee Ngarmniyom
Bottom two: Luktarn Puagkong & Lukkade Piampiboon
Eliminated: Lukkade Piampiboon
Episodes 13-14
Original airdate: June 29–30, 2005
First call-out: You Kheawchaum
Bottom two: Gib Teerawisutkul & Apple Karachoth
Eliminated: Gib Teerawisutkul
Episodes 15-16
Original airdate: July 6–7, 2005
First call-out: Nok Pomanee
Bottom two: Luktarn Puagkong & Apple Karachoth
Eliminated: Apple Karachoth
Episodes 17-18
Original airdate: July 13–14, 2005
First call-out: You Kheawchaum
Bottom two: Nok Pomanee & Ratee Ngarmniyom
Eliminated: Ratee Ngarmniyom
Episodes 19-20
Original airdate: July 20–21, 2005
First call-out: May Sootpa
Bottom two: Nok Pomanee & Luktarn Puagkong
Eliminated: Luktarn Puagkong
Episodes 21-22
Original airdate: July 27–28, 2005
Recap episode.
Episodes 23-24
Original airdate: August 10–11, 2005
First call-out: May Sootpa
Bottom two: You Kheawchaum & Nok Pomanee
Eliminated: Nok Pomanee
Episodes 25-26
Original airdate: August 17–18, 2005
Final Two: May Sootpa & You Kheawchaum
In this episode, the competition ended, but the winner was announced on August 28, 2005.
Special episode
Original airdate: August 28, 2005
This episode was reunion and talk show of contestants. Sanl Itthisukkhanan was moderator this show. Ann can't go to the reunion because she had a mission in "Miss Thailand World 2005" contest at Si Racha, but she had connected in a VTR live from her to greet all the contestants. And then, the show had been cut when Sonia Couling announced the winner in episode 13. You was the winner.
Thailand's Next Top Model: You Kheawchaum
Contestants
(ages stated are at start of contest)
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Height
Outcome
Yok Boonchuay
22
Uttaradit
1.69 m (5 ft 6+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 1
Numfon Dalhek
24
Ubon Ratchathani
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Eliminated in Episode 2
Ann Christodurachris
18
Bangkok
1.71 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 3
Jha Phuenghan
21
Khon Kaen
1.71 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 4
Tai Watmeuang
26
Bangkok
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Eliminated in Episode 5
Lukkade Piampiboon
17
Ratchaburi
1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 6
Gib Teerawasutkul
20
Bangkok
1.71 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 7
Apple Karachoth
22
Ayuthaya
1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 8
Ratee Ngarmniyom
23
Bangkok
1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 9
Luktarn Puagkong
22
Bangkok
1.69 m (5 ft 6+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 10
Nok Pomanee
19
Bangkok
1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)
Eliminated in Episode 12
May Sootpa
22
Chiang Mai
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Runner-up
You Kheawchaum
19
Samut Songkhram
1.74 m (5 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Winner
Summaries
Call-out order
Order
Weeks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
1
Luktarn
Ann
Gib
Nok
May
Ratee
You
Nok
You
May
May
You
2
You
Apple
May
Ratee
You
Gib
Nok
Ratee
May
You
You
May
3
Apple
Nok
Ratee
Apple
Ratee
Nok
May
You
Luktarn
Nok
Nok
4
Ann
May
You
You
Luktarn
You
Luktarn
May
Nok
Luktarn
5
May
You
Nok
Luktarn
Apple
May
Ratee
Luktarn
Ratee
6
Nok
Ratee
Lukkade
May
Gib
Apple
Apple
Apple
7
Ratee
Gib
Apple
Gib
Lukkade
Luktarn
Gib
8
Lukkade
Luktarn
Luktarn
Tai
Nok
Lukkade
9
Gib
Tai
Tai
Lukkade
Tai
10
Tai
Jha
Jha
Jha
11
Jha
Lukkade
Ann
12
Numfon
Numfon
13
Yok
The contestant was eliminated
The contestant won the competition
In episode 7, the top 7 girls had makeovers.
In episode 9 and 10, the top 5 girls gone to tournament on Japan.
Episode 11 was the recap episode.
In special episode was a reunion and talk show of contestants. Then, the winner was announced.
Photo Shoot & Competition Guide
Episode 1 Photo Shoot: Ayuthaya Temple
Episode 2 Photo Shoot: Daybeds Magazine
Episode 3 Competition: Runway for Act cloth
Episode 4 Photo Shoot: AIIZ on the beach
Episode 5 Photo Shoot: Levi's Jeans with male model
Episode 6 Competition: Acting show on stage
Episode 7 Photo Shoot: L'Oréal Feria
Episode 8 Photo Shoot: Diamond and Animals
Episode 9 Photo Shoot: Cars and Spacegirl
Episode 10 Photo Shoot: Lingerie in Japan
Episode 12 Photo Shoot: Leo Beer
Episode 13 Photo Shoot & Commercial: Pond's Day cream Commercial and Print Ad
Makeovers
This season's makeovers included teeth whitening for the top seven girls.
Gift: Light brown and curled
Apple: Dark, Long, and parted
Gib: Mia Farrow in Rosemary's Baby inspired short hairstyle
Luktarn: Dark blonde
Nok: Afro style
May: Light brown bob cut
You: Cut short and colored Red
Presenter & Judges
Sonia Couling, supermodel as presenter & judge
Rungnapa Kittivat, supermodel as judges
Sira "O" Kulsrethsiri, fashion stylist as judges
References
^ "ซอนย่า คูลลิ่ง Next Top Model". Positioning Mag. 5 Nov 2005.
^ "ซอนย่า คูลลิ่ง Next Top Model". Positioning Mag. 5 Nov 2005.
^ "Thailand's Next Top Model". 2005-10-13. Archived from the original on 2005-10-13. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ Admin (19 May 2005). "Reality Show สมรภูมิตัวใหม่ของสถานีโทรทัศน์". positioningmag.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ Admin (6 May 2005). "ทรูและออเร้นจ์ ร่วมเปิดตัว Thailand's Next Top Model". positioningmag.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ ""ซอนย่า" มั่นใจ "ไทยแลนด์เน็กซ์ฯ" ดังกว่า "บิ๊กบราเธอร์"ใช้หมัดเด็ด ดึงเอาดาราหนุ่มหล่อมาล่อนางแบบ". MGR Online. 25 April 2005.
^ "Thailand's Next Top Model". Sanook.com. 24 April 2005.
^ "Thailand's Next Top "PROJECT"". Positioning Mag. 19 May 2005.
^ "PANTIP.COM : A5844576 มารำลึกถึง THAILAND NEXT TOP MODEL กันเถอะ ". topicstock.pantip.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ Bunstapornpipat, Danuwat (Aug 21, 2005). "Reality TV show: Thailand's Next Top Model".
^ "BLOG 4 : THAILAND'S NEXT TOP MODEL". peakkrisakorn. 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ "ยู-เมย์ ชิงดำสุดยอดนางแบบ!!!". www.sanook.com/women (in Thai). Aug 25, 2005. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
vteTop ModelNational franchises
United States (original)
Albania
Australia
Austria
Belgium (Topmodel, Belgium's Next Top Model)
Brazil
Cambodia
Canada
China
Colombia
Croatia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India (India's Next Top Model, Top Model India)
Indonesia
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Malta
Mexico
Mongolia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia (You are a supermodel, Top Model po-russki, You are a Top Model)
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
Vietnam
Multinational franchises
Africa
Asia
Benelux
Caribbean
Scandinavia (Top Model, Top Model Curves)
United Kingdom & Ireland
Italics indicate inactive or cancelled franchise
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"supermodel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodel"},{"link_name":"Sonia Couling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Couling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ThaiTV 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_3_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Elite Model Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Model_Management"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"฿","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baht"},{"link_name":"Samut Songkhram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samut_Songkhram"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Thai TV series or programThailand's Next Top Model was a Thai reality television show based on America's Next Top Model that aired in 2005. The show was hosted by Thai supermodel Sonia Couling.[2] The show's only season aired on ThaiTV 3[3][4] every Wednesday and Thursday at 21.50-22.00.[5] It began airing on 18 May 2005 and ended on 28 August 2005.[6][7][8]Week by week one of the girls is eliminated until only one remains and is crowned Thailand's Next Top Model. The prize for winning Thailand's Next Top Model included a contract with Elite Model Management in Bangkok, a brand new Toyota car and a cash prize of ฿500.000. It was won by You Kheawchaum from Samut Songkhram.[9]","title":"Thailand's Next Top Model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The show takes 500 applicants from around the country and selects 13 final participants, who then have to live together for 13 weeks.[10]Every week, another girl is eliminated through a series of photo shoots. In episodes 9 and 10, the top 5 girls took a trip to Tokyo, Japan. In the last episode, the last two girls compete to be the winner of the competition.[11][12]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cycles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 1-2","text":"Original airdate: May 18–19, 2005First call-out: Luktarn Puagkong\nBottom two: Yok Boonchuay & Numfon Dalhek\nEliminated: Yok Boonchuay","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 3-4","text":"Original airdate: May 25–26, 2005First call-out: Ann Christodurachris\nBottom two: Numfon Dalhek & Lukkade Piampiboon\nEliminated: Numfon Dalhek","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 5-6","text":"Original airdate: June 1–2, 2005First call-out: Gib Teerawisutkul\nBottom two: Jha Phuenghan & Ann Christodurachris\nEliminated: Ann Christodurachris","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 7-8","text":"Original airdate: June 8–9, 2005First call-out: Nok Pomanee\nBottom two: Lukkade Piampiboon & Jha Phuenghan\nEliminated: Jha Phuenghan","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 9-10","text":"Original airdate: June 15–16, 2005First call-out: May Sootpa\nBottom two: Tai Watmeuang & Nok Pomanee\nEliminated: Tai Watmeuang","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 11-12","text":"Original airdate: June 22–23, 2005First call-out: Ratee Ngarmniyom\nBottom two: Luktarn Puagkong & Lukkade Piampiboon\nEliminated: Lukkade Piampiboon","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 13-14","text":"Original airdate: June 29–30, 2005First call-out: You Kheawchaum\nBottom two: Gib Teerawisutkul & Apple Karachoth\nEliminated: Gib Teerawisutkul","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 15-16","text":"Original airdate: July 6–7, 2005First call-out: Nok Pomanee\nBottom two: Luktarn Puagkong & Apple Karachoth\nEliminated: Apple Karachoth","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 17-18","text":"Original airdate: July 13–14, 2005First call-out: You Kheawchaum\nBottom two: Nok Pomanee & Ratee Ngarmniyom\nEliminated: Ratee Ngarmniyom","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 19-20","text":"Original airdate: July 20–21, 2005First call-out: May Sootpa\nBottom two: Nok Pomanee & Luktarn Puagkong\nEliminated: Luktarn Puagkong","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 21-22","text":"Original airdate: July 27–28, 2005Recap episode.","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 23-24","text":"Original airdate: August 10–11, 2005First call-out: May Sootpa\nBottom two: You Kheawchaum & Nok Pomanee\nEliminated: Nok Pomanee","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes 25-26","text":"Original airdate: August 17–18, 2005Final Two: May Sootpa & You KheawchaumIn this episode, the competition ended, but the winner was announced on August 28, 2005.","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanl Itthisukkhanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanl_Itthisukkhanan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C"},{"link_name":"Miss Thailand World 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Thailand_World"},{"link_name":"Si Racha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Racha_District"}],"sub_title":"Special episode","text":"Original airdate: August 28, 2005This episode was reunion and talk show of contestants. Sanl Itthisukkhanan [th] was moderator this show. Ann can't go to the reunion because she had a mission in \"Miss Thailand World 2005\" contest at Si Racha, but she had connected in a VTR live from her to greet all the contestants. And then, the show had been cut when Sonia Couling announced the winner in episode 13. You was the winner.Thailand's Next Top Model: You Kheawchaum","title":"Episode summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(ages stated are at start of contest)","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Call-out order","text":"The contestant was eliminated\n The contestant won the competitionIn episode 7, the top 7 girls had makeovers.\nIn episode 9 and 10, the top 5 girls gone to tournament on Japan.\nEpisode 11 was the recap episode.\nIn special episode was a reunion and talk show of contestants. Then, the winner was announced.","title":"Summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%27s"},{"link_name":"L'Oréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Lingerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingerie"},{"link_name":"Pond's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond%27s_Creams"}],"sub_title":"Photo Shoot & Competition Guide","text":"Episode 1 Photo Shoot: Ayuthaya Temple\nEpisode 2 Photo Shoot: Daybeds Magazine\nEpisode 3 Competition: Runway for Act cloth\nEpisode 4 Photo Shoot: AIIZ on the beach\nEpisode 5 Photo Shoot: Levi's Jeans with male model\nEpisode 6 Competition: Acting show on stage\nEpisode 7 Photo Shoot: L'Oréal Feria\nEpisode 8 Photo Shoot: Diamond and Animals\nEpisode 9 Photo Shoot: Cars and Spacegirl\nEpisode 10 Photo Shoot: Lingerie in Japan\nEpisode 12 Photo Shoot: Leo Beer\nEpisode 13 Photo Shoot & Commercial: Pond's Day cream Commercial and Print Ad","title":"Summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mia Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Farrow"},{"link_name":"Rosemary's Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Makeovers","text":"This season's makeovers included teeth whitening for the top seven girls.Gift: Light brown and curled\nApple: Dark, Long, and parted\nGib: Mia Farrow in Rosemary's Baby inspired short hairstyle\nLuktarn: Dark blonde\nNok: Afro style\nMay: Light brown bob cut\nYou: Cut short and colored Red","title":"Summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonia Couling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Couling"}],"text":"Sonia Couling, supermodel as presenter & judge\nRungnapa Kittivat, supermodel as judges\nSira \"O\" Kulsrethsiri, fashion stylist as judges","title":"Presenter & Judges"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"ซอนย่า คูลลิ่ง Next Top Model\". Positioning Mag. 5 Nov 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://positioningmag.com/8027","url_text":"\"ซอนย่า คูลลิ่ง Next Top Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"ซอนย่า คูลลิ่ง Next Top Model\". Positioning Mag. 5 Nov 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://positioningmag.com/8027","url_text":"\"ซอนย่า คูลลิ่ง Next Top Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thailand's Next Top Model\". 2005-10-13. Archived from the original on 2005-10-13. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051013074556/http://www.thaitv3.com/variety/thailandnexttopmodel.html","url_text":"\"Thailand's Next Top Model\""},{"url":"http://www.thaitv3.com/variety/thailandnexttopmodel.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Admin (19 May 2005). \"Reality Show สมรภูมิตัวใหม่ของสถานีโทรทัศน์\". positioningmag.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://positioningmag.com/7439","url_text":"\"Reality Show สมรภูมิตัวใหม่ของสถานีโทรทัศน์\""}]},{"reference":"Admin (6 May 2005). \"ทรูและออเร้นจ์ ร่วมเปิดตัว Thailand's Next Top Model\". positioningmag.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://positioningmag.com/22359","url_text":"\"ทรูและออเร้นจ์ ร่วมเปิดตัว Thailand's Next Top Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"ซอนย่า\" มั่นใจ \"ไทยแลนด์เน็กซ์ฯ\" ดังกว่า \"บิ๊กบราเธอร์\"ใช้หมัดเด็ด ดึงเอาดาราหนุ่มหล่อมาล่อนางแบบ\". MGR Online. 25 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgronline.com/entertainment/detail/9480000054227","url_text":"\"\"ซอนย่า\" มั่นใจ \"ไทยแลนด์เน็กซ์ฯ\" ดังกว่า \"บิ๊กบราเธอร์\"ใช้หมัดเด็ด ดึงเอาดาราหนุ่มหล่อมาล่อนางแบบ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thailand's Next Top Model\". Sanook.com. 24 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanook.com/women/1031/","url_text":"\"Thailand's Next Top Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thailand's Next Top \"PROJECT\"\". Positioning Mag. 19 May 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://positioningmag.com/7435","url_text":"\"Thailand's Next Top \"PROJECT\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"PANTIP.COM : A5844576 มารำลึกถึง THAILAND NEXT TOP MODEL กันเถอะ [Series Club]\". topicstock.pantip.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://topicstock.pantip.com/chalermthai/topicstock/2007/09/A5844576/A5844576.html","url_text":"\"PANTIP.COM : A5844576 มารำลึกถึง THAILAND NEXT TOP MODEL กันเถอะ [Series Club]\""}]},{"reference":"Bunstapornpipat, Danuwat (Aug 21, 2005). \"Reality TV show: Thailand's Next Top Model\".","urls":[{"url":"http://realityshowct.blogspot.com/2005/08/thailands-next-top-model.html","url_text":"\"Reality TV show: Thailand's Next Top Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"BLOG 4 : THAILAND'S NEXT TOP MODEL\". peakkrisakorn. 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://peakkrisakorn.wordpress.com/2015/09/16/blog-4-thailands-next-top-model/","url_text":"\"BLOG 4 : THAILAND'S NEXT TOP MODEL\""}]},{"reference":"\"ยู-เมย์ ชิงดำสุดยอดนางแบบ!!!\". www.sanook.com/women (in Thai). Aug 25, 2005. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanook.com/women/926/","url_text":"\"ยู-เมย์ ชิงดำสุดยอดนางแบบ!!!\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Cornwallis
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CFB Cornwallis
|
["1 HMCS Cornwallis","2 CFB Cornwallis","3 Cornwallis Park","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 44°39′12″N 65°37′45″W / 44.6533°N 65.6293°W / 44.6533; -65.6293
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CFB Cornwallis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Former administration building - CFB Cornwallis
Canadian Forces Base Cornwallis (also CFB Cornwallis) is a former Canadian Forces Base located in Deep Brook, Nova Scotia.
It is situated in the western part of Annapolis County on the southern shore of the Annapolis Basin. Today most of the base is a civilian business park known as Cornwallis Park.
HMCS Cornwallis
The rapid expansion of the Royal Canadian Navy during the early years of the Second World War saw many port facilities
on the east coast of Canada become quickly taxed by operational requirements, particularly during the Battle of the Atlantic.
In early 1942, the Department of National Defence (DND) began examining the possibility of transferring naval recruit training to a new facility in southwestern Nova Scotia with convenient access to Halifax.
DND preferred the South Shore port town of Shelburne with its large natural harbour and deepwater port under development since fall 1941 at HMCS Shelburne (and an adjacent seaplane patrol base opened in spring 1942 at RCAF Station Shelburne), however it is presumed that political pressure from J.L. Illsley, the federal Minister of Finance and MP for Digby—Annapolis—Kings forced DND to reconsider. A location in Ilsley's riding on the shallower but more protected Annapolis Basin straddling the western border of Clementsport and eastern border of Deep Brook was quickly adopted.
While the location for the training base was being sorted out, the actual training establishment was founded at a cost of $9 million at Halifax's HMC Dockyard on May 1, 1942, and was named HMCS Cornwallis in honour of Edward Cornwallis, the founder of Halifax.
Edward Cornwallis by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1756)
With the location of the new base decided, construction began in June of that year with a budget of $15 million. The base occupied a small peninsula jutting into the Annapolis Basin several miles east of the mouth of the Bear River where a gypsum loading facility was located in Deep Brook. The property was relatively level and bisected by the mainline of the Dominion Atlantic Railway running from Yarmouth to Windsor Junction where it connected with CNR to Halifax and the rest of Canada.
New buildings were completed during the winter of 1942-1943 and the training establishment officially moved to the new base from HMC Dockyard on April 14, 1943, the date when HMCS Cornwallis was commissioned. the English-born architect Cecil Burgess designed 80 of the buildings constructed between 1942 and 1944. A booklet published ca. 1944 illustrates various aspects of wartime training at HMCS Cornwallis.
The RCN had a tremendous economic impact on the communities in western Annapolis County and eastern Digby County, with training personnel and recruits (when not in basic training) traveling around the local area. Approximately 2,500 personnel initially transferred with the training establishment from Halifax. The base would quickly grow to a peak strength of over 11,000 officers and enlisted personnel and recruits for the duration of the conflict, becoming the largest naval training facility for new recruits in the British Commonwealth in terms of the number of personnel being trained.
The Dominion Atlantic Railway operated special troop trains to the base's station and also relied on scheduled passenger service, connecting with Canadian Pacific Railway passenger trains from Saint John, New Brunswick (recruits would then take a CPR passenger ferry across the Bay of Fundy to nearby Digby) as well as Canadian National Railways passenger trains at Truro and Halifax.
HMCS Cornwallis extended from the small level peninsula on the Annapolis Basin south up the hillside overlooking the basin, providing suitable room for exercise and marches. A large firing range property was also developed immediately north of the Annapolis River at Granville Ferry, opposite the town of Annapolis Royal.
New recruits being trained as sailors for service in the RCN endured boot camp at HMCS Cornwallis, followed by specific naval training, including seamanship, boat handling, drill, self-defence, ropework, and weapons training. The duration of courses typically varied from 6–8 weeks, however the urgency of war sometimes shortened this period. Very few courses would receive sea training prior to active duty, although several RCN vessels were stationed at Cornwallis at various times for Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training. These included Town-class destroyer HMCS Annapolis; Bangor-class minesweeper HMCS Quinte; armed yachts HMCS Sans Peur, HMCS Husky, and HMCS Vison. The auxiliary warship HMCS Acadia was also assigned to the base as a training vessel in 1944. Many newly commissioned RCN ships would have as few as a half-dozen experienced sailors on board for the maiden voyage, the bulk being raw recruits from HMCS Cornwallis.
Recruit training slowed and was halted at HMCS Cornwallis during the spring and summer of 1945 and following the end of World War II, the base was transformed into an opposite role, as a discharge centre for sailors where it assisted in processing thousands of naval personnel transitioning to civilian life. Following this spate of activity in the summer and fall of 1945, the base fell dormant and was declared surplus to the RCN on February 28, 1946, and turned over to the War Assets Corporation for disposal.
The disposal of HMCS Cornwallis was a slow process, given the sheer number of military properties across the nation that were undergoing a similar fate. During this period that the base lay dormant, the post office gave it the new name of Cornwallis, Nova Scotia for a postal outlet.
The WRENS started training for the RCN at HMCS Cornwallis in 1951. Doreen Nettie Patterson (1927–2000) was one of the recruits.
However the re-emergence of a military threat in the form of the Soviet Union saw the RCN reconsider using the base once again. The creation of NATO in 1948 was an impetus for the issuance of a "stop sale" order in June of that year and in September the navy reclaimed possession. Following renovations later that fall, the base was recommissioned as the RCN's training base HMCS Cornwallis on May 1, 1949. It was envisioned that the new HMCS Cornwallis would be ramped up to have a maximum of 800 recruits at any one time.
Despite the Cold War, the RCN was operating as a peacetime navy, so its first recruits through HMCS Cornwallis endured a 5-month new entry course. Canada's participation in the Korean War quickened the training pace, with the navy being mobilized for action in the Pacific Ocean. By the spring of 1951, recruit levels at HMCS Cornwallis were at 1,600, double the estimated intake that the reactivated facility was designed for.
Recruits with the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS - Known as and referred to as "Wrens") started training at HMCS Cornwallis for the RCN on October 2, 1951. That month also saw the transfer to HMCS Cornwallis of the Communication Division of the Fleet School at HMC Dockyard in Halifax. This unit trained seamen and wrens in the communication trade (morse code and radio), while advanced courses were offered for officers and petty officers.
Officer cadets from the University Naval Training Divisions also trained in the summer at HMCS Cornwallis before Royal Roads Military College took over all officer training for the RCN.
Following the Korean War and through the remainder of the 1950s-1960s, HMCS Cornwallis functioned as the new recruit training centre for sailors entering the Royal Canadian Navy, with very little additional training for other ranks.
CFB Cornwallis
The February 1, 1968 unification of the Royal Canadian Navy with the Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Army to form the Canadian Forces saw HMCS Cornwallis change its name to Canadian Forces Base Cornwallis, or CFB Cornwallis.
At the time of unification, many duplicate bases and facilities were being closed; however, it was determined that CFB Cornwallis would become home to the English-speaking division of the Canadian Forces Recruit School (CFRS) and would train recruits at the enlisted level destined for service with one of the three operational environments of the entire Canadian Forces (land, sea, or air). The French-speaking division of CFRS was located at CFB St-Jean.
CFB Cornwallis continued in this role through to its closure in 1994, when the base was identified as surplus to the requirements of the shrinking post-Cold War Canadian Forces. The last recruit course 9426 graduated on August 18 that year, and the base officially decommissioned in May 1995.
The closure of the base was not without controversy, as a series of memorial stained glass windows commemorating those lost in the Battle of the Atlantic were removed by the Canadian Forces from the base chapel and installed in a military chapel in CFB Halifax's Shannon Park housing development in Dartmouth.
Cornwallis Park
Welcome signFollowing decommissioning, the Government of Canada transferred the base property to the Government of Nova Scotia which in turn transferred it to a local development authority named Cornwallis Park Development Authority; the base property being marketed for civilian use as Cornwallis Park. The residences and permanent married quarters (PMQs) on the hill overlooking the Annapolis Basin were sold or rented to civilians, with the community being marketed as ideal for seniors and retirees with a "million dollar view." Since 2000, the provincial government has officially recognized the community for civic addressing purposes as being Cornwallis Park.
U.S. Defence Secretary Robert M. Gates walks with Australian Minister of Defence Joel Fitzgibbon and Estonia's Defence Minister Jaak Aaviksoo after a meeting at Cornwallis Park in 2008.
Other parts of the base were transformed into an industrial park with some companies being established as call centres, and others processing recycled tires, or lumber and forest products.
A small military presence remains at the base in the historic buildings fronting the old parade square with The CSTC HMCS Acadia sea cadet training centre operates in some of the barracks at Cornwallis Park during the summer months, training thousands of Royal Canadian Sea Cadets from across Atlantic Canada.
In 2008, the park hosted a meeting of the International Security Assistance Force's (ISAF) Regional Command South (RC-South), comprising forces from Canada, Australia, Denmark, Estonia, Netherlands, Romania, United Kingdom, and the United States.
The Pearson Peacekeeping Centre formerly occupied space at Cornwallis. It was established in 1994 to train Canadian and foreign soldiers in the art of peacekeeping and conflict resolution for postings with United Nations Peacekeeping missions. In late 2011, the Centre closed its Cornwallis Park office, ending a 17-year presence.
References
^ Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800-1950 Cecil Burgess, Dictionary of architects in Canada
^ "HMCS Cornwallis". 8 April 2010.
^ "Pearson Peacekeeping Centre » News". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KespewikAdminBldg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Base"},{"link_name":"Deep Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Brook,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Annapolis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Annapolis Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Basin"}],"text":"Former administration building - CFB CornwallisCanadian Forces Base Cornwallis (also CFB Cornwallis) is a former Canadian Forces Base located in Deep Brook, Nova Scotia.It is situated in the western part of Annapolis County on the southern shore of the Annapolis Basin. Today most of the base is a civilian business park known as Cornwallis Park.","title":"CFB Cornwallis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Department of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"South Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Shelburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"HMCS Shelburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFS_Shelburne"},{"link_name":"RCAF Station Shelburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF_Station_Shelburne"},{"link_name":"J.L. Illsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Digby—Annapolis—Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby%E2%80%94Annapolis%E2%80%94Kings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Annapolis Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Basin"},{"link_name":"Clementsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementsport,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Deep Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Brook,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"HMC Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Edward Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Dominion Atlantic Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Atlantic_Railway"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Windsor Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Junction,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cecil Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Burgess"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMCS_Cornwallis_booklet_cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Bay of Fundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy"},{"link_name":"Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Annapolis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_River"},{"link_name":"Granville Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Ferry,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Annapolis Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Anti-submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"HMCS Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_MacKenzie_(DD-175)"},{"link_name":"HMCS Quinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Quinte_(J166)"},{"link_name":"HMCS Sans Peur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Sans_Peur"},{"link_name":"HMCS Husky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Husky"},{"link_name":"HMCS Vison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Vison"},{"link_name":"HMCS Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Acadia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DoreenPattersonReitsma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Canadian_Naval_Service"},{"link_name":"HMC Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Halifax"},{"link_name":"morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"Royal Roads Military College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Roads_Military_College"}],"text":"The rapid expansion of the Royal Canadian Navy during the early years of the Second World War saw many port facilities \non the east coast of Canada become quickly taxed by operational requirements, particularly during the Battle of the Atlantic.In early 1942, the Department of National Defence (DND) began examining the possibility of transferring naval recruit training to a new facility in southwestern Nova Scotia with convenient access to Halifax.DND preferred the South Shore port town of Shelburne with its large natural harbour and deepwater port under development since fall 1941 at HMCS Shelburne (and an adjacent seaplane patrol base opened in spring 1942 at RCAF Station Shelburne), however it is presumed that political pressure from J.L. Illsley, the federal Minister of Finance and MP for Digby—Annapolis—Kings forced DND to reconsider.[citation needed] A location in Ilsley's riding on the shallower but more protected Annapolis Basin straddling the western border of Clementsport and eastern border of Deep Brook was quickly adopted.While the location for the training base was being sorted out, the actual training establishment was founded at a cost of $9 million at Halifax's HMC Dockyard on May 1, 1942, and was named HMCS Cornwallis in honour of Edward Cornwallis, the founder of Halifax.Edward Cornwallis by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1756)With the location of the new base decided, construction began in June of that year with a budget of $15 million. The base occupied a small peninsula jutting into the Annapolis Basin several miles east of the mouth of the Bear River where a gypsum loading facility was located in Deep Brook. The property was relatively level and bisected by the mainline of the Dominion Atlantic Railway running from Yarmouth to Windsor Junction where it connected with CNR to Halifax and the rest of Canada.New buildings were completed during the winter of 1942-1943 and the training establishment officially moved to the new base from HMC Dockyard on April 14, 1943, the date when HMCS Cornwallis was commissioned. the English-born architect Cecil Burgess designed 80 of the buildings constructed between 1942 and 1944.[1] A booklet published ca. 1944 illustrates various aspects of wartime training at HMCS Cornwallis.[2]The RCN had a tremendous economic impact on the communities in western Annapolis County and eastern Digby County, with training personnel and recruits (when not in basic training) traveling around the local area. Approximately 2,500 personnel initially transferred with the training establishment from Halifax. The base would quickly grow to a peak strength of over 11,000 officers and enlisted personnel and recruits for the duration of the conflict, becoming the largest naval training facility for new recruits in the British Commonwealth in terms of the number of personnel being trained.The Dominion Atlantic Railway operated special troop trains to the base's station and also relied on scheduled passenger service, connecting with Canadian Pacific Railway passenger trains from Saint John, New Brunswick (recruits would then take a CPR passenger ferry across the Bay of Fundy to nearby Digby) as well as Canadian National Railways passenger trains at Truro and Halifax.HMCS Cornwallis extended from the small level peninsula on the Annapolis Basin south up the hillside overlooking the basin, providing suitable room for exercise and marches. A large firing range property was also developed immediately north of the Annapolis River at Granville Ferry, opposite the town of Annapolis Royal.New recruits being trained as sailors for service in the RCN endured boot camp at HMCS Cornwallis, followed by specific naval training, including seamanship, boat handling, drill, self-defence, ropework, and weapons training. The duration of courses typically varied from 6–8 weeks, however the urgency of war sometimes shortened this period. Very few courses would receive sea training prior to active duty, although several RCN vessels were stationed at Cornwallis at various times for Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training. These included Town-class destroyer HMCS Annapolis; Bangor-class minesweeper HMCS Quinte; armed yachts HMCS Sans Peur, HMCS Husky, and HMCS Vison. The auxiliary warship HMCS Acadia was also assigned to the base as a training vessel in 1944. Many newly commissioned RCN ships would have as few as a half-dozen experienced sailors on board for the maiden voyage, the bulk being raw recruits from HMCS Cornwallis.Recruit training slowed and was halted at HMCS Cornwallis during the spring and summer of 1945 and following the end of World War II, the base was transformed into an opposite role, as a discharge centre for sailors where it assisted in processing thousands of naval personnel transitioning to civilian life. Following this spate of activity in the summer and fall of 1945, the base fell dormant and was declared surplus to the RCN on February 28, 1946, and turned over to the War Assets Corporation for disposal.The disposal of HMCS Cornwallis was a slow process, given the sheer number of military properties across the nation that were undergoing a similar fate. During this period that the base lay dormant, the post office gave it the new name of Cornwallis, Nova Scotia for a postal outlet.The WRENS started training for the RCN at HMCS Cornwallis in 1951. Doreen Nettie Patterson (1927–2000) was one of the recruits.However the re-emergence of a military threat in the form of the Soviet Union saw the RCN reconsider using the base once again. The creation of NATO in 1948 was an impetus for the issuance of a \"stop sale\" order in June of that year and in September the navy reclaimed possession. Following renovations later that fall, the base was recommissioned as the RCN's training base HMCS Cornwallis on May 1, 1949. It was envisioned that the new HMCS Cornwallis would be ramped up to have a maximum of 800 recruits at any one time.Despite the Cold War, the RCN was operating as a peacetime navy, so its first recruits through HMCS Cornwallis endured a 5-month new entry course. Canada's participation in the Korean War quickened the training pace, with the navy being mobilized for action in the Pacific Ocean. By the spring of 1951, recruit levels at HMCS Cornwallis were at 1,600, double the estimated intake that the reactivated facility was designed for.Recruits with the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS - Known as and referred to as \"Wrens\") started training at HMCS Cornwallis for the RCN on October 2, 1951. That month also saw the transfer to HMCS Cornwallis of the Communication Division of the Fleet School at HMC Dockyard in Halifax. This unit trained seamen and wrens in the communication trade (morse code and radio), while advanced courses were offered for officers and petty officers.Officer cadets from the University Naval Training Divisions also trained in the summer at HMCS Cornwallis before Royal Roads Military College took over all officer training for the RCN.Following the Korean War and through the remainder of the 1950s-1960s, HMCS Cornwallis functioned as the new recruit training centre for sailors entering the Royal Canadian Navy, with very little additional training for other ranks.","title":"HMCS Cornwallis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"CFB St-Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASU_Saint-Jean"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"CFB Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Shannon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Park,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia"}],"text":"The February 1, 1968 unification of the Royal Canadian Navy with the Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Army to form the Canadian Forces saw HMCS Cornwallis change its name to Canadian Forces Base Cornwallis, or CFB Cornwallis.At the time of unification, many duplicate bases and facilities were being closed; however, it was determined that CFB Cornwallis would become home to the English-speaking division of the Canadian Forces Recruit School (CFRS) and would train recruits at the enlisted level destined for service with one of the three operational environments of the entire Canadian Forces (land, sea, or air). The French-speaking division of CFRS was located at CFB St-Jean.CFB Cornwallis continued in this role through to its closure in 1994, when the base was identified as surplus to the requirements of the shrinking post-Cold War Canadian Forces. The last recruit course 9426 graduated on August 18 that year, and the base officially decommissioned in May 1995.The closure of the base was not without controversy, as a series of memorial stained glass windows commemorating those lost in the Battle of the Atlantic were removed by the Canadian Forces from the base chapel and installed in a military chapel in CFB Halifax's Shannon Park housing development in Dartmouth.","title":"CFB Cornwallis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WelcomeToCornwallisPark.jpg"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Government of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Cornwallis Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis,_Nova_Scotia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_081121-F-6655M-028.jpg"},{"link_name":"call centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_centres"},{"link_name":"CSTC HMCS Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSTC_HMCS_Acadia"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Sea Cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Sea_Cadet"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada"},{"link_name":"Pearson Peacekeeping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Peacekeeping_Centre"},{"link_name":"United Nations Peacekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Welcome signFollowing decommissioning, the Government of Canada transferred the base property to the Government of Nova Scotia which in turn transferred it to a local development authority named Cornwallis Park Development Authority; the base property being marketed for civilian use as Cornwallis Park. The residences and permanent married quarters (PMQs) on the hill overlooking the Annapolis Basin were sold or rented to civilians, with the community being marketed as ideal for seniors and retirees with a \"million dollar view.\" Since 2000, the provincial government has officially recognized the community for civic addressing purposes as being Cornwallis Park.U.S. Defence Secretary Robert M. Gates walks with Australian Minister of Defence Joel Fitzgibbon and Estonia's Defence Minister Jaak Aaviksoo after a meeting at Cornwallis Park in 2008.Other parts of the base were transformed into an industrial park with some companies being established as call centres, and others processing recycled tires, or lumber and forest products.A small military presence remains at the base in the historic buildings fronting the old parade square with The CSTC HMCS Acadia sea cadet training centre operates in some of the barracks at Cornwallis Park during the summer months, training thousands of Royal Canadian Sea Cadets from across Atlantic Canada.In 2008, the park hosted a meeting of the International Security Assistance Force's (ISAF) Regional Command South (RC-South), comprising forces from Canada, Australia, Denmark, Estonia, Netherlands, Romania, United Kingdom, and the United States.The Pearson Peacekeeping Centre formerly occupied space at Cornwallis. It was established in 1994 to train Canadian and foreign soldiers in the art of peacekeeping and conflict resolution for postings with United Nations Peacekeeping missions. In late 2011, the Centre closed its Cornwallis Park office, ending a 17-year presence.[3]","title":"Cornwallis Park"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Former administration building - CFB Cornwallis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/KespewikAdminBldg.jpg/220px-KespewikAdminBldg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edward Cornwallis by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1756)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg/220px-EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HMCS_Cornwallis_booklet_cover.jpg/220px-HMCS_Cornwallis_booklet_cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"The WRENS started training for the RCN at HMCS Cornwallis in 1951. Doreen Nettie Patterson (1927–2000) was one of the recruits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/DoreenPattersonReitsma.jpg/180px-DoreenPattersonReitsma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Welcome sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/WelcomeToCornwallisPark.jpg/220px-WelcomeToCornwallisPark.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Defence Secretary Robert M. Gates walks with Australian Minister of Defence Joel Fitzgibbon and Estonia's Defence Minister Jaak Aaviksoo after a meeting at Cornwallis Park in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Defense.gov_photo_essay_081121-F-6655M-028.jpg/200px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_081121-F-6655M-028.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"HMCS Cornwallis\". 8 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/haligo/albums/72157623689632465","url_text":"\"HMCS Cornwallis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pearson Peacekeeping Centre » News\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073705/http://www.peaceoperations.org/index.php/news-and-events/news/lang/en/#","url_text":"\"Pearson Peacekeeping Centre » News\""},{"url":"http://www.peaceoperations.org/index.php/news-and-events/news/lang/en/#","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemente_Gr%C3%A0cia
|
Clemente Gràcia
|
["1 Club career","2 Club stats","3 International career","4 Honours","4.1 Barcelona","5 Death","6 References"]
|
Spanish Catalan footballer
GracePersonal informationFull name
Josep Bosch-Clemente GràciaDate of birth
5 February 1897Place of birth
Barcelona, SpainDate of death
6 March 1981(1981-03-06) (aged 84)Place of death
Barcelona, SpainPosition(s)
ForwardSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1917–19
Espanyol
19
(13)1919–24
Barcelona
23
(26)1924
Terrassa
17
(7)1926
Martinenc
International career1919–1923
Catalonia
5
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Bosch Josep-Clemente Gràcia (5 February 1897 – 6 March 1981), known as Grace, was a Spanish Catalan footballer who played as a forward and out as header during a career which lasted from 1917 to 1926. At his peak with FC Barcelona, he achieved the record of most goals scored by a player in a single season when he netted 59 goals in the 1921–22 season, which has remained unbroken until 2010, when it was finally broken by the great Lionel Messi.
Club career
A native of Barcelona, Clemente Gràcia began his career at Terrassa FC. In the 1917–1918 season he was top scorer for RCD Espanyol, who undefeated won the Copa Catalunya. In 1919 with Ricardo Zamora, he left the club to join FC Barcelona. With Vicente Piera, Paulino Alcántara and Emili Sagi-Barba, he formed one of the best front considered Barcelona's history.
His best season was 1921–1922, where he won the Copa Catalunya and the Copa del Rey, scoring one of five goals for his team in the final against Real Unión. That season he was the team's top scorer with 59 goals (35 goals in friendly matches, 19 in the Championship of Catalonia and 5 in the Championship of Spain) in 50 games, a record that still stands.
He played for FC Barcelona for five years, and won five Copa Catalunya: 1919, 1920, 1921,1922 and 1924, and two Copa del Rey (1920 and 1992). In total, he scored 161 goals in 151 games for Barcelona, scoring an average of more than one goal per game. After leaving Barcelona in 1924, he again played for Terrassa FC and then later for FC Martinenc. Professionally, it was official Guardia Urbana de Barcelona.
Club stats
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
Friendly
Cup
Regional championship
Totals
Ref.
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
RCD Espanyol
1917–18
La Liga
0
0
3
3
10
9
13
12
1918–19
0
0
0
0
9
4
9
4
Total
0
0
3
3
19
13
22
16
–
FC Barcelona
1919–20
La Liga
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1920–21
30
0
0
4
1
31
1921–22
35
5
5
10
19
59
1922–23
54
0
0
9
6
60
1923–24
12
0
0
4
4
16
Total
131
9
9
23
30
170
–
Terrassa FC
1924–25
La Liga
0
0
0
0
12
6
12
6
1925–26
0
0
0
0
5
1
5
1
Total
0
0
0
0
17
7
17
7
–
Career total
131
12
12
59
58
201
–
International career
In 1920 he played several games with the Catalonia national football team, and participated in the 1922-23, which ended in a semi-final elimination to Galicia. Nonetheless, Grace still managed to score once in the tournament, in the quarter-finals against Biscay to help Catalonia to a 3–0 win.
Honours
Barcelona
Copa del Rey: 1920 and 1922
Campeonato de Cataluña: 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924
Death
Clemente Gràcia died in his native Barcelona at the age of 84.
References
^ "Climent Gracia :: Josep-Clemente Gracia Bosch ::". ogol.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 July 2017.
^ a b "Jose Clemente Gracia Dead" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 7 March 1981. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ a b "Cifras records at FC Barcelona" (in Spanish). FC Barcelona. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Closa, Antonio (1999). Diccionari Barca. Encyclopedia Catalana. p. 171. ISBN 84-412-0126-9.
^ "Hoy Grace plays his farewell match with FC Barcelona" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo. 9 June 1924. p. 2. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Teddy (6 October 1926). "Una martinenses reaction in the second half allowed them to join a well deserved victory" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo. p. 4. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Teddy (25 October 1926). "Tras one match played, the martinenses deserve the victory achieved by the minimum difference" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo. p. 4. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ "Obituary" (PDF). La Vanguardia. 3 August 1981. p. 24. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h Clemente Gràcia at BDFutbol
^ Closa, Antonio; Rius, James (1999). Selecció catalana de futbol: nou dècades d'història. Editorial Jaume Rius. ISBN 84-922994-3-4.
^ Vicente Martínez Calatrava (17 August 2009). "La Copa Príncipe de Asturias" (in Spanish). CIHEFE. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_people"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md-2"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"1921–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_FC_Barcelona_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcb-3"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"}],"text":"Bosch Josep-Clemente Gràcia (5 February 1897 – 6 March 1981),[1] known as Grace, was a Spanish Catalan footballer who played as a forward and out as header during a career which lasted from 1917 to 1926.[2] At his peak with FC Barcelona, he achieved the record of most goals scored by a player in a single season when he netted 59 goals in the 1921–22 season, which has remained unbroken until 2010,[3] when it was finally broken by the great Lionel Messi.","title":"Clemente Gràcia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Terrassa FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_FC"},{"link_name":"RCD Espanyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Espanyol"},{"link_name":"Copa Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Vicente Piera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Piera"},{"link_name":"Paulino Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Alc%C3%A1ntara"},{"link_name":"Emili Sagi-Barba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emili_Sagi-Barba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md-2"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Real Unión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Uni%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcb-3"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Terrassa FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_FC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FC Martinenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Martinenc"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Guardia Urbana de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Urbana_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vang-8"}],"text":"A native of Barcelona, Clemente Gràcia began his career at Terrassa FC. In the 1917–1918 season he was top scorer for RCD Espanyol, who undefeated won the Copa Catalunya. In 1919 with Ricardo Zamora, he left the club to join FC Barcelona. With Vicente Piera, Paulino Alcántara and Emili Sagi-Barba, he formed one of the best front considered Barcelona's history.[2]His best season was 1921–1922, where he won the Copa Catalunya and the Copa del Rey, scoring one of five goals for his team in the final against Real Unión. That season he was the team's top scorer with 59 goals (35 goals in friendly matches, 19 in the Championship of Catalonia and 5 in the Championship of Spain) in 50 games, a record that still stands.[3]He played for FC Barcelona for five years, and won five Copa Catalunya: 1919, 1920, 1921,1922 and 1924, and two Copa del Rey (1920 and 1992). In total, he scored 161 goals in 151 games for Barcelona, scoring an average of more than one goal per game.[4] After leaving Barcelona in 1924, he again played for Terrassa FC[5] and then later for FC Martinenc.[6][7] Professionally, it was official Guardia Urbana de Barcelona.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalonia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1922-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922-23_Prince_of_Asturias_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay_autonomous_football_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1920 he played several games with the Catalonia national football team, and participated in the 1922-23,[10] which ended in a semi-final elimination to Galicia. Nonetheless, Grace still managed to score once in the tournament, in the quarter-finals against Biscay to help Catalonia to a 3–0 win.[11]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Copa_del_Rey"}],"sub_title":"Barcelona","text":"Copa del Rey: 1920 and 1922\nCampeonato de Cataluña: 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"}],"text":"Clemente Gràcia died in his native Barcelona at the age of 84.","title":"Death"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armament_Research_and_Development_Establishment
|
Fort Halstead
|
["1 Design and construction","2 History as a defensive work","3 Rocket research","4 History of RARDE","5 Evolution to DERA","6 Dstl and QinetiQ","7 Distinguished former staff","8 See also","9 References","9.1 General","10 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°18′42″N 0°08′58″E / 51.31171°N 0.14936°E / 51.31171; 0.14936
Map of the area of Kent north of the town of Sevenoaks showing Fort Halstead
Fort Halstead former MOD establishment in Kent UK, viewed in 2011. At intervals there is a projection in the fence line, this is to allow those guards inside to get a better view along the outside of the fence.
Fort Halstead was a research site of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), an executive agency of the UK Ministry of Defence. It is situated on the crest of the Kentish North Downs, overlooking the town of Sevenoaks, southeast of London. Originally constructed in 1892 as part of a ring of fortresses around London, Fort Halstead was to be staffed by volunteers in the event of a crisis.
The base became home to the Projectile Development Establishment, the Ministry of Supply and later was the headquarters of the Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE).
Design and construction
Fort Halstead formed a part of the London Defence Positions, a scheme devised by Lieutenant General Sir Edward Bruce Hamley and implemented by the Secretary of State for War, Edward Stanhope, who announced the plan to Parliament in 1889. The scheme envisaged a line of entrenchments which would be dug in the event of war to protect the southern and eastern approaches to the capital. Supporting these were to be thirteen simple forts, known as "Mobilisation Centres", which would contain the tools, stores and ammunition for the men of the Volunteer Force, who were tasked with digging the entrenchments and manning them against any invaders.
Putting these plans into action in 1890, the War Office purchased land at Halstead, Kent, on high ground near the town of Sevenoaks. Delayed by a shortage of funds, the polygonal fort was constructed between 1895 and 1897; it featured vaulted barrack casemates on the west side and a magazine on the east. An earthen rampart with positions for light field artillery pieces and machine guns was surrounded by a ditch with a concrete revetment on the scarp face. A cottage was built for a caretaker, who was responsible for maintenance and security in peacetime.
History as a defensive work
The growing superiority of the Royal Navy , and the signing of the Entente Cordiale with France, resulted in the reduced likelihood of an invasion and the London Defence Scheme was officially abandoned in March 1906. Many of the Mobilisation Centres were quickly sold; however, Fort Halstead and a few others were retained, perhaps to facilitate the dispersal of the stores removed from the other sites. After the outbreak of the First World War, the London Defence Scheme was revived and many of the planned entrenchments were actually dug to form an inland stop line.
Fort Halstead seems to have reverted to its intended role at this time; in 1915, a laboratory was built inside the fort for the inspection of ammunition. In 1921, the fort was sold to a retired colonel, who took up residence in the laboratory and let out the cottages. The rest of the site was used as a campsite for the Territorial Army, Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, and accommodation of refugees.
Rocket research
In 1938, Fort Halstead became the home of the Projectile Development Establishment, which was continuing work on solid fuelled rockets that had started at Royal Arsenal in Woolwich two years earlier. Under the direction of Alwyn Crow, work was mainly on rockets that could be used as anti-aircraft weapons. In connection with this research, over eighty new buildings were constructed in and around the fort.
The work at Halstead resulted in the 7-inch Unrotated Projectile used on ships of the Royal Navy, and a 3-inch version that was operated by the British Army in hundreds of Z Batteries for the air defence of the United Kingdom. Further developments were the RP-3 air-to-surface anti-tank rocket and the Mattress and Land Mattress surface-to-surface bombardment systems.
In 1940, Fort Halstead became vulnerable to enemy action and Germans knew about the rocket development there, so Projectile Development Establishment was evacuated to RAE Aberporth.
History of RARDE
Two departments, the "Research Department" and the "Design Department", were established in 1922 at Woolwich Arsenal. During the Second World War, the Design Department moved to Fort Halstead, followed by the Research Department. It is believed that Britain's development of the atomic bomb, hidden under the name 'High Explosive Research' (HER) was initially based at Fort Halstead, where the first atomic bomb was developed under the directorship of William George Penney, who had been appointed Chief Superintendent Armament Research ("CSAR", called "Caesar") by C. P. Snow. Operation Hurricane saw the bomb conveyed by frigate to Australia and successfully exploded in the Montebello Islands. In 1950, it is thought that the 'HER' research was moved to a new site at the Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston in Berkshire.
In 1955, the two departments were merged to give the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), which was granted the title "Royal" in February 1962. In the 1980s, RARDE was amalgamated with the Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (MVEE) – formerly the Fighting Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (FVRDE) – with sites at Chertsey and Christchurch, and the Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment based at Waltham Abbey and Westcott.
Following the December 1988 Lockerbie bombing, forensic experts from RARDE's explosives laboratory examined material recovered from the crash scene, and subsequently testified as expert witnesses at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.
In 1996, the bus from the Aldwych bus bombing was taken to Fort Halstead for analysis, where previously a number of Irish Republican Army (IRA) explosive devices had been examined.
RARDE was home to a number of military simulation and war game projects, mainly aimed as assessing the effectiveness of future defence equipment procurement. After Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and throughout the latter half of 1990, a series of computerised war games were conducted at RARDE in preparation for Operation Granby, Britain's contribution to the Gulf War.
In 2017, scientists from the Forensic Explosives Laboratory at Fort Halstead examined the wreckage of the aircraft from the crash of a Polish Air Force Tu-154 in 2010, for traces of explosives, after being engaged by the Polish government.
Evolution to DERA
On 1 April 1991, the Defence Research Agency (DRA) was set up by bringing together Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE), Admiralty Research Establishment (ARE), RARDE, and the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE). It was an executive Agency of the Ministry of Defence. Four years later, when DRA was itself merged to form the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), the forensic explosives laboratory came under media and scientific scrutiny. In 1996, amid allegations that contaminated equipment had been used in the testing of forensic evidence, an inquiry was set up under Professor Brian Caddy of Strathclyde University to investigate the laboratory's alleged shortcomings.
Dstl and QinetiQ
Following the split of DERA in 2001 into QinetiQ and Dstl, the Fort Halstead site was retained by QinetiQ who leased part of it back to Dstl. Its most recent principal functions have been research, test, evaluation and forensic analysis into explosives, and the site's explosives laboratory was again used in the investigation following the attempted 21 July 2005 London bombings. The facility has been the largest employer in the Sevenoaks district, with 1,300 personnel working on the site in 2000.
In March 2006, QinetiQ sold the Fort Halstead site to Armstrong Kent LLP for an undisclosed sum, remaining on-site as a tenant. In June 2011, Dstl announced that its facilities at Fort Halstead were to close following a review of operations at the site, although delays in building new facilities at Porton Down has meant Dstl finally left in October 2022 (taking eleven rather than the planned five years).
In 2017, Armstrong Kent sold the site to Merseyside Pension Fund. Current plans are for a mixed-use regeneration, with 450 new homes and a business campus, including QinetiQ.
Distinguished former staff
Richard, Baron Beeching of East Grinstead, "Dr Beeching", author of the report The Reshaping of British Railways
Sir Alwyn Crow, developer of the Unrotated Projectile
Sir Frank Ewart Smith
Douglas Hartree, after whom the Hartree unit of atomic energy is named, and the Hartree–Fock method of approximating n-body wavefunctions
Sir John Lennard-Jones, devisor of the Lennard-Jones potential description of atomic attraction
J.W. Maccoll, of Taylor-Maccoll theory of supersonic flow over a cone
Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in Physics
William, Baron Penney of East Hendred, a principal scientist on the Manhattan Project, and leader of Britain's High Explosive Research project
Dick Strawbridge, engineer, environmentalist and broadcaster
See also
Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
Blue Peacock nuclear land mine
UK nuclear weapons development
Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE or the Harwell Laboratory)
Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE)
References
^ Force V: The history of Britain's airborne deterrent, by Andrew Brookes. Jane's Publishing Co Ltd; First Edition 1 Jan. 1982, ISBN 0710602383, p.8, 9.
^ a b c Ogley, Bob (12 April 2006). "Off the beaten track: Halstead". BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
^ a b c Beanse, Alec; Gill, Roger. "The London Mobilisation Centres". victorianforts.co.uk. Victorian Forts and Artillery. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^ "FORT HALSTEAD". pastscape.org.uk. English Heritage. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^ a b Cocroft, Wayne D (2010). "FORT HALSTEAD, DUNTON GREEN, SEVENOAKS, KENT: A brief assessment of the role of Fort Halstead in Britain's early rocket programmes and the atomic bomb project" (PDF). english-heritage.org.uk. English Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^ 29177010-Encyclopedia-of-Weapons-of-World-War-II.
^ "A History of RAE Aberporth". www.rafaberporth.org.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^ "Royal" Armament Research and Development Establishment Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Farmer, Ben; Day, Matthew (27 February 2017). "MoD experts to investigate Polish leader's plane crash blamed on 'Russian aggression'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^ Robert Verkaik (22 May 1996). "Innocent beyond doubt". The Independent. London.
^ "21 July suspect admits making bombs". The Guardian. 24 January 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
^ "Fort Halstead". Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
^ "Kent's Fort Halstead research laboratory to close". BBC News. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
^ "Defence Science and Technology Laboratory to relocate operations away from Fort Halstead" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
^ "Fort Halstead move to Porton Down delayed by a year". BBC News: Kent. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ a b c "JTP - Architects, Masterplanners and Placemakers". jtp.co.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ Hardy, R. Beeching, champion of the railway?, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-1855-3. Retrieved 21 May 2009 (extract only).
^ Stop-gap weapons of 1940:the concept of the aerial minefield. Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12-05-2009.
^ gb 679710, Hugh Desmond Lucas & Ronald Alexander Newman, "Automatic electrical switching device", published 1952-09-24, issued 1952-09-03
^ a b Mary Croarken, Computing in Britain During World War II Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine IEE.org. p6. Retrieved 12-05-2009.
^ Davis, E. A. (17 March 1998). Nevill Mott. Taylor and Francis. p. 36. ISBN 0748407901.
^ Challens, John (28 October 2012). "Obituary: John Corner". The Independent.
^ Dennis Grady (2006), Fragmentation of Rings and Shells: The Legacy of N.F. Mott (Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena), Springerlink, ISBN 978-3-540-27144-4. Amazon.com. Retrieved 12-05-2009.
^ Our History. AWE. Retrieved 12-05-2009.
General
Hamilton-Baillie, J.R.E, "Fort Halstead & the London Defence Positions", Fort (Fortress Study Group), 1977, (3), pp31–35
External links
Comprehensive historical review by Historic England
RARDE's Alan Feraday
Dstl – Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
Fort Halstead Aerial Photograph (Microsoft Live Maps)
Fort Halstead: preserving the history of British defence research and development
Friends of Fort Halstead
51°18′42″N 0°08′58″E / 51.31171°N 0.14936°E / 51.31171; 0.14936
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Halstead_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boundary_Fence,_Fort_Halstead.jpg"},{"link_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"executive agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_agency"},{"link_name":"UK Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Kentish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"North Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs"},{"link_name":"Sevenoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"}],"text":"Map of the area of Kent north of the town of Sevenoaks showing Fort HalsteadFort Halstead former MOD establishment in Kent UK, viewed in 2011. At intervals there is a projection in the fence line, this is to allow those guards inside to get a better view along the outside of the fence.Fort Halstead was a research site of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), an executive agency of the UK Ministry of Defence. It is situated on the crest of the Kentish North Downs, overlooking the town of Sevenoaks, southeast of London. Originally constructed in 1892 as part of a ring of fortresses around London, Fort Halstead was to be staffed by volunteers in the event of a crisis.The base became home to the Projectile Development Establishment, the Ministry of Supply and later was the headquarters of the Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE).[1][2]","title":"Fort Halstead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Defence Positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Defence_Positions"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Bruce Hamley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bruce_Hamley"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War"},{"link_name":"Edward Stanhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stanhope"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"entrenchments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VictorianForts-3"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"Halstead, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halstead,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Sevenoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks"},{"link_name":"polygonal fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_fort"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemates"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall"},{"link_name":"field artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_artillery"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"ditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"revetment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetment"},{"link_name":"scarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarp_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VictorianForts-3"}],"text":"Fort Halstead formed a part of the London Defence Positions, a scheme devised by Lieutenant General Sir Edward Bruce Hamley and implemented by the Secretary of State for War, Edward Stanhope, who announced the plan to Parliament in 1889. The scheme envisaged a line of entrenchments which would be dug in the event of war to protect the southern and eastern approaches to the capital. Supporting these were to be thirteen simple forts, known as \"Mobilisation Centres\", which would contain the tools, stores and ammunition for the men of the Volunteer Force, who were tasked with digging the entrenchments and manning them against any invaders.[3]Putting these plans into action in 1890, the War Office purchased land at Halstead, Kent, on high ground near the town of Sevenoaks. Delayed by a shortage of funds, the polygonal fort was constructed between 1895 and 1897; it featured vaulted barrack casemates on the west side and a magazine on the east.[4] An earthen rampart with positions for light field artillery pieces and machine guns was surrounded by a ditch with a concrete revetment on the scarp face. A cottage was built for a caretaker, who was responsible for maintenance and security in peacetime.[3]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Entente Cordiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"stop line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VictorianForts-3"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts"},{"link_name":"Girl Guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cocroft-5"}],"text":"The growing superiority of the Royal Navy , and the signing of the Entente Cordiale with France, resulted in the reduced likelihood of an invasion and the London Defence Scheme was officially abandoned in March 1906. Many of the Mobilisation Centres were quickly sold; however, Fort Halstead and a few others were retained, perhaps to facilitate the dispersal of the stores removed from the other sites. After the outbreak of the First World War, the London Defence Scheme was revived and many of the planned entrenchments were actually dug to form an inland stop line.[3]Fort Halstead seems to have reverted to its intended role at this time; in 1915, a laboratory was built inside the fort for the inspection of ammunition. In 1921, the fort was sold to a retired colonel, who took up residence in the laboratory and let out the cottages. The rest of the site was used as a campsite for the Territorial Army, Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, and accommodation of refugees.[5]","title":"History as a defensive work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solid fuelled rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_fuelled_rocket"},{"link_name":"Royal Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Alwyn Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwyn_Crow"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cocroft-5"},{"link_name":"Unrotated Projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrotated_Projectile"},{"link_name":"Z Batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Battery"},{"link_name":"RP-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-3"},{"link_name":"Mattress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Land Mattress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mattress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-6"},{"link_name":"RAE Aberporth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAE_Aberporth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1938, Fort Halstead became the home of the Projectile Development Establishment, which was continuing work on solid fuelled rockets that had started at Royal Arsenal in Woolwich two years earlier. Under the direction of Alwyn Crow, work was mainly on rockets that could be used as anti-aircraft weapons. In connection with this research, over eighty new buildings were constructed in and around the fort.[5]The work at Halstead resulted in the 7-inch Unrotated Projectile used on ships of the Royal Navy, and a 3-inch version that was operated by the British Army in hundreds of Z Batteries for the air defence of the United Kingdom. Further developments were the RP-3 air-to-surface anti-tank rocket and the Mattress and Land Mattress surface-to-surface bombardment systems.[6]In 1940, Fort Halstead became vulnerable to enemy action and Germans knew about the rocket development there, so Projectile Development Establishment was evacuated to RAE Aberporth.[7]","title":"Rocket research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woolwich Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Britain's development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"atomic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb"},{"link_name":"High Explosive Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Explosive_Research"},{"link_name":"William George Penney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Penney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"C. P. Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Snow"},{"link_name":"Operation Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Montebello Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebello_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"Atomic Weapons Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Aldermaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldermaston"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Vehicles_and_Engineering_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Chertsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertsey"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellants,_Explosives_and_Rocket_Motor_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Waltham Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_(town)"},{"link_name":"Westcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Lockerbie bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockerbie_bombing"},{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science"},{"link_name":"expert witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_bombing_trial"},{"link_name":"Aldwych bus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"military simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_simulation"},{"link_name":"invasion of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Operation Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Granby"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"crash of a Polish Air Force Tu-154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Polish_Air_Force_Tu-154_crash"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Two departments, the \"Research Department\" and the \"Design Department\", were established in 1922 at Woolwich Arsenal. During the Second World War, the Design Department moved to Fort Halstead, followed by the Research Department. It is believed that Britain's development of the atomic bomb, hidden under the name 'High Explosive Research' (HER) was initially based at Fort Halstead, where the first atomic bomb was developed under the directorship of William George Penney,[2] who had been appointed Chief Superintendent Armament Research (\"CSAR\", called \"Caesar\") by C. P. Snow. Operation Hurricane saw the bomb conveyed by frigate to Australia and successfully exploded in the Montebello Islands.[2] In 1950, it is thought that the 'HER' research was moved to a new site at the Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston in Berkshire.In 1955, the two departments were merged to give the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), which was granted the title \"Royal\" in February 1962.[8] In the 1980s, RARDE was amalgamated with the Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (MVEE) – formerly the Fighting Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (FVRDE) – with sites at Chertsey and Christchurch, and the Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment based at Waltham Abbey and Westcott.Following the December 1988 Lockerbie bombing, forensic experts from RARDE's explosives laboratory examined material recovered from the crash scene, and subsequently testified as expert witnesses at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.In 1996, the bus from the Aldwych bus bombing was taken to Fort Halstead for analysis, where previously a number of Irish Republican Army (IRA) explosive devices had been examined.RARDE was home to a number of military simulation and war game projects, mainly aimed as assessing the effectiveness of future defence equipment procurement. After Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and throughout the latter half of 1990, a series of computerised war games were conducted at RARDE in preparation for Operation Granby, Britain's contribution to the Gulf War.In 2017, scientists from the Forensic Explosives Laboratory at Fort Halstead examined the wreckage of the aircraft from the crash of a Polish Air Force Tu-154 in 2010, for traces of explosives, after being engaged by the Polish government.[9]","title":"History of RARDE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defence Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"Royal Aerospace Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Research Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Evaluation_and_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"Royal Signals and Radar Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Signals_and_Radar_Establishment"},{"link_name":"executive Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Agency"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Defence Evaluation and Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Evaluation_and_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On 1 April 1991, the Defence Research Agency (DRA) was set up by bringing together Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE), Admiralty Research Establishment (ARE), RARDE, and the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE). It was an executive Agency of the Ministry of Defence. Four years later, when DRA was itself merged to form the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), the forensic explosives laboratory came under media and scientific scrutiny. In 1996, amid allegations that contaminated equipment had been used in the testing of forensic evidence, an inquiry was set up under Professor Brian Caddy of Strathclyde University to investigate the laboratory's alleged shortcomings.[10]","title":"Evolution to DERA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QinetiQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QinetiQ"},{"link_name":"Dstl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dstl"},{"link_name":"21 July 2005 London bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sevenoaks district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks_(district)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dstl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dstl"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Porton Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porton_Down"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"}],"text":"Following the split of DERA in 2001 into QinetiQ and Dstl, the Fort Halstead site was retained by QinetiQ who leased part of it back to Dstl. Its most recent principal functions have been research, test, evaluation and forensic analysis into explosives, and the site's explosives laboratory was again used in the investigation following the attempted 21 July 2005 London bombings.[11] The facility has been the largest employer in the Sevenoaks district, with 1,300 personnel working on the site in 2000.In March 2006, QinetiQ sold the Fort Halstead site to Armstrong Kent LLP for an undisclosed sum,[12] remaining on-site as a tenant. In June 2011, Dstl announced that its facilities at Fort Halstead were to close following a review of operations at the site,[13][14] although delays in building new facilities at Porton Down[15] has meant Dstl finally left in October 2022 (taking eleven rather than the planned five years).[16]In 2017, Armstrong Kent sold the site to Merseyside Pension Fund.[16] Current plans are for a mixed-use regeneration, with 450 new homes and a business campus, including QinetiQ.[16]","title":"Dstl and QinetiQ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard, Baron Beeching of East Grinstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beeching"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sir Alwyn Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwyn_Crow"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Unrotated Projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrotated_Projectile"},{"link_name":"Sir Frank Ewart Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ewart_Smith"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Douglas Hartree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hartree"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartree-20"},{"link_name":"Hartree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree"},{"link_name":"Hartree–Fock method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock"},{"link_name":"Sir John Lennard-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Lennard-Jones"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartree-20"},{"link_name":"Lennard-Jones potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maccoll-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sir Nevill Mott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Nevill_Mott"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"William, Baron Penney of East Hendred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penney"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"Dick Strawbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Strawbridge"},{"link_name":"broadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_presenter"}],"text":"Richard, Baron Beeching of East Grinstead,[17] \"Dr Beeching\", author of the report The Reshaping of British Railways\nSir Alwyn Crow,[18] developer of the Unrotated Projectile\nSir Frank Ewart Smith[19]\nDouglas Hartree,[20] after whom the Hartree unit of atomic energy is named, and the Hartree–Fock method of approximating n-body wavefunctions\nSir John Lennard-Jones,[20] devisor of the Lennard-Jones potential description of atomic attraction\nJ.W. Maccoll,[21][22] of Taylor-Maccoll theory of supersonic flow over a cone\nSir Nevill Mott,[23] Nobel Laureate in Physics\nWilliam, Baron Penney of East Hendred,[24] a principal scientist on the Manhattan Project, and leader of Britain's High Explosive Research project\nDick Strawbridge, engineer, environmentalist and broadcaster","title":"Distinguished former staff"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of the area of Kent north of the town of Sevenoaks showing Fort Halstead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fort_Halstead_map.jpg/220px-Fort_Halstead_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Halstead former MOD establishment in Kent UK, viewed in 2011. At intervals there is a projection in the fence line, this is to allow those guards inside to get a better view along the outside of the fence.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Boundary_Fence%2C_Fort_Halstead.jpg/220px-Boundary_Fence%2C_Fort_Halstead.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_into_the_bombing_of_Pan_Am_Flight_103"},{"title":"Blue Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Peacock"},{"title":"UK nuclear weapons development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom#Post-war_development_programme"},{"title":"Atomic Energy Research Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment"},{"title":"Atomic Weapons Research Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Research_Establishment"}]
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[{"reference":"Ogley, Bob (12 April 2006). \"Off the beaten track: Halstead\". BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/content/articles/2006/04/11/off_beaten_track_halstead_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Off the beaten track: Halstead\""}]},{"reference":"Beanse, Alec; Gill, Roger. \"The London Mobilisation Centres\". victorianforts.co.uk. Victorian Forts and Artillery. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160114231956/http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/redan/lmc.htm","url_text":"\"The London Mobilisation Centres\""},{"url":"http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/redan/lmc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FORT HALSTEAD\". pastscape.org.uk. English Heritage. Retrieved 28 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=407330","url_text":"\"FORT HALSTEAD\""}]},{"reference":"Cocroft, Wayne D (2010). \"FORT HALSTEAD, DUNTON GREEN, SEVENOAKS, KENT: A brief assessment of the role of Fort Halstead in Britain's early rocket programmes and the atomic bomb project\" (PDF). english-heritage.org.uk. English Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141108011350/http://services.english-heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/049_2010WEB.pdf","url_text":"\"FORT HALSTEAD, DUNTON GREEN, SEVENOAKS, KENT: A brief assessment of the role of Fort Halstead in Britain's early rocket programmes and the atomic bomb project\""},{"url":"http://services.english-heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/049_2010WEB.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"29177010-Encyclopedia-of-Weapons-of-World-War-II.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/tractors-29177010-Encyclopedia-of-Weapons-of-World-War-II","url_text":"29177010-Encyclopedia-of-Weapons-of-World-War-II"}]},{"reference":"\"A History of RAE Aberporth\". www.rafaberporth.org.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rafaberporth.org.uk/page6.html","url_text":"\"A History of RAE Aberporth\""}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Ben; Day, Matthew (27 February 2017). \"MoD experts to investigate Polish leader's plane crash blamed on 'Russian aggression'\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/27/mod-experts-investigate-polish-leaders-plane-crash-blamed-russian/","url_text":"\"MoD experts to investigate Polish leader's plane crash blamed on 'Russian aggression'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"Robert Verkaik (22 May 1996). \"Innocent beyond doubt\". The Independent. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/innocent-beyond-doubt-1348637.html","url_text":"\"Innocent beyond doubt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"21 July suspect admits making bombs\". The Guardian. 24 January 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/terrorism/story/0,,1997687,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=1","url_text":"\"21 July suspect admits making bombs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Halstead\". Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221423/http://www.hines.com/property/detail.aspx?id=1910","url_text":"\"Fort Halstead\""},{"url":"http://www.hines.com/property/detail.aspx?id=1910","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent's Fort Halstead research laboratory to close\". BBC News. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-13814693","url_text":"\"Kent's Fort Halstead research laboratory to close\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory to relocate operations away from Fort Halstead\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928062749/http://www.dstl.gov.uk/downloads/Dstl_Fort_Halstead.pdf","url_text":"\"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory to relocate operations away from Fort Halstead\""},{"url":"http://www.dstl.gov.uk/downloads/Dstl_Fort_Halstead.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Halstead move to Porton Down delayed by a year\". BBC News: Kent. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-24760400","url_text":"\"Fort Halstead move to Porton Down delayed by a year\""}]},{"reference":"\"JTP - Architects, Masterplanners and Placemakers\". jtp.co.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jtp.co.uk/projects/community-planning/fort-halstead","url_text":"\"JTP - Architects, Masterplanners and Placemakers\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, E. A. (17 March 1998). Nevill Mott. Taylor and Francis. p. 36. ISBN 0748407901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748407901","url_text":"0748407901"}]},{"reference":"Challens, John (28 October 2012). \"Obituary: John Corner\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-john-corner-1330514.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: John Corner\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6ekatas
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Latvian masked processions
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Mask processing tradition in Latvia
Folk masks from rural Latvian mask processions, 1920s-1930s. A drawing by J.A. Jansons. Latvian folklore repository of the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the University of Latvia
Ķekatas, 2019
Budēļi, 2023
There is a number of regional variants of Latvian masked processions. rooted in ritual traditions, by the end of the 19th century they started losing their religious meaning turning more into an entertainment and gradually they were disappearing, kept by small groups of enthusiasts in some rural regions of Latvia. With the rise of the folklore movement by the end of the 1970s these traditions were revived, and there are several folkloric groups that are trying to reconstruct these, in cooperation with researchers.
Ķekatas (Ķekatas iešana, "stilt walking", "stilt strolling") is a Latvian folk tradition of masked processions. The participants, called Ķekatnieki (singular: Ķekatnieks) wearing various masks went from one homestead to another giving blessings and driving away evil spirits. Since the old times they happened in autumn and winter, when all farmers' work is done any time from St. Martin's Day to Meteņi, depending on the region. The tradition is also associated with Christmas time, similar to mummering-like traditions in other places. In fact, one of the names of the mask procession tradition is kaļadas, borrowed from Slavic Koleda. Other names used in other parts of Latvia include budēļi and čigānos iešana (gypsy walking). These traditions differ not only by the name, but the behavior as well. Masks represented evil beings, animals, objects (haystack, sheaf), people, often stereotyped (little man and tall woman, pauper/beggar, gypsy, Jew)
The gypsy walking, mostly with gypsy masks, but also with other Ķekatas masks is also associated with festivals and wedding parties.
The name of the Zemgale tradition "budēļi" comes from the word "budīt", "budināt" - to awaken, arouse, and the meaning of the tradition is to awaken the nature and people during the spring holiday of Meteņi to a new life cycle.
Folklorist Jānis Alberts Jansons collected testimonies from rural people about masked processions during the 1920s and 1930s, which served as the basis of his doctorate, Die lettischen Maskenumzüge und ihre kulturhistorische Bedeutung, some parts of which were published in German and known only by enthusiasts. Only in 2010 his findings were published in full in Latvian under the title Latviešu masku gājieni: eksperimentāls pētījums ar pamatojumu salīdzinošajā etnogrāfijā un etnoloģijā (Latvian Masked Processions: an experimental study grounded in comparative ethnography and ethnology).
An important contribution to the understanding of the tradition is Aīda Rancāne's 2009 volume Maskas un maskošanās Latvijā (Masks and Masking in Latvia).
See also
Kukeri
Ziemassvētki
Namahage, a Japanese New year tradition of masked processions
References
^ a b c Aīda Rancāne, Revival of local masking traditions in Latvia as the result of cooperation between performers and researchers, doi:10.3986/Traditio2012410118
^ Ķekatas, a European Heritage Days website
^ Ziemassvētkos ej ķekatās un noreibsti no dzīves!
^ a b c Budēļos, ķekatās, kaļadās jeb čigānos iešana no Mārtiņiem līdz Ziemas saulgriežiem
^ Čigānos vai kaitās iešanai gatavo īpašas maskas
^ Čigāniete, Dzīvais mironis vai Kaza? Kā mūsu senči savulaik ķekatās gāja
^ Aīda Rancāne, ČIGĀNI — SVEŠIE UN SAVĒJIE: NOZĪMJU MIGRĀCIJA, Latvijas Zinātņu Akadēmijas Vēstis, 1021, vol. 75, issue 2, pp. 81-88
^ Meteņu maskas un to nozīme
^ Jānis Alberts Jansons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvian_kekatas_masks.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvia_(39).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budeli_in_winter.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aira-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Meteņi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mete%C5%86i"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saru-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mummering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummering"},{"link_name":"Koleda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saru-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saru-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Zemgale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemgale"},{"link_name":"Meteņi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mete%C5%86i"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aira-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aira-1"}],"text":"Folk masks from rural Latvian mask processions, 1920s-1930s. A drawing by J.A. Jansons. Latvian folklore repository of the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the University of LatviaĶekatas, 2019Budēļi, 2023There is a number of regional variants of Latvian masked processions. rooted in ritual traditions, by the end of the 19th century they started losing their religious meaning turning more into an entertainment and gradually they were disappearing, kept by small groups of enthusiasts in some rural regions of Latvia. With the rise of the folklore movement by the end of the 1970s these traditions were revived, and there are several folkloric groups that are trying to reconstruct these, in cooperation with researchers.[1]Ķekatas (Ķekatas iešana, \"stilt walking\", \"stilt strolling\") is a Latvian folk tradition of masked processions. The participants, called Ķekatnieki (singular: Ķekatnieks) wearing various masks went from one homestead to another giving blessings and driving away evil spirits.[2][3] Since the old times they happened in autumn and winter, when all farmers' work is done any time from St. Martin's Day to Meteņi, depending on the region.[4][5] The tradition is also associated with Christmas time, similar to mummering-like traditions in other places. In fact, one of the names of the mask procession tradition is kaļadas, borrowed from Slavic Koleda. Other names used in other parts of Latvia include budēļi and čigānos iešana (gypsy walking).[4] These traditions differ not only by the name, but the behavior as well. Masks represented evil beings, animals, objects (haystack, sheaf), people, often stereotyped (little man and tall woman, pauper/beggar, gypsy, Jew)[4][6]The gypsy walking, mostly with gypsy masks, but also with other Ķekatas masks is also associated with festivals and wedding parties.[7]The name of the Zemgale tradition \"budēļi\" comes from the word \"budīt\", \"budināt\" - to awaken, arouse, and the meaning of the tradition is to awaken the nature and people during the spring holiday of Meteņi to a new life cycle.[8]Folklorist Jānis Alberts Jansons collected testimonies from rural people about masked processions during the 1920s and 1930s, which served as the basis of his doctorate, Die lettischen Maskenumzüge und ihre kulturhistorische Bedeutung, some parts of which were published in German and known only by enthusiasts. Only in 2010 his findings were published in full in Latvian under the title Latviešu masku gājieni: eksperimentāls pētījums ar pamatojumu salīdzinošajā etnogrāfijā un etnoloģijā (Latvian Masked Processions: an experimental study grounded in comparative ethnography and ethnology). [9] [1]An important contribution to the understanding of the tradition is Aīda Rancāne's 2009 volume Maskas un maskošanās Latvijā (Masks and Masking in Latvia).[1]","title":"Latvian masked processions"}]
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[{"image_text":"Folk masks from rural Latvian mask processions, 1920s-1930s. A drawing by J.A. Jansons. Latvian folklore repository of the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the University of Latvia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Latvian_kekatas_masks.png/220px-Latvian_kekatas_masks.png"},{"image_text":"Ķekatas, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Latvia_%2839%29.jpg/220px-Latvia_%2839%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Budēļi, 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Budeli_in_winter.jpg/220px-Budeli_in_winter.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Kukeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukeri"},{"title":"Ziemassvētki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki"},{"title":"Namahage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namahage"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://isn.zrc-sazu.si/files/file/Traditiones/Traditiones_41_1_separati/211_pdfsam_Traditiones_41_1_WWW.pdf","external_links_name":"Revival of local masking traditions in Latvia as the result of cooperation between performers and researchers"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3986%2FTraditio2012410118","external_links_name":"10.3986/Traditio2012410118"},{"Link":"https://www.europeanheritagedays.com/node/336841","external_links_name":"Ķekatas"},{"Link":"https://www.delfi.lv/news/svetku-laiks/noskanas-un-tradicijas/ziemassvetkos-ej-kekatas-un-noreibsti-no-dzives.d?id=45329496","external_links_name":"Ziemassvētkos ej ķekatās un noreibsti no dzīves!"},{"Link":"http://www.sarunas.lv/lv/kultura/tradicijas-un-svinibas/877-bud-os-ekat-s-ka-ad-s-jeb-ig-nos-ie-ana-no-m-rti-iem-l-dz-ziemas-saulgrie-iem#.ZECS0nbMJhE","external_links_name":"Budēļos, ķekatās, kaļadās jeb čigānos iešana no Mārtiņiem līdz Ziemas saulgriežiem"},{"Link":"https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/izklaide/ciganos-vai-kaitas-iesanai-gatavo-ipasas-maskas.a73000/","external_links_name":"Čigānos vai kaitās iešanai gatavo īpašas maskas"},{"Link":"https://www.delfi.lv/orakuls/laika-riti/48258969_ciganiete-dzivais-mironis-vai-kaza-ka-musu-senci-savulaik-kekatas-gaja","external_links_name":"Čigāniete, Dzīvais mironis vai Kaza? Kā mūsu senči savulaik ķekatās gāja"},{"Link":"http://www.lasproceedings.lv/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/5_Aida-Rancane.pdf","external_links_name":"ČIGĀNI — SVEŠIE UN SAVĒJIE: NOZĪMJU MIGRĀCIJA"},{"Link":"http://brivdabasmuzejs.lv/zinas/metena-maskas-un-tradicijas/","external_links_name":"Meteņu maskas un to nozīme"},{"Link":"https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/131501-J%C4%81nis-Alberts-Jansons","external_links_name":"Jānis Alberts Jansons"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquimbo_Formation
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Coquimbo Formation
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["1 Fossil content","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
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Coordinates: 30°20′21″S 71°32′03″W / 30.33917°S 71.53417°W / -30.33917; -71.53417Geological formation in Chile
Coquimbo FormationStratigraphic range: Miocene–Mid Pleistocene~23–1.2 Ma
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Marine terrace exposing strata of the Coquimbo Formation, at Caleta HornosTypeGeological formationUnderliesAlluviumOverliesLiman FormationThickness63 m (207 ft)LithologyPrimaryConglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale and coquinaOtherClay lenses, terra rossaLocationCoordinates30°20′21″S 71°32′03″W / 30.33917°S 71.53417°W / -30.33917; -71.53417Approximate paleocoordinates30°06′S 70°18′W / 30.1°S 70.3°W / -30.1; -70.3RegionCoquimbo RegionCountry ChileExtentTongoy BayType sectionNamed forCoquimboCoquimbo Formation (Chile)
Coquimbo Formation (Spanish: Formación Coquimbo) is a Miocene to Middle Pleistocene sedimentary formation located in Coquimbo Region in Norte Chico, Chile. The lowermost unit belongs to the lower Miocene, with the third-deepest unit dated at 11.9 ± 1.0 Ma. The uppermost unit of the formation is estimated at 1.2 Ma. In the area of Tongoy, the Coquimbo Formation was deposited in an ancient bay that was formed in a graben or half-graben, with a normal fault dipping east. Sea level changes during the Holocene have caused erosion to cut several marine terraces into the formation.
Fossil content
The following fossils have been found in the formation:
SALMA
Group
Fossils
Notes
Montehermosan
Mammals
Delphinus domeykoi, Megaptera hubachi, Pliopontos sp., ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet.
Birds
cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet.
Fish
Carcharodon carcharias
Mayoan
Cosmopolitodus hastalis
See also
Geology portalChile portal
Cerro Ballena
Elqui-Limarí Batholith
Caleta Herradura Formation
Navidad Formation
Pisco Formation
References
^ Le Roux, J.P.; Olivares, Danisa M.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Smith, Norman D.; Middleton, Heather; Fenner, Juliane; Ishman, Scott E. (2006). "Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 184 (1–2): 133–153. Bibcode:2006SedG..184..133L. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
^ Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
^ Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
^ Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
^ La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
^ Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
^ Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
^ Tongoy area Unit 4 at Fossilworks.org
Further reading
C. Acosta Hospitaleche, J. Canto, and C. P. Tambussi. 2006. Pingüinos (Aves, Spheniscidae) en Coquimbo (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Tardio), Chile y su vinculación con las corrientes oceánicas. Revista Española de Paleontología 21(1):115-122
Staig, Felipe; Sebastián Hernández; Patricio López; Jaime A. Villafaña; Cristian Varas; Luis Patricio Soto, and Jorge D. Carrillo Briceño. 2015. Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15.
vteGeology of ChileTerranes
Arequipa-Antofalla
Chaitenia
Chilenia
Chiloé
Cuyania
Fitz Roy
Madre de Dios
Mejillonia
Patagonia
Sedimentary formationsand groupsCenozoicNeogene
Abanico Fm.
Angostura Fm.
Ayacara Fm.
Bahía Inglesa Fm.
Caldera Beds
Caleta Godoy Fm.
Caleta Herradura Fm.
Campanario Fm.
Chaicayán Gp.
Cheuquemó Fm.
Cholchol Fm.
Chucal Fm.
Cola de Zorro Fm.
Coquimbo Fm.
Cura-Mallín Gp.
Farellones Fm.
La Cascada Fm.
Lacui Fm.
La Montaña Fm.
La Portada Fm.
Lauca Fm.
Malleco Fm.
Mininco Fm.
Navidad Fm.
Oxaya Fm.
Parga Fm.
Puduhuapi Fm.
Pupunahue Beds
Quebrada Macusa Fm.
Ranquil Fm.
Río Frías Fm.
San Pedro Beds
Santo Domingo Fm.
Temuco Fm.
Traiguén Fm.
Trapa-Trapa Fm.
Tubul Fm.
Vargas Fm.
Paleogene
Abanico Fm.
Azapa Fm.
Caleta Chonos Fm.
Cheuquemó Fm.
Cura-Mallín Gp.
La Cascada Fm.
Lebu Gp.
Loreto Fm.
Lupica Fm.
Oxaya Fm.
Parga Fm.
Purilactis Gp.
Pupunahue Beds
Temuco Fm.
Vargas Fm.
MesozoicCretaceous
Baños del Flaco Fm.
Cerro Colorado Fm.
Chacarilla Fm.
Chañarcillo Gp.
Coihaique Gp.
Divisadero Gp.
Dorotea Fm.
Hornitos Fm.
La Liga Fm.
Ñirehuao Fm.
Punta del Cobre Fm.
Purilactis Gp.
Quiriquina Fm.
Viñita Fm.
Way Gp.
Zapata Fm.
Jurassic
Chacarilla Fm.
Coihaique Gp.
Ibáñez Fm.
La Liga Fm.
La Negra Fm.
Nacientes del Biobío Fm.
Nacientes del Teno Fm.
Pan de Azúcar Fm.
Tobífera Fm.
Triassic
Canto del Agua Fm.
Choiyoi Gp.
Panguipulli Fm.
Santa Juana Fm.
Tralcán Fm.
Paleozoic
Llano de Chocolate Beds
Batholiths
Coastal central Chile
Elqui-Limarí
Futrono-Riñihue
North Patagonian
Panguipulli
South Patagonian
Vicuña Mackenna
Metamorphic complexes
Bahía Mansa
Belén
Chañaral
Choapa
Chonos
Cordillera Darwin
Eastern Andes
Mejillones
Puerto Edén
Punta de Choros
Quebrada del Carrizo
Trafún
Tierra del Fuego
Faults
Atacama Fault
Biobío-Aluminé Fault
Cachet Fault
Domeyko Fault
El Arrayán Fault
Futrono Fault
Gastre Fault
Lanalhue Fault
Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault
Magallanes-Fagnano Fault
Mocha-Villarrica Fault
Pichilemu Fault
Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault
San Ramón Fault
Valeriano Fault
Geology portal • Chile portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Middle Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_formation"},{"link_name":"Coquimbo Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquimbo_Region"},{"link_name":"Norte Chico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Tongoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongoy"},{"link_name":"graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben"},{"link_name":"half-graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-graben"},{"link_name":"normal fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_fault"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"marine terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_terrace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeRouxetal2008-1"}],"text":"Geological formation in ChileCoquimbo Formation (Spanish: Formación Coquimbo) is a Miocene to Middle Pleistocene sedimentary formation located in Coquimbo Region in Norte Chico, Chile. The lowermost unit belongs to the lower Miocene, with the third-deepest unit dated at 11.9 ± 1.0 Ma. The uppermost unit of the formation is estimated at 1.2 Ma. In the area of Tongoy, the Coquimbo Formation was deposited in an ancient bay that was formed in a graben or half-graben, with a normal fault dipping east. Sea level changes during the Holocene have caused erosion to cut several marine terraces into the formation.[1]","title":"Coquimbo Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following fossils have been found in the formation:","title":"Fossil content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/136058/Late-neogene-elasmobranch-fauna.pdf;sequence=1"},{"link_name":"Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revista_Brasileira_de_Paleontologia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geology_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Geology_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Geology of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Arequipa-Antofalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa-Antofalla"},{"link_name":"Chaitenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitenia"},{"link_name":"Chilenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilenia"},{"link_name":"Chiloé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Block"},{"link_name":"Cuyania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyania"},{"link_name":"Fitz Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Andes_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Madre de Dios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madre_de_Dios_Terrane"},{"link_name":"Mejillonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejillones_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Patagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_evolution_of_Patagonia"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"Neogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene"},{"link_name":"Abanico Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanico_Formation"},{"link_name":"Angostura Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_Basin"},{"link_name":"Ayacara Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayacara_Formation"},{"link_name":"Bahía Inglesa Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Inglesa_Formation"},{"link_name":"Caldera Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_Basin"},{"link_name":"Caleta Godoy Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleta_Godoy_Formation"},{"link_name":"Caleta Herradura Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleta_Herradura_Formation"},{"link_name":"Campanario Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanario_Formation"},{"link_name":"Chaicayán Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaicay%C3%A1n_Group"},{"link_name":"Cheuquemó Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheuquem%C3%B3_Formation"},{"link_name":"Cholchol Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholchol_Formation"},{"link_name":"Chucal Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chucal_Formation"},{"link_name":"Cola de Zorro Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_de_Zorro_Formation"},{"link_name":"Coquimbo Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cura-Mallín Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura-Mall%C3%ADn_Group"},{"link_name":"Farellones Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farellones_Formation"},{"link_name":"La Cascada Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cascada_Formation"},{"link_name":"Lacui Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacui_Formation"},{"link_name":"La Montaña Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Monta%C3%B1a_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Portada Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Portada_Formation"},{"link_name":"Lauca Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauca_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malleco Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleco_Formation"},{"link_name":"Mininco Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininco_Formation"},{"link_name":"Navidad Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidad_Formation"},{"link_name":"Oxaya Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaya_Formation"},{"link_name":"Parga Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parga_Formation"},{"link_name":"Puduhuapi Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puduhuapi_Formation"},{"link_name":"Pupunahue Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estratos_de_Pupunahue"},{"link_name":"Quebrada Macusa Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebrada_Macusa_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranquil Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranquil_Formation"},{"link_name":"Río Frías Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Fr%C3%ADas_Formation"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estratos_de_San_Pedro"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Formation"},{"link_name":"Temuco Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuco_Formation"},{"link_name":"Traiguén Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traigu%C3%A9n_Formation"},{"link_name":"Trapa-Trapa Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapa-Trapa_Formation"},{"link_name":"Tubul Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubul_Formation"},{"link_name":"Vargas Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_Formation"},{"link_name":"Paleogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene"},{"link_name":"Abanico Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanico_Formation"},{"link_name":"Azapa Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azapa_Formation"},{"link_name":"Caleta Chonos Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleta_Chonos_Formation"},{"link_name":"Cheuquemó Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheuquem%C3%B3_Formation"},{"link_name":"Cura-Mallín Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura-Mall%C3%ADn_Group"},{"link_name":"La Cascada Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cascada_Formation"},{"link_name":"Lebu Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebu_Group"},{"link_name":"Loreto Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_Formation"},{"link_name":"Lupica Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupica_Formation"},{"link_name":"Oxaya Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaya_Formation"},{"link_name":"Parga Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parga_Formation"},{"link_name":"Purilactis Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purilactis_Group"},{"link_name":"Pupunahue Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estratos_de_Pupunahue"},{"link_name":"Temuco Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuco_Formation"},{"link_name":"Vargas Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_Formation"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Baños del Flaco Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_del_Flaco_Formation"},{"link_name":"Cerro Colorado Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Colorado_Formation"},{"link_name":"Chacarilla Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacarilla_Formation"},{"link_name":"Chañarcillo Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cha%C3%B1arcillo_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coihaique Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coihaique_Group"},{"link_name":"Divisadero Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisadero_Group"},{"link_name":"Dorotea Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorotea_Formation"},{"link_name":"Hornitos Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornitos_Formation"},{"link_name":"La Liga Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Formation"},{"link_name":"Ñirehuao Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%91irehuao_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Punta del Cobre Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_del_Cobre_Formation"},{"link_name":"Purilactis Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purilactis_Group"},{"link_name":"Quiriquina Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiriquina_Formation"},{"link_name":"Viñita Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1ita_Formation"},{"link_name":"Way Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Group"},{"link_name":"Zapata Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapata_Formation"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Chacarilla Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacarilla_Formation"},{"link_name":"Coihaique Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coihaique_Group"},{"link_name":"Ibáñez Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Liga Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Formation"},{"link_name":"La Negra Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Negra_Formation"},{"link_name":"Nacientes del Biobío Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacientes_del_Biob%C3%ADo_Formation"},{"link_name":"Nacientes del Teno Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacientes_del_Teno_Formation"},{"link_name":"Pan de Azúcar Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar_Formation"},{"link_name":"Tobífera Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tob%C3%ADfera_Formation"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Canto del Agua Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto_del_Agua_Formation"},{"link_name":"Choiyoi Gp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiyoi_Group"},{"link_name":"Panguipulli Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguipulli_Formation"},{"link_name":"Santa Juana Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Juana_Formation"},{"link_name":"Tralcán Fm.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralc%C3%A1n_Formation"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Llano de Chocolate Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_de_Chocolate_Beds"},{"link_name":"Coastal central Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Batholith_of_central_Chile"},{"link_name":"Elqui-Limarí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elqui-Limar%C3%AD_Batholith"},{"link_name":"Futrono-Riñihue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futrono-Ri%C3%B1ihue_Batholith"},{"link_name":"North Patagonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Patagonian_Batholith"},{"link_name":"Panguipulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguipulli_Batholith"},{"link_name":"South Patagonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Patagonian_Batholith"},{"link_name":"Vicuña Mackenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a_Mackenna_Batholith"},{"link_name":"Bahía Mansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Mansa_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Belén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Chañaral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%B1aral_Epimetamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Choapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choapa_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Chonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonos_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Darwin_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Eastern Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Andes_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Mejillones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejillones_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Puerto Edén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ed%C3%A9n_Igneous_and_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Punta de Choros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_de_Choros_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Quebrada del Carrizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebrada_del_Carrizo_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Trafún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traf%C3%BAn_Metamorphic_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_Igneous_and_Metamorphic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Atacama Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Fault"},{"link_name":"Biobío-Aluminé Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo-Alumin%C3%A9_Fault_Zone"},{"link_name":"Cachet Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachet_Fault"},{"link_name":"Domeyko Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeyko_Fault"},{"link_name":"El Arrayán Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Array%C3%A1n_Fault"},{"link_name":"Futrono Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futrono_Fault"},{"link_name":"Gastre Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastre_Fault"},{"link_name":"Lanalhue Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanalhue_Fault"},{"link_name":"Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqui%C3%B1e-Ofqui_Fault"},{"link_name":"Magallanes-Fagnano Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes-Fagnano_Fault"},{"link_name":"Mocha-Villarrica Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha-Villarrica_Fault_Zone"},{"link_name":"Pichilemu Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichilemu_Fault"},{"link_name":"Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigolil-Pirihueico_Fault"},{"link_name":"San Ramón Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ram%C3%B3n_Fault"},{"link_name":"Valeriano Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriano_Fault_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg"},{"link_name":"Geology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geology"},{"link_name":"Chile portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chile"}],"text":"C. Acosta Hospitaleche, J. Canto, and C. P. Tambussi. 2006. Pingüinos (Aves, Spheniscidae) en Coquimbo (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Tardio), Chile y su vinculación con las corrientes oceánicas. Revista Española de Paleontología 21(1):115-122\nStaig, Felipe; Sebastián Hernández; Patricio López; Jaime A. Villafaña; Cristian Varas; Luis Patricio Soto, and Jorge D. Carrillo Briceño. 2015. Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15.vteGeology of ChileTerranes\nArequipa-Antofalla\nChaitenia\nChilenia\nChiloé\nCuyania\nFitz Roy\nMadre de Dios\nMejillonia\nPatagonia\nSedimentary formationsand groupsCenozoicNeogene\nAbanico Fm.\nAngostura Fm.\nAyacara Fm.\nBahía Inglesa Fm.\nCaldera Beds\nCaleta Godoy Fm.\nCaleta Herradura Fm.\nCampanario Fm.\nChaicayán Gp.\nCheuquemó Fm.\nCholchol Fm.\nChucal Fm.\nCola de Zorro Fm.\nCoquimbo Fm.\nCura-Mallín Gp.\nFarellones Fm.\nLa Cascada Fm.\nLacui Fm.\nLa Montaña Fm.\nLa Portada Fm.\nLauca Fm.\nMalleco Fm.\nMininco Fm.\nNavidad Fm.\nOxaya Fm.\nParga Fm.\nPuduhuapi Fm.\nPupunahue Beds\nQuebrada Macusa Fm.\nRanquil Fm.\nRío Frías Fm.\nSan Pedro Beds\nSanto Domingo Fm.\nTemuco Fm.\nTraiguén Fm.\nTrapa-Trapa Fm.\nTubul Fm.\nVargas Fm.\nPaleogene\nAbanico Fm.\nAzapa Fm.\nCaleta Chonos Fm.\nCheuquemó Fm.\nCura-Mallín Gp.\nLa Cascada Fm.\nLebu Gp.\nLoreto Fm.\nLupica Fm.\nOxaya Fm.\nParga Fm.\nPurilactis Gp.\nPupunahue Beds\nTemuco Fm.\nVargas Fm.\nMesozoicCretaceous\nBaños del Flaco Fm.\nCerro Colorado Fm.\nChacarilla Fm.\nChañarcillo Gp.\nCoihaique Gp.\nDivisadero Gp.\nDorotea Fm.\nHornitos Fm.\nLa Liga Fm.\nÑirehuao Fm.\nPunta del Cobre Fm.\nPurilactis Gp.\nQuiriquina Fm.\nViñita Fm.\nWay Gp.\nZapata Fm.\nJurassic\nChacarilla Fm.\nCoihaique Gp.\nIbáñez Fm.\nLa Liga Fm.\nLa Negra Fm.\nNacientes del Biobío Fm.\nNacientes del Teno Fm.\nPan de Azúcar Fm.\nTobífera Fm.\nTriassic\nCanto del Agua Fm.\nChoiyoi Gp.\nPanguipulli Fm.\nSanta Juana Fm.\nTralcán Fm.\nPaleozoic\nLlano de Chocolate Beds\nBatholiths\nCoastal central Chile\nElqui-Limarí\nFutrono-Riñihue\nNorth Patagonian\nPanguipulli\nSouth Patagonian\nVicuña Mackenna\nMetamorphic complexes\nBahía Mansa\nBelén\nChañaral\nChoapa\nChonos\nCordillera Darwin\nEastern Andes\nMejillones\nPuerto Edén\nPunta de Choros\nQuebrada del Carrizo\nTrafún\nTierra del Fuego\nFaults\nAtacama Fault\nBiobío-Aluminé Fault\nCachet Fault\nDomeyko Fault\nEl Arrayán Fault\nFutrono Fault\nGastre Fault\nLanalhue Fault\nLiquiñe-Ofqui Fault\nMagallanes-Fagnano Fault\nMocha-Villarrica Fault\nPichilemu Fault\nReigolil-Pirihueico Fault\nSan Ramón Fault\nValeriano Fault\n Geology portal • Chile portal","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg"},{"title":"Geology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geology"},{"title":"Chile portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chile"},{"title":"Cerro Ballena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Ballena"},{"title":"Elqui-Limarí Batholith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elqui-Limar%C3%AD_Batholith"},{"title":"Caleta Herradura Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleta_Herradura_Formation"},{"title":"Navidad Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidad_Formation"},{"title":"Pisco Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisco_Formation"}]
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[{"reference":"Le Roux, J.P.; Olivares, Danisa M.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Smith, Norman D.; Middleton, Heather; Fenner, Juliane; Ishman, Scott E. (2006). \"Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile\" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 184 (1–2): 133–153. Bibcode:2006SedG..184..133L. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023. Retrieved 11 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/124905/LeRoux_JP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_Geology_(journal)","url_text":"Sedimentary Geology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SedG..184..133L","url_text":"2006SedG..184..133L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2005.09.023","url_text":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023"}]},{"reference":"Staig, Felipe; Sebastián Hernández; Patricio López; Jaime A. Villafaña; Cristian Varas; Luis Patricio Soto, and Jorge D. Carrillo Briceño. 2015. Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/136058/Late-neogene-elasmobranch-fauna.pdf;sequence=1","url_text":"Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revista_Brasileira_de_Paleontologia&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coquimbo_Formation¶ms=30_20_21_S_71_32_03_W_","external_links_name":"30°20′21″S 71°32′03″W / 30.33917°S 71.53417°W / -30.33917; -71.53417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coquimbo_Formation¶ms=30_20_21_S_71_32_03_W_","external_links_name":"30°20′21″S 71°32′03″W / 30.33917°S 71.53417°W / -30.33917; -71.53417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coquimbo_Formation¶ms=30.1_S_70.3_W_","external_links_name":"30°06′S 70°18′W / 30.1°S 70.3°W / -30.1; -70.3"},{"Link":"http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/124905/LeRoux_JP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SedG..184..133L","external_links_name":"2006SedG..184..133L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2005.09.023","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023"},{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=56686","external_links_name":"Coquimbo"},{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=56460","external_links_name":"Bahia de Guayacan"},{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=73840","external_links_name":"Bahia Herradura"},{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=100310","external_links_name":"La Cantera"},{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=100178","external_links_name":"Chanaral de Aceituno"},{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=68271","external_links_name":"Tongoy area Unit 11"},{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=68264","external_links_name":"Tongoy area Unit 4"},{"Link":"http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/136058/Late-neogene-elasmobranch-fauna.pdf;sequence=1","external_links_name":"Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_sheep
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Portland sheep
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["1 History","2 Characteristics","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Breed of sheep
A Portland ram at Shipley, West Sussex, England
A Portland sheep in Orford Ness, Suffolk
The Portland is a sheep breed that takes its name from the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. This breed is raised primarily for meat.
History
Once common all over Dorset, the breed was once one of the rarest in Britain and is still at risk. It nearly became extinct in the 1970s, but has now recovered through efforts of dedicated breeders and the help of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. It is now listed as "at risk", being a minority breed. As one of the very old tan-faced breeds native to heathlands, the Portland was a primary contributor to the Dorset breed.
Fancy's Family Farm, a community farm on the Isle of Portland is home to the only flock of the Portland Sheep breed on the island.
Characteristics
The Portland is a small sheep, with a cream fleece and golden tan face and legs. Both sexes are horned: in the adult male the horns are heavy and form double spirals; in the female the horns are lighter and shorter, being a single crescent shape. The horns are cream-coloured, often having one or more thin black lines running along the horn lengthways. Lambs are born with a foxy-red coat which changes in the first few months to a creamy white.
The face is generally free of wool, but some sheep have a top knot of short wool. A distinctive feature is that they tend to have paler patches around the eyes, referred to as 'spectacles'. Both sexes have a broad muzzle, which is usually as pale as the 'spectacles'. Ewes tend to have a dished face, rather than a roman nose. The nose is usually black.
In adult sheep the front legs and the rear legs below the hocks are free of wool. The feet are mainly black. The meat has a more complex flavour than most commercial breeds, highly prized since the time of George III. They produce 2–3 kg. of 50's–60's down-quality wool with a staple length of 6–9 cm (2.5–3.5 in), which is suitable for hosiery and hand-knitting yarns.
This breed will sometimes breed out of season, and was the first breed of sheep in Britain able to have lambs at any time of the year.
See also
Cuisine of Dorset
References
^
"Portland/United Kingdom". Breed Data Sheet. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
^
"The fortunes of Portland sheep take a ewe turn". BBC. 11 September 2008.
^ a b
"Portland". Watchlist. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
^ a b Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2002). The encyclopedia of historic and endangered livestock and poultry breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08880-9.
^
"Portland". National Sheep Association - UK. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
^
"Portland". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Animal Science. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
^
"Portland". Sheep Breeds - O-P. Sheep101.info. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
External links
Portland Sheep Breeders Group
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Shetland
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Portland_ram_at_Shipley,_West_Sussex,_England.JPG"},{"link_name":"Shipley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipley,_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orford_Ness_-_Portland_Sheep_(14534764423).jpg"},{"link_name":"Orford Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_Ness"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"Isle of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DADIS-1"}],"text":"A Portland ram at Shipley, West Sussex, EnglandA Portland sheep in Orford Ness, SuffolkThe Portland is a sheep breed that takes its name from the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. This breed is raised primarily for meat.[1]","title":"Portland sheep"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rare Breeds Survival Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Breeds_Survival_Trust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbst-3"},{"link_name":"heathlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathland"},{"link_name":"Dorset breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_sheep"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-4"},{"link_name":"Fancy's Family Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy%27s_Family_Farm"}],"text":"Once common all over Dorset, the breed was once one of the rarest in Britain and is still at risk. It nearly became extinct in the 1970s, but has now recovered through efforts of dedicated breeders and the help of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust.[2] It is now listed as \"at risk\", being a minority breed.[3] As one of the very old tan-faced breeds native to heathlands, the Portland was a primary contributor to the Dorset breed.[4]Fancy's Family Farm, a community farm on the Isle of Portland is home to the only flock of the Portland Sheep breed on the island.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSA-5"},{"link_name":"roman nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_nose"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbst-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKState-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheep101-7"}],"text":"The Portland is a small sheep, with a cream fleece and golden tan face and legs. Both sexes are horned: in the adult male the horns are heavy and form double spirals; in the female the horns are lighter and shorter, being a single crescent shape. The horns are cream-coloured, often having one or more thin black lines running along the horn lengthways.[4] Lambs are born with a foxy-red coat which changes in the first few months to a creamy white.[5]The face is generally free of wool, but some sheep have a top knot of short wool. A distinctive feature is that they tend to have paler patches around the eyes, referred to as 'spectacles'. Both sexes have a broad muzzle, which is usually as pale as the 'spectacles'. Ewes tend to have a dished face, rather than a roman nose. The nose is usually black.In adult sheep the front legs and the rear legs below the hocks are free of wool. The feet are mainly black. The meat has a more complex flavour than most commercial breeds, highly prized since the time of George III.[3] They produce 2–3 kg. of 50's–60's down-quality wool with a staple length of 6–9 cm (2.5–3.5 in), which is suitable for hosiery and hand-knitting yarns.[6]This breed will sometimes breed out of season, and was the first breed of sheep in Britain able to have lambs at any time of the year.[7]","title":"Characteristics"}]
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[{"image_text":"A Portland ram at Shipley, West Sussex, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A_Portland_ram_at_Shipley%2C_West_Sussex%2C_England.JPG/220px-A_Portland_ram_at_Shipley%2C_West_Sussex%2C_England.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Portland sheep in Orford Ness, Suffolk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Orford_Ness_-_Portland_Sheep_%2814534764423%29.jpg/220px-Orford_Ness_-_Portland_Sheep_%2814534764423%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Cuisine of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Dorset"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Portland/United Kingdom\". Breed Data Sheet. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. Retrieved 4 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://dad.fao.org/","url_text":"\"Portland/United Kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"\"The fortunes of Portland sheep take a ewe turn\". BBC. 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2008/09/11/portland_sheep_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"The fortunes of Portland sheep take a ewe turn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland\". Watchlist. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124092418/http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep/portland","url_text":"\"Portland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Breeds_Survival_Trust","url_text":"Rare Breeds Survival Trust"},{"url":"http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep/portland","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2002). The encyclopedia of historic and endangered livestock and poultry breeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08880-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08880-9","url_text":"978-0-300-08880-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland\". National Sheep Association - UK. Retrieved 28 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalsheep.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=emailform&id=68","url_text":"\"Portland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portland\". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Animal Science. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206112217/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/portland/index.htm","url_text":"\"Portland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University","url_text":"Oklahoma State University"},{"url":"http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/portland/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland\". Sheep Breeds - O-P. Sheep101.info. Retrieved 28 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sheep101.info/breedsO-P.html#Portland","url_text":"\"Portland\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://dad.fao.org/","external_links_name":"\"Portland/United Kingdom\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2008/09/11/portland_sheep_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The fortunes of Portland sheep take a ewe turn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124092418/http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep/portland","external_links_name":"\"Portland\""},{"Link":"http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep/portland","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalsheep.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=emailform&id=68","external_links_name":"\"Portland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206112217/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/portland/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Portland\""},{"Link":"http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/portland/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sheep101.info/breedsO-P.html#Portland","external_links_name":"\"Portland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070516072525/http://www.portlandsheepbreeders.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Portland Sheep Breeders Group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Zoo
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Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden
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["1 History","2 Animals and exhibits","2.1 Elephant Reserve","2.2 P&G Discovery Forest","2.3 Eagle Eyrie","2.4 Reptile House","2.5 Gorilla World","2.6 Night Hunters","2.7 Cat Canyon","2.8 World of the Insect","2.9 Dragons!","2.10 Lemur Lookout","2.11 Wings of Wonder","2.12 Otto M. Budig Manatee Springs","2.13 Siegfried and Roy's White Lions of Timbavati","2.14 Rhino Reserve","2.15 Spaulding Children's Zoo","2.16 Gibbon Islands","2.17 Red Panda Habitat","2.18 Swan Lake","2.19 Wolf Woods","2.20 Lords of the Arctic","2.21 Jungle Trails","2.22 Birds of the World","2.23 Africa","2.24 Painted Dog Valley","2.25 Hippo Cove","2.26 Roo Valley","2.27 African Penguin Point","3 Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW)","4 \"More Home to Roam\" expansion campaign","5 Notable animals","5.1 Susie","5.2 Harambe","5.3 Fiona","5.4 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°08′42″N 84°30′29″W / 39.145°N 84.508°W / 39.145; -84.508Zoo in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden39°08′42″N 84°30′29″W / 39.145°N 84.508°W / 39.145; -84.508Date opened1875Location3400 Vine St, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.Land area75 acres (30 ha)No. of animals1,896No. of species500+Annual visitors1.2 million+MembershipsAZA, WAZAPublic transit access SORTAWebsitecincinnatizoo.org
The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden is the sixth oldest zoo in the United States, founded in 1873 and officially opening in 1875. It is located in the Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. It originally began with 64.5 acres (26.1 ha) in the middle of the city, but has spread into the neighboring blocks and several reserves in Cincinnati's outer suburbs. It was appointed as a National Historic Landmark in 1987.
The zoo houses over 500 species, 1,800 animals and 3,000 plant species. In addition, the zoo also has conducted several breeding programs in its history, and was the first to successfully breed California sea lions. In 1986, the Lindner Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW) was created to further the zoo's goal of conservation. The zoo is known for being the home of Martha, the last living passenger pigeon, and of Incas, the last living Carolina parakeet.
The zoo is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), and a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
A 2014 ranking of the nations's best zoos by USA Today based on data provided by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums lists the Cincinnati Zoo among the best in the country. A 2019 reader's choice ranking of the nation's best zoos by USA Today named the Cincinnati Zoo the top zoo in North America.
History
Entrance of the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens from the year of its opening in 1875
In 1872, three years before the zoo's creation, Andrew Erkenbrecher and several other residents created the Society for the Acclimatization of Birds in Cincinnati to acquire insect-eating birds to control a severe outbreak of caterpillars. A collection of approximately 1,000 birds imported from Europe in 1872 was housed in Burnet Woods before being released. In 1873, members of the Society of Acclimatization began discussing the idea of starting a zoo and founded The Zoological Society of Cincinnati. One year later, the Zoological Society of Cincinnati purchased a 99-year lease on 65 acres (26 ha) in the cow pasture known as Blakely Woods.
The Cincinnati Zoological Gardens officially opened its doors on September 18, 1875. Architect James W. McLaughlin, who constructed the zoo's first buildings, designed the earliest completed zoological exhibits in the United States. The zoo began with eight monkeys, two grizzly bears, three white-tailed deer, six raccoons, two elk, a buffalo, a laughing hyena, a tiger, an American alligator, a circus elephant, and over four hundred birds, including a talking crow. The first guide book about the Cincinnati Zoo was written in 1876 in German. The founders of the zoo, including its first general manager, were German immigrants and the city had quite a large German-speaking population. The first English-language edition (illustrated) was published in 1893.
Assistant Secretary Dan Tangherlini traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to help dedicate the nation's largest publicly accessible urban solar array and the 6,400 solar panels provide shaded parking for the Cincinnati Zoo's visitors and will produce about 20 percent of the Zoo's annual energy needs, 2011
In its first 20 years, the zoo experienced many financial difficulties, and despite selling 22 acres (8.9 ha) to pay off debt in 1886, it went into receivership in 1898. In order to prevent the zoo from being liquidated, the stockholders chose to give up their interests of the $225,000 they originally invested. For the next two years, the zoo was run under the Cincinnati Zoological Company as a business. In 1901, the Cincinnati Traction Company, purchased the zoo, hoping to use it as a way to market itself to potential customers. They operated the zoo until 1917, when the Cincinnati Zoological Park Association, funded by donations from philanthropists Mary Emery and Anna Sinton Taft and a wave of public desire to purchase the increasingly popular zoo, took over management. In 1932, the city purchased the zoo and started to run it through the Board of Park Commissioners. This marked the zoo's transition from its period of financial insecurity to its modern state of stable growth and fiscal stability.
In addition to its live animal exhibits, the zoo houses refreshments stands, a dance hall, roads, walkways, and picnic grounds. Between 1920 and 1972, the Cincinnati Summer Opera performed in an open-air pavilion and were broadcast by NBC radio.
In 1987, parts of the zoo were designated as a National Historic Landmark, the Cincinnati Zoo Historic Structures, due to their significant architecture featured in the Elephant House, the Reptile House, and the Passenger Pigeon Memorial.
Animals and exhibits
Elephant Reserve
Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) at the Elephant Reserve
The Herbivora building was constructed in 1906 for $50,000, a huge sum at the time. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, it is considered one of the most spectacular historic buildings in the zoo world. At 150 feet (46 m) long and 75 feet (23 m), this was the largest and most complete concrete animal building in the world, intended for hoofed animals. In 2000, the attraction became Vanishing Giants, featuring giraffes, okapis and elephants. From 2007 to 2008, the giraffe and okapi yards were renovated into a food court area and their respective species moved to other areas in the zoo. It has since undergone several renovations and is now Cincinnati Zoo's Elephant Reserve.
Today, Elephant Reserve is home to two subspecies of the Asian elephant in a four-acre (1.6 ha) exhibit with a 60,000 gallon pool in the female yard. The zoo has been trying to breed the two, but they have been unsuccessful since their last baby in 1998.
In the fall of 2024, the elephants will be moved to the Elephant Trek. Plans for the current Elephant Reserve have not been released to the public.
P&G Discovery Forest
Renovated in 1989, this classroom is used for live animal demonstrations for school groups and zoo visitors presented regularly during the summer. The building houses a few species, including a Linnaeus's two-toed sloths, blue-and-yellow macaws, and boa constrictors. It also contains many small animals used for demonstrations as part of the zoo’s visitor engagement program.
Eagle Eyrie
This flight cage opened in 1970 as one of the largest flight cages of its time. Originally containing bald eagles, these were moved elsewhere, and the exhibit currently features a Steller's sea eagle and an Andean condor.
Reptile House
Reptile House, built in 1875
The Reptile House is America's oldest surviving zoo building, built in 1875. Originally, it housed monkeys and other primates until 1951. Now, it is home to over 30 reptile species from around the world in both indoor and outdoor exhibits. Selected species include Chinese alligators, Gila monsters, brown anoles, emerald tree monitors, quince monitors, Pascagoula map turtles, pancake tortoises, spider tortoises, poison dart frogs, Titicaca water frogs, hellbenders, black rat snakes, corn snakes, rattlesnakes, pine snakes, king cobras, Indochinese spitting cobras, boa constrictors, emerald tree boas and West African Gaboon vipers. Neighboring the Reptile House are two outdoor exhibits featuring the Galápagos tortoises and bald eagles.
Gorilla World
This exhibit opened in 1978 as a naturalistic, rain forest habitat for the Cincinnati Zoo's western lowland gorillas. The Cincinnati Zoo leads the country in gorilla births with 48. Elle was the last gorilla born at the zoo in 2015. The zoo holds the record for having 6 gorilla births in one year in 1995. In this same year, one of their gorillas gave birth to the world's first test-tube gorilla. Near the gorilla exhibits, the zoo also features black-and-white colobus monkeys.
Night Hunters
A mother ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and her cub at the zoo
The Carnivora Building was built in 1952. In 1985, it was renovated to become the Cat House. From 2010 to 2011, it was renovated again to become the Night Hunters exhibit. It is home to many nocturnal and/or predatory animals previously found in other exhibits throughout the zoo, including aardvarks, aardwolves, binturong, black-footed cats, fishing cats, common vampire bats, fennec foxes, Indian flying foxes, northern greater galagos, large-spotted genets, ocelots, Pallas's cats, ringtails, sand cats and tawny frogmouths. During the day, lights inside the building are kept very low to allow visitors to view the animals in their natural nocturnal habitats.
Cat Canyon
Cat Canyon links the Night Hunters experience with the former Tiger Canyon area to include new exhibits for cougars, Malayan tigers, and snow leopards. Cat Canyon provides an exciting, sensory adventure into the world of the great feline predators while strengthening the Zoo's commitment to the conservation of threatened species through education and scientific research in the wild and at the zoo. Included at the end of this trail is an exhibit housing Eurasian eagle-owls.
World of the Insect
Eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea microptera) at the World of the Insect exhibit
Opened in 1978, this is the largest building in North America devoted to the display of live insects. The Cincinnati Zoo has been given four awards by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association for successful propagation of insects, and World of the Insect received the prized American Zoo and Aquarium Association exhibit award in 1979. This building also features the longest ant exhibit in the world, housing colonies of leafcutter ants. Some of its species include Antilles pinktoe tarantulas, Brazilian whiteknee tarantulas, dragon-headed katydids, Eastern lubber grasshoppers, marbled crayfish, Texas bullet ants and water scorpions.
Dragons!
This building features five species of colorful monitor lizards ranging from Southeast Asia and Australia. In the past, this exhibit housed other animal species until the zoo received the largest Komodo dragon to ever live in captivity in the Western Hemisphere, named Naga. He was a gift from George H. W. Bush from the Indonesian Government. The Cincinnati Zoo was the second U.S. zoo to exhibit Komodo dragons and the second zoo to breed them outside of Indonesia. The exhibit was renovated in 2009 and opened in June 2010. A few other species of lizards such as armadillo girdled lizards, blue tree monitors and Nile monitors are also housed in this complex.
Lemur Lookout
This open-aired exhibit was built in 1962 as Baboon Island and renovated as Ibex Island. It allows guests to look down at some of the zoo's ring-tailed lemurs on a 30-foot (9.1 m) tall, man-made rock with many lush and shady areas, surrounded by a small stream.
Wings of Wonder
Wings of Wonder is an educational live show featuring different species of birds.
Otto M. Budig Manatee Springs
Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at the zoo
Manatee Springs, a $4,500,000 attraction, opened on May 21, 1999, and was awarded the Munson Aquatic Conservation Exhibitry Award and a Significant Achievement Exhibit Award from the American Zoo and Aquarium Association in 2000. The sights, sounds, and smells of Florida greet visitors as they enter Manatee Springs. Close-up viewing on both dry land, as well as dramatic underwater viewing of over 45 magnificent species provide an exciting experience for every Zoo visitor.
Manatee Springs facilities include a greenhouse (304 m2) and an exhibit building (1035 m2). The entire facility (1339 m2) includes 171 m2 (1,900 ft²) of staff and support areas and 369m² (4,100 ft²) of filtration equipment space on two levels. The manatee tank is 120,000 gallons with 3 viewing areas including a bubble window. In addition to the central exhibit with Florida manatees, other Florida species are featured, including American alligators, American crocodiles, alligator gars, alligator snapping turtles, coastal plain cooters, loggerhead musk turtles, greater sirens, two-toed amphiumas and the invasive Burmese python.
Siegfried and Roy's White Lions of Timbavati
This exhibit opened as Big Cat Canyon in 1975, containing three one-year old White tigers. In February and in August 1988, the Zoo attained rare white lion cubs donated to the zoo by Siegfried and Roy. These lions successfully bred four offspring in April 2001, but as of May 2022, they all died, and their exhibit now contains Bennett's wallabies.
Rhino Reserve
Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) at the zoo
Built in 1935 as the African Veldt with large hoofed animals, the series of exhibits was renovated in 1997 to become Rhino Reserve. This area is home to Flamingo Cove with over twenty greater flamingos. The Cincinnati Zoo ranks as a U.S. leader in breeding eastern black rhinos with eighteen births over the course of their existence. Other featured species include okapi, yellow-backed duiker, plains zebra, eastern bongo, and Visayan warty pigs.
On July 17, 2017, a black rhino calf, Kendi, was born to parents Faru and Seyia. Kendi's birth was captured on camera and can be viewed on the zoo's website. Curator of mammals at the zoo, Christina Gorsuch states, "This calf is only the fifth eastern black rhino born in the last two years in North America." She goes on to say "Every rhino calf born is incredibly important for the population, which includes fewer than 60 in North America. Calves will stay with their mothers for 3–4 years which means that the average female can only have one calf every 5 years." In 2015, AZA and Species Survival Plan (SSP) determined that parents Faru and Seyia were a good genetic match and recommended that they breed. Faru came to Cincinnati from Atlanta in the summer of 2015 and was introduced to Seyia.
Spaulding Children's Zoo
Renovated in 1984–1985, 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of exhibits that feature common barnyard animals, animals of the eastern American woodlands, and animals of the southwest American desert such as alpacas, llamas, Nigerian Dwarf goats, Juliana pigs, guinea pigs as well as Brazilian porcupines, radiated tortoises and southern tamanduas. There is a nursery where guests can see either babies born at the zoo or babies that came to the zoo. Volunteers and keepers bring a certain harmless animal out everyday for guests to be able to touch, and learn more about them. Lucille, a two-year old binturong, is the ambassador for the Cincinnati Bearcats, there is also a Virginia opossum named Opal who was rescued in Northern Ohio in early 2023, she was brought to the zoo to educate guests about the importance of local wildlife.
Gibbon Islands
Completed in 1972, Gibbon Islands occupies the former location of the old Opera Pavilion. (From 1920 to 1971, the Cincinnati Zoo was home to the Cincinnati Opera Summer Festival.) These two islands are surrounded by water that flows from Swan Lake. Bamboo exercise bars are the stage for yellow-cheeked gibbons and siamangs who entertain visitors with their acrobatic antics and loud whooping calls while climbing on their giant jungle gyms.
Red Panda Habitat
A red panda taking a stroll at the zoo
Opened in 1985, this naturalistic woodland landscape includes many native Chinese plant species to simulate the natural forest habitat of the red panda. One pair of red pandas was a gift to the Cincinnati Zoo from the Beijing Zoo in China. These lavish exhibits are opened aired, connected by a small flowing stream under low elevated bridge. It also provides many tall trees for the five pandas to relax and sleep on.
Swan Lake
This big body of water takes up a lot of the zoo's ground near the entrance. The Cincinnati Zoo was the first place to exhibit and breed red-crowned cranes, trumpeter swans, wood ducks and various other waterfowl species are kept here.
Wolf Woods
Wolf Woods opened in 2005 after a renovation of Otter Creek. After another renovation in the summer of 2011, the second section focuses on the conservation story of the Mexican gray wolf native to the southwestern United States. Here, a rustic, historical trapper's cabin has been converted into a Mexican wolf field research station. Other species include the gray foxes, North American river otters, and barred owls.
Lords of the Arctic
Lords of the Arctic opened in 2000, housing species representing northern parts of the world in a 21,000 sq ft (2,000 m2) attraction. Originally housing polar bears; the last individual having died in 2021, the exhibit also features Arctic foxes. According to the zoo's master plan, the exhibit will be retooled to house North American wildlife, along with American black bears and sea otters in 2024.
Jungle Trails
Sumatran orangutan in a tree at the zoo
Jungle Trails takes visitors through a 2.5-acre (1.0 ha) naturalized rain forest habitat, teeming with rare and exotic wildlife and hundreds of plant species from Asia, South America, and Africa. Each region in the exhibit is divided by outdoor and indoor habitats with enjoyable viewing of the Zoo's collection of rare primates birds, reptiles, insects, small mammals.
The attraction received the AZA prestigious exhibit award in 1994, a year after it opened. First, a series of outdoor exhibits features Sumatran orangutans, white-handed gibbons, Müller's gibbons, helmeted curassows and blue-throated macaws. Next, an indoor building houses pygmy slow loris, golden-headed lion tamarins, and white-faced sakis, in addition to indoor housing for the orangutans and gibbons. Further on, another series of outdoor exhibits features black howlers, bonobos, Coquerel's sifakas, and Angola colobuses. The second building features West African pottos, and an aye-aye.
Birds of the World
Chestnut-mandibled toucan (Ramphastos ambiguus swainsonii)
King Penguins marching through the zoo
Birds of the World features a wide-variety of bird species from throughout the entire world, including a selection of aviaries that guests can enter to get up close and personal. Birds housed include Bali mynas, boat-billed herons, buff-crested bustards, Guam rails, Inca terns, masked lapwings, sunbitterns, thick-billed parrots, penguins and puffins.
(outside)
Salmon-crested cockatoo
Cape Barren goose
Major Mitchell's cockatoo
(inside)
South America: Scarlet ibis, Sunbittern, Boat-billed heron, Southern lapwing, Peruvian pigeon, Cattle egret, Blue-grey tanager, Red-capped cardinal, Yellow-rumped cacique, Inca tern, Guira cuckoo, Matamata turtle
Blue-faced honeyeater, Asian fairy bluebird
Australasia: Bali mynah, White-breasted woodswallow, Guam rail, White-naped pheasant pigeon, Nicobar pigeon, Masked lapwing, Shama thrush, Collared finchbill, Blue-crowned laughingthrush
Mexico: Thick-billed parrot
African Savannah: Buff-crested bustard, Golden-breasted starling, Red-and-yellow barbet, Yellow-fronted canary, Crested coua
Southeast Asia: Rhinoceros hornbill
Northern Oceans: Atlantic puffin, Pigeon guillemot, Common murre, Smew, Common eider, King eider, Harlequin duck, Horned puffin
Southern Oceans: King penguin, Magellanic penguin, Southern rockhopper penguin, Chiloe wigeon, Black-faced ibis
Free Flight Aviary: Victoria crowned pigeon, Ruddy shelduck, Chestnut-bellied malkoha, Magpie goose, Lady Ross's turaco, Red-legged seriema, Pied imperial pigeon, Ring-billed gull
Africa
Cleo the Serval demonstrates reaching for prey
Two cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) tracking scents
The 27,000 sq ft (2,500 m2) $1.6 million Dobsa Giraffe Ridge opened on June 6, 2008, and allows guests to feed Masai giraffes from a tall elevated platform. Guests can also view the giraffes in their indoor 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) stalls especially during winter.
In the 2010s the zoo built an eight-acre (3.2 ha) Africa exhibit, the largest animal exhibit in its history. Phases I and II, completed in 2010, added an exhibit for cranes and expanded the Cheetah Encounter yard so that the cheetahs had a 40% larger running space. Phase III opened on June 29, 2013, and included a wider vista that offers visitors an opportunity to see African lions, servals, a bat-eared fox, African wild dogs, and a new cheetah exhibit. A new Base Camp Café, said to be the greenest restaurant in the US, was also added in the 2013 season.
Phase IV, the largest phase of the Africa expansion, opened on June 28, 2014. It introduced a wide savanna with common ostriches, crested guineafowl, pink-backed pelicans, Rüppell's vultures, lappet-faced vultures, and grey crowned cranes.
Phase V, the final phase of the expansion, opened on July 23, 2016, adding an area for Nile hippos, Hippo Cove, which provides both above and below-water viewing. A 34-year-old male named Henry from the Dickerson Park Zoo and a 17-year-old female named Bibi from the St. Louis Zoo joined the zoo. On the morning of January 24, 2017, Bibi gave birth to a six-weeks premature calf.
Fiona in Hippo Cove
The baby female hippo, named Fiona by zoo staff, is the first hippo to be born at the zoo in 75 years. Fiona was also the first Nile hippo to ever be captured on an ultrasound image. After intensive care from zoo keepers, veterinarians, and NICU specialists at Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Fiona survived. The story of her trials and success made her an internet celebrity and city hero, and has dramatically increased zoo attendance. Henry's health declined later in 2017 and he was euthanized on October 31. On September 6, 2021, a 19-year-old male named Tucker from the San Francisco Zoo joined the zoo. On August 24, 2022, Bibi gave birth to another calf which weighed roughly 60 pounds. This calf's was named Fritz, which was decided through a public vote.
Painted Dog Valley
African painted dog at the zoo
African painted dog
Meerkat
Hippo Cove
Hippopotamus
Nile tilapia
Roo Valley
In August 2020, the Cincinnati Zoo finished the first part of their master plan "More Home To Roam". They turned their old Wildlife Canyon exhibit (former home of the critically endangered Sumatran rhino) into an exhibit called Roo Valley, the exhibit features the Zoo's first-ever kangaroo walkabout, with a new beer garden and restaurant, a big rope course over the habitat, and provides the largest outdoor little penguin habitat. Roo Valley adds five new species to the zoo as well, including red and western grey kangaroos, Australian wood ducks, New Zealand scaups and freckled ducks, the latter three species living side by side with the little penguins.
African Penguin Point
In September 2020, the Cincinnati Zoo finished the second part of the master plan. They turned their old sea lion habitat, sometimes referred to as "Seal Falls" until the passing of Duke the California sea lion in 2019, into a bigger exhibit for their African penguins, increasing their breeding success rate, while at the same time including some other African sea birds like the white-breasted cormorants, great white pelicans, and yellow-billed ducks.
Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW)
The Cincinnati Zoo has been active in breeding animals to help save species, starting as early as 1880 with the first hatching of a trumpeter swan in a zoo, as well as four passenger pigeons. This was followed in 1882 with the first American bison born in captivity.
In 1986, the zoo established the Carl H. Lindner Jr. Family Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife for the purpose of using science and technology to understand, preserve, and propagate endangered flora and fauna and facilitate the conservation of global biodiversity.
Its Frozen Zoo plays a major role. In it are stored over 2,500 specimens representing approximately 60 animal and 65 plant species.
Terri Roth is CREW's director.
The successful breeding programs have earned the zoo nicknames like "the world's sexiest zoo" and "sexiest zoo in America".
"More Home to Roam" expansion campaign
Rothschild's giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) at the zoo
In 2018 the zoo launched an expansion campaign named "More Home to Roam" with the goal of raising $150 million to be used on developing new attractions and infrastructure. The zoo opened the Roo Valley and African Penguin Point in summer of 2020, and they have plans to renovate the Lords of the Arctic area to bring back the black bears and introduce sea otters. The Rhino Reserve renovations and a 1,800 vehicle parking garage will hopefully be open by 2023, Elephant Trek will open in fall of 2024, and the old elephant exhibit will be changed into Giraffe Junction, where they will repair the concreate dome, replace the roof, install new windows, adding a new garden area, and a habitat for giraffes. The plan also includes a new entrance to facilitate traffic into the zoo. The additions are also aimed at making the zoo net zero in terms of waste, water, and energy, making the facilities waste free.
Philanthropists Harry and Linda Fath contributed $50 million to the campaign in June 2018. Previous expansion efforts, such as the Africa exhibit and gorilla exhibit, cost $34 million and $18 million respectively.
As result on the COVID-19 pandemic, the zoo tabled its original plan to build a parking garage and bumped Elephant Trek to the top of the priority list. On June 15, 2021, the Zoo Broke ground on the Biggest Habitat in Zoo History: Elephant Trek; The Elephant Trek will be five times the size of the Zoo's current elephant habitat, is slated to open in summer of 2024 and will eventually be home to a multi-generational herd of 8–10 Asian elephants. The exhibit will also include Siamang’s Point, a hornbill exhibit, and Asian small-clawed otters for the Clawed River Otter Habitat and the New Picnic Shelter Complex.
Notable animals
Animals at the zoo have held several records, including the longest living American alligator in captivity at the time (at about 70 years of age), the fastest cheetah in captivity, and the largest Komodo dragon. The zoo was the first in the United States to put an aye-aye on display, and after losing its last aye-aye in 1993, it finally acquired another in 2011 – a six-year old transferred from the Duke Lemur Center in North Carolina.
The zoo is one of only a dozen in North America to house and breed bonobos (also known as pygmy chimpanzees), an endangered species of the great apes.
On January 6 and 7, the zoo celebrated the birth of its first babies of 2020. Two penguin chicks hatched, one each day.
Susie
Susie on a postcard
In 1931, Robert J. Sullivan permanently loaned the zoo a female eastern gorilla named Susie. Captured in the Belgian Congo, Susie was first sold to a group of French explorers who sent her to France. In August 1929, Susie was transported from Europe to the United States aboard the airship Graf Zeppelin accompanied by William Dressman. After Susie completed a tour through the United States and Canada with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus,
Sullivan purchased Susie for $4,500 and loaned her to the zoo. Dressman, who stayed on as Susie's trainer after she was loaned to the zoo, taught her how eat with a knife and fork and orchestrated two performances every day. Susie was so popular that on her birthday on August 7, 1936, more than 16,000 visitors flocked to the zoo. Susie remained one of the most popular animals at the zoo until her death on October 29, 1947. Her body was donated to the University of Cincinnati, where her skeleton remained on display until it was destroyed in a fire in 1974.
Harambe
Main article: Harambe
On May 28, 2016, Harambe, a 17-year-old, 200-kilogram (440 lb) male western lowland gorilla, was fatally shot by zoo officials after a three-year-old boy climbed into Harambe's enclosure. The incident was recorded by a bystander and uploaded to YouTube, where the video went viral. Zoo director Thane Maynard stated, "The child was being dragged around ... His head was banging on concrete. This was not a gentle thing. The child was at risk." The shooting was controversial, with some observers stating that it was not clear whether or not Harambe was likely to harm the child. Others called for the boy's parents and/or the zoo to be held accountable for the gorilla's death.
The boy was transported to the hospital with non-life-threatening injuries after being rescued. Police investigated possible criminal charges, while the parents of the boy defended the zoo's actions. The incident received global publicity; comedian and actor Ricky Gervais, rock guitarist and astrophysicist Brian May, and journalist and television personality Piers Morgan criticized the shooting, while real estate developer and then-presidential candidate Donald Trump and zoo director and notable animal expert Jack Hanna both lamented the shooting but defended the zoo's decision to prioritize the boy's safety.
Fiona
Main article: Fiona (hippopotamus)
In January 2017, the zoo had its first birth of a hippopotamus in 75 years. Named Fiona, she was born six weeks prematurely and her survival was in doubt. At the time of her birth, she weighed only 29 pounds, which was 25 pounds less than the lowest recorded birthweight for her species. The zoo's efforts to save her and her subsequent improvement to good health provided a viral sensation on the internet. At the age of four, Fiona weighed 1,600 pounds.
Gallery
Various tulips in the gardens
Japanese macaques on one of the zoo's "monkey islands"
Bald eagle at the zoo
Gorilla at the zoo
White tiger
Indian Peafowl
Lions in an exhibit
Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi
Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus)
Good Red River Hog with trainer
Solar panel canopies over parking lots
See also
Binti Jua
Cincinnati Zoo Historic Structures
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States
Sarah (cheetah)
Martha (passenger pigeon)
Incas (Carolina parakeet)
References
^ Baird, David; et al. (February 17, 2009). Frommer's USA. John Wiley & Sons. p. 491. ISBN 9780470458938. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g
"History, Mission, and Vision". cincinnatizoo.org. Cincinnati Zoo. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ a b
"Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums". aza.org. AZA. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ a b
"Zoos and Aquariums of the World". waza.org. WAZA. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ a b c d
"Cincinnati Zoo". cincinnativiews.net. Don Prout. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "The last Carolina Parakeet". John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove. December 22, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
^ "Best US Zoos: 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards". 10best.com. May 21, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
^ "Best zoo in North America? Readers choose Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden". USA Today 10 Best. USA Today. May 3, 2019.
^ a b c Gale, Oliver M. (Summer 1975). "The Cincinnati Zoo: 100 Years of Trial and Triumph" (PDF). Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin. 33 (2): 86–119. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2018 – via Cincinnati History Library and Archives.
^ Rolfes, Steven (October 29, 2012). Cincinnati Landmarks. Arcadia Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 9780738593951. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
^
Painter, Sue Ann (2006). Architecture In Cincinnati. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1701-0.
^
Solski, Leszek (2006). "The Zoo and Aquarium Guide Book: Its Evolution and Uncertain Future". International Zoo News. 53 (5): 260–273.
^ "Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden – Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ "Reptile House Archives – Cincinnati Zoo".
^ "Rare Glimpse of Cincinnati Zoo Rhino Birth and First Wobbly Steps Caught on Video! – The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden". The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. July 18, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ Rivers, Corrine (September 12, 2021). "Cincinnati Zoo's bearcat Lucille celebrates her second birthday". fox19.com. Gray Media Group. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ "Black Bears and Sea Otters Coming to Cincinnati Zoo". June 23, 2023.
^ "Africa Exhibit Website". Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
^ "Phase 1 of Africa Savannah Opens Saturday". Facebook. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
^ "Ohio zoo readies Africa exhibit". Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
^ "Cincinnati Zoo's restaurant greenest in United States". USA Today. June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
^ a b "Painted Dog Valley Now Open at the Cincinnati Zoo". July 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
^ "Cincinnati Zoo opens new $7.5 million hippo exhibit". Springfield News-Leader. Associated Press. July 23, 2016.
^ a b "Cincinnati Zoo Mourns Loss of Henry the Hippo". Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden blog. October 31, 2017.
^ "Hippo Baby Arrives Six Weeks Early". Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden blog. January 24, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
^ "Meet Fiona, the Cincinnati Zoo's $2,000 Baby Hippo". moneyish.com. July 20, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^ Sanderson, Emily (September 7, 2022). "On this date: Tucker joined the hippo bloat one year ago at the Cincinnati Zoo". WLWT. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "New Cincinnati Zoo hippo is named 'Fritz'". journal-news. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Hello Fritz!". Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden®. August 15, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Steigerwald, Shauna (November 28, 2016). "Ipuh the rhino makes science, history and grandkids". The Enquirer. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ Sue Manning (July 28, 2010). "Heat brings out the cool in zoos across the nation". NBC News. The Associated Press. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
^ John Johnston (November 11, 2012). "Did the world's sexiest zoo get too sexy?". usatoday.com. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
^ "Cincinnati Zoo to transform habitats with $50 million donation". daytondailynews. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ a b "Cincinnati Zoo to Open New Australia-Themed Area". CityBeat Cincinnati. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ Brunsman, Barrett J. (June 7, 2018). "Cincinnati businessman gives $50M to zoo". Cincinnati Business Journal. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
^ "Meet Harry and Linda Fath. They just made the biggest donation ever to the Cincinnati Zoo". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
^ "Cincinnati Zoo Breaks Ground on Biggest Habitat in Zoo History – Elephant Trek". Cincinnati Zoo. June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
^ Curley, Michelle (June 16, 2021). "More Home To Roam Update" (PDF). Cincinnati Zoo. pp. 5, 11. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
^ "Every Day is Amazing at the Cincinnati Zoo". cincinnatizoo.org. Cincinnati Zoo. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Zoo's babies are a year-round thing". news.cincinnati.com. Cincinnati.com. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ Bray, Shasta. "Re-interpreting Jungle Trails to Engage Families". Cincinnati Zoo Blog. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
^ "WATCH: First zoo babies of 2020 arrive with birth of penguin chicks". fox19.com. January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
^ a b c Joy W. Kraft, The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2010), 72.
^ “Susie, Cincy Zoo’s Gorilla, Near Death,” The Billboard 59, no. 43 (November 1, 1947): 57.
^ a b "Cincy Zoo’s Susie Dies; Local Paper Plans Replacement," The Billboard 59, no. 44 (November 8, 1947): 53.
^ Joy W. Kraft,The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2010), 72–74.
^ Ohio Writers' Program, Cincinnati; A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors, (Cincinnati: Wiesen-Hart Press, 1943), 350.
^ ”8,000 at Cincinnati Attend Party for Susie, the Gorilla,” The Milwaukee Journal, August 3, 1936: 8.
^ Joy W. Kraft,The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2010), 72–75.
^ Joy W. Kraft,The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub, 2010), 76.
^ Newman, James L (2013). Encountering gorillas: a chronicle of discovery, exploitation, understanding, and survival. Lanham, Maryland, US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-4422-1957-1.
^ Cincinnati zoo kills gorilla to save boy who fell into enclosure on YouTube
^ McPhate, Kate (May 30, 2016). "Zoo's Killing of Gorilla Holding a Boy Prompts Outrage". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
^ Ralph, Ellis; Rose, Rashard (May 29, 2016). "Gorilla shot to save child at Cincinnati zoo". CNN. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
^ "Gorilla Killed After Child Enters Enclosure at Cincinnati Zoo". The New York Times. May 30, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
^ a b "Zoo faces backlash over decision to shoot gorilla dead after boy, 4, fell into enclosure". Evening Standard. May 29, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
^ "Killed Gorilla Seemed to Protect Child Who Fell in Enclosure: Witness". NBC News. May 29, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
^ "Gorilla shot dead in zoo: Killing unnecessary, primate expert says – Video". NewsComAu. May 30, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
^ Grinberg, Emanuella (May 29, 2016). "Critics blame parents, Cincinnati Zoo for gorilla's death". CNN. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
^ "Gorilla killing at Cincinnati zoo sparks probe into possible criminal charges". Reuters. June 2016. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016.
^ "Mother of boy who fell into zoo enclosure lashes out at critics". News Corp.
^ John Shammas (June 1, 2016). "Astonishing new footage shows gorilla 'PROTECTING' boy and holding his hand before being shot dead". Daily Mirror.
^ Chris Graham (May 31, 2016). "Celebrities joins backlash over shooting of Harambe the gorilla – but Ohio zoo defends decision". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
^ Eliana Dockterman (May 31, 2016). "Donald Trump Defends Cincinnati Zoo's Shooting of Harambe the Gorilla". Time. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
^ "Cincinnati Zoo's beloved hippo Fiona celebrates 5th birthday". February 2022.
^ Kevin Tidmarsh (July 24, 2017). "While Fighting The Odds, Fiona The Hippo Became A Social Media Star". Morning Edition. NPR.
^ Sarah Brookbank (January 21, 2021). "Happy Birthday Fiona! 4 iconic moments of Cincinnati Zoo's world-famous hippo who turns 4". cincinnati.com. Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Cincinnati Zoological Gardens.
Official website
Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden on zooinstitutes.com
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It is located in the Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. It originally began with 64.5 acres (26.1 ha) in the middle of the city, but has spread into the neighboring blocks and several reserves in Cincinnati's outer suburbs. It was appointed as a National Historic Landmark in 1987.[2][5]The zoo houses over 500 species, 1,800 animals and 3,000 plant species. In addition, the zoo also has conducted several breeding programs in its history, and was the first to successfully breed California sea lions. In 1986, the Lindner Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW) was created to further the zoo's goal of conservation.[2] The zoo is known for being the home of Martha, the last living passenger pigeon,[5] and of Incas, the last living Carolina parakeet.[6]The zoo is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA),[3] and a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).[4]A 2014 ranking of the nations's best zoos by USA Today based on data provided by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums lists the Cincinnati Zoo among the best in the country.[7] A 2019 reader's choice ranking of the nation's best zoos by USA Today named the Cincinnati Zoo the top zoo in North America.[8]","title":"Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cincinnati_Zoo_Eingang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burnet Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet_Woods"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"James W. 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A collection of approximately 1,000 birds imported from Europe in 1872 was housed in Burnet Woods before being released. In 1873, members of the Society of Acclimatization began discussing the idea of starting a zoo and founded The Zoological Society of Cincinnati.[9] One year later, the Zoological Society of Cincinnati purchased a 99-year lease on 65 acres (26 ha) in the cow pasture known as Blakely Woods.[10]The Cincinnati Zoological Gardens officially opened its doors on September 18, 1875. Architect James W. McLaughlin, who constructed the zoo's first buildings, designed the earliest completed zoological exhibits in the United States.[11] The zoo began with eight monkeys, two grizzly bears, three white-tailed deer, six raccoons, two elk, a buffalo, a laughing hyena, a tiger, an American alligator, a circus elephant, and over four hundred birds, including a talking crow.[2] The first guide book about the Cincinnati Zoo was written in 1876 in German. The founders of the zoo, including its first general manager, were German immigrants and the city had quite a large German-speaking population. The first English-language edition (illustrated) was published in 1893.[12]Assistant Secretary Dan Tangherlini traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to help dedicate the nation's largest publicly accessible urban solar array and the 6,400 solar panels provide shaded parking for the Cincinnati Zoo's visitors and will produce about 20 percent of the Zoo's annual energy needs, 2011In its first 20 years, the zoo experienced many financial difficulties, and despite selling 22 acres (8.9 ha) to pay off debt in 1886, it went into receivership in 1898. In order to prevent the zoo from being liquidated, the stockholders chose to give up their interests of the $225,000 they originally invested.[9] For the next two years, the zoo was run under the Cincinnati Zoological Company as a business. In 1901, the Cincinnati Traction Company, purchased the zoo, hoping to use it as a way to market itself to potential customers.[13] They operated the zoo until 1917, when the Cincinnati Zoological Park Association, funded by donations from philanthropists Mary Emery and Anna Sinton Taft and a wave of public desire to purchase the increasingly popular zoo, took over management. In 1932, the city purchased the zoo and started to run it through the Board of Park Commissioners. This marked the zoo's transition from its period of financial insecurity to its modern state of stable growth and fiscal stability.[9]In addition to its live animal exhibits, the zoo houses refreshments stands, a dance hall, roads, walkways, and picnic grounds. Between 1920 and 1972, the Cincinnati Summer Opera performed in an open-air pavilion and were broadcast by NBC radio.In 1987, parts of the zoo were designated as a National Historic Landmark, the Cincinnati Zoo Historic Structures, due to their significant architecture featured in the Elephant House, the Reptile House, and the Passenger Pigeon Memorial.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AsianElephants_CincinnatiZoo.jpg"},{"link_name":"giraffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe"},{"link_name":"okapis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi"},{"link_name":"elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"Asian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant"}],"sub_title":"Elephant Reserve","text":"Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) at the Elephant ReserveThe Herbivora building was constructed in 1906 for $50,000, a huge sum at the time. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, it is considered one of the most spectacular historic buildings in the zoo world. At 150 feet (46 m) long and 75 feet (23 m), this was the largest and most complete concrete animal building in the world, intended for hoofed animals. In 2000, the attraction became Vanishing Giants, featuring giraffes, okapis and elephants. From 2007 to 2008, the giraffe and okapi yards were renovated into a food court area and their respective species moved to other areas in the zoo. It has since undergone several renovations and is now Cincinnati Zoo's Elephant Reserve.Today, Elephant Reserve is home to two subspecies of the Asian elephant in a four-acre (1.6 ha) exhibit with a 60,000 gallon pool in the female yard. The zoo has been trying to breed the two, but they have been unsuccessful since their last baby in 1998.In the fall of 2024, the elephants will be moved to the Elephant Trek. Plans for the current Elephant Reserve have not been released to the public.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linnaeus's two-toed sloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_two-toed_sloth"},{"link_name":"blue-and-yellow macaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-and-yellow_macaw"},{"link_name":"boa constrictors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa_constrictor"}],"sub_title":"P&G Discovery Forest","text":"Renovated in 1989, this classroom is used for live animal demonstrations for school groups and zoo visitors presented regularly during the summer. The building houses a few species, including a Linnaeus's two-toed sloths, blue-and-yellow macaws, and boa constrictors. It also contains many small animals used for demonstrations as part of the zoo’s visitor engagement program.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bald eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"Steller's sea eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_eagle"},{"link_name":"Andean condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_condor"}],"sub_title":"Eagle Eyrie","text":"This flight cage opened in 1970 as one of the largest flight cages of its time. Originally containing bald eagles, these were moved elsewhere, and the exhibit currently features a Steller's sea eagle and an Andean condor.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cincinnati_Zoo_-_Reptile_House_View_4.JPG"},{"link_name":"Reptile House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Zoo_Historic_Structures"},{"link_name":"Chinese alligators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alligator"},{"link_name":"Gila monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_monster"},{"link_name":"brown anoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_anole"},{"link_name":"emerald tree monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_tree_monitor"},{"link_name":"quince monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quince_monitor"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula map turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula_map_turtle"},{"link_name":"pancake tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_tortoise"},{"link_name":"spider tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_tortoise"},{"link_name":"poison dart frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_dart_frog"},{"link_name":"Titicaca water frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmatobius_culeus"},{"link_name":"hellbenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbender"},{"link_name":"black rat snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rat_snake"},{"link_name":"corn snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_snake"},{"link_name":"rattlesnakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake"},{"link_name":"pine snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituophis_melanoleucus"},{"link_name":"king cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cobra"},{"link_name":"Indochinese spitting cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_spitting_cobra"},{"link_name":"boa constrictors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa_constrictor"},{"link_name":"emerald tree boas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_tree_boa"},{"link_name":"West African Gaboon vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitis_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Galápagos tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelonoidis_niger_microphyes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Reptile House","text":"Reptile House, built in 1875The Reptile House is America's oldest surviving zoo building, built in 1875. Originally, it housed monkeys and other primates until 1951. Now, it is home to over 30 reptile species from around the world in both indoor and outdoor exhibits. Selected species include Chinese alligators, Gila monsters, brown anoles, emerald tree monitors, quince monitors, Pascagoula map turtles, pancake tortoises, spider tortoises, poison dart frogs, Titicaca water frogs, hellbenders, black rat snakes, corn snakes, rattlesnakes, pine snakes, king cobras, Indochinese spitting cobras, boa constrictors, emerald tree boas and West African Gaboon vipers. Neighboring the Reptile House are two outdoor exhibits featuring the Galápagos tortoises and bald eagles.[14]","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"western lowland gorillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla"},{"link_name":"black-and-white colobus monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantled_guereza"}],"sub_title":"Gorilla World","text":"This exhibit opened in 1978 as a naturalistic, rain forest habitat for the Cincinnati Zoo's western lowland gorillas. The Cincinnati Zoo leads the country in gorilla births with 48. Elle was the last gorilla born at the zoo in 2015. The zoo holds the record for having 6 gorilla births in one year in 1995. In this same year, one of their gorillas gave birth to the world's first test-tube gorilla. Near the gorilla exhibits, the zoo also features black-and-white colobus monkeys.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocelot_and_Cub_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"ocelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot"},{"link_name":"aardvarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark"},{"link_name":"aardwolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf"},{"link_name":"binturong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong"},{"link_name":"black-footed cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_cat"},{"link_name":"fishing cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_cat"},{"link_name":"common vampire bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_vampire_bat"},{"link_name":"fennec foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennec_fox"},{"link_name":"Indian flying foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_flying_fox"},{"link_name":"northern greater galagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_greater_galago"},{"link_name":"large-spotted genets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_genet"},{"link_name":"ocelots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot"},{"link_name":"Pallas's cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat"},{"link_name":"ringtails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtail"},{"link_name":"sand cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cat"},{"link_name":"tawny frogmouths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_frogmouth"}],"sub_title":"Night Hunters","text":"A mother ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and her cub at the zooThe Carnivora Building was built in 1952. In 1985, it was renovated to become the Cat House. From 2010 to 2011, it was renovated again to become the Night Hunters exhibit. It is home to many nocturnal and/or predatory animals previously found in other exhibits throughout the zoo, including aardvarks, aardwolves, binturong, black-footed cats, fishing cats, common vampire bats, fennec foxes, Indian flying foxes, northern greater galagos, large-spotted genets, ocelots, Pallas's cats, ringtails, sand cats and tawny frogmouths. During the day, lights inside the building are kept very low to allow visitors to view the animals in their natural nocturnal habitats.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar"},{"link_name":"Malayan tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tiger"},{"link_name":"snow leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard"},{"link_name":"Eurasian eagle-owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl"}],"sub_title":"Cat Canyon","text":"Cat Canyon links the Night Hunters experience with the former Tiger Canyon area to include new exhibits for cougars, Malayan tigers, and snow leopards. Cat Canyon provides an exciting, sensory adventure into the world of the great feline predators while strengthening the Zoo's commitment to the conservation of threatened species through education and scientific research in the wild and at the zoo. Included at the end of this trail is an exhibit housing Eurasian eagle-owls.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EasternLubberGrasshopper_RomaleaMicroptera.jpg"},{"link_name":"leafcutter ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafcutter_ant"},{"link_name":"Antilles pinktoe tarantulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles_pinktoe_tarantula"},{"link_name":"Brazilian whiteknee tarantulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_whiteknee_tarantula"},{"link_name":"dragon-headed katydids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesina_(katydid)"},{"link_name":"Eastern lubber grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romalea"},{"link_name":"marbled crayfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_crayfish"},{"link_name":"Texas bullet ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoponera_villosa"},{"link_name":"water scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccotrephes"}],"sub_title":"World of the Insect","text":"Eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea microptera) at the World of the Insect exhibitOpened in 1978, this is the largest building in North America devoted to the display of live insects. The Cincinnati Zoo has been given four awards by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association for successful propagation of insects, and World of the Insect received the prized American Zoo and Aquarium Association exhibit award in 1979. This building also features the longest ant exhibit in the world, housing colonies of leafcutter ants. Some of its species include Antilles pinktoe tarantulas, Brazilian whiteknee tarantulas, dragon-headed katydids, Eastern lubber grasshoppers, marbled crayfish, Texas bullet ants and water scorpions.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komodo dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"armadillo girdled lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo_girdled_lizard"},{"link_name":"blue tree monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanus_macraei"},{"link_name":"Nile monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_monitor"}],"sub_title":"Dragons!","text":"This building features five species of colorful monitor lizards ranging from Southeast Asia and Australia. In the past, this exhibit housed other animal species until the zoo received the largest Komodo dragon to ever live in captivity in the Western Hemisphere, named Naga. He was a gift from George H. W. Bush from the Indonesian Government. The Cincinnati Zoo was the second U.S. zoo to exhibit Komodo dragons and the second zoo to breed them outside of Indonesia. The exhibit was renovated in 2009 and opened in June 2010. A few other species of lizards such as armadillo girdled lizards, blue tree monitors and Nile monitors are also housed in this complex.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring-tailed lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed_lemur"}],"sub_title":"Lemur Lookout","text":"This open-aired exhibit was built in 1962 as Baboon Island and renovated as Ibex Island. It allows guests to look down at some of the zoo's ring-tailed lemurs on a 30-foot (9.1 m) tall, man-made rock with many lush and shady areas, surrounded by a small stream.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wings of Wonder","text":"Wings of Wonder is an educational live show featuring different species of birds.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FloridaManatee56.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida manatees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_manatee"},{"link_name":"American alligators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_alligator"},{"link_name":"American crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crocodile"},{"link_name":"alligator gars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_gar"},{"link_name":"alligator snapping turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle"},{"link_name":"coastal plain cooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_plain_cooter"},{"link_name":"loggerhead musk turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_musk_turtle"},{"link_name":"greater sirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_siren"},{"link_name":"two-toed amphiumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-toed_amphiuma"},{"link_name":"Burmese python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_python"}],"sub_title":"Otto M. Budig Manatee Springs","text":"Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at the zooManatee Springs, a $4,500,000 attraction, opened on May 21, 1999, and was awarded the Munson Aquatic Conservation Exhibitry Award and a Significant Achievement Exhibit Award from the American Zoo and Aquarium Association in 2000. The sights, sounds, and smells of Florida greet visitors as they enter Manatee Springs. Close-up viewing on both dry land, as well as dramatic underwater viewing of over 45 magnificent species provide an exciting experience for every Zoo visitor.Manatee Springs facilities include a greenhouse (304 m2) and an exhibit building (1035 m2). The entire facility (1339 m2) includes 171 m2 (1,900 ft²) of staff and support areas and 369m² (4,100 ft²) of filtration equipment space on two levels. The manatee tank is 120,000 gallons with 3 viewing areas including a bubble window. In addition to the central exhibit with Florida manatees, other Florida species are featured, including American alligators, American crocodiles, alligator gars, alligator snapping turtles, coastal plain cooters, loggerhead musk turtles, greater sirens, two-toed amphiumas and the invasive Burmese python.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_lion"},{"link_name":"Siegfried and Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_%26_Roy"},{"link_name":"Bennett's wallabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked_wallaby"}],"sub_title":"Siegfried and Roy's White Lions of Timbavati","text":"This exhibit opened as Big Cat Canyon in 1975, containing three one-year old White tigers. In February and in August 1988, the Zoo attained rare white lion cubs donated to the zoo by Siegfried and Roy. These lions successfully bred four offspring in April 2001, but as of May 2022, they all died, and their exhibit now contains Bennett's wallabies.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Rhino_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"greater flamingos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_flamingo"},{"link_name":"eastern black rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"okapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi"},{"link_name":"yellow-backed duiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker"},{"link_name":"plains zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_zebra"},{"link_name":"eastern bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)"},{"link_name":"Visayan warty pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Species Survival Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Survival_Plan"}],"sub_title":"Rhino Reserve","text":"Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) at the zooBuilt in 1935 as the African Veldt with large hoofed animals, the series of exhibits was renovated in 1997 to become Rhino Reserve. This area is home to Flamingo Cove with over twenty greater flamingos. The Cincinnati Zoo ranks as a U.S. leader in breeding eastern black rhinos with eighteen births over the course of their existence. Other featured species include okapi, yellow-backed duiker, plains zebra, eastern bongo, and Visayan warty pigs.On July 17, 2017, a black rhino calf, Kendi, was born to parents Faru and Seyia. Kendi's birth was captured on camera and can be viewed on the zoo's website. Curator of mammals at the zoo, Christina Gorsuch states, \"This calf is only the fifth eastern black rhino born in the last two years in North America.\" She goes on to say \"Every rhino calf born is incredibly important for the population, which includes fewer than 60 in North America. Calves will stay with their mothers for 3–4 years which means that the average female can only have one calf every 5 years.\"[15] In 2015, AZA and Species Survival Plan (SSP) determined that parents Faru and Seyia were a good genetic match and recommended that they breed. Faru came to Cincinnati from Atlanta in the summer of 2015 and was introduced to Seyia.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barnyard animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"alpacas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpaca"},{"link_name":"llamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Dwarf goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Dwarf_goat"},{"link_name":"Juliana pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_pig"},{"link_name":"guinea pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pig"},{"link_name":"Brazilian porcupines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_porcupine"},{"link_name":"radiated tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiated_tortoise"},{"link_name":"southern tamanduas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_tamandua"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bearcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats"},{"link_name":"Virginia opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_opossum"}],"sub_title":"Spaulding Children's Zoo","text":"Renovated in 1984–1985, 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of exhibits that feature common barnyard animals, animals of the eastern American woodlands, and animals of the southwest American desert such as alpacas, llamas, Nigerian Dwarf goats, Juliana pigs, guinea pigs as well as Brazilian porcupines, radiated tortoises and southern tamanduas. There is a nursery where guests can see either babies born at the zoo or babies that came to the zoo. Volunteers and keepers bring a certain harmless animal out everyday for guests to be able to touch, and learn more about them. Lucille, a two-year old binturong,[16] is the ambassador for the Cincinnati Bearcats, there is also a Virginia opossum named Opal who was rescued in Northern Ohio in early 2023, she was brought to the zoo to educate guests about the importance of local wildlife.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Opera"},{"link_name":"yellow-cheeked gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-cheeked_gibbon"},{"link_name":"siamangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamang"}],"sub_title":"Gibbon Islands","text":"Completed in 1972, Gibbon Islands occupies the former location of the old Opera Pavilion. (From 1920 to 1971, the Cincinnati Zoo was home to the Cincinnati Opera Summer Festival.) These two islands are surrounded by water that flows from Swan Lake. Bamboo exercise bars are the stage for yellow-cheeked gibbons and siamangs who entertain visitors with their acrobatic antics and loud whooping calls while climbing on their giant jungle gyms.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RedPandaFullBody.JPG"},{"link_name":"red panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda"},{"link_name":"red panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda"},{"link_name":"Beijing Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Zoo"}],"sub_title":"Red Panda Habitat","text":"A red panda taking a stroll at the zooOpened in 1985, this naturalistic woodland landscape includes many native Chinese plant species to simulate the natural forest habitat of the red panda. One pair of red pandas was a gift to the Cincinnati Zoo from the Beijing Zoo in China. These lavish exhibits are opened aired, connected by a small flowing stream under low elevated bridge. It also provides many tall trees for the five pandas to relax and sleep on.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"red-crowned cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crowned_crane"},{"link_name":"trumpeter swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter_swan"},{"link_name":"wood ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_duck"}],"sub_title":"Swan Lake","text":"This big body of water takes up a lot of the zoo's ground near the entrance. The Cincinnati Zoo was the first place to exhibit and breed red-crowned cranes, trumpeter swans, wood ducks and various other waterfowl species are kept here.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican gray wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_wolf"},{"link_name":"southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_cabin"},{"link_name":"gray foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_fox"},{"link_name":"North American river otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"barred owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_owl"}],"sub_title":"Wolf Woods","text":"Wolf Woods opened in 2005 after a renovation of Otter Creek. After another renovation in the summer of 2011, the second section focuses on the conservation story of the Mexican gray wolf native to the southwestern United States. Here, a rustic, historical trapper's cabin has been converted into a Mexican wolf field research station. Other species include the gray foxes, North American river otters, and barred owls.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polar bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear"},{"link_name":"Arctic foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_fox"},{"link_name":"American black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"sea otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otter"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Lords of the Arctic","text":"Lords of the Arctic opened in 2000, housing species representing northern parts of the world in a 21,000 sq ft (2,000 m2) attraction. Originally housing polar bears; the last individual having died in 2021, the exhibit also features Arctic foxes. According to the zoo's master plan, the exhibit will be retooled to house North American wildlife, along with American black bears and sea otters in 2024. [17]","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SUMATRAN_ORANGUTAN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sumatran orangutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan"},{"link_name":"white-handed gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_gibbon"},{"link_name":"Müller's gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller%27s_gibbon"},{"link_name":"helmeted curassows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_curassow"},{"link_name":"blue-throated macaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-throated_macaw"},{"link_name":"pygmy slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"golden-headed lion tamarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-headed_lion_tamarin"},{"link_name":"white-faced sakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-faced_saki"},{"link_name":"black howlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_howler"},{"link_name":"bonobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo"},{"link_name":"Coquerel's sifakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquerel%27s_sifaka"},{"link_name":"Angola colobuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_colobus"},{"link_name":"West African pottos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_potto"},{"link_name":"aye-aye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aye-aye"}],"sub_title":"Jungle Trails","text":"Sumatran orangutan in a tree at the zooJungle Trails takes visitors through a 2.5-acre (1.0 ha) naturalized rain forest habitat, teeming with rare and exotic wildlife and hundreds of plant species from Asia, South America, and Africa. Each region in the exhibit is divided by outdoor and indoor habitats with enjoyable viewing of the Zoo's collection of rare primates birds, reptiles, insects, small mammals.The attraction received the AZA prestigious exhibit award in 1994, a year after it opened. First, a series of outdoor exhibits features Sumatran orangutans, white-handed gibbons, Müller's gibbons, helmeted curassows and blue-throated macaws. Next, an indoor building houses pygmy slow loris, golden-headed lion tamarins, and white-faced sakis, in addition to indoor housing for the orangutans and gibbons. Further on, another series of outdoor exhibits features black howlers, bonobos, Coquerel's sifakas, and Angola colobuses. The second building features West African pottos, and an aye-aye.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramphastos_swainsonii_-Cincinnati_Zoo-8a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-mandibled toucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-mandibled_toucan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_Marching_(242668945).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Bali mynas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_myna"},{"link_name":"boat-billed herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat-billed_heron"},{"link_name":"buff-crested bustards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-crested_bustard"},{"link_name":"Guam rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam_rail"},{"link_name":"Inca terns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_tern"},{"link_name":"masked lapwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_lapwing"},{"link_name":"sunbitterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbittern"},{"link_name":"thick-billed parrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-billed_parrot"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"puffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffin"},{"link_name":"Salmon-crested cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon-crested_cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Cape Barren goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Barren_goose"},{"link_name":"Major Mitchell's cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Mitchell%27s_cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Scarlet ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_ibis"},{"link_name":"Sunbittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbittern"},{"link_name":"Boat-billed heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat-billed_heron"},{"link_name":"Southern lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Peruvian pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranon_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Cattle egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_egret"},{"link_name":"Blue-grey tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-gray_tanager"},{"link_name":"Red-capped cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-capped_cardinal"},{"link_name":"Yellow-rumped cacique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-rumped_cacique"},{"link_name":"Inca tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_tern"},{"link_name":"Guira cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guira_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Matamata turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_mata"},{"link_name":"Blue-faced honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-faced_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Asian fairy bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_fairy-bluebird"},{"link_name":"Bali mynah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_myna"},{"link_name":"White-breasted woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-breasted_woodswallow"},{"link_name":"Guam rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam_rail"},{"link_name":"White-naped pheasant pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Nicobar pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobar_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Masked lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Shama thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie-robin"},{"link_name":"Collared finchbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_finchbill"},{"link_name":"Blue-crowned laughingthrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-crowned_laughingthrush"},{"link_name":"Thick-billed parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-billed_parrot"},{"link_name":"African Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"Buff-crested bustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-crested_bustard"},{"link_name":"Golden-breasted starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-breasted_starling"},{"link_name":"Red-and-yellow barbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-and-yellow_barbet"},{"link_name":"Yellow-fronted canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-fronted_canary"},{"link_name":"Crested coua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_coua"},{"link_name":"Rhinoceros hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_hornbill"},{"link_name":"Atlantic puffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_puffin"},{"link_name":"Pigeon guillemot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_guillemot"},{"link_name":"Common murre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_murre"},{"link_name":"Smew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smew"},{"link_name":"Common eider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_eider"},{"link_name":"King eider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_eider"},{"link_name":"Harlequin duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_duck"},{"link_name":"Horned puffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_puffin"},{"link_name":"King penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_penguin"},{"link_name":"Magellanic penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_penguin"},{"link_name":"Southern rockhopper penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_rockhopper_penguin"},{"link_name":"Chiloe wigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_wigeon"},{"link_name":"Black-faced ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_ibis"},{"link_name":"Victoria crowned pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_crowned_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Ruddy shelduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy_shelduck"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-bellied malkoha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-bellied_malkoha"},{"link_name":"Magpie goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie_goose"},{"link_name":"Lady Ross's turaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Ross%27s_turaco"},{"link_name":"Red-legged seriema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-legged_seriema"},{"link_name":"Pied imperial pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_imperial_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Ring-billed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-billed_gull"}],"sub_title":"Birds of the World","text":"Chestnut-mandibled toucan (Ramphastos ambiguus swainsonii)King Penguins marching through the zooBirds of the World features a wide-variety of bird species from throughout the entire world, including a selection of aviaries that guests can enter to get up close and personal. Birds housed include Bali mynas, boat-billed herons, buff-crested bustards, Guam rails, Inca terns, masked lapwings, sunbitterns, thick-billed parrots, penguins and puffins.(outside)Salmon-crested cockatoo\nCape Barren goose\nMajor Mitchell's cockatoo(inside)South America: Scarlet ibis, Sunbittern, Boat-billed heron, Southern lapwing, Peruvian pigeon, Cattle egret, Blue-grey tanager, Red-capped cardinal, Yellow-rumped cacique, Inca tern, Guira cuckoo, Matamata turtle\nBlue-faced honeyeater, Asian fairy bluebird\nAustralasia: Bali mynah, White-breasted woodswallow, Guam rail, White-naped pheasant pigeon, Nicobar pigeon, Masked lapwing, Shama thrush, Collared finchbill, Blue-crowned laughingthrush\nMexico: Thick-billed parrot\nAfrican Savannah: Buff-crested bustard, Golden-breasted starling, Red-and-yellow barbet, Yellow-fronted canary, Crested coua\nSoutheast Asia: Rhinoceros hornbill\nNorthern Oceans: Atlantic puffin, Pigeon guillemot, Common murre, Smew, Common eider, King eider, Harlequin duck, Horned puffin\nSouthern Oceans: King penguin, Magellanic penguin, Southern rockhopper penguin, Chiloe wigeon, Black-faced ibis\nFree Flight Aviary: Victoria crowned pigeon, Ruddy shelduck, Chestnut-bellied malkoha, Magpie goose, Lady Ross's turaco, Red-legged seriema, Pied imperial pigeon, Ring-billed gull","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Long_Arm_of_the_Serval_(4939719461).jpg"},{"link_name":"Serval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetahs_tracking_scents.jpg"},{"link_name":"Masai giraffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masai_giraffe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"cheetahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"African lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"servals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval"},{"link_name":"bat-eared fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-eared_fox"},{"link_name":"African wild dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-painted_dog-22"},{"link_name":"common ostriches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich"},{"link_name":"crested guineafowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_guineafowl"},{"link_name":"pink-backed pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-backed_pelican"},{"link_name":"Rüppell's vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_vulture"},{"link_name":"lappet-faced vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappet-faced_vulture"},{"link_name":"grey crowned cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_crowned_crane"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nile hippos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-painted_dog-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fiona_the_Hippopotamus_(detail).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_(hippopotamus)"},{"link_name":"Fiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_(hippopotamus)"},{"link_name":"Nile hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"ultrasound image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound_imaging"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Africa","text":"Cleo the Serval demonstrates reaching for preyTwo cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) tracking scentsThe 27,000 sq ft (2,500 m2) $1.6 million Dobsa Giraffe Ridge opened on June 6, 2008, and allows guests to feed Masai giraffes from a tall elevated platform. Guests can also view the giraffes in their indoor 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) stalls especially during winter.In the 2010s the zoo built an eight-acre (3.2 ha) Africa exhibit, the largest animal exhibit in its history.[18] Phases I and II, completed in 2010, added an exhibit for cranes and expanded the Cheetah Encounter yard so that the cheetahs had a 40% larger running space.[19] Phase III opened on June 29, 2013, and included a wider vista that offers visitors an opportunity to see African lions, servals, a bat-eared fox, African wild dogs, and a new cheetah exhibit.[20] A new Base Camp Café, said to be the greenest restaurant in the US, was also added in the 2013 season.[21]Phase IV, the largest phase of the Africa expansion, opened on June 28, 2014.[22] It introduced a wide savanna with common ostriches, crested guineafowl, pink-backed pelicans, Rüppell's vultures, lappet-faced vultures, and grey crowned cranes.Phase V, the final phase of the expansion, opened on July 23, 2016,[23] adding an area for Nile hippos, Hippo Cove, which provides both above and below-water viewing.[22] A 34-year-old male named Henry from the Dickerson Park Zoo and a 17-year-old female named Bibi from the St. Louis Zoo joined the zoo.[24] On the morning of January 24, 2017, Bibi gave birth to a six-weeks premature calf.[25]Fiona in Hippo CoveThe baby female hippo, named Fiona by zoo staff, is the first hippo to be born at the zoo in 75 years. Fiona was also the first Nile hippo to ever be captured on an ultrasound image. After intensive care from zoo keepers, veterinarians, and NICU specialists at Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Fiona survived. The story of her trials and success made her an internet celebrity and city hero, and has dramatically increased zoo attendance.[26] Henry's health declined later in 2017 and he was euthanized on October 31.[24] On September 6, 2021, a 19-year-old male named Tucker from the San Francisco Zoo joined the zoo.[27] On August 24, 2022, Bibi gave birth to another calf which weighed roughly 60 pounds.[28] This calf's was named Fritz, which was decided through a public vote.[29]","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LycaonPictus.jpg"},{"link_name":"African painted dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"African painted dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"Meerkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat"}],"sub_title":"Painted Dog Valley","text":"African painted dog at the zooAfrican painted dog\nMeerkat","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"Nile tilapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_tilapia"}],"sub_title":"Hippo Cove","text":"Hippopotamus\nNile tilapia","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sumatran rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhino"},{"link_name":"little penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_penguin"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo"},{"link_name":"western grey kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_grey_kangaroo"},{"link_name":"Australian wood ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_wood_duck"},{"link_name":"New Zealand scaups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_scaup"},{"link_name":"freckled ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freckled_duck"}],"sub_title":"Roo Valley","text":"In August 2020, the Cincinnati Zoo finished the first part of their master plan \"More Home To Roam\". They turned their old Wildlife Canyon exhibit (former home of the critically endangered Sumatran rhino) into an exhibit called Roo Valley, the exhibit features the Zoo's first-ever kangaroo walkabout, with a new beer garden and restaurant, a big rope course over the habitat, and provides the largest outdoor little penguin habitat. Roo Valley adds five new species to the zoo as well, including red and western grey kangaroos, Australian wood ducks, New Zealand scaups and freckled ducks, the latter three species living side by side with the little penguins.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California sea lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_sea_lion"},{"link_name":"African penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_penguin"},{"link_name":"white-breasted cormorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-breasted_cormorant"},{"link_name":"great white pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_pelican"},{"link_name":"yellow-billed ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_duck"}],"sub_title":"African Penguin Point","text":"In September 2020, the Cincinnati Zoo finished the second part of the master plan. They turned their old sea lion habitat, sometimes referred to as \"Seal Falls\" until the passing of Duke the California sea lion in 2019, into a bigger exhibit for their African penguins, increasing their breeding success rate, while at the same time including some other African sea birds like the white-breasted cormorants, great white pelicans, and yellow-billed ducks.","title":"Animals and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trumpeter swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter_swan"},{"link_name":"passenger pigeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_pigeon"},{"link_name":"American bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cincinnativiews_zoo_main-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo_about-2"},{"link_name":"Frozen Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo"},{"link_name":"Terri Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Roth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steigenwald_2016-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The Cincinnati Zoo has been active in breeding animals to help save species, starting as early as 1880 with the first hatching of a trumpeter swan in a zoo, as well as four passenger pigeons. This was followed in 1882 with the first American bison born in captivity.[5]In 1986, the zoo established the Carl H. Lindner Jr. Family Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife for the purpose of using science and technology to understand, preserve, and propagate endangered flora and fauna and facilitate the conservation of global biodiversity.[2]\nIts Frozen Zoo plays a major role. In it are stored over 2,500 specimens representing approximately 60 animal and 65 plant species.\nTerri Roth is CREW's director.[30]The successful breeding programs have earned the zoo nicknames like \"the world's sexiest zoo\" and \"sexiest zoo in America\".[31][32]","title":"Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reticulated_Giraffe_(7714874236).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rothschild's giraffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild%27s_giraffe"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"sea otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otters"},{"link_name":"giraffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-34"},{"link_name":"net zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Siamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamang"},{"link_name":"hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill"},{"link_name":"Asian small-clawed otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Rothschild's giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) at the zooIn 2018 the zoo launched an expansion campaign named \"More Home to Roam\" with the goal of raising $150 million to be used on developing new attractions and infrastructure.[33] The zoo opened the Roo Valley and African Penguin Point in summer of 2020, and they have plans to renovate the Lords of the Arctic area to bring back the black bears and introduce sea otters. The Rhino Reserve renovations and a 1,800 vehicle parking garage will hopefully be open by 2023, Elephant Trek will open in fall of 2024, and the old elephant exhibit will be changed into Giraffe Junction, where they will repair the concreate dome, replace the roof, install new windows, adding a new garden area, and a habitat for giraffes.[34] The plan also includes a new entrance to facilitate traffic into the zoo. The additions are also aimed at making the zoo net zero in terms of waste, water, and energy, making the facilities waste free.[34]Philanthropists Harry and Linda Fath contributed $50 million to the campaign in June 2018.[35] Previous expansion efforts, such as the Africa exhibit and gorilla exhibit, cost $34 million and $18 million respectively.[36]As result on the COVID-19 pandemic, the zoo tabled its original plan to build a parking garage and bumped Elephant Trek to the top of the priority list. On June 15, 2021, the Zoo Broke ground on the Biggest Habitat in Zoo History: Elephant Trek; The Elephant Trek will be five times the size of the Zoo's current elephant habitat, is slated to open in summer of 2024 and will eventually be home to a multi-generational herd of 8–10 Asian elephants.[37] The exhibit will also include Siamang’s Point, a hornbill exhibit, and Asian small-clawed otters for the Clawed River Otter Habitat and the New Picnic Shelter Complex.[38]","title":"\"More Home to Roam\" expansion campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_alligator"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cincinnativiews_zoo_main-5"},{"link_name":"cheetah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo_amazing-39"},{"link_name":"Komodo dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon"},{"link_name":"aye-aye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aye-aye"},{"link_name":"Duke Lemur Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Lemur_Center"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_arrivals-40"},{"link_name":"bonobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Animals at the zoo have held several records, including the longest living American alligator in captivity at the time (at about 70 years of age),[5] the fastest cheetah in captivity,[39] and the largest Komodo dragon. The zoo was the first in the United States to put an aye-aye on display, and after losing its last aye-aye in 1993, it finally acquired another in 2011 – a six-year old transferred from the Duke Lemur Center in North Carolina.[40]The zoo is one of only a dozen in North America to house and breed bonobos (also known as pygmy chimpanzees), an endangered species of the great apes.[41]On January 6 and 7, the zoo celebrated the birth of its first babies of 2020. Two penguin chicks hatched, one each day.[42]","title":"Notable animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susie,_World%27s_only_trained_Gorilla,_Cincinnati_Zoo,_Cincinnati,_Ohio_(73382).jpg"},{"link_name":"eastern gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_gorilla"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joy_W._Kraft_2010-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joy_W._Kraft_2010-43"},{"link_name":"Graf Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joy_W._Kraft_2010-43"},{"link_name":"Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringling_Brothers_Barnum_and_Bailey_Circus"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Susie_Dies_1947-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Susie_Dies_1947-45"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Susie","text":"Susie on a postcardIn 1931, Robert J. Sullivan permanently loaned the zoo a female eastern gorilla named Susie.[43] Captured in the Belgian Congo, Susie was first sold to a group of French explorers who sent her to France.[43] In August 1929, Susie was transported from Europe to the United States aboard the airship Graf Zeppelin accompanied by William Dressman.[43] After Susie completed a tour through the United States and Canada with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus,[44]Sullivan purchased Susie for $4,500[45] and loaned her to the zoo.[46] Dressman, who stayed on as Susie's trainer after she was loaned to the zoo, taught her how eat with a knife and fork and orchestrated two performances every day.[47] Susie was so popular that on her birthday on August 7, 1936, more than 16,000 visitors flocked to the zoo.[48] Susie remained one of the most popular animals at the zoo until her death on October 29, 1947.[49] Her body was donated to the University of Cincinnati,[45] where her skeleton remained on display until it was destroyed in a fire in 1974.[50][51]","title":"Notable animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harambe"},{"link_name":"western lowland gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Thane Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thane_Maynard"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPhateGorillaZoo-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard-56"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirror-62"},{"link_name":"Ricky Gervais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Gervais"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Piers Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Jack Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hanna"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Harambe","text":"On May 28, 2016, Harambe, a 17-year-old, 200-kilogram (440 lb) male western lowland gorilla, was fatally shot by zoo officials after a three-year-old boy climbed into Harambe's enclosure. The incident was recorded by a bystander and uploaded to YouTube, where the video went viral.[52] Zoo director Thane Maynard stated, \"The child was being dragged around ... His head was banging on concrete. This was not a gentle thing. The child was at risk.\"[53][54][55] The shooting was controversial,[56] with some observers stating that it was not clear whether or not Harambe was likely to harm the child.[57][58] Others called for the boy's parents and/or the zoo to be held accountable for the gorilla's death.[59]The boy was transported to the hospital with non-life-threatening injuries after being rescued.[56] Police investigated possible criminal charges[vague], while the parents of the boy defended the zoo's actions.[60][61][62] The incident received global publicity; comedian and actor Ricky Gervais, rock guitarist and astrophysicist Brian May, and journalist and television personality Piers Morgan criticized the shooting,[63] while real estate developer and then-presidential candidate Donald Trump and zoo director and notable animal expert Jack Hanna both lamented the shooting but defended the zoo's decision to prioritize the boy's safety.[64]","title":"Notable animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Fiona","text":"In January 2017, the zoo had its first birth of a hippopotamus in 75 years. Named Fiona, she was born six weeks prematurely and her survival was in doubt. At the time of her birth, she weighed only 29 pounds,[65] which was 25 pounds less than the lowest recorded birthweight for her species. The zoo's efforts to save her and her subsequent improvement to good health provided a viral sensation on the internet.[66] At the age of four, Fiona weighed 1,600 pounds.[67]","title":"Notable animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tulips_at_the_Cinci_Zoo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowmonkeyscincyzoo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bald_Eagle_(52314616357).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorilla_063.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathy%27s_Cincinnati_Zoo_Pics_(11)_(3820677375).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavo_cristatus_-Cincinnati_Zoo,_Ohio,_USA-8a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cincinnati_Zoo_Lions.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrevysZebra1_CincinnatiZoo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PolarBear7_CincinnatiZoo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Good_Red_River_Hog_(9648940505).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_panels_at_cincinnati_zoo.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"Various tulips in the gardens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJapanese macaques on one of the zoo's \"monkey islands\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBald eagle at the zoo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorilla at the zoo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite tiger\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndian Peafowl\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLions in an exhibit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolar Bear (Ursus maritimus)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGood Red River Hog with trainer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSolar panel canopies over parking lots","title":"Notable animals"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Entrance of the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens from the year of its opening in 1875","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cincinnati_Zoo_Eingang.jpg/220px-Cincinnati_Zoo_Eingang.jpg"},{"image_text":"Assistant Secretary Dan Tangherlini traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to help dedicate the nation's largest publicly accessible urban solar array and the 6,400 solar panels provide shaded parking for the Cincinnati Zoo's visitors and will produce about 20 percent of the Zoo's annual energy needs, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Assistant_Secretary_Tangherlini_at_the_Cincinnati_Zoo_%285707944456%29.jpg/220px-Assistant_Secretary_Tangherlini_at_the_Cincinnati_Zoo_%285707944456%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) at the Elephant Reserve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/AsianElephants_CincinnatiZoo.jpg/220px-AsianElephants_CincinnatiZoo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reptile House, built in 1875","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cincinnati_Zoo_-_Reptile_House_View_4.JPG/220px-Cincinnati_Zoo_-_Reptile_House_View_4.JPG"},{"image_text":"A mother ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and her cub at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ocelot_and_Cub_2.jpg/220px-Ocelot_and_Cub_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea microptera) at the World of the Insect exhibit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/EasternLubberGrasshopper_RomaleaMicroptera.jpg/220px-EasternLubberGrasshopper_RomaleaMicroptera.jpg"},{"image_text":"Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FloridaManatee56.jpg/220px-FloridaManatee56.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indian_Rhino_001.jpg/220px-Indian_Rhino_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"A red panda taking a stroll at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RedPandaFullBody.JPG/220px-RedPandaFullBody.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sumatran orangutan in a tree at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SUMATRAN_ORANGUTAN.jpg/220px-SUMATRAN_ORANGUTAN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chestnut-mandibled toucan (Ramphastos ambiguus swainsonii)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ramphastos_swainsonii_-Cincinnati_Zoo-8a.jpg/220px-Ramphastos_swainsonii_-Cincinnati_Zoo-8a.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Penguins marching through the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/King_Penguins_Marching_%28242668945%29.jpeg/220px-King_Penguins_Marching_%28242668945%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Cleo the Serval demonstrates reaching for prey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Long_Arm_of_the_Serval_%284939719461%29.jpg/220px-The_Long_Arm_of_the_Serval_%284939719461%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) tracking scents","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cheetahs_tracking_scents.jpg/220px-Cheetahs_tracking_scents.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fiona in Hippo Cove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiona_the_Hippopotamus_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Fiona_the_Hippopotamus_%28detail%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"African painted dog at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LycaonPictus.jpg/220px-LycaonPictus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rothschild's giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reticulated_Giraffe_%287714874236%29.jpg/220px-Reticulated_Giraffe_%287714874236%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Susie on a postcard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Susie%2C_World%27s_only_trained_Gorilla%2C_Cincinnati_Zoo%2C_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio_%2873382%29.jpg/170px-Susie%2C_World%27s_only_trained_Gorilla%2C_Cincinnati_Zoo%2C_Cincinnati%2C_Ohio_%2873382%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Binti Jua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binti_Jua"},{"title":"Cincinnati Zoo Historic Structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Zoo_Historic_Structures"},{"title":"List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_and_arboretums_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Sarah (cheetah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_(cheetah)"},{"title":"Martha (passenger pigeon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_(passenger_pigeon)"},{"title":"Incas (Carolina parakeet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incas_(Carolina_parakeet)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Baird, David; et al. (February 17, 2009). Frommer's USA. John Wiley & Sons. p. 491. ISBN 9780470458938. Retrieved May 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-I6TgnxWnj8C&pg=PA491","url_text":"Frommer's USA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470458938","url_text":"9780470458938"}]},{"reference":"\"History, Mission, and Vision\". cincinnatizoo.org. Cincinnati Zoo. Retrieved July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/about-us/history-and-vision/","url_text":"\"History, Mission, and Vision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums\". aza.org. AZA. Retrieved September 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aza.org/current-accreditation-list","url_text":"\"Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums","url_text":"AZA"}]},{"reference":"\"Zoos and Aquariums of the World\". waza.org. WAZA. Retrieved September 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waza.org/en/site/zoos-aquariums","url_text":"\"Zoos and Aquariums of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums","url_text":"WAZA"}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati Zoo\". cincinnativiews.net. Don Prout. Retrieved July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cincinnativiews.net/zoo_main.htm","url_text":"\"Cincinnati Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The last Carolina Parakeet\". John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove. December 22, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://johnjames.audubon.org/last-carolina-parakeet","url_text":"\"The last Carolina Parakeet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best US Zoos: 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards\". 10best.com. May 21, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-us-zoo/","url_text":"\"Best US Zoos: 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best zoo in North America? Readers choose Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden\". USA Today 10 Best. USA Today. May 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-zoo-2019/","url_text":"\"Best zoo in North America? Readers choose Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden\""}]},{"reference":"Gale, Oliver M. (Summer 1975). \"The Cincinnati Zoo: 100 Years of Trial and Triumph\" (PDF). Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin. 33 (2): 86–119. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2018 – via Cincinnati History Library and Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200925133412/http://library.cincymuseum.org/topics/c/files/cintizoo/chsbull-v33-n2-cin-087.pdf","url_text":"\"The Cincinnati Zoo: 100 Years of Trial and Triumph\""},{"url":"http://library.cincymuseum.org/topics/c/files/cintizoo/chsbull-v33-n2-cin-087.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rolfes, Steven (October 29, 2012). Cincinnati Landmarks. Arcadia Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 9780738593951. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kgnS65gAbJoC&q=cincinnati+workhouse&pg=PA89","url_text":"Cincinnati Landmarks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738593951","url_text":"9780738593951"}]},{"reference":"Painter, Sue Ann (2006). Architecture In Cincinnati. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1701-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University_Press","url_text":"Ohio University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1701-0","url_text":"0-8214-1701-0"}]},{"reference":"Solski, Leszek (2006). \"The Zoo and Aquarium Guide Book: Its Evolution and Uncertain Future\". International Zoo News. 53 (5): 260–273.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden – Ohio History Central\". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved November 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Cincinnati_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden","url_text":"\"Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden – Ohio History Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reptile House Archives – Cincinnati Zoo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/animals/habitat/reptile-house/","url_text":"\"Reptile House Archives – Cincinnati Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rare Glimpse of Cincinnati Zoo Rhino Birth and First Wobbly Steps Caught on Video! – The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden\". The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. July 18, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/news-releases/rare-glimpse-of-cincinnati-zoo-rhino-birth-and-first-wobbly-steps-caught-on-video/","url_text":"\"Rare Glimpse of Cincinnati Zoo Rhino Birth and First Wobbly Steps Caught on Video! – The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden\""}]},{"reference":"Rivers, Corrine (September 12, 2021). \"Cincinnati Zoo's bearcat Lucille celebrates her second birthday\". fox19.com. Gray Media Group. Retrieved October 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fox19.com/2021/09/12/cincinnati-zoos-bearcat-lucille-celebrates-her-second-birthday/","url_text":"\"Cincinnati Zoo's bearcat Lucille celebrates her second birthday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Bears and Sea Otters Coming to Cincinnati Zoo\". June 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/news-releases/black-bears-and-sea-otters-coming-to-cincinnati-zoo/","url_text":"\"Black Bears and Sea Otters Coming to Cincinnati Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Africa Exhibit Website\". Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227192508/http://cincinnatizoo.org/animals-exhibits/exhibits/africa/","url_text":"\"Africa Exhibit Website\""},{"url":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/animals-exhibits/exhibits/africa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Phase 1 of Africa Savannah Opens Saturday\". Facebook. Retrieved June 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=381434037608&1&index=0","url_text":"\"Phase 1 of Africa Savannah Opens Saturday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio zoo readies Africa exhibit\". Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022015755/http://www.wlky.com/news/local-news/ohio-news/Ohio-zoo-readies-Africa-exhibit/-/9718610/19835520/-/qkvvxlz/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Ohio zoo readies Africa exhibit\""},{"url":"http://www.wlky.com/news/local-news/ohio-news/Ohio-zoo-readies-Africa-exhibit/-/9718610/19835520/-/qkvvxlz/-/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati Zoo's restaurant greenest in United States\". USA Today. June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/07/cincy-zoo-greenest-restaurant/2402093/","url_text":"\"Cincinnati Zoo's restaurant greenest in United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Painted Dog Valley Now Open at the Cincinnati Zoo\". July 2014. 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|
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Readers choose Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200925133412/http://library.cincymuseum.org/topics/c/files/cintizoo/chsbull-v33-n2-cin-087.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Cincinnati Zoo: 100 Years of Trial and Triumph\""},{"Link":"http://library.cincymuseum.org/topics/c/files/cintizoo/chsbull-v33-n2-cin-087.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kgnS65gAbJoC&q=cincinnati+workhouse&pg=PA89","external_links_name":"Cincinnati Landmarks"},{"Link":"http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Cincinnati_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden – Ohio History Central\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/animals/habitat/reptile-house/","external_links_name":"\"Reptile House Archives – Cincinnati Zoo\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/news-releases/rare-glimpse-of-cincinnati-zoo-rhino-birth-and-first-wobbly-steps-caught-on-video/","external_links_name":"\"Rare Glimpse of Cincinnati Zoo Rhino Birth and First Wobbly Steps Caught on Video! – The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox19.com/2021/09/12/cincinnati-zoos-bearcat-lucille-celebrates-her-second-birthday/","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo's bearcat Lucille celebrates her second birthday\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/news-releases/black-bears-and-sea-otters-coming-to-cincinnati-zoo/","external_links_name":"\"Black Bears and Sea Otters Coming to Cincinnati Zoo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227192508/http://cincinnatizoo.org/animals-exhibits/exhibits/africa/","external_links_name":"\"Africa Exhibit Website\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/animals-exhibits/exhibits/africa/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=381434037608&1&index=0","external_links_name":"\"Phase 1 of Africa Savannah Opens Saturday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022015755/http://www.wlky.com/news/local-news/ohio-news/Ohio-zoo-readies-Africa-exhibit/-/9718610/19835520/-/qkvvxlz/-/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Ohio zoo readies Africa exhibit\""},{"Link":"http://www.wlky.com/news/local-news/ohio-news/Ohio-zoo-readies-Africa-exhibit/-/9718610/19835520/-/qkvvxlz/-/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/07/cincy-zoo-greenest-restaurant/2402093/","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo's restaurant greenest in United States\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/news-releases/painted-dog-valley-now-open-at-the-cincinnati-zoo/","external_links_name":"\"Painted Dog Valley Now Open at the Cincinnati Zoo\""},{"Link":"http://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2016/07/23/cincinnati-zoo-opens-new-75-million-hippo-exhibit/87491144/","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo opens new $7.5 million hippo exhibit\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/2017/10/31/cincinnati-zoo-mourns-loss-henry-hippo/","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo Mourns Loss of Henry the Hippo\""},{"Link":"http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/2017/01/24/hippo-baby-arrives-six-weeks-early-cincinnati-zoo-staff-providing-critical-care-for-premature-calf/","external_links_name":"\"Hippo Baby Arrives Six Weeks Early\""},{"Link":"https://moneyish.com/heart/meet-fiona-the-cincinnati-zoos-200000-baby/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Fiona, the Cincinnati Zoo's $2,000 Baby Hippo\""},{"Link":"https://www.wlwt.com/article/cincinnati-zoo-fiona-bibi-new-hippo-fritz-tucker/41104966","external_links_name":"\"On this date: Tucker joined the hippo bloat one year ago at the Cincinnati Zoo\""},{"Link":"https://www.journal-news.com/news/new-cincinnati-zoo-hippo-is-named-fritz/DUCGOCMHBFEIRNO76QBKKHW7Z4/","external_links_name":"\"New Cincinnati Zoo hippo is named 'Fritz'\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/news-releases/hello-fritz/","external_links_name":"\"Hello Fritz!\""},{"Link":"https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2016/11/28/ipuh-rhino-makes-science-history-and-grandkids/92521318/","external_links_name":"\"Ipuh the rhino makes science, history and grandkids\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna38434239","external_links_name":"\"Heat brings out the cool in zoos across the nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/11/11/cincinnati-zoo-contraception/1696871/","external_links_name":"\"Did the world's sexiest zoo get too sexy?\""},{"Link":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/cincinnati-zoo-transform-habitats-with-million-donation/hKfb6EqxLd8mZICRcOduPO/","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo to transform habitats with $50 million donation\""},{"Link":"https://www.citybeat.com/arts-culture/blog/21008378/cincinnati-zoo-to-open-new-australiathemed-area","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo to Open New Australia-Themed Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2018/06/07/cincinnati-businessman-gives-50m-to-zoo.html","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati businessman gives $50M to zoo\""},{"Link":"https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2018/06/07/who-harry-and-linda-fath/677153002/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Harry and Linda Fath. They just made the biggest donation ever to the Cincinnati Zoo\""},{"Link":"http://cincinnatizoo.org/news-releases/cincinnati-zoo-breaks-ground-on-biggest-habitat-in-zoo-history-elephant-trek/","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo Breaks Ground on Biggest Habitat in Zoo History – Elephant Trek\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/s/si2advhobx05i7s/MoreHomeToRoam_Update.pdf?dl=0","external_links_name":"\"More Home To Roam Update\""},{"Link":"http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/2011/05/25/every-day-is-amazing-at-the-cincinnati-zoo","external_links_name":"\"Every Day is Amazing at the Cincinnati Zoo\""},{"Link":"http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110714/NEWS01/107150324/Zoo-s-babies-year-round-thing","external_links_name":"\"Zoo's babies are a year-round thing\""},{"Link":"http://blog.cincinnatizoo.org/?s=bonobo","external_links_name":"\"Re-interpreting Jungle Trails to Engage Families\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox19.com/2020/01/13/watch-first-zoo-babies-arrive-with-birth-penguin-chicks/","external_links_name":"\"WATCH: First zoo babies of 2020 arrive with birth of penguin chicks\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zfuz7cTDNeI","external_links_name":"Cincinnati zoo kills gorilla to save boy who fell into enclosure"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/31/us/zoos-killing-of-gorilla-holding-a-boy-prompts-outrage.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Zoo's Killing of Gorilla Holding a Boy Prompts Outrage\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/28/us/zoo-kills-gorilla/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Gorilla shot to save child at Cincinnati zoo\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/30/us/gorilla-killed-after-child-enters-enclosure-at-cincinnati-zoo.html","external_links_name":"\"Gorilla Killed After Child Enters Enclosure at Cincinnati Zoo\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/zoo-faces-backlash-over-decision-to-shoot-gorilla-dead-after-boy-4-fell-into-enclosure-a3259326.html","external_links_name":"\"Zoo faces backlash over decision to shoot gorilla dead after boy, 4, fell into enclosure\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/killed-gorilla-seemed-protect-child-who-fell-enclosure-witness-n582311","external_links_name":"\"Killed Gorilla Seemed to Protect Child Who Fell in Enclosure: Witness\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/animal-behaviour-expert-says-silverback-gorilla-harambe-was-not-trying-to-harm-defenceless-child/news-story/94d83332fbb86df234989f66ae621d67","external_links_name":"\"Gorilla shot dead in zoo: Killing unnecessary, primate expert says – Video\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/29/us/cincinnati-zoo-gorilla-shot/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Critics blame parents, Cincinnati Zoo for gorilla's death\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160531220300/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ohio-gorilla-idUSKCN0YM1XH","external_links_name":"\"Gorilla killing at Cincinnati zoo sparks probe into possible criminal charges\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ohio-gorilla-idUSKCN0YM1XH","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.news.com/technology/science/animals/mother-of-boy-who-fell-into-gorilla-enclosure-lashes-out-at-critics/news-story/770769a5eb332798f1f75292f66f","external_links_name":"\"Mother of boy who fell into zoo enclosure lashes out at critics\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/astounding-new-footage-shows-gorilla-8082168","external_links_name":"\"Astonishing new footage shows gorilla 'PROTECTING' boy and holding his hand before being shot dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/31/ricky-gervais-joins-backlash-over-shooting-of-harambe-the-gorill/","external_links_name":"\"Celebrities joins backlash over shooting of Harambe the gorilla – but Ohio zoo defends decision\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/4352497/donald-trump-cincinnati-zoo-harambe-gorilla/","external_links_name":"\"Donald Trump Defends Cincinnati Zoo's Shooting of Harambe the Gorilla\""},{"Link":"https://www.wlwt.com/article/cincinnati-zoos-beloved-hippo-fiona-celebrates-5th-birthday/38864793","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Zoo's beloved hippo Fiona celebrates 5th birthday\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2017/07/24/538874374/while-fighting-the-odds-fiona-the-hippo-became-a-social-media-star","external_links_name":"\"While Fighting The Odds, Fiona The Hippo Became A Social Media Star\""},{"Link":"https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2021/01/21/cincinnati-zoo-fiona-the-hippo-birthday/4156327001/","external_links_name":"\"Happy Birthday Fiona! 4 iconic moments of Cincinnati Zoo's world-famous hippo who turns 4\""},{"Link":"https://cincinnatizoo.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://zooinstitutes.com/zooinstitutes/cincinnati-zoo-amp-botanical-garden-58.html","external_links_name":"Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden"},{"Link":"http://zooinstitutes.com/","external_links_name":"zooinstitutes.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000094862488","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139736965","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98103160","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.bgci.org/garden.php?id=1266","external_links_name":"BGCI garden"},{"Link":"https://www.bgci.org/garden.php?id=4503","external_links_name":"2"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_2018_European_Championships
|
Netherlands at the 2018 European Championships
|
["1 Medallists","2 Athletics","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Sporting event delegationNetherlands at the2018 European ChampionshipsWA codeNEDin Glasgow Berlin2 August 2018 (2018-08-02) – 12 August 2018 (2018-08-12)Competitors196MedalsRanked 4th
Gold
15
Silver
15
Bronze
13
Total
43
European Championships appearances20182022
Netherlands competed at the 2018 European Championships in Berlin, Germany, and Glasgow, Scotland, from 2 to 12 August 2018 in 6 of 7 sports.
Medallists
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
Gold
Jeffrey HooglandHarrie LavreysenRoy van den Berg
Cycling
Men's team sprint
3 August
Gold
Kirsten Wild
Cycling
Women's scratch
3 August
Gold
Matthijs Büchli
Cycling
Men's 1 km time trial
4 August
Gold
Marieke KeijserIlse Paulis
Rowing
Women's lightweight double sculls
5 August
Gold
Sanne Wevers
Gymnastics
Women's balance beam
5 August
Gold
Jeffrey Hoogland
Cycling
Men's sprint
6 August
Gold
Kirsten Wild
Cycling
Women's omnium
6 August
Gold
Ellen van Dijk
Cycling
Women's time trial
8 August
Gold
Celine van Duijn
Diving
Women's 10 m platform
8 August
Gold
Sharon van Rouwendaal
Swimming
Women's 5 km
8 August
Gold
Sharon van Rouwendaal
Swimming
Women's 10 km
9 August
Gold
Ferry Weertman
Swimming
Men's 10 km
9 August
Gold
Esmee VermeulenSharon van RouwendaalPepijn SmitsFerry Weertman
Swimming
Team
11 August
Gold
Laura Smulders
Cycling
Women's BMX
11 August
Gold
Sifan Hassan
Athletics
Women's 5000 metres
12 August
Silver
Kim BuschFemke HeemskerkKira ToussaintRanomi KromowidjojoMarjolein Delno*
Swimming
Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
3 August
Silver
Elsbeth BeeresLaila Youssifou
Rowing
Women's pair
4 August
Silver
Roos de JongLisa Scheenaard
Rowing
Women's double sculls
4 August
Silver
Vincent van der WantBoudewijn RoellMaarten HurkmansSimon van DorpMechiel VersluisRuben KnabLex van den HerikFreek RobbersDiederik van Engelenburg
Rowing
Men's eight
5 August
Silver
Marianne Vos
Cycling
Women's road race
5 August
Silver
Femke Heemskerk
Swimming
Women's 200 metre freestyle
6 August
Silver
Femke Heemskerk
Swimming
Women's 100 metre freestyle
8 August
Silver
Nyls KorstanjeStan PijnenburgFemke HeemskerkRanomi KromowidjojoKyle Stolk*Kira Toussaint*
Swimming
Mixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
8 August
Silver
Anna van der Breggen
Cycling
Women's time trial
8 August
Silver
Susan Krumins
Athletics
Women's 10,000m
8 August
Silver
Dafne Schippers
Athletics
Women's 200m
11 August
Silver
Sharon van Rouwendaal
Swimming
Women's 25 km
12 August
Silver
Mathieu van der Poel
Cycling
Men's road race
12 August
Silver
Epke Zonderland
Gymnastics
Men's horizontal bar
12 August
Silver
Dafne SchippersMarije van HunenstijnJamile SamuelNaomi Sedney
Athletics
Women's 4 × 100 metres relay
12 August
Bronze
Ranomi Kromowidjojo
Swimming
Women's 50 metre freestyle
4 August
Bronze
Sam Ligtlee
Cycling
Men's 1 km time trial
4 August
Bronze
Olivia van RooijenKarolien FlorijnSophie SouwerNicole Beukers
Rowing
Women's quadruple sculls
4 August
Bronze
Elisabeth HogerwerfMarloes OldenburgLies RustenburgJose van VeenYmkje CleveringMonica LanzAletta JorritsmaCarline BouwDieuwke Fetter
Rowing
Women's eight
4 August
Bronze
Jorke KooijengaKoen van BrusselBart LukkesWard van Zeijl
Rowing
Men's lightweight quadruple sculls
4 August
Bronze
Céline van GernerVera van PolNaomi VisserTisha VollemanSanne Wevers
Gymnastics
Women's Team
4 August
Bronze
Harrie Lavreysen
Cycling
Men's sprint
6 August
Bronze
Kirsten WildAmy Pieters
Cycling
Women's madison
7 August
Bronze
Dafne Schippers
Athletics
Women's 100m
7 August
Bronze
Esmee Vermeulen
Swimming
Women's 10 km
9 August
Bronze
Jamile Samuel
Athletics
Women's 200m
11 August
Bronze
Lisanne de Witte
Athletics
Women's 400m
11 August
Bronze
Christopher GariaChurandy MartinaHensley PaulinaTaymir Burnet
Athletics
Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
12 August
* Participated in the heats only and received medals.
Medals by sport
Sport
Total
Aquatics
5
5
2
12
Athletics
1
3
4
8
Cycling
7
3
3
13
Gymnastics
1
1
1
3
Rowing
1
3
3
7
Total
15
15
13
43
Medals by date
Day
Date
Total
2
3 August
2
1
0
3
3
4 August
1
2
6
9
4
5 August
2
2
0
4
5
6 August
2
1
1
4
6
7 August
0
0
2
2
7
8 August
3
4
0
7
8
9 August
2
0
1
3
9
10 August
0
0
0
0
10
11 August
2
1
2
5
11
12 August
1
4
1
6
Total
15
15
13
43
Medals by gender
Gender
Total
Male
4
3
4
11
Female
10
11
9
30
Mixed events
1
1
0
2
Total
15
15
13
43
Athletics - Dafne Schippers won the silver medal
Track cycling - Podium in the women's madison with the Netherlands winning bronze
Athletics
Main article: 2018 European Athletics Championships
Further information: Netherlands at the 2018 European Athletics Championships
References
^ "2018 European Championships - Sports". europeanchampionships.com. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
External links
European Championships official site
vteNations at the 2018 European Championships
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
|
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Weertman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Weertman"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's 10 km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_10_km"},{"link_name":"Esmee Vermeulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmee_Vermeulen"},{"link_name":"Sharon van Rouwendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_van_Rouwendaal"},{"link_name":"Pepijn Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepijn_Smits"},{"link_name":"Ferry Weertman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Weertman"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Team"},{"link_name":"Laura Smulders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Smulders"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_BMX_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_BMX_Championships"},{"link_name":"Sifan Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifan_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_5000_metres"},{"link_name":"Kim Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Busch"},{"link_name":"Femke Heemskerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femke_Heemskerk"},{"link_name":"Kira Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Ranomi Kromowidjojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomi_Kromowidjojo"},{"link_name":"Marjolein Delno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjolein_Delno"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_freestyle_relay"},{"link_name":"Elsbeth Beeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsbeth_Beeres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laila Youssifou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_Youssifou"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Roos de Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roos_de_Jong"},{"link_name":"Lisa Scheenaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Scheenaard"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's double sculls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Vincent van der Want","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_der_Want"},{"link_name":"Boudewijn Roell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudewijn_Roell"},{"link_name":"Maarten Hurkmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Hurkmans"},{"link_name":"Simon van Dorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_van_Dorp"},{"link_name":"Mechiel Versluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechiel_Versluis"},{"link_name":"Ruben Knab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Knab"},{"link_name":"Lex van den Herik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lex_van_den_Herik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Freek Robbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freek_Robbers"},{"link_name":"Diederik van Engelenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diederik_van_Engelenburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Marianne Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Vos"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Road_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Road_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Femke Heemskerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femke_Heemskerk"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 200 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Femke Heemskerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femke_Heemskerk"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 100 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Nyls Korstanje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyls_Korstanje"},{"link_name":"Stan Pijnenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Pijnenburg"},{"link_name":"Femke Heemskerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femke_Heemskerk"},{"link_name":"Ranomi Kromowidjojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomi_Kromowidjojo"},{"link_name":"Kyle Stolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Stolk"},{"link_name":"Kira Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Mixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_100_metre_freestyle_relay"},{"link_name":"Anna van der Breggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_van_der_Breggen"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Road_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Road_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Susan Krumins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Krumins"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 10,000m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"Dafne Schippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafne_Schippers"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 200m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metres"},{"link_name":"Sharon van Rouwendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_van_Rouwendaal"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 25 km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_25_km"},{"link_name":"Mathieu van der Poel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_van_der_Poel"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Road_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Road_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Epke Zonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epke_Zonderland"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Men%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's horizontal bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Men%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Dafne Schippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafne_Schippers"},{"link_name":"Marije van Hunenstijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marije_van_Hunenstijn"},{"link_name":"Jamile Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamile_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Naomi Sedney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Sedney"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 4 × 100 metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"Ranomi Kromowidjojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomi_Kromowidjojo"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 50 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_50_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Sam Ligtlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Ligtlee"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's 1 km time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_1_km_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Olivia van Rooijen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_van_Rooijen"},{"link_name":"Karolien Florijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolien_Florijn"},{"link_name":"Sophie Souwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Souwer"},{"link_name":"Nicole Beukers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Beukers"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's quadruple sculls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Hogerwerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Hogerwerf"},{"link_name":"Marloes Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marloes_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Lies Rustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_Rustenburg"},{"link_name":"Jose van Veen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_van_Veen"},{"link_name":"Ymkje Clevering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymkje_Clevering"},{"link_name":"Monica Lanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Lanz"},{"link_name":"Aletta Jorritsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletta_Jorritsma"},{"link_name":"Carline Bouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carline_Bouw"},{"link_name":"Dieuwke Fetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieuwke_Fetter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Jorke Kooijenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorke_Kooijenga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koen van Brussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koen_van_Brussel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bart Lukkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Lukkes"},{"link_name":"Ward van Zeijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_van_Zeijl"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's lightweight quadruple sculls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Céline van Gerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9line_van_Gerner"},{"link_name":"Vera van Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_van_Pol"},{"link_name":"Naomi Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Visser"},{"link_name":"Tisha Volleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_Volleman"},{"link_name":"Sanne Wevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanne_Wevers"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Harrie Lavreysen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrie_Lavreysen"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Wild"},{"link_name":"Amy Pieters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Pieters"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_madison"},{"link_name":"Dafne Schippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafne_Schippers"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 100m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres"},{"link_name":"Esmee Vermeulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmee_Vermeulen"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 10 km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_10_km"},{"link_name":"Jamile Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamile_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 200m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metres"},{"link_name":"Lisanne de Witte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisanne_de_Witte"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 400m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres"},{"link_name":"Christopher Garia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Garia"},{"link_name":"Churandy Martina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churandy_Martina"},{"link_name":"Hensley Paulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hensley_Paulina"},{"link_name":"Taymir Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymir_Burnet"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's 4 × 100 metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"Aquatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Aquatics"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Athletics"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cycling"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rowing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_European_Athletics_Championships_Day_3_(29).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euro_Track_2018-346_(43017549145).jpg"}],"text":"Medal\n\nName\n\nSport\n\nEvent\n\nDate\n\n\n Gold\nJeffrey HooglandHarrie LavreysenRoy van den Berg\nCycling\nMen's team sprint\n3 August\n\n\n Gold\nKirsten Wild\nCycling\nWomen's scratch\n3 August\n\n\n Gold\nMatthijs Büchli\nCycling\nMen's 1 km time trial\n4 August\n\n\n Gold\nMarieke KeijserIlse Paulis\nRowing\nWomen's lightweight double sculls\n5 August\n\n\n Gold\nSanne Wevers\nGymnastics\nWomen's balance beam\n5 August\n\n\n Gold\nJeffrey Hoogland\nCycling\nMen's sprint\n6 August\n\n\n Gold\nKirsten Wild\nCycling\nWomen's omnium\n6 August\n\n\n Gold\nEllen van Dijk\nCycling\nWomen's time trial\n8 August\n\n\n Gold\nCeline van Duijn\nDiving\nWomen's 10 m platform\n8 August\n\n\n Gold\nSharon van Rouwendaal\nSwimming\nWomen's 5 km\n8 August\n\n\n Gold\nSharon van Rouwendaal\nSwimming\nWomen's 10 km\n9 August\n\n\n Gold\nFerry Weertman\nSwimming\nMen's 10 km\n9 August\n\n\n Gold\nEsmee VermeulenSharon van RouwendaalPepijn SmitsFerry Weertman\nSwimming\nTeam\n11 August\n\n\n Gold\nLaura Smulders\nCycling\nWomen's BMX\n11 August\n\n\n Gold\nSifan Hassan\nAthletics\nWomen's 5000 metres\n12 August\n\n\n Silver\nKim BuschFemke HeemskerkKira ToussaintRanomi KromowidjojoMarjolein Delno*\nSwimming\nWomen's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\n3 August\n\n\n Silver\nElsbeth BeeresLaila Youssifou\nRowing\nWomen's pair\n4 August\n\n\n Silver\nRoos de JongLisa Scheenaard\nRowing\nWomen's double sculls\n4 August\n\n\n Silver\nVincent van der WantBoudewijn RoellMaarten HurkmansSimon van DorpMechiel VersluisRuben KnabLex van den HerikFreek RobbersDiederik van Engelenburg\nRowing\nMen's eight\n5 August\n\n\n Silver\nMarianne Vos\nCycling\nWomen's road race\n5 August\n\n\n Silver\nFemke Heemskerk\nSwimming\nWomen's 200 metre freestyle\n6 August\n\n\n Silver\nFemke Heemskerk\nSwimming\nWomen's 100 metre freestyle\n8 August\n\n\n Silver\nNyls KorstanjeStan PijnenburgFemke HeemskerkRanomi KromowidjojoKyle Stolk*Kira Toussaint*\nSwimming\nMixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\n8 August\n\n\n Silver\nAnna van der Breggen\nCycling\nWomen's time trial\n8 August\n\n\n Silver\nSusan Krumins\nAthletics\nWomen's 10,000m\n8 August\n\n\n Silver\nDafne Schippers\nAthletics\nWomen's 200m\n11 August\n\n\n Silver\nSharon van Rouwendaal\nSwimming\nWomen's 25 km\n12 August\n\n\n Silver\nMathieu van der Poel\nCycling\nMen's road race\n12 August\n\n\n Silver\nEpke Zonderland\nGymnastics\nMen's horizontal bar\n12 August\n\n\n Silver\nDafne SchippersMarije van HunenstijnJamile SamuelNaomi Sedney\nAthletics\nWomen's 4 × 100 metres relay\n12 August\n\n\n Bronze\nRanomi Kromowidjojo\nSwimming\nWomen's 50 metre freestyle\n4 August\n\n\n Bronze\nSam Ligtlee\nCycling\nMen's 1 km time trial\n4 August\n\n\n Bronze\nOlivia van RooijenKarolien FlorijnSophie SouwerNicole Beukers\nRowing\nWomen's quadruple sculls\n4 August\n\n\n Bronze\nElisabeth HogerwerfMarloes OldenburgLies RustenburgJose van VeenYmkje CleveringMonica LanzAletta JorritsmaCarline BouwDieuwke Fetter\nRowing\nWomen's eight\n4 August\n\n\n Bronze\nJorke KooijengaKoen van BrusselBart LukkesWard van Zeijl\nRowing\nMen's lightweight quadruple sculls\n4 August\n\n\n Bronze\nCéline van GernerVera van PolNaomi VisserTisha VollemanSanne Wevers\nGymnastics\nWomen's Team\n4 August\n\n\n Bronze\nHarrie Lavreysen\nCycling\nMen's sprint\n6 August\n\n\n Bronze\nKirsten WildAmy Pieters\nCycling\nWomen's madison\n7 August\n\n\n Bronze\nDafne Schippers\nAthletics\nWomen's 100m\n7 August\n\n\n Bronze\nEsmee Vermeulen\nSwimming\nWomen's 10 km\n9 August\n\n\n Bronze\nJamile Samuel\nAthletics\nWomen's 200m\n11 August\n\n\n Bronze\nLisanne de Witte\nAthletics\nWomen's 400m\n11 August\n\n\n Bronze\nChristopher GariaChurandy MartinaHensley PaulinaTaymir Burnet\nAthletics\nMen's 4 × 100 metres relay\n12 August\n\n* Participated in the heats only and received medals.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by sport\n\n\nSport\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nAquatics\n\n5\n\n5\n\n2\n\n12\n\n\nAthletics\n\n1\n\n3\n\n4\n\n8\n\n\nCycling\n\n7\n\n3\n\n3\n\n13\n\n\nGymnastics\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n3\n\n\nRowing\n\n1\n\n3\n\n3\n\n7\n\n\nTotal\n\n15\n\n15\n\n13\n\n43\n\n\n\n\nMedals by date\n\n\nDay\n\nDate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n2\n\n3 August\n\n2\n\n1\n\n0\n\n3\n\n\n3\n\n4 August\n\n1\n\n2\n\n6\n\n9\n\n\n4\n\n5 August\n\n2\n\n2\n\n0\n\n4\n\n\n5\n\n6 August\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n4\n\n\n6\n\n7 August\n\n0\n\n0\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n7\n\n8 August\n\n3\n\n4\n\n0\n\n7\n\n\n8\n\n9 August\n\n2\n\n0\n\n1\n\n3\n\n\n9\n\n10 August\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n10\n\n11 August\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\n5\n\n\n11\n\n12 August\n\n1\n\n4\n\n1\n\n6\n\n\nTotal\n15\n15\n13\n43\n\n\n\n\nMedals by gender\n\n\nGender\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nMale\n\n4\n\n3\n\n4\n\n11\n\n\nFemale\n\n10\n\n11\n\n9\n\n30\n\n\nMixed events\n\n1\n\n1\n\n0\n\n2\n\n\nTotal\n15\n15\n13\n43\n\nAthletics - Dafne Schippers won the silver medal\nTrack cycling - Podium in the women's madison with the Netherlands winning bronze","title":"Medallists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands at the 2018 European Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_2018_European_Athletics_Championships"}],"text":"Further information: Netherlands at the 2018 European Athletics Championships","title":"Athletics"}]
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[{"image_text":"Athletics - Dafne Schippers won the silver medal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2018_European_Athletics_Championships_Day_3_%2829%29.jpg/220px-2018_European_Athletics_Championships_Day_3_%2829%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Track cycling - Podium in the women's madison with the Netherlands winning bronze","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Euro_Track_2018-346_%2843017549145%29.jpg/220px-Euro_Track_2018-346_%2843017549145%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2018 European Championships - Sports\". europeanchampionships.com. Retrieved 11 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europeanchampionships.com/results/en/all-sports/athletes.htm","url_text":"\"2018 European Championships - Sports\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gadsden_(AK-182)
|
USS Gadsden
|
["1 Construction","2 Service history","2.1 World War II service","2.2 Post-war decommissioning","3 Merchant service","4 Honors and awards","5 Notes","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
|
Cargo ship of the United States Navy
History
United States
NameGadsden
NamesakeGadsden County, Florida
Orderedas type (C1-M-AV1) hull, MC hull 2113
BuilderWalter Butler Shipbuilders, Inc., Superior, Wisconsin
Yard number31
Laid down1943–1944
Launched8 April 1944
Acquired26 December 1944
Commissioned28 February 1945
Decommissioned31 January 1946
Stricken25 February 1946
Identification
Hull symbol: AK-182
Code letters: NELE
FateSold, 16 August 1946
United States
NameGadsden
OwnerAmerican Eastern Corp., New York, New York
Acquired16 August 1946
Fate
Repurchased by the Maritime Administration, 23 May 1955
sold, 2 June 1955
South Korea
NameYosu
NamesakeCity of Yeosu
OwnerKorean Shipping Corp.
Acquired2 June 1955
IdentificationIMO number: 5396399
FateBU Inchon 7 September 1979
General characteristics
Class and typeAlamosa-class cargo ship
TypeC1-M-AV1
Tonnage5,010 long tons deadweight (DWT)
Displacement
2,382 long tons (2,420 t) (standard)
7,450 long tons (7,570 t) (full load)
Length388 ft 8 in (118.47 m)
Beam50 ft (15 m)
Draft21 ft 1 in (6.43 m)
Installed power
1 × Nordberg, TSM 6 diesel engine
1,750 shp (1,300 kW)
Propulsion1 × propeller
Speed11.5 kn (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph)
Capacity
3,945 t (3,883 long tons) DWT
9,830 cu ft (278 m3) (refrigerated)
227,730 cu ft (6,449 m3) (non-refrigerated)
Complement
15 Officers
70 Enlisted
Armament
1 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 caliber dual purpose gun (DP)
6 × 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon anti-aircraft (AA) cannons
USS Gadsden (AK-182) was an Alamosa-class cargo ship acquired by the U.S. Navy during the final months of World War II. She served the Pacific Ocean theatre of operations for a short period of time before being decommissioned and returned to the U.S. Maritime Administration.
Construction
Gadsden was launched 8 April 1944, under Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 2113, by Walter Butler Shipbuilders, Inc., Superior, Wisconsin; sponsored by Mrs. Morgan Murphy of Superior; acquired by the Navy on loan-charter basis 26 December 1944; and commissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana, 28 February 1945.
Service history
World War II service
After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, Gadsden departed New Orleans 31 March 1945, with a cargo of frozen meat and ammunition for Ulithi, Western Caroline Islands, where she arrived on 11 May after 34 days at sea. From there she proceeded to Kossol Roads, Palau Islands for a 3-day stay marked by alerts for enemy suicide swimmers.
She was convoyed by way of Leyte to Morotai Island, Netherlands East Indies, where she spent 3 months as ammunition ship for units of the U.S. 7th Fleet. At times, she serviced six to eight ships a day as she handled much of the ammunition used by fleet units for the Brunei Bay-Balikpapan invasions of Borneo.
Gadsden arrived at Leyte 31 July 1945, with about one-third of her cargo. She served as ammunition ship there until announcement of the Japanese capitulation. On 21 August 1945, she departed Leyte on a shuttle cargo run to Subic Bay, Philippine Islands, and Hollandia, New Guinea; thence back to Leyte and was routed onward to Manila, Philippine Islands.
Post-war decommissioning
Gadsden put to sea from Manila 26 November 1945; transited the Panama Canal 8 January 1946; and reached Norfolk, Virginia, on the 19th for inactivation. She decommissioned 31 January 1946 and was redelivered to the Maritime Commission on 1 February 1946 for layup in the Maritime James River fleet.
Merchant service
On 16 August 1946, the Maritime Commission sold Gadsden to American Eastern Corp., of New York, New York, for $693,862. She wasn't reflagged and she retained her name.
The Maritime Administration, which the Maritime Commission had been renamed in 1950, purchased Gadsden back on 23 May 1955, at Seattle, Washington. She was subsequently sold to the Korean Shipping Corp., and renamed Yosu. The ship was scrapped at Inchon on 7 September 1979 by the Han Sung Salvage Co.
Honors and awards
Qualified Gadsden personnel were eligible for the following:
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Philippines Liberation Medal
Notes
Citations
^ a b c C1 Cargo Ships 2009.
^ a b MARAD.
^ a b c d Navsource 2013.
^ a b c d e f DANFS 2016.
Bibliography
Online resources
"Gadsden (AK-182)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"C1 Cargo Ships". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
"Gadsden (AK-182)". Navsource.org. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
"Gadsden (AK-182)". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
External links
Photo gallery of USS Gadsden (AK-182) at NavSource Naval History
vteAlamosa-class cargo ships
Alamosa
Alcona
Amador
Antrim
Autauga
Beaverhead
Beltrami
Blount
Brevard
Bullock
Cabell
Caledonia
Charlevoix
Chatham
Chicot
Claiborne
Clarion
Codington
Colquitt
Craighead
Doddridge*
Duval*
Fairfield
Faribault
Fentress
Flagler
Gadsden
Glacier
Grainger
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hennepin
Herkimer
Hidalgo
Kenosha
Lebanon
Lehigh
Lancaster
Marengo
Midland
Minidoka
Muscatine
Muskingum
Nicollet
Pembina
Pemiscot
Pinellas
Pipestone
Pitkin
Poinsett
Pontotoc
Richland
Rockdale
Schuyler
Screven
Sebastian
Somerset / Coastal Sentry
Sussex
Tarrant
Tipton
Traverse*
Tulare*
Washtenaw** / Sgt. George Peterson
Westchester*
Wexford† / Coastal Crusader
Maiden's Eye / Colonel William J. O'Brien
Becket Bend / Private John F. Thorson
Short Splice
Long Splice / Private Frank J. Petrarca
* = Canceled August 1945
** = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Guide
† = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Crusader
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
vteType C1-M shipsType C1-M-AV1
Alamosa
Alcona
Acorn Knot / Sgt. George D Keathley
Amador
Anchor Bend
Anchor Hitch
Antrim
Autauga
Beaverhead
Becket Bend / Private John F. Thorson
Becket Hitch
Bell Ringer / Captain Arlo L. Olson
Beltrami
Bight Knot
Blackwall Hitch
Blount
Boatswain's Hitch
Bowline Knot
Brevard
Bullock
Buntline Hitch
Cabell
Cable Splice
Caledonia
Cape Somerset
Cape Stanhope
Capstan Knot
Carrick Bend
Cat's Paw
Chain and Crown
Charlevoix
Chatham
Check Knot / Sgt. Joseph E. Muller
Chicot
Cinch Knot
Claiborne
Clarion
Clove Hitch
Coastal Captain
Coastal Charger
Coastal Courser
Coastal Crusader
Coastal Guide / Sgt. George Peterson
Coastal Mariner
Coastal Monarch
Coastal Monitor
Coastal Rambler
Coastal Ranger
Coastal Telegrapher
Codington
Colquitt
Craighead
Crossing Hitch
Crown and Diamond
Crown Knot
Diamond Hitch
Diamond Knot
Doddridge
Double Loop
Dragon Fly
Duval
Elmer J. Burr
Emerald Knot
Fairfield
Faribault
Fentress
Fiador Knot
Fisherman's Bend
Flagler
Flemish Knot
Gadsden
Glacier
Grainger
Grass Knot
Gunner's Knot
Gwinnett
Habersham
Half Hitch
Half Knot
Harold W. Roberts
Hawser Bend
Hawser Eye
Hawser Splice
Hennepin
Herkimer
Hickory Bay
Hickory Beck
Hickory Bourne
Hickory Brae
Hickory Brook
Hickory Burn
Hickory Cairn
Hickory Cape
Hickory Coll
Hickory Crest
Hickory Dale
Hickory Dell
Hickory Dyke
Hickory Ghyll
Hickory Glen
Hickory Isle
Hickory Knoll
Hickory Lake
Hickory Mount
Hickory Stream
Hickory Tarn
Hickory Tor
Hidalgo
Honda Knot
Hook Hitch
Horseshoe Splice
Jacob's Ladder
Jumper Hitch
Kenneth E. Gruennert / Grommet Reefer
Kenosha
Knob Knot
Lancaster
Lanyard Knot
Leader Loop
Lebanon
Lehigh
Lever's Bend
Lewis Hall
Link Splice / Sgt. Jonah E. Kelley
Lock Knot
Long Eye
Long Splice / Private Frank J. Petrarca
Loop Knot
Magnus Hitch
Maiden's Eye / Colonel William J. O'Brien
Mainsheet Eye
Manrope Knot
Marengo
Mariner's Splice
Marline Hitch
Marlingspike Hitch
Masthead Knot
Midland
Minidoka
Mooring Hitch
Mooring Knot
Muscatine
Muskingum
Nicollet
Ocean Plat
Pembina
Pemiscot
Phoebe Knot
Pinellas
Pipestone
Pitkin
Poinsett
Pontotoc
Reef Knot
Reeving Eye
Richland
Rigger's Eye
Ring Hitch
Ring Knot
Ring Splice
Roband Hitch
Rockdale
Rolling Hitch
Rose Knot
Round Splice / Private Jose F. Valdez
Running Knot
Sailmaker's Splice
Sailor's Splice
Salmon Knot
Sampan Hitch
Schuyler
Screven
Sebastian
Shamrock Knot
Sheepshank
Sheet Bend
Shell Bar
Short Splice
Sinnet
Snakehead
Snug Hitch
Somerset / Coastal Sentry
Span Splice
Spanish Bowline
Spar Hitch
Spindle Eye / Sgt. Curtis F. Shoup
Spool Sinnet
Square Knot
Square Sinnet
Star Knot
Studding Sail
Sussex
Sword Knot
Tag Knot
Tapir Splice
Tarrant
Terminal Knot
Thimble Eye
Timber Hitch
Tipton
Traverse
True Knot
Tucked Bend
Tulare
Turk's Head
Wall Knot
Water Knot
Westchester
William G. Fournier
William N. Nelson
Yard Hitch
Type C1-M-AV7
Coastal Liberator
Type C1-M-AV8
Crossing Knot
Flat Knot
Marline Bend
Persian Knot
Single Hitch
Solid Sinnet
Type C1-MT-BU1
Arizona Pine
California Redwood
Oregon Fir
Washington Cedar
|
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She served the Pacific Ocean theatre of operations for a short period of time before being decommissioned and returned to the U.S. Maritime Administration.","title":"USS Gadsden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superior, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016-4"}],"text":"Gadsden was launched 8 April 1944, under Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 2113, by Walter Butler Shipbuilders, Inc., Superior, Wisconsin; sponsored by Mrs. Morgan Murphy of Superior; acquired by the Navy on loan-charter basis 26 December 1944; and commissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana, 28 February 1945.[4]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Ulithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi"},{"link_name":"Caroline Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kossol Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossol_Roads"},{"link_name":"Palau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Morotai Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morotai_Island"},{"link_name":"Netherlands East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"ammunition ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_ship"},{"link_name":"U.S. 7th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Balikpapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikpapan"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"Japanese capitulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"Hollandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016-4"}],"sub_title":"World War II service","text":"After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, Gadsden departed New Orleans 31 March 1945, with a cargo of frozen meat and ammunition for Ulithi, Western Caroline Islands, where she arrived on 11 May after 34 days at sea. From there she proceeded to Kossol Roads, Palau Islands for a 3-day stay marked by alerts for enemy suicide swimmers.[4]She was convoyed by way of Leyte to Morotai Island, Netherlands East Indies, where she spent 3 months as ammunition ship for units of the U.S. 7th Fleet. At times, she serviced six to eight ships a day as she handled much of the ammunition used by fleet units for the Brunei Bay-Balikpapan invasions of Borneo.[4]Gadsden arrived at Leyte 31 July 1945, with about one-third of her cargo. She served as ammunition ship there until announcement of the Japanese capitulation. On 21 August 1945, she departed Leyte on a shuttle cargo run to Subic Bay, Philippine Islands, and Hollandia, New Guinea; thence back to Leyte and was routed onward to Manila, Philippine Islands.[4]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016-4"}],"sub_title":"Post-war decommissioning","text":"Gadsden put to sea from Manila 26 November 1945; transited the Panama Canal 8 January 1946; and reached Norfolk, Virginia, on the 19th for inactivation. She decommissioned 31 January 1946 and was redelivered to the Maritime Commission on 1 February 1946 for layup in the Maritime James River fleet.[4]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Eastern Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Eastern_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2013-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMARAD-2"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2013-3"},{"link_name":"Korean Shipping Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_Shipping_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016-4"}],"text":"On 16 August 1946, the Maritime Commission sold Gadsden to American Eastern Corp., of New York, New York, for $693,862. She wasn't reflagged and she retained her name.[3][2]The Maritime Administration, which the Maritime Commission had been renamed in 1950, purchased Gadsden back on 23 May 1955, at Seattle, Washington.[3] She was subsequently sold to the Korean Shipping Corp., and renamed Yosu.[4] The ship was scrapped at Inchon on 7 September 1979 by the Han Sung Salvage Co.","title":"Merchant service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2013-3"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"},{"link_name":"Philippines Liberation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Liberation_Medal"}],"text":"Qualified Gadsden personnel were eligible for the following:[3]American Campaign Medal\nAsiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nPhilippines Liberation Medal","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-2"},{"link_name":"C1 Cargo Ships 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFC1_Cargo_Ships2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMARAD_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMARAD_2-1"},{"link_name":"MARAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMARAD"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2013_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2013_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2013_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2013_3-3"},{"link_name":"Navsource 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNavsource2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2016_4-5"},{"link_name":"DANFS 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDANFS2016"}],"text":"Citations^ a b c C1 Cargo Ships 2009.\n\n^ a b MARAD.\n\n^ a b c d Navsource 2013.\n\n^ a b c d e f DANFS 2016.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Gadsden (AK-182)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/g/gadsen.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"C1 Cargo Ships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Gadsden (AK-182)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/09/13/130182.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Gadsden (AK-182)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/1781"}],"text":"Online resources\n\n\"Gadsden (AK-182)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"C1 Cargo Ships\". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2016.\n\"Gadsden (AK-182)\". Navsource.org. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2016.\n\"Gadsden (AK-182)\". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 17 November 2016.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_Pyjamas
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The Man in Pyjamas
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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1981 West German comedy film
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Man in Pyjamas" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Man in PyjamasDirected by
Christian Rateuke
Hartmann Schmige
Written by
Christian Rateuke
Hartmann Schmige
Produced by
Carla Thoeren
Horst Wendlandt
Starring
Otto Sander
Elke Sommer
Peter Fitz
Hermann Lause
CinematographyHeinz HölscherEdited bySybille WindtMusic byWilhelm Dieter SiebertProductioncompanyRialto FilmDistributed byTobis FilmRelease date
18 December 1981 (1981-12-18)
Running time95 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGerman
The Man in Pyjamas (German: Der Mann im Pyjama) is a 1981 West German comedy film directed by Christian Rateuke and Hartmann Schmige, starring Otto Sander and Elke Sommer. The film won the Ernst Lubitsch Award for best actor (Sander).
The film's sets were designed by art director Werner Achmann.
Plot
The story, set in Berlin in 1981, centres around a man in his pajamas and bathrobe who goes out to buy cigarettes and experiences a series of events that have him chased by inept police officers, an angry husband, a taxi driver, and various other characters.
Cast
Otto Sander as Rudi
Elke Sommer as Bärbel Lachmann
Peter Fitz as Harry Lachmann, Detective inspector
Hermann Lause as Bruno, Patrolman
Erich Schwarz as Hans-Christian, Patrolman
Friedrich G. Beckhaus as Otto Kaiser, Deputy Chief
Karl-Heinz Vosgerau as Consul Becker
Jochen Schroeder as Taxi driver
Kurt Zips as Neighbour with the white poodle
Pit Krüger as Volkswagen driver
Ute Koska as Helga
Günther Kieslich as Bank robber disguised as a sewer worker
Tayfun Bademsoy as Turk
References
^ Rentschler p.74
^ "Der Mann Im Pyjama". allmovie.com. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
Bibliography
Eric Rentschler. West German film in the course of time: reflections on the twenty years since Oberhausen. Redgrave Publishing Company, 1984.
External links
The Man in Pyjamas at IMDb
This film article about a 1980s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartmann Schmige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann_Schmige"},{"link_name":"Otto Sander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sander"},{"link_name":"Elke Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elke_Sommer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Lubitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Werner Achmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Achmann&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Man in Pyjamas (German: Der Mann im Pyjama) is a 1981 West German comedy film directed by Christian Rateuke and Hartmann Schmige, starring Otto Sander and Elke Sommer.[1] The film won the Ernst Lubitsch Award for best actor (Sander).The film's sets were designed by art director Werner Achmann.","title":"The Man in Pyjamas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The story, set in Berlin in 1981, centres around a man in his pajamas and bathrobe who goes out to buy cigarettes and experiences a series of events that have him chased by inept police officers, an angry husband, a taxi driver, and various other characters.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Sander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sander"},{"link_name":"Elke Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elke_Sommer"},{"link_name":"Peter Fitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitz"},{"link_name":"Hermann Lause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Lause"},{"link_name":"Erich Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Schwarz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friedrich G. Beckhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_G._Beckhaus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_G._Beckhaus"},{"link_name":"Karl-Heinz Vosgerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Vosgerau"},{"link_name":"Jochen Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jochen_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurt Zips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Zips&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pit Krüger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pit_Kr%C3%BCger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ute Koska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ute_Koska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Günther Kieslich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Kieslich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tayfun Bademsoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayfun_Bademsoy"}],"text":"Otto Sander as Rudi\nElke Sommer as Bärbel Lachmann\nPeter Fitz as Harry Lachmann, Detective inspector\nHermann Lause as Bruno, Patrolman\nErich Schwarz as Hans-Christian, Patrolman\nFriedrich G. Beckhaus [de] as Otto Kaiser, Deputy Chief\nKarl-Heinz Vosgerau as Consul Becker\nJochen Schroeder as Taxi driver\nKurt Zips as Neighbour with the white poodle\nPit Krüger as Volkswagen driver\nUte Koska as Helga\nGünther Kieslich as Bank robber disguised as a sewer worker\nTayfun Bademsoy as Turk","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Eric Rentschler. West German film in the course of time: reflections on the twenty years since Oberhausen. Redgrave Publishing Company, 1984.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harunotsuji_Site
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Harunotsuji Site
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 33°45′32″N 129°45′07″E / 33.75878417°N 129.75186114°E / 33.75878417; 129.75186114 (Harunotsuji Site)Archaeological site in Nagasaki, Japan
Harunotsuji Site
Harunotsuji Site
HarunotsujiSiteclass=notpageimage| Location of Harunotsuji Site
33°45′32″N 129°45′07″E / 33.75878417°N 129.75186114°E / 33.75878417; 129.75186114 (Harunotsuji Site)
Harunotsuji Site (also written as Haru-no-Tsuji, Japanese: 原の辻遺跡) is an archaeological site of the Yayoi period that is located on Iki island in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It was designated a national Special Historic Site. In addition, the artifacts excavated from this site have been designated national Important Cultural Properties.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Nagasaki)
References
^ "原の辻遺跡 文化遺産オンライン". bunka.nii.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
^ 小項目事典, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),精選版 日本国語大辞典,国指定史跡ガイド,ブリタニカ国際大百科事典. "原の辻遺跡とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ 知恵蔵. "原の辻(はるのつじ)遺跡とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-07-17.
^ 第２版, 旺文社日本史事典 三訂版,百科事典マイペディア,世界大百科事典. "原ノ辻遺跡とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "国指定文化財等データベース". kunishitei.bunka.go.jp. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
This Japan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"List of Historic Sites of Japan (Nagasaki)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Nagasaki)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"原の辻遺跡 文化遺産オンライン\". bunka.nii.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/192082/5","url_text":"\"原の辻遺跡 文化遺産オンライン\""}]},{"reference":"小項目事典, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),精選版 日本国語大辞典,国指定史跡ガイド,ブリタニカ国際大百科事典. \"原の辻遺跡とは\". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8E%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BE%BB%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1-117377","url_text":"\"原の辻遺跡とは\""}]},{"reference":"知恵蔵. \"原の辻(はるのつじ)遺跡とは\". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8E%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BE%BB%28%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A4%E3%81%98%29%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1-186086","url_text":"\"原の辻(はるのつじ)遺跡とは\""}]},{"reference":"第２版, 旺文社日本史事典 三訂版,百科事典マイペディア,世界大百科事典. \"原ノ辻遺跡とは\". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8E%9F%E3%83%8E%E8%BE%BB%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1-862154","url_text":"\"原ノ辻遺跡とは\""}]},{"reference":"\"国指定文化財等データベース\". kunishitei.bunka.go.jp. Retrieved 2021-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/2791","url_text":"\"国指定文化財等データベース\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_CAF_first_round
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2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF first round
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["1 Pool A","2 Pool B","3 Pool C","4 Pool D","5 Pool E","6 Goalscorers","7 External links"]
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Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)
The CAF first round of 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification was contested between 50 CAF members.
The 50 teams were divided into five pools of ten teams each. In each pool, the ten teams were paired up to play knockout matches on a home-and-away basis. The winners advanced to the second round.
Pool A
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Mauritania
1–5
Tunisia
1–2
0–3
Guinea-Bissau
0–3
Togo
0–0
0–3
Cape Verde
0–2
Algeria
0–0
0–2
Benin
1–2
Senegal
1–1
0–1
Gambia
0–3
Morocco
0–1
0–2
7 April 200017:00 (UTC+0)
Mauritania 1–2 Tunisia
Ould Ely 85'
Report
Jaïdi 65'Gabsi 76'
Stade Olympique, NouakchottAttendance: 10,000Referee: Modou Sowe (Gambia)
22 April 200017:00 (UTC+1)
Tunisia 3–0 Mauritania
Sidibé 16' (o.g.)Jaziri 25'Mhedhebi 49'
Report
Stade El Menzah, TunisAttendance: 3,000Referee: Mourad Bendada (Morocco)
Tunisia won 5–1 on aggregate.
8 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)
Guinea-Bissau 0–0 Togo
Report
Estádio 24 de Setembro, BissauAttendance: 20,000Referee: Manuel Monteiro Duarte (Cape Verde)
23 April 200015:30 (UTC+0)
Togo 3–0 Guinea-Bissau
Salifou 44'Kouko 65'Dovi-Akon 87'
Report
Stade de Kégué, LoméAttendance: 4,000Referee: Emmanuel Okoampah (Ghana)
Togo won 3–0 on aggregate.
9 April 200015:00 (UTC-1)
Cape Verde 0–0 Algeria
Report
Estádio da Várzea, PraiaAttendance: 5,000Referee: Abdou Diouf (Senegal)
21 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Algeria 2–0 Cape Verde
Bourahli 7'Saïfi 12'
Report
Stade 19 Mai 1956, AnnabaAttendance: 50,000Referee: Malick Sillah (Gambia)
Algeria won 2–0 on aggregate.
9 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Benin 1–1 Senegal
Okétola 33'
Report
N'Diaye 15'
Stade de l'Amitié, CotonouAttendance: 17,959Referee: Olufunmi Orimisan Olaniyan (Nigeria)
23 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)
Senegal 1–0 Benin
Ba 63'
Report
Stade Leopold Senghor, DakarAttendance: 19,000Referee: Ba Seydou (Mauritania)
Senegal won 2–1 on aggregate.
9 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)
Gambia 0–1 Morocco
Report
El Moubarki 63'
Independence Stadium, BakauAttendance: 20,000Referee: Mamadouba Camara (Guinea)
22 April 200019:30 (UTC+1)
Morocco 2–0 Gambia
El Khattari 17', 31'
Report
Stade Mohamed V, CasablancaAttendance: 10,800Referee: Alhabib Ahmad (Libya)
Morocco won 3–0 on aggregate.
Pool B
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Madagascar
2–1
Gabon
2–0
0–1
Botswana
0–2
Zambia
0–1
0–1
Swaziland
1–8
Angola
0–1
1–7
Lesotho
0–3
South Africa
0–2
0–1
Sudan
2–2 (a)
Mozambique
1–0
1–2
8 April 200014:30 (UTC+3)
Madagascar 2–0 Gabon
Randrianaivo 37', 65'
Report
Mahamasina Municipal Stadium, AntananarivoAttendance: 20,000Referee: Robin Williams (South Africa)
22 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Gabon 1–0 Madagascar
Cousin 41'
Report
Stade Omar Bongo, LibrevilleAttendance: 5,000Referee: Benoit Benjamin Mbone Ndinga (Cameroon)
Madagascar won 2–1 on aggregate.
8 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
Botswana 0–1 Zambia
Report
Lota 40'
Botswana National Stadium, GaboroneAttendance: 15,000Referee: Wilfred Mukuna (Zimbabwe)
22 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
Zambia 1–0 Botswana
Milanzi 83'
Report
Independence Stadium, LusakaAttendance: 15,000Referee: Eusebio Alfredo (Mozambique)
Zambia won 2–0 on aggregate.
9 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
Swaziland 0–1 Angola
Report
Edson 55'
Somhlolo National Stadium, LobambaAttendance: 8,600Referee: Walter Mochubela (South Africa)
23 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Angola 7–1 Swaziland
Hélder Vicente 18'Joni 26'Paulão 29', 72'Isaac 35', 88'Covilhã 85'
Report
Dlamini 79'
Estádio da Cidadela, LuandaAttendance: 50,000Referee: Edwin Senai (Botswana)
Angola won 8–1 on aggregate.
9 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
Lesotho 0–2 South Africa
Report
Bartlett 40'Pule 71'
Setsoto Stadium, MaseruAttendance: 12,035Referee: Edwin Senai (Botswana)
22 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
South Africa 1–0 Lesotho
Bartlett 48'
Report
Free State Stadium, BloemfonteinAttendance: 25,000Referee: Aaron Nkole (Zambia)
South Africa won 3–0 on aggregate.
9 April 200020:00 (UTC+3)
Sudan 1–0 Mozambique
Faroug Jabra 8'
Report
AlHilal Stadium, OmdurmanAttendance: 18,000Referee: Berhane Teshome (Eritrea)
23 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
Mozambique 2–1 Sudan
Tico-Tico 39', 79'
Report
Mujahid Ahmed 66'
Estádio da Machava, MaputoAttendance: 7,235Referee: Felix Tangawarima (Zimbabwe)
2–2 on aggregate, Sudan won on away goals.
Pool C
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
São Tomé and Príncipe
2–4
Sierra Leone
2–0
0–4
Central African Republic
1–4
Zimbabwe
0–1
1–3
Rwanda
2–4
Ivory Coast
2–2
0–2
Equatorial Guinea
2–5
Congo
1–3
1–2
Libya
4–3
Mali
3–0
1–3
8 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)
São Tomé and Príncipe 2–0 Sierra Leone
Ramos 36'Pontes 59'
Report
Estádio Nacional 12 de Julho, Sao TomeAttendance: 6,500Referee: Gilbert Njike (Cameroon)
22 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)
Sierra Leone 4–0 São Tomé and Príncipe
C.Mansaray 32', 46'Kanu 58'S.Mansaray 79'
Report
National Stadium, FreetownAttendance: 65,000Referee: Idrissa Kaba (Liberia)
Sierra Leone won 4–2 on aggregate.
8 April 200015:00 (UTC+1)
Central African Republic 0–1 Zimbabwe
Report
Ndlovu 6'
Barthelemy Boganda Stadium, BanguiAttendance: 13,000Referee: Ladoual Hisseine (Chad)
23 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
Zimbabwe 3–1 Central African Republic
Ncube 20'Ndlovu 35'Jukulile 87'
Report
Djim 39'
National Sports Stadium, HarareAttendance: 18,951Referee: Ferdinard Gadaga (Malawi)
Zimbabwe won 4–1 on aggregate.
9 April 200015:30 (UTC+2)
Rwanda 2–2 Ivory Coast
Mili 46'Nsengiyumva 75'
Report
Akassou 45'Keïta 82'
Stade Amahoro, KigaliAttendance: 16,000Referee: Isaack Abdulkadir (Tanzania)
23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)
Ivory Coast 2–0 Rwanda
Bakayoko 35', 66'
Report
Stade Félix Houphouët-Boigny, AbidjanAttendance: 12,000Referee: Chukwudi Chukwujekwu (Nigeria)
Ivory Coast won 4–2 on aggregate.
9 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Equatorial Guinea 1–3 Congo
Eyoma 34'
Report
Ngoma 15'N'Keoua 29'Eta 64'
Estadio Internacional, MalaboAttendance: 5,000Referee: Pierre Alain Mounguengui (Gabon)
23 April 200015:30 (UTC+1)
Congo 2–1 Equatorial Guinea
Moyimbouabeka 7'Lepaye 81'
Report
Mba 67'
Stade Municipal, Pointe-NoireAttendance: 12,000Referee: Gilbert Njike (Cameroon)
Congo won 5–2 on aggregate.
9 April 200018:00 (UTC+2)
Libya 3–0 Mali
Muntasser 4'Al Masli 56'Mhemed 81'
Report
June 11 Stadium, TripoliAttendance: 50,000Referee: Ferid Sahli (Tunisia)
23 April 200017:30 (UTC+0)
Mali 3–1 Libya
Traoré 47', 78'Dissa 80'
Report
Bushaala 45'
Stade Modibo Kéïta, BamakoAttendance: 30,000Referee: Zeli Sinko (Ivory Coast)
Libya won 4–3 on aggregate.
Pool D
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Djibouti
2–10
DR Congo
1–1
1–9
Seychelles
1–4
Namibia
1–1
0–3
Eritrea
0–4
Nigeria
0–0
0–4
Somalia
0–6
Cameroon
0–3
0–3
Mauritius
2–6
Egypt
0–2
2–4
7 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)
Djibouti 1–1 DR Congo
Khaireh 39'
Report
Yemweni 82'
Stade du Ville, Djibouti CityAttendance: 2,700Referee: Hassan Mohamed Mohamud (Somalia)
23 April 200015:30 (UTC+1)
DR Congo 9–1 Djibouti
Mayélé 1', 67'Yemweni 25', 59', 88'Nonda 33', 35'Mazingu-Dinzey 52'Mpia 78'
Report
Robleh 29'
Stade des Martyrs, KinshasaAttendance: 50,000Referee: Ladoual Hisseine (Chad)
DR Congo won 10–2 on aggregate.
8 April 200016:30 (UTC+4)
Seychelles 1–1 Namibia
Zialor 28'
Report
Shivute 20'
Stade Linité, VictoriaAttendance: 3,452Referee: Pradeep Sohan (Mauritius)
22 April 200015:00 (UTC+1)
Namibia 3–0 Seychelles
Tjikuzu 7', 13', 79'
Report
Sam Nujoma Stadium, WindhoekAttendance: 1,600Referee: Dominique Urbatro (Réunion)
Namibia won 4–1 on aggregate.
9 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)
Eritrea 0–0 Nigeria
Report
Denden Stadium, AsmaraAttendance: 4,151Referee: Ahmed Auda (Egypt)
22 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Nigeria 4–0 Eritrea
Akwuegbu 13'Lawal 20'Akpoborie 65'Kanu 89'
Report
Lagos National Stadium, LagosAttendance: 15,000Referee: Manuel Monteiro Duarte (Cape Verde)
Nigeria won 4–0 on aggregate.
19 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Somalia 0–3 Cameroon
Report
Mboma 26'Foé 31'Eto'o 37'
Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo, YaoundéAttendance: 35,000Referee: Thomas Boko (Benin)
23 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)
Cameroon 3–0 Somalia
Jama Mba 15', 27'Olembé 48'
Report
Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo, YaoundéAttendance: 20,000Referee: Pierre Alain Mounguengui (Gabon)
Cameroon won 6–0 on aggregate.
9 April 200018:00 (UTC+3)
Mauritius 0–2 Egypt
Report
Emara 15'Farouk 75'
Cairo International Stadium, CairoAttendance: 40,000Referee: Hichem Guirat (Tunisia)
23 April 200019:00 (UTC+3)
Egypt 4–2 Mauritius
Kamouna 5' (p)Farouk 72', 74'Salah 90'
Report
Périatambée 45'Bax 88'
Alexandria Stadium, AlexandriaAttendance: 15,000Referee: Mohsen Boukthir (Tunisia)
Egypt won 6–2 on aggregate.
Pool E
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Malawi
2–0
Kenya
2–0
0–0
Tanzania
2–4
Ghana
0–1
2–3
Uganda
4–7
Guinea
4–4
0–3
Ethiopia
2–4
Burkina Faso
2–1
0–3
Chad
0–1
Liberia
0–1
0–0
8 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)
Malawi 2–0 Kenya
Somanje 53'Nkhwazi 88'
Report
Chichiri Stadium, BlantyreAttendance: 18,000Referee: Paul Phomane (Lesotho)
22 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)
Kenya 0–0 Malawi
Report
Moi International Sports Centre, NairobiAttendance: 25,000Referee: Jean-Marie Hicuburundi (Burkina Faso)
Malawi won 2–0 on aggregate.
8 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)
Tanzania 0–1 Ghana
Report
Kuffour 21'
Sheikh Amri Abeid Memorial Stadium, ArushaAttendance: 13,000Referee: Eusebio Alfredo (Mozambique)
23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)
Ghana 3–2 Tanzania
Kuffour 19'Ahinful 28'Addo 64'
Report
Lungu 44'Abubakari 54'
Ohene Djan Stadium, AccraAttendance: 15,000Referee: Abdou Diouf (Senegal)
Ghana won 4–2 on aggregate.
8 April 200016:30 (UTC+3)
Uganda 4–4 Guinea
Mubiru 59'Musisi 73'Tabula 77'Kyambadde 89'
Report
Thiam 24'Youla 55', 83'Feindouno 88'
Nakivubo Stadium, KampalaAttendance: 8,609Referee: Hailemelak Tessema (Ethiopia)
23 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)
Guinea 3–0 Uganda
Camara 47'Feindouno 70', 74'
Report
Stade du 28 Septembre, ConakryAttendance: 20,000Referee: Sidi Bekaye Magassa (Mali)
Guinea won 7–4 on aggregate.
9 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)
Ethiopia 2–1 Burkina Faso
Alameraw 48'Getachew 64'
Report
Touré 81'
Addis Ababa Stadium, Addis AbabaAttendance: 10,544Referee: Maxim Itur (Kenya)
23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)
Burkina Faso 3–0 Ethiopia
Zongo 3', 37' (p)Barro 10'
Report
Stade du 4-Août, OuagadougouAttendance: 25,000Referee: Coffi Codjia (Benin)
Burkina Faso won 4–2 on aggregate.
9 April 200019:30 (UTC+1)
Chad 0–1 Liberia
Report
Sebwe 44'
Stade Nacional, N'DjamenaAttendance: 10,000Referee: Ibrahim Djingarey (Nigeria)
23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)
Liberia 0–0 Chad
Report
National Complex, MonroviaAttendance: 43,000Referee: Samuel Kamara (Sierra Leone)
Liberia won 1–0 on aggregate.
Goalscorers
There were 130 goals scored in 50 matches, for an average of 2.6 goals per match.
4 goals
Ngidi Yemweni
3 goals
Mohamed Farouk
Pascal Feindouno
Razundara Tjikuzu
2 goals
Isaac Boelua Lokuli
Paulão
Mamadou Zongo
Robert Jama Mba
Jason Mayélé
Shabani Nonda
Samuel Kuffour
Souleymane Youla
Ibrahima Bakayoko
Harry Randrianaivo
Brehima Traoré
Abdelfattah El Khattari
Tico-Tico
Chernor Mansaray
Shaun Bartlett
Peter Ndlovu
1 goal
Isâad Bourahli
Rafik Saïfi
Victor Covilhã
Felipe Cata Edson
Joni
Hélder Vicente
Jonas Okétola
Oumar Barro
Amadou Touré
Samuel Eto'o
Marc-Vivien Foé
Patrick Mboma
Salomon Olembé
Luciano Djim
Modeste Eta
Ulrich Lepaye
Bedel Moyimbouabeka
Jean-Silvestre N'Keoua
George Ngoma Nanitelamio
Michél Mazingu-Dinzey
Lwata Mpia
Mahad Khaireh
Hared Robleh
Mohamed Emara
Samir Kamouna
Walid Salah Abdel Latif
Remo Eyoma
Casiano Mba
Anteneh Alameraw
Sentayehu Getachew
Daniel Cousin
Daniel Addo
Augustine Ahinful
Titi Camara
Pablo Thiam
Ghislain Akassou
Fadel Keïta
Kelvin Sebwe
Ahmed Al Masli
Faisal Bushaala
Khaled Mhemed
Jehad Muntasser
Jones Nkhwazi
Dereck Somanje
Yaya Dissa
Salem Ould Ely
Jean-Sebastien Bax
Jacques-Désiré Périatambée
Bouchaib El Moubarki
Eliphas Shivute
Jonathan Akpoborie
Benedict Akwuegbu
Nwankwo Kanu
Garba Lawal
Hassan Mili
Julien Nsengiyumva
Amilcar Ramos
Celso Pontes
Cheikh Ba
Moussa N'Diaye
Philip Zialor
Abu Kanu
Sidique Mansaray
Jabu Pule
Mujahid Ahmed
Faroug Jabra
Siza Dlamini
Ally Abubakari
John Lungu
Togbe Dovi-Akon
Salam Kouko
Moustapha Salifou
Hassen Gabsi
Radhi Jaïdi
Ziad Jaziri
Imed Mhedhebi
Jamil Kyambadde
Hassan Mubiru
Majid Musisi
Abubaker Tabula
Dennis Lota
Harry Milanzi
Luke Jukulile
Nqobizitha Ncube
1 own goal
Bilal Sidibé (against Tunisia)
External links
FIFA.com Reports
RSSSF Page
vte2002 FIFA World Cup qualification « 1998 2006 » AFC
First round
Second round
Play-off
CAF
First round
Second round
CONCACAF
Caribbean Zone
Central American Zone
Play-offs
Semi-finals
Final round
Mexico 1–2 Costa Rica
CONMEBOL
Group round
OFC
First round
Tonga 0–22 Australia
Australia 31–0 American Samoa
Second round
UEFA
First round
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 8
Group 9
England 0–1 Germany
Germany 1–5 England
Second round (play-offs)
Play-offs
UEFA v AFC
OFC v CONMEBOL
|
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The winners advanced to the second round.","title":"2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF first round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ould Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_Ould_Ely&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185022/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D4395/preliminaries/preliminary%3D3868/matches/match%3D19501/report.html"},{"link_name":"Jaïdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhi_Ja%C3%AFdi"},{"link_name":"Gabsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassen_Gabsi"},{"link_name":"Stade Olympique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_olympique_(Nouakchott)"},{"link_name":"Nouakchott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouakchott"},{"link_name":"Modou Sowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modou_Sowe"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sidibé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_Sidib%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Jaziri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziad_Jaziri"},{"link_name":"Mhedhebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imed_Mhedhebi"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183213/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19502/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade El Menzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_El_Menzah"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185027/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19505/report.html"},{"link_name":"Estádio 24 de Setembro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_24_de_Setembro"},{"link_name":"Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bissau"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Salifou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Salifou"},{"link_name":"Kouko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salam_Kouko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dovi-Akon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togbe_Dovi-Akon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181414/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19506/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade de Kégué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_K%C3%A9gu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185017/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19496/report.html"},{"link_name":"Estádio da Várzea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_V%C3%A1rzea"},{"link_name":"Praia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bourahli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A2ad_Bourahli"},{"link_name":"Saïfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafik_Sa%C3%AFfi"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181409/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19497/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade 19 Mai 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_19_Mai_1956"},{"link_name":"Annaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Okétola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Ok%C3%A9tola"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183218/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19503/report.html"},{"link_name":"N'Diaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_N%27Diaye_(footballer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Stade de l'Amitié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_l%27Amiti%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Cotonou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotonou"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheikh_Ba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183223/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19504/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade Leopold Senghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Leopold_Senghor"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183228/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19507/report.html"},{"link_name":"El Moubarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchaib_El_Moubarki"},{"link_name":"Independence Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Stadium_(Bakau)"},{"link_name":"Bakau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakau"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Khattari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelfattah_El_Khattari"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183233/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19508/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade Mohamed V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Mohamed_V"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Football_Federation"}],"text":"7 April 200017:00 (UTC+0)\nMauritania 1–2 Tunisia\nOuld Ely 85'\nReport\nJaïdi 65'Gabsi 76'\nStade Olympique, NouakchottAttendance: 10,000Referee: Modou Sowe (Gambia)22 April 200017:00 (UTC+1)\nTunisia 3–0 Mauritania\nSidibé 16' (o.g.)Jaziri 25'Mhedhebi 49'\nReport\n\nStade El Menzah, TunisAttendance: 3,000Referee: Mourad Bendada (Morocco)Tunisia won 5–1 on aggregate.8 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)\nGuinea-Bissau 0–0 Togo\n\nReport\n\nEstádio 24 de Setembro, BissauAttendance: 20,000Referee: Manuel Monteiro Duarte (Cape Verde)23 April 200015:30 (UTC+0)\nTogo 3–0 Guinea-Bissau\nSalifou 44'Kouko 65'Dovi-Akon 87'\nReport\n\nStade de Kégué, LoméAttendance: 4,000Referee: Emmanuel Okoampah (Ghana)Togo won 3–0 on aggregate.9 April 200015:00 (UTC-1)\nCape Verde 0–0 Algeria\n\nReport\n\nEstádio da Várzea, PraiaAttendance: 5,000Referee: Abdou Diouf (Senegal)21 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nAlgeria 2–0 Cape Verde\nBourahli 7'Saïfi 12'\nReport\n\nStade 19 Mai 1956, AnnabaAttendance: 50,000Referee: Malick Sillah (Gambia)Algeria won 2–0 on aggregate.9 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nBenin 1–1 Senegal\nOkétola 33'\nReport\nN'Diaye 15'\nStade de l'Amitié, CotonouAttendance: 17,959Referee: Olufunmi Orimisan Olaniyan (Nigeria)23 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)\nSenegal 1–0 Benin\nBa 63'\nReport\n\nStade Leopold Senghor, DakarAttendance: 19,000Referee: Ba Seydou (Mauritania)Senegal won 2–1 on aggregate.9 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)\nGambia 0–1 Morocco\n\nReport\nEl Moubarki 63'\nIndependence Stadium, BakauAttendance: 20,000Referee: Mamadouba Camara (Guinea)22 April 200019:30 (UTC+1)\nMorocco 2–0 Gambia\nEl Khattari 17', 31'\nReport\n\nStade Mohamed V, CasablancaAttendance: 10,800Referee: Alhabib Ahmad (Libya)Morocco won 3–0 on aggregate.","title":"Pool A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Randrianaivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Randrianaivo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181429/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19515/report.html"},{"link_name":"Mahamasina Municipal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamasina_Municipal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Antananarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antananarivo"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cousin"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181434/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19516/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116175453/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19513/report.html"},{"link_name":"Lota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lota"},{"link_name":"Botswana National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Gaborone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Milanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Milanzi"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116175458/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19514/report.html"},{"link_name":"Independence Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Stadium_(Zambia)"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183238/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19511/report.html"},{"link_name":"Edson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Cata_Edson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Somhlolo National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somhlolo_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lobamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobamba"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hélder Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_Vicente"},{"link_name":"Joni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_(footballer,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"Paulão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Ant%C3%B3nio_Alves"},{"link_name":"Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Boelua_Lokuli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Covilhã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Covilh%C3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183238/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19511/report.html"},{"link_name":"Dlamini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siza_Dlamini"},{"link_name":"Estádio da Cidadela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Cidadela"},{"link_name":"Luanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185032/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19509/report.html"},{"link_name":"Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Pule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabu_Pule"},{"link_name":"Setsoto Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsoto_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Maseru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maseru"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181419/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19510/report.html"},{"link_name":"Free State Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Faroug Jabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faroug_Jabra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181439/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19517/report.html"},{"link_name":"AlHilal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlHilal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Omdurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omdurman"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_National_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tico-Tico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tico-Tico"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183243/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19518/report.html"},{"link_name":"Mujahid Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mujahid_Ahmed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Estádio da Machava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Machava"},{"link_name":"Maputo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"away goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"}],"text":"8 April 200014:30 (UTC+3)\nMadagascar 2–0 Gabon\nRandrianaivo 37', 65'\nReport\n\nMahamasina Municipal Stadium, AntananarivoAttendance: 20,000Referee: Robin Williams (South Africa)22 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nGabon 1–0 Madagascar\nCousin 41'\nReport\n\nStade Omar Bongo, LibrevilleAttendance: 5,000Referee: Benoit Benjamin Mbone Ndinga (Cameroon)Madagascar won 2–1 on aggregate.8 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nBotswana 0–1 Zambia\n\nReport\nLota 40'\nBotswana National Stadium, GaboroneAttendance: 15,000Referee: Wilfred Mukuna (Zimbabwe)22 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nZambia 1–0 Botswana\nMilanzi 83'\nReport\n\nIndependence Stadium, LusakaAttendance: 15,000Referee: Eusebio Alfredo (Mozambique)Zambia won 2–0 on aggregate.9 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nSwaziland 0–1 Angola\n\nReport\nEdson 55'\nSomhlolo National Stadium, LobambaAttendance: 8,600Referee: Walter Mochubela (South Africa)23 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nAngola 7–1 Swaziland\nHélder Vicente 18'Joni 26'Paulão 29', 72'Isaac 35', 88'Covilhã 85'\nReport\nDlamini 79'\nEstádio da Cidadela, LuandaAttendance: 50,000Referee: Edwin Senai (Botswana)Angola won 8–1 on aggregate.9 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nLesotho 0–2 South Africa\n\nReport\nBartlett 40'Pule 71'\nSetsoto Stadium, MaseruAttendance: 12,035Referee: Edwin Senai (Botswana)22 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nSouth Africa 1–0 Lesotho\nBartlett 48'\nReport\n\nFree State Stadium, BloemfonteinAttendance: 25,000Referee: Aaron Nkole (Zambia)South Africa won 3–0 on aggregate.9 April 200020:00 (UTC+3)\nSudan 1–0 Mozambique\nFaroug Jabra 8'\nReport\n\nAlHilal Stadium, OmdurmanAttendance: 18,000Referee: Berhane Teshome (Eritrea)23 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nMozambique 2–1 Sudan\nTico-Tico 39', 79'\nReport\nMujahid Ahmed 66'\nEstádio da Machava, MaputoAttendance: 7,235Referee: Felix Tangawarima (Zimbabwe)2–2 on aggregate, Sudan won on away goals.","title":"Pool B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amilcar_Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celso_Pontes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183303/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19526/report.html"},{"link_name":"Estádio Nacional 12 de Julho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Nacional_12_de_Julho"},{"link_name":"Sao Tome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Tome"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"C.Mansaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernor_Mansaray"},{"link_name":"Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Kanu"},{"link_name":"S.Mansaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidique_Mansaray"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181449/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19527/report.html"},{"link_name":"National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stadium_(Sierra_Leone)"},{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181454/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19528/report.html"},{"link_name":"Ndlovu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ndlovu"},{"link_name":"Barthelemy Boganda Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barthelemy_Boganda_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bangui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangui"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ncube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nqobizitha_Ncube&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ndlovu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ndlovu"},{"link_name":"Jukulile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Jukulile"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116175503/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19529/report.html"},{"link_name":"Djim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Djim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Sports Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Stadium_(Zimbabwe)"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Mili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nsengiyumva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julien_Nsengiyumva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185042/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19524/report.html"},{"link_name":"Akassou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislain_Akassou"},{"link_name":"Keïta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadel_Ke%C3%AFta"},{"link_name":"Stade Amahoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Amahoro"},{"link_name":"Kigali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bakayoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahima_Bakayoko"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181444/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19525/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade Félix Houphouët-Boigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Eyoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remo_Eyoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183248/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19520/report.html"},{"link_name":"Ngoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ngoma_Nanitelamio"},{"link_name":"N'Keoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Silvestre_N%27Keoua"},{"link_name":"Eta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeste_Eta"},{"link_name":"Estadio Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Malabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabo"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonese_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Moyimbouabeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedel_Moyimbouabeka"},{"link_name":"Lepaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lepaye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185037/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19521/report.html"},{"link_name":"Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casiano_Mba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade Municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Municipal_(Pointe-Noire)"},{"link_name":"Pointe-Noire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-Noire"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Muntasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehad_Muntasser"},{"link_name":"Al Masli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al_Masli"},{"link_name":"Mhemed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khaled_Mhemed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183253/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19522/report.html"},{"link_name":"June 11 Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_11_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehima_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Dissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaya_Dissa"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183259/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19523/report.html"},{"link_name":"Bushaala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faisal_Bushaala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade Modibo Kéïta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Modibo_K%C3%A9%C3%AFta"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivorian_Football_Federation"}],"text":"8 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)\nSão Tomé and Príncipe 2–0 Sierra Leone\nRamos 36'Pontes 59'\nReport\n\nEstádio Nacional 12 de Julho, Sao TomeAttendance: 6,500Referee: Gilbert Njike (Cameroon)22 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)\nSierra Leone 4–0 São Tomé and Príncipe\nC.Mansaray 32', 46'Kanu 58'S.Mansaray 79'\nReport\n\nNational Stadium, FreetownAttendance: 65,000Referee: Idrissa Kaba (Liberia)Sierra Leone won 4–2 on aggregate.8 April 200015:00 (UTC+1)\nCentral African Republic 0–1 Zimbabwe\n\nReport\nNdlovu 6'\nBarthelemy Boganda Stadium, BanguiAttendance: 13,000Referee: Ladoual Hisseine (Chad)23 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nZimbabwe 3–1 Central African Republic\nNcube 20'Ndlovu 35'Jukulile 87'\nReport\nDjim 39'\nNational Sports Stadium, HarareAttendance: 18,951Referee: Ferdinard Gadaga (Malawi)Zimbabwe won 4–1 on aggregate.9 April 200015:30 (UTC+2)\nRwanda 2–2 Ivory Coast\nMili 46'Nsengiyumva 75'\nReport\nAkassou 45'Keïta 82'\nStade Amahoro, KigaliAttendance: 16,000Referee: Isaack Abdulkadir (Tanzania)23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)\nIvory Coast 2–0 Rwanda\nBakayoko 35', 66'\nReport\n\nStade Félix Houphouët-Boigny, AbidjanAttendance: 12,000Referee: Chukwudi Chukwujekwu (Nigeria)Ivory Coast won 4–2 on aggregate.9 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nEquatorial Guinea 1–3 Congo\nEyoma 34'\nReport\nNgoma 15'N'Keoua 29'Eta 64'\nEstadio Internacional, MalaboAttendance: 5,000Referee: Pierre Alain Mounguengui (Gabon)23 April 200015:30 (UTC+1)\nCongo 2–1 Equatorial Guinea\nMoyimbouabeka 7'Lepaye 81'\nReport\nMba 67'\nStade Municipal, Pointe-NoireAttendance: 12,000Referee: Gilbert Njike (Cameroon)Congo won 5–2 on aggregate.9 April 200018:00 (UTC+2)\nLibya 3–0 Mali\nMuntasser 4'Al Masli 56'Mhemed 81'\nReport\n\nJune 11 Stadium, TripoliAttendance: 50,000Referee: Ferid Sahli (Tunisia)23 April 200017:30 (UTC+0)\nMali 3–1 Libya\nTraoré 47', 78'Dissa 80'\nReport\nBushaala 45'\nStade Modibo Kéïta, BamakoAttendance: 30,000Referee: Zeli Sinko (Ivory Coast)Libya won 4–3 on aggregate.","title":"Pool C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Khaireh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahad_Khaireh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091012150241/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D4395/preliminaries/preliminary%3D3868/matches/match%3D19532/report.html"},{"link_name":"Yemweni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Yemweni"},{"link_name":"Stade du Ville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_du_Ville"},{"link_name":"Djibouti City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_City"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mayélé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_May%C3%A9l%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Yemweni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Yemweni"},{"link_name":"Nonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabani_Nonda"},{"link_name":"Mazingu-Dinzey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A9l_Mazingu-Dinzey"},{"link_name":"Mpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lwata_Mpia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090425111124/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D4395/preliminaries/preliminary%3D3868/matches/match%3D19533/report.html"},{"link_name":"Robleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hared_Robleh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade des Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_des_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zialor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Zialor"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116175508/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19530/report.html"},{"link_name":"Shivute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphas_Shivute"},{"link_name":"Stade Linité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Linit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tjikuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razundara_Tjikuzu"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183308/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19531/report.html"},{"link_name":"Sam Nujoma Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nujoma_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9unionese_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116175513/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19538/report.html"},{"link_name":"Denden Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denden_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Asmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Akwuegbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Akwuegbu"},{"link_name":"Lawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garba_Lawal"},{"link_name":"Akpoborie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Akpoborie"},{"link_name":"Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185053/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19539/report.html"},{"link_name":"Lagos National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181504/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19534/report.html"},{"link_name":"Mboma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Mboma"},{"link_name":"Foé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Vivien_Fo%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Eto'o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o"},{"link_name":"Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Ahmadou_Ahidjo"},{"link_name":"Yaoundé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jama Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jama_Mba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olembé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Olemb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181509/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19535/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Ahmadou_Ahidjo"},{"link_name":"Yaoundé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonese_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183313/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19536/report.html"},{"link_name":"Emara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Emara"},{"link_name":"Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farouk"},{"link_name":"Cairo International Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_International_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kamouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Kamouna"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farouk"},{"link_name":"Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Salah_Abdel_Latif"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183318/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19537/report.html"},{"link_name":"Périatambée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_P%C3%A9riatamb%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Bax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Sebastien_Bax"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Football_Federation"}],"text":"7 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)\nDjibouti 1–1 DR Congo\nKhaireh 39'\nReport\nYemweni 82'\nStade du Ville, Djibouti CityAttendance: 2,700Referee: Hassan Mohamed Mohamud (Somalia)23 April 200015:30 (UTC+1)\nDR Congo 9–1 Djibouti\nMayélé 1', 67'Yemweni 25', 59', 88'Nonda 33', 35'Mazingu-Dinzey 52'Mpia 78'\nReport\nRobleh 29'\nStade des Martyrs, KinshasaAttendance: 50,000Referee: Ladoual Hisseine (Chad)DR Congo won 10–2 on aggregate.8 April 200016:30 (UTC+4)\nSeychelles 1–1 Namibia\nZialor 28'\nReport\nShivute 20'\nStade Linité, VictoriaAttendance: 3,452Referee: Pradeep Sohan (Mauritius)22 April 200015:00 (UTC+1)\nNamibia 3–0 Seychelles\nTjikuzu 7', 13', 79'\nReport\n\nSam Nujoma Stadium, WindhoekAttendance: 1,600Referee: Dominique Urbatro (Réunion)Namibia won 4–1 on aggregate.9 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)\nEritrea 0–0 Nigeria\n\nReport\n\nDenden Stadium, AsmaraAttendance: 4,151Referee: Ahmed Auda (Egypt)22 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nNigeria 4–0 Eritrea\nAkwuegbu 13'Lawal 20'Akpoborie 65'Kanu 89'\nReport\n\nLagos National Stadium, LagosAttendance: 15,000Referee: Manuel Monteiro Duarte (Cape Verde)Nigeria won 4–0 on aggregate.19 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nSomalia 0–3 Cameroon\n\nReport\nMboma 26'Foé 31'Eto'o 37'\nStade Ahmadou Ahidjo, YaoundéAttendance: 35,000Referee: Thomas Boko (Benin)23 April 200016:00 (UTC+1)\nCameroon 3–0 Somalia\nJama Mba 15', 27'Olembé 48'\nReport\n\nStade Ahmadou Ahidjo, YaoundéAttendance: 20,000Referee: Pierre Alain Mounguengui (Gabon)Cameroon won 6–0 on aggregate.9 April 200018:00 (UTC+3)\nMauritius 0–2 Egypt\n\nReport\nEmara 15'Farouk 75'\nCairo International Stadium, CairoAttendance: 40,000Referee: Hichem Guirat (Tunisia)23 April 200019:00 (UTC+3)\nEgypt 4–2 Mauritius\nKamouna 5' (p)Farouk 72', 74'Salah 90'\nReport\nPériatambée 45'Bax 88'\nAlexandria Stadium, AlexandriaAttendance: 15,000Referee: Mohsen Boukthir (Tunisia)Egypt won 6–2 on aggregate.","title":"Pool D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Somanje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dereck_Somanje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nkhwazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jones_Nkhwazi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185103/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19546/report.html"},{"link_name":"Chichiri Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichiri_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Blantyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185108/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19547/report.html"},{"link_name":"Moi International Sports Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moi_International_Sports_Centre"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkinab%C3%A9_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181519/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19548/report.html"},{"link_name":"Kuffour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kuffour"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Amri Abeid Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Amri_Abeid_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Arusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kuffour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kuffour"},{"link_name":"Ahinful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Ahinful"},{"link_name":"Addo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Addo_(footballer,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185114/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19549/report.html"},{"link_name":"Lungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lungu"},{"link_name":"Abubakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ally_Abubakari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ohene Djan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohene_Djan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mubiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Mubiru"},{"link_name":"Musisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid_Musisi"},{"link_name":"Tabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubaker_Tabula"},{"link_name":"Kyambadde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Kyambadde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183323/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19542/report.html"},{"link_name":"Thiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Thiam"},{"link_name":"Youla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souleymane_Youla"},{"link_name":"Feindouno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Feindouno"},{"link_name":"Nakivubo Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakivubo_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Camara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titi_Camara"},{"link_name":"Feindouno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Feindouno"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183328/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19543/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade du 28 Septembre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_du_28_Septembre"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Alameraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anteneh_Alameraw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Getachew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentayehu_Getachew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116183333/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19544/report.html"},{"link_name":"Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou_Zongo"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Barro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumar_Barro"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116185058/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19545/report.html"},{"link_name":"Stade du 4-Août","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_du_4-Ao%C3%BBt"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"Coffi Codjia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffi_Codjia"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101125035126/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D4395/preliminaries/preliminary%3D3868/matches/match%3D19540/report.html"},{"link_name":"Sebwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Sebwe"},{"link_name":"Stade Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Nacional_(Chad)"},{"link_name":"N'Djamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Djamena"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116181514/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3868/matches/match=19541/report.html"},{"link_name":"National Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Complex_(Liberia)"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Football_Association"}],"text":"8 April 200015:00 (UTC+2)\nMalawi 2–0 Kenya\nSomanje 53'Nkhwazi 88'\nReport\n\nChichiri Stadium, BlantyreAttendance: 18,000Referee: Paul Phomane (Lesotho)22 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)\nKenya 0–0 Malawi\n\nReport\n\nMoi International Sports Centre, NairobiAttendance: 25,000Referee: Jean-Marie Hicuburundi (Burkina Faso)Malawi won 2–0 on aggregate.8 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)\nTanzania 0–1 Ghana\n\nReport\nKuffour 21'\nSheikh Amri Abeid Memorial Stadium, ArushaAttendance: 13,000Referee: Eusebio Alfredo (Mozambique)23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)\nGhana 3–2 Tanzania\nKuffour 19'Ahinful 28'Addo 64'\nReport\nLungu 44'Abubakari 54'\nOhene Djan Stadium, AccraAttendance: 15,000Referee: Abdou Diouf (Senegal)Ghana won 4–2 on aggregate.8 April 200016:30 (UTC+3)\nUganda 4–4 Guinea\nMubiru 59'Musisi 73'Tabula 77'Kyambadde 89'\nReport\nThiam 24'Youla 55', 83'Feindouno 88'\nNakivubo Stadium, KampalaAttendance: 8,609Referee: Hailemelak Tessema (Ethiopia)23 April 200016:30 (UTC+0)\nGuinea 3–0 Uganda\nCamara 47'Feindouno 70', 74'\nReport\n\nStade du 28 Septembre, ConakryAttendance: 20,000Referee: Sidi Bekaye Magassa (Mali)Guinea won 7–4 on aggregate.9 April 200016:00 (UTC+3)\nEthiopia 2–1 Burkina Faso\nAlameraw 48'Getachew 64'\nReport\nTouré 81'\nAddis Ababa Stadium, Addis AbabaAttendance: 10,544Referee: Maxim Itur (Kenya)23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)\nBurkina Faso 3–0 Ethiopia\nZongo 3', 37' (p)Barro 10'\nReport\n\nStade du 4-Août, OuagadougouAttendance: 25,000Referee: Coffi Codjia (Benin)Burkina Faso won 4–2 on aggregate.9 April 200019:30 (UTC+1)\nChad 0–1 Liberia\n\nReport\nSebwe 44'\nStade Nacional, N'DjamenaAttendance: 10,000Referee: Ibrahim Djingarey (Nigeria)23 April 200016:00 (UTC+0)\nLiberia 0–0 Chad\n\nReport\n\nNational Complex, MonroviaAttendance: 43,000Referee: Samuel Kamara (Sierra Leone)Liberia won 1–0 on aggregate.","title":"Pool E"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ngidi Yemweni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Yemweni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farouk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pascal Feindouno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Feindouno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Razundara Tjikuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razundara_Tjikuzu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Isaac Boelua Lokuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Boelua_Lokuli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paulão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Ant%C3%B3nio_Alves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mamadou Zongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou_Zongo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Robert Jama Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jama_Mba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jason Mayélé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_May%C3%A9l%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Shabani Nonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabani_Nonda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Samuel Kuffour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kuffour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Souleymane Youla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souleymane_Youla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ibrahima Bakayoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahima_Bakayoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Harry Randrianaivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Randrianaivo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brehima Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehima_Traor%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Abdelfattah El Khattari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelfattah_El_Khattari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tico-Tico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tico-Tico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chernor Mansaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernor_Mansaray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Shaun Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Bartlett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Peter Ndlovu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ndlovu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Isâad Bourahli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A2ad_Bourahli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rafik Saïfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafik_Sa%C3%AFfi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Victor Covilhã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Covilh%C3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Felipe Cata Edson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Cata_Edson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Joni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_(footballer,_born_1970)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hélder Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_Vicente"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jonas Okétola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Ok%C3%A9tola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Oumar Barro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumar_Barro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Amadou Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Tour%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Samuel Eto'o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Marc-Vivien Foé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Vivien_Fo%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Patrick Mboma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Mboma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Salomon Olembé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Olemb%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luciano Djim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Djim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Modeste Eta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeste_Eta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Lepaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lepaye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bedel Moyimbouabeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedel_Moyimbouabeka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jean-Silvestre N'Keoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Silvestre_N%27Keoua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"George Ngoma Nanitelamio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ngoma_Nanitelamio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Michél Mazingu-Dinzey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A9l_Mazingu-Dinzey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lwata Mpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lwata_Mpia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mahad Khaireh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahad_Khaireh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hared Robleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hared_Robleh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Emara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Emara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Samir Kamouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Kamouna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Walid Salah Abdel Latif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Salah_Abdel_Latif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Remo Eyoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remo_Eyoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Casiano Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casiano_Mba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Anteneh Alameraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anteneh_Alameraw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sentayehu Getachew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentayehu_Getachew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cousin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Daniel Addo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Addo_(footballer,_born_1976)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Augustine Ahinful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Ahinful"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Titi Camara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titi_Camara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pablo Thiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Thiam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ghislain Akassou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislain_Akassou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Fadel Keïta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadel_Ke%C3%AFta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Sebwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Sebwe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Al Masli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Al_Masli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Faisal Bushaala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faisal_Bushaala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Khaled Mhemed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khaled_Mhemed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jehad Muntasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehad_Muntasser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jones Nkhwazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jones_Nkhwazi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Dereck Somanje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dereck_Somanje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yaya Dissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaya_Dissa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Salem Ould Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_Ould_Ely&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jean-Sebastien Bax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Sebastien_Bax"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Désiré Périatambée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_P%C3%A9riatamb%C3%A9e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bouchaib El Moubarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchaib_El_Moubarki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Eliphas Shivute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphas_Shivute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Akpoborie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Akpoborie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Benedict Akwuegbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Akwuegbu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nwankwo Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Garba Lawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garba_Lawal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hassan Mili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Mili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Julien Nsengiyumva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julien_Nsengiyumva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Amilcar Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amilcar_Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Celso Pontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celso_Pontes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cheikh Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheikh_Ba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Moussa N'Diaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_N%27Diaye_(footballer,_born_1979)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Philip Zialor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Zialor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Abu Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Kanu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sidique Mansaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidique_Mansaray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Jabu Pule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabu_Pule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mujahid Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mujahid_Ahmed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Faroug Jabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faroug_Jabra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Siza Dlamini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siza_Dlamini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ally Abubakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ally_Abubakari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"John Lungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lungu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Togbe Dovi-Akon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togbe_Dovi-Akon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Salam Kouko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salam_Kouko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Salifou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Salifou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hassen Gabsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassen_Gabsi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Radhi Jaïdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhi_Ja%C3%AFdi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ziad Jaziri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziad_Jaziri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Imed Mhedhebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imed_Mhedhebi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jamil Kyambadde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamil_Kyambadde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hassan Mubiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Mubiru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Majid Musisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid_Musisi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Abubaker Tabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubaker_Tabula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Dennis Lota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Harry Milanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Milanzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luke Jukulile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Jukulile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nqobizitha Ncube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nqobizitha_Ncube&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bilal Sidibé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_Sidib%C3%A9"}],"text":"There were 130 goals scored in 50 matches, for an average of 2.6 goals per match.4 goalsNgidi Yemweni3 goalsMohamed Farouk\n Pascal Feindouno\n Razundara Tjikuzu2 goalsIsaac Boelua Lokuli\n Paulão\n Mamadou Zongo\n Robert Jama Mba\n Jason Mayélé\n Shabani Nonda\n Samuel Kuffour\n Souleymane Youla\n Ibrahima Bakayoko\n Harry Randrianaivo\n Brehima Traoré\n Abdelfattah El Khattari\n Tico-Tico\n Chernor Mansaray\n Shaun Bartlett\n Peter Ndlovu1 goalIsâad Bourahli\n Rafik Saïfi\n Victor Covilhã\n Felipe Cata Edson\n Joni\n Hélder Vicente\n Jonas Okétola\n Oumar Barro\n Amadou Touré\n Samuel Eto'o\n Marc-Vivien Foé\n Patrick Mboma\n Salomon Olembé\n Luciano Djim\n Modeste Eta\n Ulrich Lepaye\n Bedel Moyimbouabeka\n Jean-Silvestre N'Keoua\n George Ngoma Nanitelamio\n Michél Mazingu-Dinzey\n Lwata Mpia\n Mahad Khaireh\n Hared Robleh\n Mohamed Emara\n Samir Kamouna\n Walid Salah Abdel Latif\n Remo Eyoma\n Casiano Mba\n Anteneh Alameraw\n Sentayehu Getachew\n Daniel Cousin\n Daniel Addo\n Augustine Ahinful\n Titi Camara\n Pablo Thiam\n Ghislain Akassou\n Fadel Keïta\n Kelvin Sebwe\n Ahmed Al Masli\n Faisal Bushaala\n Khaled Mhemed\n Jehad Muntasser\n Jones Nkhwazi\n Dereck Somanje\n Yaya Dissa\n Salem Ould Ely\n Jean-Sebastien Bax\n Jacques-Désiré Périatambée\n Bouchaib El Moubarki\n Eliphas Shivute\n Jonathan Akpoborie\n Benedict Akwuegbu\n Nwankwo Kanu\n Garba Lawal\n Hassan Mili\n Julien Nsengiyumva\n Amilcar Ramos\n Celso Pontes\n Cheikh Ba\n Moussa N'Diaye\n Philip Zialor\n Abu Kanu\n Sidique Mansaray\n Jabu Pule\n Mujahid Ahmed\n Faroug Jabra\n Siza Dlamini\n Ally Abubakari\n John Lungu\n Togbe Dovi-Akon\n Salam Kouko\n Moustapha Salifou\n Hassen Gabsi\n Radhi Jaïdi\n Ziad Jaziri\n Imed Mhedhebi\n Jamil Kyambadde\n Hassan Mubiru\n Majid Musisi\n Abubaker Tabula\n Dennis Lota\n Harry Milanzi\n Luke Jukulile\n Nqobizitha Ncube1 own goalBilal Sidibé (against Tunisia)","title":"Goalscorers"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Re_Mi_Fa_So_La_Ti_Do_(film)
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Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do (film)
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["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Music","4 References","5 External links"]
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2008 film by Kang Geon-hyang
Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti DoOriginal Theatrical PosterHangul도레미파솔라시도Revised RomanizationDoremipasollasidoMcCune–ReischauerToremip'asollasido
Directed byKang Geon-hyangStarringJang Keun-sukCha Ye-ryunJeong Eui-cheolIm Ju-hwanPark Min-jiNah Eun-kyeongLee Mae-riProductioncompanyNew Crayon EntertainmentDistributed byCinema ServiceRelease date
April 3, 2008 (2008-04-03)
Running time105 minutesCountrySouth KoreaLanguageKoreanBox office$1,060,319
Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do (Korean: 도레미파솔라시도) is a 2008 South Korean romantic drama film based on the internet novel of the same title by Guiyeoni. Directed by Kang Geon-hyang (assistant director of Romance of Their Own) and produced by New Crayon Entertainment. The film received 199,151 admissions nationwide.
Synopsis
Based on the internet novel of the same title and written by Guiyeoni, Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do is a touching love story with bittersweet elements.
Jung-won wears a funny dragon suit, while working at the amusement park, and pours soda on Eun-gyu, because of his taunts. A short while later, Jung-won finds out that Eun-gyu has moved into the house next to hers. Eun-gyu now threatens to tell Jung-won's parents that she works part-time at a local mart. To keep Eun-gyu quiet, Jung-won agrees to carry his guitar for a week.
Jung-won then starts to develop feelings for Eun-gyu, who is the lead singer of a band called Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do. Eun-gyu also starts to develop similar feelings for Jung-won. The two soon become a couple.
With an odd twist of fate, Jung-won went to the band's rehearsal room and meets a familiar person from her past, a boy named Hee-won. Their relationship makes everything more complicated. For 10 years, Jung-won and Hee-won were close friends. One day, Jung-won witnessed a hit-and-run and reported the license plate to the police but the driver turned out to be Hee-won's father. Because of that, Hee-won's family broke apart and they stopped talking to each other completely after Hee-won's father was arrested. Hee-won, seeking revenge at Jun-won, told his "friends" to beat her, rendering her crippled. Jung-won is now surprised to learn that her ex-close friend is now best friends with her boyfriend.
Hee-won admits that he still likes his best friend despite what she did and he wants her back. Hee-won makes her choose between him and Eun-gyu by threatening suicide. Jung-won chooses Hee-won, leaving Eun-gyu devastated. He gives her one last chance to come back to him but she breaks his heart again and chooses Hee-won.
A few months later, Jung-won and Hee-won learn that Eun-gyu was in a car accident and was diagnosed with temporary amnesia. Hee-won lets Jung-won go and she spends all her time trying to get Eun-gyu to remember. The last scene is an re-enactment of the band's last show, the one in which Eun-gyu gave her a last chance. The movie ends with him remembering everything and begging Jun-won not to leave him again. She promises she never will. As the final credits roll we see how all of their lives improved.
Cast
Cha Ye-ryun as Yoon Jung Won
Jang Keun-suk as Shin Eun Gyu
Jung Eui-chul as Kang Hee Won
Lim Ju-hwan as Jae Kwang
Han Soo-yeon as band's member
Lee Eon-jeong as Eun Gyu's sister
Park Min-ji as band member
Kim Hye-ok as Jung Won's Mother
Moon Won-joo as Deok-pal
Music
Track number
Title
English title
Performed by
01
Intro
02
(Korean: 도레미파솔라시도) Doremifasolatido (Movie Version)
Doremifasolatido (Movie Version)
Jeong Jun Il
03
(Korean: 기다리는 시간)
Time Of Waiting
Jeong Jun Il
04
(Korean: 햇살 가득히)
Full Sunlight
Jeong Jun Il
05
(Korean: 용가리) Yonggari
Heap Song
Jeong Jun Il
06
(Korean: 희원과 정원)
Desire And Attain
07.
(Korean: 사랑해서... 미안해I) Saranghae seo ...mianhae I
Sorry...for loving you I
08
(Korean: 희원의 갈등 그리고...)
Desire's Conflicts And...
09
(Korean: 기다리는 시간) (Piano Version)
The Time Of Waiting (Piano Version)
10
(Korean: 사랑해서... 미안해II) Saranghae seo ...mianhae II
Sorry...for loving you II
11
Episode 1
Episode 1
ROTS (Hwang Ho Jin)
12
(Korean: 도레미파솔라시도) Doremifasolatido(Original Version)
Doremifasolatido (Original Version)
Song Hee Ran
References
^ "Doremipasolrasido (Do Re Mi) (2008)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
^ Darcy Paquet (1986-04-28). "Korean Film List 2008". Koreanfilm.org. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
External links
Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do at HanCinema
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachac%C3%A1mac
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Pachacamac
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["1 Pacha Kamaq deity","2 Pyramids of Pachacamac","2.1 Pachacamac Idol","2.2 Temple of the Sun","2.3 Old Temple","2.4 Other structures","2.5 Grave sites","3 Outside influences","4 Spanish invasion","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 12°15′24″S 76°54′01″W / 12.25667°S 76.90028°W / -12.25667; -76.90028Archaeological site in Peru
Not to be confused with Pacha Kamaq.
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PachacámacView of PachacámacShown within PeruLocation PeruLimaCoordinates12°15′24″S 76°54′01″W / 12.25667°S 76.90028°W / -12.25667; -76.90028HistoryPeriodsMiddle Horizon, Late Intermediate, Late HorizonCulturesHuari, Lima, Inca EmpireSite notesWebsiteSantuario Arqueológico Pachacámac (in Spanish)
Pachacámac (Quechua: Pachakamaq) is an archaeological site 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Lima, Peru in the Valley of the Lurín River. The site was first settled around A.D. 200 and was named after the "Earth Maker" creator god Pacha Kamaq. The site flourished for about 1,300 years until the Spanish invaded. Pachacamac covers about 600 hectares of land.
Pacha Kamaq deity
anthropomorphic bird on a Huari pot
Pacha Kamaq ('Earth-Maker') was considered the creator god by the people who lived in this part of Peru before the Inca conquest. The Inca received him into their pantheon,: 187 but he was never an equal of Viracocha, whom they viewed as more powerful.
15th century Ychsma textile, from Peru's central coast
The myths that survive of Pacha Kamaq are sparse and confused: some accounts, for example, identify him as Manco Cápac's cowardly brother Ayca, while others say that he, Manco Cápac and Viracocha were the sole three sons of Inti, the sun god. Another story says that he made the first man and the first woman, but forgot to give them food – and when the man died and the woman prayed over Pachacamac's head, to his father Inti to make her the mother of all the peoples of earth, Pachacamac was furious. One by one, as the children were born, he tried to kill them – only to be beaten and to be thrown into the sea by her hero-son Wichama, after which Pachacamac gave up the struggle and contented himself by becoming the supreme god of fish.
Pyramids of Pachacamac
Inca priests accompanied by the Virgins of the Sun during a religious ceremony in Pachacamac
Pachacamac ruins, 2014
In the 1890s archaeologists first began exploring Pachacamac. They found many enormous buildings and burial sites that had been previously looted. The first (sacred) section of the site includes temples of religious significance and a large cemetery. The second section includes several buildings which are mainly secular pyramids. In this complex of buildings there were mud-brick stepped pyramids with ramps and plazas. These buildings are dated between the late 1300s and the mid-1400s.
The three most famous pyramids are all found in the sacred sector (the first sector). These are the Painted Temple, the Temple of the Sun, and the Old Temple of Pachacamac.
According to Peter Eekhout, an archaeologist who studied and excavated the site of Pachacamac, "For decades most scholars thought the pyramids (from the second section) were religious "embassies" that housed delegations from far-off communities who came to worship, bring tribute, and make offerings to Pachacamac". However, Eekhout came to a different conclusion after his work at the site. Eekhout and his team found that the structures lacked the features that characterized religious centers of the time. He concluded that the structures were used as palaces for the Ychsma (EESH-ma), the rulers of Pachacamac.
Pachacamac Idol
In 1938, an archaeologist found a 7.6-foot-long (2.34 meters) idol, which has a diameter of 5.1 inches (13 centimeters), at the Painted Temple, an object that was allegedly destroyed by Hernando Pizarro. Carbon-14 dating found that the idol dated to about A.D. 760 to 876, the time of the Wari Empire and that it had once been painted with cinnabar.
Temple of the Sun
The Temple of the Sun (seen below) is 30,000m squared in size and is in the shape of a trapezoid. It has the common step pyramid architecture which forms terraces around the structure. This temple has been dated to the time of Inca control over Pachacamac. Some archaeologists believe human sacrifices may have taken place at this the Temple. Sacrifices of women and children were found in an Inca cemetery within a portion of the structure. Burial goods found with the sacrifices point to the sacrifices originating from coastal societies. Unfortunately archaeologists are limited in their knowledge of this site because the Temple of the Sun and many other pyramids at Pachacamac have been irreversibly damaged by looting and the El Niño weather phenomenon.
Main entrance of the Temple of the Sun (Templo del Sol)
The front side (facing the sea) of the Temple of the Sun
Southern side of the Temple of the Sun
More walls of the Temple of the Sun
Old Temple
The Old Temple, also called the Temple of Pachacamac, is the oldest building in Pachacamac. It is built on a rocky promontory and is characterized by the massive use of small bricks of raw adobe dated to the Early Intermediate period, under the influence of the Lima culture (3rd to 7th centuries AD).
Other structures
Most of the common buildings and temples were built c. 800-1450 CE, shortly before the arrival and conquest by the Inca Empire.
Mamacones Enclosure (Recinto de Mamacones)
Tauri Chumbi Palace
Pyramid with ramp
Calle Norte Sur (street)
Grave sites
Archaeologists have uncovered multiple grave sites. These sites may date to different periods of Pachacamac's history are located in different parts of the city. In the Southeastern part area, in the Temple of Inti (The Inca Sun God), archeologists have found a cemetery that was set apart for the mamacuna (Virgins for the Sun), women who had important status. These women wove textiles for priests, and brewed corn beer which was used in Inca festivals. The women were sacrificed in the highest ritual. They were strangled with cotton garrote – some women still had the cotton twisted around their neck when their bodies were discovered – then wrapped in fine cloth and buried in stone tombs. Each was surrounded by offerings from the highlands of Peru, such as coca, quinoa, and cayenne peppers. In 2012, Belgian archeologists found a 1,000 year-old tomb in front of Pachacamac containing over 80 skeletons and mummies, many of which were infants. The tomb contained offerings such as ceramic vessels, copper and gold alloy objects, wooden masks, and dogs and guinea pigs.
In 2019, archaeologists have found a 1,000 year-old cemetery in this area. Director of the Ychsma Project Professor Peter Eeckhout reported that the human remains were massively buried with various items and ceramics. Physical anthropologists headed by Dr. Lawrence Owens specified the mummies.
"Most of the people at the site had hard lives, with various fractures, bad backs, bad hips ... but the individuals from this cemetery show a higher than usual concentration of tuberculosis, syphilis, and really serious bone breaks that would have had major impacts on their lives. Still, the fact that most of these are healed – and that disease sufferers survived for a long time – suggests that they were being cared for, and that even in the sites' early history people felt a duty of care towards those less fortunate than themselves.".
Outside influences
The Huari (c. 600–800 CE) reconstructed the city, probably using it as an administrative center. A number of Huari-influenced designs appear on the structures and on the ceramics and textiles found in the cemeteries of this period. After the collapse of the Huari empire, Pachacamac continued to grow as a religious center. The majority of the common architecture and temples were built during this later stage (c. 800–1450 CE).
The Inca Empire invaded Pachacamac and took over the site around 1470. For the Inca, Pachacamac was extremely important to religion as well as an important administration center. When the Inca started their conquest, they had their own creation god, Viracocha. However, out of respect for the religion of their conquered people, the Inca entered Pacha Kamaq into their religion, but Pacha Kamaq and Viracocha were not equals, Viracocha was believed to be more powerful. Still, Pachacamac was allowed an unusual amount of independence from the Inca Empire.
By the time the Tawantinsuyu (Inca Empire) invaded the area, the valleys of the Rímac and Lurín had a small state which the people called Ichma. They used Pachacamac primarily as a religious site for the veneration of Pacha Kamaq, the creator god. The Ichma joined the Incan Empire along with Pachacamac. The Inca maintained the site as a religious shrine and allowed the Pachacamac priests to continue functioning independently of the Inca priesthood. This included the oracle, whom the Inca presumably consulted. The Inca built five additional buildings, including a temple to the sun on the main square.
Archaeologists believe pilgrims may have played a part in life at Pachacamac for a couple of thousand years before the Inca claimed the site as part of their empire.
Spanish invasion
At sites like Pachacamac, the Spanish used local resentment of the Inca as a tactic for overthrowing Inca rule.
After the Battle of Cajamarca, Francisco Pizarro sent his brother Hernando Pizarro, and fourteen horsemen, to Pachacamac to collect its gold riches. According to Cieza, the priests learned of the Spanish defilement of the Cuzco temple, and "ordered the virgin mamaconas to leave the Temple of the Sun", from where they say the priests also removed more than four hundred cargas of gold. They hid the treasures and it has not appeared to this day. Hernando departed Cajamarca on 5 Jan. 1533, and returned on 14 April 1533, after defiling the temple. On the return trip through the Jauja Valley, he accepted the surrender of Chalcuchimac.: 237–237
"In a few years the walls of the temple were pulled down by the Spanish settlers, who found there a convenient quarry for their own edifices.": 189
In popular culture
Pachacamac was the name of the ship that carried the abducted Professor Calculus in The Seven Crystal Balls of The Adventures of Tintin. In the next book, Prisoners of the Sun, Pachacamac was the name of the Sun god worshiped by an ancient Incan tribe still active in South America. In the sixth book, The Broken Ear, a wooden head of Pachacamac is exhibited in the museum of Ethnography in Brussels.
A character in the video game Sonic Adventure is named Pachacamac after the ancient ruin.
Pachacamac was also the name of the main villain in Juken Sentai Gekiranger vs. Boukenger, a crossover direct-to-video movie.
German group Alphaville included a song named "Girl from Pachacamac" in their 2003 album CrazyShow.
See also
List of buildings in Lima
References
^ a b Prescott, W.H. (2011). The History of the Conquest of Peru. DigiReads Publishing. ISBN 9781420941142.
^ a b c d D'Altroy, Terence (2003). The Incas. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 142, 194, 255, 315. ISBN 978-1405116763.
^ Fleming, Stuart. "The mummies of Pachacamac" (PDF). penn.museum. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ a b "1,000 year-old cemetery unearthed at Peru's Pachacamac site". The Archaeology News Network (blog). Retrieved 2019-05-09.
^ "Archaeological discovery at the site of Pachacamac". HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
^ Leonard, Mathieu. "Les incas, profanateurs de tombeaux?". Actus de l'ULB (in French). Retrieved 2019-05-09.
^ "Tackk". Tackk. Inca Religion: Other Gods. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
^ Leon, P., 1998, The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter, edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press, ISBN 9780822321460
Bibliography
Mcleish, K. (1996) Myths and Legends of the World, The Complete Companion to all Traditions, Blitz, United Kingdom.
Eeckhout, Peter (2005). "Ancient Peru's Power Elite". National Geographic. 207 (3): 52–57.
De Cieza De León, Pedro. (1998) The Discovery and Conquest of Peru: Chronicles of the New World Encounter, Duke University Press, Durham and London.
Van Stan, Ina. (1967) Textiles From Beneath the Temple of Pachacamac, Peru, The University Museum University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Boone, Elizabeth and Tom Cummins. (1998) Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
Ravines, Rogger. (1996) Pachacamac: Santuario Universal, Editorial Los Pinos E.I.R.L.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacha Kamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_language"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Lurín River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur%C3%ADn_River"},{"link_name":"Pacha Kamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"}],"text":"Archaeological site in PeruNot to be confused with Pacha Kamaq.Pachacámac (Quechua: Pachakamaq) is an archaeological site 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Lima, Peru in the Valley of the Lurín River. The site was first settled around A.D. 200 and was named after the \"Earth Maker\" creator god Pacha Kamaq. The site flourished for about 1,300 years until the Spanish invaded. Pachacamac covers about 600 hectares of land.","title":"Pachacamac"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_griffin_Pachacamc_on_a_Huari_pot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pacha Kamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prescott-1"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15th_century_Ychsma_textile,_Peru.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manco Cápac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"sun god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_god"},{"link_name":"Wichama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichama"}],"text":"anthropomorphic bird on a Huari potPacha Kamaq ('Earth-Maker') was considered the creator god by the people who lived in this part of Peru before the Inca conquest. The Inca received him into their pantheon,[1]: 187 but he was never an equal of Viracocha, whom they viewed as more powerful.15th century Ychsma textile, from Peru's central coastThe myths that survive of Pacha Kamaq are sparse and confused: some accounts, for example, identify him as Manco Cápac's cowardly brother Ayca, while others say that he, Manco Cápac and Viracocha were the sole three sons of Inti, the sun god. Another story says that he made the first man and the first woman, but forgot to give them food – and when the man died and the woman prayed over Pachacamac's head, to his father Inti to make her the mother of all the peoples of earth, Pachacamac was furious. One by one, as the children were born, he tried to kill them – only to be beaten and to be thrown into the sea by her hero-son Wichama, after which Pachacamac gave up the struggle and contented himself by becoming the supreme god of fish.","title":"Pacha Kamaq deity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_M._Herget,_Up_Temple_steps_at_Pachacamac_a_High_Priest_bears_the_Sun%27s_golden_image.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virgins of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pachacamac_(Peru)_(14895426959).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ychsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichma_culture"}],"text":"Inca priests accompanied by the Virgins of the Sun during a religious ceremony in PachacamacPachacamac ruins, 2014In the 1890s archaeologists first began exploring Pachacamac. They found many enormous buildings and burial sites that had been previously looted. The first (sacred) section of the site includes temples of religious significance and a large cemetery. The second section includes several buildings which are mainly secular pyramids. In this complex of buildings there were mud-brick stepped pyramids with ramps and plazas. These buildings are dated between the late 1300s and the mid-1400s.The three most famous pyramids are all found in the sacred sector (the first sector). These are the Painted Temple, the Temple of the Sun, and the Old Temple of Pachacamac.According to Peter Eekhout, an archaeologist who studied and excavated the site of Pachacamac, \"For decades most scholars thought the pyramids (from the second section) were religious \"embassies\" that housed delegations from far-off communities who came to worship, bring tribute, and make offerings to Pachacamac\". However, Eekhout came to a different conclusion after his work at the site. Eekhout and his team found that the structures lacked the features that characterized religious centers of the time. He concluded that the structures were used as palaces for the Ychsma (EESH-ma), the rulers of Pachacamac.","title":"Pyramids of Pachacamac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carbon-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14"},{"link_name":"Wari Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_Empire"},{"link_name":"cinnabar.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.livescience.com/inca-deity-colors-found.html"}],"sub_title":"Pachacamac Idol","text":"In 1938, an archaeologist found a 7.6-foot-long (2.34 meters) idol, which has a diameter of 5.1 inches (13 centimeters), at the Painted Temple, an object that was allegedly destroyed by Hernando Pizarro. Carbon-14 dating found that the idol dated to about A.D. 760 to 876, the time of the Wari Empire and that it had once been painted with cinnabar.","title":"Pyramids of Pachacamac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"El Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Templo_del_Sol_Entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pachacamac_Templo_del_Sol_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Templo_del_Sol_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walls_Templo_del_Sol_2.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Temple of the Sun","text":"The Temple of the Sun (seen below) is 30,000m squared in size and is in the shape of a trapezoid. It has the common step pyramid architecture which forms terraces around the structure. This temple has been dated to the time of Inca control over Pachacamac. Some archaeologists believe human sacrifices may have taken place at this the Temple. Sacrifices of women and children were found in an Inca cemetery within a portion of the structure. Burial goods found with the sacrifices point to the sacrifices originating from coastal societies.[2] Unfortunately archaeologists are limited in their knowledge of this site because the Temple of the Sun and many other pyramids at Pachacamac have been irreversibly damaged by looting and the El Niño weather phenomenon.Main entrance of the Temple of the Sun (Templo del Sol)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe front side (facing the sea) of the Temple of the Sun\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouthern side of the Temple of the Sun\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMore walls of the Temple of the Sun","title":"Pyramids of Pachacamac"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Old Temple","text":"The Old Temple, also called the Temple of Pachacamac, is the oldest building in Pachacamac. It is built on a rocky promontory and is characterized by the massive use of small bricks of raw adobe dated to the Early Intermediate period, under the influence of the Lima culture (3rd to 7th centuries AD).","title":"Pyramids of Pachacamac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recinto_de_Mamaconas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Tauri_Chumbi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piramida_con_Rampa_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calle_Norte_Sur.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Other structures","text":"Most of the common buildings and temples were built c. 800-1450 CE, shortly before the arrival and conquest by the Inca Empire.Mamacones Enclosure (Recinto de Mamacones)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTauri Chumbi Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPyramid with ramp\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalle Norte Sur (street)","title":"Pyramids of Pachacamac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Grave sites","text":"Archaeologists have uncovered multiple grave sites. These sites may date to different periods of Pachacamac's history are located in different parts of the city. In the Southeastern part area, in the Temple of Inti (The Inca Sun God), archeologists have found a cemetery that was set apart for the mamacuna (Virgins for the Sun), women who had important status. These women wove textiles for priests, and brewed corn beer which was used in Inca festivals. The women were sacrificed in the highest ritual. They were strangled with cotton garrote – some women still had the cotton twisted around their neck when their bodies were discovered – then wrapped in fine cloth and buried in stone tombs. Each was surrounded by offerings from the highlands of Peru, such as coca, quinoa, and cayenne peppers. In 2012, Belgian archeologists found a 1,000 year-old tomb in front of Pachacamac containing over 80 skeletons and mummies, many of which were infants. The tomb contained offerings such as ceramic vessels, copper and gold alloy objects, wooden masks, and dogs and guinea pigs.[3]In 2019, archaeologists have found a 1,000 year-old cemetery in this area. Director of the Ychsma Project Professor Peter Eeckhout reported that the human remains were massively buried with various items and ceramics. Physical anthropologists headed by Dr. Lawrence Owens specified the mummies.[4][5][6]\"Most of the people at the site had hard lives, with various fractures, bad backs, bad hips ... but the individuals from this cemetery show a higher than usual concentration of tuberculosis, syphilis, and really serious bone breaks that would have had major impacts on their lives. Still, the fact that most of these are healed – and that disease sufferers survived for a long time – suggests that they were being cared for, and that even in the sites' early history people felt a duty of care towards those less fortunate than themselves.\".[4]","title":"Pyramids of Pachacamac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_culture"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Tawantinsuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca"},{"link_name":"Rímac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_River"},{"link_name":"Lurín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur%C3%ADn_River"},{"link_name":"Ichma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichma"},{"link_name":"Pacha Kamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"The Huari (c. 600–800 CE) reconstructed the city, probably using it as an administrative center. A number of Huari-influenced designs appear on the structures and on the ceramics and textiles found in the cemeteries of this period. After the collapse of the Huari empire, Pachacamac continued to grow as a religious center. The majority of the common architecture and temples were built during this later stage (c. 800–1450 CE).The Inca Empire invaded Pachacamac and took over the site around 1470. For the Inca, Pachacamac was extremely important to religion as well as an important administration center. When the Inca started their conquest, they had their own creation god, Viracocha. However, out of respect for the religion of their conquered people, the Inca entered Pacha Kamaq into their religion, but Pacha Kamaq and Viracocha were not equals, Viracocha was believed to be more powerful.[7] Still, Pachacamac was allowed an unusual amount of independence from the Inca Empire.[2]By the time the Tawantinsuyu (Inca Empire) invaded the area, the valleys of the Rímac and Lurín had a small state which the people called Ichma. They used Pachacamac primarily as a religious site for the veneration of Pacha Kamaq, the creator god. The Ichma joined the Incan Empire along with Pachacamac. The Inca maintained the site as a religious shrine and allowed the Pachacamac priests to continue functioning independently of the Inca priesthood. This included the oracle, whom the Inca presumably consulted. The Inca built five additional buildings, including a temple to the sun on the main square.Archaeologists believe pilgrims may have played a part in life at Pachacamac for a couple of thousand years before the Inca claimed the site as part of their empire.[2]","title":"Outside influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cajamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Hernando Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Cuzco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzco"},{"link_name":"Chalcuchimac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcuchimac"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leon-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prescott-1"}],"text":"At sites like Pachacamac, the Spanish used local resentment of the Inca as a tactic for overthrowing Inca rule.[2]After the Battle of Cajamarca, Francisco Pizarro sent his brother Hernando Pizarro, and fourteen horsemen, to Pachacamac to collect its gold riches. According to Cieza, the priests learned of the Spanish defilement of the Cuzco temple, and \"ordered the virgin mamaconas to leave the Temple of the Sun\", from where they say the priests also removed more than four hundred cargas of gold. They hid the treasures and it has not appeared to this day. Hernando departed Cajamarca on 5 Jan. 1533, and returned on 14 April 1533, after defiling the temple. On the return trip through the Jauja Valley, he accepted the surrender of Chalcuchimac.[8]: 237–237\"In a few years the walls of the temple were pulled down by the Spanish settlers, who found there a convenient quarry for their own edifices.\"[1]: 189","title":"Spanish invasion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professor Calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Calculus"},{"link_name":"The Seven Crystal Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Crystal_Balls"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin"},{"link_name":"Prisoners of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"The Broken Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Ear"},{"link_name":"Sonic Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Pachacamac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sonic_the_Hedgehog_video_game_characters"},{"link_name":"Juken Sentai Gekiranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juken_Sentai_Gekiranger"},{"link_name":"Boukenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukenger"},{"link_name":"Alphaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphaville_(band)"},{"link_name":"CrazyShow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrazyShow"}],"text":"Pachacamac was the name of the ship that carried the abducted Professor Calculus in The Seven Crystal Balls of The Adventures of Tintin. In the next book, Prisoners of the Sun, Pachacamac was the name of the Sun god worshiped by an ancient Incan tribe still active in South America. In the sixth book, The Broken Ear, a wooden head of Pachacamac is exhibited in the museum of Ethnography in Brussels.\nA character in the video game Sonic Adventure is named Pachacamac after the ancient ruin.\nPachacamac was also the name of the main villain in Juken Sentai Gekiranger vs. Boukenger, a crossover direct-to-video movie.\nGerman group Alphaville included a song named \"Girl from Pachacamac\" in their 2003 album CrazyShow.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Mcleish, K. (1996) Myths and Legends of the World, The Complete Companion to all Traditions, Blitz, United Kingdom.[page needed]\nEeckhout, Peter (2005). \"Ancient Peru's Power Elite\". National Geographic. 207 (3): 52–57.\nDe Cieza De León, Pedro. (1998) The Discovery and Conquest of Peru: Chronicles of the New World Encounter, Duke University Press, Durham and London.\nVan Stan, Ina. (1967) Textiles From Beneath the Temple of Pachacamac, Peru, The University Museum University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.\nBoone, Elizabeth and Tom Cummins. (1998) Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.\nRavines, Rogger. (1996) Pachacamac: Santuario Universal, Editorial Los Pinos E.I.R.L.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"anthropomorphic bird on a Huari pot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_griffin_Pachacamc_on_a_Huari_pot.jpg/220px-The_griffin_Pachacamc_on_a_Huari_pot.jpg"},{"image_text":"15th century Ychsma textile, from Peru's central coast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/15th_century_Ychsma_textile%2C_Peru.jpg/375px-15th_century_Ychsma_textile%2C_Peru.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inca priests accompanied by the Virgins of the Sun during a religious ceremony in Pachacamac","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Herbert_M._Herget%2C_Up_Temple_steps_at_Pachacamac_a_High_Priest_bears_the_Sun%27s_golden_image.jpg/220px-Herbert_M._Herget%2C_Up_Temple_steps_at_Pachacamac_a_High_Priest_bears_the_Sun%27s_golden_image.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pachacamac ruins, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pachacamac_%28Peru%29_%2814895426959%29.jpg/220px-Pachacamac_%28Peru%29_%2814895426959%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of buildings in Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_buildings_in_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
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[{"reference":"Prescott, W.H. (2011). The History of the Conquest of Peru. DigiReads Publishing. ISBN 9781420941142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420941142","url_text":"9781420941142"}]},{"reference":"D'Altroy, Terence (2003). The Incas. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 142, 194, 255, 315. ISBN 978-1405116763.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/142","url_text":"The Incas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/142","url_text":"142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405116763","url_text":"978-1405116763"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Stuart. \"The mummies of Pachacamac\" (PDF). penn.museum. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/28-3/Fleming.pdf","url_text":"\"The mummies of Pachacamac\""}]},{"reference":"\"1,000 year-old cemetery unearthed at Peru's Pachacamac site\". The Archaeology News Network (blog). Retrieved 2019-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2019/04/1000-year-old-cemetery-unearthed-at.html","url_text":"\"1,000 year-old cemetery unearthed at Peru's Pachacamac site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archaeological discovery at the site of Pachacamac\". HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritagedaily.com/2019/04/archaeological-discovery-at-the-site-of-pachacamac/123530","url_text":"\"Archaeological discovery at the site of Pachacamac\""}]},{"reference":"Leonard, Mathieu. \"Les incas, profanateurs de tombeaux?\". Actus de l'ULB (in French). Retrieved 2019-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://actus.ulb.be/fr/presse/communiques-de-presse/recherche/les-incas-profanateurs-de-tombeaux","url_text":"\"Les incas, profanateurs de tombeaux?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tackk\". Tackk. Inca Religion: Other Gods. Retrieved 2015-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://tackk.com/q8r8ar","url_text":"\"Tackk\""}]},{"reference":"Eeckhout, Peter (2005). \"Ancient Peru's Power Elite\". National Geographic. 207 (3): 52–57.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_House
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Mackenzie House
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["1 History","2 Grounds","3 Museum","4 See also","5 References","6 See also"]
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Coordinates: 43°39′20″N 79°22′42″W / 43.655665°N 79.378291°W / 43.655665; -79.378291For the historic home in Detroit, Michigan, see Wayne State University Buildings.
Municipal Museum in Toronto, Ontario CanadaMackenzie HouseEstablished1936Location82 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario CanadaTypeMunicipal MuseumWebsiteMackenzie House
Mackenzie House is a historic building and museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that was the last home of William Lyon Mackenzie, the city's first mayor. It is now a museum operated by the City of Toronto's Museum and Heritage Services.
History
The house at 82 Bond Street was bought for Mackenzie by his friends and supporters in 1858. He died in the house in 1861.
In March 1864 the sheriff of Toronto seized the property due to unpaid financial obligations. The property was bought by John Taylor who allowed the Mackenzie family to remain in the house without paying rent. Four years later Isabel Mackenzie repurchased the home with expenses paid by the Ontario Legislature for William's pilgrimage to London in the 1830s.
The neighbouring row houses were demolished in 1936, while Mackenzie's grandson, William Lyon Mackenzie King, was Prime Minister. However, this house was saved because of its historical significance.
Grounds
The building was designed in the Georgian architecture style, and is presently operated as a municipally run historic house museum about 1860s Urban Victorian life.
On the grounds are the side panels of the Memorial Arch that once stood at the foot of the Honeymoon Bridge in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Built in 1930s, the arch was demolished in 1960s and the panels stored until it was moved to Toronto in 1974. It is installed in an area next to the historic home.
Museum
Interior of Mackenzie House depicts life in Toronto during the late 19th century
Mackenzie House is one of ten historic museums owned and operated by the City of Toronto. It focuses on the life and times of the Mackenzie family and Mackenzie's role as a newspaper editor and politician. The museum also depicts life in Toronto of the 1860s to the 1890s, including programs focused on Black Canadians and Mary Ann Shadd.
The Museum is affiliated with CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
See also
List of museums in Toronto
References
^ Gray, Charlotte (2008-06-03). Mrs. King: The Life and Times of Isabel Mackenzie King. Toronto: Penguin Canada. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-14-316835-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ "Best places to visit in Toronto ". 11 February 2020.
Mackenzie House
Cruikshank, Tom. Old Toronto Houses. Toronto: Firefly Books, 2003.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mackenzie House.
List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto
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43°39′20″N 79°22′42″W / 43.655665°N 79.378291°W / 43.655665; -79.378291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMIZ
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KMIZ
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["1 History","1.1 KCBJ-TV: Early years","1.2 Stauffer ownership","1.3 Chelsey and JW Broadcasting ownership","1.4 News-Press & Gazette Company ownership","2 Notable former on-air staff","3 Technical information","3.1 Subchannels","3.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","4 References","5 External links"]
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ABC affiliate in Columbia, Missouri
KMIZColumbia–Jefferson City, MissouriUnited StatesCityColumbia, MissouriChannelsDigital: 17 (UHF)Virtual: 17BrandingABC 17 KMIZ; ABC 17 NewsMyZouTV (DT3)ProgrammingAffiliations17.1: ABC17.3: MyNetworkTV17.4: Foxfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerNews-Press & Gazette Company(NPG of Missouri, LLC)Sister stationsKQFX-LDHistoryFirst air dateDecember 5, 1971 (52 years ago) (1971-12-05)Former call signsKCBJ-TV (1971–1985)Former channel number(s)Analog: 17 (UHF, 1971–2009)Digital: 22 (UHF, 2003–2009)Former affiliationsABC (1971–1982)NBC (1982–1985)Call sign meaningMizzouTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID63164ERP120 kW → 231 kW (CP)HAAT352 m (1,155 ft)Transmitter coordinates38°46′32.1″N 92°33′24.9″W / 38.775583°N 92.556917°W / 38.775583; -92.556917LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsitewww.abc17news.com
KMIZ (channel 17) is a television station licensed to Columbia, Missouri, United States, serving the Columbia–Jefferson City market as an affiliate of ABC and MyNetworkTV. It is owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company alongside Fox affiliate KQFX-LD (channel 22, also licensed to Columbia); the stations together are branded as the "Networks of Mid-Missouri". The two stations share studios on the East Business Loop 70 in Columbia; KMIZ's transmitter is located west of Jamestown near the Moniteau–Cooper county line.
Channel 17 in Columbia began broadcasting as KCBJ-TV on December 5, 1971. It provided a full-time outlet for the ABC network, previously split between the market's two other major commercial stations. KCBJ-TV was built by Richard Koenig, a St. Louis–based engineer. It struggled in its early years with its ultra high frequency (UHF) signal, the first in the market; entrenched and established competition; and lack of financial resources to invest in local programming and technical improvements. In 1979, Koenig agreed to sell the station to the Wooster Republican Printing Company, but the deal turned sour, and the prospective buyers sued for breach of contract. Litigation in that case was still pending when an ascendant ABC switched its affiliation to KOMU-TV (channel 8) in 1982, leaving KCBJ-TV to change to NBC.
Koenig sold KCBJ-TV to Stauffer Communications, which took control in January 1985. With NBC rising in the ratings, it poached KOMU-TV from ABC, leading to a switch of network affiliations again that December. To coincide with the new affiliation and Stauffer's investment in a new image and improved news coverage, the station changed its call sign to KMIZ. Under Benedek Broadcasting ownership, KMIZ purchased two low-power stations to start the area's Fox affiliate, a predecessor of KQFX-LD. News-Press & Gazette Company acquired the stations from JW Broadcasting in 2012.
History
KCBJ-TV: Early years
The Tiger Hotel in downtown Columbia housed KCBJ-TV's studios from 1971 to 1978.
In September 1969, Jeffco Television Corporation, associated with station WJJY-TV in Jacksonville, Illinois, applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for permission to build a station on ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 17 in Columbia. At the time, Mid-Missouri had no full-time affiliate of ABC; its programs were divided between NBC affiliate KOMU-TV (channel 8) and CBS affiliate KRCG (channel 13). In November, Channel Seventeen, Inc., headed by Richard Koenig, also applied for the channel. The two applications were designated by the commission for comparative hearing, but Jeffco dropped out due to problems at its station in Illinois, allowing Channel Seventeen to receive the construction permit on August 28, 1970.
KCBJ-TV began broadcasting on December 5, 1971, as a full-time ABC affiliate. It broadcast from a tower at Jamestown, Missouri, 17 miles (27 km) southwest of Columbia. The station's early months were pocked with technical issues; it was the only local station with a studio and transmitter at separate sites, and its feed for ABC network programming was the signal of KMTC-TV in Springfield—which, in turn, picked up the signal off-air from Joplin. If a network program was preempted in either of those cities, KCBJ-TV could not show it; occasionally, weather warnings and other material from the Springfield area appeared on channel 17 as well. In its first three and a half years of operation, the station never once made a profit, and as a result was unable to afford a microwave link that would have improved the quality of its network feed. In the ratings, KCBJ-TV struggled against KOMU and KRCG, which had been in the market nearly 20 years when channel 17 signed on and were better-funded stations with stronger local news presences. Koenig became aggressive in his efforts to defend channel 17 from competition. He unsuccessfully argued that KOMU-TV, a commercial station owned by the University of Missouri (MU) and the more successful of Columbia's two local stations, should be forced to become non-commercial and a new private commercial station on the UHF band opened to provide NBC programming. He successfully led the FCC to deny a tower upgrade for KTVO, an ABC affiliate in Kirksville, that threatened to take viewers away from his station in such cities as Moberly, Mexico, and Centralia. He fought the introduction of cable television to Columbia, winning network non-duplication protection so that channel 17 was the only source for ABC network programs on the system—even though the CBS and NBC affiliates did not receive the same perk. As the decade went on, channel 17 became more reliable and obtained the microwave link to improve its ABC signal. In 1978, it acquired its present studio facilities from Columbia College, which had used the site to house its extended studies program; this enabled channel 17 to triple its office space and vacate its site in the Tiger Hotel downtown, where it had utilized a portion of the hotel's parking garage.
Koenig agreed in August 1979 to sell KCBJ-TV to the Wooster Republican Printing Company of Wooster, Ohio, controlled by the Dix family. The acquisition of channel 17 would have marked the return of the Dix family to television after their sale years prior of WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia. Two months later, the Dix family sued, claiming Koenig had breached the sale contract; Koenig replied by declaring that there never was a valid contract. In 1981, the Dix family won the initial lawsuit and a court order forcing Koenig to sell the station to them. Koenig appealed the ruling; federal judge Scott Olin Wright, a former lawyer in Columbia, ordered the station to be transferred to a receiver during the process, but Koenig refused, claiming Wright held a grudge against KCBJ-TV from an earlier legal contact when the station started and that a short-form transfer of control was not appropriate for the process.
As the appeals continued in the breach of contract case, ABC sought to move to the higher-rated KOMU-TV. In the late 1970s, ABC became the number-one network and began seeking upgrades in its affiliate base, primarily at the expense of NBC. It contacted KOMU-TV, the number-one station in Mid-Missouri, in 1979; that was the year NBC hired Fred Silverman, and KOMU instead renewed with NBC in hopes that Silverman could turn around the network's low ratings. This did not materialize, and the station instead agreed to switch in 1982. While it was logical that KCBJ-TV, the local station without a network affiliation, and NBC, the network needing a station, would connect, the ongoing ownership dispute complicated matters because the network received affiliation pitches from the Koenigs and the Dix family. The switch was set for July 12, but Wright issued a temporary restraining order to prevent ABC from moving. KOMU's ABC switch was then set for August 8, though no NBC deal was in place for channel 17 until late July. The sale to Wooster Republican Printing Company fell through by February 1983.
Stauffer ownership
In October 1984, Stauffer Communications agreed to purchase KCBJ-TV from the Koenig family, assuming control in January 1985. The company's first priority was to revamp the station's neglected and little-watched news operation, described by the Columbia Daily Tribune as "laughable at best" and by station manager Rush Evans as a "cursory programming service". It was a distant third behind KOMU and KRCG in the ratings, only attracting three percent of the audience. The newscasts finally had two cameras instead of one, and the news staff was increased from five employees to thirteen. At the same time, the fortunes of NBC turned; the network was in the lead nationally, and KCBJ was the number-one station in prime time. Citing its disappointment with revenues under ABC, KOMU announced it would return to NBC. It was not alone; other recent converts from NBC to ABC were beginning to return to the network, including stations in Temple, Texas, and Savannah, Georgia.
Stauffer affiliated channel 17 with ABC and used the opportunity to change the station's call letters, which it had already been considering. It discovered that KMIZ was assigned to an inactive U.S. Coast Guard vessel and had the call sign released for use. The switch and new name took effect on December 30, 1985; at a party for employees, Evans blew up a large plaster and Styrofoam block bearing the KCBJ-TV call letters after the playing of "Taps". The improved newscast increased ratings from a three percent share to 12 percent in 1986.
The studio building of KMIZ in Columbia, Missouri, off East Business Loop 70. The station shares a studio with Fox affiliate KQFX-LD.
In 1995, Stauffer sold its holdings to Morris Communications. Morris kept the company's newspapers and spun off most of the television stations to Benedek Broadcasting of Rockford, Illinois, for $60 million (equivalent to $120 million in 2023). After being sold to Benedek, the station expanded its offerings. In April 1997, it acquired two low-power TV stations, K11TB in Jefferson City and K02NQ in Columbia. In September in Columbia and on cable and in October in Jefferson City, it launched them as the first over-the-air Fox affiliate for the market; in 1996, KMIZ had carried Fox's coverage of the NFL and the World Series. The next year, Benedek agreed to sell advertising for the local WB 100+ cable channel. The partnership for the cable channel, "KJWB", transferred to KOMU-TV in January 2002.
Chelsey and JW Broadcasting ownership
Financial problems developed at Benedek in the new millennium. The early 2000s recession reduced ad sales and caused the company to miss interest payments on a set of bonds issued in 1996, prompting a filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Benedek's financial issues hurt investment in KMIZ and led to staff cuts and the station canceling its 5 p.m. newscast in 2001.
While most of Benedek's stations were sold out of bankruptcy to Gray Television, some—including KMIZ—went to Chelsey Broadcasting, an affiliate of the Chelsey Capital hedge fund which was a major investor in Benedek. Chelsey owned KMIZ for a year before selling it to JosephWood (JW) Broadcasting, a partnership formed by David J. Joseph and James Wood. JosephWood sought to turn around the station, which had been among Benedek's worst ratings performers, by investing in staff and capital improvements. Among the upgrades was the 2004 switch of Fox from its existing low-power transmitters to channel 38 from a tower near Ashland, Missouri, which doubled Fox's reach; the addition of a 9 p.m. local newscast on the Fox channel; and the launch of two new services, UPN-affiliated "KZOU" and the Show Me Weather Channel, available on cable and from KMIZ's new digital transmitter. The station improved its ratings in morning and late news but remained very far behind KRCG and KOMU in the early evening newscast race. "KZOU" affiliated with MyNetworkTV when UPN merged with The WB to form The CW in 2006.
In JW Broadcasting's final years, the station expanded its local news department. In 2011, it converted its newscasts to high-definition production, introduced the market's first local newscast at 6:30 p.m., and opened a newsroom in Jefferson City.
News-Press & Gazette Company ownership
On July 26, 2012, JW Broadcasting announced the sale of KMIZ and KQFX-LD to the News-Press & Gazette Company (NPG) for $16 million (equivalent to $21 million in 2023). The sale marked NPG's entry into a second Missouri TV market after starting a low-power station, KNPN-LD, in its home city of St. Joseph. At the time, NPG CEO David Bradley served as chairman of the board of curators that runs the University of Missouri; facing concern that the deal might thus put Bradley in control of two local stations in contravention of FCC ownership limits, NPG argued that Bradley had no personal involvement in KOMU-TV's operations. The sale was consummated on November 1.
NPG has expanded the news department several times. In 2013, KMIZ debuted weekday newscasts at 9 a.m. and noon. The station debuted weekend morning newscasts for KMIZ and KQFX in 2016; by 2023, the station produced 30+1⁄2 hours a week of local news programming on its main channel.
Notable former on-air staff
Savannah Guthrie – weekend anchor, 1993–1995
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of KMIZ
Channel
Res.
Aspect
Short name
Programming
17.1
720p
16:9
KMIZ-DT
ABC
17.2
480i
MeTV
MeTV
17.3
KZOU-TV
KMIZ-DT3 / MyNetworkTV
17.4
720p
KQFX
Fox (KQFX-LD)
17.5
480i
Bounce
Bounce TV
Simulcast of subchannels of another station
When JW Broadcasting began broadcasting KMIZ's digital signal, the station multiplexed KMIZ as well as "Fox 38", KZOU, and the Show Me Weather channel. In 2012, the weather channel, since rebranded StormTrack 24/7, was replaced by MeTV, with station management citing the increasing availability of weather information on smartphones and other devices.
Analog-to-digital conversion
KMIZ shut down its analog signal over UHF channel 17, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 22 to channel 17 for post-transition operations. Days after, KQFX was converted to digital and switched from channel 38 to channel 22.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for KMIZ". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ Putney, Mike (September 16, 1969). "Ask FCC approval to build TV station". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "FCC History Cards for KMIZ". Federal Communications Commission.
^ "UHF applications are still pending". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. March 15, 1970. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d Felts, Cynthia (July 20, 1975). "Sea of red ink marks Koenig's TV venture". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Columbia gets full network TV". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. December 6, 1971. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Weather delays new TV tower". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. November 28, 1971. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Burks, Norma (December 24, 1971). "Starting-out problems 'bug' new TV station". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. Entertainment 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c Germond, Al (August 19, 1979). "Airwaves". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. Scene 5. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Germond, Al (June 30, 1977). "KCBJ given CATV concessions". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ McConnell, Randy; Germond, Al (October 24, 1978). "KCBJ-TV to move into former college building". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 6. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Germond, Al (October 15, 1978). "Airwaves". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. Scene 6. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Fuson, Ken (August 8, 1979). "KCBJ sold to Ohio media chain pending FCC approval". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Suit claims KCBJ-TV owners breached contract to sell station". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. October 11, 1979. p. 8. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Court orders KCBJ sold in breach of contract suit". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. June 5, 1981. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Rose, Forrest (May 5, 1982). "Federal judge puts KCBJ in hands of third party". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 10. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Rose, Forrest (March 31, 1982). "ABC wooing KOMU away from NBC". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "ABC Sniffs Out NBC Affiliate KOMU Missouri". Variety. April 7, 1982. p. 62. ProQuest 1438351193.
^ Butcher, Lola (June 30, 1982). "As the channels turn: affiliate drama ensnares NBC". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Reilly, Mike (July 6, 1982). "Judge halts KOMU's ABC switch". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "TV swap delayed". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. July 14, 1982. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "KCBJ-TV will become local NBC affiliate". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. July 27, 1982. p. 6. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Action Line". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. February 23, 1983. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Anderson, Scott (October 16, 1984). "KCBJ-TV sold to Kansas firm". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 6. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Business In Brief". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. January 18, 1985. p. 5. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Whiskeyman, Dolores (October 10, 1985). "New View: KCBJ expands, readies to run for the money with better broadcast". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 22. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Hirsch, Mark (October 2, 1985). "KOMU to rejoin NBC; 'bottom line' cited". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 8. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Rejoining NBC-TV Fold". Variety. October 16, 1985. p. 429. ProQuest 1438415729.
^ Brown, Nate (December 4, 1985). "KOMU and KCBJ prepare for network switch". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "TV networks' switch has explosive start". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. December 30, 1985. p. 10. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Brown, Nate (September 4, 1986). "Rivals for Ratings". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. pp. Scene 10, 11. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ "KGWC-TV sold to Illinois company". Casper Star-Tribune. December 6, 1995. p. C1. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
^ "Notice". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. April 16, 1997. p. 5B. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Schuckman, Matt (August 29, 1997). "Fox station a boon for sports fans". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 1B. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Boonville takes boom to the bank". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. August 28, 1997. p. 6B. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Coleman, Kevin (July 16, 1998). "KMIZ-TV teams with The WB on local cable". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ Friedman, Steve (December 20, 2001). "KMIZ not mourning loss of WB - Network sees ratings promise at KOMU". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ McClellan, Steve; Trigoboff, Dan (April 1, 2002). "Benedek couldn't hang on". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
^ Friedman, Steve (May 24, 2003). "Wright tickled by new chance to lead - Meteorologist gets chance to manage hometown station". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ Friedman, Steve (July 3, 2002). "KMIZ dealt to investors in New York". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ "KMIZ-ABC, KQFX-FOX sold to JosephWood Broadcasting". Jefferson City News-Tribune. May 3, 2003.
^ Friedman, Steve (May 1, 2003). "New owners take over KMIZ". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ Weeks, Katie (April 8, 2004). "Fox sneaking into area broadcast households". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ Harmon, Arcenia (September 23, 2003). "KQFX picks St. Joseph anchor for local newscast". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ a b Norfleet, Don (July 10, 2004). "New Mid-Missouri Fox TV station broadcasts from tower in Ashland". Jefferson City News-Tribune.
^ Coleman, Kevin (December 29, 2005). "KOMU surges ahead in key timespots, ages". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ Coleman, Kevin (June 10, 2006). "Technology pushes stations into new era: Mid-Missouri's TV affiliates are keeping competition at a fever pitch while struggling to pay for industry changes". Columbia Daily Tribune.
^ "KMIZ Adds 6:30 P.M., Goes HD". TVNewsCheck. October 11, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
^ "JW Sells KMIZ-KQFX Columbia (Mo.) to NP&G". Broadcasting & Cable. July 26, 2012.
^ "NPG Buys ABC Affil In Columbia, Mo". TVNewsCheck. July 25, 2012. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ "Consummation Notice". Consolidated Database System. Federal Communications Commission. November 1, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023.
^ "KMIZ Columbia Adding 9:00 a.m., Noon News". TVNewsCheck. August 21, 2013. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
^ "KMIZ Launches Weekend Morning Newscast". TVNewsCheck. January 8, 2016. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
^ "3rd Quarter Issues and Programming Report" (PDF). Public Inspection File, Federal Communications Commission. October 9, 2023.
^ Abramovitch, Seth (June 26, 2012). "Savannah Guthrie: 10 Things to Know About Ann Curry's Replacement". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
^ "TV Query for KMIZ". RabbitEars. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
^ "KMIZ Columbia, Mo., Adds Me-TV". TVNewsCheck. January 3, 2012.
^ "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. May 23, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
^ Wright, Randy (May 30, 2009). "Only two weeks left to ready for end of analog". Columbia Daily Tribune.
External links
Official website
vteBroadcast television in Mid-Missouri, including Columbia and Jefferson CityLocal stations
KMOS-TV (6.1 PBS, 6.2 Create, 6.3 Emerge, 6.4 PBS Kids)
KOMU-TV (8.1 NBC, 8.3 CW+)
KRCG (13.1 CBS, 13.2 Comet, 13.3 Charge!, 13.4 TBD)
KMIZ (17.1 ABC, 17.2 MeTV, 17.3 MNT, 17.4 Fox, 17.5 Bounce)
K18KK-D/KQFX-LD (18.1/22.1 Fox, 18.2/22.2 Laff, 18.3/22.3 Grit, 18.4/22.4 Mystery, 18.5/22.5 Dabl)
KFDR (25.1 CTN, 25.2 Lifestyle, 25.3 CTNi, 25.5 Biz TV)
KRMS-LD (32.1 Cozi, 32.2 Real America's Voice, 32.3 OAN, 32.4 Get, 32.5 Buzzr, 32.6 Fun Roads, 32.7 NOST, 32.8 Daystar, 32.9 WxN, 32.10 TCN, 32.11 Local Info)
K35OY-D (35.1/.4 Ads, 35.2 LX, 35.3 Oxygen)
KGKM-LD (36.1 TMD, 36.2 Ion, 36.3 Court, 36.4 Defy, 36.5 Grit, 36.6 Scripps, 36.7 SBN)
Defunct
K02NQ 2 (Local WX)
KZOU-LP 38 (Fox/MNTV)
KOMU-DT2 (8.2 NBC WX+)
See also
St. Louis
Kansas City
Quincy
Springfield
Ottumwa / Kirksville
Joplin
St. Joseph
vteBroadcast television stations by affiliation in the state of MissouriABC
KQTV 2 (St. Joseph)
KTVO 3 (Kirksville)
WOI-DT 5 (Ames, IA)
WSIL-TV 3 / KPOB-TV 15 / K10KM-D 10 (Harrisburg, IL/Poplar Bluff/Cape Girardeau)
KETV 7 (Omaha, NE)
KHQA-DT 7.2 (Hannibal)
KMBC-TV 9 (Kansas City)
KODE-TV 12 (Joplin)
KMIZ 17 (Columbia)
WATN-TV 24 (Memphis, TN)
KDNL-TV 30 (St. Louis)
KSPR-LD 33 / KYTV-DT 33.1 (Springfield)
CBS
KMTV-TV 3 (Omaha, NE)
KTVO 3.2 (Kirksville)
WREG-TV 3 (Memphis, TN)
KMOV 4 (St. Louis)
KCTV 5 (Kansas City)
KHQA-TV 7 (Hannibal)
KOAM-TV 7 (Pittsburg, KS)
KCCI 8 (Des Moines, IA)
KOLR 10 (Springfield)
KFVS-TV 12 / K17LV-D 12 (Cape Girardeau/Poplar Bluff)
KRCG 13 (Jefferson City)
KCJO-LD 30 / KNPN-LD 26.2 (St. Joseph)
Fox
KTVI 2 (St. Louis)
WDAF-TV 4 (Kansas City)
WGEM-DT 10.3 (Quincy, IL)
WHBQ-TV 13 (Memphis, TN)
KFJX 14 / KOAM-TV 7.2 (Pittsburg, KS)
KYOU-TV 15 / K30MG-D 15 (Ottumwa, IA/Kirksville)
KDSM-TV 17 (Des Moines, IA)
KQFX-LD 22 / K18KK-D 18 / KMIZ 17.4 (Columbia)
KBSI 23 (Cape Girardeau)
KNPN-LD 26 (St. Joseph)
KPTM 42 (Omaha, NE)
KRBK 49 (Osage Beach)
NBC
KYTV 3 (Springfield)
KSDK 5 (St. Louis)
WMC-TV 5 (Memphis, TN)
WOWT 6 (Omaha, NE)
WPSD-TV 6 (Paducah, KY)
KOMU-TV 8 (Columbia)
WGEM-TV 10 (Quincy, IL)
WHO-DT 13 (Des Moines, IA)
KYOU-TV 15.2 / K30MG-D 30.2 (Ottumwa, IA/Kirksville)
KSNF 16 (Joplin)
KNPG-LD 21 (St. Joseph)
KSHB-TV 41 (Kansas City)
The CW
KOMU-DT 8.3 (Columbia)
WGEM-DT 10.2 (Quincy, IL)
KPLR-TV 11ATSC 3.0 (St. Louis)
KFVS-DT 12.2 / K17LV-D 12.2 (Cape Girardeau/Poplar Bluff)
KFJX-DT 14.2 (Pittsburg, KS)
KYOU-DT 15.4 / K30MG-D 30.4 (Ottumwa, IA/Kirksville)
KNPG-LD 21.2 (St. Joseph)
KCWI 23 (Ames, IA)
KYCW-LD 25 / KSPR-LD 33.2 / KYTV 33.2 (Branson/Springfield)
KCWE 29 (Kansas City)
WLMT 30 (Memphis, TN)
KPTM-DT 42.3 (Omaha, NE)
MyNetworkTV
KMOV-DT 4.2 (St. Louis)
KCCI-DT 8.3 (Des Moines, IA)
KMIZ-DT 17.3 (Columbia)
KOZL-TV 27 (Springfield)
WLMT 30 (Memphis, TN)
KPTM-DT 42.2 (Omaha, NE)
WDKA 49 / KBSI-DT 23.2 (Paducah, KY/Cape Girardeau)
KSMO-TV 62ATSC 3.0 (Kansas City)
Ion Television
KQTV-DT 2.3 (St. Joseph)
WSIL-DT 3.5 / KPOB-DT 15.5 / K10KM-D 10.5 (Harrisburg, IL/Poplar Bluff/Cape Girardeau)
WOWT-DT 6.4 (Omaha, NE)
KODE-DT 12.4 (Joplin)
KGKM LD 36.2 (Columbia)
KFPX-TV 39 (Newton, IA)
WRBU 46 (East St. Louis, IL)
KRBK-DT 49.4 (Osage Beach)
KPXE-TV 50 (Kansas City)
WPXX-TV 50 (Memphis, TN)
PBS
KMOS-TV 6 (Sedalia)
WSIU-TV 8 (Carbondale, IL)
KETC 9 (St. Louis)
WKNO 10 (Memphis, TN)
KDIN-TV 11 (Des Moines, IA)
K18GU-D 12 (Ottumwa, IA)
KCPT 19 (Kansas City)
KOZK 21 / KOZJ 26 (Springfield / Joplin)
KYNE-TV 26 (Omaha, NE)
WQEC 27 (Quincy, IL)
Other
WPXS 13 / KUMO-LP 51 (Daystar, St. Louis/Mount Vernon, IL)
KXVO 15ATSC 3.0 (TBD, Omaha, NE)
KTAJ-TV 16 (TBN, Kansas City/St. Joseph)
WTJR 16 (CTN, Quincy, IL)
WQWQ-LD 18 (TMD, Paducah, KY/Cape Girardeau)
KUKC-LD 20 (UNI, Kansas City)
KNPG-LD 21.3 (TMD, St. Joseph)
WTWV 23 (Rel. Ind., Memphis, TN)
KNLC 24 (MeTV, St. Louis)
KFDR 25 (CTN, Jefferson City)
WTCT 27 (TCT, Marion, IL)
KDNL-TV 30 (.2 TBD, .3 Charge!, .4 Nest, St. Louis)
KWBM 31 (Daystar, Harrison, AR)
KBNS-CD 36 (Ind., Branson)
KMCI-TV 38ATSC 3.0 (Ind., Lawrence, KS)
KGKC-LD 39 (TMD, Lawrence, KS)
vteNews-Press & Gazette CompanyNewspapers
The Daily Star-Journal
Osawatomie Graphic
St. Joseph News-Press
Radio stations
KRDO
KRDO-FM
KUNA-FM
Television stations(by primary affiliations)ABC
KECY-DT2
KESQ-TV
KEYT-TV
KIFI-TV
KMIZ
KRDO-TV
KVIA-TV
CBS
KCJO-LD / KNPN-LD2 1
KEYT-DT2
KIFI-DT2
KION-TV
KPSP-CD
KYMA-DT 3
The CW
KCBA 2
KCWQ-LD
KECY-DT3
KIFI-DT3
KNPG-LD2 1
KTVZ-DT2
Fox
KDFX-CD
KECY-TV
KFXO-CD / KQRE-LD2
KION-DT2
KKFX-CD
KNPN-LD 1
KQFX-LD
KXPI-LD
MyNetworkTV
KECY-TV 4
KEYT-DT2 5
KMIZ-DT2 4
KXPI-LD 4
NBC
KNPG-LD 1
KTVZ
KYMA-DT2 3
K22NM-D 6
Telemundo
KCOY-TV 2
KECY-DT4 / KESE-LD
KFXO-CD2 / KQRE-LD
KIFI-DT2
KMUV-LD
KNPG-LD3 1
KUNA-LD
other
Cable
News-Press 3 NOW 7
Dabl
KIDK 2
1 This station was built and signed on by NPG.
2 This station is owned by VistaWest Media, LLC, but is operated by NPG under an SSA.
3 This station is owned by Imagicomm Communications, but is operated by NPG under an SSA.
4 This station carries a secondary MyNetworkTV affiliation on its primary channel.
5 This station carries a secondary Retro Television Network affiliation on its second digital subchannel.
6 This station is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting, but is operated by NPG.
7 Originally operating as a cable-only channel, News-Press 3 NOW is also relayed on a third digital subchannel of KNPN-LD.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Columbia, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Jefferson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_City"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"News-Press & Gazette Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News-Press_%26_Gazette_Company"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KQFX-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQFX-LD"},{"link_name":"Business Loop 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Moniteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moniteau_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"ultra high frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"KOMU-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOMU-TV"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Stauffer Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stauffer_Communications"},{"link_name":"Benedek Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedek_Broadcasting"}],"text":"ABC affiliate in Columbia, MissouriKMIZ (channel 17) is a television station licensed to Columbia, Missouri, United States, serving the Columbia–Jefferson City market as an affiliate of ABC and MyNetworkTV. It is owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company alongside Fox affiliate KQFX-LD (channel 22, also licensed to Columbia); the stations together are branded as the \"Networks of Mid-Missouri\". The two stations share studios on the East Business Loop 70 in Columbia; KMIZ's transmitter is located west of Jamestown near the Moniteau–Cooper county line.Channel 17 in Columbia began broadcasting as KCBJ-TV on December 5, 1971. It provided a full-time outlet for the ABC network, previously split between the market's two other major commercial stations. KCBJ-TV was built by Richard Koenig, a St. Louis–based engineer. It struggled in its early years with its ultra high frequency (UHF) signal, the first in the market; entrenched and established competition; and lack of financial resources to invest in local programming and technical improvements. In 1979, Koenig agreed to sell the station to the Wooster Republican Printing Company, but the deal turned sour, and the prospective buyers sued for breach of contract. Litigation in that case was still pending when an ascendant ABC switched its affiliation to KOMU-TV (channel 8) in 1982, leaving KCBJ-TV to change to NBC.Koenig sold KCBJ-TV to Stauffer Communications, which took control in January 1985. With NBC rising in the ratings, it poached KOMU-TV from ABC, leading to a switch of network affiliations again that December. To coincide with the new affiliation and Stauffer's investment in a new image and improved news coverage, the station changed its call sign to KMIZ. Under Benedek Broadcasting ownership, KMIZ purchased two low-power stations to start the area's Fox affiliate, a predecessor of KQFX-LD. News-Press & Gazette Company acquired the stations from JW Broadcasting in 2012.","title":"KMIZ"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_Hotel_-_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiger Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Hotel"},{"link_name":"WJJY-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJJY-TV"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"ultra high frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"Mid-Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Missouri"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"KOMU-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOMU-TV"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"KRCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRCG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu690916-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-3"},{"link_name":"comparative hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_hearing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu700315-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu750720-5"},{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu711206-6"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu750720-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu711128-7"},{"link_name":"KMTC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOZL-TV"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Joplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu750720-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu711224-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu790819-9"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"KTVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVO"},{"link_name":"Kirksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville"},{"link_name":"Moberly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moberly,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Centralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu750720-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu770630-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu790819-9"},{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu781024-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu781015-12"},{"link_name":"Wooster, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooster,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"WTRF-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTRF-TV"},{"link_name":"Wheeling, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu790808-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu790819-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu791011-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu810605-15"},{"link_name":"Scott Olin Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Olin_Wright"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu820505-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu820331-17"},{"link_name":"Fred Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Silverman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu820630-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu820706-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu820714-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu820727-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu830223-23"}],"sub_title":"KCBJ-TV: Early years","text":"The Tiger Hotel in downtown Columbia housed KCBJ-TV's studios from 1971 to 1978.In September 1969, Jeffco Television Corporation, associated with station WJJY-TV in Jacksonville, Illinois, applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for permission to build a station on ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 17 in Columbia. At the time, Mid-Missouri had no full-time affiliate of ABC; its programs were divided between NBC affiliate KOMU-TV (channel 8) and CBS affiliate KRCG (channel 13).[2] In November, Channel Seventeen, Inc., headed by Richard Koenig, also applied for the channel.[3] The two applications were designated by the commission for comparative hearing,[4] but Jeffco dropped out due to problems at its station in Illinois,[5] allowing Channel Seventeen to receive the construction permit on August 28, 1970.[3]KCBJ-TV began broadcasting on December 5, 1971, as a full-time ABC affiliate.[6] It broadcast from a tower at Jamestown, Missouri,[5] 17 miles (27 km) southwest of Columbia.[7] The station's early months were pocked with technical issues; it was the only local station with a studio and transmitter at separate sites, and its feed for ABC network programming was the signal of KMTC-TV in Springfield—which, in turn, picked up the signal off-air from Joplin. If a network program was preempted in either of those cities, KCBJ-TV could not show it;[5][8] occasionally, weather warnings and other material from the Springfield area appeared on channel 17 as well.[9] In its first three and a half years of operation, the station never once made a profit, and as a result was unable to afford a microwave link that would have improved the quality of its network feed. In the ratings, KCBJ-TV struggled against KOMU and KRCG, which had been in the market nearly 20 years when channel 17 signed on and were better-funded stations with stronger local news presences. Koenig became aggressive in his efforts to defend channel 17 from competition. He unsuccessfully argued that KOMU-TV, a commercial station owned by the University of Missouri (MU) and the more successful of Columbia's two local stations, should be forced to become non-commercial and a new private commercial station on the UHF band opened to provide NBC programming. He successfully led the FCC to deny a tower upgrade for KTVO, an ABC affiliate in Kirksville, that threatened to take viewers away from his station in such cities as Moberly, Mexico, and Centralia.[5] He fought the introduction of cable television to Columbia, winning network non-duplication protection so that channel 17 was the only source for ABC network programs on the system—even though the CBS and NBC affiliates did not receive the same perk.[10] As the decade went on, channel 17 became more reliable and obtained the microwave link to improve its ABC signal.[9] In 1978, it acquired its present studio facilities from Columbia College, which had used the site to house its extended studies program; this enabled channel 17 to triple its office space and vacate its site in the Tiger Hotel downtown,[11] where it had utilized a portion of the hotel's parking garage.[12]Koenig agreed in August 1979 to sell KCBJ-TV to the Wooster Republican Printing Company of Wooster, Ohio, controlled by the Dix family. The acquisition of channel 17 would have marked the return of the Dix family to television after their sale years prior of WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia.[13][9] Two months later, the Dix family sued, claiming Koenig had breached the sale contract; Koenig replied by declaring that there never was a valid contract.[14] In 1981, the Dix family won the initial lawsuit and a court order forcing Koenig to sell the station to them.[15] Koenig appealed the ruling; federal judge Scott Olin Wright, a former lawyer in Columbia, ordered the station to be transferred to a receiver during the process, but Koenig refused, claiming Wright held a grudge against KCBJ-TV from an earlier legal contact when the station started and that a short-form transfer of control was not appropriate for the process.[16]As the appeals continued in the breach of contract case, ABC sought to move to the higher-rated KOMU-TV. In the late 1970s, ABC became the number-one network and began seeking upgrades in its affiliate base, primarily at the expense of NBC.[17] It contacted KOMU-TV, the number-one station in Mid-Missouri, in 1979; that was the year NBC hired Fred Silverman, and KOMU instead renewed with NBC in hopes that Silverman could turn around the network's low ratings. This did not materialize, and the station instead agreed to switch in 1982.[18] While it was logical that KCBJ-TV, the local station without a network affiliation, and NBC, the network needing a station, would connect, the ongoing ownership dispute complicated matters because the network received affiliation pitches from the Koenigs and the Dix family.[19] The switch was set for July 12, but Wright issued a temporary restraining order to prevent ABC from moving.[20] KOMU's ABC switch was then set for August 8, though no NBC deal was in place for channel 17 until late July.[21][22] The sale to Wooster Republican Printing Company fell through by February 1983.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stauffer Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stauffer_Communications"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu841016-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu850118-25"},{"link_name":"Columbia Daily Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu851010-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu851010-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu851002-27"},{"link_name":"Temple, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"call letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_letters"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu851204-29"},{"link_name":"Taps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taps_(bugle_call)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu851230-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu860904-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_building_of_KMIZ_and_KQFX-LD_in_Columbia,_Missouri_off_East_Business_Loop_70.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbia, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"East Business Loop 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KQFX-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQFX-LD"},{"link_name":"Morris Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Communications"},{"link_name":"Benedek Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedek_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Rockford, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu970416-34"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"the NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Fox"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu970829-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colu970828-36"},{"link_name":"WB 100+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WB_100%2B"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Stauffer ownership","text":"In October 1984, Stauffer Communications agreed to purchase KCBJ-TV from the Koenig family,[24] assuming control in January 1985.[25] The company's first priority was to revamp the station's neglected and little-watched news operation, described by the Columbia Daily Tribune as \"laughable at best\" and by station manager Rush Evans as a \"cursory programming service\". It was a distant third behind KOMU and KRCG in the ratings, only attracting three percent of the audience. The newscasts finally had two cameras instead of one, and the news staff was increased from five employees to thirteen.[26] At the same time, the fortunes of NBC turned; the network was in the lead nationally, and KCBJ was the number-one station in prime time.[26] Citing its disappointment with revenues under ABC, KOMU announced it would return to NBC.[27] It was not alone; other recent converts from NBC to ABC were beginning to return to the network, including stations in Temple, Texas, and Savannah, Georgia.[28]Stauffer affiliated channel 17 with ABC and used the opportunity to change the station's call letters, which it had already been considering. It discovered that KMIZ was assigned to an inactive U.S. Coast Guard vessel and had the call sign released for use.[29] The switch and new name took effect on December 30, 1985; at a party for employees, Evans blew up a large plaster and Styrofoam block bearing the KCBJ-TV call letters after the playing of \"Taps\".[30] The improved newscast increased ratings from a three percent share to 12 percent in 1986.[31]The studio building of KMIZ in Columbia, Missouri, off East Business Loop 70. The station shares a studio with Fox affiliate KQFX-LD.In 1995, Stauffer sold its holdings to Morris Communications. Morris kept the company's newspapers and spun off most of the television stations to Benedek Broadcasting of Rockford, Illinois, for $60 million (equivalent to $120 million in 2023[32]).[33] After being sold to Benedek, the station expanded its offerings. In April 1997, it acquired two low-power TV stations, K11TB in Jefferson City and K02NQ in Columbia.[34] In September in Columbia and on cable and in October in Jefferson City, it launched them as the first over-the-air Fox affiliate for the market; in 1996, KMIZ had carried Fox's coverage of the NFL and the World Series.[35][36] The next year, Benedek agreed to sell advertising for the local WB 100+ cable channel.[37] The partnership for the cable channel, \"KJWB\", transferred to KOMU-TV in January 2002.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"early 2000s recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_2000s_recession"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Gray Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Television"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ashland, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCNT040710-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"The WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Chelsey and JW Broadcasting ownership","text":"Financial problems developed at Benedek in the new millennium. The early 2000s recession reduced ad sales and caused the company to miss interest payments on a set of bonds issued in 1996, prompting a filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[39] Benedek's financial issues hurt investment in KMIZ and led to staff cuts and the station canceling its 5 p.m. newscast in 2001.[40]While most of Benedek's stations were sold out of bankruptcy to Gray Television, some—including KMIZ—went to Chelsey Broadcasting, an affiliate of the Chelsey Capital hedge fund which was a major investor in Benedek.[41] Chelsey owned KMIZ for a year before selling it to JosephWood (JW) Broadcasting, a partnership formed by David J. Joseph and James Wood.[42] JosephWood sought to turn around the station, which had been among Benedek's worst ratings performers, by investing in staff and capital improvements.[43] Among the upgrades was the 2004 switch of Fox from its existing low-power transmitters to channel 38 from a tower near Ashland, Missouri, which doubled Fox's reach;[44] the addition of a 9 p.m. local newscast on the Fox channel;[45] and the launch of two new services, UPN-affiliated \"KZOU\" and the Show Me Weather Channel, available on cable and from KMIZ's new digital transmitter.[46] The station improved its ratings in morning and late news but remained very far behind KRCG and KOMU in the early evening newscast race.[47] \"KZOU\" affiliated with MyNetworkTV when UPN merged with The WB to form The CW in 2006.[48]In JW Broadcasting's final years, the station expanded its local news department. In 2011, it converted its newscasts to high-definition production, introduced the market's first local newscast at 6:30 p.m., and opened a newsroom in Jefferson City.[49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"News-Press & Gazette Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News-Press_%26_Gazette_Company"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-32"},{"link_name":"KNPN-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNPN-LD"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"News-Press & Gazette Company ownership","text":"On July 26, 2012, JW Broadcasting announced the sale of KMIZ and KQFX-LD to the News-Press & Gazette Company (NPG) for $16 million (equivalent to $21 million in 2023[32]). The sale marked NPG's entry into a second Missouri TV market after starting a low-power station, KNPN-LD, in its home city of St. Joseph.[50] At the time, NPG CEO David Bradley served as chairman of the board of curators that runs the University of Missouri; facing concern that the deal might thus put Bradley in control of two local stations in contravention of FCC ownership limits, NPG argued that Bradley had no personal involvement in KOMU-TV's operations.[51] The sale was consummated on November 1.[52]NPG has expanded the news department several times. In 2013, KMIZ debuted weekday newscasts at 9 a.m. and noon.[53] The station debuted weekend morning newscasts for KMIZ and KQFX in 2016;[54] by 2023, the station produced 30+1⁄2 hours a week of local news programming on its main channel.[55]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savannah Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Savannah Guthrie – weekend anchor, 1993–1995[56]","title":"Notable former on-air staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCNT040710-46"},{"link_name":"MeTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeTV"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:Simulcast of subchannels of another stationWhen JW Broadcasting began broadcasting KMIZ's digital signal, the station multiplexed KMIZ as well as \"Fox 38\", KZOU, and the Show Me Weather channel.[46] In 2012, the weather channel, since rebranded StormTrack 24/7, was replaced by MeTV, with station management citing the increasing availability of weather information on smartphones and other devices.[58]","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF"},{"link_name":"transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Analog_to_Digital-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"KMIZ shut down its analog signal over UHF channel 17, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 22 to channel 17 for post-transition operations.[59] Days after, KQFX was converted to digital and switched from channel 38 to channel 22.[60]","title":"Technical information"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Tiger Hotel in downtown Columbia housed KCBJ-TV's studios from 1971 to 1978.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tiger_Hotel_-_2013.jpg/220px-Tiger_Hotel_-_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The studio building of KMIZ in Columbia, Missouri, off East Business Loop 70. The station shares a studio with Fox affiliate KQFX-LD.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Studio_building_of_KMIZ_and_KQFX-LD_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri_off_East_Business_Loop_70.jpg/300px-Studio_building_of_KMIZ_and_KQFX-LD_in_Columbia%2C_Missouri_off_East_Business_Loop_70.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KMIZ\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=63164","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KMIZ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Putney, Mike (September 16, 1969). \"Ask FCC approval to build TV station\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-ask-fcc-approval/136870199/","url_text":"\"Ask FCC approval to build TV station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070306/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-ask-fcc-approval/136870199/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FCC History Cards for KMIZ\". Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/api/download/attachment/48dc37a3-7d07-d72d-1db0-960eb661b0f8","url_text":"\"FCC History Cards for KMIZ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"UHF applications are still pending\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. March 15, 1970. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-uhf-applications/136870214/","url_text":"\"UHF applications are still pending\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070305/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-uhf-applications/136870214/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Felts, Cynthia (July 20, 1975). \"Sea of red ink marks Koenig's TV venture\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-sea-of-red-ink-ma/136872718/","url_text":"\"Sea of red ink marks Koenig's TV venture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070304/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-sea-of-red-ink-ma/136872718/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia gets full network TV\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. December 6, 1971. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-columbia-gets-ful/136870456/","url_text":"\"Columbia gets full network TV\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070302/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-columbia-gets-ful/136870456/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Weather delays new TV tower\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. November 28, 1971. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-weather-delays-ne/136870421/","url_text":"\"Weather delays new TV tower\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070303/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-weather-delays-ne/136870421/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burks, Norma (December 24, 1971). \"Starting-out problems 'bug' new TV station\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. Entertainment 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-starting-out-prob/136870586/","url_text":"\"Starting-out problems 'bug' new TV station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070301/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-starting-out-prob/136870586/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Germond, Al (August 19, 1979). \"Airwaves\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. Scene 5. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-airwaves/136873121/","url_text":"\"Airwaves\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220190917/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-airwaves/136873121/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Germond, Al (June 30, 1977). \"KCBJ given CATV concessions\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-kcbj-given-catv-c/136872992/","url_text":"\"KCBJ given CATV concessions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220070306/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-kcbj-given-catv-c/136872992/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Randy; Germond, Al (October 24, 1978). \"KCBJ-TV to move into former college building\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 6. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-kcbj-tv-to-move-i/137218181/","url_text":"\"KCBJ-TV to move into former college building\""}]},{"reference":"Germond, Al (October 15, 1978). \"Airwaves\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. Scene 6. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-airwaves/137218251/","url_text":"\"Airwaves\""}]},{"reference":"Fuson, Ken (August 8, 1979). \"KCBJ sold to Ohio media chain pending FCC approval\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-kcbj-sold-to-ohio/136873074/","url_text":"\"KCBJ sold to Ohio media chain pending FCC approval\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220190913/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-kcbj-sold-to-ohio/136873074/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Suit claims KCBJ-TV owners breached contract to sell station\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. October 11, 1979. p. 8. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-suit-claims-kcbj/136873251/","url_text":"\"Suit claims KCBJ-TV owners breached contract to sell station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220192428/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-suit-claims-kcbj/136873251/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Court orders KCBJ sold in breach of contract suit\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. June 5, 1981. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-court-orders-kcbj/137131496/","url_text":"\"Court orders KCBJ sold in breach of contract suit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220190919/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-court-orders-kcbj/137131496/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Forrest (May 5, 1982). \"Federal judge puts KCBJ in hands of third party\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 10. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-federal-judge-put/137059177/","url_text":"\"Federal judge puts KCBJ in hands of third party\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220190914/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-federal-judge-put/137059177/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Forrest (March 31, 1982). \"ABC wooing KOMU away from NBC\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-abc-wooing-komu-a/137059142/","url_text":"\"ABC wooing KOMU away from NBC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220190915/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-abc-wooing-komu-a/137059142/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Sniffs Out NBC Affiliate KOMU Missouri\". Variety. April 7, 1982. p. 62. ProQuest 1438351193.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1438351193","url_text":"1438351193"}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Lola (June 30, 1982). \"As the channels turn: affiliate drama ensnares NBC\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-as-the-channels-t/137059158/","url_text":"\"As the channels turn: affiliate drama ensnares NBC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220192425/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-as-the-channels-t/137059158/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reilly, Mike (July 6, 1982). \"Judge halts KOMU's ABC switch\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-judge-halts-komu/137059135/","url_text":"\"Judge halts KOMU's ABC switch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220190912/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-judge-halts-komu/137059135/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TV swap delayed\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. July 14, 1982. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-tv-swap-delayed/137059199/","url_text":"\"TV swap delayed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220190916/https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-daily-tribune-tv-swap-delayed/137059199/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"KCBJ-TV will become local NBC affiliate\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. July 27, 1982. p. 6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataura
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Mataura
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["1 Geography","2 History and culture","2.1 Pre-European settlement","2.2 European settlement","2.3 Replacement of the bridge","2.4 Toxic waste","2.5 Marae","3 Demographics","4 Local government","4.1 Mayors","5 Education","6 Facilities","7 Electricity supply","8 Industry","8.1 Mataura Dairy Factory","8.2 Mataura Paper Mill","8.3 Mataura Flour Mill","8.4 Mataura Freezing Works","8.5 Fibreboard manufacturing","9 Notable citizens","10 Cardigan Bay","11 References","12 Further reading"]
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Coordinates: 46°11′S 168°52′E / 46.183°S 168.867°E / -46.183; 168.867Town in Southland, New Zealand
Place in Southland region, New ZealandMatauraLocation of MatauraCoordinates: 46°11′S 168°52′E / 46.183°S 168.867°E / -46.183; 168.867CountryNew ZealandRegionSouthland regionTerritorial authorities of New ZealandGore DistrictWardMataura WardCommunity boardMataura Community BoardElectoratesSouthlandTe Tai Tonga (Māori)Government • Territorial authorityGore District Council • Regional councilSouthland Regional Council • Mayor of GoreBen Bell • Southland MPJoseph Mooney • Te Tai Tonga MPTākuta FerrisArea • Territorial5.32 km2 (2.05 sq mi)Population (June 2023) • Territorial1,740 • Density330/km2 (850/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+12 (NZST) • Summer (DST)UTC+13 (NZDT)Area code03Local iwiNgāi Tahu
Mataura is a town in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand. Mataura has a meat processing plant, and until 2000 it was the site of a large pulp and paper mill.
Geography
Mataura is situated on State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway, on the eastern fringe of the Southland Plain 13 kilometres south west of Gore and 53 kilometres north east of Invercargill. On the southern side of the town, State Highway 96 diverges from SH 1 and runs westward through nearby communities such as Te Tipua and Waitane, ultimately terminating in Ohai. The town straddles the Mataura River which flows south through the town and is a source of brown trout. On the northern outskirts of the town the river falls over a bed of sandstone 6.1 metres (20 ft) high to create the Mataura Falls which is known by local Māori as Te Aunui (the great current).
The land rises to the Hokonui Hills 13 km to the north-west, while to the east is a series of hills.
History and culture
Pre-European settlement
While there was no permanent Maori settlement in the present day location of Mataura prior to the arrival of European settlers, the location was well known to local Maori for the harvest of lamprey (which they called 'kana kana') in October of each year as they made their annual passage up the falls. The closest Maori settlement was the kaik (unfortified village) of Tūtūrau, which was located near the east bank of the Mataura River 3.2 km (2.0 mi) downstream from the present town. In 1836 this village was the scene of the last act of Maori warfare in the South Island. A war party of approximately 70 members of the Ngāti Tama and Te Āti Awa tribes under the command of Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi, chief of the Ngāti Tama tribe and an ally and distant relative of Te Rauparaha attacked and occupied the village which was later retaken by the local Ngāi Tahu under the leadership of Hone Tūhawaiki (paramount chief of the Ngāi Tahu) and Te Matenga Taiaroa who had been at the Bluff when news of the war party's presence in the Southland came.
European settlement
In 1854 the Murihiku block of land (which included Mataura) was purchased from local Maori by the Otago Provincial Council, with the objective of developing it up for settlement by immigrants from Great Britain.
At the time, travellers between Southland and Otago were drawn to the Mataura area by the presence of the Tuturau ford located about 3.2 km downstream of the falls and the northern ford which was located approximately 1.6 km (0.99 mi) above the falls.
By 1856 the Otago Provincial Council had recognised that if development was to succeed a ferry had to be established at the falls to enable a direct overland transport between Dunedin and Invercargill. At the time the only alternative route was going by sea along the dangerous southern coast.
In 1859 the Otago Provincial Government built a wooden truss bridge which rested on a large rock in the middle of the falls and was suitable only for foot traffic with large animals and vehicles restricted to crossing on the ferry. As the bridge was always wet and slippery with spray from the falls, the face of the falls was removed by dynamite which moved the falls upstream. This work which damaged the look of the falls was in vain as the bridge was totally destroyed by a major flood on 22 April 1861. To encourage use of the bridge the council also built the Mataura Ferry Hotel on the west bank of the river. This was leased to John MacGibbon who with his family were the first inhabitants of the settlement and as part of his 7-year lease had the right to charge a toll on anyone crossing the river within a mile below and above the falls. At the time the only other Europeans living in the area were John Turnbull who owned the Tuturau Run and the Shanks family who owned the Marairua Run.
The loss of the bridge meant that travellers reverted to using the ferry which had been established north of the falls.
In 1866 James Pollack won the tender for the lease of the Mataura Ferry Hotel and offered to build a replacement bridge in return for the right to charge tolls for 12 years. His offer was declined by the Otago Provincial Government who built a replacement bridge of the suspension type, which was opened on 27 August 1868. Crossing the gorge downstream of the falls it was a more substantial timber structure with 16 supporting cables passing over stone pillars before being anchored in rock. A footbridge was added in 1898.
In response to the commencement on construction on the new bridge James Pollack built the Bridge Hotel on the east bank of the river by the bridge and sold the Mataura Ferry Hotel. He also petitioned the government to undertake the first survey of the location which subsequently named the area the Town of Mataura Bridge.
As a major mail coach stop on the route from Dunedin to Invercargill the bridge soon attracted a number of businessman who set up premises on the east bank around an area called Bridge Square. The construction of the telegraph line between Dunedin and Invercargill which passed through the town lead to the establishment in December 1868 of the first post and telegraph office in the Mataura Valley. This consolidated the settlement's position as a major transportation and communications hub. This in turn led to it attracting more businessmen, and becoming a major service centre. As a result of this growth a school was established in 1870. The moving of the former Mataura Ferry Hotel (by now renamed Cameron's Hotel) downstream to a location on the west bank where it was better able to service the passing traffic initiated development on the west bank which was assisted by the surveying of the west and north Mataura in 1874.
In 1875 a railway line was built from Gore to Mataura which in conjunction with establishment of the Mataura Paper Mill helped the town evolve and develop into the major industrial centre in Eastern Southland. The 1921 railway station has been listed NZHPT Category II since 1996. It is a standard class B station, of weatherboard and slate. In 2021 a feasibility study was started to consider moving the building to a new site.
Replacement of the bridge
Mataura road bridge (2023)
By the 1930s the narrowness of the bridge which restricted travel to one direction at a time and its light construction had become inadequate for the increasing traffic and heavy loads. As a result, a new bridge was constructed by the Ministry of Works immediately upstream of the suspension bridge (which was subsequently demolished) and opened in July 1939 by Bob Semple, the Minister of Works. It was a single span bow-arch reinforced concrete 53.8 metres (176 ft 6 inches) in length.
Toxic waste
Aluminium dross from the Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter was stored at the paper mill in Matuara from 2015 until 2021. It was moved into the disused paper mill without resource consent by a now defunct company. The 8000 tonnes of aluminium dross, also known as ouvea premix, if mixed with water would have released clouds of ammonia gas. The paper mill site could potentially be flooded by the Mataura river. There were concerns in August 2020 when firefighters had to put out a fire that came within 30 metres of the ouvea premix. The New Zealand government and New Zealand Aluminium Smelters shared the cost of removing this toxic waste, which was completed by July 2021.
Marae
Mataura Marae began being built in Mataura in the 1980s. Work resumed in 2017, including converting an old dairy factory into a wharekai (dining hall). The carvings on the wharenui (meeting house) were carried out by Te Puia in Rotorua.
In October 2020, the Government committed $294,009 from the Provincial Growth Fund towards funding the marae development trust, creating 17 jobs.
Demographics
Mataura covers 5.32 km2 (2.05 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1,740 as of June 2023, with a population density of 327 people per km2.
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.20061,560— 20131,509−0.47%20181,629+1.54%Source:
Mataura had a population of 1,629 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 120 people (8.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 69 people (4.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 660 households, comprising 813 males and 816 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 39.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 348 people (21.4%) aged under 15 years, 300 (18.4%) aged 15 to 29, 723 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 258 (15.8%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 75.5% European/Pākehā, 31.5% Māori, 2.8% Pasifika, 2.2% Asian, and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 6.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.4% had no religion, 32.4% were Christian, 2.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Muslim and 1.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 51 (4.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 465 (36.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $26,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 81 people (6.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 648 (50.6%) people were employed full-time, 159 (12.4%) were part-time, and 54 (4.2%) were unemployed.
Local government
J & J Galt ironmongers building (Established 1892).
Prior to 1882 local government had been undertaken first by the Tutarau Wardens and then by the Tutarau Road Board. On 29 March 1892 a newly established Town Board took over local government administration of the town's affairs and representation of the town's 70 ratepayers.
The town's affairs remained under the administration of the Town Board until 1895 when it changed to the Mataura Borough Council. In 1989 the Mataura Borough Council was merged into the Gore District Council.
Mayors
Thomas Culling – 1895 to 1897. Prior to becoming the borough's first mayor he had been chairman of the town board.
Hugh Cameron
Thomas MacGibbon
John Lowden – 1903 to 1906
John Galt – 1906 to 1909
Andrew Balneaves – 1909 to 1912
Forrest William Brown – 1915 to 1917
Charles Donohue McConnell – 1919 to 1935, 1938 to 1950
John Buchanan – 1935 to 1938
James William Ingram – 1950 to 1959
Malcolm Tulloch – 1959 to 1962
S.I.L (Logie) McKelvie – 1962 to 1970
Keith Raymond Henderson – 1970 to 1982
Ian Tulloch – 1982 to 1989. The last mayor of the town before it became part of the Gore District Council
Education
Mataura School serves years 1 to 6 with a roll of 90 as of February 2024. It opened in 1878.
Children of intermediate and secondary school age are bussed to Gore to continue their education there.
Facilities
The town's swimming pool opened in 1956 and closed in 2017.
Electricity supply
Because it had surplus generation capacity the freezing works had since 1905 been supplying electricity to the nearby town of Gore, while due to the town's financial situation Mataura residents were still using candles and kerosene powered lamps. It wasn't until 1911 the Borough Council was able to reach agreement with the freezing works for them to increase their generating capacity so that they could supply the Mataura load. After taking out a loan to finance the expansion of the generation capacity and the installation of a distribution system around the town the first power began being supplied from 5 October 1912.
Mataura retained its own independent power system until 1932 when due to technical issues it became impossible for the freezing works to continue supplying the town. As a result, the borough council accepted an offer to sell their power system to the Southland Electric Power Board, which took over responsibility for supplying the town from its distribution network.
Industry
Mataura Dairy Factory
In January 1887 a company was formed to construct and operate a dairy factory. After procuring land a factory was constructed and up and running by November of that year. Water for use in the milk and cheese making processes was obtained from a private spring while power was provide by a steam engine powered by local lignite. It was not until 1917 that the factory converted to electric power from the local distribution network. By the early 1970s the company was in financial trouble and closed in May 1980, when dairy processing in the area was concentrated at the Edendale Dairy Factory.
Mataura's large paper mill in 1982, a former cornerstone of the local industry.
Mataura Paper Mill
In the mid-1870s a company led by James Bain was formed in Invercargill to establish a pulp and paper mill on the east bank of the river downstream of the Mataura falls. To assist them the Government granted the company freehold of land on both sides of the river at the falls, as well as all water rights, which would allow the head to be utilised to provide cheap power to the paper making machinery. The company however installed obsolete second hand machinery, which lead to the mill being unprofitable.
In 1884 it was sold to the partners of Dunedin-based Coulls Culling and Co. and Thomas S. Culling, who was senior partner in the Dunedin-based business of R. Wilson and Co. Under the direction of Thomas Culling, the company had by 1888 installed new paper making machinery as well as two hydro generators one of 50 Hp and the other of 250 hp. In 1891 the paper mill and the freezing works jointly built a weir to a race to improve the water supply to their respective hydro generators. In 1892 the mills became profitable, and by 1895 the paper mill was employing 54 staff. Thomas Culling eventually purchased the interests of four of the partners leaving him owner in partnership with J. L. Gregory. In late 1904 as a means of ending an unprofitable price war between Mataura Falls Paper Mill, Otago Paper Mills at Woodhaugh near Dunedin and Riverhead Paper Mills at Auckland these companies amalgamated into a new company called the New Zealand Paper Mills.
By 1905 the mill had three bag-making machines, and two machines for printing the bags. In 1913 the mill was badly damaged by a major flood, which took a month to repair. In 1923 a second paper making machine designated No.3 was transferred from the Riverhead mill (which was subsequently closed) to join the No.2 machine, which up till then had been the only machine at the mill. At the same time a new machine designated the No.4 was installed.
In 1936 a new paper making machine designated the No.5 machine was installed.
In 1960 Fletchers Ltd bought an interest in the company. As a result of their injection of new capital the mill was completely modernised. In 1964 NZ Forest Products took a 30% share in the company with Fletchers having 30%. On 8 July 1970 NZ Forest Products took complete ownership of New Zealand Paper Mills.
In 1976 the mill celebrated its centennial year.
By 1990 the mill, owned by NZ Forest Products, had become a division of Elder Resources, until it was taken over by Carter Holt Harvey in 1991. Between 1984 and 1991, due to upgrades and efficiency gains, productively had increased by 25% with 216 staff employed at the end of the period. Employees had increased by 1993 to 230 people, of which twenty were women. A four shift system was being used, which operated every day except for two days during the Christmas holiday period. The shifts were eight hour long with shift workers working six days on and two days off.
By 1997 the mill was producing approximately 25,000 tonnes of paper products per year.
The mill's equipment was powered by a combination of onsite hydro power, steam boilers powered by local coal and supply from the local grid.
By the late 20th century the mill was coming under intense pressure from Asian competitors which had depressed the world price for paper, and as a result the mill was losing NZ$1 million a year. Faced with these losses and forecasts that they would continue, and with the mill contributing only 3% of Carter Harvey Holt output by volume, the company closed the mill on 18 August 2000 with 155 staff being made redundant.
Mataura Flour Mill
As a result of concerns expressed by local citizens about the proposed new paper mill's proposal to secure sole rights to harnessing all the electrical potential of the falls, the paper mill's proprietors obtained the goodwill of the citizens by building a flour mill on the west bank. The three grinding stones in the mill were driven by a water wheel.
The flour mill was demolished in 1893 to make room for the freezing works.
Mataura Freezing Works
The Southland Frozen Meat And Produce Export Company (which had been established in 1882) purchased land on the west bank of the river from Thomas Culling (the principal of the Mataura Paper Mills) upon which they built and opened the second freezing (meat processing) works in Southland. At the time eastern Southland sheep farmers tended to send their livestock by rail to Dunedin for slaughtering and it was intended that the new works would compete for their business.
The plant opened on 21 April 1893, with freezing starting 4 days later. The complex's machinery was powered by electricity from a hydro generator powered by water diverted from the falls. A steam engine provided backup power.
By early May production had increased to 300 carcasses a day. The complex at the time of its opening featured 3 freezing chambers, each capable of holding 600 carcasses. The storerooms could accommodate 16,000 carcasses, which by 1897 had been increased to 24,000 carcasses.
By 1905 40 to 50 people were being employed at the works.
In 1931 a new slaughter board was installed in the complex.
In the 1947 to 1948 season the slaughterhouse changed over from solo butchering to the chain system of slaughtering livestock. Whereas previously one man took responsibility for butchering an animal from start to finish, with the chain system one man was limited to undertaking one task. Compared with the previous system where the workers were permanent residents of the town the chain system lead to increasing numbers of seasonal workers who lived in the town only during the killing season.
In 1982 a methane plant was installed which allowed the complex to supply more of its power demand.
After a series of takeovers the Mataura works came under the ownership of Alliance Group Limited in 1989. The works currently undertakes the processing of lamb, sheep, cattle and bobby calves.
Due to intensive development and expansion throughout its history, the plant extends for some distance along the bank of the river, sandwiched between it and State Highway 1.
Fibreboard manufacturing
In 1997 Rayonier NZ limited opened on a greenfield site a medium-density fibreboard (MDF) manufacturing plant at Brydone, 8 kilometres south of Mataura. The facility was subsequently purchased by Dongwha in 2005. Renamed as the Patinna mill it specializes in thin and high density fibreboard products with 90% of its output exported. The mill was acquired by Japanese company Daiken in 2018.
Notable citizens
Justin Marshall – All Black Half back
Jimmy Cowan – All Black Half back
Dame Lois Muir – New Zealand national netball team Coach
Cardigan Bay
Mataura is the birthplace of Cardigan Bay, the famous New Zealand pacer. Cardigan Bay was the first standardbred to win $1,000,000.
References
^ "Elected Representatives – Gore District Council". www.goredc.govt.nz. Gore District Council. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
^ a b "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
^ Muir, page 7.
^ Sorrell, page 49 and Muir, pages 22 to 28.
^ Anderson, Atholl. "Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
^ a b Muir, page 211.
^ Muir, page 45.
^ NZHPT listing with photo
^ Rail Heritage Trust – Mataura
^ "Community is divided over the future of Mataura's historic railway station". Stuff. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ Muir, page 213.
^ "Court action brings hope to Mataura residents of toxic waste dispute resolution". RNZ. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ a b
Tonnon, Anthonie. "Mataura Paper Mill". Spotify. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
^ "Removal of toxic waste from Mataura's disused papermill hits another wall". RNZ. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ "Toxic ammonia gas likely to be released into floodwaters – authorities". RNZ. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ "Fire at old Mataura paper mill: No risk to toxic waste". NZ Herald. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ "'We shouldn't have to live like this': Mataura resident on third toxic waste scare". RNZ. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ "Deal reached for toxic dross removal in Mataura, but some residents still sceptical". RNZ. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ "Ouvea premix gone from old paper mill". Otago Daily Times. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ Griffiths, Joanna (17 April 2017). "Marae at Mataura to be completed after 30 years". stuff.co.nz. Southland Times.
^ Bootsma, Ben (17 September 2017). "Mataura Marae starting to take shape". stuff.co.nz. Southland Times.
^ "Kick start to complete Mataura marae". Radio Waatea. 28 March 2019.
^ "Marae Announcements" (Excel). growregions.govt.nz. Provincial Growth Fund. 9 October 2020.
^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Mataura (360400). 2018 Census place summary: Mataura
^ Muir, page 36.
^ Muir, page 67.
^ Education Counts: Mataura School
^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
^ "Photograph (record)". Mataura Museum. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ Kelly, Rachael (28 November 2017). "Mataura swimming pool won't be saved". Southland Times.
^ Muir, pages 38 to 49.
^ Muir, pages 156 to 167.
^ a b The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Otago & Southland Provincial Districts: The Mataura Paper Mills (Hardback). Christchurch: Cyclopedia Company. 1905.
^ Muir, pages 188 to 190.
^ Muir, pages 192 to 197.
^ a b c Williams, Jolene (2000). "The Business History of the Mataura Paper Mills 1976 to 2000" (PDF). pp. 4–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ Muir, pages 200 to 201.
^ Muir, pages 168 to 170.
^ The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Otago & Southland Provincial Districts: Mataura Freezing Works (Hardback). Christchurch: Cyclopedia Company. 1905.
^ Sorrell, page 186.
^ Newman, Tim (4 May 2018). "Daiken take over Donghwa plant". Stuff. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame
Further reading
Lovelock, Kirsten (1994). 'Reddish eddying waters' : a study of work, gender and class consciousness in a working class town (PDF) (PhD). Dunedin: University of Otago.
Muir, D.C.W, ed. (1991). Mataura – City of the Falls. Mataura: Mataura Historical Society. none.
Sorrell, Paul, ed. (2006). Murihiku – The Southland Story. Invercargill: 'The Southland to 2006' Book Project Committee. ISBN 0-473-11530-1.
"Southland Frozen Meat Company: A Visit to the Mataura Works", Mataura Ensign, 20 March 1897, retrieved 18 September 2020
46°11′S 168°52′E / 46.183°S 168.867°E / -46.183; 168.867
vteGore District, New ZealandSeat: GorePopulated placesGore Ward
Gore
Kaiwera-Waimumu Ward
Charlton
East Gore
Kaiwera
Te Tipua
Waimumu
Waitane
Mataura Ward
Mataura
Waikaka Ward
Chatton
Knapdale
Maitland
Mandeville
Otama
Pukerau
Waikaka
Geographic features
Hokonui Hills
Mataura River
Facilities and attractions
Eastern Southland Gallery
Gore Aerodrome
Waikaka Rail Branch
Waimea Plains Railway
Government
District Council
Mayor
Regional Council
Organisations
Excelsior Rugby Club
Gore High School
Gore Wanderers AFC
Hokonui Radio
St Peter's College
The Ensign
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"meat processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abattoir"},{"link_name":"pulp and paper mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_mill"}],"text":"Town in Southland, New ZealandPlace in Southland region, New ZealandMataura is a town in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand. Mataura has a meat processing plant, and until 2000 it was the site of a large pulp and paper mill.","title":"Mataura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Main South Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_South_Line"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Invercargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill"},{"link_name":"State Highway 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_96_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Te Tipua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Tipua"},{"link_name":"Waitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitane"},{"link_name":"Ohai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohai"},{"link_name":"Mataura River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataura_River"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mataura is situated on State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway, on the eastern fringe of the Southland Plain 13 kilometres south west of Gore and 53 kilometres north east of Invercargill. On the southern side of the town, State Highway 96 diverges from SH 1 and runs westward through nearby communities such as Te Tipua and Waitane, ultimately terminating in Ohai. The town straddles the Mataura River which flows south through the town and is a source of brown trout. On the northern outskirts of the town the river falls over a bed of sandstone 6.1 metres (20 ft) high to create the Mataura Falls which is known by local Māori as Te Aunui (the great current).[4]The land rises to the Hokonui Hills 13 km to the north-west, while to the east is a series of hills.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ngāti Tama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tama"},{"link_name":"Te Āti Awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_%C4%80ti_Awa"},{"link_name":"Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_P%C5%ABoho-o-te-rangi"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Tama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tama"},{"link_name":"Te Rauparaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rauparaha"},{"link_name":"Ngāi Tahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu"},{"link_name":"Hone Tūhawaiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABhawaiki"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Te_P%C5%ABoho-6"}],"sub_title":"Pre-European settlement","text":"While there was no permanent Maori settlement in the present day location of Mataura prior to the arrival of European settlers, the location was well known to local Maori for the harvest of lamprey (which they called 'kana kana') in October of each year as they made their annual passage up the falls. The closest Maori settlement was the kaik (unfortified village) of Tūtūrau, which was located near the east bank of the Mataura River 3.2 km (2.0 mi) downstream from the present town. In 1836 this village was the scene of the last act of Maori warfare in the South Island. A war party of approximately 70 members of the Ngāti Tama and Te Āti Awa tribes under the command of Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi, chief of the Ngāti Tama tribe and an ally and distant relative of Te Rauparaha attacked and occupied the village which was later retaken by the local Ngāi Tahu under the leadership of Hone Tūhawaiki (paramount chief of the Ngāi Tahu) and Te Matenga Taiaroa who had been at the Bluff when news of the war party's presence in the Southland came.[5][6]","title":"History and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murihiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murihiku"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muir,_page_211-7"},{"link_name":"Shanks family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shanks_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muir,_page_211-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NZHPT Category II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand#The_Register"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"standard class B station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Troup_(architect)#Standard_Station_designs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"European settlement","text":"In 1854 the Murihiku block of land (which included Mataura) was purchased from local Maori by the Otago Provincial Council, with the objective of developing it up for settlement by immigrants from Great Britain.\nAt the time, travellers between Southland and Otago were drawn to the Mataura area by the presence of the Tuturau ford located about 3.2 km downstream of the falls and the northern ford which was located approximately 1.6 km (0.99 mi) above the falls.\nBy 1856 the Otago Provincial Council had recognised that if development was to succeed a ferry had to be established at the falls to enable a direct overland transport between Dunedin and Invercargill. At the time the only alternative route was going by sea along the dangerous southern coast.In 1859[7] the Otago Provincial Government built a wooden truss bridge which rested on a large rock in the middle of the falls and was suitable only for foot traffic with large animals and vehicles restricted to crossing on the ferry. As the bridge was always wet and slippery with spray from the falls, the face of the falls was removed by dynamite which moved the falls upstream. This work which damaged the look of the falls was in vain as the bridge was totally destroyed by a major flood on 22 April 1861. To encourage use of the bridge the council also built the Mataura Ferry Hotel on the west bank of the river. This was leased to John MacGibbon who with his family were the first inhabitants of the settlement and as part of his 7-year lease had the right to charge a toll on anyone crossing the river within a mile below and above the falls. At the time the only other Europeans living in the area were John Turnbull who owned the Tuturau Run and the Shanks family who owned the Marairua Run.\nThe loss of the bridge meant that travellers reverted to using the ferry which had been established north of the falls.\nIn 1866 James Pollack won the tender for the lease of the Mataura Ferry Hotel and offered to build a replacement bridge in return for the right to charge tolls for 12 years. His offer was declined by the Otago Provincial Government who built a replacement bridge of the suspension type, which was opened on 27 August 1868. Crossing the gorge downstream of the falls it was a more substantial timber structure with 16 supporting cables passing over stone pillars before being anchored in rock.[7] A footbridge was added in 1898.[8]In response to the commencement on construction on the new bridge James Pollack built the Bridge Hotel on the east bank of the river by the bridge and sold the Mataura Ferry Hotel. He also petitioned the government to undertake the first survey of the location which subsequently named the area the Town of Mataura Bridge.As a major mail coach stop on the route from Dunedin to Invercargill the bridge soon attracted a number of businessman who set up premises on the east bank around an area called Bridge Square. The construction of the telegraph line between Dunedin and Invercargill which passed through the town lead to the establishment in December 1868 of the first post and telegraph office in the Mataura Valley. This consolidated the settlement's position as a major transportation and communications hub. This in turn led to it attracting more businessmen, and becoming a major service centre. As a result of this growth a school was established in 1870. The moving of the former Mataura Ferry Hotel (by now renamed Cameron's Hotel) downstream to a location on the west bank where it was better able to service the passing traffic initiated development on the west bank which was assisted by the surveying of the west and north Mataura in 1874.In 1875 a railway line was built from Gore to Mataura which in conjunction with establishment of the Mataura Paper Mill helped the town evolve and develop into the major industrial centre in Eastern Southland. The 1921 railway station has been listed NZHPT Category II since 1996.[9] It is a standard class B station, of weatherboard and slate.[10] In 2021 a feasibility study was started to consider moving the building to a new site.[11]","title":"History and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mataura_bridge_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bob Semple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Semple"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Replacement of the bridge","text":"Mataura road bridge (2023)By the 1930s the narrowness of the bridge which restricted travel to one direction at a time and its light construction had become inadequate for the increasing traffic and heavy loads. As a result, a new bridge was constructed by the Ministry of Works immediately upstream of the suspension bridge (which was subsequently demolished) and opened in July 1939 by Bob Semple, the Minister of Works. It was a single span bow-arch reinforced concrete 53.8 metres (176 ft 6 inches) in length.[12]","title":"History and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aluminium dross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_dross_recycling"},{"link_name":"Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonnon-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Toxic waste","text":"Aluminium dross from the Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter was stored at the paper mill in Matuara from 2015 until 2021. It was moved into the disused paper mill without resource consent by a now defunct company.[13] The 8000 tonnes of aluminium dross, also known as ouvea premix, if mixed with water would have released clouds of ammonia gas.[14] The paper mill site could potentially be flooded by the Mataura river.[15][16] There were concerns in August 2020 when firefighters had to put out a fire that came within 30 metres of the ouvea premix.[17][18] The New Zealand government and New Zealand Aluminium Smelters shared the cost of removing this toxic waste, which was completed by July 2021.[19][20]","title":"History and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-griffiths-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bootsma-22"},{"link_name":"Te Puia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Puia"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kickstart-23"},{"link_name":"Provincial Growth Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Growth_Fund"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maraepgf-24"}],"sub_title":"Marae","text":"Mataura Marae began being built in Mataura in the 1980s.[21] Work resumed in 2017, including converting an old dairy factory into a wharekai (dining hall).[22] The carvings on the wharenui (meeting house) were carried out by Te Puia in Rotorua.[23]In October 2020, the Government committed $294,009 from the Provincial Growth Fund towards funding the marae development trust, creating 17 jobs.[24]","title":"History and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-3"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pasifika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori religious beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018-25"}],"text":"Mataura covers 5.32 km2 (2.05 sq mi)[2] and had an estimated population of 1,740 as of June 2023,[3] with a population density of 327 people per km2.Mataura had a population of 1,629 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 120 people (8.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 69 people (4.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 660 households, comprising 813 males and 816 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 39.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 348 people (21.4%) aged under 15 years, 300 (18.4%) aged 15 to 29, 723 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 258 (15.8%) aged 65 or older.Ethnicities were 75.5% European/Pākehā, 31.5% Māori, 2.8% Pasifika, 2.2% Asian, and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.The percentage of people born overseas was 6.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.4% had no religion, 32.4% were Christian, 2.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Muslim and 1.3% had other religions.Of those at least 15 years old, 51 (4.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 465 (36.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $26,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 81 people (6.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 648 (50.6%) people were employed full-time, 159 (12.4%) were part-time, and 54 (4.2%) were unemployed.[25]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mataura_iron_mongers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"J & J Galt ironmongers building (Established 1892).Prior to 1882 local government had been undertaken first by the Tutarau Wardens and then by the Tutarau Road Board. On 29 March 1892 a newly established Town Board took over local government administration of the town's affairs and representation of the town's 70 ratepayers.[26]\nThe town's affairs remained under the administration of the Town Board until 1895 when it changed to the Mataura Borough Council. In 1989 the Mataura Borough Council was merged into the Gore District Council.[27]","title":"Local government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Tulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Tulloch"}],"sub_title":"Mayors","text":"Thomas Culling – 1895 to 1897. Prior to becoming the borough's first mayor he had been chairman of the town board.\nHugh Cameron\nThomas MacGibbon\nJohn Lowden – 1903 to 1906\nJohn Galt – 1906 to 1909\nAndrew Balneaves – 1909 to 1912\nForrest William Brown – 1915 to 1917\nCharles Donohue McConnell – 1919 to 1935, 1938 to 1950\nJohn Buchanan – 1935 to 1938\nJames William Ingram – 1950 to 1959\nMalcolm Tulloch – 1959 to 1962\nS.I.L (Logie) McKelvie – 1962 to 1970\nKeith Raymond Henderson – 1970 to 1982\nIan Tulloch – 1982 to 1989. The last mayor of the town before it became part of the Gore District Council","title":"Local government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_school_roll_data-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Mataura School serves years 1 to 6[28] with a roll of 90 as of February 2024.[29] It opened in 1878.[30]Children of intermediate and secondary school age are bussed to Gore to continue their education there.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The town's swimming pool opened in 1956 and closed in 2017.[31]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Because it had surplus generation capacity the freezing works had since 1905 been supplying electricity to the nearby town of Gore, while due to the town's financial situation Mataura residents were still using candles and kerosene powered lamps. It wasn't until 1911 the Borough Council was able to reach agreement with the freezing works for them to increase their generating capacity so that they could supply the Mataura load. After taking out a loan to finance the expansion of the generation capacity and the installation of a distribution system around the town the first power began being supplied from 5 October 1912.\nMataura retained its own independent power system until 1932 when due to technical issues it became impossible for the freezing works to continue supplying the town. As a result, the borough council accepted an offer to sell their power system to the Southland Electric Power Board, which took over responsibility for supplying the town from its distribution network.[32]","title":"Electricity supply"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edendale,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mataura_Paper_Mill,_New_Zealand.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Mataura Dairy Factory","text":"In January 1887 a company was formed to construct and operate a dairy factory. After procuring land a factory was constructed and up and running by November of that year. Water for use in the milk and cheese making processes was obtained from a private spring while power was provide by a steam engine powered by local lignite. It was not until 1917 that the factory converted to electric power from the local distribution network. By the early 1970s the company was in financial trouble and closed in May 1980, when dairy processing in the area was concentrated at the Edendale Dairy Factory.[33]Mataura's large paper mill in 1982, a former cornerstone of the local industry.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pulp and paper mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_mill"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopedia1-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopedia1-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Fletchers Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Construction"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Carter Holt Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Holt_Harvey"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-37"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonnon-14"}],"sub_title":"Mataura Paper Mill","text":"In the mid-1870s a company led by James Bain was formed in Invercargill to establish a pulp and paper mill on the east bank of the river downstream of the Mataura falls. To assist them the Government granted the company freehold of land on both sides of the river at the falls, as well as all water rights, which would allow the head to be utilised to provide cheap power to the paper making machinery.[34] The company however installed obsolete second hand machinery, which lead to the mill being unprofitable.In 1884 it was sold to the partners of Dunedin-based Coulls Culling and Co. and Thomas S. Culling, who was senior partner in the Dunedin-based business of R. Wilson and Co.[34] Under the direction of Thomas Culling, the company had by 1888 installed new paper making machinery as well as two hydro generators one of 50 Hp and the other of 250 hp. In 1891 the paper mill and the freezing works jointly built a weir to a race to improve the water supply to their respective hydro generators. In 1892 the mills became profitable, and by 1895 the paper mill was employing 54 staff.[35] Thomas Culling eventually purchased the interests of four of the partners leaving him owner in partnership with J. L. Gregory. In late 1904 as a means of ending an unprofitable price war between Mataura Falls Paper Mill, Otago Paper Mills at Woodhaugh near Dunedin and Riverhead Paper Mills at Auckland these companies amalgamated into a new company called the New Zealand Paper Mills.By 1905 the mill had three bag-making machines, and two machines for printing the bags. In 1913 the mill was badly damaged by a major flood, which took a month to repair. In 1923 a second paper making machine designated No.3 was transferred from the Riverhead mill (which was subsequently closed) to join the No.2 machine, which up till then had been the only machine at the mill. At the same time a new machine designated the No.4 was installed.In 1936 a new paper making machine designated the No.5 machine was installed.In 1960 Fletchers Ltd bought an interest in the company. As a result of their injection of new capital the mill was completely modernised. In 1964 NZ Forest Products took a 30% share in the company with Fletchers having 30%. On 8 July 1970 NZ Forest Products took complete ownership of New Zealand Paper Mills.[36]\nIn 1976 the mill celebrated its centennial year.By 1990 the mill, owned by NZ Forest Products, had become a division of Elder Resources, until it was taken over by Carter Holt Harvey in 1991. Between 1984 and 1991, due to upgrades and efficiency gains, productively had increased by 25% with 216 staff employed at the end of the period. Employees had increased by 1993 to 230 people, of which twenty were women. A four shift system was being used, which operated every day except for two days during the Christmas holiday period. The shifts were eight hour long with shift workers working six days on and two days off.[37]\nBy 1997 the mill was producing approximately 25,000 tonnes of paper products per year.[37] \nThe mill's equipment was powered by a combination of onsite hydro power, steam boilers powered by local coal and supply from the local grid.[38]By the late 20th century the mill was coming under intense pressure from Asian competitors which had depressed the world price for paper, and as a result the mill was losing NZ$1 million a year. Faced with these losses and forecasts that they would continue, and with the mill contributing only 3% of Carter Harvey Holt output by volume, the company closed the mill on 18 August 2000 with 155 staff being made redundant.[37][14]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Mataura Flour Mill","text":"As a result of concerns expressed by local citizens about the proposed new paper mill's proposal to secure sole rights to harnessing all the electrical potential of the falls, the paper mill's proprietors obtained the goodwill of the citizens by building a flour mill on the west bank. The three grinding stones in the mill were driven by a water wheel.\nThe flour mill was demolished in 1893 to make room for the freezing works.[39]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meat processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abattoir"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopedia2-40"},{"link_name":"Alliance Group Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Group"}],"sub_title":"Mataura Freezing Works","text":"The Southland Frozen Meat And Produce Export Company (which had been established in 1882) purchased land on the west bank of the river from Thomas Culling (the principal of the Mataura Paper Mills) upon which they built and opened the second freezing (meat processing) works in Southland. At the time eastern Southland sheep farmers tended to send their livestock by rail to Dunedin for slaughtering and it was intended that the new works would compete for their business.The plant opened on 21 April 1893, with freezing starting 4 days later. The complex's machinery was powered by electricity from a hydro generator powered by water diverted from the falls. A steam engine provided backup power.By early May production had increased to 300 carcasses a day. The complex at the time of its opening featured 3 freezing chambers, each capable of holding 600 carcasses. The storerooms could accommodate 16,000 carcasses, which by 1897 had been increased to 24,000 carcasses.\nBy 1905 40 to 50 people were being employed at the works.[40]In 1931 a new slaughter board was installed in the complex.In the 1947 to 1948 season the slaughterhouse changed over from solo butchering to the chain system of slaughtering livestock. Whereas previously one man took responsibility for butchering an animal from start to finish, with the chain system one man was limited to undertaking one task. Compared with the previous system where the workers were permanent residents of the town the chain system lead to increasing numbers of seasonal workers who lived in the town only during the killing season.In 1982 a methane plant was installed which allowed the complex to supply more of its power demand.After a series of takeovers the Mataura works came under the ownership of Alliance Group Limited in 1989. The works currently undertakes the processing of lamb, sheep, cattle and bobby calves.Due to intensive development and expansion throughout its history, the plant extends for some distance along the bank of the river, sandwiched between it and State Highway 1.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Fibreboard manufacturing","text":"In 1997 Rayonier NZ limited opened on a greenfield site a medium-density fibreboard (MDF) manufacturing plant at Brydone, 8 kilometres south of Mataura.[41] The facility was subsequently purchased by Dongwha in 2005. Renamed as the Patinna mill it specializes in thin and high density fibreboard products with 90% of its output exported.[citation needed] The mill was acquired by Japanese company Daiken in 2018.[42]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Marshall"},{"link_name":"All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Black"},{"link_name":"Half back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum-half_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cowan"},{"link_name":"All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Black"},{"link_name":"Half back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum-half_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Lois Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Muir"},{"link_name":"New Zealand national netball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Justin Marshall – All Black Half back\nJimmy Cowan – All Black Half back\nDame Lois Muir – New Zealand national netball team Coach[43]","title":"Notable citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardigan Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan_Bay_(horse)"}],"text":"Mataura is the birthplace of Cardigan Bay, the famous New Zealand pacer. Cardigan Bay was the first standardbred to win $1,000,000.","title":"Cardigan Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'Reddish eddying waters' : a study of work, gender and class consciousness in a working class town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/9397/LovelockKirsten1993PhD.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-473-11530-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-11530-1"},{"link_name":"\"Southland Frozen Meat Company: A Visit to the Mataura Works\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ME18970320.2.12"},{"link_name":"46°11′S 168°52′E / 46.183°S 168.867°E / -46.183; 168.867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mataura¶ms=46_11_S_168_52_E_region:NZ_type:city"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gore_District"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gore_District"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gore_District"},{"link_name":"Gore District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_District,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"East Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Gore"},{"link_name":"Kaiwera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiwera"},{"link_name":"Te Tipua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Tipua"},{"link_name":"Waimumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimumu"},{"link_name":"Waitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitane"},{"link_name":"Mataura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Chatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Knapdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapdale,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Mandeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeville,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Otama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otama,_Southland"},{"link_name":"Pukerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukerau"},{"link_name":"Waikaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikaka"},{"link_name":"Hokonui Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokonui_Hills"},{"link_name":"Mataura River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataura_River"},{"link_name":"Eastern Southland Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Southland_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Gore Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Waikaka Rail Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikaka_branch"},{"link_name":"Waimea Plains Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimea_Plains_Railway"},{"link_name":"District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Gore"},{"link_name":"Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"Excelsior Rugby Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"Gore High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_High_School"},{"link_name":"Gore Wanderers AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Wanderers_AFC"},{"link_name":"Hokonui Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokonui_(radio_station)"},{"link_name":"St Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Gore"},{"link_name":"The Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ensign_(newspaper)"}],"text":"Lovelock, Kirsten (1994). 'Reddish eddying waters' : a study of work, gender and class consciousness in a working class town (PDF) (PhD). Dunedin: University of Otago.\nMuir, D.C.W, ed. (1991). Mataura – City of the Falls. Mataura: Mataura Historical Society. none.\nSorrell, Paul, ed. (2006). Murihiku – The Southland Story. Invercargill: 'The Southland to 2006' Book Project Committee. ISBN 0-473-11530-1.\n\"Southland Frozen Meat Company: A Visit to the Mataura Works\", Mataura Ensign, 20 March 1897, retrieved 18 September 202046°11′S 168°52′E / 46.183°S 168.867°E / -46.183; 168.867vteGore District, New ZealandSeat: GorePopulated placesGore Ward\nGore\nKaiwera-Waimumu Ward\nCharlton\nEast Gore\nKaiwera\nTe Tipua\nWaimumu\nWaitane\nMataura Ward\nMataura\nWaikaka Ward\nChatton\nKnapdale\nMaitland\nMandeville\nOtama\nPukerau\nWaikaka\nGeographic features\nHokonui Hills\nMataura River\nFacilities and attractions\nEastern Southland Gallery\nGore Aerodrome\nWaikaka Rail Branch\nWaimea Plains Railway\nGovernment\nDistrict Council\nMayor\nRegional Council\nOrganisations\nExcelsior Rugby Club\nGore High School\nGore Wanderers AFC\nHokonui Radio\nSt Peter's College\nThe Ensign","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mataura road bridge (2023)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mataura_bridge_27.jpg/220px-Mataura_bridge_27.jpg"},{"image_text":"J & J Galt ironmongers building (Established 1892).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mataura_iron_mongers.jpg/220px-Mataura_iron_mongers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mataura's large paper mill in 1982, a former cornerstone of the local industry.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mataura_Paper_Mill%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-Mataura_Paper_Mill%2C_New_Zealand.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Elected Representatives – Gore District Council\". www.goredc.govt.nz. Gore District Council. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goredc.govt.nz/council/about-us/elected-representatives","url_text":"\"Elected Representatives – Gore District Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 1 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","url_text":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7980","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7981","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Atholl. \"Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atholl_Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, Atholl"},{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t59","url_text":"\"Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"Community is divided over the future of Mataura's historic railway station\". Stuff. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/126398992/community-is-divided-over-the-future-of-matauras-historic-railway-station","url_text":"\"Community is divided over the future of Mataura's historic railway station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Court action brings hope to Mataura residents of toxic waste dispute resolution\". RNZ. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/427303/court-action-brings-hope-to-mataura-residents-of-toxic-waste-dispute-resolution","url_text":"\"Court action brings hope to Mataura residents of toxic waste dispute resolution\""}]},{"reference":"Tonnon, Anthonie. \"Mataura Paper Mill\". Spotify. Retrieved 27 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonie_Tonnon","url_text":"Tonnon, Anthonie"},{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/track/5FWjPNDBAKvvMAwtYdeZ5T?si=aa5c0a1f68af4ae0","url_text":"\"Mataura Paper Mill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Removal of toxic waste from Mataura's disused papermill hits another wall\". RNZ. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/430478/removal-of-toxic-waste-from-mataura-s-disused-papermill-hits-another-wall","url_text":"\"Removal of toxic waste from Mataura's disused papermill hits another wall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toxic ammonia gas likely to be released into floodwaters – authorities\". RNZ. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/408902/toxic-ammonia-gas-likely-to-be-released-into-floodwaters-authorities","url_text":"\"Toxic ammonia gas likely to be released into floodwaters – authorities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fire at old Mataura paper mill: No risk to toxic waste\". NZ Herald. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-country/news/fire-at-old-mataura-paper-mill-no-risk-to-toxic-waste/4DRNVD4EXI7EX5W36Z5T5FKP5I/","url_text":"\"Fire at old Mataura paper mill: No risk to toxic waste\""}]},{"reference":"\"'We shouldn't have to live like this': Mataura resident on third toxic waste scare\". RNZ. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/424912/we-shouldn-t-have-to-live-like-this-mataura-resident-on-third-toxic-waste-scare","url_text":"\"'We shouldn't have to live like this': Mataura resident on third toxic waste scare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deal reached for toxic dross removal in Mataura, but some residents still sceptical\". RNZ. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/435717/deal-reached-for-toxic-dross-removal-in-mataura-but-some-residents-still-sceptical","url_text":"\"Deal reached for toxic dross removal in Mataura, but some residents still sceptical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ouvea premix gone from old paper mill\". Otago Daily Times. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/southland/ouvea-premix-gone-old-paper-mill","url_text":"\"Ouvea premix gone from old paper mill\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Joanna (17 April 2017). \"Marae at Mataura to be completed after 30 years\". stuff.co.nz. Southland Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/culture/91590885/marae-at-mataura-to-be-completed-after-30-years","url_text":"\"Marae at Mataura to be completed after 30 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff.co.nz","url_text":"stuff.co.nz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Times","url_text":"Southland Times"}]},{"reference":"Bootsma, Ben (17 September 2017). \"Mataura Marae starting to take shape\". stuff.co.nz. Southland Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/107148295/mataura-marae-starting-to-take-shape","url_text":"\"Mataura Marae starting to take shape\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff.co.nz","url_text":"stuff.co.nz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Times","url_text":"Southland Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Kick start to complete Mataura marae\". Radio Waatea. 28 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjE0MTM/Breakfast%20with%20Dale/Kick-start-to-complete-Mataura-marae?story_id=MjE0MTM=","url_text":"\"Kick start to complete Mataura marae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Waatea","url_text":"Radio Waatea"}]},{"reference":"\"Marae Announcements\" (Excel). growregions.govt.nz. Provincial Growth Fund. 9 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.growregions.govt.nz/assets/funding-announcements/marae-announcements.xlsx","url_text":"\"Marae Announcements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Growth_Fund","url_text":"Provincial Growth Fund"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Mataura (360400).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","url_text":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/data-services/directories/list-of-nz-schools","url_text":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photograph [Mataura School, teacher and pupils, c.1880] (record)\". Mataura Museum. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzmuseums.co.nz/collections/4033/objects/96868/photograph-mataura-school-teacher-and-pupils-c1880","url_text":"\"Photograph [Mataura School, teacher and pupils, c.1880] (record)\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Rachael (28 November 2017). \"Mataura swimming pool won't be saved\". Southland Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/99309252/mataura-swimming-pool-wont-be-saved","url_text":"\"Mataura swimming pool won't be saved\""}]},{"reference":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Otago & Southland Provincial Districts: The Mataura Paper Mills (Hardback). Christchurch: Cyclopedia Company. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d7-d123-d41.html","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Otago & Southland Provincial Districts: The Mataura Paper Mills"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Jolene (2000). \"The Business History of the Mataura Paper Mills 1976 to 2000\" (PDF). pp. 4–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303021226/http://www.sapphire.ac.uk/Mataura%20history%20report.pdf","url_text":"\"The Business History of the Mataura Paper Mills 1976 to 2000\""},{"url":"http://www.sapphire.ac.uk/Mataura%20history%20report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Otago & Southland Provincial Districts: Mataura Freezing Works (Hardback). Christchurch: Cyclopedia Company. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d7-d123-d29.html","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Otago & Southland Provincial Districts: Mataura Freezing Works"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Tim (4 May 2018). \"Daiken take over Donghwa plant\". Stuff. Retrieved 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/103607135/daiken-take-over-donghwa-plant","url_text":"\"Daiken take over Donghwa plant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_(website)","url_text":"Stuff"}]},{"reference":"Lovelock, Kirsten (1994). 'Reddish eddying waters' : a study of work, gender and class consciousness in a working class town (PDF) (PhD). Dunedin: University of Otago.","urls":[{"url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/9397/LovelockKirsten1993PhD.pdf","url_text":"'Reddish eddying waters' : a study of work, gender and class consciousness in a working class town"}]},{"reference":"Muir, D.C.W, ed. (1991). Mataura – City of the Falls. Mataura: Mataura Historical Society. none.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sorrell, Paul, ed. (2006). Murihiku – The Southland Story. Invercargill: 'The Southland to 2006' Book Project Committee. ISBN 0-473-11530-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-473-11530-1","url_text":"0-473-11530-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Southland Frozen Meat Company: A Visit to the Mataura Works\", Mataura Ensign, 20 March 1897, retrieved 18 September 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ME18970320.2.12","url_text":"\"Southland Frozen Meat Company: A Visit to the Mataura Works\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophonisba_(Lee_play)
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Sophonisba (Lee play)
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["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
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1675 play
SophonisbaWritten byNathaniel LeeDate premiered30 April 1675Place premieredTheatre Royal, Drury LaneOriginal languageEnglishGenreTragedySettingAncient Carthage, 3rd Century BC
Sophonisba, or Hannibal's Overthrow is a 1675 tragedy by the English writer Nathaniel Lee. It is based on the story of the Carthaginian noblewoman Sophonisba, one of numerous versions based on the story including John Marston's The Wonder of Women (1606) and James Thomson's Sophonisba (1730).
It was first performed by the King's Company at Drury Lane with a cast that included Michael Mohun as Hannibal, Marmaduke Watson as Maherbal, Edward Kynaston as Scipio, William Wintershall as Lelius, Charles Hart as Massinissa, Thomas Clark as Massina.
The 1681 edition lists an altered cast that performed when the company was briefly in Oxford at the time of the Oxford Parliament. It features Mohun as Hannibal, Nicholas Burt as Maherbal, Wintershall as Bomilcar, Kynaston as Scipio, Edward Lydall as Lelius, Watson as Varro, Hart as Massinisa, Martin Powell as Trebellius, Clark as Massina, Philip Griffin as Menander, Elizabeth Cox as Sophonisba, Elizabeth Boutell as Rosalinda, Mary Knep as Aglave and Katherine Corey as Cumana.
Lee dedicated the published version to the Duchess of Portsmouth, mistress of Charles II. He did the same with his 1676 tragedy Gloriana. It also contained a prologue written by John Dryden at the time of the Oxford performances.
References
^ Hopkins p.169
^ Van Lennep p.232
^ Van Lennep p.232
Bibliography
Hopkins, Graham. Constant Delights: Rakes, Rogues, and Scandal in Restoration England. Robson Books, 2002.
Lowerre, Kathryn. The Lively Arts of the London Stage, 1675–1725. Routledge, 2016.
Van Lennep, W. The London Stage, 1660-1800: Volume One, 1660-1700. Southern Illinois University Press, 1960.
This article on a play from the 17th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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It features Mohun as Hannibal, Nicholas Burt as Maherbal, Wintershall as Bomilcar, Kynaston as Scipio, Edward Lydall as Lelius, Watson as Varro, Hart as Massinisa, Martin Powell as Trebellius, Clark as Massina, Philip Griffin as Menander, Elizabeth Cox as Sophonisba, Elizabeth Boutell as Rosalinda, Mary Knep as Aglave and Katherine Corey as Cumana.[3]Lee dedicated the published version to the Duchess of Portsmouth, mistress of Charles II. He did the same with his 1676 tragedy Gloriana. It also contained a prologue written by John Dryden at the time of the Oxford performances.","title":"Sophonisba (Lee play)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comedy_and_tragedy_masks.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophonisba_(Lee_play)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17thC-play-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:17thC-play-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:17thC-play-stub"}],"text":"Hopkins, Graham. Constant Delights: Rakes, Rogues, and Scandal in Restoration England. Robson Books, 2002.\nLowerre, Kathryn. The Lively Arts of the London Stage, 1675–1725. Routledge, 2016.\nVan Lennep, W. The London Stage, 1660-1800: Volume One, 1660-1700. Southern Illinois University Press, 1960.This article on a play from the 17th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_(band)
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Magnum (band)
|
["1 History","1.1 Early years (1972–1977)","1.2 Jet Records (1978–1984)","1.3 On a Storyteller's Night and commercial success years (1985–1995)","1.4 Split and Hard Rain years (1996–2000)","1.5 Reformation and renewal (2001–2016)","1.6 Line-up changes, Tony Clarkin's death (2017–2024)","2 Recognition","3 Band members","3.1 Timeline","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
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English hard rock band
MagnumMagnum in 2018Background informationOriginBirmingham, EnglandGenresHard rock, AORYears active1972–1995, 2001–2024LabelsCBS, Jet, FM, Polydor, Music for Nations, EMI, SPVSpinoffsHard RainPast membersBob CatleyTony ClarkinBob DoyleKex GorinDave MorganRichard BaileyColin "Wally" LoweMark StanwayEddie GeorgeJim SimpsonMickey BarkerAl BarrowHarry JamesJimmy CopleyRick BentonLee MorrisDennis WardWebsitemagnumonline.co.uk
Magnum were an English progressive rock, melodic hard rock and AOR band. They were formed in Birmingham in 1972 by Tony Clarkin (guitar, songwriter) and Bob Catley (vocals) in order to appear as the resident band at the Rum Runner nightclub in the city. Magnum have undergone several changes in personnel over the years; however, the core of Catley and Clarkin remained until Clarkin's death in 2024.
Magnum's most significant early success was Chase the Dragon in 1982, which reached number 17 in the UK Albums Chart. It included several songs that would become mainstays of the band's live set, notably "Soldier of the Line", "Sacred Hour" and "The Spirit". On a Storyteller's Night gave the band its breakthrough in Europe, and achieved a Gold certification in the United Kingdom. The band's 1986 album Vigilante represented a further move towards the mainstream before the band achieved their commercial peak in 1988 when they entered the UK Top Ten for the first time with the album Wings of Heaven, which reached number five and featured three Top 40 singles, "Days of No Trust", "Start Talking Love" and "It Must Have Been Love". It was followed by Goodnight L.A., which was produced by Keith Olsen and reached number nine in the UK Albums Chart in 1990. It produced another Top 40 single for the band, "Rockin' Chair".
In 1995, Clarkin announced Magnum's split; however, Clarkin and Catley continued working together, now under the name Hard Rain, until 1999. Magnum reformed in 2001 and enjoyed late-career commercial success, producing another 12 studio albums. Their final album, Here Comes the Rain, was released in January 2024, five days after Clarkin's death. Debuting at number 2 in the German charts, it is the highest charting album there in the band's history. Catley announced the retirement of Magnum two months later.
History
Early years (1972–1977)
Magnum's roots were in the house band at Birmingham's famous Rum Runner night club (later the home of Duran Duran) in 1972. Joining Clarkin and Catley were drummer Kex Gorin (born Kevin Gorin, 26 January 1949, Birmingham died 21 December 2007) and bassist Bob Doyle. The band line up remained the same until later in 1972, when Les Kitcheridge joined temporarily on rhythm guitar. Clarkin had left the band and it was at this stage that the band was renamed Magnum with Clarkin rejoining thereafter. Bob Doyle left Magnum in 1972 and joined Roy Wood's Wizzard, and was replaced by former Uglys and Balls bassist Dave Morgan (later a member of ELO). Richard Bailey joined on keyboards in June 1973, before going on a two-year sabbatical in South Africa the next year.
The band began to develop its own style by playing Clarkin's songs at a residency at The Railway Inn, in Birmingham's Curzon Street, in 1976. In 1975, Clarkin and Dave Morgan received an offer from Kim Holmes to help with the construction of a studio, rather than being paid with money, Clarkin requested to be paid with studio time. Much of Magnum's early demo material was recorded at Nest Studios in Birmingham, which would later lead to a recording contract with David Arden of Jet Records. During the "Nest" sessions, at least two songs written by Dave Morgan (and sung by Bob Catley) were recorded but never released. The titles were "Baby I Need" and "One More Round The Bend", which resurfaced on an acetate disc in 2005.
A one off deal with CBS was arranged via producer Roger Greenaway, and the band released a cover of The Searchers' "Sweets for My Sweet" in February 1975; however, this failed to make the charts. The original recording included a medley of "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen" but was edited out for the single release. Lead vocals on this song were by Morgan, who left the band soon after, and was replaced by Colin "Wally" Lowe. Success was still minimal; they were working as a backing band for artists, such as Del Shannon, on small tours. The band was expanded to a five-piece with Richard Bailey returning on keyboards. In May 1977 the band supported Judas Priest on their Sin After Sin UK tour, still without the backing of a record label.
Jet Records (1978–1984)
Magnum's debut album Kingdom of Madness was released on Jet Records at the end of 1978 and reached number 58 in the UK Chart; it received a five star review from Geoff Barton of Sounds magazine. They toured the UK in October/November 1978, as support to David Coverdale's Whitesnake. Leo Lyons, formerly bassist with Ten Years After, produced the follow-up album Magnum II – which was released in 1979, but failed to chart. Another support tour was organised for November 1979, this time with Blue Öyster Cult. A live set, Marauder, was released as an album and reached #34 in the UK, and a live double single ("Live at the Marquee", including "Invasion") reached number 48 in the UK Singles Chart. Bailey departed soon after and was replaced temporarily by Grenville Harding during Magnum's support of Def Leppard's On Through the Night UK tour in March. For the second leg in April, permanent replacement Mark Stanway took over keyboard duties. Magnum also appeared at the Reading Festival in 1980. April 1981 saw another support tour, this time with Tygers of Pan Tang on their Spellbound UK tour.
Their first successful album was the Jeff Glixman produced Chase the Dragon (1982), which reached #17 in the UK, and included several songs that would be mainstays of the band's live set, including "Soldier of the Line", "Sacred Hour" and "The Spirit". Glixman was previously known for his work with Kansas, and this was the first Magnum release to feature the artwork of fantasy artist Rodney Matthews. The tour included a support slot in February with Krokus, on their One Vice at a Time UK tour. A few United States dates were played during the summer of 1982, supporting labelmate Ozzy Osbourne. The band returned to the UK in July for their own headlining tour.
Budgetary constraints at Jet denied Magnum the use of an outside producer for 1983's Clarkin-produced The Eleventh Hour, which peaked at UK #38. A UK tour started in May 1983, featuring additional guitarist Robin George for live performances. Magnum also appeared at the 1983 Reading Festival, with George. However, Jet was unhappy about the sales figures of The Eleventh Hour, and refused to support another album or finance a tour.
Magnum and Jet parted company shortly afterwards, Kex Gorin was replaced by Jim Simpson and Stanway departed the band to work with Phil Lynott, being replaced by Eddie George. Local businessman Keith Baker (Time Music) engaged the band, an independent tour was organised for February 1984 without the backing of a record label. During the tour, Clarkin's mother died and Clarkin himself became seriously ill, forcing the band to complete the tour without him. Laurence Archer was hired as a temporary guitar player. Clarkin had still not recovered when the tour was over, and it looked like the band would not be able to carry on. Catley was also forced to look for a new job, but Clarkin recovered and the band went on to play a number of Christmas shows. They recruited Jim Simpson on drums, while Eddie George replaced Stanway on keyboards. Following the successful Christmas shows, the band decided to make another album.
On a Storyteller's Night and commercial success years (1985–1995)
In 1984, Magnum signed a one-off deal with FM Records. George left a few months later, but Stanway soon rejoined and the band went to the studio. In May 1985, they released On a Storyteller's Night, which had a cover by Rodney Matthews. It reached #24 in the UK, and launched the band across Europe. Soon after, Simpson left the band to join UFO, and was replaced by 32-year-old, self-taught Mickey Barker.
From the success of On a Storyteller's Night, Keith Baker negotiated a major label deal with Polydor Records, and they embarked on the most commercially successful period of their career; opening the famous Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington in August 1985, on a bill that also included Bon Jovi, Metallica, Marillion and headliners ZZ Top. A second leg for the Storyteller's tour was concluded in December 1985.
The first release for Polydor was in September 1986, entitled Vigilante. The album was a move towards the mainstream due to production by Queen drummer Roger Taylor and David Richards, who had recently worked together on A Kind of Magic. The switch to Polydor saw an increase in the marketing budget, and promotional videos were made for the singles "Lonely Night" and "Midnight". A full UK and European tour was scheduled in March 1986, including appearances at a festival at Milton Keynes Bowl headlined by Marillion in June and the German Out in the Green festivals in Dinkelsbühl and at the Loreley Open-Air Theatre. A second leg was organised in September 1986, which finished in Europe in November 1986. Stanway commented, "with only one tour of Germany we had already achieved as much success as after ten years in England!" In March 1987, the band embarked on a third UK and European tour, including an appearance at 1987's Reading Festival.
Magnum enjoyed increased success with the album Wings of Heaven (#5 in the UK). Three singles from Wings of Heaven reached the UK Top 40, including a Top of the Pops appearance with "Start Talking Love". The album also became the band's first to chart in Norway and Switzerland. A successful tour followed in December and, by now, Magnum had been elevated to an 'arena' band in the UK, headlining the N.E.C. and several nights at London's Hammersmith Odeon, supported by the Norwegian band Stage Dolls. There were talks about touring the United States with Iron Maiden, but nothing came of it.
Following the success of Wings of Heaven, Polydor eyed an opportunity to break Magnum in the United States. To adjust to the American market, the record company convinced Clarkin to work with co-songwriters. The band went to Los Angeles for the Keith Olsen produced Goodnight L.A., which peaked at number 9 in the UK chart. However, the album was never released in the United States, and received backlash from critics for being "commercial" and "Americanized". While successful, the album did not live up to its expectations and became a disappointment to the band and the label. Following the release, Magnum performed at Berlin's Arena Festival, followed by a full UK and European tour in September 1990. They toured the UK again in November. After a fallout between the band and the record company, Magnum parted ways with Polydor. They released the live album The Spirit in 1991 and toured the UK and Europe again to support the album. During the concerts in Germany, the band played live with the Roger Taylor band The Cross. Magnum continued to release albums for various labels on one-off deals, the first being Sleepwalking in 1992 on Music for Nations. The album got a mixed reception from critics, some of whom argued that the band was moving in the direction of pop rock. A full UK tour followed in October, and started a tradition of performing Christmas shows in Birmingham. This was followed by the release of Archive in April 1993 by Jet Records, a compilation album that featured four previously unreleased songs from between 1976 and 1983. Polydor released Chapter & Verse – The Very Best of Magnum, another compilation album, a month later. Later the same year, Magnum released Keeping the Nite Light Burning, the band's first and only purely acoustic album.
Rock Art was released in 1994 on EMI, and the album charted at number 57 in the United Kingdom. A UK tour was scheduled for April, but dates in May and June were postponed or cancelled. A low key tour was arranged for August and Europe in September, followed by another tour in the spring 1995. Clarkin wrote eleven new songs for the planned next album, which were recorded and sent to record companies, their contract with EMI having expired. However, they received no offer from any major record company, and the band faced financial difficulties. Meanwhile, Clarkin had started to feel creatively trapped, as fans and critics did not appreciate the band's musical evolution. A growing creative gap between Clarkin and Stanway also caused friction within the band. In September 1995, Clarkin decided to quit. The other band members were shocked by his decision, and attempted to talk him out of it. They briefly considered continuing with a different guitarist, but soon concluded that Clarkin, the band's sole songwriter, was irreplaceable. They managed to talk Clarkin into doing a farewell tour in the United Kingdom and Europe, documented on the live album Stronghold (titled The Last Dance in mainland Europe). After a final concert on 17 December 1995, Magnum disbanded.
Split and Hard Rain years (1996–2000)
Main article: Hard Rain (band)
While most band members went their separate ways, Catley and Clarkin continued working together as before and planned a new album. To avoid pressure and interference from the labels, they named themselves Hard Rain rather than continuing as Magnum. Three months after Magnum split, Catley and Clarkin began recording new music. In 1997, they released the eponymous debut album Hard Rain. Most of the songs on the album had been written before the split of Magnum and were originally meant for a Magnum album. The album received positive reviews, and Catley and Clarkin started recruiting more musicians to turn Hard Rain into an actual band. Ex-Magnum drummer Kex Gorin briefly agreed to join the band, before changing his mind. Hard Rain eventually recruited the brothers Rob and Al Barrow as drummer and bassist, respectively, Sue McCloskey for backup vocals, and Paul Hodson on keyboards. The next album, When the Good Times Come, was released in 1999. This album was stylistically different from anything Magnum had released, and received mixed reviews from critics. Hard Rain always included Magnum songs in their live sets, and was widely considered a continuation of Magnum in all but name. The new name was actually detrimental to the sales, as many buyers expected to find the albums in the M-shelf rather than the H-shelf in music stores. The albums would eventually be filed together with Magnum albums. Clarkin and Catley discussed whether they should revert to the name Magnum, but ultimately decided against it. When asked to explain the difference between Magnum and Hard Rain, Clarkin replied that the latter was "a relief, a stop gap, something I wanted to do".
It was around this time that Catley launched a solo career using various songwriters, including Gary Hughes of the band Ten. His first solo album, The Tower, was released in November 1998, followed by Legends a year later and a live album in-between. Additionally, Catley participated in several projects as a guest vocalist, the first of which was Jabberwocky by Oliver Wakeman and Clive Nolan in early-1999. Catley disagreed with Hard Rain's musical drift away from the classical Magnum sound, and soon became more focused on his solo career. In September 1999 he decided to quit Hard Rain, marking the end of a working relationship with Clarkin that dated back to 1972. Clarkin briefly continued Hard Rain with Sue McCloskey replacing Catley as lead vocalist. They performed with this lineup at a charity event in January 2000, but Hard Rain never released any additional new material. A short quiet period ensued, followed by rumors of a Magnum reunion.
During Magnum's split, one of Clarkin's friends found a live recording from 1976 in his loft. Clarkin, fed up with the many unofficial compilations that had been released without the band's authorisation, was initially reluctant to authorise the release of this old material. He eventually changed his mind, and Days of Wonder was released in April 2000.
Reformation and renewal (2001–2016)
In March 2001, Catley revealed that Clarkin had suggested a reunion, apparently after his manager Derek Kemp had convinced him that giving Magnum a new shot was worth it. Catley and Clarkin had hoped for a complete reunion of the pre-1995 lineup, but only Mark Stanway ended up returning to the band. While Mickey Barker was committed to a different band, Wally Lowe had retired from the music industry. Al Barrow, who had been a member of Hard Rain, continued as the band's bassist. Rob Barrow was invited to stay on as the band's drummer, but he had already decided to quit the music industry. Paul Hodson went on to join Ten.
Clarkin's manager's assessment proved to be correct; while in 1995 the band had difficulties getting a record deal, this time they got several offers. They ultimately signed a deal with SPV Steamhammer in September 2001. In February 2002, Breath of Life was released. The album consisted partly of songs originally written for Hard Rain; according to Catley, it was a mix of Magnum and Hard Rain. They recorded the album without a drummer, before hiring Thunder drummer Harry James to complete the lineup. The band then went on a UK tour in December. The next album, Brand New Morning, was released in 2004. This album represented a final departure from the Hard Rain style; years later, Catley would comment that "Brand New Morning really the first new Magnum album". Magnum then appeared at Germany's Bang Your Head Festival and the Lorca Rock Festival in Spain and went on a tour around the UK and Europe in December. Clarkin commented:
The break since the middle of the Nineties was definitely necessary for me. Since the end of the Seventies, in fact since we embarked on the preparations for our debut recording Kingdom of Madness, not a single month had gone by in which I didn't work for Magnum, composed for the group, or at least thought of them permanently. For almost twenty years, all my thoughts had revolved around the band. I needed a break to clear my head and to be able to devote myself to the band again with renewed energy.
When James returned to Thunder, Jimmy Copley became a full-time member of Magnum. The band toured in April 2005 to mark the 20th anniversary of On a Storyteller's Night; they released a live DVD of the Astoria concert entitled Livin' the Dream, which also included a short documentary and promotional videos from throughout the band's history.
Magnum completed work on a new studio album, Princess Alice and the Broken Arrow, which was released on 26 March 2007; this also marked the return to the cover artwork by Rodney Matthews, absent since 1992. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 70, the first time Magnum had charted in the UK since 1994. It also reached No. 4 on the BBC Rock Albums Chart and number 60 in Germany. Magnum toured the UK and Europe in May 2007. Harry James played drums temporarily for half the tour as Jimmy Copley had taken ill, and soon replaced Copley permanently within the line-up. Copley died in 2017.
In 2005, former drummer Kex Gorin was diagnosed with kidney cancer. Gorin had a kidney removed and underwent radiotherapy and steroid treatment, but died of the disease on 21 December 2007. In 2007, Magnum played a one off show at the Robin 2 in Bilston, Wolverhampton. This was a charity event in aid of former drummer Kex Gorin's family. An auction of memorabilia before the show raised over £10,000. Magnum then played a two-hour set of old and new material. Magnum undertook a UK tour celebrating the 20th anniversary of Wings of Heaven in November 2007. These shows were recorded for Wings of Heaven Live album, which was released in March 2008. The album was dedicated to Kex Gorin.
On 15 June 2009, Magnum released Into the Valley of the Moonking on SPV. Stylistically, the album was considered a logical follow-up to Princess Alice, and it became the first Magnum release to chart in Switzerland since Rock Art. A few months later, the band released The Gathering, on Universal/Sanctuary; their first ever cross-career collection spread over five discs featuring a 1988 live recording from Hammersmith Odeon. The next studio album, The Visitation, was released in January 2011, and was notably rockier than previous releases. The band toured in support of the album, which charted at number 55 in the UK and number 19 in Germany, throughout March and April 2011.
On 30 August, Magnum announced a new compilation remix album Evolution celebrating the last 10 years on SPV GmbH since their reformation in 2001. The album was released on 11 November 2011 in Germany and 14 November in the rest of Europe and the UK. The album featured 10 songs from the band's previous five studio releases, eight were re-recorded, remixed and remastered, as well as two new songs.
The band released their 17th studio album On the 13th Day in September 2012. "So Let It Rain" was the first single, released in August 2012 via Steamhammer/SPV. The band toured in Europe to promote the album in late 2012 which charted in many countries across Europe including the UK at No. 43. Soon after releasing and touring On the 13th Day Magnum revealed that Clarkin was back in the studio writing and recording new songs via Facebook on 4 April 2013. The new album, called Escape from the Shadow Garden, also was to feature Rodney Matthews's artwork, this time showing similarities to Magnum's early albums Chase the Dragon (the tree) and On a Storyteller's Night (the storyteller), along with elements from more recent albums such as On the 13th Day. Escape From the Shadow Garden was released in Scandinavia on 19 March 2014, and on 21 March for Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 24 March for the rest of Europe, and 1 April for the US and Canada. As with On the 13th Day the band were hosts to their fans at a record launch party held at the Robin 2 in Bilston on 25 March 2014, the day after the UK release. Compared with Magnum's album releases since reformation it was a commercial success reaching number 14 in the German Albums Chart, 19 in the Swedish Albums Chart, 22 in the Switzerland Albums Chart and 38 in the UK Albums Chart, a position last achieved by Magnum with The Eleventh Hour! in 1983. It also reached number two in the UK Rock Albums Chart. The album was followed by a European tour, during which the live album Escape from the Shadow Garden – Live 2014 was recorded. It was released in May 2015.
In February 2016, Magum released the album Sacred Blood "Divine" Lies, 10 brand new tracks forging forward the Magnum sound. With the collaboration once again with Rodney Matthews artwork the release came with bonus videos and bonus tracks. The album was followed by a 33 date tour in Europe, UK and Ireland and then again a winter tour appearing at a few UK and Irish venues. Later that year, Clarkin's daughter suggested a compilation of ballads. Clarkin liked the idea, and after getting a go-ahead from SPV, Magnum got to work with the compilation. This turned out to be a longer process than anticipated. Many songs undertook a lot of treatment to remix, re-master and even re-record complete songs. The new ballads album titled The Valley of Tears – The Ballads was released on 6 January 2017.
Line-up changes, Tony Clarkin's death (2017–2024)
In December 2016, Mark Stanway left the band in the middle of a tour, due to what he called "irrevocable circumstances". He was replaced by West Midlands session musician Rick Benton, who made his first live appearance in Wolverhampton 2016. Benton was officially announced as a permanent member in January 2017. A few months later, due to conflicting schedules, former Paradise Lost drummer Lee Morris replaced Harry James as the band's drummer. With this new lineup, the band started recording their next album in February 2017. Lost on the Road to Eternity was released in January 2018, and the band embarked on a tour, which resulted in the live album Live at the Symphony Hall in January 2019.
On 25 June 2019, bassist Al Barrow announced his departure from the band due to his difficulties in spending much time away from his home in America. Dennis Ward (Pink Cream 69, Unisonic) was announced as the new member. The Serpent Rings, the band's 21st studio album, was released in January 2020. When asked about the future, Clarkin stated that Magnum had another two studio albums signed for with the record label, and that the band has no plan to retire. A tour had been scheduled for the spring, but it had to be postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The band returned to the studio, and a remastered compilation album titled Dance of the Black Tattoo was released in January 2021. Their 22nd studio album, The Monster Roars, was released on 14 January 2022.
On 9 January 2024, Magnum announced on their Facebook page that Clarkin had died peacefully on January 7 surrounded by family following a short illness. The previous month the band revealed that he was diagnosed with a rare spinal condition, which brought about the cancellation of their Spring 2024 tour. Here Comes the Rain, Magnum's 23rd studio album, was released five days after Clarkin's death and achieved chart positions unprecedented in the band's history. Two months after the release, Bob Catley announced that he could not carry on without Clarkin and that Magnum would disband.
Recognition
In 1986, Patty Smyth recorded a cover version of Magnum's "Les Morts Dansants" called "Call to Heaven" on her album, 'Never Enough'. In 2021, the Dutch band Leap Day recorded the song "May 5th", which can be seen as a tribute to Magnum.
Band members
Bob Catley – vocals (1972–1995, 2001–2024)
Tony Clarkin – lead guitar, vocals (1972–1995, 2001–2024; his death), drums (2001)
Bob Doyle – bass guitar (1972)
Kex Gorin – drums, percussion (1972–1984; died 2007)
Dave Morgan – bass guitar, vocals (1972–1975)
Richard Bailey – keyboards, flute, vocals (1973-1974, 1976–1980)
Colin "Wally" Lowe – bass guitar, vocals (1975–1995)
Mark Stanway – keyboards (1980–1984, 1985–1995, 2001–2016)
Eddie George – keyboards (1984–1985)
Jim Simpson – drums, percussion (1984–1985)
Mickey Barker – drums, percussion (1985–1995)
Al Barrow – bass guitar, backing vocals (2001–2019)
Harry James – drums, percussion (2002–2005, 2007–2017)
Jimmy Copley – drums, percussion (2005–2007; died 2017)
Rick Benton – keyboards (2016–2024)
Lee Morris – drums (2017–2024)
Dennis Ward – bass guitar, backing vocals (2019–2024)
Touring musicians
Les Kitcheridge – rhythm guitar (1972)
Grenville Harding – keyboards (1980)
Robin George – rhythm guitar (1983)
Laurence Archer – lead guitar (1984; filled in for Tony Clarkin)
Timeline
Discography
Main article: Magnum discography
As Magnum
Kingdom of Madness (1978)
Magnum II (1979)
Chase the Dragon (1982)
The Eleventh Hour (1983)
On a Storyteller's Night (1985)
Vigilante (1986)
Wings of Heaven (1988)
Goodnight L.A. (1990)
Sleepwalking (1992)
Keeping the Nite Light Burning (1993)
Rock Art (1994)
Breath of Life (2002)
Brand New Morning (2004)
Princess Alice and the Broken Arrow (2007)
Into the Valley of the Moonking (2009)
The Visitation (2011)
On the 13th Day (2012)
Escape from the Shadow Garden (2014)
Sacred Blood "Divine" Lies (2016)
Lost on the Road to Eternity (2018)
The Serpent Rings (2020)
The Monster Roars (2022)
Here Comes the Rain (2024)
As Hard Rain
Hard Rain (1997)
When the Good Times Come (1999)
References
^ "MAGNUM To Release 'Lost on the Road To Eternity' Album in January". Blabbermouth.net. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 344. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b c d e f "MAGNUM". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Discographie von Magnum". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ a b "MAGNUM's BOB CATLEY: 'I Really Can't Carry On With TONY CLARKIN Not Here Anymore'". Blabbermouth.net. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
^ "Early Magnum History".
^ "Bob Catley interview".
^ Heath, Alan. "Dave Morgan Interview". Archived from the original on 21 August 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ "Magnum: The 1972 - 1995 Era - Blast From The Past (Apr 2022)". Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ Clarkin, Tony & Ling, David (2006). Sleeve Notes. In Kingdom of Madness: Expanded Edition (pp. 2) . London: Sanctuary Records.
^ a b "Prologue: Days of Wonder". Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ "Scott Morgan Discography". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ a b Prologue – Days of Wonder, Magnum Biography.
^ 3. Marauders – But Only On Stage, Magnum Biography.
^ 4. Chasing The Dragon, Magnum Biography.
^ a b 5. Eleventh Hour Indeed!, Magnum Biography.
^ 6. Breakthrough On A Storyteller's Night, Magnum Biography.
^ a b 7. Vigilante Holding The Watch Over Europe, Magnum Biography.
^ "The Milton Keynes Concerts; The Garden Party 1986. Marillion , Jethro Tull". www.ukrockfestivals.com. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
^ "Out In The Green - Inselwiese 1986 Band Line-up". Concert Archives. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
^ "Rock Of Fame". (Lorelei), Rock Festivals (in German). Retrieved 15 March 2023.
^ a b 8. On The Wings Of Heaven Into The Charts, Magnum-biography.jimdofree.com
^ a b 9. Goodnight LA – Goodnight MAGNUM?, Magnum Biography.
^ a b Sleepwalking? Far From That!, Magnum Biography.
^ 12. Opening The Chapter & Verse-Archives, Magnum Biography.
^ Keeping The Nitelight Burning – But Unplugged, Magnum Biography.
^ Magnum interview with Tony Clarkin, Youtube, 2 May 2019.
^ 15. The Last Dance – Farewell MAGNUM, magnum-biography.jimdo.com. Retrieved 24 Jan 2019.
^ a b c Interview with Bob Catley of Magnum, Rok Podgrajšek. therocktologist.com, 2012.
^ a b 16. HARD RAIN – The Spirit Survives, Magnum Biography.
^ Interview with TONY CLARKIN (MAGNUM), June 2005.
^ Zoom Club Records, Magnum – Days of Wonder, CD Inlay Notes, 2000.
^ a b 18. Breath Of Life – The Reunion, magnum-biography.jimdo.com. Retrieved 24 Jan 2019.
^ "Ten: três membros deixam o grupo britânico". Whiplash.net. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Magnum – New 'Breath of Life' For Legendary Art Rock Band After 6 Year Hiatus". Workhardpr.com. 16 January 2002. Archived from the original on 14 May 2003. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ 21. Princess Alice And The Broken Arrow – Return To Fantasy, Magnum Biography.
^ "Drummer Jimmy Copley Dies". Ultimate Classic Rock. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ "Drummer's fight to prolong life". BBC News. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
^ Bennett, Debbie (11 December 2007). "Magnum raise roof – and funds". Express & Star. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ 23. Into The Valley Of The Moon King – With Album And Tour, Magnum Biography.
^ "Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community – Suche nach: magnum". Hitparade.ch (in German). Swiss Hitparade. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
^ "Magnum". Magnumonline.co.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ 24. Haunted By Musical Spirits – The Visitation, Magnum Biography.
^ "MAGNUM". Facebook. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "magnums mark stanway quits after 36 years". 16 January 2022.
^ "Alan Barrow". Facebook.com. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
^ "Magnum update 25:06:19". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
^ Magnum reveal new studio album will launch in January, Loudersound.com, 17 June 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ We put our heart and soul into it and it’s pretty good I think:Interview with Tony Clarkin, Stargazed Magazine, May 2020. Retrieved 26 Oct 2020.
^ Dance Of The Black Tattoo, Amazon Music.
^ MAGNUM To Release New Album 'The Monster Roars' In January , Blabbermouth, 22 Oct 2021. Retrieved 22 Oct 2021.
^ Horsley, Jonathan (9 January 2024). "Magnum guitarist and co-founder Tony Clarkin has died, aged 77". MusicRadar. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
^ "Magnum: Tony Clarkin ist gestorben". Metal Hammer (in German). 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "MAGNUM's TONY CLARKIN Diagnosed With Rare And Incurable Spinal Condition; Spring 2024 Tour Cancelled". Blabbermouth.net. 18 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Magnum founder dies days before album release". BBC. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magnum (band).
Official Magnum site
Magnum discography at Discogs
Magnum at IMDb
vteMagnum
Bob Catley
Tony Clarkin
Colin "Wally" Lowe
Mark Stanway
Mickey Barker
Bob Doyle
Kex Gorin
Dave Morgan
Richard Bailey
Eddie George
Jim Simpson
Al Barrow
Harry James
Jimmy Copley
Rick Benton
Lee Morris
Dennis Ward
Studio albums
Kingdom of Madness
Magnum II
Chase the Dragon
The Eleventh Hour
On a Storyteller's Night
Vigilante
Wings of Heaven
Goodnight L.A.
Sleepwalking
Keeping the Nite Light Burning
Rock Art
Breath of Life
Brand New Morning
Princess Alice and the Broken Arrow
Into the Valley of the Moonking
The Visitation
On the 13th Day
Escape From The Shadow Garden
Sacred Blood "Divine" Lies
Lost on the Road to Eternity
The Serpent Rings
The Monster Roars
Here Comes the Rain
Live albums
Marauder
Invasion Live
The Spirit
The Last Dance
Stronghold
Days of Wonder
The River Sessions
Wings of Heaven Live
Escape from the Shadow Garden – Live 2014
Live at the Symphony Hall
Compilations
Mirador
Foundation
Archive
Chapter & Verse
Road to Paradise
Long Days, Black Nights
The Gathering
Evolution
The Valley of Tears – The Ballads
Dance of the Black Tattoo
Related articles
Discography
Hard Rain
Ten
Gary Hughes
Thunder
Grand Slam
Avantasia
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
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They were formed in Birmingham in 1972 by Tony Clarkin (guitar, songwriter) and Bob Catley (vocals) in order to appear as the resident band at the Rum Runner nightclub in the city. Magnum have undergone several changes in personnel over the years; however, the core of Catley and Clarkin remained until Clarkin's death in 2024.Magnum's most significant early success was Chase the Dragon in 1982, which reached number 17 in the UK Albums Chart.[2] It included several songs that would become mainstays of the band's live set, notably \"Soldier of the Line\", \"Sacred Hour\" and \"The Spirit\". On a Storyteller's Night gave the band its breakthrough in Europe, and achieved a Gold certification in the United Kingdom.[3] The band's 1986 album Vigilante represented a further move towards the mainstream before the band achieved their commercial peak in 1988 when they entered the UK Top Ten for the first time with the album Wings of Heaven, which reached number five and featured three Top 40 singles, \"Days of No Trust\", \"Start Talking Love\" and \"It Must Have Been Love\". It was followed by Goodnight L.A., which was produced by Keith Olsen and reached number nine in the UK Albums Chart in 1990.[4] It produced another Top 40 single for the band, \"Rockin' Chair\".[2]In 1995, Clarkin announced Magnum's split; however, Clarkin and Catley continued working together, now under the name Hard Rain, until 1999. Magnum reformed in 2001 and enjoyed late-career commercial success, producing another 12 studio albums. Their final album, Here Comes the Rain, was released in January 2024, five days after Clarkin's death. Debuting at number 2 in the German charts, it is the highest charting album there in the band's history.[5] Catley announced the retirement of Magnum two months later.[6]","title":"Magnum (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"house band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_band"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Rum Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Runner_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roy Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wood"},{"link_name":"Wizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizzard"},{"link_name":"Uglys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gibbons_(musician)#The_Uglys"},{"link_name":"Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_(rock_band)"},{"link_name":"Dave Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Morgan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"ELO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jet Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Records"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Roger Greenaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Greenaway"},{"link_name":"Sweets for My Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweets_for_My_Sweet"},{"link_name":"God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Rest_Ye_Merry,_Gentlemen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prologuebio-14"},{"link_name":"Del Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Shannon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"Sin After Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_After_Sin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prologuebio-14"}],"sub_title":"Early years (1972–1977)","text":"Magnum's roots were in the house band at Birmingham's famous Rum Runner night club (later the home of Duran Duran) in 1972. Joining Clarkin and Catley were drummer Kex Gorin (born Kevin Gorin, 26 January 1949, Birmingham died 21 December 2007) and bassist Bob Doyle. The band line up remained the same until later in 1972, when Les Kitcheridge joined temporarily on rhythm guitar. Clarkin had left the band and it was at this stage that the band was renamed Magnum with Clarkin rejoining thereafter.[7][8] Bob Doyle left Magnum in 1972 and joined Roy Wood's Wizzard, and was replaced by former Uglys and Balls bassist Dave Morgan (later a member of ELO).[9] Richard Bailey joined on keyboards in June 1973, before going on a two-year sabbatical in South Africa the next year.[10]The band began to develop its own style by playing Clarkin's songs at a residency at The Railway Inn, in Birmingham's Curzon Street, in 1976. In 1975, Clarkin and Dave Morgan received an offer from Kim Holmes to help with the construction of a studio, rather than being paid with money, Clarkin requested to be paid with studio time.[11] Much of Magnum's early demo material was recorded at Nest Studios in Birmingham, which would later lead to a recording contract with David Arden of Jet Records. During the \"Nest\" sessions, at least two songs written by Dave Morgan (and sung by Bob Catley) were recorded but never released. The titles were \"Baby I Need\" and \"One More Round The Bend\", which resurfaced on an acetate disc in 2005.[12][13]A one off deal with CBS was arranged via producer Roger Greenaway, and the band released a cover of The Searchers' \"Sweets for My Sweet\" in February 1975; however, this failed to make the charts. The original recording included a medley of \"God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen\" but was edited out for the single release.[14] Lead vocals on this song were by Morgan, who left the band soon after, and was replaced by Colin \"Wally\" Lowe. Success was still minimal; they were working as a backing band for artists, such as Del Shannon, on small tours.[12] The band was expanded to a five-piece with Richard Bailey returning on keyboards. In May 1977 the band supported Judas Priest on their Sin After Sin UK tour, still without the backing of a record label.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Madness_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Geoff Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Barton"},{"link_name":"Sounds magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"David Coverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Coverdale"},{"link_name":"Whitesnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesnake"},{"link_name":"Leo Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Ten Years After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_After"},{"link_name":"Magnum II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_II"},{"link_name":"Blue Öyster Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult"},{"link_name":"Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marauder_(Live)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Def Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Leppard"},{"link_name":"On Through the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Through_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Mark Stanway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stanway"},{"link_name":"Reading Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Festival"},{"link_name":"Tygers of Pan Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygers_of_Pan_Tang"},{"link_name":"Spellbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellbound_(Tygers_of_Pan_Tang_album)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marauders-15"},{"link_name":"Jeff Glixman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Glixman"},{"link_name":"Chase the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rodney Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Krokus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokus_(band)"},{"link_name":"One Vice at a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Vice_at_a_Time"},{"link_name":"Ozzy Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chasing-16"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Reading Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Festival"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eleventhhour-17"},{"link_name":"Phil Lynott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lynott"},{"link_name":"Laurence Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Archer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eleventhhour-17"}],"sub_title":"Jet Records (1978–1984)","text":"Magnum's debut album Kingdom of Madness was released on Jet Records at the end of 1978 and reached number 58 in the UK Chart;[2] it received a five star review from Geoff Barton of Sounds magazine. They toured the UK in October/November 1978, as support to David Coverdale's Whitesnake. Leo Lyons, formerly bassist with Ten Years After, produced the follow-up album Magnum II – which was released in 1979, but failed to chart. Another support tour was organised for November 1979, this time with Blue Öyster Cult. A live set, Marauder, was released as an album and reached #34 in the UK,[2] and a live double single (\"Live at the Marquee\", including \"Invasion\") reached number 48 in the UK Singles Chart.[2] Bailey departed soon after and was replaced temporarily by Grenville Harding during Magnum's support of Def Leppard's On Through the Night UK tour in March. For the second leg in April, permanent replacement Mark Stanway took over keyboard duties. Magnum also appeared at the Reading Festival in 1980. April 1981 saw another support tour, this time with Tygers of Pan Tang on their Spellbound UK tour.[15]Their first successful album was the Jeff Glixman produced Chase the Dragon (1982), which reached #17 in the UK,[2] and included several songs that would be mainstays of the band's live set, including \"Soldier of the Line\", \"Sacred Hour\" and \"The Spirit\". Glixman was previously known for his work with Kansas, and this was the first Magnum release to feature the artwork of fantasy artist Rodney Matthews. The tour included a support slot in February with Krokus, on their One Vice at a Time UK tour. A few United States dates were played during the summer of 1982, supporting labelmate Ozzy Osbourne. The band returned to the UK in July for their own headlining tour.[16]Budgetary constraints at Jet denied Magnum the use of an outside producer for 1983's Clarkin-produced The Eleventh Hour, which peaked at UK #38.[2] A UK tour started in May 1983, featuring additional guitarist Robin George for live performances. Magnum also appeared at the 1983 Reading Festival, with George. However, Jet was unhappy about the sales figures of The Eleventh Hour, and refused to support another album or finance a tour.\n[17] Magnum and Jet parted company shortly afterwards, Kex Gorin was replaced by Jim Simpson and Stanway departed the band to work with Phil Lynott, being replaced by Eddie George. Local businessman Keith Baker (Time Music) engaged the band, an independent tour was organised for February 1984 without the backing of a record label. During the tour, Clarkin's mother died and Clarkin himself became seriously ill, forcing the band to complete the tour without him. Laurence Archer was hired as a temporary guitar player. Clarkin had still not recovered when the tour was over, and it looked like the band would not be able to carry on. Catley was also forced to look for a new job, but Clarkin recovered and the band went on to play a number of Christmas shows. They recruited Jim Simpson on drums, while Eddie George replaced Stanway on keyboards. Following the successful Christmas shows, the band decided to make another album.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_Records"},{"link_name":"On a Storyteller's Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Storyteller%27s_Night"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_(band)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breakthrough-18"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"Monsters of Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters_of_Rock"},{"link_name":"Castle Donington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Donington"},{"link_name":"Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Jovi"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Marillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marillion"},{"link_name":"ZZ Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZZ_Top"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vigilante-19"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"David Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Richards_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"A Kind of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Kind_of_Magic"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Marillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marillion"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Dinkelsbühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Loreley Open-Air Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freilichtb%C3%BChne_Loreley"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Reading Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vigilante-19"},{"link_name":"Wings of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_of_Heaven"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthewings-23"},{"link_name":"N.E.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon"},{"link_name":"Stage Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthewings-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodnightla-24"},{"link_name":"Keith Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Goodnight L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight_L.A."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodnightla-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sleepwalking-25"},{"link_name":"The Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cross_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sleepwalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalking_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Music for Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Nations"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sleepwalking-25"},{"link_name":"Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Jet Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Records"},{"link_name":"Chapter & Verse – The Very Best of Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_%26_Verse_%E2%80%93_The_Very_Best_of_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapterandverse-26"},{"link_name":"Keeping the Nite Light Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeping_the_Nite_Light_Burning"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nitelight-27"},{"link_name":"Rock Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Stronghold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronghold_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"The Last Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Dance_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farewell-29"}],"sub_title":"On a Storyteller's Night and commercial success years (1985–1995)","text":"In 1984, Magnum signed a one-off deal with FM Records. George left a few months later, but Stanway soon rejoined and the band went to the studio. In May 1985, they released On a Storyteller's Night, which had a cover by Rodney Matthews. It reached #24 in the UK,[2] and launched the band across Europe. Soon after, Simpson left the band to join UFO, and was replaced by 32-year-old, self-taught Mickey Barker.[18]From the success of On a Storyteller's Night, Keith Baker negotiated a major label deal with Polydor Records, and they embarked on the most commercially successful period of their career; opening the famous Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington in August 1985, on a bill that also included Bon Jovi, Metallica, Marillion and headliners ZZ Top. A second leg for the Storyteller's tour was concluded in December 1985.[19]The first release for Polydor was in September 1986, entitled Vigilante. The album was a move towards the mainstream due to production by Queen drummer Roger Taylor and David Richards, who had recently worked together on A Kind of Magic. The switch to Polydor saw an increase in the marketing budget, and promotional videos were made for the singles \"Lonely Night\" and \"Midnight\". A full UK and European tour was scheduled in March 1986, including appearances at a festival at Milton Keynes Bowl headlined by Marillion in June[20] and the German Out in the Green festivals in Dinkelsbühl[21] and at the Loreley Open-Air Theatre.[22] A second leg was organised in September 1986, which finished in Europe in November 1986. Stanway commented, \"with only one tour of Germany we had already achieved as much success as after ten years in England!\" In March 1987, the band embarked on a third UK and European tour, including an appearance at 1987's Reading Festival.[19]Magnum enjoyed increased success with the album Wings of Heaven (#5 in the UK).[2] Three singles from Wings of Heaven reached the UK Top 40,[2] including a Top of the Pops appearance with \"Start Talking Love\". The album also became the band's first to chart in Norway and Switzerland.[23] A successful tour followed in December and, by now, Magnum had been elevated to an 'arena' band in the UK, headlining the N.E.C. and several nights at London's Hammersmith Odeon, supported by the Norwegian band Stage Dolls. There were talks about touring the United States with Iron Maiden, but nothing came of it.[23]Following the success of Wings of Heaven, Polydor eyed an opportunity to break Magnum in the United States. To adjust to the American market, the record company convinced Clarkin to work with co-songwriters.[24] The band went to Los Angeles for the Keith Olsen produced Goodnight L.A., which peaked at number 9 in the UK chart.[2] However, the album was never released in the United States, and received backlash from critics for being \"commercial\" and \"Americanized\". While successful, the album did not live up to its expectations and became a disappointment to the band and the label.[24] Following the release, Magnum performed at Berlin's Arena Festival, followed by a full UK and European tour in September 1990. They toured the UK again in November. After a fallout between the band and the record company, Magnum parted ways with Polydor.[25] They released the live album The Spirit in 1991 and toured the UK and Europe again to support the album. During the concerts in Germany, the band played live with the Roger Taylor band The Cross. Magnum continued to release albums for various labels on one-off deals, the first being Sleepwalking in 1992 on Music for Nations. The album got a mixed reception from critics, some of whom argued that the band was moving in the direction of pop rock. A full UK tour followed in October, and started a tradition of performing Christmas shows in Birmingham.[25] This was followed by the release of Archive in April 1993 by Jet Records, a compilation album that featured four previously unreleased songs from between 1976 and 1983. Polydor released Chapter & Verse – The Very Best of Magnum, another compilation album, a month later.[26] Later the same year, Magnum released Keeping the Nite Light Burning, the band's first and only purely acoustic album.[27]Rock Art was released in 1994 on EMI, and the album charted at number 57 in the United Kingdom.[4] A UK tour was scheduled for April, but dates in May and June were postponed or cancelled. A low key tour was arranged for August and Europe in September, followed by another tour in the spring 1995. Clarkin wrote eleven new songs for the planned next album, which were recorded and sent to record companies, their contract with EMI having expired. However, they received no offer from any major record company, and the band faced financial difficulties. Meanwhile, Clarkin had started to feel creatively trapped, as fans and critics did not appreciate the band's musical evolution. A growing creative gap between Clarkin and Stanway also caused friction within the band.[28] In September 1995, Clarkin decided to quit. The other band members were shocked by his decision, and attempted to talk him out of it. They briefly considered continuing with a different guitarist, but soon concluded that Clarkin, the band's sole songwriter, was irreplaceable. They managed to talk Clarkin into doing a farewell tour in the United Kingdom and Europe, documented on the live album Stronghold (titled The Last Dance in mainland Europe). After a final concert on 17 December 1995, Magnum disbanded.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hard Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rain_(band)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therocktologist2012-30"},{"link_name":"Hard Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rain_(Hard_Rain_album)"},{"link_name":"Al Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Paul Hodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hodson"},{"link_name":"When the Good Times Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Good_Times_Come_(Hard_Rain_album)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therocktologist2012-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16hardrain-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Gary Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tower_(Bob_Catley_album)"},{"link_name":"Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_(Bob_Catley_album)"},{"link_name":"Jabberwocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky_(album)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wakeman"},{"link_name":"Clive Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Nolan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16hardrain-31"},{"link_name":"Days of Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Wonder_(album)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Days_of_Wonder_CD-33"}],"sub_title":"Split and Hard Rain years (1996–2000)","text":"While most band members went their separate ways, Catley and Clarkin continued working together as before and planned a new album. To avoid pressure and interference from the labels, they named themselves Hard Rain rather than continuing as Magnum.[30] Three months after Magnum split, Catley and Clarkin began recording new music. In 1997, they released the eponymous debut album Hard Rain. Most of the songs on the album had been written before the split of Magnum and were originally meant for a Magnum album. The album received positive reviews, and Catley and Clarkin started recruiting more musicians to turn Hard Rain into an actual band. Ex-Magnum drummer Kex Gorin briefly agreed to join the band, before changing his mind. Hard Rain eventually recruited the brothers Rob and Al Barrow as drummer and bassist, respectively, Sue McCloskey for backup vocals, and Paul Hodson on keyboards. The next album, When the Good Times Come, was released in 1999. This album was stylistically different from anything Magnum had released, and received mixed reviews from critics.[30] Hard Rain always included Magnum songs in their live sets, and was widely considered a continuation of Magnum in all but name. The new name was actually detrimental to the sales, as many buyers expected to find the albums in the M-shelf rather than the H-shelf in music stores. The albums would eventually be filed together with Magnum albums. Clarkin and Catley discussed whether they should revert to the name Magnum, but ultimately decided against it.[31] When asked to explain the difference between Magnum and Hard Rain, Clarkin replied that the latter was \"a relief, a stop gap, something I wanted to do\".[32]It was around this time that Catley launched a solo career using various songwriters, including Gary Hughes of the band Ten. His first solo album, The Tower, was released in November 1998, followed by Legends a year later and a live album in-between. Additionally, Catley participated in several projects as a guest vocalist, the first of which was Jabberwocky by Oliver Wakeman and Clive Nolan in early-1999. Catley disagreed with Hard Rain's musical drift away from the classical Magnum sound, and soon became more focused on his solo career. In September 1999 he decided to quit Hard Rain, marking the end of a working relationship with Clarkin that dated back to 1972. Clarkin briefly continued Hard Rain with Sue McCloskey replacing Catley as lead vocalist. They performed with this lineup at a charity event in January 2000, but Hard Rain never released any additional new material. A short quiet period ensued, followed by rumors of a Magnum reunion.[31]During Magnum's split, one of Clarkin's friends found a live recording from 1976 in his loft. Clarkin, fed up with the many unofficial compilations that had been released without the band's authorisation, was initially reluctant to authorise the release of this old material. He eventually changed his mind, and Days of Wonder was released in April 2000.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Barrow"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reunion-34"},{"link_name":"Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_(band)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"SPV Steamhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPV_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reunion-34"},{"link_name":"Breath of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath_of_Life_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_(band)"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_James"},{"link_name":"Brand New Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Morning_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therocktologist2012-30"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Copley"},{"link_name":"Princess Alice and the Broken Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice_and_the_Broken_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Rodney Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-4"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Copley"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-princessalicebio-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Wings of Heaven Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_of_Heaven_Live"},{"link_name":"Into the Valley of the Moonking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Valley_of_the_Moonking"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moonking-41"},{"link_name":"Rock Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_(album)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swi-42"},{"link_name":"The Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gathering_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon"},{"link_name":"The Visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visitation_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-4"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haunted-44"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"SPV GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPV_GmbH"},{"link_name":"On the 13th Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_13th_Day"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-4"},{"link_name":"On the 13th Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_13th_Day"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Escape from the Shadow Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_the_Shadow_Garden"},{"link_name":"Rodney Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Chase the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"On a Storyteller's Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Storyteller%27s_Night"},{"link_name":"On the 13th Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_13th_Day"},{"link_name":"On the 13th Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_13th_Day"},{"link_name":"Bilston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilston"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Hour!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-4"},{"link_name":"Escape from the Shadow Garden – Live 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_the_Shadow_Garden_%E2%80%93_Live_2014"},{"link_name":"Sacred Blood \"Divine\" Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Blood_%22Divine%22_Lies"},{"link_name":"The Valley of Tears – The Ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley_of_Tears_%E2%80%93_The_Ballads"}],"sub_title":"Reformation and renewal (2001–2016)","text":"In March 2001, Catley revealed that Clarkin had suggested a reunion, apparently after his manager Derek Kemp had convinced him that giving Magnum a new shot was worth it. Catley and Clarkin had hoped for a complete reunion of the pre-1995 lineup, but only Mark Stanway ended up returning to the band. While Mickey Barker was committed to a different band, Wally Lowe had retired from the music industry. Al Barrow, who had been a member of Hard Rain, continued as the band's bassist. Rob Barrow was invited to stay on as the band's drummer, but he had already decided to quit the music industry.[34] Paul Hodson went on to join Ten.[35]Clarkin's manager's assessment proved to be correct; while in 1995 the band had difficulties getting a record deal, this time they got several offers. They ultimately signed a deal with SPV Steamhammer in September 2001.[34] In February 2002, Breath of Life was released. The album consisted partly of songs originally written for Hard Rain; according to Catley, it was a mix of Magnum and Hard Rain. They recorded the album without a drummer, before hiring Thunder drummer Harry James to complete the lineup. The band then went on a UK tour in December. The next album, Brand New Morning, was released in 2004. This album represented a final departure from the Hard Rain style; years later, Catley would comment that \"Brand New Morning [had] really [been] the first new Magnum album\".[30] Magnum then appeared at Germany's Bang Your Head Festival and the Lorca Rock Festival in Spain and went on a tour around the UK and Europe in December. Clarkin commented:The break since the middle of the Nineties was definitely necessary for me. Since the end of the Seventies, in fact since we embarked on the preparations for our debut recording Kingdom of Madness, not a single month had gone by in which I didn't work for Magnum, composed for the group, or at least thought of them permanently. For almost twenty years, all my thoughts had revolved around the band. I needed a break to clear my head and to be able to devote myself to the band again with renewed energy.[36]When James returned to Thunder, Jimmy Copley became a full-time member of Magnum. The band toured in April 2005 to mark the 20th anniversary of On a Storyteller's Night; they released a live DVD of the Astoria concert entitled Livin' the Dream, which also included a short documentary and promotional videos from throughout the band's history.Magnum completed work on a new studio album, Princess Alice and the Broken Arrow, which was released on 26 March 2007; this also marked the return to the cover artwork by Rodney Matthews, absent since 1992. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 70, the first time Magnum had charted in the UK since 1994.[4] It also reached No. 4 on the BBC Rock Albums Chart and number 60 in Germany. Magnum toured the UK and Europe in May 2007. Harry James played drums temporarily for half the tour as Jimmy Copley had taken ill, and soon replaced Copley permanently within the line-up.[37] Copley died in 2017.[38]In 2005, former drummer Kex Gorin was diagnosed with kidney cancer. Gorin had a kidney removed and underwent radiotherapy and steroid treatment, but died of the disease on 21 December 2007.[39] In 2007, Magnum played a one off show at the Robin 2 in Bilston, Wolverhampton. This was a charity event in aid of former drummer Kex Gorin's family. An auction of memorabilia before the show raised over £10,000. Magnum then played a two-hour set of old and new material.[40] Magnum undertook a UK tour celebrating the 20th anniversary of Wings of Heaven in November 2007. These shows were recorded for Wings of Heaven Live album, which was released in March 2008. The album was dedicated to Kex Gorin.On 15 June 2009, Magnum released Into the Valley of the Moonking on SPV. Stylistically, the album was considered a logical follow-up to Princess Alice,[41] and it became the first Magnum release to chart in Switzerland since Rock Art.[42] A few months later, the band released The Gathering, on Universal/Sanctuary; their first ever cross-career collection spread over five discs featuring a 1988 live recording from Hammersmith Odeon. The next studio album, The Visitation, was released in January 2011,[43] and was notably rockier than previous releases. The band toured in support of the album, which charted at number 55 in the UK[4] and number 19 in Germany, throughout March and April 2011.[44]On 30 August, Magnum announced a new compilation remix album Evolution celebrating the last 10 years on SPV GmbH since their reformation in 2001. The album was released on 11 November 2011 in Germany and 14 November in the rest of Europe and the UK. The album featured 10 songs from the band's previous five studio releases, eight were re-recorded, remixed and remastered, as well as two new songs.The band released their 17th studio album On the 13th Day in September 2012. \"So Let It Rain\" was the first single, released in August 2012 via Steamhammer/SPV. The band toured in Europe to promote the album in late 2012 which charted in many countries across Europe including the UK at No. 43.[4] Soon after releasing and touring On the 13th Day Magnum revealed that Clarkin was back in the studio writing and recording new songs via Facebook on 4 April 2013.[45] The new album, called Escape from the Shadow Garden, also was to feature Rodney Matthews's artwork, this time showing similarities to Magnum's early albums Chase the Dragon (the tree) and On a Storyteller's Night (the storyteller), along with elements from more recent albums such as On the 13th Day. Escape From the Shadow Garden was released in Scandinavia on 19 March 2014, and on 21 March for Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 24 March for the rest of Europe, and 1 April for the US and Canada. As with On the 13th Day the band were hosts to their fans at a record launch party held at the Robin 2 in Bilston on 25 March 2014, the day after the UK release. Compared with Magnum's album releases since reformation it was a commercial success reaching number 14 in the German Albums Chart, 19 in the Swedish Albums Chart, 22 in the Switzerland Albums Chart and 38 in the UK Albums Chart, a position last achieved by Magnum with The Eleventh Hour! in 1983.[4] It also reached number two in the UK Rock Albums Chart. The album was followed by a European tour, during which the live album Escape from the Shadow Garden – Live 2014 was recorded. It was released in May 2015.In February 2016, Magum released the album Sacred Blood \"Divine\" Lies, 10 brand new tracks forging forward the Magnum sound. With the collaboration once again with Rodney Matthews artwork the release came with bonus videos and bonus tracks. The album was followed by a 33 date tour in Europe, UK and Ireland and then again a winter tour appearing at a few UK and Irish venues. Later that year, Clarkin's daughter suggested a compilation of ballads. Clarkin liked the idea, and after getting a go-ahead from SPV, Magnum got to work with the compilation. This turned out to be a longer process than anticipated. Many songs undertook a lot of treatment to remix, re-master and even re-record complete songs. The new ballads album titled The Valley of Tears – The Ballads was released on 6 January 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lee Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Lost on the Road to Eternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_on_the_Road_to_Eternity"},{"link_name":"Live at the Symphony Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Symphony_Hall"},{"link_name":"Al Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Dennis Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ward_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pink Cream 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Cream_69"},{"link_name":"Unisonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisonic_(band)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Serpent Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpent_Rings"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgmmay2020-50"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Dance of the Black Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_the_Black_Tattoo"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"The Monster Roars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_Roars"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Here Comes the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_the_Rain_(album)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabbermouthmarch72024-6"}],"sub_title":"Line-up changes, Tony Clarkin's death (2017–2024)","text":"In December 2016, Mark Stanway left the band in the middle of a tour, due to what he called \"irrevocable circumstances\".[46] He was replaced by West Midlands session musician Rick Benton, who made his first live appearance in Wolverhampton 2016. Benton was officially announced as a permanent member in January 2017. A few months later, due to conflicting schedules, former Paradise Lost drummer Lee Morris replaced Harry James as the band's drummer.[47] With this new lineup, the band started recording their next album in February 2017. Lost on the Road to Eternity was released in January 2018, and the band embarked on a tour, which resulted in the live album Live at the Symphony Hall in January 2019.On 25 June 2019, bassist Al Barrow announced his departure from the band due to his difficulties in spending much time away from his home in America. Dennis Ward (Pink Cream 69, Unisonic) was announced as the new member.[48] The Serpent Rings, the band's 21st studio album, was released in January 2020.[49] When asked about the future, Clarkin stated that Magnum had another two studio albums signed for with the record label, and that the band has no plan to retire.[50] A tour had been scheduled for the spring, but it had to be postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The band returned to the studio, and a remastered compilation album titled Dance of the Black Tattoo was released in January 2021.[51] Their 22nd studio album, The Monster Roars, was released on 14 January 2022.[52]On 9 January 2024, Magnum announced on their Facebook page that Clarkin had died peacefully on January 7 surrounded by family following a short illness.[53] The previous month the band revealed that he was diagnosed with a rare spinal condition, which brought about the cancellation of their Spring 2024 tour.[54][55] Here Comes the Rain, Magnum's 23rd studio album, was released five days after Clarkin's death and achieved chart positions unprecedented in the band's history.[56] Two months after the release, Bob Catley announced that he could not carry on without Clarkin and that Magnum would disband.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patty Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Smyth"},{"link_name":"Never Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Enough_(Patty_Smyth_album)"}],"text":"In 1986, Patty Smyth recorded a cover version of Magnum's \"Les Morts Dansants\" called \"Call to Heaven\" on her album, 'Never Enough'. In 2021, the Dutch band Leap Day recorded the song \"May 5th\", which can be seen as a tribute to Magnum.","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Catley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Catley"},{"link_name":"Tony Clarkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Clarkin"},{"link_name":"Dave Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott-Morgan"},{"link_name":"Mark Stanway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stanway"},{"link_name":"Al Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Copley"},{"link_name":"Lee Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ward_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Archer"}],"text":"Bob Catley – vocals (1972–1995, 2001–2024)\nTony Clarkin – lead guitar, vocals (1972–1995, 2001–2024; his death), drums (2001)\nBob Doyle – bass guitar (1972)\nKex Gorin – drums, percussion (1972–1984; died 2007)\nDave Morgan – bass guitar, vocals (1972–1975)\nRichard Bailey – keyboards, flute, vocals (1973-1974, 1976–1980)\nColin \"Wally\" Lowe – bass guitar, vocals (1975–1995)\nMark Stanway – keyboards (1980–1984, 1985–1995, 2001–2016)\n\n\nEddie George – keyboards (1984–1985)\nJim Simpson – drums, percussion (1984–1985)\nMickey Barker – drums, percussion (1985–1995)\nAl Barrow – bass guitar, backing vocals (2001–2019)\nHarry James – drums, percussion (2002–2005, 2007–2017)\nJimmy Copley – drums, percussion (2005–2007; died 2017)\nRick Benton – keyboards (2016–2024)\nLee Morris – drums (2017–2024)\nDennis Ward – bass guitar, backing vocals (2019–2024)Touring musiciansLes Kitcheridge – rhythm guitar (1972)\nGrenville Harding – keyboards (1980)\nRobin George – rhythm guitar (1983)\nLaurence Archer – lead guitar (1984; filled in for Tony Clarkin)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Madness_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Magnum II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_II"},{"link_name":"Chase the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"On a Storyteller's Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Storyteller%27s_Night"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Wings of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_of_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Goodnight L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight_L.A."},{"link_name":"Sleepwalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalking_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Keeping the Nite Light Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeping_the_Nite_Light_Burning"},{"link_name":"Rock Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_(album)"},{"link_name":"Breath of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath_of_Life_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Brand New Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Morning_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Princess Alice and the Broken Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice_and_the_Broken_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Into the Valley of the Moonking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Valley_of_the_Moonking"},{"link_name":"The Visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visitation_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"On the 13th Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_13th_Day"},{"link_name":"Escape from the Shadow Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_the_Shadow_Garden"},{"link_name":"Sacred Blood \"Divine\" Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Blood_%22Divine%22_Lies"},{"link_name":"Lost on the Road to Eternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_on_the_Road_to_Eternity"},{"link_name":"The Serpent Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpent_Rings"},{"link_name":"The Monster Roars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_Roars"},{"link_name":"Here Comes the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_the_Rain_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hard Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rain_(Hard_Rain_album)"},{"link_name":"When the Good Times Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Good_Times_Come"}],"text":"As MagnumKingdom of Madness (1978)\nMagnum II (1979)\nChase the Dragon (1982)\nThe Eleventh Hour (1983)\nOn a Storyteller's Night (1985)\nVigilante (1986)\nWings of Heaven (1988)\nGoodnight L.A. (1990)\nSleepwalking (1992)\nKeeping the Nite Light Burning (1993)\nRock Art (1994)\nBreath of Life (2002)\nBrand New Morning (2004)\nPrincess Alice and the Broken Arrow (2007)\nInto the Valley of the Moonking (2009)\nThe Visitation (2011)\nOn the 13th Day (2012)\nEscape from the Shadow Garden (2014)\nSacred Blood \"Divine\" Lies (2016)\nLost on the Road to Eternity (2018)\nThe Serpent Rings (2020)\nThe Monster Roars (2022)\nHere Comes the Rain (2024)As Hard RainHard Rain (1997)\nWhen the Good Times Come (1999)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"MAGNUM To Release 'Lost on the Road To Eternity' Album in January\". Blabbermouth.net. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/magnum-to-release-lost-on-the-road-to-eternity-album-in-january/","url_text":"\"MAGNUM To Release 'Lost on the Road To Eternity' Album in January\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 344. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090924015932/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MAGNUM\". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/18326/magnum/","url_text":"\"MAGNUM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie von Magnum\". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Magnum","url_text":"\"Discographie von Magnum\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAGNUM's BOB CATLEY: 'I Really Can't Carry On With TONY CLARKIN Not Here Anymore'\". Blabbermouth.net. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/magnums-bob-catley-i-really-cant-carry-on-with-tony-clarkin-not-here-anymore","url_text":"\"MAGNUM's BOB CATLEY: 'I Really Can't Carry On With TONY CLARKIN Not Here Anymore'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Early Magnum History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://magnum-biography.jimdofree.com/prologue-days-of-wonder/","url_text":"\"Early Magnum History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Catley interview\".","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=P1EEwmF6hqk","url_text":"\"Bob Catley interview\""}]},{"reference":"Heath, Alan. \"Dave Morgan Interview\". Archived from the original on 21 August 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990821073416/http://www.steelcompany.freeserve.co.uk/fanzine/issue8b.htm","url_text":"\"Dave Morgan Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.steelcompany.freeserve.co.uk/fanzine/issue8b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magnum: The 1972 - 1995 Era - Blast From The Past (Apr 2022)\". Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fireworks-magazine.com/post/magnum-the-1972-1995-era-blast-from-the-past-apr-2022","url_text":"\"Magnum: The 1972 - 1995 Era - Blast From The Past (Apr 2022)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prologue: Days of Wonder\". Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://magnum-biography.piranho.de/new_page_2.htm","url_text":"\"Prologue: Days of Wonder\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080310064702/http://magnum-biography.piranho.de/new_page_2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Morgan Discography\". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626094441/http://www.scottmorgan.force9.co.uk/scottmorgan/home/histdisc.htm","url_text":"\"Scott Morgan Discography\""},{"url":"http://www.scottmorgan.force9.co.uk/scottmorgan/home/histdisc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Milton Keynes Concerts; The Garden Party 1986. Marillion , Jethro Tull\". www.ukrockfestivals.com. Retrieved 15 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukrockfestivals.com/Milton-Keynes-Garden%20Party-1986.html","url_text":"\"The Milton Keynes Concerts; The Garden Party 1986. Marillion , Jethro Tull\""}]},{"reference":"\"Out In The Green - Inselwiese 1986 Band Line-up\". Concert Archives. Retrieved 15 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/out-in-the-green-inselwiese-1986.html","url_text":"\"Out In The Green - Inselwiese 1986 Band Line-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rock Of Fame\". (Lorelei), Rock Festivals (in German). Retrieved 15 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loreley-freilichtbuehne.de/menu-de/rock-of-fame/","url_text":"\"Rock Of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten: três membros deixam o grupo britânico\". Whiplash.net. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://whiplash.net/materias/news_847/138171-ten.html","url_text":"\"Ten: três membros deixam o grupo britânico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magnum – New 'Breath of Life' For Legendary Art Rock Band After 6 Year Hiatus\". Workhardpr.com. 16 January 2002. Archived from the original on 14 May 2003. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030514162159/http://www.workhardpr.com/Archive/Magnum/magnum.html","url_text":"\"Magnum – New 'Breath of Life' For Legendary Art Rock Band After 6 Year Hiatus\""},{"url":"http://www.workhardpr.com/Archive/Magnum/magnum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Drummer Jimmy Copley Dies\". Ultimate Classic Rock. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ultimateclassicrock.com/jimmy-copley-dies/","url_text":"\"Drummer Jimmy Copley Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drummer's fight to prolong life\". BBC News. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/coventry_warwickshire/6926001.stm","url_text":"\"Drummer's fight to prolong life\""}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Debbie (11 December 2007). \"Magnum raise roof – and funds\". Express & Star. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/2007/12/11/magnum-raise-roof-and-funds/","url_text":"\"Magnum raise roof – and funds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_%26_Star","url_text":"Express & Star"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081019002749/http://www.expressandstar.com/2007/12/11/magnum-raise-roof-and-funds/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community – Suche nach: magnum\". Hitparade.ch (in German). Swiss Hitparade. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219020530/http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=magnum&cat=a","url_text":"\"Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community – Suche nach: magnum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade","url_text":"Swiss Hitparade"},{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=magnum&cat=a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magnum\". Magnumonline.co.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magnumonline.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Magnum\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAGNUM\". Facebook. Retrieved 14 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/MAGNUM/130643409137","url_text":"\"MAGNUM\""}]},{"reference":"\"magnums mark stanway quits after 36 years\". 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/news/magnums-mark-stanway-quits-after-36-years","url_text":"\"magnums mark stanway quits after 36 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Barrow\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 7 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/groups/MagnumOfficial/permalink/1062616427205459/","url_text":"\"Alan Barrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magnum update 25:06:19\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RczgpntcFmk","url_text":"\"Magnum update 25:06:19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/RczgpntcFmk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Horsley, Jonathan (9 January 2024). \"Magnum guitarist and co-founder Tony Clarkin has died, aged 77\". MusicRadar. Retrieved 10 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/magnum-guitarist-and-co-founder-tony-clarkin-has-died-aged-77","url_text":"\"Magnum guitarist and co-founder Tony Clarkin has died, aged 77\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magnum: Tony Clarkin ist gestorben\". Metal Hammer (in German). 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/magnumbandpage/posts/https://www.metal-hammer.de/magnum-tony-clarkin-ist-gestorben-2157405/","url_text":"\"Magnum: Tony Clarkin ist gestorben\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAGNUM's TONY CLARKIN Diagnosed With Rare And Incurable Spinal Condition; Spring 2024 Tour Cancelled\". Blabbermouth.net. 18 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/magnums-tony-clarkin-diagnosed-with-rare-and-incurable-spinal-condition-spring-2024-tour-canceled","url_text":"\"MAGNUM's TONY CLARKIN Diagnosed With Rare And Incurable Spinal Condition; Spring 2024 Tour Cancelled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magnum founder dies days before album release\". BBC. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0ddex4z2ro","url_text":"\"Magnum founder dies days before album release\""}]}]
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Princess Alice And The Broken Arrow – Return To Fantasy"},{"Link":"http://ultimateclassicrock.com/jimmy-copley-dies/","external_links_name":"\"Drummer Jimmy Copley Dies\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/coventry_warwickshire/6926001.stm","external_links_name":"\"Drummer's fight to prolong life\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/2007/12/11/magnum-raise-roof-and-funds/","external_links_name":"\"Magnum raise roof – and funds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081019002749/http://www.expressandstar.com/2007/12/11/magnum-raise-roof-and-funds/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://magnum-biography.jimdofree.com/index/into-the-valley-of-the-moon-king-with-album-and-tour/","external_links_name":"23. Into The Valley Of The Moon King – With Album And Tour"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219020530/http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=magnum&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community – Suche nach: magnum\""},{"Link":"http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=magnum&cat=a","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.magnumonline.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Magnum\""},{"Link":"https://magnum-biography.jimdofree.com/index/haunted-by-musical-spirits-the-visitation/","external_links_name":"24. Haunted By Musical Spirits – The Visitation"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/MAGNUM/130643409137","external_links_name":"\"MAGNUM\""},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/news/magnums-mark-stanway-quits-after-36-years","external_links_name":"\"magnums mark stanway quits after 36 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/groups/MagnumOfficial/permalink/1062616427205459/","external_links_name":"\"Alan Barrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RczgpntcFmk","external_links_name":"\"Magnum update 25:06:19\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/RczgpntcFmk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/news/magnum-reveal-new-studio-album-will-launch-in-january","external_links_name":"Magnum reveal new studio album will launch in January"},{"Link":"https://stargazed.net/interviews/we-put-our-heart-and-soul-into-it-and-its-pretty-good-i-thinkinterview-with-tony-clarkin/","external_links_name":"We put our heart and soul into it and it’s pretty good I think:Interview with Tony Clarkin"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Dance-Black-Tattoo-Magnum/dp/B08L5TPFSK/","external_links_name":"Dance Of The Black Tattoo"},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/magnum-to-release-new-album-the-monster-roars-in-january/","external_links_name":"MAGNUM To Release New Album 'The Monster Roars' In January"},{"Link":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/magnum-guitarist-and-co-founder-tony-clarkin-has-died-aged-77","external_links_name":"\"Magnum guitarist and co-founder Tony Clarkin has died, aged 77\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/magnumbandpage/posts/https://www.metal-hammer.de/magnum-tony-clarkin-ist-gestorben-2157405/","external_links_name":"\"Magnum: Tony Clarkin ist gestorben\""},{"Link":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/magnums-tony-clarkin-diagnosed-with-rare-and-incurable-spinal-condition-spring-2024-tour-canceled","external_links_name":"\"MAGNUM's TONY CLARKIN Diagnosed With Rare And Incurable Spinal Condition; Spring 2024 Tour Cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0ddex4z2ro","external_links_name":"\"Magnum founder dies days before album release\""},{"Link":"http://www.magnumonline.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official Magnum site"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Magnum+%283%29","external_links_name":"Magnum"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2019410/","external_links_name":"Magnum"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118822414","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146195957","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10280166-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98035299","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0080069&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/658ace70-7f4e-4464-bcb0-9a784c94a4a6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brul%C3%A9
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André Brulé
|
["1 Filmography","2 External links","3 References"]
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French actor (1879–1953)
For the French cyclist, see André Brulé (cyclist).
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "André Brulé" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014)
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André BrûléBorn26 September 1879Bordeaux, FranceDied14 February 1953(1953-02-14) (aged 73)Paris, FranceOccupationActorYears active1910–1943 (film)PartnerGhislaine Dommanget
André Brulé (26 September 1879 – 14 February 1953), was a French theatre and film actor. He created the character Arsène Lupin for the French stage in 1908.
He had a relationship with Ghislaine Dommanget, a French comedy actress, with whom he had a son. She later married Louis II, Prince of Monaco.
Filmography
Werther (1910): Werther
Le club des élégants (1912): John Veryle
Les frères corses a.k.a. The Corsican Brothers (1917)
People Who Travel a.k.a. Les gens du voyage (1938): Fernand
Vidocq (1938): Vidocq
L' étrange nuit de Noël (1939): Doctor Carter
Metropolitan (1939): Zoltini
Le château des quatre obèses (1939)
Retour de flamme (1943): Mr. De Nogrelles
External links
André Brulé at IMDb
References
^ a b c "L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux" (in French). digitized book accessible - University of Michigan - (March 21, 2008). June 1981. p. 569. Retrieved November 16, 2018. En 1934, elle mit au monde à Nice un enfant, venu d'une liaison avec l'acteur André Brulé : Jean-Gabriel Brulé. Elle rencontra le prince Louis II de Monaco en 1942, à l'occasion d'une représentation de l'Aiglon donnée dans la principauté par la troupe à laquelle elle appartenait alors...
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This article about a French film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"André Brulé (cyclist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brul%C3%A9_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Arsène Lupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Lupin"},{"link_name":"Ghislaine Dommanget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislaine_Dommanget"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brul%C3%A9-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brul%C3%A9-1"},{"link_name":"Louis II, Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco"}],"text":"For the French cyclist, see André Brulé (cyclist).André Brulé (26 September 1879 – 14 February 1953), was a French theatre and film actor. He created the character Arsène Lupin for the French stage in 1908.He had a relationship with Ghislaine Dommanget,[1] a French comedy actress, with whom he had a son.[1] She later married Louis II, Prince of Monaco.","title":"André Brulé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werther_(1910_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le club des élégants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_club_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9gants&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Les frères corses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corsican_Brothers_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"People Who Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Who_Travel_(1938_French-language_film)"},{"link_name":"Vidocq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidocq_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"L' étrange nuit de Noël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27_%C3%A9trange_nuit_de_No%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Le château des quatre obèses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_ch%C3%A2teau_des_quatre_ob%C3%A8ses&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Retour de flamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retour_de_flamme&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Werther (1910): Werther\nLe club des élégants (1912): John Veryle\nLes frères corses a.k.a. The Corsican Brothers (1917)\nPeople Who Travel a.k.a. Les gens du voyage (1938): Fernand\nVidocq (1938): Vidocq\nL' étrange nuit de Noël (1939): Doctor Carter\nMetropolitan (1939): Zoltini\nLe château des quatre obèses (1939)\nRetour de flamme (1943): Mr. De Nogrelles","title":"Filmography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux\" (in French). digitized book accessible - University of Michigan - (March 21, 2008). June 1981. p. 569. Retrieved November 16, 2018. En 1934, elle mit au monde à Nice un enfant, venu d'une liaison avec l'acteur André Brulé : Jean-Gabriel Brulé. Elle rencontra le prince Louis II de Monaco en 1942, à l'occasion d'une représentation de l'Aiglon donnée dans la principauté par la troupe à laquelle elle appartenait alors...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lTFcAAAAMAAJ&q=ghislaine+dommanget+monaco+brule","url_text":"\"L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_ISX
|
Cummins X-series engine
|
["1 History","2 Models","3 Emissions Control","4 Technology","5 Cummins Signature Series","6 References"]
|
Type of diesel engine
The Cummins X-series engine is an Inline (Straight)-6 diesel engine produced by Cummins for heavy duty trucks and motorcoaches, replacing the N14 in 2001 when emissions regulations passed by the EPA made the engine obsolete. Originally called the "Signature" series engine, the ISX uses the "Intellect System" (hence the "IS" which is the moniker for the full authority, on highway fuel system Cummins pioneered) to further improve the engine. This engine is widely used in on highway and vocational trucks and is available in power ranging from 430 hp all the way to 620 hp 2050 lb-ft. The QSX is the off-highway version of the ISX with the Q standing for Quantum. The QSX is used for industrial, marine, oil & gas and other off-highway applications.
Cummins also produced a 650 hp and 1950 lb-ft version for the RV market.
History
Until 2010 this engine was a dual overhead cam design with one cam actuating the injectors and the other the valve train. This injection system is known as HPI (high pressure injection) where the injectors are cam-actuated to create injection pressure. The fuel system uses an Integrated Fuel System Module (IFSM) with a lift pump, gear pump, pressure regulators, shutoff valve, metering and timing actuators to deliver fuel to the injectors. It has a one piece valve cover that is either plastic or on older models a chrome plated steel cover otherwise known as the Signature 600 or ISX CM570.
In 2002, the ISX CM870 brought cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) which takes exhaust gas and recirculates it back into the intake of the engine lowering the combustion chamber temperatures limiting the formation of NOx.
In 2008, Cummins unveiled the ISX CM871, this engine featured a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) which trapped the particulate matter or "soot" produced in the engine. With the help of the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) the soot trapped in the DPF is oxidized and turned to ash during a process called regeneration. In motorhomes this was available as a 600 or 650 HP version.
The current EPA 2010 version known as ISX15 CM2250 features enhanced exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particulate filter and selective catalytic reduction (SCR), also known as urea injection. SCR consists of a diesel exhaust fluid (DEF - composed of urea and water) injection system: holding tank, pump, controller, and injector and an SCR catalyst brick. DEF is heated, pumped and injected into a decomposition tube which then reacts with the exhaust reducing NOX. The ISX15 CM2250 and CM2350 has eliminated the injector camshaft due to the advent of the common rail fuel system in which the fuel is pressurized from a high pressure, multiple piston pump, transferred through tubing to a rail where fuel is stored under extremely high pressures up to 35,000 psi.
In 2023, Cummins unveiled the X10 and X15N engines. The X10 is slated to replace the X12 and L9 in the truck market as it was made to serve both heavy duty and medium duty truck applications. The X15N is a CNG version of the X15, and is expected to release in 2025 with the same performance as the X15.
Models
Model
Fuel
Bore x stroke
Displacement
Years of Production
Notes
X10
Diesel
10 L
Planned for 2026 onward
Launching before EPA 2027 takes effect
Slated to replace X12 in Vocational & Regional Haul
Slated to replace L9
ISX12
Diesel
130 mm × 150 mm
11.9 L
2010–2020
Phasing out started in 2018
X12
132 mm × 144 mm
11.8 L
2018–2026
ISX12 G
Natural Gas
130 mm × 150 mm
11.9 L
2013–2018
Phasing out started in 2017
ISX12N
2018–present
Replaced ISX12 G
Built off the X12 block
X15N
Natural Gas
137 mm × 169 mm
14.9 L
Planned for 2024 onward
X15H
Hydrogen
14.9 L
Planned for 2027 onward
Testing in progress
ISX15
Diesel
14.9 L
2010–2020
Phasing out started in 2016
X15
14.9 L
2016–present
Replaced ISX15
Emissions Control
The Cummins ISX diesel engine can be run in a dual fuel configuration, meaning it can properly operate on diesel fuel and natural gas. The burning of a natural gas alternative preserves diesel thermal efficiencies. The more efficient engine can produce less emissions in turn. The ISX can achieve this by altering ignition delay and injection timing. By examining the start of combustion (SOC), the engine's computer is able to employ a predictive ignition delay correlation. The predictive characteristics of the engine maximize both efficiency and useful power for the given fuel source. Compensations are made for the natural gas so that the power band and operating range are still functional for customers, while reducing emissions. Testing has also been done with the Cummins ISX by the EPA for natural gas usage that yielded results of major NOx emissions reduction. The configuration boasts ninety percent lower NOx emissions than the current EPA standard. This makes the Cummins ISX that burns natural gas one of the cleanest running diesel engines in the world.
The ISX also utilizes a DPF, or diesel particulate filter, required by the EPA. The DPF filters out the solid particles in the engine's exhaust, reducing tailpipe emissions. The DPF does have to be regularly maintained, however, because of its intricate design. The emissions control system will institute a filter regeneration which burns off the particulates. Any non-combustible materials found in lubrication additives will remain in the DPF, which can cause problems with back pressure and efficiency. This means the DPF needs to be regularly removed and cleaned for the Cummins ISX. An ash-less oil could mean that cleaning would be unnecessary, but can inhibit lubrication properties. A zero-phosphorus oil has been studied and found to be ideal for DPF systems and lubrication. The oil displays passing results for both piston deposits and oil consumption, which means the DPF system would be optimized with use of zero-phosphorus, ultra low sulfur oil.
The Cummins ISX also utilized DEF, or diesel exhaust fluid, in later models when EPA requirements changed. DEF is system of injected urea that reduces the emissions of a diesel engine. The Cummins ISX is required to have inhibitors in place for certain failures of the DEF system. When the DEF tank is low or empty, the ISX cuts power by twenty five percent. Power cuts and driver warnings are also used when the DEF system has been tampered with or is not functioning properly. Cummins has corrected several malfunctions and conducted customer based research of several million miles of on road use of the Cummins ISX to make the DEF system as functional as possible. The system is also required to de-rate power given any problems in order to reduce emissions to an absolute minimum.
Technology
In early ISX engines an anti backlash gear train is used. The anti backlash gears allow the engine to operate with minimal gear rattle. Cummins uses a gear train in the front of the engine which is inherently noisy. The anti backlash gearing makes the engine less noisy due to the reduced rattle while in operation. The anti backlash gear train comes at a cost of efficiency. The Cummins ISX 15 model equipped with anti backlash gearing suffers a friction loss. The gears must overcome more friction throughout their moving range than a standard gear. A standard gear in a Cummins ISX 15 needs to overcome 0.75 Newton meters of torque, while the anti backlash gearing needs to overcome approximately 5 Newton meters of torque.
Cummins Signature Series
Starting in 1998 the Cummins Signature was released to the Australian market to replace the out going N14. The Signature was produced up until 2003, In 2003 the highly popular Oceania exclusive was released this being the Gen 2 Cummins Signature. It built upon and improved on the original Cummins Signature. 2008 saw the third Signature revision this was the Signature EGR which utilized the same technology as the ISX EGR range. 2012 brought along the Gen 2 EGR line.
References
^ Inc, Cummins. "CUMMINS ANNOUNCES NEW X10 ENGINE, NEXT IN THE FUEL-AGNOSTIC SERIES, LAUNCHING IN NORTH AMERICA IN 2026". Cummins Newsroom. p. 1. Retrieved 26 March 2023. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Inc, Cummins. "CUMMINS NEXT-GENERATION 2026 X10 ENGINE AND 2024 X15N NATURAL GAS COMPLETE POWERTRAIN EQUIPPED WITH THE LATEST DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON DISPLAY FOR FIRST TIME AT TMC ANNUAL MEETING". Cummins Newsroom. p. 1. Retrieved 26 March 2023. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ McGlothlin, Mike (2023-02-21). "Cummins Launches New 10 Liter Diesel Engine". Diesel World. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
^ "Cummins and Accelera showcase broadest portfolio of decarbonizing technologies with an emphasis on hydrogen". Cummins. 2023-05-03.
^ "Cummins Inc. Debuts 15-Liter Hydrogen Engine at ACT Expo". Cummins. 2022-05-09.
^ Xu, Shuonan (October 13, 2014). "Development of a Phenomenological Dual-Fuel Natural Gas Diesel Engine Simulation and Its Use for Analysis of Transient Operations". SAE International Journal of Engines. 7 (4): 1665–1673. doi:10.4271/2014-01-2546.
^ Gerber, Raleigh (July 18, 2018). "Clean Energy Launches Zero Now Financing to Put Fleets in Clean New Natural Gas Trucks for the Price of a Diesel Truck". Business Wire. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
^ McGeehan, A, J. (2012). "Extending the Boundaries of Diesel Particulate Filter Maintenance With Ultra-Low Ash". TRID. 5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Control of Emissions From New Highway Vehicles and Engines". EPA. June 7, 2011.
^ Joshi, Y. V (2014). "Gear Train Mesh Efficiency Study: The Effects of an Anti-Backlash Gear". SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles. 7: 271–277. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1769.
^ "History: Cummins engines Down Under". trucksales. May 28, 2019.
^ "Cummins announces Gen II EGR engines". Cummins Commentary. March 28, 2012.
vteCumminsPersonnelFounders
Clessie Cummins
Former personnel
Joseph Irwin Miller
Tim Solso
Anant J Talaulicar
Current personnel
Tom Linebarger
Divisions, subsidiaries, and joint ventures
Subsidiaries
Cummins UK
Joint-ventures
Cummins-Wärtsilä
Products
Engines
B Series
C Series
F Series
X Series
L Series
M Series
Cummins Quantum Series
Trucks
Aeos
Buildings and facilities
Corporate Office Building
College of Engineering for Women
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inline (Straight)-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-six_engine"},{"link_name":"diesel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"motorcoaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(bus)"},{"link_name":"RV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_vehicle"}],"text":"The Cummins X-series engine is an Inline (Straight)-6 diesel engine produced by Cummins for heavy duty trucks and motorcoaches, replacing the N14 in 2001 when emissions regulations passed by the EPA made the engine obsolete. Originally called the \"Signature\" series engine, the ISX uses the \"Intellect System\" (hence the \"IS\" which is the moniker for the full authority, on highway fuel system Cummins pioneered) to further improve the engine. This engine is widely used in on highway and vocational trucks and is available in power ranging from 430 hp all the way to 620 hp 2050 lb-ft. The QSX is the off-highway version of the ISX with the Q standing for Quantum. The QSX is used for industrial, marine, oil & gas and other off-highway applications.\nCummins also produced a 650 hp and 1950 lb-ft version for the RV market.","title":"Cummins X-series engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exhaust gas recirculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculation"},{"link_name":"selective catalytic reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction"},{"link_name":"urea injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdBlue"},{"link_name":"diesel exhaust fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust_fluid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Until 2010 this engine was a dual overhead cam design with one cam actuating the injectors and the other the valve train. This injection system is known as HPI (high pressure injection) where the injectors are cam-actuated to create injection pressure. The fuel system uses an Integrated Fuel System Module (IFSM) with a lift pump, gear pump, pressure regulators, shutoff valve, metering and timing actuators to deliver fuel to the injectors. It has a one piece valve cover that is either plastic or on older models a chrome plated steel cover otherwise known as the Signature 600 or ISX CM570.In 2002, the ISX CM870 brought cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) which takes exhaust gas and recirculates it back into the intake of the engine lowering the combustion chamber temperatures limiting the formation of NOx.In 2008, Cummins unveiled the ISX CM871, this engine featured a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) which trapped the particulate matter or \"soot\" produced in the engine. With the help of the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) the soot trapped in the DPF is oxidized and turned to ash during a process called regeneration. In motorhomes this was available as a 600 or 650 HP version.The current EPA 2010 version known as ISX15 CM2250 features enhanced exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particulate filter and selective catalytic reduction (SCR), also known as urea injection. SCR consists of a diesel exhaust fluid (DEF - composed of urea and water) injection system: holding tank, pump, controller, and injector and an SCR catalyst brick. DEF is heated, pumped and injected into a decomposition tube which then reacts with the exhaust reducing NOX. The ISX15 CM2250 and CM2350 has eliminated the injector camshaft due to the advent of the common rail fuel system in which the fuel is pressurized from a high pressure, multiple piston pump, transferred through tubing to a rail where fuel is stored under extremely high pressures up to 35,000 psi.In 2023, Cummins unveiled the X10 and X15N engines. The X10 is slated to replace the X12 and L9 in the truck market as it was made to serve both heavy duty and medium duty truck applications.[1] The X15N is a CNG version of the X15, and is expected to release in 2025 with the same performance as the X15.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diesel fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle"},{"link_name":"emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"EPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"NOx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOx"},{"link_name":"EPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpf_filter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"diesel exhaust fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust_fluid"},{"link_name":"urea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Cummins ISX diesel engine can be run in a dual fuel configuration, meaning it can properly operate on diesel fuel and natural gas. The burning of a natural gas alternative preserves diesel thermal efficiencies. The more efficient engine can produce less emissions in turn. The ISX can achieve this by altering ignition delay and injection timing. By examining the start of combustion (SOC), the engine's computer is able to employ a predictive ignition delay correlation. The predictive characteristics of the engine maximize both efficiency and useful power for the given fuel source. Compensations are made for the natural gas so that the power band and operating range are still functional for customers, while reducing emissions.[6] Testing has also been done with the Cummins ISX by the EPA for natural gas usage that yielded results of major NOx emissions reduction. The configuration boasts ninety percent lower NOx emissions than the current EPA standard. This makes the Cummins ISX that burns natural gas one of the cleanest running diesel engines in the world.[7]The ISX also utilizes a DPF, or diesel particulate filter, required by the EPA. The DPF filters out the solid particles in the engine's exhaust, reducing tailpipe emissions. The DPF does have to be regularly maintained, however, because of its intricate design. The emissions control system will institute a filter regeneration which burns off the particulates. Any non-combustible materials found in lubrication additives will remain in the DPF, which can cause problems with back pressure and efficiency. This means the DPF needs to be regularly removed and cleaned for the Cummins ISX. An ash-less oil could mean that cleaning would be unnecessary, but can inhibit lubrication properties. A zero-phosphorus oil has been studied and found to be ideal for DPF systems and lubrication. The oil displays passing results for both piston deposits and oil consumption, which means the DPF system would be optimized with use of zero-phosphorus, ultra low sulfur oil.[8]The Cummins ISX also utilized DEF, or diesel exhaust fluid, in later models when EPA requirements changed. DEF is system of injected urea that reduces the emissions of a diesel engine. The Cummins ISX is required to have inhibitors in place for certain failures of the DEF system. When the DEF tank is low or empty, the ISX cuts power by twenty five percent. Power cuts and driver warnings are also used when the DEF system has been tampered with or is not functioning properly. Cummins has corrected several malfunctions and conducted customer based research of several million miles of on road use of the Cummins ISX to make the DEF system as functional as possible. The system is also required to de-rate power given any problems in order to reduce emissions to an absolute minimum.[9]","title":"Emissions Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gear train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_train"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In early ISX engines an anti backlash gear train is used. The anti backlash gears allow the engine to operate with minimal gear rattle. Cummins uses a gear train in the front of the engine which is inherently noisy. The anti backlash gearing makes the engine less noisy due to the reduced rattle while in operation. The anti backlash gear train comes at a cost of efficiency. The Cummins ISX 15 model equipped with anti backlash gearing suffers a friction loss. The gears must overcome more friction throughout their moving range than a standard gear. A standard gear in a Cummins ISX 15 needs to overcome 0.75 Newton meters of torque, while the anti backlash gearing needs to overcome approximately 5 Newton meters of torque.[10]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Starting in 1998 the Cummins Signature was released to the Australian market to replace the out going N14. The Signature was produced up until 2003, In 2003 the highly popular Oceania exclusive was released this being the Gen 2 Cummins Signature.[11] It built upon and improved on the original Cummins Signature. 2008 saw the third Signature revision this was the Signature EGR which utilized the same technology as the ISX EGR range. 2012 brought along the Gen 2 EGR line.[12]","title":"Cummins Signature Series"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Inc, Cummins. \"CUMMINS ANNOUNCES NEW X10 ENGINE, NEXT IN THE FUEL-AGNOSTIC SERIES, LAUNCHING IN NORTH AMERICA IN 2026\". Cummins Newsroom. p. 1. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cummins.com/news/releases/2023/02/13/cummins-announces-new-x10-engine-next-fuel-agnostic-series-launching-north#:~:text=Today%2C%20Cummins%20Inc.,medium%20and%20heavy%2Dduty%20applications.","url_text":"\"CUMMINS ANNOUNCES NEW X10 ENGINE, NEXT IN THE FUEL-AGNOSTIC SERIES, LAUNCHING IN NORTH AMERICA IN 2026\""}]},{"reference":"Inc, Cummins. \"CUMMINS NEXT-GENERATION 2026 X10 ENGINE AND 2024 X15N NATURAL GAS COMPLETE POWERTRAIN EQUIPPED WITH THE LATEST DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON DISPLAY FOR FIRST TIME AT TMC ANNUAL MEETING\". Cummins Newsroom. p. 1. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cummins.com/news/releases/2023/02/27/cummins-next-generation-2026-x10-engine-and-2024-x15n-natural-gas-complete","url_text":"\"CUMMINS NEXT-GENERATION 2026 X10 ENGINE AND 2024 X15N NATURAL GAS COMPLETE POWERTRAIN EQUIPPED WITH THE LATEST DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON DISPLAY FOR FIRST TIME AT TMC ANNUAL MEETING\""}]},{"reference":"McGlothlin, Mike (2023-02-21). \"Cummins Launches New 10 Liter Diesel Engine\". Diesel World. Retrieved 2023-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dieselworldmag.com/cummins/cummins-launches-new-10-liter-diesel-engine/","url_text":"\"Cummins Launches New 10 Liter Diesel Engine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cummins and Accelera showcase broadest portfolio of decarbonizing technologies with an emphasis on hydrogen\". Cummins. 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cummins.com/news/releases/2023/05/03/cummins-and-accelera-showcase-broadest-portfolio-decarbonizing","url_text":"\"Cummins and Accelera showcase broadest portfolio of decarbonizing technologies with an emphasis on hydrogen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cummins Inc. Debuts 15-Liter Hydrogen Engine at ACT Expo\". Cummins. 2022-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cummins.com/news/releases/2022/05/09/cummins-inc-debuts-15-liter-hydrogen-engine-act-expo","url_text":"\"Cummins Inc. Debuts 15-Liter Hydrogen Engine at ACT Expo\""}]},{"reference":"Xu, Shuonan (October 13, 2014). \"Development of a Phenomenological Dual-Fuel Natural Gas Diesel Engine Simulation and Its Use for Analysis of Transient Operations\". SAE International Journal of Engines. 7 (4): 1665–1673. doi:10.4271/2014-01-2546.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F2014-01-2546","url_text":"10.4271/2014-01-2546"}]},{"reference":"Gerber, Raleigh (July 18, 2018). \"Clean Energy Launches Zero Now Financing to Put Fleets in Clean New Natural Gas Trucks for the Price of a Diesel Truck\". Business Wire. Retrieved February 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/16D3D3C2CD49A450..","url_text":"\"Clean Energy Launches Zero Now Financing to Put Fleets in Clean New Natural Gas Trucks for the Price of a Diesel Truck\""}]},{"reference":"McGeehan, A, J. (2012). \"Extending the Boundaries of Diesel Particulate Filter Maintenance With Ultra-Low Ash\". TRID. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/1432608","url_text":"\"Extending the Boundaries of Diesel Particulate Filter Maintenance With Ultra-Low Ash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Control of Emissions From New Highway Vehicles and Engines\". EPA. June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2011/06/07/2011-13851/control-of-emissions-from-new-highway-vehicles-and-engines-guidance-on-epas-certification","url_text":"\"Control of Emissions From New Highway Vehicles and Engines\""}]},{"reference":"Joshi, Y. V (2014). \"Gear Train Mesh Efficiency Study: The Effects of an Anti-Backlash Gear\". SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles. 7: 271–277. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1769.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F2014-01-1769","url_text":"10.4271/2014-01-1769"}]},{"reference":"\"History: Cummins engines Down Under\". trucksales. May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trucksales.com.au/editorial/details/history-cummins-engines-down-under-118690/","url_text":"\"History: Cummins engines Down Under\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cummins announces Gen II EGR engines\". Cummins Commentary. March 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://cumminscommentary.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/cummins-announces-gen-ii-egr-engines/","url_text":"\"Cummins announces Gen II EGR engines\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors
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Risk factor
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["1 Correlation vs causation","2 Terms of description","3 Example","4 General determinants","5 Risk marker","6 History","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]
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Variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection
This article is about the concept in epidemiology. For other uses, see Risk factor (disambiguation).
This article needs attention from an expert in medicine. The specific problem is: defining, "determinant," a complicated, poorly harmonized concept in medicine. Some sources use the term loosely while others use it as a technical term.. WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert. (July 2019)
In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.: 38
Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant, in its more widely accepted scientific meaning, is often used as a synonym. The main difference lies in the realm of practice: medicine (clinical practice) versus public health. As an example from clinical practice, low ingestion of dietary sources of vitamin C is a known risk factor for developing scurvy. Specific to public health policy, a determinant is a health risk that is general, abstract, related to inequalities, and difficult for an individual to control. For example, poverty is known to be a determinant of an individual's standard of health.
Risk factors may be used to identify high-risk people.
Correlation vs causation
Risk factors or determinants are correlational and not necessarily causal, because correlation does not prove causation. For example, being young cannot be said to cause measles, but young people have a higher rate of measles because they are less likely to have developed immunity during a previous epidemic. Statistical methods are frequently used to assess the strength of an association and to provide causal evidence, for example in the study of the link between smoking and lung cancer. Statistical analysis along with the biological sciences can establish that risk factors are causal. Some prefer the term risk factor to mean causal determinants of increased rates of disease, and for unproven links to be called possible risks, associations, etc.
When done thoughtfully and based on research, identification of risk factors can be a strategy for medical screening.
Terms of description
Mainly taken from risk factors for breast cancer, risk factors can be described in terms of, for example:
Relative risk, such as "A woman is more than 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s."
Fraction of incidences occurring in the group having the property of or being exposed to the risk factor, such as "99% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in women."
Increase in incidence in the exposed group, such as "each daily alcoholic beverage increases the incidence of breast cancer by 11 cases per 1000 women."
Hazard ratio, such as "an increase in both total and invasive breast cancers in women randomized to receive estrogen and progestin for an average of 5 years, with a hazard ratio of 1.24 compared to controls."
Example
At a wedding, 74 people ate the chicken and 22 of them were ill, while of the 35 people who had the fish or vegetarian meal only 2 were ill. Did the chicken make the people ill?
R
i
s
k
=
number of persons experiencing event (food poisoning)
number of persons exposed to risk factor (food)
{\displaystyle Risk={\frac {\mbox{number of persons experiencing event (food poisoning)}}{\mbox{number of persons exposed to risk factor (food)}}}}
So the chicken eaters' risk = 22/74 = 0.297
And non-chicken eaters' risk = 2/35 = 0.057.
Those who ate the chicken had a risk over five times as high as those who did not, that is, a relative risk of more than five. This suggests that eating chicken was the cause of the illness, but this is not proof.
This example of a risk factor is described in terms of the relative risk it confers, which is evaluated by comparing the risk of those exposed to the potential risk factor to those not exposed.
General determinants
The probability of an outcome usually depends on an interplay between multiple associated variables. When performing epidemiological studies to evaluate one or more determinants for a specific outcome, the other determinants may act as confounding factors, and need to be controlled for, e.g. by stratification. The potentially confounding determinants varies with what outcome is studied, but the following general confounders are common to most epidemiological associations, and are the determinants most commonly controlled for in epidemiological studies:
Age (0 to 1.5 years for infants, 1.5 to 6 years for young children, etc.)
Sex or gender (Male or female): 20
Ethnicity (Based on race): 21
Other less commonly adjusted for possible confounders include:
Social status/income : 39
Geographic location
Genetic predisposition
Gender identity
Occupation
Overwork
Sexual orientation
Level of chronic stress
Diet
Level of physical exercise
Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking
Other social determinants of health
Risk marker
A risk marker is a variable that is quantitatively associated with a disease or other outcome, but direct alteration of the risk marker does not necessarily alter the risk of the outcome. For example, driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) history is a risk marker for pilots as epidemiologic studies indicate that pilots with a DWI history are significantly more likely than their counterparts without a DWI history to be involved in aviation crashes.
History
The term "risk factor" was coined by former Framingham Heart Study director, William B. Kannel in a 1961 article in Annals of Internal Medicine.
See also
Health risk assessment
High-risk people
Protective factor
Risk factor (finance)
Social determinants of health
References
^ a b Parritz, Robin Hornik (2017-05-24). Disorders of childhood : development and psychopathology. Troy, Michael F. (Michael Francis) (Third ed.). Boston, MA. ISBN 9781337098113. OCLC 960031712.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Improving Health in the Community: A Role for Performance Monitoring: 2. Understanding Health and Its Determinants: A Model of the Determinants of Health. National Academy of Sciences: National Academies Press: Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Using Performance Monitoring to Improve Community Health. 1997. ISBN 978-0309055345. Unlike a biomedical model that views health as the absence of disease, this dynamic framework includes functional capacity and well-being as health outcomes of interest. It also presents the behavioral and biologic responses of individuals as factors that influence health but are themselves influenced by social, physical, and genetic factors that are beyond the control of the individual.
^ "Health Impact Assessment (HIA): Glossary of terms used". World Health Organization. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
^ "Health Impact Assessment (HIA): The determinants of health". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on May 30, 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
^ Wald, N. J.; Hackshaw, A. K.; Frost, C. D. (1999). "When can a risk factor be used as a worthwhile screening test?". BMJ. 319 (7224): 1562–1565. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1562. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1117271. PMID 10591726.
^ Margolese RG, Fisher B, Hortobagyi GN, Bloomer WD (2000). "Neoplasms of the Breast". In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.). Cancer Medicine (5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B. C. Decker. §Risk Factors. ISBN 1-55009-113-1. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
^ Giordano SH, Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G, Hortobagyi GN (July 2004). "Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study". Cancer. 101 (1): 51–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.20312. PMID 15221988. S2CID 972345.
^ Allen NE, Beral V, Casabonne D, et al. (March 2009). "Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 101 (5): 296–305. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn514. PMID 19244173.
^ Heiss, G.; Wallace, R.; Anderson, G. L.; Aragaki, A.; Beresford, S. A. A.; Brzyski, R.; Chlebowski, R. T.; Gass, M.; Lacroix, A. (2008). "Health Risks and Benefits 3 Years After Stopping Randomized Treatment with Estrogen and Progestin" (PDF). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 299 (9): 1036–45. doi:10.1001/jama.299.9.1036. PMID 18319414.
^ Tenny, Steven; Hoffman, Mary R. (2020), "Relative Risk", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613574, retrieved 2020-06-10
^ a b Mash, Eric J. (2019). Abnormal child psychology. Wolfe, David A. (David Allen), 1951- (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA. ISBN 9781337624268. OCLC 1022139949.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Pega, Frank; Nafradi, Balint; Momen, Natalie; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai; Prüss-Üstün, Annette; Technical Advisory Group (2021). "Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury". Environment International. 154: 106595. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595. ISSN 0160-4120. PMC 8204267. PMID 34011457.
^ Li G., Baker S. P., Qiang Y., Grabowski J. G., McCarthy M. L. Driving-while-intoxicated history as a risk marker for general aviation pilots. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37(1):179-84./McFadden K. L. Driving while intoxicated (DWI) convictions and job-related flying performance – a study of commercial air safety. J Oper Res Soc. 1998;49:28–32
^ Husten, Larry (23 August 2011). "William Kannel, Former Director of the Framingham Heart Study, Dead at 87". Forbes.
Further reading
S. P. Case; K. R. Haines (2009). Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice. Willan. 2009. ISBN 9781843923428.
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For other uses, see Risk factor (disambiguation).In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.[1]: 38Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant, in its more widely accepted scientific meaning, is often used as a synonym. The main difference lies in the realm of practice: medicine (clinical practice) versus public health. As an example from clinical practice, low ingestion of dietary sources of vitamin C is a known risk factor for developing scurvy. Specific to public health policy, a determinant is a health risk that is general, abstract, related to inequalities, and difficult for an individual to control.[2][3][4] For example, poverty is known to be a determinant of an individual's standard of health.Risk factors may be used to identify high-risk people.","title":"Risk factor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"correlational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation"},{"link_name":"causal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality"},{"link_name":"correlation does not prove causation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_prove_causation"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)"},{"link_name":"Statistical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_doctors_study"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"medical screening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaldHackshaw1999-5"}],"text":"Risk factors or determinants are correlational and not necessarily causal, because correlation does not prove causation. For example, being young cannot be said to cause measles, but young people have a higher rate of measles because they are less likely to have developed immunity during a previous epidemic. Statistical methods are frequently used to assess the strength of an association and to provide causal evidence, for example in the study of the link between smoking and lung cancer. Statistical analysis along with the biological sciences can establish that risk factors are causal. Some prefer the term risk factor to mean causal determinants of increased rates of disease, and for unproven links to be called possible risks, associations, etc.[citation needed]When done thoughtfully and based on research, identification of risk factors can be a strategy for medical screening.[5]","title":"Correlation vs causation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"risk factors for breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"Relative risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_risk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margolese-6"},{"link_name":"incidences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giordano-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19244173-8"},{"link_name":"Hazard ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_ratio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Mainly taken from risk factors for breast cancer, risk factors can be described in terms of, for example:Relative risk, such as \"A woman is more than 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s.\"[6]\nFraction of incidences occurring in the group having the property of or being exposed to the risk factor, such as \"99% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in women.\"[7]\nIncrease in incidence in the exposed group, such as \"each daily alcoholic beverage increases the incidence of breast cancer by 11 cases per 1000 women.\"[8]\nHazard ratio, such as \"an increase in both total and invasive breast cancers in women randomized to receive estrogen and progestin for an average of 5 years, with a hazard ratio of 1.24 compared to controls.\"[9]","title":"Terms of description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"relative risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_risk"}],"text":"At a wedding, 74 people ate the chicken and 22 of them were ill, while of the 35 people who had the fish or vegetarian meal only 2 were ill. Did the chicken make the people ill?R\n i\n s\n k\n =\n \n \n \n number of persons experiencing event (food poisoning)\n \n \n number of persons exposed to risk factor (food)\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Risk={\\frac {\\mbox{number of persons experiencing event (food poisoning)}}{\\mbox{number of persons exposed to risk factor (food)}}}}\n \n[10]So the chicken eaters' risk = 22/74 = 0.297\nAnd non-chicken eaters' risk = 2/35 = 0.057.Those who ate the chicken had a risk over five times as high as those who did not, that is, a relative risk of more than five. This suggests that eating chicken was the cause of the illness, but this is not proof.This example of a risk factor is described in terms of the relative risk it confers, which is evaluated by comparing the risk of those exposed to the potential risk factor to those not exposed.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epidemiological studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_studies"},{"link_name":"confounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding"},{"link_name":"stratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Overwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwork"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"chronic stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_stress"},{"link_name":"physical exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise"},{"link_name":"tobacco smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"},{"link_name":"social determinants of health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health"}],"text":"The probability of an outcome usually depends on an interplay between multiple associated variables. When performing epidemiological studies to evaluate one or more determinants for a specific outcome, the other determinants may act as confounding factors, and need to be controlled for, e.g. by stratification. The potentially confounding determinants varies with what outcome is studied, but the following general confounders are common to most epidemiological associations, and are the determinants most commonly controlled for in epidemiological studies:[citation needed]Age (0 to 1.5 years for infants, 1.5 to 6 years for young children, etc.)\nSex or gender (Male or female)[11]: 20 \nEthnicity (Based on race)[11]: 21Other less commonly adjusted for possible confounders include:Social status/income [1]: 39 \nGeographic location\nGenetic predisposition\nGender identity\nOccupation\nOverwork[12]\nSexual orientation\nLevel of chronic stress\nDiet\nLevel of physical exercise\nAlcohol consumption and tobacco smoking\nOther social determinants of health","title":"General determinants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A risk marker is a variable that is quantitatively associated with a disease or other outcome, but direct alteration of the risk marker does not necessarily alter the risk of the outcome. For example, driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) history is a risk marker for pilots as epidemiologic studies indicate that pilots with a DWI history are significantly more likely than their counterparts without a DWI history to be involved in aviation crashes.[13]","title":"Risk marker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Framingham Heart Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham_Heart_Study"},{"link_name":"William B. Kannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Kannel"},{"link_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Internal_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The term \"risk factor\" was coined by former Framingham Heart Study director, William B. Kannel in a 1961 article in Annals of Internal Medicine.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781843923428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843923428"}],"text":"S. P. Case; K. R. Haines (2009). Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice. Willan. 2009. ISBN 9781843923428.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Health risk assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_risk_assessment"},{"title":"High-risk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-risk_people"},{"title":"Protective factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_factor"},{"title":"Risk factor (finance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factor_(finance)"},{"title":"Social determinants of health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health"}]
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[{"reference":"Parritz, Robin Hornik (2017-05-24). Disorders of childhood : development and psychopathology. Troy, Michael F. (Michael Francis) (Third ed.). Boston, MA. ISBN 9781337098113. OCLC 960031712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781337098113","url_text":"9781337098113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960031712","url_text":"960031712"}]},{"reference":"Improving Health in the Community: A Role for Performance Monitoring: 2. Understanding Health and Its Determinants: A Model of the Determinants of Health. National Academy of Sciences: National Academies Press: Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Using Performance Monitoring to Improve Community Health. 1997. ISBN 978-0309055345. Unlike a biomedical model that views health as the absence of disease, this dynamic framework includes functional capacity and well-being as health outcomes of interest. It also presents the behavioral and biologic responses of individuals as factors that influence health but are themselves influenced by social, physical, and genetic factors that are beyond the control of the individual.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233009/","url_text":"Improving Health in the Community: A Role for Performance Monitoring: 2. Understanding Health and Its Determinants: A Model of the Determinants of Health"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0309055345","url_text":"978-0309055345"}]},{"reference":"\"Health Impact Assessment (HIA): Glossary of terms used\". World Health Organization. Retrieved July 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/","url_text":"\"Health Impact Assessment (HIA): Glossary of terms used\""}]},{"reference":"\"Health Impact Assessment (HIA): The determinants of health\". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on May 30, 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040530022104/http://www.who.int/hia/about/glos/en/","url_text":"\"Health Impact Assessment (HIA): The determinants of health\""},{"url":"https://www.who.int/hia/about/glos/en/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wald, N. J.; Hackshaw, A. K.; Frost, C. D. (1999). \"When can a risk factor be used as a worthwhile screening test?\". BMJ. 319 (7224): 1562–1565. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1562. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1117271. PMID 10591726.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117271","url_text":"\"When can a risk factor be used as a worthwhile screening test?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7224.1562","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1562"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138","url_text":"0959-8138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117271","url_text":"1117271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10591726","url_text":"10591726"}]},{"reference":"Margolese RG, Fisher B, Hortobagyi GN, Bloomer WD (2000). \"Neoplasms of the Breast\". In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.). Cancer Medicine (5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B. C. Decker. §Risk Factors. ISBN 1-55009-113-1. Retrieved 27 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20900/#A29677","url_text":"\"Neoplasms of the Breast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1","url_text":"1-55009-113-1"}]},{"reference":"Giordano SH, Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G, Hortobagyi GN (July 2004). \"Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study\". Cancer. 101 (1): 51–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.20312. PMID 15221988. S2CID 972345.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.20312","url_text":"\"Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.20312","url_text":"10.1002/cncr.20312"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15221988","url_text":"15221988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:972345","url_text":"972345"}]},{"reference":"Allen NE, Beral V, Casabonne D, et al. (March 2009). \"Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women\". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 101 (5): 296–305. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn514. PMID 19244173.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjn514","url_text":"\"Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjn514","url_text":"10.1093/jnci/djn514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19244173","url_text":"19244173"}]},{"reference":"Heiss, G.; Wallace, R.; Anderson, G. L.; Aragaki, A.; Beresford, S. A. A.; Brzyski, R.; Chlebowski, R. T.; Gass, M.; Lacroix, A. (2008). \"Health Risks and Benefits 3 Years After Stopping Randomized Treatment with Estrogen and Progestin\" (PDF). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 299 (9): 1036–45. doi:10.1001/jama.299.9.1036. PMID 18319414.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt4qs7w2fg/qt4qs7w2fg.pdf?t=pu0k9y","url_text":"\"Health Risks and Benefits 3 Years After Stopping Randomized Treatment with Estrogen and Progestin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.299.9.1036","url_text":"10.1001/jama.299.9.1036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18319414","url_text":"18319414"}]},{"reference":"Tenny, Steven; Hoffman, Mary R. (2020), \"Relative Risk\", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613574, retrieved 2020-06-10","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430824/","url_text":"\"Relative Risk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613574","url_text":"28613574"}]},{"reference":"Mash, Eric J. (2019). Abnormal child psychology. Wolfe, David A. (David Allen), 1951- (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA. ISBN 9781337624268. OCLC 1022139949.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781337624268","url_text":"9781337624268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1022139949","url_text":"1022139949"}]},{"reference":"Pega, Frank; Nafradi, Balint; Momen, Natalie; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai; Prüss-Üstün, Annette; Technical Advisory Group (2021). \"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury\". Environment International. 154: 106595. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595. ISSN 0160-4120. PMC 8204267. PMID 34011457.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8204267","url_text":"\"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2021.106595","url_text":"10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0160-4120","url_text":"0160-4120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8204267","url_text":"8204267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34011457","url_text":"34011457"}]},{"reference":"Husten, Larry (23 August 2011). \"William Kannel, Former Director of the Framingham Heart Study, Dead at 87\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/larryhusten/2011/08/23/william-kannel-former-director-of-the-framingham-heart-study-dead-at-87/","url_text":"\"William Kannel, Former Director of the Framingham Heart Study, Dead at 87\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Bonus_(TV_series)
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Baby Bonus (TV series)
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["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Supporting","2 Accolades","3 References"]
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TV series in Singapore
This article is about the TV series in Singapore. For the information scheme, see Baby Bonus.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Baby Bonus" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Baby Bonus添丁发财GenreFamilyStarringFelicia ChinTay Ping HuiJesseca LiuDarren LimCountry of originSingaporeOriginal languageChineseNo. of episodes23ProductionRunning timeapprox. 45 minutes per episodeOriginal releaseNetworkMediaCorp Channel 8Release30 September (2009-09-30) –30 October 2009 (2009-10-30)
Baby Bonus (Chinese: 添丁发财) is a Singaporean Chinese drama which was telecasted on Singapore's free-to-air channel, MediaCorp Channel 8. It stars Felicia Chin, Tay Ping Hui, Jesseca Liu & Darren Lim as the casts of the series. It made its debut on 30 September 2009 and ended on 30 October 2009. This drama serial consists of 23 episodes, and was screened on every weekday night at 9:00 pm.
Cast
Main
Felicia Chin as 黄丽萍 Huang Li Ping
Jesseca Liu as 郑晓阳 Zheng Xiao Yang
Darren Lim as 郑国安 Zheng Guo An
Tay Ping Hui as 李佳城 Li Jiacheng, Li is a simple and good-natured person who is in love with Zheng Xiao Yang but is taking care of Huang's child.
Leroy Chng as Olympic
Supporting
Apple Hong as Angel
Terence Cao as Simon Koh 许晴光
Xiang Yun as 黄美玲 Huang Mei Ling
Zhu Hou Ren as 郑发材 Zheng Fa Cai
Lin Meijiao as 龙宝音 Long Bao Yin
Jerry Yeo as Ah Xiang
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref
Favourite Male Character
Tay Ping Hui
Nominated
Favourite Female Character
Felicia Chin
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Xiang Yun
Nominated
References
^ a b c d "I want a child before I grow old". The New Paper. 28 September 2009. p. 20.
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"I want a child before I grow old\". The New Paper. 28 September 2009. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Paper","url_text":"The New Paper"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Kyle
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Keith Kyle
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Parliamentary candidacies","4 References"]
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British writer, broadcaster and historian (1925–2007)
Keith Kyle (4 August 1925, Sturminster Newton, Dorset – 21 February 2007, London) was a British writer, broadcaster and historian.
Early life
Kyle was educated at Bromsgrove School and Magdalen College, Oxford University, where his period as an undergraduate was broken by war service.
Career
He worked for the BBC North American Service as a talks producer, succeeding Tony Benn in 1951. In 1953, he joined The Economist and was sent to Washington; later he was reporter for the BBC's Tonight programme from 1960, specialising in coverage of Africa and based in Nairobi. He also contributed to The Observer and The Spectator at this time, and covered Rhodesia in the period before the Smith government's UDI.
From the late 1960s, Kyle began an academic career, while remaining active as a journalist for some years. He was a Fellow of the John F Kennedy Institute of Politics at Harvard (1967–68) and joined Chatham House in 1972, where he remained for 30 years. In the late 1980s, St Antony's College, Oxford invited him to become an associate member. His history, Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East (Weidenfeld & Nicolson) first appeared in 1991, and is regarded as definitive in almost all the cited articles. His other books include The Politics of the Independence of Kenya (Macmillan) in 1999 and his posthumous autobiography Keith Kyle: Reporting the World appeared in June 2009, published by I.B.Tauris.
Parliamentary candidacies
Kyle had a chequered career as a parliamentary candidate. He had hoped to become a Conservative candidate in 1956, but government policy on Suez dissuaded him. He was an unsuccessful Labour Party candidate in St Albans in 1966, for Braintree in both 1974 elections and was the Northampton South SDP candidate in 1983.
References
^ a b Jeremy Harding "Right, Left and Centre", London Review of Books, 6 August 2009, p34
^ David Wedgwood Benn "Keith Kyle", The Independent, 13 March 2007
^ a b "Keith Kyle", Daily Telegraph, 22 February 2007
^ "Keith Kyle", The Times, 7 March 2007
^ Sandra Harris "Obituary: Keith Kyle", The Guardian, 27 February 2007
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sturminster Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturminster_Newton"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"}],"text":"Keith Kyle (4 August 1925, Sturminster Newton, Dorset – 21 February 2007, London) was a British writer, broadcaster and historian.","title":"Keith Kyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bromsgrove School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove_School"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"}],"text":"Kyle was educated at Bromsgrove School and Magdalen College, Oxford University, where his period as an undergraduate was broken by war service.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Tony Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LRB-1"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_(1957_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith"},{"link_name":"UDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John F Kennedy Institute of Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Institute_of_Politics"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Chatham House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"St Antony's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Antony%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"I.B.Tauris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B.Tauris"}],"text":"He worked for the BBC North American Service as a talks producer, succeeding Tony Benn[1] in 1951. In 1953, he joined The Economist and was sent to Washington; later he was reporter for the BBC's Tonight programme from 1960, specialising in coverage of Africa[2] and based in Nairobi.[3] He also contributed to The Observer and The Spectator at this time, and covered Rhodesia in the period before the Smith government's UDI.[4]From the late 1960s, Kyle began an academic career, while remaining active as a journalist for some years. He was a Fellow of the John F Kennedy Institute of Politics at Harvard (1967–68) and joined Chatham House in 1972, where he remained for 30 years.[5] In the late 1980s, St Antony's College, Oxford invited him to become an associate member. His history, Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East (Weidenfeld & Nicolson) first appeared in 1991,[3] and is regarded as definitive in almost all the cited articles. His other books include The Politics of the Independence of Kenya (Macmillan) in 1999 and his posthumous autobiography Keith Kyle: Reporting the World appeared in June 2009, published by I.B.Tauris.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Braintree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braintree_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Northampton South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"SDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LRB-1"}],"text":"Kyle had a chequered career as a parliamentary candidate. He had hoped to become a Conservative candidate in 1956, but government policy on Suez dissuaded him. He was an unsuccessful Labour Party candidate in St Albans in 1966, for Braintree in both 1974 elections and was the Northampton South SDP candidate in 1983.[1]","title":"Parliamentary candidacies"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaan_Kohli
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Armaan Kohli
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Legal issues","4 Filmography","5 Television","6 References","7 External links"]
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Indian Actor
Armaan KohliKohli in 2013Born (1967-07-06) 6 July 1967 (age 56)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaEducationMatriculation FailOccupationActorYears active1982–2015Height1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)ParentsRajkumar Kohli (father)Nishi (mother)
Armaan Kohli is an Indian actor. He is the son of film director Rajkumar Kohli and actress Nishi. He is most known for his role in Jaani Dushman.
Early life and education
Kohli was born to film director Rajkumar Kohli and actress Nishi. He studied at Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School in Chembur until he dropped out in Class IX. Kohli appeared as a child artist in two films directed by his father: Badle Ki Aag (1982) and Raaj Tilak (1984).
Career
Armaan made his debut as a leading actor in his father's 1992 film Virodhi. He was set to star in Deewana opposite the late actress Divya Bharti, but walked out of the film after completing the first shooting schedule and later Shah Rukh Khan was penciled in as his replacement, and Deewana became a blockbuster. Kohli was also considered for the lead role for Baazigar, but that role too eventually went to Shah Rukh Khan. Similarly, he opted out of Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and his role was eventually played by Parmeet Sethi.
Kohli starred in several other films in the 1990s including Dushman Zamana (1992), Anaam (1993) and Aulad Ke Dushman which failed at the box office. His father tried to revive his career with the 1997 film Qahar (1997) where he co-starred with Sunny Deol and Sunil Shetty, which was a commercial failure.
After a five-year hiatus, he returned with the multi-starrer Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani which also failed to do well. In this film he was reintroduced with a new name 'Munish Kohli', and carried on with this name in subsequent films.
In September 2013, he joined the reality television series Bigg Boss 7 as a contestant.
Kohli made another comeback to Bollywood after 12 years, playing a negative role in the Rajshri Productions Salman Khan starrer Prem Ratan Dhan Payo which released on 12 November 2015.
Legal issues
On 16 December 2013, Kohli was arrested for alleged physical abuse with his co-participant, Sofia Hayat, during the show Bigg Boss 7 . He was released on bail next day.
Armaan Kohli was arrested in June 2018 by Mumbai Police after his girlfriend Neetu Randhawa had lodged a complaint against him citing physical assault. However, she later withdrew her complaint.
Kohli was arrested in August 2021 by Narcotics Control Bureau over possession of 1.2 grams of cocaine. He was granted bail in September 2022 after being in jail for a year.
Filmography
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1982
Badle Ki Aag
Young Laakhan
Child Artist
1984
Raaj Tilak
-
Child Artist
1992
Virodhi
Raj
Debut film
Dushman Zamana
Vijay
Anaam
Sikandar H. Ali/Jony K. D'Souza/Aakash/Rocky/Prince
1993
Koyal
Koya
Kohra
Inspector Anand Sharma
Aulad Ke Dushman
Vikram Chaudhary
1994
Juaari
Vijay
1995
Veer
Arjun
1997
Qahar
Krishna
2002
Dushmani
-
Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani
Kapil
2003
LOC: Kargil
Major Vikas Vohra
2014
Mukka
Not Known
Dubbed in Bhojpuri as Dushman Ke Khoon Paani Ha
2015
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
Chirag Singh
Television
Year
Name
Role
Finish
2013
Bigg Boss 7
Contestant
6th Place
References
^ "When Shah Rukh Khan said 'Armaan Kohli is responsible for making me a star' because he dropped out of Deewana". Hindustan Times. 29 August 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
^ The Indian Express (29 August 2021). "Armaan Kohli: Everything you need to know about the actor". Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ "Armaan Kohli: Everything you need to know about the actor". The Indian Express. 29 August 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ "Arman Kohli Breaks Silence On Losing Out Deewana To Shah Rukh Khan". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
^ Seta, Fenil (24 January 2018). "When Aditya Chopra wanted Armaan Kohli for Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "Armaan Kohli Filmography". boxofficeindia.com.
^ "The prodigal son returns-Raj Kumar Kohli launches his son. Again". rediff. 12 August 2002. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ "Raj Kumar Kohli attempts to re-launch his son". The Times of India. 14 August 2002. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ "All you want to know about #ArmaanKohli". FilmiBeat. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
^ "Armaan Kohli shoots for Salman Khan's 'Prem Ratan Dhan Payo'". india.com. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ "Armaan Kohli, Bigg Boss Season 7 participant, arrested for alleged physical abuse". NDTV.com.
^ "The Curious Case of Armaan Kohli's Arrest and Bail". Biharprabha News. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
^ "Armaan kohli's girlfriend withdraws assault complaint hours after actor's dramatic arrest". indiatoday.in. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ "actor armaan kohli arrested over drug charges gets bail". indiatoday.in. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
External links
Armaan Kohli at IMDb
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Kohli appeared as a child artist in two films directed by his father: Badle Ki Aag (1982) and Raaj Tilak (1984).","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virodhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virodhi_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Deewana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deewana_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Divya Bharti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Bharti"},{"link_name":"Shah Rukh Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Baazigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baazigar"},{"link_name":"Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge"},{"link_name":"Parmeet Sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmeet_Sethi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dushman Zamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushman_Zamana"},{"link_name":"Anaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaam"},{"link_name":"Aulad Ke Dushman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulad_Ke_Dushman"},{"link_name":"Qahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahar"},{"link_name":"Sunny Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Deol"},{"link_name":"Sunil Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Shetty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaani_Dushman:_Ek_Anokhi_Kahani"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bigg Boss 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigg_Boss_(Hindi_season_7)"},{"link_name":"Rajshri Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshri_Productions"},{"link_name":"Salman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Prem Ratan Dhan Payo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Ratan_Dhan_Payo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Armaan made his debut as a leading actor in his father's 1992 film Virodhi. He was set to star in Deewana opposite the late actress Divya Bharti, but walked out of the film after completing the first shooting schedule and later Shah Rukh Khan was penciled in as his replacement,[4] and Deewana became a blockbuster. Kohli was also considered for the lead role for Baazigar, but that role too eventually went to Shah Rukh Khan. Similarly, he opted out of Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and his role was eventually played by Parmeet Sethi.[5]Kohli starred in several other films in the 1990s including Dushman Zamana (1992), Anaam (1993) and Aulad Ke Dushman which failed at the box office. His father tried to revive his career with the 1997 film Qahar (1997) where he co-starred with Sunny Deol and Sunil Shetty, which was a commercial failure.[6]After a five-year hiatus, he returned with the multi-starrer Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani which also failed to do well.[7][8] In this film he was reintroduced with a new name 'Munish Kohli', and carried on with this name in subsequent films.[9]In September 2013, he joined the reality television series Bigg Boss 7 as a contestant.Kohli made another comeback to Bollywood after 12 years, playing a negative role in the Rajshri Productions Salman Khan starrer Prem Ratan Dhan Payo which released on 12 November 2015.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sofia Hayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Hayat"},{"link_name":"Bigg Boss 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigg_Boss_(Hindi_season_7)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Narcotics Control Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On 16 December 2013, Kohli was arrested for alleged physical abuse with his co-participant, Sofia Hayat, during the show Bigg Boss 7 .[11] He was released on bail next day.[12]Armaan Kohli was arrested in June 2018 by Mumbai Police after his girlfriend Neetu Randhawa had lodged a complaint against him citing physical assault. However, she later withdrew her complaint.[13]Kohli was arrested in August 2021 by Narcotics Control Bureau over possession of 1.2 grams of cocaine. He was granted bail in September 2022 after being in jail for a year.[14]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television"}]
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Retrieved 9 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130919035050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-14/news-interviews/27297258_1_armaan-kohli-raj-kumar-kohli-silver-screen","url_text":"\"Raj Kumar Kohli attempts to re-launch his son\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-14/news-interviews/27297258_1_armaan-kohli-raj-kumar-kohli-silver-screen","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"All you want to know about #ArmaanKohli\". FilmiBeat. Retrieved 13 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/armaan-kohli.html","url_text":"\"All you want to know about #ArmaanKohli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armaan Kohli shoots for Salman Khan's 'Prem Ratan Dhan Payo'\". india.com. 13 August 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Albertini_Dow
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Ellen Albertini Dow
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["1 Early life","1.1 Secondary education","2 Career","2.1 Educator","2.2 Acting","3 Personal life and death","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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American actress (1913–2015)
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Ellen Albertini DowDow as Rosie in The Wedding SingerBornEllen Rose Albertini(1913-11-16)November 16, 1913Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMay 4, 2015(2015-05-04) (aged 101)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeSaint Peter's CemeteryAlma materCornell University (1935)Occupation(s)Actress, acting coachYears active1985–2013Spouse
Eugene Francis Dow Jr.
(m. 1951; died 2004)
Ellen Rose Albertini Dow (November 16, 1913 – May 4, 2015) was an American film and television character actress and drama coach. She portrayed feisty old ladies and is best known as the rapping grandmother Rosie in The Wedding Singer (1998), performing "Rapper's Delight". Dow's other film roles include elderly lady Mary Cleary who "outs" her grandson in Wedding Crashers, Disco Dottie in 54, the recipient of Christopher Lloyd's character's slapstick in Radioland Murders and a choir nun in Sister Act. She was best known to small screen audiences for her guest appearances on sitcoms The Golden Girls (playing Lillian, a friend of Sophia's) and Will & Grace (as Karen Walker's mother-in-law Sylvia).
Early life
Albertini was born on November 16, 1913, in Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, the seventh and youngest child of Italian immigrant parents, Ellen and Oliver, from Non Valley, Trentino. She studied dance and piano at age five and would later move to New York City, where she studied and worked with renowned dancers and choreographers Hanya Holm and Martha Graham.
Secondary education
Dow earned a B.A. and M.A. in theatre from Cornell University, where she became a member of Kappa Delta sorority, graduating in 1935. Dow studied acting with Michael Shurtleff and Uta Hagen, and worked with mimes Marcel Marceau and Jacques Lecoq in NYC.
Career
Educator
When Dow moved to Los Angeles with her husband, she taught drama at Los Angeles City College. She and her husband later taught at Los Angeles Pierce College.
Acting
Albertini Dow did not start acting on screen until the 1980s, when she was in her seventies. Her television work includes appearances in such television series as Star Trek: The Next Generation, The Golden Girls, The Wonder Years, Family Matters, Newhart, Designing Women, Just Shoot Me, ER, Will & Grace, Seinfeld, Ned's Declassified, Hannah Montana, Scrubs, Sister, Sister, According to Jim, Six Feet Under, Wings, The Nanny and My Name Is Earl.
Her film appearances include Tough Guys, My Blue Heaven, Sister Act, Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, Radioland Murders, The Wedding Singer, 54, Patch Adams, Road Trip and Wedding Crashers.
Personal life and death
Dow married Eugene Dow Jr. on June 27, 1951. Eugene died on October 11, 2004. They had no children.
Dow died on May 4, 2015, at the age of 101 due to pneumonia.
Dow was a practicing Roman Catholic and a lifelong Democrat.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
ref
1985
American Drive-In
Allison
1986
Tough Guys
Old Lady
Body Slam
Organist
Munchies
Little Old Lady
Walk Like a Man
Organist
1988
Going to the Chapel
Grandma Haldane
1990
My Blue Heaven
Nun
Genuine Risk
Receptionist
1991
Blood and Concrete
Old Lady
1992
Memoirs of an Invisible Man
Mrs. Coulson
Sister Act
Choir Nun #1
Twogether
Mrs. Norton
Space Case
Betsy
1993
Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit
Choir Nun #1
1994
Radioland Murders
Organist
1995
Problem Child 3
Lila Duvane
1998
The Wedding Singer
Rosie
Carnival of Souls
Mrs. Meltzer
54
Disco Dottie
Patch Adams
Aggie Kennedy
2000
Ready to Rumble
Mrs. MacKenzie
Road Trip
Mrs. Manilow
2001
Longshot
Mrs. Fleisher
2002
Eight Crazy Nights
See's Candies Box
Voice
2005
Wedding Crashers
Mary Cleary
Halfway Decent
Mrs. Kahn
2006
Fat Girls
Mildred
2007
The Blue Hour
Anabella
2008
Lonely Street
Lydia the Librarian
2010
The Invited
Natalie Shaw
2011
Not Another Not Another Movie
Older Rose
2012
She Wants Me
Grandma Elma
2013
Frank the Bastard
Dora
Final film role
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
ref
1986
The Twilight Zone
Mrs. Hotchkiss
Episode: "Need to Know"
Mr. Belvedere
Old Lady
Episode: "Grandma"
The Twilight Zone
Old Woman
Episode: "The Storyteller"
1987
Beauty and the Beast
Anna Lausch
Episode: "Nor Iron Bars a Cage"
1988
Moonlighting
Mrs. Baer
Episode: "Los Dos DiPestos"
Mr. Belvedere
Old Lady
Episode: "The Trip: Part 1"
Webster
Mrs. Crane
Episode: "Papa's Big Romance"
The Golden Girls
Mrs. Leonard
Episode: "The Days and Nights of Sophia Petrillo"
Lillian
Episode: "Sophia's Choice"
1991
Sarah
Episode: "Older and Wiser"
1992
The Wonder Years
Mrs. Tambora
Episode: "Kevin Delivers"
1992
Down the Shore
The Old Woman
Episode: "Atlantic City"
1993
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Felisa Howard
Episode: "Sub Rosa"
1993
Family Matters
Elderly Lady
Episode: "Scenes From The Mall"
1994
Family Matters
Mrs. Ostendorf
Episode: "That's What Friends Are For"
1995
ER
Mrs. Riblet
Episode: "Hell & High Water"
Seinfeld
Peterman's mother
Episode: "The Secret Code"
1997
Beyond Belief - Fact or Fiction
Aunt Connie
Segment: "Mystery Lock"
Sabrina the Teenage Witch
Homeowner
Episode: "A River of Candy Corn Runs Through It"
1999
Just Shoot Me!
Mrs. Gallo
Episode: "Jack Vents"
2001
Will & Grace
Sylvia Walker
Episode: "The Young and the Tactless"
2005
Scrubs
Betty
Episode: "My Faith in Humanity"
Six Feet Under
Roberta
Episode: "Time Flies"
My Name Is Earl
Gertrude Balboa
Episode: "Broke Joy's Fancy Figurine"
2006
Hannah Montana
Katherine McCord
Episode: "Debt It Be"
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Miss Knapp
Episode: "Social Studies/Embarrassment"
The Emperor's New School
Azma
Voice, episode: "The Bride of Kuzco"
2007
Cold Case
Audrey Abruzzi
Episode: "Torn"
2011
Shameless
The Real Aunt Ginger
Episode: "Aunt Ginger"
2012
Family Guy
Aunt Helen
Voice, episode: "Jesus, Mary and Joseph!"
2013
New Girl
Aunt Ruthie
Episode: "Chicago"
See also
List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)
References
^ Reference to Ellen Albertini Dow's 100th birthday, businessinsider.com; accessed November 17, 2014.
^ The father Oliverio Albertini was born on March 21, 1875, in Brez, Trentino and the mother Arcangela Stancher on May 29, 1882, in Tavon, Trentino.
^ Census 1920
^ a b Parker, Ryan (May 5, 2015). "Ellen Albertini Dow, 'Wedding Singer's' rapping granny, dies at 101". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Ellen Rose Albertini, Cornell University alumna (class of 1935), e-yearbook.com; accessed June 23, 2014.
^ a b Slotnik, Daniel E. (May 5, 2015). "Ellen Albertini Dow, Actress, Dies at 101; Rapping Granny in 'Wedding Singer'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Pedersen, Erik (May 4, 2015). "'Wedding Singer' Rapping Granny Dead; Ellen Albertini Dow Was 101". Deadline Hollywood. United States. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ An Interview with Ellen Albertini Dow, Skip E. Lowe, 1998
^ "Sister Act". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
^ "The Wedding Singer". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
^ Jordan, Louis (February 16, 2015). "54 Bombed in 1998. Now It's Been Resurrected as a Cult Gay Classic". vulture.com. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
^ Castillo, Monica (May 5, 2015). "'Wedding Crashers' Grandma Ellen Albertini Dow Dies at 101; Watch Her Best Performances ". International Business Times. IBT Media. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
External links
Ellen Albertini Dow at IMDb
Ellen Albertini Dow at TV Guide
Ellen Albertini Dow Archived May 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine at TV.com Archived May 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
Ellen Albertini Dow at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Other
SNAC
|
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She portrayed feisty old ladies and is best known as the rapping grandmother Rosie in The Wedding Singer (1998), performing \"Rapper's Delight\". Dow's other film roles include elderly lady Mary Cleary who \"outs\" her grandson in Wedding Crashers, Disco Dottie in 54, the recipient of Christopher Lloyd's character's slapstick in Radioland Murders and a choir nun in Sister Act. 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She and her husband later taught at Los Angeles Pierce College.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"The Golden Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Wonder Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonder_Years"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"Newhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhart"},{"link_name":"Designing Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Women"},{"link_name":"Just Shoot Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Shoot_Me"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Will & Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%26_Grace"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"Ned's Declassified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%27s_Declassified"},{"link_name":"Hannah Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Montana"},{"link_name":"Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sister, Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister,_Sister_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"According to Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/According_to_Jim"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Nanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nanny"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl"},{"link_name":"Tough Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tough_Guys"},{"link_name":"My Blue Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Blue_Heaven_(1990_American_film)"},{"link_name":"Sister Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Act"},{"link_name":"Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Act_2:_Back_in_the_Habit"},{"link_name":"Radioland Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioland_Murders"},{"link_name":"The Wedding Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Singer"},{"link_name":"54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54_(film)"},{"link_name":"Patch Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Adams_(film)"},{"link_name":"Road Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Trip_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Wedding Crashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_Crashers"}],"sub_title":"Acting","text":"Albertini Dow did not start acting on screen until the 1980s, when she was in her seventies. Her television work includes appearances in such television series as Star Trek: The Next Generation, The Golden Girls, The Wonder Years, Family Matters, Newhart, Designing Women, Just Shoot Me, ER, Will & Grace, Seinfeld, Ned's Declassified, Hannah Montana, Scrubs, Sister, Sister, According to Jim, Six Feet Under, Wings, The Nanny and My Name Is Earl.Her film appearances include Tough Guys, My Blue Heaven, Sister Act, Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit, Radioland Murders, The Wedding Singer, 54, Patch Adams, Road Trip and Wedding Crashers.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slotnik-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dow married Eugene Dow Jr. on June 27, 1951.[6] Eugene died on October 11, 2004. They had no children.[citation needed]Dow died on May 4, 2015, at the age of 101 due to pneumonia.[7]Dow was a practicing Roman Catholic and a lifelong Democrat.[8]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_centenarians_(actors,_filmmakers_and_entertainers)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachus_(scribe)
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Nicomachus (scribe)
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["1 Notes"]
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Late 5th-century Greek scribe
Nicomachus (Greek: Νικόμαχος) was a scribe who headed an Athenian committee, the ἀναγραφεῖς τῶν νόμων, tasked with publishing the laws of Draco and Solon after the oligarchic revolution of 411 BC had been suppressed by the democrats. Lysias in a speech denouncing Nicomachus notes that the scribe's father was a public slave, and implies that he was a freedman. His original commission of four months by various pretences extended to six years, throughout which, Lysias claims, he accepted money to interpolate or omit laws at the behest of others, most notably to allow the oligarchs to oversee the trial that ended in Cleophon's death sentence. Lysias notes that his position went unaudited for several years, whereas most magistracies and commissions underwent a review at the end of each prytany.
Isocrates mentions a Nicomachus of Bate, who, in the same decade, served as an arbitrator in a property case arising out of the actions of the Thirty.
Notes
^ a b Lysias, "Against Nicomachus." Lysias, xxx.2
^ Lysias, "Against Nicomachus." Lysias, xxx.11
^ Lysias, "Against Nicomachus." Lysias, xxx.5
^ Isocrates, 18.10
This Ancient Greek biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_compounds
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Hafnium compounds
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["1 Halides","2 Oxides","3 Other compounds","4 See also","5 References"]
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Hafnium compounds are compounds containing the element hafnium (Hf). Due to the lanthanide contraction, the ionic radius of hafnium(IV) (0.78 ångström) is almost the same as that of zirconium(IV) (0.79 angstroms). Consequently, compounds of hafnium(IV) and zirconium(IV) have very similar chemical and physical properties. Hafnium and zirconium tend to occur together in nature and the similarity of their ionic radii makes their chemical separation rather difficult. Hafnium tends to form inorganic compounds in the oxidation state of +4. Halogens react with it to form hafnium tetrahalides. At higher temperatures, hafnium reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Some compounds of hafnium in lower oxidation states are known.
Halides
Hafnium(IV) fluoride (HfF4) is a white crystalline powder. It has a monoclinic crystal structure, with space group C2/c (No.15), and lattice constants a = 1.17 nm, b = 0.986 nm and c = 0.764 nm. Hafnium(IV) chloride (HfCl4) is also a white crystalline powder, with a monoclinic structure. It can be prepared in many ways:
By the reaction of carbon tetrachloride and hafnium oxide at above 450 °C;
HfO2 + 2 CCl4 → HfCl4 + 2 COCl2
Chlorination of a mixture of HfO2 and carbon above 600 °C using chlorine gas or sulfur monochloride:
HfO2 + 2 Cl2 + C → HfCl4 + CO2
Chlorination of hafnium carbide above 250 °C.
Hafnium(IV) bromide (HfBr4) is a colourless, diamagnetic moisture sensitive solid that sublimes in vacuum. It adopts a structure very similar to that of zirconium tetrabromide, featuring tetrahedral Hf centers, in contrast to the polymeric nature of hafnium tetrachloride. Hafnium(IV) iodide (HfI4) is a red-orange, moisture sensitive, sublimable solid that is produced by heating a mixture of hafnium with excess iodine. It is an intermediate in the crystal bar process for producing hafnium metal. In this compound, the hafnium centers adopt octahedral coordination geometry. Like most binary metal halides, the compound is a polymeric. It is one-dimensional polymer consisting of chains of edge-shared bioctahedral Hf2I8 subunits, similar to the motif adopted by HfCl4. The nonbridging iodide ligands have shorter bonds to Hf than the bridging iodide ligands.
Hafnium(IV) chloride and hafnium(IV) iodide have some applications in the production and purification of hafnium metal. They are volatile solids with polymeric structures. These tetrachlorides are precursors to various organohafnium compounds such as hafnocene dichloride and tetrabenzylhafnium.
Hafnium does form lower halides such as hafnium(III) iodide. Hafnium trihalides are strongly reducing compounds and as such do not have any aqueous chemistry.
Oxides
Hafnium(IV) oxide
Main article: hafnium(IV) oxide
The white hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2), also known as hafnium dioxide or hafnia, with a melting point of 2,812 °C and a boiling point of roughly 5,100 °C, is very similar to zirconia, but slightly more basic. It is an electrical insulator with a band gap of 5.3~5.7 eV.
Hafnium(IV) oxide typically adopts the same structure as zirconia (ZrO2). Unlike TiO2, which features six-coordinate Ti in all phases, zirconia and hafnia consist of seven-coordinate metal centres. A variety of other crystalline phases have been experimentally observed, including cubic fluorite (Fm3m), tetragonal (P42/nmc), monoclinic (P21/c) and orthorhombic (Pbca and Pnma). It is also known that hafnia may adopt two other orthorhombic metastable phases (space group Pca21 and Pmn21) over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, presumably being the sources of the ferroelectricity observed in thin films of hafnia.
Thin films of hafnium oxides deposited by atomic layer deposition are usually crystalline. Because semiconductor devices benefit from having amorphous films present, researchers have alloyed hafnium oxide with aluminum or silicon (forming hafnium silicates), which have a higher crystallization temperature than hafnium oxide.
Other compounds
Hafnium disulfide chips
Hafnium diboride belongs to the class of ultra-high temperature ceramics, a type of refractory ceramic composed of hafnium and boron. It has a melting temperature of about 3250 °C. It is an unusual ceramic, having relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities, properties it shares with isostructural titanium diboride and zirconium diboride. Nanocrystals of HfB2 with rose-like morphology were obtained combining HfO2 and NaBH4 at 700-900°C under argon flow:
HfO2 + 3NaBH4 → HfB2 + 2Na(g,l) + NaBO2 + 6H2(g)
Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary compound known, with a melting point over 3,890 °C, and hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides, with a melting point of 3,310 °C. This has led to proposals that hafnium or its carbides might be useful as construction materials that are subjected to very high temperatures. The mixed carbide tantalum hafnium carbide (Ta4HfC5) possesses the highest melting point of any currently known compound, 4,263 K (3,990 °C; 7,214 °F). Recent supercomputer simulations suggest a hafnium alloy with a melting point of 4,400 K.
Hafnium forms both a hafnium(III) and a hafnium(IV) nitride.
Hafnium silicate (HfSiO4) is a silicate of hafnium, and it is a tetragonal crystal. Thin films of hafnium silicate and zirconium silicate grown by atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition or MOCVD, can be used as a high-k dielectric as a replacement for silicon dioxide in modern semiconductor devices. Hafnium(IV) nitrate (Hf(NO3)4) is the nitrate of hafnium(IV). It can be prepared by the reaction of hafnium tetrachloride and dinitrogen pentoxide.
Hafnium disulfide is a layered dichalcogenide with the chemical formula of HfS2. A few atomic layers of this material can be exfoliated using the standard Scotch Tape technique (see graphene) and used for the fabrication of a field-effect transistor. High-yield synthesis of HfS2 has also been demonstrated using liquid phase exfoliation, resulting in the production of stable few-layer HfS2 flakes. Hafnium disulfide powder can be produced by reacting hydrogen sulfide and hafnium oxides at 500–1300 °C.
See also
Titanium compounds
Zirconium compounds
Lutetium compounds
Tantalum compounds
Lanthanide contraction
References
^ a b c d e "Los Alamos National Laboratory – Hafnium". Retrieved 2008-09-10.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 971–975. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.66. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
^ Zachariasen, W. H. (1949). "Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements. XII. New compounds representing known structure types". Acta Crystallographica. 2 (6): 388–390. doi:10.1107/S0365110X49001016.
^ Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 11 (4th ed.). 1991.
^ Hummers, W. S.; Tyree, Jr., S. Y.; Yolles, S. (1953). "Zirconium and Hafnium Tetrachlorides". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4. pp. 121–126. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch41. ISBN 9780470132357.
^ Hopkins, B. S. (1939). "13 Hafnium". Chapters in the chemistry of less familiar elements. Stipes Publishing. p. 7.
^ Hála, Jiri (1989). Halides, oxyhalides and salts of halogen complexes of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. Vol. 40 (1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0080362397.
^ Elinson, S. V. and Petrov, K. I. (1969) Analytical Chemistry of the Elements: Zirconium and Hafnium. 11.
^ W. Thomas, H. Elias "Darstellung von HfCl4 und HfBr4 durch Umsetzung von Hafnium mit Geschmolzenen Metallhalogeniden" Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 1976, Volume 38, Pages 2227–2229. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(76)80199-6
^ Berdonosov, S. S.; Berdonosova, D. G.; Lapitskii, A. V.; Vlasov, L. G. "X-ray study of hafnium tetrabromide" Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 1963, vol. 8, 531-2.
^ a b Krebs, B.; Sinram, D. (1980). "Hafniumtetrajodid HfI4: Struktur und eigenschaften. Ein neuer AB4-strukturtyp". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 76 (1–2): 7–16. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(80)90005-3.
^ a b Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. doi:10.1515/9783110206845. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 965. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Bersch, Eric; et al. (2008). "Band offsets of ultrathin high-k oxide films with Si". Phys. Rev. B. 78 (8): 085114. Bibcode:2008PhRvB..78h5114B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.085114.
^ Table III, V. Miikkulainen; et al. (2013). "Crystallinity of inorganic films grown by atomic layer deposition: Overview and general trends". Journal of Applied Physics. 113 (2): 021301–021301–101. Bibcode:2013JAP...113b1301M. doi:10.1063/1.4757907.
^ T. D. Huan; V. Sharma; G. A. Rossetti, Jr.; R. Ramprasad (2014). "Pathways towards ferroelectricity in hafnia". Physical Review B. 90 (6): 064111. arXiv:1407.1008. Bibcode:2014PhRvB..90f4111H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.064111. S2CID 53347579.
^ T. S. Boscke (2011). "Ferroelectricity in hafnium oxide thin films". Applied Physics Letters. 99 (10): 102903. Bibcode:2011ApPhL..99j2903B. doi:10.1063/1.3634052.
^ J.H. Choi; et al. (2011). "Development of hafnium based high-k materials—A review". Materials Science and Engineering: R. 72 (6): 97–136. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2010.12.001.
^ Zoli, Luca; Galizia, Pietro; Silvestroni, Laura; Sciti, Diletta (23 January 2018). "Synthesis of group IV and V metal diboride nanocrystals via borothermal reduction with sodium borohydride". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 101 (6): 2627–2637. doi:10.1111/jace.15401.
^ Agte, C. & Alterthum, H. (1930). "Researches on Systems with Carbides at High Melting Point and Contributions to the Problem of Carbon Fusion". Z. Tech. Phys. 11: 182–191.
^ Hong, Qi-Jun; van de Walle, Axel (2015). "Prediction of the material with highest known melting point from ab initio molecular dynamics calculations" (PDF). Phys. Rev. B. 92 (2): 020104. Bibcode:2015PhRvB..92b0104H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020104.
^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4-66. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
^ Mitrovic, I.Z.; Buiu, O.; Hall, S.; Bungey, C.; Wagner, T.; Davey, W.; Lu, Y. (April 2007). "Electrical and structural properties of hafnium silicate thin films". Microelectronics Reliability. 47 (4–5): 645–648. doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2007.01.065.
^ "Hafnium(IV) nitrate". Sigma Aldrich. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
^ "Hafnium Nitrate". American Elements. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
^ The Metallurgy of Hafnium. Naval Reactors, Division of Reactor Development, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1960. p. 31. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
^ Zhuang, Weiwei; Conley, John F.; Ono, Yoshi; Evans, David R.; Solanki, R. (January 2002). "Hafnium Nitrate Precursor Synthesis and HfO2 Thin Film Deposition". Integrated Ferroelectrics. 48 (1): 3–12. Bibcode:2002InFer..48....3Z. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.699.8508. doi:10.1080/10584580215449. S2CID 50290009.
^ Kanazawa, Toru; Amemiya, Tomohiro; Ishikawa, Atsushi; Upadhyaya, Vikrant; Tsuruta, Kenji; Tanaka, Takuo; Miyamoto, Yasuyuki (2016). "Few-layer HfS2 transistors". Scientific Reports. 6: 22277. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622277K. doi:10.1038/srep22277. PMC 4772098. PMID 26926098.
^ Kaur, Harneet (2017). "High Yield Synthesis and Chemical Exfoliation of Two-Dimensional Layered Hafnium Disulphide". Nano Research. arXiv:1611.00895. doi:10.1007/s12274-017-1636-x. S2CID 99414438.
^ Kaminskii, B. T.; Prokof'eva, G. N.; Plygunov, A. S.; Galitskii, P. A. (1973-07-01). "Manufacture of zirconium and hafnium sulfide powders". Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 12 (7): 521–524. doi:10.1007/BF00796747. S2CID 95277086.
vteHafnium compoundsHf(II)
HfB2
Hf(III)
HfN
HfI3
Hf(IV)
HfC
Hf3N4
HfBr4
HfCl4
HfF4
HfI4
Hf(C5H7O2)4
Hf(OSO2CF3)4
HfO2
Hf(NO3)4
HfSiO4
HfS2
La2Hf2O7
Ta4HfC5
CHf2N
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hafnium compounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hafnium(IV) fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_fluoride"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crc-3"},{"link_name":"monoclinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinic"},{"link_name":"space group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group"},{"link_name":"lattice constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_constant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hafnium(IV) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_chloride"},{"link_name":"carbon tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"hafnium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_oxide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"chlorine gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_gas"},{"link_name":"sulfur monochloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_monochloride"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chlorination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hafnium(IV) bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_bromide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"zirconium tetrabromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_tetrabromide"},{"link_name":"hafnium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hafnium(IV) iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_iodide"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krebs-12"},{"link_name":"crystal bar process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_bar_process"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krebs-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holl-13"},{"link_name":"organohafnium compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organozirconium_chemistry"},{"link_name":"hafnium(III) iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(III)_iodide"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E_965-14"}],"text":"Hafnium(IV) fluoride (HfF4) is a white crystalline powder.[3] It has a monoclinic crystal structure, with space group C2/c (No.15), and lattice constants a = 1.17 nm, b = 0.986 nm and c = 0.764 nm.[4] Hafnium(IV) chloride (HfCl4) is also a white crystalline powder, with a monoclinic structure. It can be prepared in many ways:By the reaction of carbon tetrachloride and hafnium oxide at above 450 °C;[5][6]HfO2 + 2 CCl4 → HfCl4 + 2 COCl2Chlorination of a mixture of HfO2 and carbon above 600 °C using chlorine gas or sulfur monochloride:[7][8]HfO2 + 2 Cl2 + C → HfCl4 + CO2Chlorination of hafnium carbide above 250 °C.[9]Hafnium(IV) bromide (HfBr4) is a colourless, diamagnetic moisture sensitive solid that sublimes in vacuum.[10] It adopts a structure very similar to that of zirconium tetrabromide, featuring tetrahedral Hf centers, in contrast to the polymeric nature of hafnium tetrachloride.[11] Hafnium(IV) iodide (HfI4) is a red-orange, moisture sensitive, sublimable solid that is produced by heating a mixture of hafnium with excess iodine.[12] It is an intermediate in the crystal bar process for producing hafnium metal. In this compound, the hafnium centers adopt octahedral coordination geometry. Like most binary metal halides, the compound is a polymeric. It is one-dimensional polymer consisting of chains of edge-shared bioctahedral Hf2I8 subunits, similar to the motif adopted by HfCl4. The nonbridging iodide ligands have shorter bonds to Hf than the bridging iodide ligands.[12]Hafnium(IV) chloride and hafnium(IV) iodide have some applications in the production and purification of hafnium metal. They are volatile solids with polymeric structures.[13] These tetrachlorides are precursors to various organohafnium compounds such as hafnocene dichloride and tetrabenzylhafnium.Hafnium does form lower halides such as hafnium(III) iodide. Hafnium trihalides are strongly reducing compounds and as such do not have any aqueous chemistry.[14]","title":"Halides"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafnium(IV)_oxide.jpg"},{"link_name":"hafnium(IV) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide"},{"link_name":"zirconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holl-13"},{"link_name":"band gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gap"},{"link_name":"eV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_volt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"zirconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"TiO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"fluorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite_structure"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"atomic layer deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_layer_deposition"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"hafnium silicates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_silicate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Hafnium(IV) oxideThe white hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2), also known as hafnium dioxide or hafnia, with a melting point of 2,812 °C and a boiling point of roughly 5,100 °C, is very similar to zirconia, but slightly more basic.[13] It is an electrical insulator with a band gap of 5.3~5.7 eV.[15]Hafnium(IV) oxide typically adopts the same structure as zirconia (ZrO2). Unlike TiO2, which features six-coordinate Ti in all phases, zirconia and hafnia consist of seven-coordinate metal centres. A variety of other crystalline phases have been experimentally observed, including cubic fluorite (Fm3m), tetragonal (P42/nmc), monoclinic (P21/c) and orthorhombic (Pbca and Pnma).[16] It is also known that hafnia may adopt two other orthorhombic metastable phases (space group Pca21 and Pmn21) over a wide range of pressures and temperatures,[17] presumably being the sources of the ferroelectricity observed in thin films of hafnia.[18]Thin films of hafnium oxides deposited by atomic layer deposition are usually crystalline. Because semiconductor devices benefit from having amorphous films present, researchers have alloyed hafnium oxide with aluminum or silicon (forming hafnium silicates), which have a higher crystallization temperature than hafnium oxide.[19]","title":"Oxides"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HfS2chips.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hafnium diboride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_diboride"},{"link_name":"ultra-high temperature ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_temperature_ceramic"},{"link_name":"refractory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"hafnium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"thermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity"},{"link_name":"electrical conductivities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity"},{"link_name":"isostructural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostructural"},{"link_name":"titanium diboride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_diboride"},{"link_name":"zirconium diboride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_diboride"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hafnium carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_carbide"},{"link_name":"binary compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_compound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lanl72-1"},{"link_name":"tantalum hafnium carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_hafnium_carbide"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hong2015-22"},{"link_name":"both a hafnium(III) and a hafnium(IV) nitride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_nitrides"},{"link_name":"Hafnium silicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_silicate"},{"link_name":"silicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RubberBible92nd-23"},{"link_name":"Thin films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film"},{"link_name":"zirconium silicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_silicate"},{"link_name":"atomic layer deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_layer_deposition"},{"link_name":"chemical vapor deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition"},{"link_name":"MOCVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOCVD"},{"link_name":"high-k dielectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-k_dielectric"},{"link_name":"silicon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hafnium(IV) nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_nitrate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate"},{"link_name":"hafnium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"dinitrogen pentoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hafnium disulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_disulfide"},{"link_name":"chalcogenide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenide"},{"link_name":"chemical formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"Scotch Tape technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene_production_techniques#Adhesive_tape"},{"link_name":"graphene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene"},{"link_name":"field-effect transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-effect_transistor"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"hydrogen sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Hafnium disulfide chipsHafnium diboride belongs to the class of ultra-high temperature ceramics, a type of refractory ceramic composed of hafnium and boron. It has a melting temperature of about 3250 °C. It is an unusual ceramic, having relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities, properties it shares with isostructural titanium diboride and zirconium diboride. Nanocrystals of HfB2 with rose-like morphology were obtained combining HfO2 and NaBH4 at 700-900°C under argon flow:[20]HfO2 + 3NaBH4 → HfB2 + 2Na(g,l) + NaBO2 + 6H2(g)Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary compound known, with a melting point over 3,890 °C, and hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides, with a melting point of 3,310 °C.[1] This has led to proposals that hafnium or its carbides might be useful as construction materials that are subjected to very high temperatures. The mixed carbide tantalum hafnium carbide (Ta4HfC5) possesses the highest melting point of any currently known compound, 4,263 K (3,990 °C; 7,214 °F).[21] Recent supercomputer simulations suggest a hafnium alloy with a melting point of 4,400 K.[22]Hafnium forms both a hafnium(III) and a hafnium(IV) nitride.Hafnium silicate (HfSiO4) is a silicate of hafnium, and it is a tetragonal crystal.[23] Thin films of hafnium silicate and zirconium silicate grown by atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition or MOCVD, can be used as a high-k dielectric as a replacement for silicon dioxide in modern semiconductor devices.[24] Hafnium(IV) nitrate (Hf(NO3)4[25][26][27]) is the nitrate of hafnium(IV). It can be prepared by the reaction of hafnium tetrachloride and dinitrogen pentoxide.[28]Hafnium disulfide is a layered dichalcogenide with the chemical formula of HfS2. A few atomic layers of this material can be exfoliated using the standard Scotch Tape technique (see graphene) and used for the fabrication of a field-effect transistor.[29] High-yield synthesis of HfS2 has also been demonstrated using liquid phase exfoliation, resulting in the production of stable few-layer HfS2 flakes.[30] Hafnium disulfide powder can be produced by reacting hydrogen sulfide and hafnium oxides at 500–1300 °C.[31]","title":"Other compounds"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hafnium(IV) oxide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hafnium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/220px-Hafnium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hafnium disulfide chips","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/HfS2chips.jpg/220px-HfS2chips.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Titanium compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_compounds"},{"title":"Zirconium compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_compounds"},{"title":"Lutetium compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium_compounds"},{"title":"Tantalum compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum_compounds"},{"title":"Lanthanide contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Los Alamos National Laboratory – Hafnium\". Retrieved 2008-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://periodic.lanl.gov/72.shtml","url_text":"\"Los Alamos National Laboratory – Hafnium\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 971–975. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.66. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0","url_text":"1-4398-5511-0"}]},{"reference":"Zachariasen, W. H. (1949). \"Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements. XII. New compounds representing known structure types\". Acta Crystallographica. 2 (6): 388–390. doi:10.1107/S0365110X49001016.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X49001016","url_text":"\"Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements. XII. New compounds representing known structure types\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X49001016","url_text":"10.1107/S0365110X49001016"}]},{"reference":"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 11 (4th ed.). 1991.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hummers, W. S.; Tyree, Jr., S. Y.; Yolles, S. (1953). \"Zirconium and Hafnium Tetrachlorides\". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4. pp. 121–126. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch41. ISBN 9780470132357.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132357.ch41","url_text":"10.1002/9780470132357.ch41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470132357","url_text":"9780470132357"}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, B. S. (1939). \"13 Hafnium\". Chapters in the chemistry of less familiar elements. Stipes Publishing. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hála, Jiri (1989). Halides, oxyhalides and salts of halogen complexes of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. Vol. 40 (1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0080362397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080362397","url_text":"978-0080362397"}]},{"reference":"Krebs, B.; Sinram, D. (1980). \"Hafniumtetrajodid HfI4: Struktur und eigenschaften. Ein neuer AB4-strukturtyp\". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 76 (1–2): 7–16. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(80)90005-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5088%2880%2990005-3","url_text":"10.1016/0022-5088(80)90005-3"}]},{"reference":"Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. doi:10.1515/9783110206845. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Wiberg","url_text":"Wiberg, Egon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110206845","url_text":"10.1515/9783110206845"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3","url_text":"978-3-11-007511-3"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 965. 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Materials Science and Engineering: R. 72 (6): 97–136. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2010.12.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mser.2010.12.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.mser.2010.12.001"}]},{"reference":"Zoli, Luca; Galizia, Pietro; Silvestroni, Laura; Sciti, Diletta (23 January 2018). \"Synthesis of group IV and V metal diboride nanocrystals via borothermal reduction with sodium borohydride\". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 101 (6): 2627–2637. doi:10.1111/jace.15401.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1292491","url_text":"\"Synthesis of group IV and V metal diboride nanocrystals via borothermal reduction with sodium borohydride\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjace.15401","url_text":"10.1111/jace.15401"}]},{"reference":"Agte, C. & Alterthum, H. (1930). \"Researches on Systems with Carbides at High Melting Point and Contributions to the Problem of Carbon Fusion\". Z. Tech. Phys. 11: 182–191.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hong, Qi-Jun; van de Walle, Axel (2015). \"Prediction of the material with highest known melting point from ab initio molecular dynamics calculations\" (PDF). Phys. Rev. B. 92 (2): 020104. Bibcode:2015PhRvB..92b0104H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020104.","urls":[{"url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7hn9r-2pz93/files/PhysRevB.92.020104.pdf?download=1","url_text":"\"Prediction of the material with highest known melting point from ab initio molecular dynamics calculations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvB..92b0104H","url_text":"2015PhRvB..92b0104H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.92.020104","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020104"}]},{"reference":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4-66. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0","url_text":"1-4398-5511-0"}]},{"reference":"Mitrovic, I.Z.; Buiu, O.; Hall, S.; Bungey, C.; Wagner, T.; Davey, W.; Lu, Y. (April 2007). \"Electrical and structural properties of hafnium silicate thin films\". Microelectronics Reliability. 47 (4–5): 645–648. doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2007.01.065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.microrel.2007.01.065","url_text":"10.1016/j.microrel.2007.01.065"}]},{"reference":"\"Hafnium(IV) nitrate\". Sigma Aldrich. Retrieved 29 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/RU/en/product/aldrich/530778","url_text":"\"Hafnium(IV) nitrate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Aldrich","url_text":"Sigma Aldrich"}]},{"reference":"\"Hafnium Nitrate\". American Elements. Retrieved 29 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanelements.com/hafnium-nitrate-15509-05-4","url_text":"\"Hafnium Nitrate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Elements","url_text":"American Elements"}]},{"reference":"The Metallurgy of Hafnium. Naval Reactors, Division of Reactor Development, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1960. p. 31. Retrieved 29 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dqKgCIbq7hEC&dq=hafnium+nitrate&pg=PA31","url_text":"The Metallurgy of Hafnium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Atomic_Energy_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Atomic Energy Commission"}]},{"reference":"Zhuang, Weiwei; Conley, John F.; Ono, Yoshi; Evans, David R.; Solanki, R. (January 2002). \"Hafnium Nitrate Precursor Synthesis and HfO2 Thin Film Deposition\". Integrated Ferroelectrics. 48 (1): 3–12. Bibcode:2002InFer..48....3Z. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.699.8508. doi:10.1080/10584580215449. S2CID 50290009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002InFer..48....3Z","url_text":"2002InFer..48....3Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.699.8508","url_text":"10.1.1.699.8508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10584580215449","url_text":"10.1080/10584580215449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:50290009","url_text":"50290009"}]},{"reference":"Kanazawa, Toru; Amemiya, Tomohiro; Ishikawa, Atsushi; Upadhyaya, Vikrant; Tsuruta, Kenji; Tanaka, Takuo; Miyamoto, Yasuyuki (2016). \"Few-layer HfS2 transistors\". Scientific Reports. 6: 22277. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622277K. doi:10.1038/srep22277. PMC 4772098. PMID 26926098.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772098","url_text":"\"Few-layer HfS2 transistors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...622277K","url_text":"2016NatSR...622277K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep22277","url_text":"10.1038/srep22277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772098","url_text":"4772098"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26926098","url_text":"26926098"}]},{"reference":"Kaur, Harneet (2017). \"High Yield Synthesis and Chemical Exfoliation of Two-Dimensional Layered Hafnium Disulphide\". Nano Research. arXiv:1611.00895. doi:10.1007/s12274-017-1636-x. S2CID 99414438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.00895","url_text":"1611.00895"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12274-017-1636-x","url_text":"10.1007/s12274-017-1636-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:99414438","url_text":"99414438"}]},{"reference":"Kaminskii, B. T.; Prokof'eva, G. N.; Plygunov, A. S.; Galitskii, P. A. (1973-07-01). \"Manufacture of zirconium and hafnium sulfide powders\". Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 12 (7): 521–524. doi:10.1007/BF00796747. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwanden_GL
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Schwanden, Glarus
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Transport","4 Demographics","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°59′39″N 9°4′30″E / 46.99417°N 9.07500°E / 46.99417; 9.07500Village in Glarus, SwitzerlandSchwandenVillage (and former municipality)
Coat of armsThe former municipal area (2007)Coordinates: 46°59′39″N 9°4′30″E / 46.99417°N 9.07500°E / 46.99417; 9.07500CountrySwitzerlandCantonGlarusMunicipalityGlarus SüdArea • Total30.63 km2 (11.83 sq mi)Elevation528 m (1,732 ft)Population (December 2010) • Total2,392 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)
Schwanden is a village, and former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
History
Schwanden ca.1890-1900
Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1932)
Schwanden is first mentioned in 1240 as de swando.
In 1879, Schwanden was connected to the Swiss railway network by the opening of the Swiss Northeastern Railway line from Weesen. Between 1905 and 1969, the Sernftal tramway connected Schwanden with communities in the valley of the Sernf river as far as Elm.
On 1 January 2011, Schwanden became part of the municipality of Glarus Süd.
Geography
The Sernf river in Schwanden
Schwanden is situated at an elevation of 528 m (1,732 ft) at the point of confluence of the Linth and Sernf rivers. The village is located along the roads to Elm, Linthal and Schwändi, and includes the formerly independent (until 1876) hamlet of Thon. The villages of Nidfurn and Haslen lie to south in the valley of the Linth, whilst the village of Engi lies to the east in the valley of the Sernf. To the north, the village of Mitlödi lies in the valley of the Linth, whilst Schwandi and Sool are respectively on the west and east slopes of the valley.
South of Schwanden is the oldest Jagdbanngebiet (literally hunting-banned area) in Switzerland, the Freiberg Kärpf, which has been protected since 1548. Also to the south, the Niederenbäch stream descends from the slopes of the mountain of Kärpf (2,794 m or 9,167 ft). This stream has been dammed to create the Garichtisee reservoir.
Schwanden has an area, as defined by the former municipal boundaries in 2006, of 30.6 km2 (11.8 sq mi). Of this area, 32.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 38.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (26.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
Transport
Schwanden is located on the Hauptstrasse 17, which runs the length of the canton of Glarus before climbing the Klausen Pass into the canton of Uri, as well as on the Weesen to Linthal railway line that parallels the main road and the Linth river through Glarus. A side road branches off Hauptstrasse 17 in Schwanden and heads the valley of Sernf, serving the communities of that village, but there is no road connection beyond the head of that valley. The high alpine Klausen Pass is normally only open to traffic between June and September, and for the rest of the year the road and railway up the Linth valley form the only access to Schwanden.
The village is served by Schwanden railway station, which is a calling point of the Zürich S-Bahn service S25 between Linthal and Zürich, and is the terminus of the St. Gallen S-Bahn service S6 from Rapperswil. As of the December 2023 timetable change, both services operate once per hour, combining to provide two trains per hour between Ziegelbrücke and Schwanden.
The Sernftalbus operates several bus services from Schwanden station:
an hourly service up the valley of the Sernf river to Glarus (replacing the former Sernftal tramway)
an hourly service to Schwändi
a service to Sool, with several return journeys a day
a summer-only service, with several return journeys a day, to connect with an aerial tramway to the Garichtisee.
Demographics
The church in Schwanden
As of 2010, Schwanden had a population of 2,392. As of 2007, 24.2% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -6.9%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (82.7%), with Italian being second most common ( 5.1%) and Albanian being third (2.9%).
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 59% of the vote. Most of the rest of the votes went to the SVP with 31.6% of the vote.
In Schwanden about 60.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
Schwanden has an unemployment rate of 2.18%. As of 2005, there were 39 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 1,067 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 45 businesses in this sector. 525 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 92 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year
population
1574
450
1763
1,148
1850
2,296
1900
2,396
1960
3,020
1990
2,645
References
^ a b c d map.geo.admin.ch (Map). Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
^ a b c d "Schwanden". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French). 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
^ "Sernftalbahn". www.eingestellte-bahnen.ch (in German). Retrieved 2015-04-20.
^ "Gemeinde Glarus Süd" (in German). Gemeinde Glarus Süd. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
^ a b c d e Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 2011-09-04 at the Wayback Machine accessed 14-Sep-2009
^ "S-Bahn trains, buses and boats" (PDF). ZVV. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
^ "Zürcher S-Bahn /S-Bahn St.Gallen /S-Bahn Schaffhausen /S-Bahn Bodensee" (PDF). THURBO. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
^ "Ziegelbrücke - Linthal" (PDF). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
^ "Sernftalbus - Fahrplan 2015" (PDF) (in German). Autobetrieb Sernftal AG. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
^ Canton Glarus population growth (in German) accessed 9 September 2009
External links
Media related to Schwanden at Wikimedia Commons
Schwanden from the Glarus Süd municipal web site (in German)
Schwanden in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
vteMunicipalities in the Canton of Glarus, SwitzerlandMunicipalities from January 1, 2011
Glarus Nord
Glarus
Glarus Süd
Former municipalities
Betschwanden
Bilten
Braunwald
Diesbach
Elm
Engi
Ennenda
Filzbach
Glarus
Haslen
Hätzingen
Leuggelbach
Linthal
Luchsingen
Matt
Mitlödi
Mollis
Mühlehorn
Näfels
Netstal
Nidfurn
Niederurnen
Oberurnen
Obstalden
Riedern
Rüti
Schwanden
Schwändi
Sool
Canton of Glarus
Municipalities of the canton of Glarus
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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Between 1905 and 1969, the Sernftal tramway connected Schwanden with communities in the valley of the Sernf river as far as Elm.[2][3]On 1 January 2011, Schwanden became part of the municipality of Glarus Süd.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sernf_en_Schwanden_190.jpg"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Linth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linth"},{"link_name":"Sernf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sernf"},{"link_name":"Elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"Linthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linthal,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"Schwändi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4ndi,_near_Schwanden,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Nidfurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidfurn"},{"link_name":"Haslen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslen,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"Engi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engi,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"Mitlödi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitl%C3%B6di"},{"link_name":"Sool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sool,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swtopo-1"},{"link_name":"Kärpf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rpf"},{"link_name":"Garichtisee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garichtisee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swtopo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Schwanden-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-5"}],"text":"The Sernf river in SchwandenSchwanden is situated at an elevation of 528 m (1,732 ft) at the point of confluence of the Linth and Sernf rivers. The village is located along the roads to Elm, Linthal and Schwändi, and includes the formerly independent (until 1876) hamlet of Thon. The villages of Nidfurn and Haslen lie to south in the valley of the Linth, whilst the village of Engi lies to the east in the valley of the Sernf. To the north, the village of Mitlödi lies in the valley of the Linth, whilst Schwandi and Sool are respectively on the west and east slopes of the valley.[1]South of Schwanden is the oldest Jagdbanngebiet (literally hunting-banned area) in Switzerland, the Freiberg Kärpf, which has been protected since 1548. Also to the south, the Niederenbäch stream descends from the slopes of the mountain of Kärpf (2,794 m or 9,167 ft). This stream has been dammed to create the Garichtisee reservoir.[1][2]Schwanden has an area, as defined by the former municipal boundaries in 2006, of 30.6 km2 (11.8 sq mi). Of this area, 32.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 38.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (26.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hauptstrasse 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauptstrasse_17&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klausen Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klausen_Pass"},{"link_name":"canton of Uri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Uri"},{"link_name":"Weesen to Linthal railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weesen-Linthal_railway_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swtopo-1"},{"link_name":"Schwanden railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwanden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S25_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Linthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linthal,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(St._Gallen_S-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Ziegelbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegelbr%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zvv-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgsbmap-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fpf736-8"},{"link_name":"Sernftalbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sernftalbus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Glarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"Schwändi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4ndi,_near_Schwanden,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"Sool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sool,_Glarus"},{"link_name":"aerial tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_tramway"},{"link_name":"Garichtisee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garichtisee"}],"text":"Schwanden is located on the Hauptstrasse 17, which runs the length of the canton of Glarus before climbing the Klausen Pass into the canton of Uri, as well as on the Weesen to Linthal railway line that parallels the main road and the Linth river through Glarus. A side road branches off Hauptstrasse 17 in Schwanden and heads the valley of Sernf, serving the communities of that village, but there is no road connection beyond the head of that valley. The high alpine Klausen Pass is normally only open to traffic between June and September, and for the rest of the year the road and railway up the Linth valley form the only access to Schwanden.[1]The village is served by Schwanden railway station, which is a calling point of the Zürich S-Bahn service S25 between Linthal and Zürich, and is the terminus of the St. Gallen S-Bahn service S6 from Rapperswil. As of the December 2023 timetable change,[update] both services operate once per hour, combining to provide two trains per hour between Ziegelbrücke and Schwanden.[6][7][8]The Sernftalbus operates several bus services from Schwanden station:[9]an hourly service up the valley of the Sernf river to Glarus (replacing the former Sernftal tramway)\nan hourly service to Schwändi\na service to Sool, with several return journeys a day\na summer-only service, with several return journeys a day, to connect with an aerial tramway to the Garichtisee.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-Schwanden-BL-Ref-Kirche.jpg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL_pop-10"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-5"},{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"SPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-5"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-5"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Schwanden-2"}],"text":"The church in SchwandenAs of 2010[update], Schwanden had a population of 2,392. As of 2007[update], 24.2% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.[10] Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -6.9%[clarification needed]. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (82.7%), with Italian being second most common ( 5.1%) and Albanian being third (2.9%).[5]In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 59% of the vote. Most of the rest of the votes went to the SVP with 31.6% of the vote.[5]In Schwanden about 60.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).[5]Schwanden has an unemployment rate of 2.18%. As of 2005[update], there were 39 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 1,067 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 45 businesses in this sector. 525 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 92 businesses in this sector.[5]The historical population is given in the following table:[2]","title":"Demographics"}]
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[{"image_text":"Schwanden ca.1890-1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Schwanden_1900.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Schwanden_1900.tiff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1932)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ETH-BIB-Schwanden%2C_Nidfurn%2C_Leuggelbach%2C_Haslen%2C_Luchsingen-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-006927.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Schwanden%2C_Nidfurn%2C_Leuggelbach%2C_Haslen%2C_Luchsingen-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-006927.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sernf river in Schwanden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sernf_en_Schwanden_190.jpg/220px-Sernf_en_Schwanden_190.jpg"},{"image_text":"The church in Schwanden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/B-Schwanden-BL-Ref-Kirche.jpg/220px-B-Schwanden-BL-Ref-Kirche.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"map.geo.admin.ch (Map). Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 2015-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://map.geo.admin.ch/?zoom=8&X=206512.06&Y=724132.96&lang=en&topic=ech&bgLayer=ch.swisstopo.pixelkarte-farbe","url_text":"map.geo.admin.ch"}]},{"reference":"\"Schwanden\". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French). 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2015-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F784.php","url_text":"\"Schwanden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]},{"reference":"\"Sernftalbahn\". www.eingestellte-bahnen.ch (in German). Retrieved 2015-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eingestellte-bahnen.ch/58601/58727.html","url_text":"\"Sernftalbahn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gemeinde Glarus Süd\" [Glarus Süd Municipality] (in German). Gemeinde Glarus Süd. Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glarus-sued.ch/xml_1/internet/de/intro.cfm","url_text":"\"Gemeinde Glarus Süd\""}]},{"reference":"\"S-Bahn trains, buses and boats\" (PDF). ZVV. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zvv.ch/zvv-assets/fahrplan/pdf/sbahn.pdf","url_text":"\"S-Bahn trains, buses and boats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zürcher S-Bahn /S-Bahn St.Gallen /S-Bahn Schaffhausen /S-Bahn Bodensee\" (PDF). THURBO. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thurbo.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/2024_Liniennetzplan_Zuerich_Ostschweiz_Bodensee.pdf","url_text":"\"Zürcher S-Bahn /S-Bahn St.Gallen /S-Bahn Schaffhausen /S-Bahn Bodensee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THURBO","url_text":"THURBO"}]},{"reference":"\"Ziegelbrücke - Linthal\" (PDF). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xn--v-info-vxa.ch/sites/default/files/fap/2024/pdf/736.pdf","url_text":"\"Ziegelbrücke - Linthal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sernftalbus - Fahrplan 2015\" [Sernftalbus - Timetable 2015] (PDF) (in German). Autobetrieb Sernftal AG. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143232/http://www.sernftalbus.ch/downloads/2015_fahrplan_a3_web.pdf","url_text":"\"Sernftalbus - Fahrplan 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.sernftalbus.ch/downloads/2015_fahrplan_a3_web.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Schwanden,_Glarus¶ms=46_59_39_N_9_4_30_E_region:CH_type:city(2392)","external_links_name":"46°59′39″N 9°4′30″E / 46.99417°N 9.07500°E / 46.99417; 9.07500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Schwanden,_Glarus¶ms=46_59_39_N_9_4_30_E_region:CH_type:city(2392)","external_links_name":"46°59′39″N 9°4′30″E / 46.99417°N 9.07500°E / 46.99417; 9.07500"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwanden,_Glarus&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://map.geo.admin.ch/?zoom=8&X=206512.06&Y=724132.96&lang=en&topic=ech&bgLayer=ch.swisstopo.pixelkarte-farbe","external_links_name":"map.geo.admin.ch"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F784.php","external_links_name":"\"Schwanden\""},{"Link":"http://www.eingestellte-bahnen.ch/58601/58727.html","external_links_name":"\"Sernftalbahn\""},{"Link":"http://www.glarus-sued.ch/xml_1/internet/de/intro.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Gemeinde Glarus Süd\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets/gemeindesuche.html","external_links_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904041839/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets/gemeindesuche.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.zvv.ch/zvv-assets/fahrplan/pdf/sbahn.pdf","external_links_name":"\"S-Bahn trains, buses and boats\""},{"Link":"https://www.thurbo.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/2024_Liniennetzplan_Zuerich_Ostschweiz_Bodensee.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Zürcher S-Bahn /S-Bahn St.Gallen /S-Bahn Schaffhausen /S-Bahn Bodensee\""},{"Link":"https://www.xn--v-info-vxa.ch/sites/default/files/fap/2024/pdf/736.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ziegelbrücke - Linthal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143232/http://www.sernftalbus.ch/downloads/2015_fahrplan_a3_web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sernftalbus - Fahrplan 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.sernftalbus.ch/downloads/2015_fahrplan_a3_web.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gl.ch/documents/Entwicklung_Wohnbevoelkerung_GL_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"Canton Glarus population growth"},{"Link":"http://www.glarus-sued.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d242/f248.cfm","external_links_name":"Schwanden"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D784.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F784.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I784.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/254145857886423021093","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxHTHRDCW7X4vYDgt3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/000784","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieromartyr_Maximus_Sandovic
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Maxim Sandovich
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["1 Life","1.1 Early life","1.2 In Russia","1.3 Activities in Galicia","1.4 First arrest and trial","1.5 Second arrest and death","2 References","3 Biography","4 External links"]
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Orthodox saint and martyr
Maxim SandovichBorn1 February 1888, Zdynia, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-HungaryDied6 August 1914
(aged 26), Gorlice, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-HungaryMartyred byDietrich from Linz, for the Austro-Hungarian EmpireMeans of martyrdomfiring squadVenerated inEastern OrthodoxyCanonizedSeptember 6, 1994, Gorlice, by Polish Orthodox ChurchMajor shrineNew Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity, GorliceFeastSeptember 6 (Old Calendar)PatronageLemkos
Maxim Timofeyevich Sandovich (Russian: Максим Тимофеевич Сандович, Polish: Maksym Sandowicz; 1 February 1888 – 6 August 1914) is a New Martyr and Orthodox saint. known as saint hieromartyr Maxim of Gorlice (Polish: Maksym Gorlicki, Russian: Максим Горлицкий, Rusyn: Максим Горлицкый). He is the protomartyr of the Lemko people.
He was trained as an Eastern Orthodox priest, and was executed by the officially Catholic state of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a Russophile after his conversion to the Orthodox Church. After his execution, his wife was imprisoned in Talerhof, where his son, also named Maxim Sandovich, was born.
The memory of the Saint Maxim Sandovich and his spiritual heritage continues to be an important identification and value guide for the faithful of the Polish Orthodox Church, first of all for the Lemkos, reminding them of their spiritual roots, strengthening them in faith and inspiring them to work revealing the historical past of the Carpathian Ruthenians.
Life
Early life
Maxim Sandovich was born in Zdynia, Galicia, in family of Tymoteusz (or Timofej) and Krystyna Sandovich. His father owned a farm house and was a chanter in the local Greek-Catholic church of the Protection of the Mother of God (pl). His mother was a housewife.
He graduated from a four-class school in Gorlice and started his studies at a Gymnasium in Jasło. He then moved to the same school in Nowy Sącz. Among his colleagues he distinguished himself with religiosity; He planned to join the monastery. On the other hand, he had poor academic results, so he had to quit his high school after four class. Without parental consent, he then entered the novitiate to the Monastery of Krechov of the Basilian Order. After three months, in 1904, he left the congregation, disappointed with the spiritual level and general atmosphere of the monastery. The reason for Maxim Sandovich's disappointment in the Greek-Catholic Church was the fact that by the beginning of the twentieth century the Greek-Catholic monasteries and theological seminaries of Eastern Galicia, with the assistance of the Austrian and Polish administrations, finally turned into centers of Ukrainian propaganda and centers of the spread of Ukrainian identity. It was at this time, in order to strengthen Ukrainian influence on the Greek Catholic clergy of Galicia and to undermine the positions of traditionally influential Galician Russophiles, on the initiative of the Austrian authorities, it was difficult to admit people of traditional Russophile orientation to the theological seminaries of Eastern Galicia. Such an atmosphere, established in the Greek-Catholic Church of Eastern Galicia by the beginning of the twentieth century with the assistance of the Greek-Catholic Metropolitan — Ukrainizer Andrey Sheptytsky, was unacceptable for Maxim Sandovich, who was a staunch supporter of all-Russian unity.
In Russia
Bishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Volhynia and Zhytomyr
In the same year Maxim Sandovich went to Russia, where secondary school education was not compulsory for candidates seeking admission to the Orthodox theological seminary, nor for the mere acceptance of priestly ordination. He stepped as an obedient to the Pochayev Lavra. He worked in a monastery printing house. In this monastery he was noticed by the archbishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Volhynia and Zhytomir, who was one of the coordinators funded by the Russian state for the promotion of Orthodoxy in Galicia. This Hierarchy attached special importance to mobilizing missionaries from Galicia, who were supposed to obtain theological education in Russia and then return to their native areas as promoters of Orthodoxy. In agreement with the Archbishop, the Galician russophiles directed the young men (or even the boys) to Pochayev and Zhytomyr where they met Archbishop Anthony. And he directed them to university studies or to seminaries, often paying for their studies. Maxim Sandovich was also educated in Russia thanks to the scholarship granted by the Archbishop Anthony of Volhynia. Archbishop Anthony argued that the future missionary was his spiritual disciple.
Archbishop Anthony directed Sandovich to the theological seminary in Zhytomir. Even prior to the completion of study, during the family visit, the future clergyman was offered to take over the duties of the parish priest of the Orthodox parish in Grab, where the inhabitants of the community converted from the Greek Catholic faith. According to Anna Veronica Wendland, the initiator of this conversion was Sandovich, who, in consultation with the uniate priest Teodor Durkot from Zdynia, suggested the peasants of Grab to solve their conflict with the local clergyman with organizing an Orthodox pastoral institution. He declared the readiness of the exercise thereof.
In 1911 Sandovich graduated from the seminary for the best results in his year. He married Pelagia Grygoruk, daughter of an Orthodox priest from Nowe Berezowo. The wedding took place in one of the churches of the Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin in Leśna. Prior to the priest's ordination, Archbishop Anthony asked Sandovich for his pastoral work in Galicia as the hierarch recommended it; in case of disagreement Archbishop Anthony suggested Sandovich to serve in Kiev. Sandovich intended to join the missionary campaign among the Greek-catholic Lemkos. Archbishop Anthony agreed and on November 17, 1911 he ordained Sandovich as a priest, directing him to the parish in Grab.
Activities in Galicia
Fr. Maxim Sandovich took over the parish in Grab. The first service at the local prayer house was celebrated on December 2, 1911. The 150 faithful participated in it. Along with him from Russia to Galicia came priests Ivan Ileczko, who took over the parish in Cieląż and Ignacy Hudyma, who became parish priest in Załucze.
Small religiousness of the Greek Catholic peasants and the ease with which they manipulated the Galician Russophiles, proclaiming the superiority of the Orthodox Church and the necessity of joining Galicia to Russia, raised the anxiety of the Austrian administration in an increasingly tense international situation. As in the case of the Hniliczki affair, the Austrian authorities considered it necessary to take a strong stand against the entire Russophile movement.
One of the means of limiting Russophile movement was the recognition as an illegal pastoral activity of Orthodox priests ordained in Russia, who did not have the consent of the Metropolitan of Bukovina to serve in his Galicia jurisdiction. Fr. Sandovich did not have such permission, but claimed that his direct superior was the Patriarch of Constantinople, and that the legitimacy of the Orthodox Church in Austria meant that any ordained cleric of this confession could operate in Galicia. This explanation did not convince the authorities, and Fr. Maxim Sandovich was arrested for eight days and sentenced to a fine of 400 crowns after the first service in the Grab, defined by the local authorities as one of Orthodox centers and pro-Russian propaganda. On December 22 or 24, 1911, the chapel in Grab was closed, but the clergyman continued to celebrate the service, using the rooms he made available in private homes. Such practices, in the context of the fight against russophiles, were prohibited. In this connection, Fr. Maxim Sandovich was again arrested and fined 300 crowns or month of arrest. Also, this time the priest did not cease his activity, making illegal worship not only in Grab but also in Wyszowadka and Długie. Consequently, on January 16, 1912, he was sentenced to seven weeks in jail. After serving his sentence he resumed his missionary work in favor of Orthodoxy. The priest was easily accepted by the local community because he maintained good contacts with local Greek-Catholic clerics on Rusophilian beliefs. Similar views were very lively among the Lemko people. According to Bernadetta Wójtowicz-Huber: "Sandowycz was an extraordinary personality. Despite the ban on further activities, thanks to charisma, deep faith and good repute, it became a symbol of the Lemko community".
The financial aspect of his activity has also contributed to the Sandovich's popularity. He gave away the poor people donations, gathered at the sacrifice, expecting them only to swear that they would not convert again to Catholicism. He and other missionaries who came from Russia offered low prices for religious services, raised funds from the Russian sources for the construction of new temples. For the Galician people, who lived in poverty, this was important. The authority of the clergyman also increased as penalties imposed on him. In the rural communities that have gone through Orthodoxy, the subsequent detention of the clergy tightened his ties with the faithful and contributed to his recognition as a martyr, persecuted by the authorities.
First arrest and trial
March 28, 1912, shortly after release from custody, Fr. Sandovich was again detained along with another Orthodox priest, Ignacy Hudyma. Initially, the clergymen were accused of measuring the length of the bridge in Cheremosh. They were then taken to the detention center in Lviv and charged with espionage for Russia.
The detention of priests Sandovich and Hudyma was part of wider Austrian antirussophile activities. In Lviv, Semen Bendasiuk was arrested. He was the organizer of the dormitory, promoting the Russophile ideas among young people, and Wasyl Kołdra, founder of the russophile reading room. In Hungarian Ruthenia, where the movement for Orthodoxy was even stronger than in Galicia, the process of 94 peasants, who 94 advocated conversion, accused of espionage and treason, was conducted between March 1913 and February 1914 in Marmaroschsiget, ended in a recognition of defendants guilty and punishing them with a long prison term.
In the opinion of Włodzimierz Osadczy: "On the eve of the war, the show trial over the Orthodox agitators was to be a warning to all forces sympathizing to Russia, and not only for the Rusyns but also for the growing power of Polish national democrats". The same author considered that the analogous task the Austrian authorities put up before the process of Bendasiuk, Kołdra, fr. Hudyma and fr. Sandovich, began March 9, 1914 in Lvov and lasted three months.
All accused in this trial were charged with espionage and betrayal of state expressed in the desire to detach "Ruthenian lands" from Austro-Hungary and join them in the Russian Empire. Both clerics were also accused of illegally celebrating the service and preaching and unlawful travel to Russia. Fr. Sandovich was also accused that he expressed in an offensive manner about the Catholic religion. On the twenty-ninth day of the trial, he was interrogated about the draft found in his notes, in which the clergyman contained his thoughts on Orthodox Church and the Union of Brest.
"The process of Bendasiuk and comrades", as it was called in the Galician press, was extensively reported in the press: reports from it were published by all Lviv newspapers; a number of foreign journals (French, German, Italian) sent his correspondents to Lviv. The greatest interest in this case was in Russia. The process was observed on the spot by representatives of the four main factions of the Russian State Duma. Contrary to the objectives of the Austrian authorities, who intended to ban the further activities of Russophliles during the war with Russia, the process not only was not a heavy blow to this movement, but contributed to the spread of his ideas. In addition, the Russian state treasury allocated 30,000 rubles for running a propaganda campaign accompanying the process. "Orthodox martyrdom in Galicia" was also publicized by the Archbishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Volhynia, who in his eparchy issued a special circular on this subject and ordered after each Holy Liturgy to celebrate an additional service for the arrested russophiles. He himself contacted the Lviv court in writing, offering to testify as a witness. In Lviv there was a demonstration in defence of the accused, attended by near 80 Greek Catholic clergymen.
Hearings of the accused and witnesses proved the links between the Orthodox movement in Galicia and Russia, but the evidence gathered was not enough to confirm the allegation of treason and espionage contained in the indictment. In connection with this, on June 6, 1914, an acquittal issued by a jury of Poles was passed in relation to all defendants. The court found that the accused did not engage in politics and did not seek to tear Galicia away from Austria-Hungary. This judgment was dissatisfied with the Viennese government circles, which accused Poles of allowing (known as advocates) known Russophiles to the trial.
Second arrest and death
On June 7, 1914, Fr. Maxim Sandovich left the detention center and went to his parents' house in Zdynia. He resumed his pastoral activity in Grab. The co-accused with him in the trial did differently Stepan Bendasiuk and Vasyl Koldra, who immediately left for Russia and were taken there by Vladimir Bobrinsky, president of the Galician-Russian Society. Sandovich also intended to go to Russia, but he did not manage to collect the passport from the eldership in Gorlice. After the outbreak of World War I, in which Austria-Hungary and Russia found themselves in opposing blocks of fighting countries and the announcement of mobilization in Galicia, he was arrested on 4 August with his family: himself, his wife Pelagia, brother Mikołaj and father Tymoteusz were imprisoned in Gorlice.
After the declaration of war, the Austrian authorities continued their repression of the population showing pro-Russian sympathies. Many Russophiles or persons recognized as such were shot by the officers' independent decisions, without court judgments. In such circumstances, the priest was executed on September 6, 1914 in Gorlice The decision to execute him was made by rittmeister Ditrich, who arrived in Gorlice from Linz on 5 September. Fr Maxim Sandovich was shot in the courtyard of Gorlice prison at around 6 a.m. Witnesses to his execution were other residents of Gorlice and surrounding towns imprisoned on charges of Russophlilia sympathies, including members of the cleric's family. According to their account, the priest at the last minute called out "Long Live the Holy Orthodoxy! Long live Holy Russia!" or "Long Live the Ruthenian people and Holy Orthodoxy". Fr Sandovich's funeral took place without the participation of his family in the cemetery in Gorlice. In 1922, at the request of the executed father and wife, his remains were exhumed and moved to the cemetery in Zdynia. It was co-financed by Lemkos-emigrants residing in the United States
References
^ Maximus Sandovich at lemko.org
^ The Persecution and Death of Father Maxim Sandovich Archived 2009-09-12 at the Wayback Machine at The Hermitage of the Holy Cross
^ Sandowicz, Tatiana (6 March 1992). "In Memory of Rev. Maksym Sandowicz, a Martyr of Talehof". Karpatska Rus'. Yonkers, New York: 3.
^ Шевченко 2022, p. 200.
^ a b c d e f Wójtowicz-Huber 2008, pp. 187–189.
^ a b c d e f g Charkiewicz 2008, pp. 13–15.
^ a b c Osadczy 2007, pp. 544–546.
^ Шевченко 2022, p. 198.
^ a b A. Rydzanicz. O przeszłości trzeba mówić. "Przegląd Prawosławny". 10 (268), październik 2007. Białystok. ISSN 1230-1078.
^ A. Wendland: Die Russophilen in Galizien. Ukrainische Konservative zwischen Österreich und Russland, 1848-1915. Wiedeń: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001, s. 505. ISBN 978-3-7001-2938-7.
^ ks. protodiakon Marek Waszczuk (2018-10-02). "Prawosławna Diecezja Lubelsko - Chełmska". lublin.cerkiew.pl (in Polish).
^ a b c d Charkiewicz 2008, pp. 16–17.
^ a b Wójtowicz-Huber 2008, pp. 180–181.
^ a b c d e Osadczy 2007, pp. 565–567.
^ Wójtowicz-Huber 2008, pp. 190–192.
^ Wójtowicz-Huber 2008, pp. 209–210.
^ Charkiewicz 2008, p. 16.
^ Charkiewicz 2008, pp. 18–19.
^ Charkiewicz 2008, pp. 568–569.
^ Charkiewicz 2008, pp. 16–18.
^ a b c d e f Charkiewicz 2008, pp. 20–22.
^ a b Wójtowicz-Huber 2008, pp. 215–216.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Osadczy 2007, pp. 568–569.
^ Osadczy 2007, pp. 537.
^ Wójtowicz-Huber 2008, pp. 218–219.
^ Charkiewicz 2008, pp. 23–24.
^ A. Rydzanicz. O przeszłości trzeba mówić. „Przegląd Prawosławny”. 10 (268), październik 2007. Białystok. ISSN 1230-1078.
Biography
Lambertsen, Isaac E. (1999). Holy New Hieromartyr Maximus Sandovich: Protomartyr of the Lemko People. Liberty, TN: Saint John of Kronstadt Press. ISBN 0-912927-94-1.
Osadczy, Włodzimierz (2007). Święta Ruś. Rozwój i oddziaływanie idei prawosławia w Galicji (in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. ISBN 978-83-227-2672-3.
Wójtowicz-Huber, Bernadetta (2008). "Ojcowie narodu". Duchowieństwo greckokatolickie w ruchu narodowym Rusinów galicyjskich (1867-1918) (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ISBN 978-83-235-0383-5.
Charkiewicz, Jarosław (2008). Męczennicy XX wieku. Martyrologia Prawosławia w Polsce w biografiach świętych (in Polish). Warszawa: Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna. ISBN 978-83-60311-11-0.
Anna Rydzanicz. O przeszłości trzeba mówić. "Przegląd Prawosławny". 10 (268), październik 2007. Białystok. ISSN 1230-1078.
Шевченко, Кирилл (2022). "Православие в истории Карпатской Руси: святой Максим Сандович (1886—1914) как символ карпато-русской идентичности" (PDF). Христианские ценности и межкультурное взаимодействие : Сборник научных статей международной научно-практической конференции, Брест, 17-18 июня 2022 года (in Russian). Брест. pp. 196–201.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
Media related to Maksym Sandowycz at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Poland
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"New Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Martyr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hieromartyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieromartyr"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Rusyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language"},{"link_name":"protomartyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomartyr"},{"link_name":"Lemko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemko"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Russophilia"},{"link_name":"Talerhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talerhof"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polish Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE2022200-4"}],"text":"Maxim Timofeyevich Sandovich (Russian: Максим Тимофеевич Сандович, Polish: Maksym Sandowicz; 1 February 1888 – 6 August 1914) is a New Martyr and Orthodox saint.[1][2] known as saint hieromartyr Maxim of Gorlice (Polish: Maksym Gorlicki, Russian: Максим Горлицкий, Rusyn: Максим Горлицкый). He is the protomartyr of the Lemko people.He was trained as an Eastern Orthodox priest, and was executed by the officially Catholic state of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a Russophile after his conversion to the Orthodox Church. After his execution, his wife was imprisoned in Talerhof, where his son, also named Maxim Sandovich, was born.[3]The memory of the Saint Maxim Sandovich and his spiritual heritage continues to be an important identification and value guide for the faithful of the Polish Orthodox Church, first of all for the Lemkos, reminding them of their spiritual roots, strengthening them in faith and inspiring them to work revealing the historical past of the Carpathian Ruthenians.[4]","title":"Maxim Sandovich"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008187%E2%80%93189-5"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerkiew_Opieki_Matki_Bo%C5%BCej_w_Zdyni"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200813%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"Jasło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200813%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008187%E2%80%93189-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007544%E2%80%93546-7"},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Basilian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200813%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"Andrey Sheptytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Sheptytsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE2022198-8"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Maxim Sandovich was born in Zdynia, Galicia, in family of Tymoteusz (or Timofej[5]) and Krystyna Sandovich. His father owned a farm house and was a chanter in the local Greek-Catholic church of the Protection of the Mother of God (pl). His mother was a housewife.[6]He graduated from a four-class school in Gorlice and started his studies at a Gymnasium in Jasło. He then moved to the same school in Nowy Sącz. Among his colleagues he distinguished himself with religiosity; He planned to join the monastery.[6] On the other hand, he had poor academic results, so he had to quit his high school after four class.[5][7] Without parental consent, he then entered the novitiate to the Monastery of Krechov of the Basilian Order. After three months, in 1904, he left the congregation, disappointed with the spiritual level and general atmosphere of the monastery.[6] The reason for Maxim Sandovich's disappointment in the Greek-Catholic Church was the fact that by the beginning of the twentieth century the Greek-Catholic monasteries and theological seminaries of Eastern Galicia, with the assistance of the Austrian and Polish administrations, finally turned into centers of Ukrainian propaganda and centers of the spread of Ukrainian identity. It was at this time, in order to strengthen Ukrainian influence on the Greek Catholic clergy of Galicia and to undermine the positions of traditionally influential Galician Russophiles, on the initiative of the Austrian authorities, it was difficult to admit people of traditional Russophile orientation to the theological seminaries of Eastern Galicia. Such an atmosphere, established in the Greek-Catholic Church of Eastern Galicia by the beginning of the twentieth century with the assistance of the Greek-Catholic Metropolitan — Ukrainizer Andrey Sheptytsky, was unacceptable for Maxim Sandovich, who was a staunch supporter of all-Russian unity.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9).jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony (Khrapovitsky)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_(Khrapovitsky)"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007544%E2%80%93546-7"},{"link_name":"Pochayev Lavra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochayiv_Lavra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200813%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rydz1-9"},{"link_name":"Anthony (Khrapovitsky)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_(Khrapovitsky)"},{"link_name":"Zhytomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomir"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200813%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"Galician russophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophiles_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Pochayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochayev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007544%E2%80%93546-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rydz1-9"},{"link_name":"Grab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab,_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200813%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nowe Berezowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowoberezowo"},{"link_name":"Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Virgin,_Le%C5%9Bna_Podlaska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaster_Narodzenia_Matki_Bo%C5%BCej_w_Le%C5%9Bnej"},{"link_name":"Leśna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%9Bna_Podlaska"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200813%E2%80%9315-6"},{"link_name":"Lemkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemkos"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200816%E2%80%9317-12"}],"sub_title":"In Russia","text":"Bishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Volhynia and ZhytomyrIn the same year Maxim Sandovich went to Russia, where secondary school education was not compulsory for candidates seeking admission to the Orthodox theological seminary, nor for the mere acceptance of priestly ordination.[7] He stepped as an obedient to the Pochayev Lavra.[6] He worked in a monastery printing house.[9] In this monastery he was noticed by the archbishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Volhynia and Zhytomir,[6] who was one of the coordinators funded by the Russian state for the promotion of Orthodoxy in Galicia. This Hierarchy attached special importance to mobilizing missionaries from Galicia, who were supposed to obtain theological education in Russia and then return to their native areas as promoters of Orthodoxy. In agreement with the Archbishop, the Galician russophiles directed the young men (or even the boys) to Pochayev and Zhytomyr where they met Archbishop Anthony. And he directed them to university studies or to seminaries, often paying for their studies. Maxim Sandovich was also educated in Russia thanks to the scholarship granted by the Archbishop Anthony of Volhynia.[7] Archbishop Anthony argued that the future missionary was his spiritual disciple.[9]Archbishop Anthony directed Sandovich to the theological seminary in Zhytomir. Even prior to the completion of study, during the family visit, the future clergyman was offered to take over the duties of the parish priest of the Orthodox parish in Grab, where the inhabitants of the community converted from the Greek Catholic faith.[6] According to Anna Veronica Wendland, the initiator of this conversion was Sandovich, who, in consultation with the uniate priest Teodor Durkot from Zdynia, suggested the peasants of Grab to solve their conflict with the local clergyman with organizing an Orthodox pastoral institution. He declared the readiness of the exercise thereof.[10]In 1911 Sandovich graduated from the seminary for the best results in his year. He married Pelagia Grygoruk, daughter of an Orthodox priest from Nowe Berezowo. The wedding took place in one of the churches of the Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin [pl] in Leśna.[11] Prior to the priest's ordination, Archbishop Anthony asked Sandovich for his pastoral work in Galicia as the hierarch recommended it; in case of disagreement Archbishop Anthony suggested Sandovich to serve in Kiev.[6] Sandovich intended to join the missionary campaign among the Greek-catholic Lemkos. Archbishop Anthony agreed and on November 17, 1911 he ordained Sandovich as a priest, directing him to the parish in Grab.[12]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200816%E2%80%9317-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008187%E2%80%93189-5"},{"link_name":"Cieląż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciel%C4%85%C5%BC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Załucze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C5%82ucze"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008180%E2%80%93181-13"},{"link_name":"Hniliczki affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hniliczki_affair"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007565%E2%80%93567-14"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan of Bukovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_of_Bukovina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007565%E2%80%93567-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008187%E2%80%93189-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200816%E2%80%9317-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008180%E2%80%93181-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200816%E2%80%9317-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007565%E2%80%93567-14"},{"link_name":"Wyszowadka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyszowatka"},{"link_name":"Długie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82ugie,_Sanok_County"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008187%E2%80%93189-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008187%E2%80%93189-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008190%E2%80%93192-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008209%E2%80%93210-16"}],"sub_title":"Activities in Galicia","text":"Fr. Maxim Sandovich took over the parish in Grab. The first service at the local prayer house was celebrated on December 2, 1911.[12] The 150 faithful participated in it.[5] Along with him from Russia to Galicia came priests Ivan Ileczko, who took over the parish in Cieląż and Ignacy Hudyma, who became parish priest in Załucze.[13]Small religiousness of the Greek Catholic peasants and the ease with which they manipulated the Galician Russophiles, proclaiming the superiority of the Orthodox Church and the necessity of joining Galicia to Russia, raised the anxiety of the Austrian administration in an increasingly tense international situation. As in the case of the Hniliczki affair, the Austrian authorities considered it necessary to take a strong stand against the entire Russophile movement.[14]One of the means of limiting Russophile movement was the recognition as an illegal pastoral activity of Orthodox priests ordained in Russia, who did not have the consent of the Metropolitan of Bukovina to serve in his Galicia jurisdiction.[14] Fr. Sandovich did not have such permission, but claimed that his direct superior was the Patriarch of Constantinople, and that the legitimacy of the Orthodox Church in Austria meant that any ordained cleric of this confession could operate in Galicia.[5] This explanation did not convince the authorities, and Fr. Maxim Sandovich was arrested for eight days and sentenced to a fine of 400 crowns after the first service in the Grab,[12] defined by the local authorities as one of Orthodox centers and pro-Russian propaganda.[13] On December 22 or 24, 1911, the chapel in Grab was closed, but the clergyman continued to celebrate the service, using the rooms he made available in private homes.[12] Such practices, in the context of the fight against russophiles, were prohibited.[14] In this connection, Fr. Maxim Sandovich was again arrested and fined 300 crowns or month of arrest. Also, this time the priest did not cease his activity, making illegal worship not only in Grab but also in Wyszowadka and Długie. Consequently, on January 16, 1912, he was sentenced to seven weeks in jail. After serving his sentence he resumed his missionary work in favor of Orthodoxy. The priest was easily accepted by the local community because he maintained good contacts with local Greek-Catholic clerics on Rusophilian beliefs. Similar views were very lively among the Lemko people.[5] According to Bernadetta Wójtowicz-Huber: \"Sandowycz was an extraordinary personality. Despite the ban on further activities, thanks to charisma, deep faith and good repute, it became a symbol of the Lemko community\".[5]The financial aspect of his activity has also contributed to the Sandovich's popularity. He gave away the poor people donations, gathered at the sacrifice, expecting them only to swear that they would not convert again to Catholicism. He and other missionaries who came from Russia offered low prices for religious services, raised funds from the Russian sources for the construction of new temples. For the Galician people, who lived in poverty, this was important.[15] The authority of the clergyman also increased as penalties imposed on him. In the rural communities that have gone through Orthodoxy, the subsequent detention of the clergy tightened his ties with the faithful and contributed to his recognition as a martyr, persecuted by the authorities.[16]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200816-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200818%E2%80%9319-18"},{"link_name":"Semen Bendasiuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semen_Bendasiuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Marmaroschsiget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007565%E2%80%93567-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007565%E2%80%93567-14"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz2008568%E2%80%93569-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200816%E2%80%9318-20"},{"link_name":"Union of Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Brest"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200820%E2%80%9322-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008215%E2%80%93216-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007537-24"},{"link_name":"Anthony (Khrapovitsky)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_(Khrapovitsky)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008215%E2%80%93216-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200820%E2%80%9322-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"}],"sub_title":"First arrest and trial","text":"March 28, 1912, shortly after release from custody, Fr. Sandovich was again detained along with another Orthodox priest, Ignacy Hudyma. Initially, the clergymen were accused of measuring the length of the bridge in Cheremosh. They were then taken to the detention center in Lviv[17] and charged with espionage for Russia.[18]The detention of priests Sandovich and Hudyma was part of wider Austrian antirussophile activities. In Lviv, Semen Bendasiuk [ru] was arrested. He was the organizer of the dormitory, promoting the Russophile ideas among young people, and Wasyl Kołdra, founder of the russophile reading room. In Hungarian Ruthenia, where the movement for Orthodoxy was even stronger than in Galicia, the process of 94 peasants, who 94 advocated conversion, accused of espionage and treason, was conducted between March 1913 and February 1914 in Marmaroschsiget, ended in a recognition of defendants guilty and punishing them with a long prison term.[14]In the opinion of Włodzimierz Osadczy: \"On the eve of the war, the show trial over the Orthodox agitators was to be a warning to all forces sympathizing to Russia, and not only for the Rusyns but also for the growing power of Polish national democrats\". The same author considered that the analogous task the Austrian authorities put up before the process of Bendasiuk, Kołdra, fr. Hudyma and fr. Sandovich, began March 9, 1914 in Lvov and lasted three months.[14]All accused in this trial were charged with espionage and betrayal of state expressed in the desire to detach \"Ruthenian lands\" from Austro-Hungary and join them in the Russian Empire. Both clerics were also accused of illegally celebrating the service and preaching and unlawful travel to Russia.[19] Fr. Sandovich was also accused that he expressed in an offensive manner about the Catholic religion.[20] On the twenty-ninth day of the trial, he was interrogated about the draft found in his notes, in which the clergyman contained his thoughts on Orthodox Church and the Union of Brest.[21]\"The process of Bendasiuk and comrades\", as it was called in the Galician press, was extensively reported in the press: reports from it were published by all Lviv newspapers; a number of foreign journals (French, German, Italian) sent his correspondents to Lviv.[22] The greatest interest in this case was in Russia. The process was observed on the spot by representatives of the four main factions of the Russian State Duma.[23] Contrary to the objectives of the Austrian authorities, who intended to ban the further activities of Russophliles during the war with Russia, the process not only was not a heavy blow to this movement, but contributed to the spread of his ideas. In addition, the Russian state treasury allocated 30,000 rubles for running a propaganda campaign accompanying the process.[24] \"Orthodox martyrdom in Galicia\" was also publicized by the Archbishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Volhynia, who in his eparchy issued a special circular on this subject and ordered after each Holy Liturgy to celebrate an additional service for the arrested russophiles. He himself contacted the Lviv court in writing, offering to testify as a witness.[23] In Lviv there was a demonstration in defence of the accused, attended by near 80 Greek Catholic clergymen.[22]Hearings of the accused and witnesses proved the links between the Orthodox movement in Galicia and Russia, but the evidence gathered was not enough to confirm the allegation of treason and espionage contained in the indictment.[23] In connection with this, on June 6, 1914, an acquittal issued by a jury of Poles was passed in relation to all defendants.[23] The court found that the accused did not engage in politics and did not seek to tear Galicia away from Austria-Hungary.[21] This judgment was dissatisfied with the Viennese government circles, which accused Poles of allowing (known as advocates) known Russophiles to the trial.[23]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200820%E2%80%9322-21"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Bobrinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Bobrinsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200820%E2%80%9322-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%B3jtowicz-Huber2008218%E2%80%93219-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200820%E2%80%9322-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200820%E2%80%9322-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadczy2007568%E2%80%93569-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharkiewicz200823%E2%80%9324-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Second arrest and death","text":"On June 7, 1914, Fr. Maxim Sandovich left the detention center and went to his parents' house in Zdynia. He resumed his pastoral activity in Grab.[21] The co-accused with him in the trial did differently Stepan Bendasiuk and Vasyl Koldra, who immediately left for Russia and were taken there by Vladimir Bobrinsky, president of the Galician-Russian Society.[23] Sandovich also intended to go to Russia, but he did not manage to collect the passport from the eldership in Gorlice. After the outbreak of World War I, in which Austria-Hungary and Russia found themselves in opposing blocks of fighting countries and the announcement of mobilization in Galicia, he was arrested on 4 August with his family:[23] himself, his wife Pelagia, brother Mikołaj and father Tymoteusz were imprisoned in Gorlice.[21]After the declaration of war, the Austrian authorities continued their repression of the population showing pro-Russian sympathies. Many Russophiles or persons recognized as such were shot by the officers' independent decisions, without court judgments.[23][25] In such circumstances, the priest was executed on September 6, 1914 in Gorlice[23] The decision to execute him was made by rittmeister Ditrich,[23] who arrived in Gorlice from Linz on 5 September. Fr Maxim Sandovich was shot in the courtyard of Gorlice prison at around 6 a.m. Witnesses to his execution were other residents of Gorlice and surrounding towns imprisoned on charges of Russophlilia sympathies, including members of the cleric's family.[21] According to their account, the priest at the last minute called out \"Long Live the Holy Orthodoxy! Long live Holy Russia!\"[21] or \"Long Live the Ruthenian people and Holy Orthodoxy\".[23] Fr Sandovich's funeral took place without the participation of his family in the cemetery in Gorlice. In 1922, at the request of the executed father and wife, his remains were exhumed and moved to the cemetery in Zdynia.[26] It was co-financed by Lemkos-emigrants residing in the United States[27]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912927-94-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912927-94-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-227-2672-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-227-2672-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-235-0383-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-235-0383-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-60311-11-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60311-11-0"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1230-1078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1230-1078"},{"link_name":"\"Православие в истории Карпатской Руси: святой Максим Сандович (1886—1914) как символ карпато-русской идентичности\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rep.bstu.by/bitstream/handle/data/32152/196-201.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Lambertsen, Isaac E. (1999). Holy New Hieromartyr Maximus Sandovich: Protomartyr of the Lemko People. Liberty, TN: Saint John of Kronstadt Press. ISBN 0-912927-94-1.\nOsadczy, Włodzimierz (2007). Święta Ruś. Rozwój i oddziaływanie idei prawosławia w Galicji (in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. ISBN 978-83-227-2672-3.\nWójtowicz-Huber, Bernadetta (2008). \"Ojcowie narodu\". Duchowieństwo greckokatolickie w ruchu narodowym Rusinów galicyjskich (1867-1918) (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ISBN 978-83-235-0383-5.\nCharkiewicz, Jarosław (2008). Męczennicy XX wieku. Martyrologia Prawosławia w Polsce w biografiach świętych (in Polish). Warszawa: Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna. ISBN 978-83-60311-11-0.\nAnna Rydzanicz. O przeszłości trzeba mówić. \"Przegląd Prawosławny\". 10 (268), październik 2007. Białystok. ISSN 1230-1078.\nШевченко, Кирилл (2022). \"Православие в истории Карпатской Руси: святой Максим Сандович (1886—1914) как символ карпато-русской идентичности\" (PDF). Христианские ценности и межкультурное взаимодействие : Сборник научных статей международной научно-практической конференции, Брест, 17-18 июня 2022 года (in Russian). Брест. pp. 196–201.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Volhynia and Zhytomyr","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%28%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29.jpg/220px-%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%28%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Sandowicz, Tatiana (6 March 1992). \"In Memory of Rev. Maksym Sandowicz, a Martyr of Talehof\". Karpatska Rus'. Yonkers, New York: 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpatska_Rus%27","url_text":"Karpatska Rus'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York","url_text":"Yonkers, New York"}]},{"reference":"ks. protodiakon Marek Waszczuk (2018-10-02). \"Prawosławna Diecezja Lubelsko - Chełmska\". lublin.cerkiew.pl (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"http://lublin.cerkiew.pl/aktual.php?id_n=1548&id=139","url_text":"\"Prawosławna Diecezja Lubelsko - Chełmska\""}]},{"reference":"Lambertsen, Isaac E. (1999). Holy New Hieromartyr Maximus Sandovich: Protomartyr of the Lemko People. Liberty, TN: Saint John of Kronstadt Press. ISBN 0-912927-94-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912927-94-1","url_text":"0-912927-94-1"}]},{"reference":"Osadczy, Włodzimierz (2007). Święta Ruś. Rozwój i oddziaływanie idei prawosławia w Galicji (in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. ISBN 978-83-227-2672-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-227-2672-3","url_text":"978-83-227-2672-3"}]},{"reference":"Wójtowicz-Huber, Bernadetta (2008). \"Ojcowie narodu\". Duchowieństwo greckokatolickie w ruchu narodowym Rusinów galicyjskich (1867-1918) (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ISBN 978-83-235-0383-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-235-0383-5","url_text":"978-83-235-0383-5"}]},{"reference":"Charkiewicz, Jarosław (2008). Męczennicy XX wieku. Martyrologia Prawosławia w Polsce w biografiach świętych (in Polish). Warszawa: Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna. ISBN 978-83-60311-11-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60311-11-0","url_text":"978-83-60311-11-0"}]},{"reference":"Шевченко, Кирилл (2022). \"Православие в истории Карпатской Руси: святой Максим Сандович (1886—1914) как символ карпато-русской идентичности\" (PDF). Христианские ценности и межкультурное взаимодействие : Сборник научных статей международной научно-практической конференции, Брест, 17-18 июня 2022 года (in Russian). Брест. pp. 196–201.","urls":[{"url":"https://rep.bstu.by/bitstream/handle/data/32152/196-201.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Православие в истории Карпатской Руси: святой Максим Сандович (1886—1914) как символ карпато-русской идентичности\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.lemko.org/religion/maxim/1.html","external_links_name":"Maximus Sandovich"},{"Link":"http://www.holycross-hermitage.com/pages/Orthodox_Life/fr_maxim.htm","external_links_name":"The Persecution and Death of Father Maxim Sandovich"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090912062900/http://www.holycross-hermitage.com/pages/Orthodox_Life/fr_maxim.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1230-1078","external_links_name":"1230-1078"},{"Link":"http://lublin.cerkiew.pl/aktual.php?id_n=1548&id=139","external_links_name":"\"Prawosławna Diecezja Lubelsko - Chełmska\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1230-1078","external_links_name":"1230-1078"},{"Link":"https://rep.bstu.by/bitstream/handle/data/32152/196-201.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"Православие в истории Карпатской Руси: святой Максим Сандович (1886—1914) как символ карпато-русской идентичности\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2502151778209818130001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810570598105606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Slavery_Museum
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United States National Slavery Museum
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["1 Fredericksburg proposal","2 Richmond plan","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°19′22″N 77°30′31″W / 38.3227034°N 77.508738°W / 38.3227034; -77.508738The United States National Slavery Museum was an unfunded proposal for a museum to commemorate American slavery.
Fredericksburg proposal
In 2001 a non-profit organization was founded in Fredericksburg, Virginia, to raise funds and campaign to establish a national museum on slavery in America.
On October 8, 2001, Douglas Wilder, mayor of Richmond, Virginia, announced his intention to build a National Slavery Museum in Fredericksburg, on 38 acres donated by the Silver Company at the Celebrate Virginia Retail and Tourism complex. The site overlooks the Rappahannock River and is located less than one mile from Interstate 95 (the principal North-South artery for the U.S. East Coast). Originally projected to open in 2004, the museum was to be part of the state's "Celebrate Virginia" development along the busy I-95 travel corridor between Richmond and Washington DC.
In 2005 the Fredericksburg City Council set a deadline to begin construction by August 1, 2008, in order for the project to retain its special-use permit (allowing the planned building to exceed zoning restrictions on height.) The museum project made its last tax payment on May 15, 2008, and the following day the executive director wrote the City Council to request to delay construction for one year (until August 2009). In June 2008, appeared before the City Council to ask for an exemption to pay real-estate taxes (retroactive to 2002), but this request was denied on June 24, 2008, by a vote of 6-1. By the end of the year the project's leased offices in Fredericksburg were reported to be vacant. The local Fredericksburg newspaper reported in February 2009 that the offices had never had much staff beyond Executive Director Vonita Foster and one assistant.
The museum was intended to have as its primary mission education, re-education, and policy formation regarding slavery in America and its enduring legacy. Former Virginia Governor Douglas Wilder is the museum project's founder. The project, effectively, died in 2008 due to its inability to raise sufficient funds to pay property taxes, let alone begin construction. On September 22, 2011, the organization filed for Chapter 11 protection in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Fredericksburg. In early 2011 museum founder, Douglas Wilder, was refusing to respond to or answer any questions from either news reporters or patrons who had donated artifacts.
Work ceased in 2007 with the dedication of a small (one-third acre) Spirit of Freedom Garden. In June 2008 the museum was denied tax-exempt status. From that time, taxes on the land had not been paid and the property was at risk of being sold at auction by the city of Fredericksburg.
According to a news report in mid-August 2011, the museum property has an assessed value of $7.6 million, and delinquent property taxes for the years 2009, 2010, and 2011 amount to just over $215,000. Virginia tax authorities said the property became eligible to be sold as a tax sale on December 31, 2010. Official notification of the commonwealth's intent to sell the property was planned for late August 2011, but a tax official said it was unlikely "anything would really happen" for six months (until early 2012), and the planned tax sale would be dropped if taxes were paid. But then the organization filed for Chapter 11 protection in September, although it remains unclear if the purpose was reorganization or liquidation.
On October 21, 2013, the Hagerstown Suns and Diamond Nation finalized an agreement to purchase the land of the proposed museum property. Under the deal, the city of Fredericksburg will receive $450,000 in back taxes owed from the US National Slavery Museum's failure to pay its taxes.
Richmond plan
The former Governor of Virginia, Bob McDonnell, committed 11 million dollars in state funds toward the 30-plus million needed to build a National Museum of Slavery in the Shockoe Bottom, in Richmond, Virginia. The proposed development project would include the museum, new business and residential properties, a Kroger grocery store, and a baseball stadium, intended to help improve a generally depressed area. The National Museum of Slavery would be built next to a slave graveyard and what is considered (after New Orleans) the second-largest slave trading station in U.S. history. In a February 10, 2014, Richmond City Council meeting, the council voted unanimously to commit $5 million (~$6.34 million in 2023) to honor slave-history sites. This complemented the $11 million proposed by McDonnell. This deal did not include funding for a planned ballpark. However, according to columnist Michael Paul Williams, writing in the Richmond Times-Dispatch in June, 2015, "the idea went nowhere."
See also
National Slave Memorial
Slavery in the United States
List of museums focused on African Americans
References
^ Davis, Chelyen "Slavery museum files for bankruptcy", Fredericksburg.com, September 23, 21; accessed 28 October 2011.
^ Hannon, Kelly "Slavery Museum Donors Ignored" Archived 2011-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, "The FreeLance Star", February 13, 2011; accessed 14 August 2011.
^ Gould, Pamela, "Slavery museum's future in doubt" Archived 2009-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, "The FreeLance Star", February 21, 2009, Accessed December 29, 2010
^ Hannon, Kelly, "Land Sale Looms for Museum Site" Archived 2011-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, "The FreeLance Star", December 29, 2010, Accessed December 29, 2010
^ Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper, Sunday August 14, 2011, Metro page B-2, "Slavery Museum Misses Tax Deadline"; accessed 14 August 2011.
^ Times-Dispatch, GRAHAM MOOMAW Richmond. "Council votes to support funding for Shockoe slavery sites".
^ Williams, Michael Paul (8 June 2015). "Williams: Train shed project lacks focus". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
External links
Douglas Wilder website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
38°19′22″N 77°30′31″W / 38.3227034°N 77.508738°W / 38.3227034; -77.508738
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The United States National Slavery Museum was an unfunded proposal for a museum to commemorate American slavery.","title":"United States National Slavery Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Douglas Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95"},{"link_name":"U.S. East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Douglas Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Wilder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tax-exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_exemption"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hagerstown Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerstown_Suns"},{"link_name":"Diamond Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Nation"}],"text":"In 2001 a non-profit organization was founded in Fredericksburg, Virginia, to raise funds and campaign to establish a national museum on slavery in America.On October 8, 2001, Douglas Wilder, mayor of Richmond, Virginia, announced his intention to build a National Slavery Museum in Fredericksburg, on 38 acres donated by the Silver Company at the Celebrate Virginia Retail and Tourism complex. The site overlooks the Rappahannock River and is located less than one mile from Interstate 95 (the principal North-South artery for the U.S. East Coast). Originally projected to open in 2004, the museum was to be part of the state's \"Celebrate Virginia\" development along the busy I-95 travel corridor between Richmond and Washington DC.In 2005 the Fredericksburg City Council set a deadline to begin construction by August 1, 2008, in order for the project to retain its special-use permit (allowing the planned building to exceed zoning restrictions on height.) The museum project made its last tax payment on May 15, 2008, and the following day the executive director wrote the City Council to request to delay construction for one year (until August 2009). In June 2008, appeared before the City Council to ask for an exemption to pay real-estate taxes (retroactive to 2002), but this request was denied on June 24, 2008, by a vote of 6-1. By the end of the year the project's leased offices in Fredericksburg were reported to be vacant. The local Fredericksburg newspaper reported in February 2009 that the offices had never had much staff beyond Executive Director Vonita Foster and one assistant.The museum was intended to have as its primary mission education, re-education, and policy formation regarding slavery in America and its enduring legacy. Former Virginia Governor Douglas Wilder is the museum project's founder. The project, effectively, died in 2008 due to its inability to raise sufficient funds to pay property taxes, let alone begin construction. On September 22, 2011, the organization filed for Chapter 11 protection in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Fredericksburg.[1] In early 2011 museum founder, Douglas Wilder, was refusing to respond to or answer any questions from either news reporters or patrons who had donated artifacts.[2]Work ceased in 2007 with the dedication of a small (one-third acre) Spirit of Freedom Garden. In June 2008 the museum was denied tax-exempt status.[3] From that time, taxes on the land had not been paid and the property was at risk of being sold at auction by the city of Fredericksburg.[4]According to a news report in mid-August 2011, the museum property has an assessed value of $7.6 million, and delinquent property taxes for the years 2009, 2010, and 2011 amount to just over $215,000. Virginia tax authorities said the property became eligible to be sold as a tax sale on December 31, 2010. Official notification of the commonwealth's intent to sell the property was planned for late August 2011, but a tax official said it was unlikely \"anything would really happen\" for six months (until early 2012), and the planned tax sale would be dropped if taxes were paid.[5] But then the organization filed for Chapter 11 protection in September, although it remains unclear if the purpose was reorganization or liquidation.On October 21, 2013, the Hagerstown Suns and Diamond Nation finalized an agreement to purchase the land of the proposed museum property. Under the deal, the city of Fredericksburg will receive $450,000 in back taxes owed from the US National Slavery Museum's failure to pay its taxes.","title":"Fredericksburg proposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bob McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"Shockoe Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockoe_Bottom"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richmond Times-Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-7"}],"text":"The former Governor of Virginia, Bob McDonnell, committed 11 million dollars in state funds toward the 30-plus million needed to build a National Museum of Slavery in the Shockoe Bottom, in Richmond, Virginia. The proposed development project would include the museum, new business and residential properties, a Kroger grocery store, and a baseball stadium, intended to help improve a generally depressed area. The National Museum of Slavery would be built next to a slave graveyard and what is considered (after New Orleans) the second-largest slave trading station in U.S. history.[citation needed] In a February 10, 2014, Richmond City Council meeting, the council voted unanimously to commit $5 million (~$6.34 million in 2023) to honor slave-history sites. This complemented the $11 million proposed by McDonnell. This deal did not include funding for a planned ballpark.[6] However, according to columnist Michael Paul Williams, writing in the Richmond Times-Dispatch in June, 2015, \"the idea went nowhere.\"[7]","title":"Richmond plan"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"National Slave Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Slave_Memorial"},{"title":"Slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of museums focused on African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans"}]
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[{"reference":"Times-Dispatch, GRAHAM MOOMAW Richmond. \"Council votes to support funding for Shockoe slavery sites\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/local/city-of-richmond/council-votes-to-support-funding-for-shockoe-slavery-sites/article_6d9e1318-eae8-5c62-b275-a8daa36b1835.html","url_text":"\"Council votes to support funding for Shockoe slavery sites\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Michael Paul (8 June 2015). \"Williams: Train shed project lacks focus\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/news/local/michael-paul-williams/article_4ae3a6db-283f-59d2-b3c9-25ee21738405.html","url_text":"\"Williams: Train shed project lacks focus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch","url_text":"Richmond Times-Dispatch"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_National_Slavery_Museum¶ms=38.3227034_N_77.508738_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°19′22″N 77°30′31″W / 38.3227034°N 77.508738°W / 38.3227034; -77.508738"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926191420/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/092011/09232011/653839","external_links_name":"\"Slavery museum files for bankruptcy\""},{"Link":"https://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/022011/02132011/605667","external_links_name":"\"Slavery Museum Donors Ignored\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110215173923/http://www.fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/022011/02132011/605667","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2009/022009/02212009/446477","external_links_name":"\"Slavery museum's future in doubt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090224141739/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2009/022009/02212009/446477","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2010/122010/12292010/597003","external_links_name":"\"Land Sale Looms for Museum Site\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110407023224/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2010/122010/12292010/597003","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/local/city-of-richmond/council-votes-to-support-funding-for-shockoe-slavery-sites/article_6d9e1318-eae8-5c62-b275-a8daa36b1835.html","external_links_name":"\"Council votes to support funding for Shockoe slavery sites\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmond.com/news/local/michael-paul-williams/article_4ae3a6db-283f-59d2-b3c9-25ee21738405.html","external_links_name":"\"Williams: Train shed project lacks focus\""},{"Link":"http://www.wildervisions.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122349930","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/168063244","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/3071704-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004050203","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_National_Slavery_Museum¶ms=38.3227034_N_77.508738_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°19′22″N 77°30′31″W / 38.3227034°N 77.508738°W / 38.3227034; -77.508738"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelin%27_Light_(J._J._Cale_song)
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Travelin' Light (J. J. Cale song)
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["1 Original recording","2 Eric Clapton's version","3 References","4 External links"]
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1976 single by J.J. Cale"Travelin' Light"Single by J.J. Calefrom the album Troubadour B-side"Hey Baby"Released1976 (1976)Recorded1976 (1976)Length2:50LabelShelterSongwriter(s)J.J. CaleProducer(s)Audie AshworthJ.J. Cale singles chronology
"Lies" (1972)
"Travelin' Light" (1976)
"Katy Kool Lady" (1979)
"Travelin' Light" is a song written and recorded by the Tulsa musician J.J. Cale. It was released in September 1976 on Cale's fourth studio album Troubadour under Shelter Records. It was also released as a single the same year. It was later covered by the British guitarist Eric Clapton for his 2001 studio album Reptile and helped to promote both the song and studio album on which "Travelin' Light" was first released. Athens, Georgia band Widespread Panic also covered it on their debut album, and it has continued to be a mainstay of their live show ever since.
Original recording
Cale recorded the song in 1976 and released it in September 1976 on his studio album Troubadour and it was also released as a single by Shelter Records the same year. Cale's recording was produced by Audie Ashworth and is two minute and 50 second long. Critics from the music website Alltime Records reviewed the recording: "'Travelin' Light', with its funky James Burton–style guitar that Jimmy Page tried to copy on "The Crunge", along with great xylophones to fill out the sound – it moves and cooks and rolls and rocks and has just an absolutely earthy quality". The song was released as a part of various compilation albums, including 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of J.J. Cale (2002), The Ultimate Collection (2004), and Classic Album Selection (2013). JJ Cale's version of his own "Travelin' Light" was played to awaken the crews of the Atlantis Space Shuttle and International Space Station preceding their spacewalk early on Friday May 21, 2010.
Eric Clapton's version
On March 13 2001 Eric Clapton released his version of the song on his studio album Reptile, which was produced by Clapton and Simon Climie. AllMusic critic William Ruhlmann compared the Clapton cover with his 1977 version of another Cale tune, "Cocaine", noting fans will enjoy the 2001 cover as much as the 1977 hit single release. Critics from the German music website Planet Guitar called Clapton's cover a "raw blues rock tune with a lot of Clapton guitar riffs and licks". Journalist Simon Warner of PopMatters liked "the rolling Southern boogie of J.J. Cale's 'Travelin' Light', leavened somewhat by the vocal backing of the Impressions". Billboard magazines Christa L. Titus noted: "Clapton adheres to the standard that imitation is the highest form of flattery by holding close to Cale's composition, though Clapton's vocal delivery is smoother and deeper; the music also has a better flow and a fuller feel to it, thanks to a Hammond organ humming along in the background. Since the lyric is sparse, the music does the talking, and Slowhand lets it have its say with some extensive, bluesy guitar soloing at both the bridge and the outro". Clapton's cover version was also included on the compilation albums Pilgrim/Reptile in 2008 and The Platinum Collection: Reptile/Me & Mr. Johnson/MTV Unplugged in 2010. Clapton also performed the song live during his Reptile World Tour in 2001, filling the live performances with a "lumberingly, heavy top" as The Guardian critic Adam Sweeting reviewed.
Car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz used Clapton's version for their G-Class commercial.
References
^ Ruhlmann, William. "Troubadour – J.J. Cale | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Eric Clapton – Travelin' Light – hitparade.ch". Schweizer Hitparade (in German). Steffen Hung – Hund Medien. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "J.J. Cale – Travelin' Light – hitparade.ch". Schweizer Hitparade (in German). Steffen Hung – Hund Medien. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Troubadour by J.J. Cale ::: Reviews". Alltime Records. Alltime-records.com. October 13, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Travelin' Light – J.J. Cale | Song Info | AllMusic". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Album – Reptile (2001)". Eric Clapton UK. Gareth Davies. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ Ruhlmann, William. "Reptile – Eric Clapton | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "CD Review – Eric Clapton – Reptile". Planet Guitar (in German). Planet–Guitar Online Service GmbH. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ Warner, Simon (March 12, 2001). "Eric Clapton: Reptile | PopMatters". PopMatters Magazine. PopMatters Media, Inc. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ Titus, Christa L. (June 23, 2001). "Reviews & Previews – Singles" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (25). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Travelin' Light – Eric Clapton | Song Info | AllMusic". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Eric Clapton – Travelin' Light, USA, Jun 22, 2001 – YouTube". Youtube.com. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ Sweeting, Adam (February 5, 2001). "Rock review: Eric Clapton | Global | The Guardian". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Eric Clapton Mercedes Benz G Class Promo". Youtube.com. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
External links
"Travelin' Light" at Discogs
vteJ. J. CaleStudio albums
Naturally
Really
Okie
Troubadour
5
Shades
Grasshopper
#8
Travel-Log
Number 10
Closer to You
Guitar Man
To Tulsa and Back
Roll On
Stay Around
Other albums
The Road to Escondido
Rewind: The Unreleased Recordings
The Breeze: An Appreciation of JJ Cale
Live in San Diego
Notable songs
"Call Me the Breeze"
"Clyde"
"After Midnight"
"Cocaine"
"Travelin' Light"
Related articles
Discography
Tulsa Sound
Christine Lakeland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tulsa musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Sound"},{"link_name":"J.J. Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Cale"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Troubadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour_(JJ_Cale_album)"},{"link_name":"Shelter Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Travelin' Light\" is a song written and recorded by the Tulsa musician J.J. Cale. It was released in September 1976 on Cale's fourth studio album Troubadour under Shelter Records.[1] It was also released as a single the same year. It was later covered by the British guitarist Eric Clapton for his 2001 studio album Reptile and helped to promote both the song and studio album on which \"Travelin' Light\" was first released. Athens, Georgia band Widespread Panic also covered it on their debut album, and it has continued to be a mainstay of their live show ever since.[2]","title":"Travelin' Light (J. J. Cale song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burton"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"The Crunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crunge"},{"link_name":"xylophones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophones"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cale recorded the song in 1976 and released it in September 1976 on his studio album Troubadour and it was also released as a single by Shelter Records the same year. Cale's recording was produced by Audie Ashworth and is two minute and 50 second long.[3] Critics from the music website Alltime Records reviewed the recording: \"'Travelin' Light', with its funky James Burton–style guitar that Jimmy Page tried to copy on \"The Crunge\", along with great xylophones to fill out the sound – it moves and cooks and rolls and rocks and has just an absolutely earthy quality\".[4] The song was released as a part of various compilation albums, including 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of J.J. Cale (2002), The Ultimate Collection (2004), and Classic Album Selection (2013).[5] JJ Cale's version of his own \"Travelin' Light\" was played to awaken the crews of the Atlantis Space Shuttle and International Space Station preceding their spacewalk early on Friday May 21, 2010.","title":"Original recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Climie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Climie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_(song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_(Eric_Clapton_album)"},{"link_name":"Me & Mr. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_Mr._Johnson"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unplugged_(Eric_Clapton_album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"G-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_G-Class"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On March 13 2001 Eric Clapton released his version of the song on his studio album Reptile, which was produced by Clapton and Simon Climie.[6] AllMusic critic William Ruhlmann compared the Clapton cover with his 1977 version of another Cale tune, \"Cocaine\", noting fans will enjoy the 2001 cover as much as the 1977 hit single release.[7] Critics from the German music website Planet Guitar called Clapton's cover a \"raw blues rock tune with a lot of Clapton guitar riffs and licks\".[8] Journalist Simon Warner of PopMatters liked \"the rolling Southern boogie of J.J. Cale's 'Travelin' Light', leavened somewhat by the vocal backing of the Impressions\".[9] Billboard magazines Christa L. Titus noted: \"Clapton adheres to the standard that imitation is the highest form of flattery by holding close to Cale's composition, though Clapton's vocal delivery is smoother and deeper; the music also has a better flow and a fuller feel to it, thanks to a Hammond organ humming along in the background. Since the lyric is sparse, the music does the talking, and Slowhand lets it have its say with some extensive, bluesy guitar soloing at both the bridge and the outro\".[10] Clapton's cover version was also included on the compilation albums Pilgrim/Reptile in 2008 and The Platinum Collection: Reptile/Me & Mr. Johnson/MTV Unplugged in 2010.[11] Clapton also performed the song live during his Reptile World Tour in 2001,[12] filling the live performances with a \"lumberingly, heavy top\" as The Guardian critic Adam Sweeting reviewed.[13]Car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz used Clapton's version for their G-Class commercial.[14]","title":"Eric Clapton's version"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Ruhlmann, William. \"Troubadour – J.J. Cale | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/troubadour-mw0000189387","url_text":"\"Troubadour – J.J. Cale | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Clapton – Travelin' Light – hitparade.ch\". Schweizer Hitparade (in German). Steffen Hung – Hund Medien. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/song/Eric-Clapton/Travelin'-Light-274473","url_text":"\"Eric Clapton – Travelin' Light – hitparade.ch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade","url_text":"Schweizer Hitparade"}]},{"reference":"\"J.J. Cale – Travelin' Light – hitparade.ch\". Schweizer Hitparade (in German). Steffen Hung – Hund Medien. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/song/J.J.-Cale/Travelin'-Light-49290","url_text":"\"J.J. Cale – Travelin' Light – hitparade.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troubadour by J.J. Cale ::: Reviews\". Alltime Records. Alltime-records.com. October 13, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alltime-records.com/01-albums-0004/0004078.php","url_text":"\"Troubadour by J.J. Cale ::: Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travelin' Light – J.J. Cale | Song Info | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/travelin-light-mt0007668459","url_text":"\"Travelin' Light – J.J. Cale | Song Info | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album – Reptile (2001)\". Eric Clapton UK. Gareth Davies. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eric-clapton.co.uk/collection/albums/reptile.shtml","url_text":"\"Album – Reptile (2001)\""}]},{"reference":"Ruhlmann, William. \"Reptile – Eric Clapton | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/reptile-mw0000119706","url_text":"\"Reptile – Eric Clapton | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"CD Review – Eric Clapton – Reptile\". Planet Guitar (in German). Planet–Guitar Online Service GmbH. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planetguitar.net/review/clapton_reptile/clapton_cd.html","url_text":"\"CD Review – Eric Clapton – Reptile\""}]},{"reference":"Warner, Simon (March 12, 2001). \"Eric Clapton: Reptile | PopMatters\". PopMatters Magazine. PopMatters Media, Inc. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/claptoneric-reptile/","url_text":"\"Eric Clapton: Reptile | PopMatters\""}]},{"reference":"Titus, Christa L. (June 23, 2001). \"Reviews & Previews – Singles\" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. 113 (25). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/00s/2001/BB-2001-06-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Reviews & Previews – Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Travelin' Light – Eric Clapton | Song Info | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/travelin-light-mt0003107156","url_text":"\"Travelin' Light – Eric Clapton | Song Info | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Clapton – Travelin' Light, USA, Jun 22, 2001 – YouTube\". Youtube.com. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjfEOZRgl-Y","url_text":"\"Eric Clapton – Travelin' Light, USA, Jun 22, 2001 – YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"Youtube.com"}]},{"reference":"Sweeting, Adam (February 5, 2001). \"Rock review: Eric Clapton | Global | The Guardian\". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/feb/05/artsfeatures.ericclapton","url_text":"\"Rock review: Eric Clapton | Global | The Guardian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Clapton Mercedes Benz G Class Promo\". Youtube.com. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzL00Ty6tQw","url_text":"\"Eric Clapton Mercedes Benz G Class Promo\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acraea_hecqui
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Acraea hecqui
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of butterfly
Acraea hecqui
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Nymphalidae
Genus:
Acraea
Species:
A. hecqui
Binomial name
Acraea hecquiBerger, 1981
Synonyms
Acraea (Actinote) hecqui
Acraea hecqui is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (southern Kivu).
References
Wikispecies has information related to Acraea hecqui.
^ Berger, L.A. Les Papillons du Zaire Editions Weissenbruch, Bruxelles
^ "Acraea Fabricius, 1807" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
^ "Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae - Tribe Acraeini". Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
Taxon identifiersAcraea hecqui
Wikidata: Q4674888
CoL: 9J6S
EoL: 155932
GBIF: 5136119
IRMNG: 10268399
LepIndex: 151359
Open Tree of Life: 3113451
This Heliconiinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Forner
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Helga Forner
|
["1 Career","2 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Helga Forner" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Helga Forner (1936 – 3 December 2004) was a professor of singing at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig. She was one of the best-known German singing teachers before and after the Peaceful Revolution.
Career
Forner was born in Berlin. From 1954 to 1960 she studied singing at the Hochschule für Musik Leipzig, among others with Eva Fleischer. Afterwards, she taught singing at the Halle Conservatory for five years. In 1965 she received a teaching assignment at her former training centre in Leipzig. In 1978, after three rejections (for political reasons), she was appointed a lecturer for singing. In 1987 she received an extraordinary professorship and five years later she was appointed full professor of singing.
Forner was nominated emeritus in 2001, but held a teaching position until 2004.
The vocal teacher, who conducted master classes in Germany and Europe, trained a large number of singers, including Eva-Maria Bundschuh, Simone Kermes, Romelia Lichtenstein, Jochen Kupfer, and Thomas Wittig.
Forner died in Leipzig.
References
^ "Willkommen bei Thomas Wittig - Bariton/Bass". thwittig.de. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
|
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[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_coins
|
Gold coin
|
["1 History","1.1 Antiquity","1.2 Middle Ages and Early Modern period","1.3 Modern history","1.4 Large gold coins","2 Collecting","3 Bullion coins","4 Fineness","5 Counterfeits","5.1 Pirates biting gold","5.2 Numismatic fakes","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
|
Coin made from gold
"Gold coins" redirects here. For other uses, see Gold coins (disambiguation).
Gold coins for sale at the Dubai Gold Souk
A gold coin is a coin that is made mostly or entirely of gold. Most gold coins minted since 1800 are 90–92% gold (22‑karat), while most of today's gold bullion coins are pure gold, such as the Britannia, Canadian Maple Leaf, and American Buffalo. Alloyed gold coins, like the American Gold Eagle and South African Krugerrand, are typically 91.7% gold by weight, with the remainder being silver and copper.
Until about the 1930s, gold coins were circulation coins, including coin-like bracteates and dinars. Since then, gold coins have mainly been produced as bullion coins for investors and as commemorative coins for collectors. While modern gold coins are still legal tender, they are not used in everyday financial transactions, as the metal value invariably exceeds the nominal value. For example, the quarter-ounce American Gold Eagle has a denomination of $10, but a metal value of approximately $500 (as of January 2024).
The gold reserves of central banks are dominated by gold bars, but gold coins may occasionally contribute.
Gold has been used as money for many reasons. It is fungible, with a low spread between the prices to buy and sell. Gold is easily transportable, as it has a high value-to-weight ratio compared to commodities such as silver. Gold can be re-coined, divided into smaller units, or melted into larger units such as gold bars, without destroying its metal value. The density of gold is higher than most other metals, making it difficult to pass counterfeits. Additionally, gold is extremely unreactive chemically: it does not tarnish or corrode over time.
History
Antiquity
Persian Achaemenid Daric, c. 490 BC
Gold Solidus of Roman Emperor Valentinian II
Gold was used in commerce (beside other precious metals) in the Ancient Near East since the Bronze Age, but coins proper originated much later, during the 6th century BC, in Anatolia. The name of king Croesus of Lydia remains associated with the invention (although the Parian Chronicle mentions Pheidon of Argos as a contender). In 546 BC, Croesus was captured by the Persians, who adopted gold as the main metal for their coins. The most valuable of all Persian minted coinage still remains the gold drams, minted in 1 AD as a gift by the Persian King Vonones (Matthew 2.1–23).
Middle Ages and Early Modern period
Main articles: Guilder and Florin (disambiguation)Gold coins were rising in popularity during the Middle Ages in Europe. These coins were made of nearly pure gold and usage was low compared to coins made of bronze and silver which were more plentiful. Coins were often melted down if the raw material was more valuable than the coin. To prevent this, coins were given more complex designs in order to raise the coin's value and prevent clipping.Further information: Florin (English coin), South German gulden, Baden gulden, Austro-Hungarian florin, and Guinea (British coin)
Modern history
Gold coins then had a very long period as a primary form of money, only falling into disuse in the early 20th century. Most of the world stopped making gold coins as currency by 1933, as countries switched from the gold standard due to hoarding during the worldwide economic crisis of the Great Depression. In the United States, 1933's Executive Order 6102 forbade most private ownership of gold and was followed by a devaluation of the dollar relative to gold, although the United States did not completely uncouple the dollar from the value of gold until 1971.
Large gold coins
In 2007, the Royal Canadian Mint produced a 100-kilogram (220 lb) gold coin with a face value of $1,000,000, though the gold content was worth over $2 million at the time. It measures 50 centimetres (20 in) in diameter and is 3 centimetres (1.2 in) thick. It was intended as a one-off to promote a new line of Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins, but after several interested buyers came forward the mint announced it would manufacture them as ordered and sell them for between $2.5 million and $3 million. As of May 3, 2007, there were five orders. One of these coins was stolen when it was on exhibition at the Bode Museum in Berlin.
In 2012 the Royal Canadian Mint produced the first gold coin with a 0.11–0.14 ct diamond. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee coin was crafted in 99.999% pure gold with a face value of $300.
The largest legal-tender gold coin ever produced was unveiled in 2012 by the Perth Mint in Western Australia. Known as the "1 Tonne Gold Kangaroo Coin" and with a face value of one million dollars, it contains one tonne of 9999 pure gold and is approximately 80 cm in diameter by 12 cm thick.
Collecting
Further information: Coin collecting
A 20-crown gold coin from Norway. Introduced in 1875, it became part of the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which was based on a gold standard. Norwegian gold reserves included tonnes of this and other coins, backing Norway's paper money. The coin was designed for circulation: "124 Stk. 1 Kil. f. G." means that 124 pieces gave one kilogram of pure gold.
Gold Guilder
Portuguese Gold Coin, sixteenth century.
United States Double Eagle.
Tokugawa coinage.
Bullion coins
Further information: Bullion coin
The European Commission publishes annually a list of gold coins which must be treated as investment gold coins in all EU Member States. The list has legal force and supplements the law. In the United Kingdom, HM Revenue and Customs have added an additional list of gold coins alongside the European Commission list. These are gold coins that HM Revenue & Customs recognize as falling within the exemption for investment gold coins. This second list does not have legal force.
American Gold Eagle
Fineness
Further information: Fineness
Counterfeits
Balance for checking the weight of gold coins
Gold is denser than almost all other metals, hence hard to fake. A coin that is not gold or below the expected fineness will either be too light for its size or too large for its weight. Most metals of similar or higher density to gold are as expensive or more and were unknown in ancient times (notably the platinum group). During the 19th century, platinum was cheaper than gold and was used for counterfeiting gold coins. These coins could be detected by acoustic properties. Only two relatively inexpensive substances are of similar density to gold: depleted uranium and tungsten. Depleted uranium is government-regulated, but tungsten is more commonly available.
Bullion coin counterfeits were formerly rare and fairly easy to detect when comparing their weights, colors and sizes to authentic pieces. This is because the cost of reproducing a coin precisely can exceed the market value of the originals. However, since about 2015 counterfeit coins have been "flooding the market at an astonishing rate" and "it's gotten to the point where even people who deal with coins all the time may not be able to recognize a counterfeit coin right away" (American Numismatic Association (ANA), 2016). The coins consist mostly of tungsten plated thinly with gold, have the correct weight, correct or near-correct dimensions, and are professionally produced in China.
The weight and dimensions of a coin of .999 fineness such as the Maple Leaf cannot be replicated precisely by a gold plated tungsten core, since tungsten has only 99.74% of the specific gravity of gold. However, forgeries of alloyed gold coins (such as American Gold Eagle or Krugerrand made from a crown gold alloy with 22 karats = .917 fineness) may have the correct weight and dimensions because of the lesser density of the alloy. Such forgeries can be detected testing the acoustic, electric resistance or magnetic properties. The latter method uses the fact that gold is weakly diamagnetic and tungsten is weakly paramagnetic. The effect is weak so that testing requires strong neodymium magnets and sensitive conditions (e.g., a gold coin hanging from 2 m long pendulum or placed on Styrofoam floating on water), but such tests can be performed without special equipment.
Pirates biting gold
Biting a coin to determine whether it is genuine, or counterfeit is a widespread cliché depicted in many films (like the 1917 The Immigrant), books (like the 1925 L'Or by Blaise Cendrars) and plays (like the 1938 Mother Courage which is set in the Thirty Years' War 1618–1648). According to a 2017 study, the assumed widespread practice of pirates biting into a coin is almost certainly a Hollywood myth.
The rationale for biting a coin was the supposed widespread dissemination of gold-plated lead coins in the 19th century. Since lead is much softer than gold, biting the coins is a sensible test for counterfeiting. While fine gold is softer than alloyed gold, and galvanized lead is softer, biting coins can only detect the crudest of forgeries. And all "gold" coins minted for circulation in the UK and America since the Tudor period (1485–1603) contained copper which made them more durable and thus hard to bite.
"This cliché might find its origin in the crude testing method used by American prospectors during the 19th century gold rush. They bit the gold nuggets they found to be sure that they were not fool's gold"
Olympic champions often pose biting their gold medals, even though the medals are no longer made of solid gold. Only at three Olympics (in 1904, 1908 and 1912) were medals made of solid gold but were also smaller. David Wallechinsky commented in 2012 that "It's become an obsession with the photographers. I think they look at it as an iconic shot, as something that you can probably sell. I don't think it's something the athletes would probably do on their own."
Numismatic fakes
There are well made counterfeit gold coins in circulation. For example, the St. Gaudens Double Eagle counterfeit, known as an Omega counterfeit, is famous for its quality. Another example is the US $20 gold coin (double eagle), which has raised lettering around its rim. If the coin is uncirculated, the letters will be flat on top. If slightly rounded, and the coin is uncirculated, it is a counterfeit. There are other counterfeit double eagles in which the gold and copper alloy was not thoroughly mixed. These counterfeits will have a slightly mottled appearance.
See also
Numismatics portalMoney portal
Counterfeit – Making a copy or imitation which is represented as the original
Chocolate coin – Gold foil covered chocolates in the shape of coins
Euro gold and silver commemorative coins – gold and silver issues of the euro commemorative coinsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Gold as an investment – Investment in gold
Gold bar – Quantity of refined metallic gold
Gold standard – Monetary system based on the value of gold
History of coins
Latin Monetary Union – Unified coinage system in Europe
Numismatics – Study of currencies, coins and paper money
Palladium coin
Platinum coin – Form of currency
Silver coin – Form of coinage
Sycee – Former Chinese ingot currency
References
^ "Gold coins – A Brief History".
^ "Monetary Episodes from History".
^ "Medieval money | Castellogy". September 22, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
^ Lewis, Paul (August 15, 1976). "Nixon's Economic Policies Return to Haunt the G. O. P." The New York Times.
^ a b "The Million Dollar Coin – a true milestone in minting". Royal Canadian Mint. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ "Giant gold coin with Queen's head stolen from Berlin museum". TheGuardian.com. March 27, 2017.
^ "The Biggest Gold Coin in the World". Perth Mint, Australia. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ "Investment Gold Coins". May 17, 2022.
^ Manas, Arnaud (2015). "The music of gold: can gold counterfeited coins be detected by ear?". European Journal of Physics. 36 (4): 045012. Bibcode:2015EJPh...36d5012M. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/36/4/045012. S2CID 117927529.
^ a b Gray, Theo (March 14, 2008). "How to Make Convincing Fake-Gold Bars". Popular Science. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
^ "Counterfeit Coin Detection". rg.ancients.info.
^ "Counterfeit gold coins and bars". International Offshore Law & Affiliates. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013.
^ Sargent, Mike (April 2009). "Indian Head Quarter Eagles: King of the Counterfeit Gold Coin Series" (PDF). Collectors Universe. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2023.
^ Lafleur, Merlin (2009). "Fake gold bars out of tungsten a counterfeit story". gold-quote.net. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023.
^ a b Weisbaum, Herb (June 13, 2016). "Glitters, but Not Gold: Fake Gold and Silver Coins 'Flooding' Market". NBC News. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
^ GoldSilberShop.de (November 19, 2014). "Sehr gut gefälschte Goldmünzen: Echtheitsprüfung für Krügerrand, Maple Leaf und American Eagle". YouTube. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015.
^ Wolfgang Graf (January 20, 2014). "Test Tungsten / Wolfram Fälschungen von Krügerrand-Goldmünzen prüfen". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017.
^ a b c d Manas, Arnaud (2017). "Why do pirates bite gold coins they are given?". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.27019.08487.
^ a b c McAfee, Melonyce (August 9, 2012). "Why Olympians bite their medals". CNN. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
^ Roberts, John (2007). "The 1907 High Relief Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle". ANACS. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016.
^ "How Can You Know If Gold is Fake or Real?". Bullion Trading. November 14, 2012.
Further reading
Robert Friedberg, Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present – An Illustrated Standard Catalogue with Valuations (Coin and Currency Institute, 2003) ISBN 978-0-87184-307-4
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gold coin.
US Mint: American Eagle Bullion Coins Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine at the website of the United States Mint, US Department of the Treasury
The Royal Mint: UK bullion coins at the website of The Royal Mint
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Other
NARA
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gold coins (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_coins_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubai_gold_coins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dubai Gold Souk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Gold_Souk"},{"link_name":"coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"karat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness#Karat"},{"link_name":"bullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Maple Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf"},{"link_name":"American Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Buffalo_(coin)"},{"link_name":"American Gold Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Krugerrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krugerrand"},{"link_name":"circulation coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(currency)"},{"link_name":"coin-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonumia"},{"link_name":"bracteates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracteate"},{"link_name":"dinars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_dinar"},{"link_name":"bullion coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion_coin"},{"link_name":"investors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment"},{"link_name":"commemorative coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_coin"},{"link_name":"collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_collecting"},{"link_name":"legal tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tender"},{"link_name":"financial transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transaction"},{"link_name":"nominal value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)"},{"link_name":"American Gold Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle"},{"link_name":"denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denomination_(currency)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_coin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"gold reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserve"},{"link_name":"central banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"gold bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_bar"},{"link_name":"fungible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungible"},{"link_name":"spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%E2%80%93offer_spread"},{"link_name":"commodities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodities"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"counterfeits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"}],"text":"\"Gold coins\" redirects here. For other uses, see Gold coins (disambiguation).Gold coins for sale at the Dubai Gold SoukA gold coin is a coin that is made mostly or entirely of gold. Most gold coins minted since 1800 are 90–92% gold (22‑karat), while most of today's gold bullion coins are pure gold, such as the Britannia, Canadian Maple Leaf, and American Buffalo. Alloyed gold coins, like the American Gold Eagle and South African Krugerrand, are typically 91.7% gold by weight, with the remainder being silver and copper.Until about the 1930s, gold coins were circulation coins, including coin-like bracteates and dinars. Since then, gold coins have mainly been produced as bullion coins for investors and as commemorative coins for collectors. While modern gold coins are still legal tender, they are not used in everyday financial transactions, as the metal value invariably exceeds the nominal value. For example, the quarter-ounce American Gold Eagle has a denomination of $10, but a metal value of approximately $500 (as of January 2024[update]).The gold reserves of central banks are dominated by gold bars, but gold coins may occasionally contribute.Gold has been used as money for many reasons. It is fungible, with a low spread between the prices to buy and sell. Gold is easily transportable, as it has a high value-to-weight ratio compared to commodities such as silver. Gold can be re-coined, divided into smaller units, or melted into larger units such as gold bars, without destroying its metal value. The density of gold is higher than most other metals, making it difficult to pass counterfeits. Additionally, gold is extremely unreactive chemically: it does not tarnish or corrode over time.","title":"Gold coin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid"},{"link_name":"Daric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_Solidus_of_Valentinian_II_-_obverse_YORYM_1998_853.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Valentinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_II"},{"link_name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Croesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus"},{"link_name":"Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia"},{"link_name":"Parian Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parian_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Pheidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheidon"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"their coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daric"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity","text":"Persian Achaemenid Daric, c. 490 BCGold Solidus of Roman Emperor Valentinian IIGold was used in commerce (beside other precious metals) in the Ancient Near East since the Bronze Age, but coins proper originated much later, during the 6th century BC, in Anatolia. The name of king Croesus of Lydia remains associated with the invention (although the Parian Chronicle mentions Pheidon of Argos as a contender). In 546 BC, Croesus was captured by the Persians, who adopted gold as the main metal for their coins. The most valuable of all Persian minted coinage still remains the gold drams[clarification needed], minted in 1 AD as a gift by the Persian King Vonones (Matthew 2.1–23).[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Florin (English coin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_(English_coin)"},{"link_name":"South German gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_German_gulden"},{"link_name":"Baden gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_gulden"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin"},{"link_name":"Guinea (British coin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages and Early Modern period","text":"Gold coins were rising in popularity during the Middle Ages in Europe. These coins were made of nearly pure gold and usage was low compared to coins made of bronze and silver which were more plentiful. Coins were often melted down if the raw material was more valuable than the coin. To prevent this, coins were given more complex designs in order to raise the coin's value and prevent clipping.[3]Further information: Florin (English coin), South German gulden, Baden gulden, Austro-Hungarian florin, and Guinea (British coin)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 6102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6102"},{"link_name":"uncouple the dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_shock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Modern history","text":"Gold coins then had a very long period as a primary form of money, only falling into disuse in the early 20th century. Most of the world stopped making gold coins as currency by 1933, as countries switched from the gold standard due to hoarding during the worldwide economic crisis of the Great Depression. In the United States, 1933's Executive Order 6102 forbade most private ownership of gold and was followed by a devaluation of the dollar relative to gold, although the United States did not completely uncouple the dollar from the value of gold until 1971.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint"},{"link_name":"a 100-kilogram (220 lb) gold coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Maple_Leaf"},{"link_name":"Canadian Gold Maple Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCM-5"},{"link_name":"Bode Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCM-5"},{"link_name":"Perth Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Mint"},{"link_name":"Gold Kangaroo Coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Gold_Nugget"},{"link_name":"tonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Large gold coins","text":"In 2007, the Royal Canadian Mint produced a 100-kilogram (220 lb) gold coin with a face value of $1,000,000, though the gold content was worth over $2 million at the time. It measures 50 centimetres (20 in) in diameter and is 3 centimetres (1.2 in) thick. It was intended as a one-off to promote a new line of Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins, but after several interested buyers came forward the mint announced it would manufacture them as ordered and sell them for between $2.5 million and $3 million. As of May 3, 2007, there were five orders.[5] One of these coins was stolen when it was on exhibition at the Bode Museum in Berlin.[6]In 2012 the Royal Canadian Mint produced the first gold coin with a 0.11–0.14 ct diamond. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee coin was crafted in 99.999% pure gold with a face value of $300.[5]The largest legal-tender gold coin ever produced was unveiled in 2012 by the Perth Mint in Western Australia. Known as the \"1 Tonne Gold Kangaroo Coin\" and with a face value of one million dollars, it contains one tonne of 9999 pure gold and is approximately 80 cm in diameter by 12 cm thick.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coin collecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_collecting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20-kroner-1874-Norge.jpg"},{"link_name":"20-crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Monetary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserves_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"gold reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserve"},{"link_name":"paper money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr_1617-Schlegel_19var.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gold Guilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:500_reais_ouro_D._Sebasti%C3%A3o.JPG"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Gold Coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_real"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1933_double_eagle.JPG"},{"link_name":"Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keicho_gold_coinage_Oban_Koban_Ichibuban_1601_1695.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_coinage"}],"text":"Further information: Coin collectingA 20-crown gold coin from Norway. Introduced in 1875, it became part of the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which was based on a gold standard. Norwegian gold reserves included tonnes of this and other coins, backing Norway's paper money. The coin was designed for circulation: \"124 Stk. 1 Kil. f. G.\" means that 124 pieces gave one kilogram of pure gold.Gold Guilder\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortuguese Gold Coin, sixteenth century.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnited States Double Eagle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTokugawa coinage.","title":"Collecting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bullion coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion_coin"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"HM Revenue and Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inv-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_AEGold_Proof_Obv.png"},{"link_name":"American Gold Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle"}],"text":"Further information: Bullion coinThe European Commission publishes annually a list of gold coins which must be treated as investment gold coins in all EU Member States. The list has legal force and supplements the law. In the United Kingdom, HM Revenue and Customs have added an additional list of gold coins alongside the European Commission list. These are gold coins that HM Revenue & Customs recognize as falling within the exemption for investment gold coins. This second list does not have legal force.[8]American Gold Eagle","title":"Bullion coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fineness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness"}],"text":"Further information: Fineness","title":"Fineness"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreavesGoldWeigher.JPG"},{"link_name":"platinum group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_group"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"depleted uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popsci-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popsci-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Numismatic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Numismatic_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisbaum2016-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisbaum2016-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf"},{"link_name":"specific gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity"},{"link_name":"American Gold Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Krugerrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krugerrand"},{"link_name":"crown gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_gold"},{"link_name":"diamagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetic"},{"link_name":"paramagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetic"},{"link_name":"neodymium magnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium_magnet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Balance for checking the weight of gold coinsGold is denser than almost all other metals, hence hard to fake. A coin that is not gold or below the expected fineness will either be too light for its size or too large for its weight. Most metals of similar or higher density to gold are as expensive or more and were unknown in ancient times (notably the platinum group). During the 19th century, platinum was cheaper than gold and was used for counterfeiting gold coins. These coins could be detected by acoustic properties.[9] Only two relatively inexpensive substances are of similar density to gold: depleted uranium and tungsten.[10] Depleted uranium is government-regulated, but tungsten is more commonly available.[10]Bullion coin counterfeits were formerly rare and fairly easy to detect when comparing their weights, colors and sizes to authentic pieces. This is because the cost of reproducing a coin precisely can exceed the market value of the originals.[11][12][13][14] However, since about 2015 counterfeit coins have been \"flooding the market at an astonishing rate\" and \"it's gotten to the point where even people who deal with coins all the time may not be able to recognize a counterfeit coin right away\" (American Numismatic Association (ANA), 2016).[15] The coins consist mostly of tungsten plated thinly with gold, have the correct weight, correct or near-correct dimensions, and are professionally produced in China.[15][16]The weight and dimensions of a coin of .999 fineness such as the Maple Leaf cannot be replicated precisely by a gold plated tungsten core, since tungsten has only 99.74% of the specific gravity of gold. However, forgeries of alloyed gold coins (such as American Gold Eagle or Krugerrand made from a crown gold alloy with 22 karats = .917 fineness) may have the correct weight and dimensions because of the lesser density of the alloy. Such forgeries can be detected testing the acoustic, electric resistance or magnetic properties. The latter method uses the fact that gold is weakly diamagnetic and tungsten is weakly paramagnetic. The effect is weak so that testing requires strong neodymium magnets and sensitive conditions (e.g., a gold coin hanging from 2 m long pendulum or placed on Styrofoam floating on water), but such tests can be performed without special equipment.[17]","title":"Counterfeits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immigrant_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Blaise Cendrars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"assumed widespread practice of pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manas-2017-18"},{"link_name":"Tudor period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manas-2017-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manas-2017-18"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manas-2017-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-20120810-19"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-20120810-19"},{"link_name":"David Wallechinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wallechinsky"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-20120810-19"}],"sub_title":"Pirates biting gold","text":"Biting a coin to determine whether it is genuine, or counterfeit is a widespread cliché depicted in many films (like the 1917 The Immigrant), books (like the 1925 L'Or by Blaise Cendrars) and plays (like the 1938 Mother Courage which is set in the Thirty Years' War 1618–1648). According to a 2017 study, the assumed widespread practice of pirates biting into a coin is almost certainly a Hollywood myth.[18]The rationale for biting a coin was the supposed widespread dissemination of gold-plated lead coins in the 19th century. Since lead is much softer than gold, biting the coins is a sensible test for counterfeiting. While fine gold is softer than alloyed gold, and galvanized lead is softer, biting coins can only detect the crudest of forgeries. And all \"gold\" coins minted for circulation in the UK and America since the Tudor period (1485–1603) contained copper which made them more durable and thus hard to bite.[18]\"This cliché might find its origin in the crude testing method used by American prospectors during the 19th century gold rush. They bit the gold nuggets they found to be sure that they were not fool's gold\" [18]Olympic champions often pose biting their gold medals,[why?] even though the medals are no longer made of solid gold.[18][19][clarification needed] Only at three Olympics (in 1904, 1908 and 1912) were medals made of solid gold but were also smaller.[19] David Wallechinsky commented in 2012 that \"It's become an obsession with the photographers. I think they look at it as an iconic shot, as something that you can probably sell. I don't think it's something the athletes would probably do on their own.\"[19]","title":"Counterfeits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Gaudens Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gaudens_Double_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Omega counterfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Counterfeit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"double eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_eagle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Numismatic fakes","text":"There are well made counterfeit gold coins in circulation. For example, the St. Gaudens Double Eagle counterfeit, known as an Omega counterfeit, is famous for its quality.[20] Another example is the US $20 gold coin (double eagle), which has raised lettering around its rim. If the coin is uncirculated, the letters will be flat on top. If slightly rounded, and the coin is uncirculated, it is a counterfeit. There are other counterfeit double eagles in which the gold and copper alloy was not thoroughly mixed. These counterfeits will have a slightly mottled appearance.[21]","title":"Counterfeits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87184-307-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87184-307-4"}],"text":"Robert Friedberg, Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present – An Illustrated Standard Catalogue with Valuations (Coin and Currency Institute, 2003) ISBN 978-0-87184-307-4","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gold coins for sale at the Dubai Gold Souk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dubai_gold_coins.jpg/220px-Dubai_gold_coins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Persian Achaemenid Daric, c. 490 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg/220px-Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold Solidus of Roman Emperor Valentinian II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gold_Solidus_of_Valentinian_II_-_obverse_YORYM_1998_853.jpg/220px-Gold_Solidus_of_Valentinian_II_-_obverse_YORYM_1998_853.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 20-crown gold coin from Norway. Introduced in 1875, it became part of the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which was based on a gold standard. Norwegian gold reserves included tonnes of this and other coins, backing Norway's paper money. The coin was designed for circulation: \"124 Stk. 1 Kil. f. G.\" means that 124 pieces gave one kilogram of pure gold.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/20-kroner-1874-Norge.jpg/220px-20-kroner-1874-Norge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Balance for checking the weight of gold coins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GreavesGoldWeigher.JPG/220px-GreavesGoldWeigher.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Numismatics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Numismatics"},{"title":"Money portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Money"},{"title":"Counterfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"},{"title":"Chocolate coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_coin"},{"title":"Euro gold and silver commemorative coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins"},{"title":"Gold as an investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment"},{"title":"Gold bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_bar"},{"title":"Gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"title":"History of coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coins"},{"title":"Latin Monetary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union"},{"title":"Numismatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"title":"Palladium coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_coin"},{"title":"Platinum coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_coin"},{"title":"Silver coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_coin"},{"title":"Sycee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycee"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Gold coins – A Brief History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/goldcoinsbriefhistory.html","url_text":"\"Gold coins – A Brief History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monetary Episodes from History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galmarley.com/framesets/fs_monetary_history_faqs.htm","url_text":"\"Monetary Episodes from History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medieval money | Castellogy\". September 22, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://castellogy.com/history/medieval-money","url_text":"\"Medieval money | Castellogy\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Paul (August 15, 1976). \"Nixon's Economic Policies Return to Haunt the G. O. P.\" The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/15/archives/nixons-economic-policies-return-to-haunt-the-gop-nixons-economic.html","url_text":"\"Nixon's Economic Policies Return to Haunt the G. O. P.\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Million Dollar Coin – a true milestone in minting\". Royal Canadian Mint. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/million-dollar-coin-1600006#.VMVRrXve-fJ","url_text":"\"The Million Dollar Coin – a true milestone in minting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150309153548/http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/million-dollar-coin-1600006","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Giant gold coin with Queen's head stolen from Berlin museum\". TheGuardian.com. March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/27/giant-gold-coin-with-queens-head-stolen-from-berlin-museum","url_text":"\"Giant gold coin with Queen's head stolen from Berlin museum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Biggest Gold Coin in the World\". Perth Mint, Australia. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.perthmint.com.au/1-tonne-gold-coin.aspx","url_text":"\"The Biggest Gold Coin in the World\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226193805/http://www.perthmint.com.au/1-tonne-gold-coin.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Investment Gold Coins\". May 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://customs.hmrc.gov.uk/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pageLibrary_ShowContent&propertyType=document&id=HMCE_CL_000108","url_text":"\"Investment Gold Coins\""}]},{"reference":"Manas, Arnaud (2015). \"The music of gold: can gold counterfeited coins be detected by ear?\". European Journal of Physics. 36 (4): 045012. Bibcode:2015EJPh...36d5012M. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/36/4/045012. S2CID 117927529.","urls":[{"url":"http://stacks.iop.org/0143-0807/36/i=4/a=045012?key=crossref.22065f24cd8d65496b22212e3d65b6bc","url_text":"\"The music of gold: can gold counterfeited coins be detected by ear?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EJPh...36d5012M","url_text":"2015EJPh...36d5012M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F36%2F4%2F045012","url_text":"10.1088/0143-0807/36/4/045012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117927529","url_text":"117927529"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Theo (March 14, 2008). \"How to Make Convincing Fake-Gold Bars\". Popular Science. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2008-03/how-make-convincing-fake-gold-bars","url_text":"\"How to Make Convincing Fake-Gold Bars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science","url_text":"Popular Science"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150214054955/http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2008-03/how-make-convincing-fake-gold-bars","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Counterfeit Coin Detection\". rg.ancients.info.","urls":[{"url":"http://rg.ancients.info/guide/counterfeits.html","url_text":"\"Counterfeit Coin Detection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Counterfeit gold coins and bars\". International Offshore Law & Affiliates. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130129031432/http://www.panamalaw.org/counterfeit_gold_coins_and_bars.html","url_text":"\"Counterfeit gold coins and bars\""},{"url":"http://www.panamalaw.org/counterfeit_gold_coins_and_bars.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sargent, Mike (April 2009). \"Indian Head Quarter Eagles: King of the Counterfeit Gold Coin Series\" (PDF). Collectors Universe. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neilsberman.com/pdf/news_Indian_Head_Quarter_Eagles.pdf","url_text":"\"Indian Head Quarter Eagles: King of the Counterfeit Gold Coin Series\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230310162327/http://www.neilsberman.com/pdf/news_Indian_Head_Quarter_Eagles.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lafleur, Merlin (2009). \"Fake gold bars out of tungsten a counterfeit story\". gold-quote.net. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://gold-quote.net/en/articles/fake-tungsten-gold-bars.php","url_text":"\"Fake gold bars out of tungsten a counterfeit story\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230316063612/http://www.gold-quote.net/en/articles/fake-tungsten-gold-bars.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weisbaum, Herb (June 13, 2016). \"Glitters, but Not Gold: Fake Gold and Silver Coins 'Flooding' Market\". NBC News. Retrieved January 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/glitters-not-gold-fake-gold-silver-coins-flooding-market-n591201","url_text":"\"Glitters, but Not Gold: Fake Gold and Silver Coins 'Flooding' Market\""}]},{"reference":"GoldSilberShop.de (November 19, 2014). \"Sehr gut gefälschte Goldmünzen: Echtheitsprüfung für Krügerrand, Maple Leaf und American Eagle\". YouTube. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jy-_HnjroY&t=610s","url_text":"\"Sehr gut gefälschte Goldmünzen: Echtheitsprüfung für Krügerrand, Maple Leaf und American Eagle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150622204434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jy-_HnjroY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wolfgang Graf (January 20, 2014). \"Test Tungsten / Wolfram Fälschungen von Krügerrand-Goldmünzen prüfen\". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgPOPozHRow","url_text":"\"Test Tungsten / Wolfram Fälschungen von Krügerrand-Goldmünzen prüfen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170204021846/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgPOPozHRow","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Manas, Arnaud (2017). \"Why do pirates bite gold coins they are given?\". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.27019.08487.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13140%2Frg.2.2.27019.08487","url_text":"\"Why do pirates bite gold coins they are given?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13140%2Frg.2.2.27019.08487","url_text":"10.13140/rg.2.2.27019.08487"}]},{"reference":"McAfee, Melonyce (August 9, 2012). \"Why Olympians bite their medals\". CNN. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/09/living/olympians-bite-medals/","url_text":"\"Why Olympians bite their medals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180416215837/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/09/living/olympians-bite-medals/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, John (2007). \"The 1907 High Relief Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle\". ANACS. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204141015/http://www.anacs.com/(A(_onBPoAjyAEkAAAAYmYxYzI1OGEtNmE5NS00Yzc3LWIwMTAtMTBlNTE0MmI5MGI5R_C18tLQbC1qt_WemudNG1KRy-E1)S(mjbvo1z4hmlu2055fdjsgf45))/contentPages/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=20","url_text":"\"The 1907 High Relief Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle\""},{"url":"http://www.anacs.com/(A(_onBPoAjyAEkAAAAYmYxYzI1OGEtNmE5NS00Yzc3LWIwMTAtMTBlNTE0MmI5MGI5R_C18tLQbC1qt_WemudNG1KRy-E1)S(mjbvo1z4hmlu2055fdjsgf45))/contentPages/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How Can You Know If Gold is Fake or Real?\". Bullion Trading. November 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bulliontradingllc.com/News/2012/11/how-can-you-know-if-gold-is-fake-or-real/","url_text":"\"How Can You Know If Gold is Fake or Real?\""}]}]
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bars\""},{"Link":"http://www.panamalaw.org/counterfeit_gold_coins_and_bars.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.neilsberman.com/pdf/news_Indian_Head_Quarter_Eagles.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Indian Head Quarter Eagles: King of the Counterfeit Gold Coin Series\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230310162327/http://www.neilsberman.com/pdf/news_Indian_Head_Quarter_Eagles.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://gold-quote.net/en/articles/fake-tungsten-gold-bars.php","external_links_name":"\"Fake gold bars out of tungsten a counterfeit story\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230316063612/http://www.gold-quote.net/en/articles/fake-tungsten-gold-bars.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/glitters-not-gold-fake-gold-silver-coins-flooding-market-n591201","external_links_name":"\"Glitters, but Not Gold: Fake Gold and Silver Coins 'Flooding' Market\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jy-_HnjroY&t=610s","external_links_name":"\"Sehr gut gefälschte Goldmünzen: Echtheitsprüfung für Krügerrand, Maple Leaf und American Eagle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150622204434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jy-_HnjroY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgPOPozHRow","external_links_name":"\"Test Tungsten / Wolfram Fälschungen von Krügerrand-Goldmünzen prüfen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170204021846/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgPOPozHRow","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13140%2Frg.2.2.27019.08487","external_links_name":"\"Why do pirates bite gold coins they are given?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13140%2Frg.2.2.27019.08487","external_links_name":"10.13140/rg.2.2.27019.08487"},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/09/living/olympians-bite-medals/","external_links_name":"\"Why Olympians bite their 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Gently_We_Go
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So Gently We Go
|
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 References","4 External links"]
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1994 single by I Mother Earth"So Gently We Go"Single by I Mother Earthfrom the album Dig Released1994Recorded1993GenreAlternative rockLength7:04 (Album version)3:59 (Radio edit)LabelEMI, CapitolSongwriter(s)Jagori and Christian TannaProducer(s)Mike ClinkI Mother Earth singles chronology
"Levitate" (1993)
"So Gently We Go" (1994)
"One More Astronaut" (1996)
"So Gently We Go" is a song by Canadian rock band I Mother Earth, released as a single from their debut studio album, Dig. The song reached #1 on Canada's CANCON chart.
Track listing
US Version
So Gently We Go (Edit) - 3:59
Not Quite Sonic (LP Version) - 5:55
Levitate (Acoustic Version) - 4:36
So Gently We Go (Acoustic Version) - 5:10
Subterranean Wonderland - 8:06
Charts
Year
Peak Chart Position
CAN
CAN Content (Cancon)
1994
43
1
References
^ a b "Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 59, No. 25, July 11, 1994". RPM. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
^ "Top Singles - Volume 60, No. 7, September 05 1994". RPM. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
External links
"So Gently We Go" music video on YouTube
vteI Mother Earth
Jagori Tanna
Christian Tanna
Edwin Ghazal
Brian Byrne
Bruce Gordon
Studio albums
Dig (1993)
Scenery and Fish (1996)
Blue Green Orange (1999)
The Quicksilver Meat Dream (2003)
Compilation albums
Earth, Sky, and Everything in Between (2001)
Singles
"So Gently We Go"
"One More Astronaut"
Related
Crash Karma
This 1990s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Missile
|
RSA (missile)
|
["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Development","1.3 Further development","1.4 Use","2 Description","3 Target tracking radar and beacon","4 Pictures","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
Surface-to-air missile RSA RSA in StartlafetteTypeSurface-to-air missilePlace of originSwitzerlandProduction historyDesigned1946 - 1958ManufacturerOerlikon ContravesSpecificationsMassMissile: 400 kg, Carrier wagon without Missile: 4000 kgDiameter40 cmWingspan140 cmWarhead40 kg warheadEnginenitric acid and keroseneMaximum speed Mach 1.8GuidancesystemBeam-ridingSteeringsystemcontrol surfacesLaunchplatformvehicle or trailer
The RSA is one of the earliest surface-to-air missiles systems, developed by the Swiss companies Oerlikon-Bührle and Contraves starting in 1947. The missile went through a rapid development process with several upgraded versions, and was the first anti-aircraft missile offered for commercial sale when it was placed on the market in the RSC-50 form. The US tested 25 of the slightly different RSC-51 model under the name MX-1868. No further sales were forthcoming. Several improved versions followed, including the RSC-54, RSC-56, RSC-57 and RSC/RSD-58. These saw small numbers of sales, mostly as training rounds.
History
Background
Oerlikon had been a leader in the development of anti-aircraft weapons after its purchase of the SEMAG company in 1924, and the subsequent takeover by Emil Georg Bührle the next year. Their most famous products were the variety of Oerlikon 20 mm cannon that started at SEMAG and underwent considerable further development prior to the opening of World War II. By this time two developments were widely known and used, the Oerlikon FF in the aircraft role, and the Oerlikon SS which was widely used by many naval forces as a short-range anti-aircraft weapon, and in Canadian service, a light-anti-ship and anti-submarine weapon.
By the mid-war period, most of the armies concluded that anti-aircraft artillery was practically useless against high-flying targets, and would become completely so with the introduction of jet engines. The Germans, British and US all began guided missile efforts to fill this role, hoping to replace heavy anti-aircraft artillery. None of these designs would come into service during the war, although the German Wasserfall missile was the closest to a practical service-quality device.
With the ending of the war, news of these developments quickly spread into the weapons community, and Oerlikon, among others, began their own missile development programs.
Development
The RSA was developed in partnership by Oerlikon-Bührle and Contraves, starting in 1947. Development proceeded quickly, and the system was first offered for commercial sale in 1950 as the RSC-50 (if a RSB version existed it is not recorded in the few sources covering this system). Development continued, and by the next year twenty-five of the slightly improved RSC-51 were purchased by the US Army as experimental rounds. They were tested under the name MX-1868 by the Air Force Missile Development Center at Holloman Air Force Base in 1952.
Further development
Development of the basic concept continued, with various release versions being the RSC-54, RSC-56, RSC-57, and finally the RSD-58. All of these used similar guidance systems, with variations to the missile being more prominent.
Use
The RSA series saw little or no use in the anti-aircraft role, and only small numbers of the armed version appear to have been produced. It did see some use as a training round, by replacing the warhead with a parachute system that allowed recovery and reuse of the missiles. Small numbers of these designs appear to have been sold to Switzerland, Italy, Sweden and Japan.
Description
The RSA was a long, thin missile with a very high fineness ratio, similar to modern supersonic aircraft like the Concorde. It mounted four almost rectangular cropped-delta wings at the fuselage midpoint, and used thrust vectoring for directional control. Power was provided by a liquid fuel rocket engine burning nitric acid and kerosene as fuel, with the fuel driven into the engine via nitrogen gas pressurization.
Guidance was provided by a Brown-Boveri radar system and beam riding receivers on the missile. Beam riding systems are the simplest systems to implement, as the ground-based system can consist solely of a tracking radar. The target is first picked up on the radar system and "locked on". The missile is launched directly into the path of the radar, allowing receivers at the back of the missile to hear the radar signal and keep itself centred in the beam. The missile then flies directly at the target as long as the radar remains locked on.
One disadvantage of this approach is that the radar signal is cone-shaped, so the missile becomes increasingly inaccurate as it flies away from the radar. The RSA solved this by using a second radio signal for beam riding, allowing the tracking radar to have a wider search angle without effecting the accuracy of the missile.
The entire launcher system was based on two carriages adapted from the 34mm Flab.Kan. 38, a pre-war design that would be replaced by the famed 35mm KD series gun in the post-war era. One carriage held the radar and guidance radio antenna on a rotating mount, and the other held the missile in a trapeze-like framework of some complexity.
Follow-on versions used similar guidance systems, and varied more widely in the mounting of the missile. Dual mountings were common, and the launchers were generally much less complex than the original RSA version.
The pitcher was trying to shoot in Walenstadt, S-chanf, the Oberalp Pass, used in the United States and France. Oerlikon-Buehrle created with this missile, the basis for the development of the missile system RSC / D, also named RSD 58. RSA and a missile launch their carriage is on display at the Flieger-Flab-Museum Dübendorf.
launcher
Chassis of 34mm anti aircraft gun 38
Length = 6.5 m
Width = 2.0 m
Height = 1.5 m (in driving mode)
Target tracking radar and beacon
Mounted on the trailer-base of the 34 mm cannon Flab 38, the target tracking and illumination radar has a three-axis alignment system for the tracking antenna and the guiding beacon. It can precisely track overhead targets. The missile guides itself to the center of the guiding beam. It was manufactured by Contraves AG and the BBC. The target tracking system uses conical-scan radar and guidance beam,. It uses a rotating beacon with primary radiator without reflector, with electronically driven three directional axes.
Wide= 2 m
Height (in driving mode)= 3.5 m
Height = 4 m
Weight = 4 t
Pictures
Guiding beam/target radar at Flieger-Flab-Museum
Missile on launcher wagon at Flieger-Flab-Museum
References
Citations
^ Parsch, Andreas (1 July 2007). "Oerlikon/Contraves RSC-51 (MX-1868)". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles, Appendix 4: Undesignated Vehicles. Designation-Systems. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "Oerlikon Missiles for Japan?, Flight International, 6 August 1954, p. 168.
Bibliography
Air Force Center "Fliegermuseum Dübendorf"
Hugo Schneider: armament and equipment of the Swiss Army since 1817: light and medium anti-aircraft air defence anti-aircraft missiles, Volume 12 of armament and equipment of the Swiss Army since 1817, Author Publisher Stocker-Schmidt, 1982
External links
Media related to Oerlikon Contraves at Wikimedia Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface-to-air missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Oerlikon-Bührle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_Air_Defence"},{"link_name":"Contraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraves"},{"link_name":"RSD-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD-58"}],"text":"The RSA is one of the earliest surface-to-air missiles systems, developed by the Swiss companies Oerlikon-Bührle and Contraves starting in 1947. The missile went through a rapid development process with several upgraded versions, and was the first anti-aircraft missile offered for commercial sale when it was placed on the market in the RSC-50 form. The US tested 25 of the slightly different RSC-51 model under the name MX-1868. No further sales were forthcoming. Several improved versions followed, including the RSC-54, RSC-56, RSC-57 and RSC/RSD-58. These saw small numbers of sales, mostly as training rounds.","title":"RSA (missile)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emil Georg Bührle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Georg_B%C3%BChrle"},{"link_name":"Oerlikon 20 mm cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Oerlikon FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_FF"},{"link_name":"Oerlikon SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_SS"},{"link_name":"jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery"},{"link_name":"Wasserfall missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserfall_missile"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Oerlikon had been a leader in the development of anti-aircraft weapons after its purchase of the SEMAG company in 1924, and the subsequent takeover by Emil Georg Bührle the next year. Their most famous products were the variety of Oerlikon 20 mm cannon that started at SEMAG and underwent considerable further development prior to the opening of World War II. By this time two developments were widely known and used, the Oerlikon FF in the aircraft role, and the Oerlikon SS which was widely used by many naval forces as a short-range anti-aircraft weapon, and in Canadian service, a light-anti-ship and anti-submarine weapon.By the mid-war period, most of the armies concluded that anti-aircraft artillery was practically useless against high-flying targets, and would become completely so with the introduction of jet engines. The Germans, British and US all began guided missile efforts to fill this role, hoping to replace heavy anti-aircraft artillery. None of these designs would come into service during the war, although the German Wasserfall missile was the closest to a practical service-quality device.With the ending of the war, news of these developments quickly spread into the weapons community, and Oerlikon, among others, began their own missile development programs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oerlikon-Bührle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon-B%C3%BChrle"},{"link_name":"Contraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraves"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Air Force Missile Development Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Missile_Development_Center"},{"link_name":"Holloman Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The RSA was developed in partnership by Oerlikon-Bührle and Contraves, starting in 1947. Development proceeded quickly, and the system was first offered for commercial sale in 1950 as the RSC-50 (if a RSB version existed it is not recorded in the few sources covering this system). Development continued, and by the next year twenty-five of the slightly improved RSC-51 were purchased by the US Army as experimental rounds. They were tested under the name MX-1868 by the Air Force Missile Development Center at Holloman Air Force Base in 1952.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSD-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD-58"}],"sub_title":"Further development","text":"Development of the basic concept continued, with various release versions being the RSC-54, RSC-56, RSC-57, and finally the RSD-58. All of these used similar guidance systems, with variations to the missile being more prominent.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Use","text":"The RSA series saw little or no use in the anti-aircraft role, and only small numbers of the armed version appear to have been produced. It did see some use as a training round, by replacing the warhead with a parachute system that allowed recovery and reuse of the missiles. Small numbers of these designs appear to have been sold to Switzerland, Italy, Sweden and Japan.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fineness ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness_ratio"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"Brown-Boveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie"},{"link_name":"beam riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_riding"},{"link_name":"34mm Flab.Kan. 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=34mm_Flab.Kan._38&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RSD 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD_58"},{"link_name":"Flieger-Flab-Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flieger-Flab-Museum"}],"text":"The RSA was a long, thin missile with a very high fineness ratio, similar to modern supersonic aircraft like the Concorde. It mounted four almost rectangular cropped-delta wings at the fuselage midpoint, and used thrust vectoring for directional control. Power was provided by a liquid fuel rocket engine burning nitric acid and kerosene as fuel, with the fuel driven into the engine via nitrogen gas pressurization.Guidance was provided by a Brown-Boveri radar system and beam riding receivers on the missile. Beam riding systems are the simplest systems to implement, as the ground-based system can consist solely of a tracking radar. The target is first picked up on the radar system and \"locked on\". The missile is launched directly into the path of the radar, allowing receivers at the back of the missile to hear the radar signal and keep itself centred in the beam. The missile then flies directly at the target as long as the radar remains locked on.One disadvantage of this approach is that the radar signal is cone-shaped, so the missile becomes increasingly inaccurate as it flies away from the radar. The RSA solved this by using a second radio signal for beam riding, allowing the tracking radar to have a wider search angle without effecting the accuracy of the missile.The entire launcher system was based on two carriages adapted from the 34mm Flab.Kan. 38, a pre-war design that would be replaced by the famed 35mm KD series gun in the post-war era. One carriage held the radar and guidance radio antenna on a rotating mount, and the other held the missile in a trapeze-like framework of some complexity.Follow-on versions used similar guidance systems, and varied more widely in the mounting of the missile. Dual mountings were common, and the launchers were generally much less complex than the original RSA version.The pitcher was trying to shoot in Walenstadt, S-chanf, the Oberalp Pass, used in the United States and France. Oerlikon-Buehrle created with this missile, the basis for the development of the missile system RSC / D, also named RSD 58. RSA and a missile launch their carriage is on display at the Flieger-Flab-Museum Dübendorf.launcher\nChassis of 34mm anti aircraft gun 38\nLength = 6.5 m\nWidth = 2.0 m\nHeight = 1.5 m (in driving mode)","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mounted on the trailer-base of the 34 mm cannon Flab 38, the target tracking and illumination radar has a three-axis alignment system for the tracking antenna and the guiding beacon. It can precisely track overhead targets. The missile guides itself to the center of the guiding beam. It was manufactured by Contraves AG and the BBC. The target tracking system uses conical-scan radar and guidance beam,. It uses a rotating beacon with primary radiator without reflector, with electronically driven three directional axes.Wide= 2 m\nHeight (in driving mode)= 3.5 m\nHeight = 4 m\nWeight = 4 t","title":"Target tracking radar and beacon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RSA_Leitstrahl.JPG"},{"link_name":"Flieger-Flab-Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flieger-Flab-Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RSA_front.JPG"},{"link_name":"Flieger-Flab-Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flieger-Flab-Museum"}],"text":"Guiding beam/target radar at Flieger-Flab-Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMissile on launcher wagon at Flieger-Flab-Museum","title":"Pictures"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Parsch, Andreas (1 July 2007). \"Oerlikon/Contraves RSC-51 (MX-1868)\". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles, Appendix 4: Undesignated Vehicles. Designation-Systems. Retrieved 10 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/mx-1868.html","url_text":"\"Oerlikon/Contraves RSC-51 (MX-1868)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/mx-1868.html","external_links_name":"\"Oerlikon/Contraves RSC-51 (MX-1868)\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202193.html","external_links_name":"\"Oerlikon Missiles for Japan?"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclanthera
|
Cyclanthera
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Genus of plants
Cyclanthera
Cyclanthera pedata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Cucurbitales
Family:
Cucurbitaceae
Subfamily:
Cucurbitoideae
Tribe:
Sicyoeae
Genus:
CyclantheraSchrad. 1831
Type species
Cyclanthera pedata(L.) Schrader
Species
Several, including:
Cyclanthera brachystachya
Cyclanthera carthagenensis
Cyclanthera pedata
Cyclanthera tenuifolia
Cyclanthera tenuisepala
Synonyms
Cremastopus Paul G.Wilson, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 36: t. 3586. (1962)
Discanthera Torr. & A. Gray Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 696. (1840)
Heterosicyos (S.Watson) Cockerell, Bot. Gaz. 24: 378. 1897, nom. illeg. non Welw. ex Hook. & Benth. (1867)
Sicyos sect. Heterosicyos S.Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 23: 274. (1888)
Pseudocyclanthera Mart. Crov. Notul. Syst. (Paris) 15: 56. (1954)
Rytidostylis Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. 424. (1841)
Cyclanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cucurbitaceae. The name comes from the fact that some species show extreme cases of stamen fusion forming a ring around the gynoecium, with a single locule.
References
^ Schrader, H.A. (1831) Index Seminum (Göttingen) 1831: 2.
Schaefer, H. & Renner, S.S. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships in the order Cucurbitales and a new classification of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), Taxon, 60 (1): 122–138.
Kearns, D.M. & Jones, E. (1992) A re-evaluation of the genus Cremastopus (Cucurbitaceae). Madroño 39: 301-303.
Lira Saade, R. (1995) Estudios taxonómicos y ecogeográficos de las Cucurbitaceae latinoamericanas de importancia económica. Rome: IPGRI.
External links
Media related to Cyclanthera at Wikimedia Commons
" Multilingual taxonomic information". University of Melbourne.
Taxon identifiersCyclanthera
Wikidata: Q143381
Wikispecies: Cyclanthera
APDB: 189869
APNI: 126269
CoL: 3XTT
EoL: 38387
EPPO: 1CCEG
FNA: 108824
FoC: 108824
GBIF: 2874528
GRIN: 3233
iNaturalist: 157052
IPNI: 30000878-2
IRMNG: 1340941
ITIS: 22375
NCBI: 61891
Open Tree of Life: 772714
PLANTS: CYCLA2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000878-2
Tropicos: 40019172
uBio: 5870954
WFO: wfo-4000010240
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cucurbitaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceae"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"locule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule"}],"text":"Cyclanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cucurbitaceae. The name comes from the fact that some species show extreme cases of stamen fusion forming a ring around the gynoecium, with a single locule.","title":"Cyclanthera"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\" Multilingual taxonomic information\". University of Melbourne.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cyclanthera.html","url_text":"\" Multilingual taxonomic information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne","url_text":"University of Melbourne"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cyclanthera.html","external_links_name":"\" Multilingual taxonomic information\""},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/189869","external_links_name":"189869"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/126269","external_links_name":"126269"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3XTT","external_links_name":"3XTT"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/38387","external_links_name":"38387"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CCEG","external_links_name":"1CCEG"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=108824","external_links_name":"108824"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108824","external_links_name":"108824"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2874528","external_links_name":"2874528"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=3233","external_links_name":"3233"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/157052","external_links_name":"157052"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/30000878-2","external_links_name":"30000878-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1340941","external_links_name":"1340941"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22375","external_links_name":"22375"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=61891","external_links_name":"61891"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=772714","external_links_name":"772714"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CYCLA2","external_links_name":"CYCLA2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000878-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000878-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40019172","external_links_name":"40019172"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5870954","external_links_name":"5870954"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000010240","external_links_name":"wfo-4000010240"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changlun
|
Changlun
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Landmarks","4 Banks & Pawnshops","5 Notable people","6 References"]
|
Coordinates: 6°25′54.48″N 100°25′48″E / 6.4318000°N 100.43000°E / 6.4318000; 100.43000Town in Kubang Pasu, Kedah, Malaysia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Changlun" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Town in Kedah, MalaysiaChanglunTownOther transcription(s) • Jawiچاڠلون • Chinese樟仑 (Simplified)樟崙 (Traditional)Zhānglún (Hanyu Pinyin) • Tamilசங்லூன்Caṅlūṉ (Transliteration) • ThaiจังลุนCạnglun (RTGS)Location in Changlun in KedahChanglun Changlun in KedahShow map of KedahChanglunChanglun (Malaysia)Show map of MalaysiaChanglunChanglun (Southeast Asia)Show map of Southeast AsiaCoordinates: 6°25′54.48″N 100°25′48″E / 6.4318000°N 100.43000°E / 6.4318000; 100.43000Country MalaysiaState KedahDistrictKubang Pasu DistrictGovernment • TypeLocal government • BodyKubang Pasu Municipal CouncilTime zoneUTC+8 (MST) • Summer (DST)Not observedPostcode06xxxArea code(s)04-9xxxxxxxVehicle registrationKWebsitepbt.kedah.gov.my/index.php/majlis-daerah-kubang-pasu/
Changlun Entrance
Changlun in Kubang Pasu District
Changlun also known as Changlon (Thai: จังโหลน; RTGS: Chang Lon) is a small town in Kubang Pasu District, Kedah, Malaysia. The word changlun originates from Thai, chang lon (Thai: ช้างหล่น), which means "fallen elephant".
Located less than 10 km south of the Thai border, Changlun is home to Universiti Utara Malaysia, located in the Sintok suburb in the eastern part of the town. The PLUS Expressway passes through Changlun town, interchanging with the Changlun-Kuala Perlis Highway (national highway 194), an alternative route to the state of Perlis.
History
Sultanate of Kedah
Kedah is one of the oldest surviving sultanates in the world founded in 1136.
Prior to becoming part of Malaysia, it had a well-defined territory and population supported by a working government and had previously entered into various legal relations with other nations like Siam and the British.
Siam has been claiming that Kedah was part of their kingdom.
Anglo–Siamese Treaty of 1909
When the British and Siam signed the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 without taking into consideration the interests of the Kedah Sultanate, deciding what belonged to whom, Changlun was divided into two parts. The main border town of Changlun became the district of Kubang Pasu, now in Kedah of Malaysia. The rest remained as Thailand. Tambon Sadao, together with the former minor district (King Amphoe) Prik, forms modern Sadao. This resulting in adverse socio-demographic impacts that affected majority Malay population particularly in the Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat.
Second World War
The Battle of Jitra was fought between the invading Japanese and Allied forces during the Malayan Campaign of the Second World War, from 11–13 December 1941 including in Changlun.
Demographics
Ethnicities of Changlun - 2010 Census
ethnic group
percent
Malays
46.1%
Chinese
38.7%
Indians
5.7%
Other Bumiputera and others
9.5%
Changlun is a township in Kubang Pasu District, Kedah with population of 1506 as of 2010.
As similar to most cities in Malaysia, Changlun population comprised 694 (46.1%) Malays, 583 (38.7%) Chinese, 86 (5.7%) Indian, 28 (1.9%) other Bumiputera and others such as Siamese and 115 (7.6%) Non-Malaysian.
Landmarks
Primary Schools
SK Batu Lapan
SRJK(T) Changlun
SRJK(C) Yit Min
SRK Dato' Wan Kemara
Sekolah Agama At-Toyyibah
Sekolah Kebangsaan Felda Bukit Tangga
Secondary Schools
SMK Changlun
Sekolah Agama At-Toyyibah
Matriculation
Kolej Matrikulasi Kedah
Shopping Centre
C-Mart
Starbucks
Banks & Pawnshops
Pajak Gadai Bonus Sdn Bhd
Public Bank
CIMB Bank
Bank Simpanan Nasional
Maybank
Notable people
Singer, Daniel Lee Chee Hun
Singer, To'ki
Footballer, Mohd Fazliata Taib
Actor, Riz Amin
References
^ Great Britain, Treaty Series, No. 19 (1909)
^ a b c "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
vteState of KedahCapital: Alor Setar, Royal town: Anak BukitTopics
Index
History
Constitution
Elections
Government
Executive
Sultan
Menteris Besar
Legislative
Geography
Judiciary
Law
Music
Kedahans
Symbols
Anthem
Flag and coats of arms
Tourist attractions
Society
Culture
Crime
Cuisine
Demographics
Economy
Education
Politics
Language
People
AdministrativedivisionsDistricts
Baling District
Bandar Baharu District
Kota Setar District
Kuala Muda District
Kubang Pasu District
Kulim District
Langkawi District
Padang Terap District
Pendang District
Pokok Sena District
Sik District
Yan District
Towns
Alor Tajar
Anak Bukit
Baling
Bedong
Bukit Kayu Hitam
Bukit Pinang
Bukit Selambau
Changlun
Durian Burung
Guar Chempedak
Gurun
Jeniang
Jitra
Kepala Batas
Kodiang
Kota Sarang Semut
Kuah
Kuala Kedah
Kuala Ketil
Kuala Nerang
Kuala Pegang
Kulim
Kupang, Kedah
Langgar
Lunas
Megat Dewa
Merbok
Padang Matsirat
Padang Serai
Pendang
Pokok Sena
Semeling
Serdang
Sik
Sintok
Sungai Lalang
Sungai Limau
Sungai Petani
Tanjung Dawai
Tokai
Yan
Townships
Bandar Laguna Merbok
Bandar Puteri Jaya
Bandar Darulaman
Lagenda Height
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Changlun_Town_Entrance(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Kubang_Pasu_District,_Kedah.svg"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Kubang Pasu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_District"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Thai border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia-Thailand_border"},{"link_name":"Universiti Utara Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Utara_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Sintok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintok"},{"link_name":"PLUS Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-South_Expressway_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Changlun-Kuala Perlis Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changlun-Kuala_Perlis_Highway"},{"link_name":"Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis"}],"text":"Town in Kubang Pasu, Kedah, MalaysiaTown in Kedah, MalaysiaChanglun EntranceChanglun in Kubang Pasu DistrictChanglun also known as Changlon (Thai: จังโหลน; RTGS: Chang Lon) is a small town in Kubang Pasu District, Kedah, Malaysia. The word changlun originates from Thai, chang lon (Thai: ช้างหล่น), which means \"fallen elephant\".Located less than 10 km south of the Thai border, Changlun is home to Universiti Utara Malaysia, located in the Sintok suburb in the eastern part of the town. The PLUS Expressway passes through Changlun town, interchanging with the Changlun-Kuala Perlis Highway (national highway 194), an alternative route to the state of Perlis.","title":"Changlun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909"},{"link_name":"Kedah Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra"}],"text":"Sultanate of KedahKedah is one of the oldest surviving sultanates in the world founded in 1136.\nPrior to becoming part of Malaysia, it had a well-defined territory and population supported by a working government and had previously entered into various legal relations with other nations like Siam and the British.\nSiam has been claiming that Kedah was part of their kingdom.Anglo–Siamese Treaty of 1909When the British and Siam signed the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 without taking into consideration the interests of the Kedah Sultanate, deciding what belonged to whom, Changlun was divided into two parts. The main border town of Changlun became the district of Kubang Pasu, now in Kedah of Malaysia. The rest remained as Thailand. Tambon Sadao, together with the former minor district (King Amphoe) Prik, forms modern Sadao.[1] This resulting in adverse socio-demographic impacts that affected majority Malay population particularly in the Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat.Second World WarThe Battle of Jitra was fought between the invading Japanese and Allied forces during the Malayan Campaign of the Second World War, from 11–13 December 1941 including in Changlun.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics,_Malaysia-2"},{"link_name":"Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian"},{"link_name":"Kubang Pasu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_District"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics,_Malaysia-2"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian"},{"link_name":"Siamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics,_Malaysia-2"}],"text":"Ethnicities of Changlun - 2010 Census[2]\n\nethnic group\n\npercent\n\n\nMalays\n \n46.1%\n\n\nChinese\n \n38.7%\n\n\nIndians\n \n5.7%\n\n\nOther Bumiputera and others\n \n9.5%Changlun is a township in Kubang Pasu District, Kedah with population of 1506 as of 2010.[2]As similar to most cities in Malaysia, Changlun population comprised 694 (46.1%) Malays, 583 (38.7%) Chinese, 86 (5.7%) Indian, 28 (1.9%) other Bumiputera and others such as Siamese and 115 (7.6%) Non-Malaysian.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Primary SchoolsSK Batu Lapan\nSRJK(T) Changlun\nSRJK(C) Yit Min\nSRK Dato' Wan Kemara\nSekolah Agama At-Toyyibah\nSekolah Kebangsaan Felda Bukit TanggaSecondary SchoolsSMK Changlun\nSekolah Agama At-ToyyibahMatriculationKolej Matrikulasi KedahShopping CentreC-Mart\nStarbucks","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pajak Gadai Bonus Sdn Bhd\nPublic Bank\nCIMB Bank\nBank Simpanan Nasional\nMaybank","title":"Banks & Pawnshops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Lee Chee Hun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lee_Chee_Hun"},{"link_name":"To'ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd_Zaki_Mansur"},{"link_name":"Mohd Fazliata Taib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd_Fazliata_Taib"},{"link_name":"Riz Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_Amin"}],"text":"Singer, Daniel Lee Chee Hun\nSinger, To'ki\nFootballer, Mohd Fazliata Taib\nActor, Riz Amin","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Changlun Entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Changlun_Town_Entrance%281%29.jpg/220px-Changlun_Town_Entrance%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Changlun in Kubang Pasu District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_Kubang_Pasu_District%2C_Kedah.svg/220px-Map_of_Kubang_Pasu_District%2C_Kedah.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia\" (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2012-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150301154300/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf","url_text":"\"2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia\""},{"url":"http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Changlun¶ms=6_25_54.48_N_100_25_48_E_region:MY_type:city","external_links_name":"6°25′54.48″N 100°25′48″E / 6.4318000°N 100.43000°E / 6.4318000; 100.43000"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Changlun%22","external_links_name":"\"Changlun\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Changlun%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Changlun%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Changlun%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Changlun%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Changlun%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Changlun¶ms=6_25_54.48_N_100_25_48_E_region:MY_type:city","external_links_name":"6°25′54.48″N 100°25′48″E / 6.4318000°N 100.43000°E / 6.4318000; 100.43000"},{"Link":"https://pbt.kedah.gov.my/index.php/majlis-daerah-kubang-pasu/","external_links_name":"pbt.kedah.gov.my/index.php/majlis-daerah-kubang-pasu/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150301154300/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia\""},{"Link":"http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Milnor
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William Milnor
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["1 Family","2 References","3 External links"]
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American politicianWilliam Milnorportrait by John NeagleBorn26 June 1769 Philadelphia Died13 December 1848 (aged 79)Burlington Resting placeSaint Mary's Episcopal Churchyard OccupationPolitician Position heldUnited States representative
William Milnor (June 26, 1769 – December 13, 1848) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and Mayor of Philadelphia.
William Milnor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He engaged in mercantile pursuits in Philadelphia, and was elected as a Federalist to the Tenth and Eleventh Congresses. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Accounts during the Eleventh Congress. He was elected to the Fourteenth Congress, and again elected to the Seventeenth Congress and served until his resignation on May 8, 1822.
Milnor elected mayor of Philadelphia on October 20, 1829, and served one year. He died in Burlington, New Jersey, and was buried in that city's Saint Mary's Episcopal Churchyard.
Milnor was a slaveowner.
Family
William Milnor was the brother of James Milnor, a lawyer, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and rector of St. George’s Chapel in Manhattan, New York.
References
^
United States Congress. "William Milnor (id: M000786)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.. Accessed August 15, 2007.
^ Weil, Julie Zauzmer; Blanco, Adrian; Dominguez, Leo. "More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation". Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
External links
William Milnor at The Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byRobert Brown John Pugh Frederick Conrad
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district 1807–1811
1807–1811 alongside: Robert Brown
1807–1809 alongside: John Pugh
1809–1811 alongside: John Ross
Succeeded byRobert Brown Jonathan RobertsWilliam Rodman
Preceded byAdam SeybertWilliam AndersonJohn ConardCharles J. Ingersoll
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district 1815–1817
1815–1817 alongside: Joseph Hopkinson, John Sergeant and Thomas Smith
1815 alongside: Jonathan Williams
Succeeded byWilliam AndersonAdam SeybertJohn SergeantJoseph Hopkinson
Preceded byJoseph Hemphill, John Sergeant Thomas Forrest Samuel Edwards
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district 1821–1822
alongside: Joseph Hemphill, John Sergeant and Samuel Edwards
Succeeded byJoseph Hemphill, John Sergeant Thomas ForrestSamuel Edwards
Political offices
Preceded byBenjamin Wood Richards
Mayor of Philadelphia 1829
Succeeded byBenjamin Wood Richards
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This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barid_(caliphate)
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Barid
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["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Background","2.2 Umayyads","2.3 Abbasids","2.4 9th–11th centuries","2.5 Mamluks","3 Functions","3.1 Correspondence and travel","3.2 Surveillance","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
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The barīd (Arabic: بريد, often translated as "the postal service") was the state-run courier service of the Umayyad and later Abbasid Caliphates. A major institution in the early Islamic states, the barid was not only responsible for the overland delivery of official correspondence throughout the empire, but it additionally functioned as a domestic intelligence agency, which informed the caliphs on events in the provinces and the activities of government officials.
Etymology
The etymology of the Arabic word barid has been described by historian Richard N. Frye as "unclear". A Babylonian origin has been suggested by late-19th-century scholars who offered the following disputed explanation: berīd = Babyl. buridu (for the older *(p)burādu) = 'courier' and 'fast horse'. It has also been proposed that, since the barid institution appears to have been adopted from the courier systems previously maintained by both the Byzantines and Persian Sassanids, the word barid could be derived from the Late Latin veredus ("post horse") or the Persian buridah dum ("having a docked tail," in reference to the postal mounts).
History
Background
The Muslim barid was apparently based upon the courier organizations of their predecessors, the Byzantines and Sassanids. Postal systems had been present in the Middle East throughout Antiquity, with several pre-Islamic states having operated their own services. A local tradition of obliging the population living next to roads to carry the luggage of passing soldiers and officials, or of having the entire population contribute pack animals to the state as in Ptolemaic Egypt, has been documented since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire and had been enforced by Roman legislation in the 4th century.
Umayyads
The barid operated from Umayyad times, with credit for its development being given to the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680). Mu'awiya's successor Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705) strengthened the organization, making additional improvements to it after the end of the Second Fitna. The Umayyads created a diwan or government department to manage the system and a separate budget was allocated for its costs.
Abbasids
Following the Abbasid Revolution in 750, the barid was further strengthened by the new dynasty and became one of the most important institutions in the government. The second Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) placed particular importance on the service and utilized it as an intelligence tool with which he could monitor affairs throughout the empire. Under his successors, oversight of the barid was often entrusted to a prominent official or close associate of the caliph, such as the Barmakid Ja'far ibn Yahya or Itakh al-Turki.
9th–11th centuries
After the political fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries, the central diwan al-barid was overseen by the Buyids (945–1055), but the organization seems to have declined during this period. The service was eventually abolished by the Seljuq sultan Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072), who considered its capacity for intelligence-gathering to have been diminished. Some other Muslim states, such as the Samanids of Transoxiana (9th and 10th centuries), maintained their own barid systems at various times.
Mamluks
In the thirteenth century a new barid was created in Egypt and the Levant by the Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277).
Functions
Correspondence and travel
The routes of the barid in Yemen, according to Ibn Khurradadhbih; each dot represents a postal station.
The barid provided the caliphs with the ability to communicate with their officials in the various regions under their authority. Its messengers were capable of delivering missives throughout the empire with great efficiency, with reported travel speeds as fast as almost a hundred miles per day. The barid was not a mail service, and did not normally carry private letters sent by individuals; rather it usually only carried correspondence, such as official reports and decrees, between government agents.
To facilitate the swift delivery of its messages, the barid maintained an extensive network of relay stations, which housed fresh mounts, lodging and other resources for its couriers. The average distance between each barid station was, at least in theory, two to four farsakhs (six to twelve miles); according to the 9th-century geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih, there were a total of 930 stations throughout the empire. This relay network was flexible and temporary postal stations could be set up as needed; during military campaigns, for example, new barid stations would be established so that a line of communication could be maintained with the advancing army.
Besides carrying correspondence, the barid was sometimes used to transport certain agents of the state, providing a form of fast travel for governors and other officials posted to the provinces. The Abbasid caliph al-Hadi (r. 785–786), for example, used the barid service to make the journey from Jurjan to the capital Baghdad after he had received news of his father's death. Use of barid resources was tightly controlled, however, and special authorization was required for other government agents to use their mounts or provisions.
"How much I need four people at my door...They are the pillars of the state and the state would not be safe without them...The first of these is a judge whom no reproach can deviate from what pleases Allah. The second is a chief of police who defends the rights of the weak from the strong. The third is a chief of taxation who investigates and does not oppress the peasants, because I can dispense with their oppression. The fourth...a head of the post who writes reliable information about these men."
— The caliph al-Mansur, on the importance he placed on the barid's surveillance activities.
Surveillance
In addition to its role in as a courier service, the barid operated as an intelligence network within the Islamic state. The postmasters (ashab al-barid) of each district effectively doubled as informants for the central government, and regularly submitted reports to the capital of the state of their respective localities. Any events of significance, such as local trial proceedings, fluctuations in prices of essential commodities, or even unusual weather activity, would be written about and sent to the director of the central diwan, who would summarize the information and present it to the caliph.
Besides the affairs of the provinces in general, barid agents also monitored the conduct of other government officials. Postmasters were to look out for any instances of misconduct or incompetence and inform the caliph of any such behavior. They also reported on the acts and decrees of the local governor and judge, as well as the balance of the treasury. This information enabled the caliph to stay apprised of the performance of his agents, and to dismiss any who had become corrupt or rebellious.
See also
Yam (route) – courier service of the Mongol Empire
Ulaq (Ottoman Empire) – courier service of the Ottoman Empire
Furaniq – couriers in general in the medieval Islamic world
Cursus publicus – courier service of the Roman and Byzantine Empires
Frumentarii – Roman officials, originally collectors of wheat, later increasingly secret agents (as they travelled considerably)
Notes
^ Frye 1949, p. 585. He takes issue with two of the proposed origins, writing that "Babylonian buridu is just as unsatisfactory as Latin veredus.".
^ Paul Horn (1893). Sammlung indogermanischer Wörterbücher. IV. Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner. p. 29, last note. Retrieved 8 April 2015. ... Jensen considers αγγαρος to be Babylonian; he explained to me his opinion as follows: berīd = Babyl. buridu (for the older *(p)burādu) = 'courier' and 'fast horse'
^ a b c d e f g Sourdel 1960, p. 1045.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 5: p. 51 n. 147.
^ Goitein 1964, p. 118.
^ Glassé 2008, p. 85.
^ a b c Silverstein 2006, p. 631.
^ M. Rostowzew (1906). Angariae. Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 249–258, mainly conclusion on p. 249. Retrieved 8 April 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Friedrich Preisigke (1907). Die ptolemäische Staatspost . Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 241–277. Retrieved 8 April 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Akkach 2010, p. 15.
^ Silverstein 2006, p. 631, argues that Mu'awiyah's and 'Abd al-Malik's barid merely "continued" the pre-existing Byzantine and Sassanid postal systems.
^ Hawting 1986, p. 64.
^ a b Ibn Khurradadhbih 1889, p. 153.
^ a b Kennedy 2004, p. 15.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 81.
^ Donohue 2003, p. 143.
^ Lambton 1968, pp. 266–67.
^ Negmatov 1997, p. 80.
^ Silverstein 2006, p. 632.
^ Silverstein 2006, p. 631-32.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 31: p. 2 n. 8.
^ Hodgson 1974, p. 302.
^ Yaqut 1959, p. 54 n. 1.
^ Goitein 1964, p. 119.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 30: pp. 8-9.
^ Goitein 1964, pp. 118–19.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 100.
^ a b Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 31: p. 2 n. 5.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 135-36.
^ a b Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 140.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 38: p. 71.
^ Qudamah ibn Ja'far 1889, p. 184.
^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 101.
References
Akkach, Samer (2010). Letters of a Sufi Scholar: The Correspondence of 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi (1641-1731). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17102-2.
Donohue, John J. (2003). The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12860-3.
Frye, Richard N. (October 1949). "Reviews: P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs". Speculum. 24 (4): 582–587. doi:10.2307/2854655. JSTOR 2854655.
Glassé, Cyril (2008). The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Third Edition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6296-7.
Goitein, S.D. (Apr–Jun 1964). "The Commercial Mail Service in Medieval Islam". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 84 (2): 118–123. doi:10.2307/597098. JSTOR 597098.
Hawting, G.R. (1986). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24072-7.
Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (1974). The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-34683-8.
Ibn Khurradadhbih, Abu al-Qasim 'Abd Allah (1889). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik (in Arabic). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Kennedy, Hugh (2004). When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81480-3.
Lambton, A.K.S. (1968). "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire". In Boyle, J.A. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–282. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Negmatov, N.N. (1997). "The Samanid state". History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV. Delhi: BRILL. pp. 77–94. ISBN 81-208-1595-5.
Qudamah ibn Ja'far, Abu al-Faraj (1889). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). Kitab al-Kharadj (Excerpta) (in Arabic). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Silverstein, Adam (2006). "Post, or Barid". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization, An Encyclopedia, Volume 2: L-Z, Index. Leiden and New York: Routledge. pp. 631–632. ISBN 0-415-96692-2.
Sourdel, D. (1960). "Barid". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1045–1046. OCLC 495469456.
Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Yaqut, Ibn 'Abdallah al-Hamawi (1959). Jwaideh, Wadie (ed.). The Introductory Chapters of Yaqut's Mu'jam al-Buldan. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08268-9.
Authority control databases
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Barid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard N. Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_N._Frye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1949p._585._He_takes_issue_with_two_of_the_proposed_origins,_writing_that_%22Babylonian_''buridu''_is_just_as_unsatisfactory_as_[[Latin]]_''veredus''.%22-1"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Sassanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid"},{"link_name":"Late Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel19601045-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._5:_p._51_n._147-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoitein1964118-5"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"docked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_(animal)"},{"link_name":"mounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animal#Riding_animals_or_mounts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass%C3%A9200885-6"}],"text":"The etymology of the Arabic word barid has been described by historian Richard N. Frye as \"unclear\".[1] A Babylonian origin has been suggested by late-19th-century scholars who offered the following disputed explanation: berīd = Babyl. buridu (for the older *(p)burādu) = 'courier' and 'fast horse'.[2] It has also been proposed that, since the barid institution appears to have been adopted from the courier systems previously maintained by both the Byzantines and Persian Sassanids, the word barid could be derived from the Late Latin veredus (\"post horse\")[3][4][5] or the Persian buridah dum (\"having a docked tail,\" in reference to the postal mounts).[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2006631-7"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"},{"link_name":"pack animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animal"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The Muslim barid was apparently based upon the courier organizations of their predecessors, the Byzantines and Sassanids.[7] Postal systems had been present in the Middle East throughout Antiquity, with several pre-Islamic states having operated their own services. A local tradition of obliging the population living next to roads to carry the luggage of passing soldiers and officials, or of having the entire population contribute pack animals to the state as in Ptolemaic Egypt, has been documented since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire and had been enforced by Roman legislation in the 4th century.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mu'awiya I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan"},{"link_name":"Second Fitna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Fitna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkkach201015-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel19601045-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2006p._631,_argues_that_Mu'awiyah's_and_'Abd_al-Malik's_''barid''_merely_%22continued%22_the_pre-existing_Byzantine_and_Sassanid_postal_systems-11"},{"link_name":"diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting198664-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Khurradadhbih1889153-13"}],"sub_title":"Umayyads","text":"The barid operated from Umayyad times, with credit for its development being given to the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680). Mu'awiya's successor Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705) strengthened the organization, making additional improvements to it after the end of the Second Fitna.[10][3][11] The Umayyads created a diwan or government department to manage the system[12] and a separate budget was allocated for its costs.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbasid Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel19601045-3"},{"link_name":"al-Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200415-14"},{"link_name":"Barmakid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmakids"},{"link_name":"Ja'far ibn Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Yahya"},{"link_name":"Itakh al-Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel19601045-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._34:_p._81-15"}],"sub_title":"Abbasids","text":"Following the Abbasid Revolution in 750, the barid was further strengthened by the new dynasty and became one of the most important institutions in the government.[3] The second Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) placed particular importance on the service and utilized it as an intelligence tool with which he could monitor affairs throughout the empire.[14] Under his successors, oversight of the barid was often entrusted to a prominent official or close associate of the caliph, such as the Barmakid Ja'far ibn Yahya or Itakh al-Turki.[3][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buyids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonohue2003143-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel19601045-3"},{"link_name":"Seljuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Alp Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambton1968266%E2%80%9367-17"},{"link_name":"Samanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Transoxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegmatov199780-18"}],"sub_title":"9th–11th centuries","text":"After the political fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries, the central diwan al-barid was overseen by the Buyids (945–1055),[16] but the organization seems to have declined during this period.[3] The service was eventually abolished by the Seljuq sultan Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072), who considered its capacity for intelligence-gathering to have been diminished.[17] Some other Muslim states, such as the Samanids of Transoxiana (9th and 10th centuries), maintained their own barid systems at various times.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Baybars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2006632-19"}],"sub_title":"Mamluks","text":"In the thirteenth century a new barid was created in Egypt and the Levant by the Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277).[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barid_Stations_Yemen.svg"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khurradadhbih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2006631-32-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._31:_p._2_n._8-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson1974302-22"},{"link_name":"farsakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2006631-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYaqut1959p._54_n._1-23"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khurradadhbih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Khurradadhbih1889153-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel19601045-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoitein1964119-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel19601045-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2006631-7"},{"link_name":"al-Hadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadi"},{"link_name":"Jurjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._30:_pp._8-9-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoitein1964118%E2%80%9319-26"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"chief of police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurta"},{"link_name":"taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharaj"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._29:_p._100-27"}],"sub_title":"Correspondence and travel","text":"The routes of the barid in Yemen, according to Ibn Khurradadhbih; each dot represents a postal station.The barid provided the caliphs with the ability to communicate with their officials in the various regions under their authority.[20] Its messengers were capable of delivering missives throughout the empire with great efficiency, with reported travel speeds as fast as almost a hundred miles per day.[21] The barid was not a mail service, and did not normally carry private letters sent by individuals; rather it usually only carried correspondence, such as official reports and decrees, between government agents.[22]To facilitate the swift delivery of its messages, the barid maintained an extensive network of relay stations, which housed fresh mounts, lodging and other resources for its couriers. The average distance between each barid station was, at least in theory, two to four farsakhs (six to twelve miles);[7][23] according to the 9th-century geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih, there were a total of 930 stations throughout the empire.[13] This relay network was flexible and temporary postal stations could be set up as needed; during military campaigns, for example, new barid stations would be established so that a line of communication could be maintained with the advancing army.[3][24]Besides carrying correspondence, the barid was sometimes used to transport certain agents of the state, providing a form of fast travel for governors and other officials posted to the provinces.[3][7] The Abbasid caliph al-Hadi (r. 785–786), for example, used the barid service to make the journey from Jurjan to the capital Baghdad after he had received news of his father's death.[25] Use of barid resources was tightly controlled, however, and special authorization was required for other government agents to use their mounts or provisions.[26]\"How much I need four people at my door...They are the pillars of the state and the state would not be safe without them...The first of these is a judge whom no reproach can deviate from what pleases Allah. The second is a chief of police who defends the rights of the weak from the strong. The third is a chief of taxation who investigates and does not oppress the peasants, because I can dispense with their oppression. The fourth...a head of the post who writes reliable information about these [first three] men.\"\n— The caliph al-Mansur, on the importance he placed on the barid's surveillance activities.[27]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ashab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahib"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._31:_p._2_n._5-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._34:_pp._135-36-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._29:_p._140-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._38:_p._71-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQudamah_ibn_Ja'far1889184-32"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200415-14"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_al-mal"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._29:_p._140-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._31:_p._2_n._5-28"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._29:_p._101-33"}],"sub_title":"Surveillance","text":"In addition to its role in as a courier service, the barid operated as an intelligence network within the Islamic state. The postmasters (ashab al-barid) of each district effectively doubled as informants for the central government, and regularly submitted reports to the capital of the state of their respective localities.[28] Any events of significance, such as local trial proceedings,[29] fluctuations in prices of essential commodities,[30] or even unusual weather activity,[31] would be written about and sent to the director of the central diwan, who would summarize the information and present it to the caliph.[32]Besides the affairs of the provinces in general, barid agents also monitored the conduct of other government officials.[14] Postmasters were to look out for any instances of misconduct or incompetence and inform the caliph of any such behavior. They also reported on the acts and decrees of the local governor and judge, as well as the balance of the treasury.[30] This information enabled the caliph to stay apprised of the performance of his agents, and to dismiss any who had become corrupt or rebellious.[28][33]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1949p._585._He_takes_issue_with_two_of_the_proposed_origins,_writing_that_%22Babylonian_''buridu''_is_just_as_unsatisfactory_as_[[Latin]]_''veredus''.%22_1-0"},{"link_name":"Frye 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrye1949"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Sammlung indogermanischer Wörterbücher. IV. 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1985–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._38:_p._71_31-0"},{"link_name":"Al-Tabari 1985–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQudamah_ibn_Ja'far1889184_32-0"},{"link_name":"Qudamah ibn Ja'far 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFQudamah_ibn_Ja'far1889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007v._29:_p._101_33-0"},{"link_name":"Al-Tabari 1985–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAl-Tabari1985%E2%80%932007"}],"text":"^ Frye 1949, p. 585. He takes issue with two of the proposed origins, writing that \"Babylonian buridu is just as unsatisfactory as Latin veredus.\".\n\n^ Paul Horn (1893). Sammlung indogermanischer Wörterbücher. IV. Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner. p. 29, last note. Retrieved 8 April 2015. ... Jensen considers αγγαρος to be Babylonian; he explained to me his opinion as follows: berīd = Babyl. buridu (for the older *(p)burādu) = 'courier' and 'fast horse' [English translation of German original text]\n\n^ a b c d e f g Sourdel 1960, p. 1045.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 5: p. 51 n. 147.\n\n^ Goitein 1964, p. 118.\n\n^ Glassé 2008, p. 85.\n\n^ a b c Silverstein 2006, p. 631.\n\n^ M. Rostowzew (1906). Angariae. Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 249–258, mainly conclusion on p. 249. Retrieved 8 April 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ Friedrich Preisigke (1907). Die ptolemäische Staatspost [The Ptolemaic state post]. Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 241–277. Retrieved 8 April 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ Akkach 2010, p. 15.\n\n^ Silverstein 2006, p. 631, argues that Mu'awiyah's and 'Abd al-Malik's barid merely \"continued\" the pre-existing Byzantine and Sassanid postal systems.\n\n^ Hawting 1986, p. 64.\n\n^ a b Ibn Khurradadhbih 1889, p. 153.\n\n^ a b Kennedy 2004, p. 15.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: p. 81.\n\n^ Donohue 2003, p. 143.\n\n^ Lambton 1968, pp. 266–67.\n\n^ Negmatov 1997, p. 80.\n\n^ Silverstein 2006, p. 632.\n\n^ Silverstein 2006, p. 631-32.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 31: p. 2 n. 8.\n\n^ Hodgson 1974, p. 302.\n\n^ Yaqut 1959, p. 54 n. 1.\n\n^ Goitein 1964, p. 119.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 30: pp. 8-9.\n\n^ Goitein 1964, pp. 118–19.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 100.\n\n^ a b Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 31: p. 2 n. 5.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 34: pp. 135-36.\n\n^ a b Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 140.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 38: p. 71.\n\n^ Qudamah ibn Ja'far 1889, p. 184.\n\n^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 29: p. 101.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The routes of the barid in Yemen, according to Ibn Khurradadhbih; each dot represents a postal station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Barid_Stations_Yemen.svg/300px-Barid_Stations_Yemen.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Yam (route)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(route)"},{"title":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"title":"Ulaq (Ottoman Empire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulaq_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"title":"Furaniq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furaniq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cursus publicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursus_publicus"},{"title":"Frumentarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumentarii"}]
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[{"reference":"Paul Horn (1893). Sammlung indogermanischer Wörterbücher. IV. Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner. p. 29, last note. Retrieved 8 April 2015. ... Jensen considers αγγαρος to be Babylonian; he explained to me his opinion as follows: berīd = Babyl. buridu (for the older *(p)burādu) = 'courier' and 'fast horse' [English translation of German original text]","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/grundrissderneu00horngoog#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"Sammlung indogermanischer Wörterbücher. IV. Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie"}]},{"reference":"M. Rostowzew (1906). Angariae. Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 249–258, mainly conclusion on p. 249. Retrieved 8 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rostovtzeff","url_text":"M. Rostowzew"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/kliobeitrgezur06deutuoft#page/248/mode/2up","url_text":"Angariae"}]},{"reference":"Friedrich Preisigke (1907). Die ptolemäische Staatspost [The Ptolemaic state post]. Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 241–277. Retrieved 8 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/kliobeitrgezur07deutuoft#page/n3/mode/2up","url_text":"Die ptolemäische Staatspost [The Ptolemaic state post]"}]},{"reference":"Akkach, Samer (2010). Letters of a Sufi Scholar: The Correspondence of 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi (1641-1731). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17102-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxyjuUG2iZ4C&pg=PA15","url_text":"Letters of a Sufi Scholar: The Correspondence of 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi (1641-1731)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17102-2","url_text":"978-90-04-17102-2"}]},{"reference":"Donohue, John J. (2003). The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 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Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6296-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC&pg=PA85","url_text":"The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Third Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7","url_text":"978-0-7425-6296-7"}]},{"reference":"Goitein, S.D. (Apr–Jun 1964). \"The Commercial Mail Service in Medieval Islam\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 84 (2): 118–123. doi:10.2307/597098. JSTOR 597098.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelomo_Dov_Goitein","url_text":"Goitein, S.D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597098","url_text":"10.2307/597098"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/597098","url_text":"597098"}]},{"reference":"Hawting, G.R. (1986). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24072-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._R._Hawting","url_text":"Hawting, G.R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9J2CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64","url_text":"The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24072-7","url_text":"0-415-24072-7"}]},{"reference":"Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (1974). The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-34683-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson","url_text":"Hodgson, Marshall G.S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18b-K9AMLlwC&pg=PA302","url_text":"The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-34683-8","url_text":"0-226-34683-8"}]},{"reference":"Ibn Khurradadhbih, Abu al-Qasim 'Abd Allah (1889). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik (in Arabic). Leiden: E.J. Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh","url_text":"Ibn Khurradadhbih, Abu al-Qasim 'Abd Allah"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RkA2AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Hugh (2004). When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81480-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy","url_text":"Kennedy, Hugh"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=umptAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81480-3","url_text":"0-306-81480-3"}]},{"reference":"Lambton, A.K.S. (1968). \"The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire\". In Boyle, J.A. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–282. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Lambton","url_text":"Lambton, A.K.S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA267","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X","url_text":"0-521-06936-X"}]},{"reference":"Negmatov, N.N. (1997). \"The Samanid state\". History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV. Delhi: BRILL. pp. 77–94. ISBN 81-208-1595-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA80","url_text":"History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1595-5","url_text":"81-208-1595-5"}]},{"reference":"Qudamah ibn Ja'far, Abu al-Faraj (1889). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). Kitab al-Kharadj (Excerpta) (in Arabic). Leiden: E.J. Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qudama_ibn_Ja%27far","url_text":"Qudamah ibn Ja'far, Abu al-Faraj"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RkA2AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Kitab al-Kharadj (Excerpta)"}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Adam (2006). \"Post, or Barid\". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization, An Encyclopedia, Volume 2: L-Z, Index. Leiden and New York: Routledge. pp. 631–632. ISBN 0-415-96692-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA631","url_text":"Medieval Islamic Civilization, An Encyclopedia, Volume 2: L-Z, Index"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96692-2","url_text":"0-415-96692-2"}]},{"reference":"Sourdel, D. (1960). \"Barid\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1045–1046. OCLC 495469456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Sourdel","url_text":"Sourdel, D."},{"url":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/barid-SIM_1233","url_text":"\"Barid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb","url_text":"Gibb, H. A. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers","url_text":"Kramers, J. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al","url_text":"Lévi-Provençal, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Schacht, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456","url_text":"495469456"}]},{"reference":"Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari","url_text":"Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir"}]},{"reference":"Yaqut, Ibn 'Abdallah al-Hamawi (1959). Jwaideh, Wadie (ed.). The Introductory Chapters of Yaqut's Mu'jam al-Buldan. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08268-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi","url_text":"Yaqut, Ibn 'Abdallah al-Hamawi"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a_8UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54","url_text":"The Introductory Chapters of Yaqut's Mu'jam al-Buldan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08268-9","url_text":"90-04-08268-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Day
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Pat Day
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["1 Technique","2 Riding career","2.1 Triple Crown top three finishes","2.2 Breeders' Cup wins","3 Records","4 Honors","5 Religion and retirement","6 Year-end charts","7 References","8 External links"]
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American jockey
For the New Zealand artist, see Melvin "Pat" Day. For the American boxer who was killed by a punch, see Patrick Day.
Pat DayOccupationJockeyBorn (1953-10-13) October 13, 1953 (age 70)Brush, Colorado, United StatesCareer wins8,803Major racing winsAmerican Classics wins:Kentucky Derby (1992)Preakness Stakes(1985, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1996)Belmont Stakes (1989, 1994, 2000)
Breeders' Cup wins:Breeders' Cup Classic(1984, 1990, 1998, 1999)Breeders' Cup Distaff (1986, 1991, 2001)Breeders' Cup Juvenile (1994, 1997)Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies (1987, 1994)Breeders' Cup Turf (1987)
Major Stakes Wins
Jockey Club Gold Cup (1976, 1985, 1989)
Test Stakes (1976, 1983, 2001)
Go For Wand Handicap (1976, 1986, 1995, 2004)
Travers Stakes (1983, 1987, 1989, 2003)
Secretariat Stakes (1983, 1991, 1995)
Spinster Stakes (1983, 1991, 1994, 1997, 2004)
American Derby (1983, 1984, 1992)
Arlington Classic (1983, 1984, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996)
Blue Grass Stakes (1984, 1990, 1999, 2000)
Clark Handicap (1984, 1985, 1990, 2000)
Ballerina Stakes (1984, 1994, 2000)
Apple Blossom Handicap (1985, 1991, 1995)
Stephen Foster Handicap (1985, 1998, 2003)
Whitney Stakes (1986, 1987, 1989, 1995, 1998)
Suburban Handicap (1986, 1988, 1990)
Arkansas Derby (1986, 1987, 1997)
Beldame Stakes (1986, 1994)
Marlboro Cup (1987)
Sword Dancer Stakes (1987, 1997, 2001, 2002)
Humana Distaff Stakes (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 2001, 2004)
Kentucky Oaks (1988, 2000)
Champagne Stakes (1988, 1994)
Super Derby (1988, 2003)
Turf Classic Stakes (1988, 1994, 1996)
Hollywood Gold Cup (1989)
Wood Memorial (1989, 2002)
United Nations Handicap (1989, 1992, 2002)
Pimlico Special (1989, 1996)
King's Bishop Stakes (1989, 1995, 2000)
Hopeful Stakes (1989, 1997)
Woodward Stakes (1989)
Florida Derby (1990)
Manhattan Handicap (1992, 1994)
Spinaway Stakes (1992, 1994, 2002)
Acorn Stakes (1992)
Arlington Million (1994)
Frizette Stakes (1994, 1998)
Washington, D.C. International (1994)
Personal Ensign Handicap (1995, 1998)
Ogden Phipps Handicap (1995, 1998)
Gazelle Handicap (1997, 1998, 2003)
Haskell Invitational Stakes (1999)
Swaps Stakes (1999)
Starlet Stakes (1999)
Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup (1999)
Santa Anita Oaks (2000)
Mother Goose Stakes (2000)
Gulfstream Park Turf Handicap (2001)
Garden City Handicap (2001, 2004)
Alabama Stakes (2002)
International race wins:Canadian Triple Crown (1991)Canadian International Stakes (1991, 1995)Woodbine Mile (1991, 2002)Racing awardsEclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey(1984, 1986, 1987, 1991)U.S. Champion Jockey by wins(1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991)U.S. Champion Jockey by earnings(1999, 2000)George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award (1985)Mike Venezia Memorial Award (1995)Big Sport of Turfdom Award (2005)HonorsNational Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame (1991)Fair Grounds Racing Hall of Fame (1992)Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame (1999)Pat Day Mile Stakes at Churchill DownsStatue at Churchill DownsSignificant horsesEasy Goer, Awesome Again, Azeri, Cat Thief, Dance Smartly, Favorite Trick, Heavenly Prize, Lil E. Tee, Java Gold, Lady's Secret, Louis Quatorze, Paradise Creek, Seeking the Gold, Sky Classic, Summer Squall, Tabasco Cat, Tank's Prospect, Theatrical, Timber Country, Unbridled, Wild Again
Patrick Alan "Pat" Day (born October 13, 1953, in Brush, Colorado) is a retired American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991 and the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1999. Day won nine Triple Crown races and 12 Breeders' Cup races. He was once the leader for career Breeders' Cup wins though he was later surpassed as the events were expanded after he retired.
Pat Day retired in 2005 with 8,803 wins (ranked fourth all-time) and as the all-time leading jockey in money earned. He was a dominant rider on the Kentucky riding circuit and holds all of the career riding records at Churchill Downs and Keeneland. Day's signature wins include winning the inaugural $3 million Breeders' Cup Classic in 1984 aboard Wild Again and his partnership with Easy Goer in a rivalry with Sunday Silence.
Technique
Pat Day was known for being a patient rider with gentle hands and for not using a horse more than he had to, but was sometimes criticized for waiting too long to make his move. Because Day often came with late runs in big spots and had a reputation for saving horse for the stretch he was given the nickname Patient Pat. As Pat Forde, a reporter for the Louisville Courier-Journal, wrote in 1995, "He is so patient he could watch a faucet drip for days". Day was also strong at taking horses to the lead as he did on Louis Quatorze in his 1996 Preakness victory and on Commendable in his 2000 Belmont Stakes win.
Day's riding style attracted considerable controversy over the years. Barry Irwin wrote in 2016 that he "drove many a captain of industry, hard-boot trainer and horseplayer to the brink of rage." D. Wayne Lukas, who won several Triple Crown races with Pat Day, once said "I'm only as good as Pat Day's rides." He is still criticized for costing Easy Goer a potential victory in the 1989 Preakness Stakes. Day said that Easy Goer was the best horse he ever rode. In 2016, he said, "As I re-run that race in my mind, I chastise myself pretty good because I feel I didn’t ride the best race of my career... Still, it was a great, great race. People still rave to me about the Preakness. They say it was the race of the century. I agree, except for the official order of finish."
Riding career
Day learned to ride from his father, who owned a car repair shop in the ranching community of Brush, Colorado. "He taught me basic horsemanship that has been my foundation," Day said in a 1991 interview. "That has helped me tremendously in a roundabout way – being able to understand the temperament of the horse, and adjusting to get along with that." Day participated in rodeo events before beginning his jockey career in 1973 at Prescott Downs, a small racetrack in Arizona. He rode his first winner, Forblunged, on July 29, 1973. He became the leading jockey at Turf Paradise before relocating to Chicago, where he became the leading jockey at Hawthorne and Sportsman's Park. In 1976, he moved to the New York riding circuit. He recorded his first major victory that year in the Jockey Club Gold Cup aboard longshot Great Contractor.
Day was the leading jockey by number of wins in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991. The first win in 1982 came only after Day chartered a plane on December 31 to Delta Downs, where he won two races on the evening card to surpass Angel Cordero Jr.'s tally by one.
Day rode winners of American Triple Crown races nine times, ranking him behind Eddie Arcaro's 17 wins in Triple Crown races as well as Bill Shoemaker's 11, while tied with Gary Stevens, Bill Hartack and Earl Sande's 9 each. However, Day had a comparatively poor Kentucky Derby record with only one win in twenty two tries. Some of Day's losses on top horses in the Kentucky Derby included Easy Goer, Forty Niner, Summer Squall, Demon's Begone, Corporate Report, Tabasco Cat, Timber Country, Favorite Trick, Ten Most Wanted and Menifee, who finished second behind Charismatic in both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes. He had been the regular rider of 1990 Derby winner Unbridled but chose to ride Summer Squall in that race instead. Pat Day's first and only Kentucky Derby victory was in 1992 aboard longshot Lil E. Tee. On the day of that race, future Belmont Stakes and Breeders' Cup Classic winner A.P. Indy was forced to scratch from the race due to a foot injury. Arazi, the American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt and Breeders' Cup Juvenile winner, became the heavy favorite. Day rated behind Arazi in tenth place, hoping to follow his move and take second place. But when asked for run, Lil E. Tee responded by sweeping past Arazi for the win. "To say the least, it was very satisfying," said Day.
In 1991, Pat Day won the Canadian Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Distaff aboard the future Hall of Fame filly Dance Smartly. He is the only jockey to have ridden at least one mount in each of the first 20 Breeders' Cups, and at one point was the all-time leader in Breeders' Cup winners, with 12.
Day made his base in Kentucky, where he rode at Churchill Downs and Keeneland in the spring and fall. In the winter, he originally rode at Oaklawn Park in Arkansas, switching in the mid-1990s to Gulfstream Park. In the summer, he originally rode at Arlington Park, later switching to Saratoga. With the change in circuits, Day's number of wins decreased but his earnings increased. Day won his first earnings title in 1999, followed by another win in 2000 in a close battle with Jerry Bailey. Day finished 2000 with his mounts earning $17,479,838 in purses (recording 267 wins from 1,219 starts). Bailey finished with $17,468,690 in earnings.
Triple Crown top three finishes
Day recorded nine wins in the American Triple Crown plus ten second-place finishes and four thirds.
Kentucky Derby
1988 on Forty Niner (2nd)
1989 on Easy Goer (2nd)
1990 on Summer Squall (2nd)
1992 on Lil E. Tee (1st)
1995 on Timber Country (3rd)
1996 on Prince of Thieves (3rd)
1999 on Menifee (2nd)
Preakness Stakes
1985 on Tank's Prospect (1st)
1989 on Easy Goer (2nd)
1990 on Summer Squall (1st)
1991 on Corporate Report (2nd)
1993 on Cherokee Run (2nd)
1994 on Tabasco Cat (1st)
1995 on Timber Country (1st)
1996 on Louis Quatorze (1st)
1999 on Menifee (2nd)
Belmont Stakes
1984 on Pine Circle (2nd)
1987 on Gulch (3rd)
1989 on Easy Goer (1st)
1994 on Tabasco Cat (1st)
2000 on Commendable (1st)
2003 on Ten Most Wanted (2nd)
2004 on Royal Assault (3rd)
Breeders' Cup wins
Day won twelve Breeders' Cup races.
Breeders' Cup Classic
1984 on Wild Again
1990 on Unbridled
1998 on Awesome Again
1999 on Cat Thief
Breeders' Cup Distaff
1986 on Lady's Secret
1991 on Dance Smartly
2001 on Unbridled Elaine
Breeders' Cup Turf
1987 on Theatrical
Breeders' Cup Juvenile
1994 on Timber Country
1997 on Favorite Trick
Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies
1987 on Epitome
1994 on Flanders
Records
Day is the all-time leading rider at Churchill Downs and Keeneland Race Course, the two largest tracks in his adopted home state of Kentucky. At Churchill Downs, he won 2,481 races including 155 stakes race wins, and earned 15 riding titles at the spring meeting plus 19 at the fall meeting. At Keeneland, he recorded 918 wins, 95 of which were in stakes races, and earned 22 leading rider titles. He also earned a record twelve jockey titles at Oaklawn Park.
On June 20, 1984, Day set a Churchill Downs record for the most wins on a single card when he won seven of eight races in which he rode. The record was tied in 2008 by Julien Leparoux. In 1989, he set a North American record when he won eight of nine mounts in a single day at Arlington Park.
Honors
Statue of Day at Churchill Downs
Day earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey in 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1991. In 1991, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In 2006, a statue of him celebrating his win in the Kentucky Derby was unveiled at Churchill Downs. In 2015, Churchill Downs renamed the Derby Trial in his honor as the Pat Day Mile.
Day also received the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award in 1985, given annually to a North American jockey who demonstrates the highest standards of professional and personal conduct. In 1995, he was voted the Mike Venezia Memorial Award, which honors "extraordinary sportsmanship and citizenship". He received the Big Sport of Turfdom Award for 2005 in acknowledgement of the way he worked with the media to enhance coverage of the sport.
Religion and retirement
Early in his career, he had serious substance abuse problems with both drugs and alcohol, but became a born-again Christian in the early 1980s. He has been involved with the Race Track Chaplaincy of America since his conversion, and has served the racing industry's representative on the board of that organization.
After undergoing hip surgery that forced him to miss the Derby for the first time in 21 years, Day announced his retirement on August 3, 2005. He subsequently devoted himself to the Kentucky Race Track Chaplaincy and helped to establish a chapel at Churchill Downs that services backstretch workers. He hosts an annual Race For Grace during Kentucky Derby week to raise money for the chaplaincy, and also travels across America to talk about how his faith and career intertwine. Sheila, his wife since 1979, runs a charity to help single mothers in the Louisville area.
In 2016, Kentucky Governor Bevin appointed Day to the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission.
Year-end charts
National List for Jockeys Rankings
Year
Earnings
Wins
2000
1
11
2001
3
19
2002
4
14
2003
6
20
2004
11
54
Source:
References
^ a b c "Equibase profile". www.equibase.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "ASHOF Inductees" (PDF). Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame. 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
^ a b c "Hall of Famer Day Retires; To Assist With Racetrack Chaplaincy Program". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ a b "Churchill Downs To Salute Pat Day Nov. 12". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ a b "Keeneland to Salute Hall of Fame Jockey Pat Day". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ Eisenberg, John (1996). The Longest Shot: Lil E. Tee and the Kentucky Derby. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813148779. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ a b c d e McGee, Marty. "Day shares decades of memories". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^ a b "Racing's Unforgettable Rivalries: Sunday Silence and Easy Goer". www.americasbestracing.net. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ Reed, William (May 27, 1996). "NIGHT AND DAY". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Faour, Fred (June 7, 2001). "Dollar Bill has a tough time despite Day Even with Day aboard, talented Dollar Bill has a tough time". Houston Chronicle.
^ Privman, Jay (May 3, 1992). "Kentucky Derby: Day Makes the Right Choice : Jockey: The man who passed up rides on Alysheba and Unbridled gets first Derby victory in 10 tries". Los Angeles Times.
^ Drape, Joe (August 25, 2003). "Horse Racing: Racing Analysis". The New York Times.
^ Diamos, Jason (August 9, 2002). "HORSE RACING". The New York Times.
^ LaMarra, Tom (April 23, 2014). "Day by Day". Bloodhorse. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Christine, Bill (November 8, 1989). "Horse Racing: Maybe It's Time Easy Goer Gets a Different Rider". Los Angeles Times.
^ Moran, Paul (September 19, 1989). "Easy Goer Shows He Won't Easily Be Beaten". Los Angeles Times.
^ Irwin, Barry (2016). Derby Innovator: The Making of Animal Kingdom. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781514476246.
^ Greene, Jerry (May 19, 1995). "DERBY NO YARDSTICK THIS TIME". Orlando Sentinel.
^ Sapochetti, John (20 July 2019). "Easy Goer's greatness often overlooked". Boston Herald. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^ Van Dyke, Grace (October 21, 2013). "A Blessed Life: Pat Day on making peace with his sport & his faith". Horse Nation.
^ a b LaMarra, Tom. "Day By Day". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ a b c d Milbert, Neil. "PAT DAY'S NUMBERS NOT WHOLE STORY". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ Cady, Steve (24 October 1976). "Great Contractor First in Gold Cup". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ McNamara, Ed (May 3, 2017). "Pat Day's career was complete when he finally won Kentucky Derby". Newsday. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^ Guild, The Jockeys' (1999). The History of Race Riding and the Jockeys' Guild. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 9781563114564. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Crist, Steven (6 May 1990). "Unbridled Wins the Derby in an Upset". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "LOOKING BACK: Pat Day's unlikely Kentucky Derby win turns 25". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "Day, Bailey Elbow for BC Riding Records". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "Leading Breeders' Cup Jockey Stats". Breeders' Cup. October 21, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ "Day Edges Bailey For Jockeys' Title". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "Leparoux Wins 7 at Churchill; Ties Day". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "Churchill Unveils Statue of Pat Day". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "Churchill Moves Derby Trial, Now Pat Day Mile". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ "George Woolf Award". www.jockeysguild.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^ "Migliore Wins 2003 Mike Venezia Award". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^ "Pat Day to Receive 'Big Sport of Turfdom' Award". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^ Puckett, Jeffrey Lee. "For Kentucky Derby-winning jockey Pat Day, it's his life after the win that means most". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^ "Gov. Bevin Appoints 3 Members to Horse Racing Commission". The Laner Report. June 3, 2016.
^ "Pat Day" (PDF). khrc.ky.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
^ "Pat Day | Top 100 Rankings (Since 2000)". Equibase.
External links
Profile at National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
Interview with Pat Day
Preceded byGary Stevens
Jockeys' Guild President 2000-2001
Succeeded byTomey Jean Swan
|
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For the American boxer who was killed by a punch, see Patrick Day.Patrick Alan \"Pat\" Day (born October 13, 1953, in Brush, Colorado) is a retired American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991 and the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1999.[2] Day won nine Triple Crown races and 12 Breeders' Cup races. He was once the leader for career Breeders' Cup wins though he was later surpassed as the events were expanded after he retired.Pat Day retired in 2005 with 8,803 wins (ranked fourth all-time) and as the all-time leading jockey in money earned.[3] He was a dominant rider on the Kentucky riding circuit and holds all of the career riding records at Churchill Downs and Keeneland.[4][5][6] Day's signature wins include winning the inaugural $3 million Breeders' Cup Classic in 1984 aboard Wild Again[7] and his partnership with Easy Goer in a rivalry with Sunday Silence.[8]","title":"Pat Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloodhorse-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"D. Wayne Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Wayne_Lukas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1989 Preakness Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Preakness_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Easy Goer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Goer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivalries-8"}],"text":"Pat Day was known for being a patient rider with gentle hands and for not using a horse more than he had to, but was sometimes criticized for waiting too long to make his move.[9] Because Day often came with late runs in big spots and had a reputation for saving horse for the stretch[10] he was given the nickname Patient Pat.[11][12][13] As Pat Forde, a reporter for the Louisville Courier-Journal, wrote in 1995, \"He is so patient he could watch a faucet drip for days\".[14] Day was also strong at taking horses to the lead as he did on Louis Quatorze in his 1996 Preakness victory and on Commendable in his 2000 Belmont Stakes win.[15][16]Day's riding style attracted considerable controversy over the years. Barry Irwin wrote in 2016 that he \"drove many a captain of industry, hard-boot trainer and horseplayer to the brink of rage.\"[17] D. Wayne Lukas, who won several Triple Crown races with Pat Day, once said \"I'm only as good as Pat Day's rides.\"[18] He is still criticized for costing Easy Goer a potential victory in the 1989 Preakness Stakes.[19] Day said that Easy Goer was the best horse he ever rode.[20] In 2016, he said, \"As I re-run that race in my mind, I chastise myself pretty good because I feel I didn’t ride the best race of my career... Still, it was a great, great race. People still rave to me about the Preakness. They say it was the race of the century. I agree, except for the official order of finish.\"[8]","title":"Technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brush, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayByDay-21"},{"link_name":"rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Turf Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turf_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"Sportsman's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milbert-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayShares-7"},{"link_name":"Jockey Club Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey_Club_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milbert-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayShares-7"},{"link_name":"Delta Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Downs"},{"link_name":"Angel Cordero Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Cordero_Jr."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayByDay-21"},{"link_name":"American Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Triple_Crown"},{"link_name":"Eddie Arcaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Arcaro"},{"link_name":"Bill Shoemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shoemaker"},{"link_name":"Gary Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Bill Hartack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hartack"},{"link_name":"Earl Sande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Sande"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Easy Goer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Goer"},{"link_name":"Forty Niner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Niner_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Summer Squall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Squall"},{"link_name":"Corporate Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Report"},{"link_name":"Tabasco Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco_Cat"},{"link_name":"Timber Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Country"},{"link_name":"Favorite Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorite_Trick"},{"link_name":"Menifee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menifee"},{"link_name":"Charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lil E. Tee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_E._Tee"},{"link_name":"Belmont Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Classic"},{"link_name":"A.P. Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P._Indy"},{"link_name":"Arazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arazi_(horse)"},{"link_name":"American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Two-Year-Old_Colt"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Canadian Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Distaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Distaff"},{"link_name":"Dance Smartly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Smartly"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Oaklawn Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaklawn_Park"},{"link_name":"Gulfstream Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_Park"},{"link_name":"Arlington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Park"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayShares-7"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Day learned to ride from his father, who owned a car repair shop in the ranching community of Brush, Colorado.[21] \"He taught me basic horsemanship that has been my foundation,\" Day said in a 1991 interview. \"That has helped me tremendously in a roundabout way – being able to understand the temperament of the horse, and adjusting to get along with that.\" Day participated in rodeo events before beginning his jockey career in 1973 at Prescott Downs, a small racetrack in Arizona. He rode his first winner, Forblunged, on July 29, 1973. He became the leading jockey at Turf Paradise before relocating to Chicago, where he became the leading jockey at Hawthorne and Sportsman's Park. In 1976, he moved to the New York riding circuit.[22][7] He recorded his first major victory that year in the Jockey Club Gold Cup aboard longshot Great Contractor.[23]Day was the leading jockey by number of wins in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991.[22][7] The first win in 1982 came only after Day chartered a plane on December 31 to Delta Downs, where he won two races on the evening card to surpass Angel Cordero Jr.'s tally by one.[21]Day rode winners of American Triple Crown races nine times, ranking him behind Eddie Arcaro's 17 wins in Triple Crown races as well as Bill Shoemaker's 11, while tied with Gary Stevens, Bill Hartack and Earl Sande's 9 each. However, Day had a comparatively poor Kentucky Derby record with only one win in twenty two tries.[24] Some of Day's losses on top horses in the Kentucky Derby included Easy Goer, Forty Niner, Summer Squall, Demon's Begone, Corporate Report, Tabasco Cat, Timber Country, Favorite Trick, Ten Most Wanted and Menifee, who finished second behind Charismatic in both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes.[25] He had been the regular rider of 1990 Derby winner Unbridled but chose to ride Summer Squall in that race instead.[26] Pat Day's first and only Kentucky Derby victory was in 1992 aboard longshot Lil E. Tee. On the day of that race, future Belmont Stakes and Breeders' Cup Classic winner A.P. Indy was forced to scratch from the race due to a foot injury. Arazi, the American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt and Breeders' Cup Juvenile winner, became the heavy favorite. Day rated behind Arazi in tenth place, hoping to follow his move and take second place. But when asked for run, Lil E. Tee responded by sweeping past Arazi for the win. \"To say the least, it was very satisfying,\" said Day.[27]In 1991, Pat Day won the Canadian Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Distaff aboard the future Hall of Fame filly Dance Smartly. He is the only jockey to have ridden at least one mount in each of the first 20 Breeders' Cups, and at one point was the all-time leader in Breeders' Cup winners, with 12.[28][29]Day made his base in Kentucky, where he rode at Churchill Downs and Keeneland in the spring and fall. In the winter, he originally rode at Oaklawn Park in Arkansas, switching in the mid-1990s to Gulfstream Park. In the summer, he originally rode at Arlington Park, later switching to Saratoga. With the change in circuits, Day's number of wins decreased but his earnings increased. Day won his first earnings title in 1999,[7] followed by another win in 2000 in a close battle with Jerry Bailey. Day finished 2000 with his mounts earning $17,479,838 in purses (recording 267 wins from 1,219 starts). Bailey finished with $17,468,690 in earnings.[30]","title":"Riding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Triple_Crown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EquibaseProfile-1"},{"link_name":"Forty Niner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Niner_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Easy Goer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Goer"},{"link_name":"Summer Squall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Squall"},{"link_name":"Lil E. Tee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_E._Tee"},{"link_name":"Timber Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Country"},{"link_name":"Menifee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menifee"},{"link_name":"Tank's Prospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%27s_Prospect"},{"link_name":"Easy Goer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Goer"},{"link_name":"Summer Squall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Squall"},{"link_name":"Cherokee Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Run"},{"link_name":"Tabasco Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco_Cat"},{"link_name":"Timber Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Country"},{"link_name":"Louis Quatorze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Quatorze_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Menifee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menifee"},{"link_name":"Gulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulch_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Easy Goer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Goer"},{"link_name":"Tabasco Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco_Cat"},{"link_name":"Commendable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendable"}],"sub_title":"Triple Crown top three finishes","text":"Day recorded nine wins in the American Triple Crown plus ten second-place finishes and four thirds.[1]Kentucky Derby\n1988 on Forty Niner (2nd)\n1989 on Easy Goer (2nd)\n1990 on Summer Squall (2nd)\n1992 on Lil E. Tee (1st)\n1995 on Timber Country (3rd)\n1996 on Prince of Thieves (3rd)\n1999 on Menifee (2nd)\n\n\nPreakness Stakes\n1985 on Tank's Prospect (1st)\n1989 on Easy Goer (2nd)\n1990 on Summer Squall (1st)\n1991 on Corporate Report (2nd)\n1993 on Cherokee Run (2nd)\n1994 on Tabasco Cat (1st)\n1995 on Timber Country (1st)\n1996 on Louis Quatorze (1st)\n1999 on Menifee (2nd)\n\n\nBelmont Stakes\n1984 on Pine Circle (2nd)\n1987 on Gulch (3rd)\n1989 on Easy Goer (1st)\n1994 on Tabasco Cat (1st)\n2000 on Commendable (1st)\n2003 on Ten Most Wanted (2nd)\n2004 on Royal Assault (3rd)","title":"Riding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EquibaseProfile-1"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Classic"},{"link_name":"Wild Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Again"},{"link_name":"Unbridled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbridled"},{"link_name":"Awesome Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome_Again"},{"link_name":"Cat Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Thief"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Distaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Distaff"},{"link_name":"Lady's Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%27s_Secret"},{"link_name":"Dance Smartly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Smartly"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Turf"},{"link_name":"Theatrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile"},{"link_name":"Timber Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Country"},{"link_name":"Favorite Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorite_Trick"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile_Fillies"},{"link_name":"Epitome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_(horse)"}],"sub_title":"Breeders' Cup wins","text":"Day won twelve Breeders' Cup races.[1]Breeders' Cup Classic1984 on Wild Again\n1990 on Unbridled\n1998 on Awesome Again\n1999 on Cat ThiefBreeders' Cup Distaff1986 on Lady's Secret\n1991 on Dance Smartly\n2001 on Unbridled ElaineBreeders' Cup Turf1987 on TheatricalBreeders' Cup Juvenile1994 on Timber Country\n1997 on Favorite TrickBreeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies1987 on Epitome\n1994 on Flanders","title":"Riding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Churchill Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Downs"},{"link_name":"Keeneland Race Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeneland"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChurchillSalutes-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KeenelandSalute-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayShares-7"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Arlington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Park"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milbert-22"}],"text":"Day is the all-time leading rider at Churchill Downs and Keeneland Race Course, the two largest tracks in his adopted home state of Kentucky. At Churchill Downs, he won 2,481 races including 155 stakes race wins, and earned 15 riding titles at the spring meeting plus 19 at the fall meeting. At Keeneland, he recorded 918 wins, 95 of which were in stakes races, and earned 22 leading rider titles.[4][5] He also earned a record twelve jockey titles at Oaklawn Park.[7]On June 20, 1984, Day set a Churchill Downs record for the most wins on a single card when he won seven of eight races in which he rode. The record was tied in 2008 by Julien Leparoux.[31] In 1989, he set a North American record when he won eight of nine mounts in a single day at Arlington Park.[22]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008-03-29_-_Pat_Day_Statue,_Churchill_Downs_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Churchill Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Downs"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Jockey"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Derby Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Trial"},{"link_name":"Pat Day Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Day_Mile_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Woolf_Memorial_Jockey_Award"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mike Venezia Memorial Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Venezia_Memorial_Award"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Big Sport of Turfdom Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sport_of_Turfdom_Award"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Statue of Day at Churchill DownsDay earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey in 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1991. In 1991, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In 2006, a statue of him celebrating his win in the Kentucky Derby was unveiled at Churchill Downs.[32] In 2015, Churchill Downs renamed the Derby Trial in his honor as the Pat Day Mile.[33]Day also received the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award in 1985, given annually to a North American jockey who demonstrates the highest standards of professional and personal conduct.[34] In 1995, he was voted the Mike Venezia Memorial Award, which honors \"extraordinary sportsmanship and citizenship\".[35] He received the Big Sport of Turfdom Award for 2005 in acknowledgement of the way he worked with the media to enhance coverage of the sport.[36]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"born-again Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born-again_Christian"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milbert-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayRetires-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DayRetires-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Horse Racing Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Horse_Racing_Commission"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Early in his career, he had serious substance abuse problems with both drugs and alcohol, but became a born-again Christian in the early 1980s.[22] He has been involved with the Race Track Chaplaincy of America since his conversion, and has served the racing industry's representative on the board of that organization.[3]After undergoing hip surgery that forced him to miss the Derby for the first time in 21 years, Day announced his retirement on August 3, 2005.[3] He subsequently devoted himself to the Kentucky Race Track Chaplaincy and helped to establish a chapel at Churchill Downs that services backstretch workers. He hosts an annual Race For Grace during Kentucky Derby week to raise money for the chaplaincy, and also travels across America to talk about how his faith and career intertwine. Sheila, his wife since 1979, runs a charity to help single mothers in the Louisville area.[37]In 2016, Kentucky Governor Bevin appointed Day to the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission.[38][39]","title":"Religion and retirement"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Year-end charts"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Statue of Day at Churchill Downs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2008-03-29_-_Pat_Day_Statue%2C_Churchill_Downs_-_01.jpg/150px-2008-03-29_-_Pat_Day_Statue%2C_Churchill_Downs_-_01.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Equibase profile\". www.equibase.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=People&searchType=J&eID=475","url_text":"\"Equibase profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASHOF Inductees\" (PDF). Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame. 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/e10bd5_0338255837524ce791281b65f8cfc584.pdf","url_text":"\"ASHOF Inductees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Famer Day Retires; To Assist With Racetrack Chaplaincy Program\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/169343/hall-of-famer-day-retires-to-assist-with-racetrack-chaplaincy-program","url_text":"\"Hall of Famer Day Retires; To Assist With Racetrack Chaplaincy Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Churchill Downs To Salute Pat Day Nov. 12\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/168484/churchill-downs-to-salute-pat-day-nov-12","url_text":"\"Churchill Downs To Salute Pat Day Nov. 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keeneland to Salute Hall of Fame Jockey Pat Day\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/168563/keeneland-to-salute-hall-of-fame-jockey-pat-day","url_text":"\"Keeneland to Salute Hall of Fame Jockey Pat Day\""}]},{"reference":"Eisenberg, John (1996). The Longest Shot: Lil E. Tee and the Kentucky Derby. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813148779. Retrieved May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0aceBgAAQBAJ&q=jockey+pat+wait+all+day&pg=PA125","url_text":"The Longest Shot: Lil E. Tee and the Kentucky Derby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813148779","url_text":"9780813148779"}]},{"reference":"McGee, Marty. \"Day shares decades of memories\". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.drf.com/news/day-shares-decades-memories","url_text":"\"Day shares decades of memories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Racing's Unforgettable Rivalries: Sunday Silence and Easy Goer\". www.americasbestracing.net. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasbestracing.net/the-sport/2016-racings-unforgettable-rivalries-sunday-silence-and-easy-goer","url_text":"\"Racing's Unforgettable Rivalries: Sunday Silence and Easy Goer\""}]},{"reference":"Reed, William (May 27, 1996). \"NIGHT AND DAY\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1996/05/27/night-and-day-pat-day-turned-a-trainers-snub-into-his-fifth-preakness-victory-aboard-louis-quatorze","url_text":"\"NIGHT AND DAY\""}]},{"reference":"Faour, Fred (June 7, 2001). \"Dollar Bill has a tough time despite Day Even with Day aboard, talented Dollar Bill has a tough time\". Houston Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/sports/article/Dollar-Bill-has-a-tough-time-despite-Day-2053120.php","url_text":"\"Dollar Bill has a tough time despite Day Even with Day aboard, talented Dollar Bill has a tough time\""}]},{"reference":"Privman, Jay (May 3, 1992). \"Kentucky Derby: Day Makes the Right Choice : Jockey: The man who passed up rides on Alysheba and Unbridled gets first Derby victory in 10 tries\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-03/sports/sp-1834_1_kentucky-derby","url_text":"\"Kentucky Derby: Day Makes the Right Choice : Jockey: The man who passed up rides on Alysheba and Unbridled gets first Derby victory in 10 tries\""}]},{"reference":"Drape, Joe (August 25, 2003). \"Horse Racing: Racing Analysis\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/25/sports/horse-racing-racing-analysis-trainers-wisely-decide-success-is-worth-the-wait.html","url_text":"\"Horse Racing: Racing Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"Diamos, Jason (August 9, 2002). \"HORSE RACING\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/09/sports/horse-racing-jockey-earnings-record-is-within-day-s-reach.html","url_text":"\"HORSE RACING\""}]},{"reference":"LaMarra, Tom (April 23, 2014). \"Day by Day\". Bloodhorse. Retrieved May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/features/day-by-day-605","url_text":"\"Day by Day\""}]},{"reference":"Christine, Bill (November 8, 1989). \"Horse Racing: Maybe It's Time Easy Goer Gets a Different Rider\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-11-08/sports/sp-1011_1_easy-goer","url_text":"\"Horse Racing: Maybe It's Time Easy Goer Gets a Different Rider\""}]},{"reference":"Moran, Paul (September 19, 1989). \"Easy Goer Shows He Won't Easily Be Beaten\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-19/sports/sp-159_1_easy-goer","url_text":"\"Easy Goer Shows He Won't Easily Be Beaten\""}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Barry (2016). Derby Innovator: The Making of Animal Kingdom. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781514476246.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z_fCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155","url_text":"Derby Innovator: The Making of Animal Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781514476246","url_text":"9781514476246"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Jerry (May 19, 1995). \"DERBY NO YARDSTICK THIS TIME\". Orlando Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1995-05-19-9505190067-story.html","url_text":"\"DERBY NO YARDSTICK THIS TIME\""}]},{"reference":"Sapochetti, John (20 July 2019). \"Easy Goer's greatness often overlooked\". Boston Herald. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2019/07/20/easy-goers-greatness-often-overlooked/","url_text":"\"Easy Goer's greatness often overlooked\""}]},{"reference":"Van Dyke, Grace (October 21, 2013). \"A Blessed Life: Pat Day on making peace with his sport & his faith\". Horse Nation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horsenation.com/2013/10/21/a-blessed-life-pat-day-on-making-peace-with-his-sport-his-faith/","url_text":"\"A Blessed Life: Pat Day on making peace with his sport & his faith\""}]},{"reference":"LaMarra, Tom. \"Day By Day\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/features/day-by-day-21221","url_text":"\"Day By Day\""}]},{"reference":"Milbert, Neil. \"PAT DAY'S NUMBERS NOT WHOLE STORY\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-14-9103190627-story.html","url_text":"\"PAT DAY'S NUMBERS NOT WHOLE STORY\""}]},{"reference":"Cady, Steve (24 October 1976). \"Great Contractor First in Gold Cup\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/24/archives/great-contractor-first-in-gold-cup-great-contractor-1680-wins-gold.html","url_text":"\"Great Contractor First in Gold Cup\""}]},{"reference":"McNamara, Ed (May 3, 2017). \"Pat Day's career was complete when he finally won Kentucky Derby\". Newsday. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/horseracing/pat-day-s-career-was-complete-when-he-finally-won-kentucky-derby-1.13562122","url_text":"\"Pat Day's career was complete when he finally won Kentucky Derby\""}]},{"reference":"Guild, The Jockeys' (1999). The History of Race Riding and the Jockeys' Guild. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 9781563114564. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jnZpBlsXgJgC&q=jockey+pat+day+history+of+race+riding+and+the+jockey%27s+guild&pg=PA43","url_text":"The History of Race Riding and the Jockeys' Guild"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563114564","url_text":"9781563114564"}]},{"reference":"Crist, Steven (6 May 1990). \"Unbridled Wins the Derby in an Upset\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/06/sports/horse-racing-unbridled-wins-the-derby-in-an-upset.html","url_text":"\"Unbridled Wins the Derby in an Upset\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOOKING BACK: Pat Day's unlikely Kentucky Derby win turns 25\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/horse-racing/2017/05/02/ap-rac-kentucky-derby-day","url_text":"\"LOOKING BACK: Pat Day's unlikely Kentucky Derby win turns 25\""}]},{"reference":"\"Day, Bailey Elbow for BC Riding Records\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/185394/day-bailey-elbow-for-bc-riding-records","url_text":"\"Day, Bailey Elbow for BC Riding Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leading Breeders' Cup Jockey Stats\". Breeders' Cup. October 21, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.breederscup.com/bcosJockeysByMoneyPDF.cfm?jockeyRace=ALL&jockeyYear=ALL&jockeyID=","url_text":"\"Leading Breeders' Cup Jockey Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Day Edges Bailey For Jockeys' Title\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/194922/day-edges-bailey-for-jockeys-title","url_text":"\"Day Edges Bailey For Jockeys' Title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leparoux Wins 7 at Churchill; Ties Day\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/151262/leparoux-wins-7-at-churchill-ties-day","url_text":"\"Leparoux Wins 7 at Churchill; Ties Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Churchill Unveils Statue of Pat Day\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/162782/churchill-unveils-statue-of-pat-day","url_text":"\"Churchill Unveils Statue of Pat Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Churchill Moves Derby Trial, Now Pat Day Mile\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/109288/churchill-moves-derby-trial-now-pat-day-mile","url_text":"\"Churchill Moves Derby Trial, Now Pat Day Mile\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Woolf Award\". www.jockeysguild.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jockeysguild.com/george-woolf-award","url_text":"\"George Woolf Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Migliore Wins 2003 Mike Venezia Award\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/181887/migliore-wins-2003-mike-venezia-award","url_text":"\"Migliore Wins 2003 Mike Venezia Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Day to Receive 'Big Sport of Turfdom' Award\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/167434/pat-day-to-receive-big-sport-of-turfdom-award","url_text":"\"Pat Day to Receive 'Big Sport of Turfdom' Award\""}]},{"reference":"Puckett, Jeffrey Lee. \"For Kentucky Derby-winning jockey Pat Day, it's his life after the win that means most\". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/horses/triple/derby/2018/04/19/kentucky-derby-jockey-pat-day-christian-churchill-downs/446537002/","url_text":"\"For Kentucky Derby-winning jockey Pat Day, it's his life after the win that means most\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Bevin Appoints 3 Members to Horse Racing Commission\". The Laner Report. June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanereport.com/63986/2016/06/gov-bevin-appoints-3-members-to-horse-racing-commission/","url_text":"\"Gov. Bevin Appoints 3 Members to Horse Racing Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Day\" (PDF). khrc.ky.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221075156/https://khrc.ky.gov/Documents/Pat%20Day.pdf","url_text":"\"Pat Day\""},{"url":"https://khrc.ky.gov/Documents/Pat%20Day.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Day | Top 100 Rankings (Since 2000)\". Equibase.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=People&searchType=J&eID=475&rbt=TB","url_text":"\"Pat Day | Top 100 Rankings (Since 2000)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=People&searchType=J&eID=475","external_links_name":"\"Equibase profile\""},{"Link":"https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/e10bd5_0338255837524ce791281b65f8cfc584.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ASHOF Inductees\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/169343/hall-of-famer-day-retires-to-assist-with-racetrack-chaplaincy-program","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Famer Day Retires; To Assist With Racetrack Chaplaincy Program\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/168484/churchill-downs-to-salute-pat-day-nov-12","external_links_name":"\"Churchill Downs To Salute Pat Day Nov. 12\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/168563/keeneland-to-salute-hall-of-fame-jockey-pat-day","external_links_name":"\"Keeneland to Salute Hall of Fame Jockey Pat Day\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0aceBgAAQBAJ&q=jockey+pat+wait+all+day&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"The Longest Shot: Lil E. Tee and the Kentucky Derby"},{"Link":"http://classic.drf.com/news/day-shares-decades-memories","external_links_name":"\"Day shares decades of memories\""},{"Link":"https://www.americasbestracing.net/the-sport/2016-racings-unforgettable-rivalries-sunday-silence-and-easy-goer","external_links_name":"\"Racing's Unforgettable Rivalries: Sunday Silence and Easy Goer\""},{"Link":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1996/05/27/night-and-day-pat-day-turned-a-trainers-snub-into-his-fifth-preakness-victory-aboard-louis-quatorze","external_links_name":"\"NIGHT AND DAY\""},{"Link":"https://www.chron.com/sports/article/Dollar-Bill-has-a-tough-time-despite-Day-2053120.php","external_links_name":"\"Dollar Bill has a tough time despite Day Even with Day aboard, talented Dollar Bill has a tough time\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-03/sports/sp-1834_1_kentucky-derby","external_links_name":"\"Kentucky Derby: Day Makes the Right Choice : Jockey: The man who passed up rides on Alysheba and Unbridled gets first Derby victory in 10 tries\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/25/sports/horse-racing-racing-analysis-trainers-wisely-decide-success-is-worth-the-wait.html","external_links_name":"\"Horse Racing: Racing Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/09/sports/horse-racing-jockey-earnings-record-is-within-day-s-reach.html","external_links_name":"\"HORSE RACING\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/features/day-by-day-605","external_links_name":"\"Day by Day\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-11-08/sports/sp-1011_1_easy-goer","external_links_name":"\"Horse Racing: Maybe It's Time Easy Goer Gets a Different Rider\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-19/sports/sp-159_1_easy-goer","external_links_name":"\"Easy Goer Shows He Won't Easily Be Beaten\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z_fCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155","external_links_name":"Derby Innovator: The Making of Animal Kingdom"},{"Link":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1995-05-19-9505190067-story.html","external_links_name":"\"DERBY NO YARDSTICK THIS TIME\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2019/07/20/easy-goers-greatness-often-overlooked/","external_links_name":"\"Easy Goer's greatness often overlooked\""},{"Link":"http://www.horsenation.com/2013/10/21/a-blessed-life-pat-day-on-making-peace-with-his-sport-his-faith/","external_links_name":"\"A Blessed Life: Pat Day on making peace with his sport & his faith\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/features/day-by-day-21221","external_links_name":"\"Day By Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-14-9103190627-story.html","external_links_name":"\"PAT DAY'S NUMBERS NOT WHOLE STORY\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/24/archives/great-contractor-first-in-gold-cup-great-contractor-1680-wins-gold.html","external_links_name":"\"Great Contractor First in Gold Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/horseracing/pat-day-s-career-was-complete-when-he-finally-won-kentucky-derby-1.13562122","external_links_name":"\"Pat Day's career was complete when he finally won Kentucky Derby\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jnZpBlsXgJgC&q=jockey+pat+day+history+of+race+riding+and+the+jockey%27s+guild&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"The History of Race Riding and the Jockeys' Guild"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/06/sports/horse-racing-unbridled-wins-the-derby-in-an-upset.html","external_links_name":"\"Unbridled Wins the Derby in an Upset\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/horse-racing/2017/05/02/ap-rac-kentucky-derby-day","external_links_name":"\"LOOKING BACK: Pat Day's unlikely Kentucky Derby win turns 25\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/185394/day-bailey-elbow-for-bc-riding-records","external_links_name":"\"Day, Bailey Elbow for BC Riding Records\""},{"Link":"http://stats.breederscup.com/bcosJockeysByMoneyPDF.cfm?jockeyRace=ALL&jockeyYear=ALL&jockeyID=","external_links_name":"\"Leading Breeders' Cup Jockey Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/194922/day-edges-bailey-for-jockeys-title","external_links_name":"\"Day Edges Bailey For Jockeys' Title\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/151262/leparoux-wins-7-at-churchill-ties-day","external_links_name":"\"Leparoux Wins 7 at Churchill; Ties Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/162782/churchill-unveils-statue-of-pat-day","external_links_name":"\"Churchill Unveils Statue of Pat Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/109288/churchill-moves-derby-trial-now-pat-day-mile","external_links_name":"\"Churchill Moves Derby Trial, Now Pat Day Mile\""},{"Link":"https://www.jockeysguild.com/george-woolf-award","external_links_name":"\"George Woolf Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/181887/migliore-wins-2003-mike-venezia-award","external_links_name":"\"Migliore Wins 2003 Mike Venezia Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/167434/pat-day-to-receive-big-sport-of-turfdom-award","external_links_name":"\"Pat Day to Receive 'Big Sport of Turfdom' Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/horses/triple/derby/2018/04/19/kentucky-derby-jockey-pat-day-christian-churchill-downs/446537002/","external_links_name":"\"For Kentucky Derby-winning jockey Pat Day, it's his life after the win that means most\""},{"Link":"https://www.lanereport.com/63986/2016/06/gov-bevin-appoints-3-members-to-horse-racing-commission/","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Bevin Appoints 3 Members to Horse Racing Commission\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221075156/https://khrc.ky.gov/Documents/Pat%20Day.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pat Day\""},{"Link":"https://khrc.ky.gov/Documents/Pat%20Day.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=People&searchType=J&eID=475&rbt=TB","external_links_name":"\"Pat Day | Top 100 Rankings (Since 2000)\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingmuseum.org/hall-of-fame/pat-day","external_links_name":"Profile at National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://moxietalk.com/episodes/pat-day/","external_links_name":"Interview with Pat Day"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Development_of_Ukraine
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Rinat Akhmetov Foundation
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["1 History","1.1 Mission of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation","2 Key activity areas and projects","2.1 Program Rinat Akhmetov – Saving Lives","2.2 Fighting COVID-19 in Ukraine","2.3 #ThankDoctors","2.4 200 Ambulances for Ukraine","2.5 #RAKNEVYROK","2.6 Mobile Women’s Health Consultation","2.7 Target Assistance","2.8 Program Rinat Akhmetov – Here to Help","2.9 The Museum of Civilian Voices","2.10 Program Rinat Akhmetov for Children","2.11 Healthy Heart","2.12 I Can Hear Now","2.13 Rehabilitation of Injured Children","2.14 Peaceful Summer","2.15 Your Superpower","2.16 No to Orphanhood!","2.17 Campaign Rinat Akhmetov for Children","3 Online projects","3.1 Communication Without Barriers","3.2 Ask Dad","3.3 Quarantine: Online Services for Teachers","3.4 Educational Series Digital Physical Education for Schoolchildren with the Participation of Sports Stars","3.5 COVID-19: What You Need to Know About the Work of Ventilators","4 Completed projects and programs","5 More projects","5.1 Health of the Nation","5.2 Contemporary Education","5.3 Cultural Heritage","5.4 Other projects","6 Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center","7 Work during the conflict in Donbas","7.1 The Foundation’s activity during the Russian invasion of Ukraine","7.2 The Foundation’s help during the Russian invasion","8 Targeted Assistance and Assistance in Emergencies","9 References","10 External links"]
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Ukrainian non-profit organization
The Rinat Akhmetov Foundation (former Foundation for Development of Ukraine) is a non-profit organization established July 15, 2005 by Rinat Leonidovich Akhmetov, a Ukrainian businessman. The previous name of the organization was Foundation for the "Development of Ukraine". Mission of the Foundation is: "Work for people by eliminating the causes of burning social problems; implementing the best practices of Ukraine and other countries, developing unique system solutions; obtaining the optimal result with every project and action". Foundation has two offices functioning in Kyiv and Donetsk, Ukraine.
History
The Foundation was created by SCM Holdings as part of the implementation of its corporate social responsibility policy. Before March 2008, the Foundation for Development of Ukraine functioned as SCM Group's corporate charitable foundation. Since 19 March 2008, the Foundation for Development of Ukraine has been operating as a private charity of Rinat Akhmetov, the main shareholder of SCM Group, while remaining SCM's permanent partner in the implementation of various projects in the field of charity.
In 2014, the Foundation initiated its largest program, Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center, in order to assist residents of Donbas who suffered from the armed conflict. During six years, the Foundation focused all of its resources on helping Donbass civilians affected by the armed conflict. Over 16 years of its work, the Foundation helped eight million people survive, three and a half million of them received help in Donbas in the framework of the program Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center. In March 2021, the Foundation teamed up with British experts and made a survey of the social impact from the project Food Assistance to Population. The social value of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation's help to beneficiaries is worth more than $1 billion.
In 2017, the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation ranked the first among the Top 5 private charitable foundations of Ukraine. In addition, for many years, the Foundation has remained the best-known charitable organization in Ukraine and a leader in providing humanitarian aid. According to a survey by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), this is the opinion the majority of Ukrainians expressed – 95% of population. During the KIIS survey, almost half of the country's citizens named the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation the largest charitable organization in Ukraine.
In February 2022, with the beginning of a new phase of the war between Russia and Ukraine, the Foundation focused its efforts on humanitarian aid to Ukraine and Ukrainians. This included food assistance packages for population and medicines for public hospitals. From the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine, the Foundation provided more than 500,000 units of medicines to the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.
Mission of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation
The mission of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation is to help people in Ukraine and create opportunities to become better and live better using the Foundation's own achievements and global experience of philanthropy. For the sake of the future.
Key activity areas and projects
Program Rinat Akhmetov – Saving Lives
Within the framework of the program Rinat Akhmetov – Saving Lives, for many years, the Foundation has been implementing large-scale projects aiming to provide systematic support to public healthcare.
Fighting COVID-19 in Ukraine
In February 2020, in the framework of the program Rinat Akhmetov – Saving Lives, the Foundation created a project Fighting COVID-19 in Ukraine. Rinat Akhmetov spent ₴500 million to fight the coronavirus. This is the largest contribution of one philanthropist to the public healthcare sector of Ukraine over the time of the country's independence.
#ThankDoctors
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Foundation together with Ukraine TV channel launched a special national project #ThankDoctors. Its main goal is to tell the public about the daily feats of doctors fighting for the lives of their patients affected by COVID-19.
200 Ambulances for Ukraine
In early July 2019, on the personal decision of Rinat Akhmetov, the Foundation began the implementation of a large-scale project 200 Ambulances for Ukraine. Within the project's framework, public healthcare facilities in all the regions of the country received specially configured vehicles. Their fleet included vehicles of three configurations: ambulances for adult patients, resuscitation vehi-cles for new-borns and off-road or cross-country ambulance vehicles designed to run in moun-tainous areas and hard-to-reach settlements. These 200 special-purpose vehicles will enable doctors to save more than one million people annually.
#RAKNEVYROK
In early October 2021, the Foundation together with VOGUE magazine and with the support from TSUM Kyiv shopping centre launched a project #RAKNEVYROK. Its main task is to show, using the example of real-life stories of its heroines, that life after the di-agnosis is possible and cancer can definitely be defeated. #RAKNEVYROK became a continua-tion of the program CANCER CAN BE CURED that the Foundation launched in 2008. It became the first and largest program in Ukraine to provide help to adult cancer patients. In particular, this help included the purchase of some diagnostic equipment for cancer clinics in Ukraine, the purchase of equipment for complex surgical operations, the launch of a mobile women's health consultation, and much more. In the framework of the program, the Foundation helped to save one million lives of Ukrainians. Almost one-fourth of all Ukrainian citizens have access to modern diagnostic equipment the Foundation provided to public healthcare institutions in the country
Mobile Women’s Health Consultation
In 2012, the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation purchased and equipped accordingly a mobile health diagnostics complex unique for Ukraine. The Mobile Women's Health Consultation for the National Cancer Institute is a specially configured 18-meter long vehicle built according to a European model to be used for comprehensive examination of women's reproductive system organs. This mobile clinic has two specialized rooms – a gynaecology room (with an ultrasonic diagnostics de-vice, a colposcope, and equipment for collecting cytological material) and a mammology room where women undergo mammography (breast X-ray examination). On 4 February 2022, the Foundation and the National Cancer Institute signed a Memorandum of Cooperation to join their efforts for higher level of cancer prevention and diagnostics in Ukraine.
Target Assistance
This first systematic program of the Foundation became operational in January 2006 and aimed at supporting people who found themselves in difficult life circumstances and in need of urgent medical treatment. Often such help to a particular person grew into broader assistance to entire institutions. Many of the Foundation's activity areas have grown out of this program. They then developed into separate projects and are now part of the program Rinat Akhmetov for Children. These are the projects Rehabilitation of Injured Children, Medications for Children, Healthy Heart, and I Can Hear Now.
Program Rinat Akhmetov – Here to Help
The Foundation's largest program Rinat Akhmetov – Here to Help was launched in 2014. Its aim is to help civilians from Donbas affected by the armed conflict. According to a survey of the Foundation's social impact conducted by the British company Envoy Partnership, this program helped three and a half million people survive and prevented the humanitarian catastrophe in Donbas.
The Museum of Civilian Voices
In July 2021, the Foundation opened the first and only Museum of Civilian Voices in Ukraine to date (web site: civilvoicesmuseum.org). It is an unprecedented online project documenting the fate of ordinary people affected by the armed conflict in Donbas. Its goal is to document accounts or stories of the armed conflict's eyewitnesses as fully and impartially as possible. For now, the Museum has collected 13,000 personal stories. The goal is to collect and preserve 100,000 such stories by 2025.
Program Rinat Akhmetov for Children
On 16 November 2001, Rinat Akhmetov visited pupils of boarding schools and orphanages for the first time. This date is considered the starting date of the annual Campaign Rinat Akhmetov for Children. Since 2008, the Foundation has been consistently working on the prevention of orphanhood and has become a leader in national child adoption. Overall, more than five million children received support under the program Rinat Akhmetov for Children.
Healthy Heart
Since 2013, the Foundation has been helping children diagnosed with heart disease, and in 2017, this area developed into a separate project Rinat Akhmetov for Children. Healthy Heart. The Foundation cooperates with the country's leading clinics. Doctors remedy the disease by means of a special implant – an occluder. This is the most modern and non-traumatic method of treatment after which a young patient can be released home in a few days. In addition, the project itself enabled doctors to master modern methods of heart disease treatment. To date, 126 operations have been performed.
I Can Hear Now
The Foundation has been helping children with hearing impairments since 2007. The project Rinat Akhmetov for Children. I Can Hear Now has been active since 2018. Thanks to the project, more than 200 boys and girls received high-sensitivity hearing aids (earphones) adaptable to children's individual needs. These devices allow them to develop in a full-fledged manner and be on par with their healthy peers.
Rehabilitation of Injured Children
In March 2016, the Foundation launched a project Rehabilitation of Injured Children. Thanks to it, children with severe injuries were able to undergo rehabilitation in the best sanatoriums of Ukraine: to rest and recover physically and psychologically according to individually picked rehabilitation methods. For some children, this process takes several years, and for many of them, recovery after an injury is a lifelong challenge. The Foundation arranged 139 courses of rehabilitative treatment for children that received injuries.
Peaceful Summer
The Foundation also provides psychological support for children from Donbas. In 2015, it launched a project Rinat Akhmetov for Children. Peaceful Summer. Within its framework, almost 4,500 children from Donetsk and Luhansk regions underwent health recovery and recuperation courses in summer camps. The emphasis in the children's program was on psychological rehabilitation. Boys and girls participating in the program were taught to deal with their fears and mitigate anxiety
Your Superpower
The project Your Superpower is a series of motivational meetings between famous and successful people and boarding schoolers or orphanage pupils. The goal of the project is to help children left without parental care discover their talents that would allow them to be successful and happy. Since December 2018, 10 ambassadors of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation have held 41 motivational meetings in nine boarding schools of the Donetsk region. More than 1,000 children attended the meetings. In December 2021, the Foundation conducted a motivational online lesson Your Superprofession. More than 5,000 viewers watched the lesson broadcast. Thus, the motivational online lesson attracted the largest number of viewers and set the national record of Ukraine. In January 2022, the Foundation released the second season of its educational series Your Superprofession. This series is a new online format of the project that is primarily targeted at teenagers who need to invest a lot of effort in this life in order to realize their potential in a professional domain.
No to Orphanhood!
The program No to Orphanhood! began its activities on 1 June 2008. In its framework, the national child adoption portal Rinat Akhmetov for Children. No to Orphanhood! has been operating for more than a decade now.(website: sirotstvy.net) The Foundation helped create 41 family-type orphanages that have adopted more than 400 children across the country. Thanks to the program and the portal, more than 10,000 children from boarding schools and orphanages have found happiness in new families.
Campaign Rinat Akhmetov for Children
The Foundation's longest-running and large-scale New Year's charity tradition began on 16 November 2001. Back then, Rinat Akhmetov visited boarding schoolers and pupils of children's orphanages for the first time. About one million children received gifts in the last 14 years.
Online projects
Communication Without Barriers
In 2019, the Foundation launched an online project Communication Without Barriers. It is aimed primarily at people without any hearing problems and will teach them not to be afraid of or ashamed to communicate with people who have hearing impairments.
Ask Dad
In 2020, the Foundation together with Ukraine TVchannel presenter Maksym Sikora launched a digital project Ask Dad. It is a video blog for orphaned boys and children raised without a father. Children receive answers to questions that are of interest for everyone, as well as advice that dads in two-parent families give to their children.
Quarantine: Online Services for Teachers
The Foundation and the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine have created a joint special-purpose project for Ukrainian teachers – an educational series Quarantine: Online Services for Teachers. The project is a series of video courses helping teachers to master some advanced tools of distance learning based on online services, such as Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex, Zoom, Class Dojo and Classtime. These tools open up a whole range of opportunities that make teaching and learning online as modern, convenient and comprehensible as possible.
Educational Series Digital Physical Education for Schoolchildren with the Participation of Sports Stars
Jointly with the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine and Shakhtar Football Club, the Foundation presented an educational series Digital Physical Education for Schoolchildren with the Participation of Sports Stars. The purpose of the educational series was to motivate schoolchildren isolated from their schoolmates due to the COVID lockdown to do sports individually and follow a healthy lifestyle. The educational series consists of 12 physical education lessons that will be conducted by famous football players. The lessons are conducted by the players of Shakhtar football club – the team's captain Andriy Pyatov and centre-back player Serhiy Kryvtsov. The performers of the comedy TV project Mamahohotala Show Oleh Maslyuk and Yevhen Yanovych also took part in the series.
In 2021, the Foundation received a number of prestigious awards. In particular, the educational project Digital Physical Education, which is part of the project Fighting COVID-19 in Ukraine, won in two categories of a prestigious international award IPRA Golden World Awards. It also received three gold awards and two silver awards in the reputable European Digital Impact Awards, as well as became a finalist in the international Corporate Engagement Awards.
COVID-19: What You Need to Know About the Work of Ventilators
Together with the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine and the Association of Anaesthesiologists of Ukraine, the Foundation created a series COVID-19: What You Need to Know About the Work of Ventilators. This general overview series in the format of a mini-interview explains how lung ventilators work, describes the functionality of this equipment's modern models, and gives an idea of how a person feels when connected to the device, as well as what doctors do with a patient and why.
Completed projects and programs
Since 2005, the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation has been implementing national-level projects aimed at addressing social challenges of the Ukrainian society. The Foundation has a pool of about 70 projects and programs in the field of healthcare, education and culture. Most of the Foundation's projects are permanent or long-run initiatives. They are based on the experience the Foundation gained during the implementation of
More projects
Health of the Nation
STOP TB Project. Stop TB in Ukraine program with the financial support of the Global Fund (2007–2009); project mission was to introduce changes in the regulatory framework of Ukraine to create conditions and mechanisms for TB doctors to provide high-quality diagnostics and treatment. A five-year regional program "Fighting TB Epidemic in Donetsk Region in 2007 - 2011" was launched within the framework of the national project Stop TB on 31 May 2007. The program was initiated by the Foundation for Development of Ukraine, Donetsk Region Council and Donetsk Regional State Administration with the goal to reduce TB morbidity and mortality in Donetsk region. In 2010 the Foundation became the main recipient of the Global Fund aimed to reduce the burden of tuberculosis in Ukraine. Information campaign has the goal to increase the awareness of population re tuberculosis diagnostics and preventive measures. The telephone hotline has been set up to provide the population with answers to all tuberculosis-related questions. The information campaign also included different voluntary actions, seminars-trainings and journalistic publication contests, visits to penitentiary institutions.
Cancer can be cured. Timely cancer diagnostics and treatment in Ukraine. The project Cancer Can Be Cured. Timely Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment was initiated by the President of Foundation for Development of Ukraine on 10 July 2008. The goal is to introduce the global standards in cancer diagnostics and treatment in Ukraine, specifically for cancer patients in eight oblasts of Western Ukraine.
UNIAN -Zdorovye. The project was launched in May 2007. The goal of the project was to provide access to the latest news in health and medicine; unite doctors seeking self-education and self-organization, and promote a careful attitude to health. The project includes an information web page at the UNIAN website, as well as an e-version disseminated free of charge. The sections of the source cover international, Ukrainian and regional medical news, statistics, research results, issue-related columns, useful information, links, recommendations and announcements. The information is updated on a real-time basis. The newsletter is issued daily; the average visit statistics are over 6,000 people per day.
Contemporary Education
Digital Future of Journalism, was launched in 2007 with the timeline 2007-2014 and is being implemented in partnership with the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. The Project Goal is to train journalists ready to adopt the digital culture and develop their editorial offices to match international media trends.
PhD Program in Mass Communications, launched on the 1 October 2008 with the timeline 2008–2012. The program targets to train scientific and educational staff with the highest education degree following the pattern of the third cycle of European Higher Education Area based on so-called Salzburg Principles.
Foster care promotion and family building, launched on the 1 June 2008 to promote national adoption and to support foster families and family-type orphanages, including granting material aid; cooperates with orphanage schools to prevent social orphanhood. The first national portal on adoption Say No to Orphanhood (Sirotstvy.net)
Large families. The project was launched in 2008 with the goal to provide housing to all registered large families in the Autonomy Republic of Crimea; Donetsk, Zakarpattye, and Luhansk oblasts with over 10 underage children by 1 January 2009 and to establish a social partnership between the government, the businesses, and the family.
Cultural Heritage
Reconstruction of the Metropolitan's House in the National Sanctuary "Sophia of Kyiv", 2008 with the goal to accomplish full-scale reconstruction of the Metropolitan's House, and to help Sophia of Kyiv to establish contacts with world museums to carry out joint cultural events in the Metropolitan's House.
Reconstruction Museum in Pirogovo Village. In 2008 the Fund of Rinat Akhmetov "Development of Ukraine" allocated funds to develop infrastructure of the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life Pyrohiv and the restoration of individual museum exhibits.
Grant Programme I³ (idea – impulse – innovation). The grants were awarded in the following cultural areas: visual art, theatre art, literature, museum business, cultural education(involving participants from different regions of the country in the project).
Other projects
E-health (telemedicine)
Journalism of the Digital Future
Project in support of museums Dynamic Museum
Target Assistance
Help in Emergency
Mongrel Dog
INVATAXI: Specialized Taxi Service for the Disabled
Insulin Project
First Aid Kits
Expectant Mothers’ Sets
Mobile Distribution Teams
Stories of Civilians
Supporting Donetsk Regional Medical Clinical Association
Supporting Donetsk Regional Tumor Treatment Center
War Through the Eyes of Children
Children Food Packages
Mentorship
Donbas and Civilians Photo Book
Medications for Children
Ukrainian Families with Many Children
Preserving the Family for a Child
Mural
A Family for a Child
Evacuation and Settlement
Installation of Gas Service in the Village of Vilne
Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center
Read more: Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center.
Work during the conflict in Donbas
With the outbreak of the war in Donbas in 2014, the Humanitarian Center was established on the basis of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation to help civilians affected by the war. The Center evacuated people from trouble spots, distributed humanitarian food packages and helped treat and rehabilitate the injured. As of May 2017, more than a million Donbas residents received assistance from the Humanitarian Center.
The Foundation’s activity during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 26 February, the Foundation's Founder Rinat Akhmetov donated UAH 150 million for help: “Ukraine is in trouble and each of us is doing everything we can in order to help our country. I helped, I am helping and will continue to help the people of Ukraine”.
Later, in early March, he said that Russia is the aggressor and Putin is a war criminal. In addition, he stressed that the Foundation will be helping people survive by supplying food and medicines, and SCM businesses will be helping the Ukrainian Army defend the country's sovereignty.
From 24 February to 1 June 2022, it was reported that the Foundation, Rinat Akhmetov's businesses and FC Shakhtar donated UAH 2.4 billion to help Ukraine.
The Foundation’s help during the Russian invasion
As of 3 June 2022, the Foundation provided more than 600,000 units of medicines, more than 60,000 blood transfusion bags and over 187,000 food packages for Ukrainian people. Since the beginning of the full-scale war, the Foundation has also rendered psychological support to internally displaced persons from zones of military hostilities. Its emergency psychological support points operate in Zaporizhzhia, Lviv and Uzhhorod. Since 24 February 2022, more than 1,480 people have received the psychological assistance.
Targeted Assistance and Assistance in Emergencies
The Project was established to cover expensive and complex treatment courses, including treatment of children, which cannot be totally funded by the state and the national budget. Assistance in emergencies project is to provide help to those who suffered from natural and manmade disasters. Support was rendered to victims and people whose relatives died in the blasts in Dnepropetrovsk, at Zasyadko, Krasnolimanskaya, Karl Marx, Duvannaya coal mines.
References
^ http://www.dtek.com/en/media-centre/press-releases/details/foundation-for-development-of-ukraine-and-dtek-initiate-the-towns-of-lvov-burshtyn-and-dobrotvor-to-join-the-telemedicine-social-project" Archived 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ "CF Rinat Akhmetov Foundation". childrights.org.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-07-03.
^ "About us - Foundation for "Development of Ukraine"". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
^ 13 РОКІВ ДОБРА ТА МИЛОСЕРДЯ. 15 ЛИПНЯ – РІЧНИЦЯ СТВОРЕННЯ ФОНДУ РІНАТА АХМЕТОВА
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова: допомогти мільйонам українців
^ The social value of humanitarian aid in Donbass
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова провів лекцію про сучасну методологію оцінки впливу благодійної допомоги
^ Фонд Рината Ахметова возглавил рейтинг частных благотворительных организаций Украины
^ Опитування КМІС: Фонд Ріната Ахметова - лідер української благодійності
^ Знання та оцінка благодійної діяльності Фонду Ріната Ахметова
^ Ахметов направляє 150 млн гривень на допомогу Україні
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова передав для Києва та Донбасу понад 500 тис. одиниць медикаментів
^ Місія та цінності
^ За 15 років благодійності Фонд Ріната Ахметова допоміг вижити 5 млн осіб
^ Нові Санжари: 2 роки тому Рінат Ахметов першим прийшов на допомогу країні
^ #ДякуємоМедикам: національна кампанія Фонду Ріната Ахметова про тих, хто стоїть на варті життя в пандемію
^ Проекту Фонду Ріната Ахметова "200 швидких для України" виповнилося два роки: що вдалося змінити
^ "Сьогодні - Міжнародний день лікаря". Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ #РАКНЕВИРОК: історії перемог над раком, що надихають
^ Проєкт #РАКНЕВИРОК Фонду Ріната Ахметова: історії українок, що перемогли хворобу
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова та Національний інститут раку уклали Меморандум про співпрацю
^ Перша партія швидких від Фонду Ріната Ахметова вирушила в регіональні лікарні
^ За 15 років благодійності Фонд Ріната Ахметова допоміг вижити 5 млн осіб
^ ""Голоси Мирних": історія Любові Паненко". Archived from the original on 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ Новорічна Акція "Рінат Ахметов – Дітям!": багаторічна традиція добра і радості
^ "Рінат Ахметов – дітям": допомога Захару із Костянтинівки
^ Як Фонд Ріната Ахметова допоміг дітям з вадою серця
^ «Рінат Ахметов – Дітям. Тепер я чую»: подарувати диво для маленької Мілани
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова рятує дитячі життя і дарує сімейне щастя
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова рятує дитячі життя і дарує сімейне щастя
^ "Твоя суперпрофесія": Фонд Ріната Ахметова допомагає підліткам з інтернатів
^ Відбувся наймасовіший всеукраїнський профорієнтаційний онлайн-урок
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова: прем'єра 2 сезону серіалу «Твоя суперпрофесія»
^ 12 років порталу «Сирітству – ні!»: щастя знайти родину
^ Новорічна Акція "Рінат Ахметов – Дітям!": багаторічна традиція добра і радості
^ "Слабкий слух – цікавинка": дівчина зі слабким слухом соціалізувалася, стала щасливою і тепер навчить цього інших. Конкурс від Фонду Ріната Ахметова
^ Ведучий "Сьогодні" і посол Фонду Ріната Ахметова Максим Сікора запустив відеоблог "Запитай у тата!"
^ Фонд Ріната Ахметова та Мінціфри України запускають спільний курс сервісів онлайн-навчання для вчителів
^ 6 квітня - презентація освітнього серіалу «Діджитал-фізкультура для школярів за участі зірок спорту»
^ Winners 2021
^ DIGITAL IMPACT AWARDS 2021 WINNERS ANNOUNCED
^ The 2021 winners
^ Всесвітній день анестезіолога: Фонд Ріната Ахметова разом із лікарями рятують життя мільйонів українців
^ "WHO/Europe | Tuberculosis". Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
^ Ukraine Represented by Rinat Akhmetov’s Foundation for Development of Ukraine to Get a GF Grant to Fight TB Epidemic - Foundation for «Development of Ukraine»
^ Головна - Всеукраїнський портал національного усиновлення
^ Народних Архітектури та Побуту музей — WWW Енциклопедія Києва
^ "Photos from Pirogovo (Pyrohiv, Пирогово) - Free download - Photos and wallpapers". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
^ Проект E-Health
^ DFJ
^ Динамічний музей
^ Адресна допомога
^ Допомога в надзвичайних ситуаціях
^ Проект вуличний пес
^ Проект Інватаксі
^ Проект інсулін
^ Проект медичні аптечки
^ Набори для породіль
^ Бригади мобільної видачі
^ Історії мирних
^ Підтримка ДОКТМО
^ Підтримка ДОПЦ
^ Війна очима дітей
^ Дитячі продуктові на бори
^ Проект наставництво
^ Проект фотокнига
^ Ліки дітям
^ Багатодітні сім'ї України
^ Збережемо дитині сім'ю
^ Проект мурал
^ Сім'я для дитини
^ Проект евакуація та розселення
^ Газифікація села Вільне
^ The official site of The Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center
^ Ахметов направляє 150 млн гривень на допомогу Україні
^ Ахметов: "Росія – країна-агресор, а Путін – воєнний злочинець"
^ Ахметов – в Україні: «інвестуватиму все, щоб вона відновилася»
^ Ахметов віддав на допомогу Україні 2,4 млрд грн
^ Фонд Ахметова відзвітував про допомогу українцям за 100 днів війни
^ У Фонді Ахметова розповіли про допомогу українцям за 100 днів війни
^ Фонд Ахметова даст пострадавшим в Днепропетровске по 5-20 тысяч гривен | Новости Украины | В Днепропетровске начал работу Координационный Совет Благотворительного Фонда «Разви...
^ "Фонд "Развитие Украины" выделил 3,4 млн грн семьям погибших горняков на шахтах "Краснолиманская" и им. К.Маркса. | Новости | РБК-Украина". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
^ Благотворительный фонд Ахметова выделил 3,4 млн.грн. семьям погибших и пострадавшим горнякам - ЛІГА.Новости
^ Новости Луганска - Благотворительный фонд Рината Ахметова выделит 600 тыс. грн. семьям горняков, погибших на шахте «Дуванная» - Cxid.info
External links
Rinat Akhmetov's Foundation "Development of Ukraine" official website
Humanitarian Center official website
STOP TB project official website
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria official website
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe official webpage
UNIAN information agency official website
Say No to Orphanhood official portal
I3 - Idea. Impulse. Innovations official program portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rinat Leonidovich Akhmetov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinat_Akhmetov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"}],"text":"The Rinat Akhmetov Foundation (former Foundation for Development of Ukraine) is a non-profit organization established July 15, 2005[1] by Rinat Leonidovich Akhmetov, a Ukrainian businessman. The previous name of the organization was Foundation for the \"Development of Ukraine\".[2] Mission of the Foundation is: \"Work for people by eliminating the causes of burning social problems; implementing the best practices of Ukraine and other countries, developing unique system solutions; obtaining the optimal result with every project and action\".[3] Foundation has two offices functioning in Kyiv and Donetsk, Ukraine.","title":"Rinat Akhmetov Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SCM Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCM_Holdings"},{"link_name":"corporate social responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_(practice)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Foundation was created by SCM Holdings as part of the implementation of its corporate social responsibility policy. Before March 2008, the Foundation for Development of Ukraine functioned as SCM Group's corporate charitable foundation. Since 19 March 2008, the Foundation for Development of Ukraine has been operating as a private charity of Rinat Akhmetov, the main shareholder of SCM Group, while remaining SCM's permanent partner in the implementation of various projects in the field of charity.In 2014, the Foundation initiated its largest program, Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center, in order to assist residents of Donbas who suffered from the armed conflict. During six years, the Foundation focused all of its resources on helping Donbass civilians affected by the armed conflict.[4] Over 16 years of its work, the Foundation helped eight million people survive, three and a half million of them received help in Donbas in the framework of the program Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center.[5] In March 2021, the Foundation teamed up with British experts and made a survey of the social impact from the project Food Assistance to Population.[6] The social value of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation's help to beneficiaries is worth more than $1 billion.[7]In 2017, the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation ranked the first among the Top 5 private charitable foundations of Ukraine.[8] In addition, for many years, the Foundation has remained the best-known charitable organization in Ukraine and a leader in providing humanitarian aid. According to a survey by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), this is the opinion the majority of Ukrainians expressed – 95% of population.[9] During the KIIS survey, almost half of the country's citizens named the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation the largest charitable organization in Ukraine.[10]In February 2022, with the beginning of a new phase of the war between Russia and Ukraine, the Foundation focused its efforts on humanitarian aid to Ukraine and Ukrainians. This included food assistance packages for population and medicines for public hospitals.[11] From the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine, the Foundation provided more than 500,000 units of medicines to the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Mission of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation","text":"The mission of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation is to help people in Ukraine and create opportunities to become better and live better using the Foundation's own achievements and global experience of philanthropy. For the sake of the future.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Program Rinat Akhmetov – Saving Lives","text":"Within the framework of the program Rinat Akhmetov – Saving Lives, for many years, the Foundation has been implementing large-scale projects aiming to provide systematic support to public healthcare.[14]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Fighting COVID-19 in Ukraine","text":"In February 2020, in the framework of the program Rinat Akhmetov – Saving Lives, the Foundation created a project Fighting COVID-19 in Ukraine. Rinat Akhmetov spent ₴500 million to fight the coronavirus. This is the largest contribution of one philanthropist to the public healthcare sector of Ukraine over the time of the country's independence.[15]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"#ThankDoctors","text":"In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Foundation together with Ukraine TV channel launched a special national project #ThankDoctors. Its main goal is to tell the public about the daily feats of doctors fighting for the lives of their patients affected by COVID-19.[16]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"200 Ambulances for Ukraine","text":"In early July 2019, on the personal decision of Rinat Akhmetov, the Foundation began the implementation of a large-scale project 200 Ambulances for Ukraine.[17] Within the project's framework, public healthcare facilities in all the regions of the country received specially configured vehicles. Their fleet included vehicles of three configurations: ambulances for adult patients, resuscitation vehi-cles for new-borns and off-road or cross-country ambulance vehicles designed to run in moun-tainous areas and hard-to-reach settlements. These 200 special-purpose vehicles will enable doctors to save more than one million people annually.[18]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"#RAKNEVYROK","text":"In early October 2021, the Foundation together with VOGUE magazine and with the support from TSUM Kyiv shopping centre launched a project #RAKNEVYROK.[19] Its main task is to show, using the example of real-life stories of its heroines, that life after the di-agnosis is possible and cancer can definitely be defeated. #RAKNEVYROK became a continua-tion of the program CANCER CAN BE CURED that the Foundation launched in 2008. It became the first and largest program in Ukraine to provide help to adult cancer patients. In particular, this help included the purchase of some diagnostic equipment for cancer clinics in Ukraine, the purchase of equipment for complex surgical operations, the launch of a mobile women's health consultation, and much more. In the framework of the program, the Foundation helped to save one million lives of Ukrainians. Almost one-fourth of all Ukrainian citizens have access to modern diagnostic equipment the Foundation provided to public healthcare institutions in the country[20]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Mobile Women’s Health Consultation","text":"In 2012, the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation purchased and equipped accordingly a mobile health diagnostics complex unique for Ukraine. The Mobile Women's Health Consultation for the National Cancer Institute is a specially configured 18-meter long vehicle built according to a European model to be used for comprehensive examination of women's reproductive system organs. This mobile clinic has two specialized rooms – a gynaecology room (with an ultrasonic diagnostics de-vice, a colposcope, and equipment for collecting cytological material) and a mammology room where women undergo mammography (breast X-ray examination). On 4 February 2022, the Foundation and the National Cancer Institute signed a Memorandum of Cooperation to join their efforts for higher level of cancer prevention and diagnostics in Ukraine.[21]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Target Assistance","text":"This first systematic program of the Foundation became operational in January 2006 and aimed at supporting people who found themselves in difficult life circumstances and in need of urgent medical treatment. Often such help to a particular person grew into broader assistance to entire institutions. Many of the Foundation's activity areas have grown out of this program. They then developed into separate projects and are now part of the program Rinat Akhmetov for Children. These are the projects Rehabilitation of Injured Children, Medications for Children, Healthy Heart, and I Can Hear Now.[22]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Program Rinat Akhmetov – Here to Help","text":"The Foundation's largest program Rinat Akhmetov – Here to Help was launched in 2014. Its aim is to help civilians from Donbas affected by the armed conflict. According to a survey of the Foundation's social impact conducted by the British company Envoy Partnership, this program helped three and a half million people survive and prevented the humanitarian catastrophe in Donbas.[23]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civilvoicesmuseum.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//civilvoicesmuseum.org/about"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"The Museum of Civilian Voices","text":"In July 2021, the Foundation opened the first and only Museum of Civilian Voices in Ukraine to date (web site: civilvoicesmuseum.org). It is an unprecedented online project documenting the fate of ordinary people affected by the armed conflict in Donbas. Its goal is to document accounts or stories of the armed conflict's eyewitnesses as fully and impartially as possible. For now, the Museum has collected 13,000 personal stories. The goal is to collect and preserve 100,000 such stories by 2025.[24]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Program Rinat Akhmetov for Children","text":"On 16 November 2001, Rinat Akhmetov visited pupils of boarding schools and orphanages for the first time. This date is considered the starting date of the annual Campaign Rinat Akhmetov for Children.[25] Since 2008, the Foundation has been consistently working on the prevention of orphanhood and has become a leader in national child adoption. Overall, more than five million children received support under the program Rinat Akhmetov for Children.[26]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Healthy Heart","text":"Since 2013, the Foundation has been helping children diagnosed with heart disease, and in 2017, this area developed into a separate project Rinat Akhmetov for Children. Healthy Heart. The Foundation cooperates with the country's leading clinics. Doctors remedy the disease by means of a special implant – an occluder. This is the most modern and non-traumatic method of treatment after which a young patient can be released home in a few days. In addition, the project itself enabled doctors to master modern methods of heart disease treatment. To date, 126 operations have been performed.[27]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"I Can Hear Now","text":"The Foundation has been helping children with hearing impairments since 2007. The project Rinat Akhmetov for Children. I Can Hear Now has been active since 2018. Thanks to the project, more than 200 boys and girls received high-sensitivity hearing aids (earphones) adaptable to children's individual needs. These devices allow them to develop in a full-fledged manner and be on par with their healthy peers.[28]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Rehabilitation of Injured Children","text":"In March 2016, the Foundation launched a project Rehabilitation of Injured Children. Thanks to it, children with severe injuries were able to undergo rehabilitation in the best sanatoriums of Ukraine: to rest and recover physically and psychologically according to individually picked rehabilitation methods. For some children, this process takes several years, and for many of them, recovery after an injury is a lifelong challenge. The Foundation arranged 139 courses of rehabilitative treatment for children that received injuries.[29]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Peaceful Summer","text":"The Foundation also provides psychological support for children from Donbas. In 2015, it launched a project Rinat Akhmetov for Children. Peaceful Summer. Within its framework, almost 4,500 children from Donetsk and Luhansk regions underwent health recovery and recuperation courses in summer camps. The emphasis in the children's program was on psychological rehabilitation. Boys and girls participating in the program were taught to deal with their fears and mitigate anxiety[30]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Your Superpower","text":"The project Your Superpower is a series of motivational meetings between famous and successful people and boarding schoolers or orphanage pupils. The goal of the project is to help children left without parental care discover their talents that would allow them to be successful and happy. Since December 2018, 10 ambassadors of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation have held 41 motivational meetings in nine boarding schools of the Donetsk region. More than 1,000 children attended the meetings.[31] In December 2021, the Foundation conducted a motivational online lesson Your Superprofession. More than 5,000 viewers watched the lesson broadcast. Thus, the motivational online lesson attracted the largest number of viewers and set the national record of Ukraine.[32] In January 2022, the Foundation released the second season of its educational series Your Superprofession. This series is a new online format of the project that is primarily targeted at teenagers who need to invest a lot of effort in this life in order to realize their potential in a professional domain.[33]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sirotstvy.net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sirotstvy.net/ua/about-us/"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"No to Orphanhood!","text":"The program No to Orphanhood! began its activities on 1 June 2008. In its framework, the national child adoption portal Rinat Akhmetov for Children. No to Orphanhood! has been operating for more than a decade now.(website: sirotstvy.net) The Foundation helped create 41 family-type orphanages that have adopted more than 400 children across the country. Thanks to the program and the portal, more than 10,000 children from boarding schools and orphanages have found happiness in new families.[34]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Campaign Rinat Akhmetov for Children","text":"The Foundation's longest-running and large-scale New Year's charity tradition began on 16 November 2001. Back then, Rinat Akhmetov visited boarding schoolers and pupils of children's orphanages for the first time. About one million children received gifts in the last 14 years.[35]","title":"Key activity areas and projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Online projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Communication Without Barriers","text":"In 2019, the Foundation launched an online project Communication Without Barriers. It is aimed primarily at people without any hearing problems and will teach them not to be afraid of or ashamed to communicate with people who have hearing impairments.[36]","title":"Online projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Ask Dad","text":"In 2020, the Foundation together with Ukraine TVchannel presenter Maksym Sikora launched a digital project Ask Dad. It is a video blog for orphaned boys and children raised without a father. Children receive answers to questions that are of interest for everyone, as well as advice that dads in two-parent families give to their children.[37]","title":"Online projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Quarantine: Online Services for Teachers","text":"The Foundation and the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine have created a joint special-purpose project for Ukrainian teachers – an educational series Quarantine: Online Services for Teachers. The project is a series of video courses helping teachers to master some advanced tools of distance learning based on online services, such as Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex, Zoom, Class Dojo and Classtime. These tools open up a whole range of opportunities that make teaching and learning online as modern, convenient and comprehensible as possible.[38]","title":"Online projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Educational Series Digital Physical Education for Schoolchildren with the Participation of Sports Stars","text":"Jointly with the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine and Shakhtar Football Club, the Foundation presented an educational series Digital Physical Education for Schoolchildren with the Participation of Sports Stars. The purpose of the educational series was to motivate schoolchildren isolated from their schoolmates due to the COVID lockdown to do sports individually and follow a healthy lifestyle. The educational series consists of 12 physical education lessons that will be conducted by famous football players. The lessons are conducted by the players of Shakhtar football club – the team's captain Andriy Pyatov and centre-back player Serhiy Kryvtsov. The performers of the comedy TV project Mamahohotala Show Oleh Maslyuk and Yevhen Yanovych also took part in the series.[39]In 2021, the Foundation received a number of prestigious awards. In particular, the educational project Digital Physical Education, which is part of the project Fighting COVID-19 in Ukraine, won in two categories of a prestigious international award IPRA Golden World Awards.[40] It also received three gold awards and two silver awards in the reputable European Digital Impact Awards,[41] as well as became a finalist in the international Corporate Engagement Awards.[42]","title":"Online projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19: What You Need to Know About the Work of Ventilators","text":"Together with the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine and the Association of Anaesthesiologists of Ukraine, the Foundation created a series COVID-19: What You Need to Know About the Work of Ventilators. This general overview series in the format of a mini-interview explains how lung ventilators work, describes the functionality of this equipment's modern models, and gives an idea of how a person feels when connected to the device, as well as what doctors do with a patient and why.[43]","title":"Online projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Since 2005, the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation has been implementing national-level projects aimed at addressing social challenges of the Ukrainian society. The Foundation has a pool of about 70 projects and programs in the field of healthcare, education and culture. Most of the Foundation's projects are permanent or long-run initiatives. They are based on the experience the Foundation gained during the implementation of","title":"Completed projects and programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"More projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"the Global Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"UNIAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//health.unian.net/"}],"sub_title":"Health of the Nation","text":"STOP TB Project. Stop TB in Ukraine program with the financial support of the Global Fund (2007–2009); project mission was to introduce changes in the regulatory framework of Ukraine to create conditions and mechanisms for TB doctors to provide high-quality diagnostics and treatment. A five-year regional program \"Fighting TB Epidemic in Donetsk Region in 2007 - 2011\" was launched within the framework of the national project Stop TB on 31 May 2007.[44] The program was initiated by the Foundation for Development of Ukraine, Donetsk Region Council and Donetsk Regional State Administration with the goal to reduce TB morbidity and mortality in Donetsk region. In 2010 the Foundation became the main recipient of the Global Fund[45] aimed to reduce the burden of tuberculosis in Ukraine. Information campaign has the goal to increase the awareness of population re tuberculosis diagnostics and preventive measures. The telephone hotline has been set up to provide the population with answers to all tuberculosis-related questions. The information campaign also included different voluntary actions, seminars-trainings and journalistic publication contests, visits to penitentiary institutions.\nCancer can be cured. Timely cancer diagnostics and treatment in Ukraine. The project Cancer Can Be Cured. Timely Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment was initiated by the President of Foundation for Development of Ukraine on 10 July 2008. The goal is to introduce the global standards in cancer diagnostics and treatment in Ukraine, specifically for cancer patients in eight oblasts of Western Ukraine.\nUNIAN -Zdorovye. The project was launched in May 2007. The goal of the project was to provide access to the latest news in health and medicine; unite doctors seeking self-education and self-organization, and promote a careful attitude to health. The project includes an information web page at the UNIAN website, as well as an e-version disseminated free of charge. The sections of the source cover international, Ukrainian and regional medical news, statistics, research results, issue-related columns, useful information, links, recommendations and announcements. The information is updated on a real-time basis. The newsletter is issued daily; the average visit statistics are over 6,000 people per day.","title":"More projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary Education","text":"Digital Future of Journalism, was launched in 2007 with the timeline 2007-2014 and is being implemented in partnership with the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. The Project Goal is to train journalists ready to adopt the digital culture and develop their editorial offices to match international media trends.\nPhD Program in Mass Communications, launched on the 1 October 2008 with the timeline 2008–2012. The program targets to train scientific and educational staff with the highest education degree following the pattern of the third cycle of European Higher Education Area based on so-called Salzburg Principles.\nFoster care promotion and family building, launched on the 1 June 2008 to promote national adoption and to support foster families and family-type orphanages, including granting material aid; cooperates with orphanage schools to prevent social orphanhood. The first national portal on adoption Say No to Orphanhood (Sirotstvy.net[46])\nLarge families. The project was launched in 2008 with the goal to provide housing to all registered large families in the Autonomy Republic of Crimea; Donetsk, Zakarpattye, and Luhansk oblasts with over 10 underage children by 1 January 2009 and to establish a social partnership between the government, the businesses, and the family.","title":"More projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Sanctuary \"Sophia of Kyiv\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sanctuary_%22Sophia_of_Kyiv%22"},{"link_name":"Pyrohiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirogovo"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Cultural Heritage","text":"Reconstruction of the Metropolitan's House in the National Sanctuary \"Sophia of Kyiv\", 2008 with the goal to accomplish full-scale reconstruction of the Metropolitan's House, and to help Sophia of Kyiv to establish contacts with world museums to carry out joint cultural events in the Metropolitan's House.\nReconstruction Museum in Pirogovo Village. In 2008 the Fund of Rinat Akhmetov \"Development of Ukraine\" allocated funds to develop infrastructure of the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life Pyrohiv[47][48] and the restoration of individual museum exhibits.\nGrant Programme I³ (idea – impulse – innovation). The grants were awarded in the following cultural areas: visual art, theatre art, literature, museum business, cultural education(involving participants from different regions of the country in the project).","title":"More projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Other projects","text":"E-health (telemedicine)[49]\nJournalism of the Digital Future[50]\nProject in support of museums Dynamic Museum[51]\nTarget Assistance[52]\nHelp in Emergency[53]\nMongrel Dog[54]\nINVATAXI: Specialized Taxi Service for the Disabled[55]\nInsulin Project[56]\nFirst Aid Kits[57]\nExpectant Mothers’ Sets[58]\nMobile Distribution Teams[59]\nStories of Civilians[60]\nSupporting Donetsk Regional Medical Clinical Association[61]\nSupporting Donetsk Regional Tumor Treatment Center[62]\nWar Through the Eyes of Children[63]\nChildren Food Packages[64]\nMentorship[65]\nDonbas and Civilians Photo Book[66]\nMedications for Children[67]\nUkrainian Families with Many Children[68]\nPreserving the Family for a Child[69]\nMural[70]\nA Family for a Child[71]\nEvacuation and Settlement[72]\nInstallation of Gas Service in the Village of Vilne[73]","title":"More projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinat_Akhmetov_Humanitarian_Center"}],"text":"Read more: Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center.","title":"Rinat Akhmetov Humanitarian Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war in Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinat_Akhmetov_Humanitarian_Center"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"With the outbreak of the war in Donbas in 2014, the Humanitarian Center was established on the basis of the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation to help civilians affected by the war. The Center evacuated people from trouble spots, distributed humanitarian food packages and helped treat and rehabilitate the injured. As of May 2017, more than a million Donbas residents received assistance from the Humanitarian Center.[74]","title":"Work during the conflict in Donbas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"The Foundation’s activity during the Russian invasion of Ukraine","text":"On 26 February, the Foundation's Founder Rinat Akhmetov donated UAH 150 million for help: “Ukraine is in trouble and each of us is doing everything we can in order to help our country. I helped, I am helping and will continue to help the people of Ukraine”.[75]Later, in early March, he said that Russia is the aggressor and Putin is a war criminal.[76] In addition, he stressed that the Foundation will be helping people survive by supplying food and medicines, and SCM businesses will be helping the Ukrainian Army defend the country's sovereignty.[77]From 24 February to 1 June 2022, it was reported that the Foundation, Rinat Akhmetov's businesses and FC Shakhtar donated UAH 2.4 billion to help Ukraine.[78]","title":"Work during the conflict in Donbas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"The Foundation’s help during the Russian invasion","text":"As of 3 June 2022, the Foundation provided more than 600,000 units of medicines, more than 60,000 blood transfusion bags and over 187,000 food packages for Ukrainian people.[79] Since the beginning of the full-scale war, the Foundation has also rendered psychological support to internally displaced persons from zones of military hostilities. Its emergency psychological support points operate in Zaporizhzhia, Lviv and Uzhhorod. Since 24 February 2022, more than 1,480 people have received the psychological assistance.[80]","title":"Work during the conflict in Donbas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"The Project was established to cover expensive and complex treatment courses, including treatment of children, which cannot be totally funded by the state and the national budget. Assistance in emergencies project is to provide help to those who suffered from natural and manmade disasters. Support was rendered to victims and people whose relatives died in the blasts in Dnepropetrovsk,[81] at Zasyadko, Krasnolimanskaya,[82] Karl Marx,[83] Duvannaya[84] coal mines.","title":"Targeted Assistance and Assistance in Emergencies"}]
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К.Маркса. | Новости | РБК-Украина\""},{"Link":"http://www.rbc.ua/rus/newsline/2008/06/26/388749.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.liga.net/news/N0834571.html","external_links_name":"Благотворительный фонд Ахметова выделил 3,4 млн.грн. семьям погибших и пострадавшим горнякам - ЛІГА.Новости"},{"Link":"http://cxid.info/53775.html","external_links_name":"Новости Луганска - Благотворительный фонд Рината Ахметова выделит 600 тыс. грн. семьям горняков, погибших на шахте «Дуванная» - Cxid.info"},{"Link":"http://fund.fdu.org.ua/en","external_links_name":"Rinat Akhmetov's Foundation \"Development of Ukraine\""},{"Link":"http://www.fdu.org.ua/en","external_links_name":"Humanitarian Center"},{"Link":"http://www.stoptb.in.ua/ru/","external_links_name":"STOP TB project"},{"Link":"http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/","external_links_name":"The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria"},{"Link":"http://www.euro.who.int/en/home","external_links_name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612161310/http://www.unian.net/eng","external_links_name":"UNIAN information agency"},{"Link":"http://sirotstvy.net/","external_links_name":"Say No to Orphanhood"},{"Link":"http://i3grants.org/en","external_links_name":"I3 - Idea. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_guiso
|
Shorea guiso
|
["1 Description","2 Importance","3 Conservation status","4 References"]
|
Species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae
Shorea guiso
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Malvales
Family:
Dipterocarpaceae
Genus:
Shorea
Species:
S. guiso
Binomial name
Shorea guiso(Blanco) Blume
Synonyms
Isoptera burckii Boerl.
Mocanera guiso Blanco
Shorea vidaliana Brandis
Guijo (Shorea guiso) is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is a tree found in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines. The name guijo is a Philippine Spanish word derived from the Tagalog gihò. This is also sometimes known as red balan or red balau sharing its name with Shorea balangeran. Other local names include yamban-yamban in Zambales and taralai in Tarlac.
Description
Shorea guiso is a tree that can grow up to 30 m (98.43 ft) to 40 m (131.23 ft) and its diameter can measure up to 1.80 m (5.91 ft) or more. Guijo can be differentiated by the color of its branchlets, which are dark. Primarily, its habitat can be found at low altitudes of the forest, normally inhabiting ridges.
The color of the bark is light reddish brown when it is newly bared. Its weight is usually moderately heavy to heavy and the wood is moderately hard to hard and splitting it can be tough. It has light grayish brown thin sapwood that can be clearly determined from the heartwood, which has a light ashy brown to brown in color, with occasionally reddish tint.
The shape of the leaves ranges from lanceolate or ovate lanceolate to oblong with nerves having at least 15 pairs. The leaf is also acute with a accuminate apex and a rounded base, and a glabrous or nearly glabrous skin.
Importance
Guijo is generally used for construction, furniture making, ship and boat farming, and other uses that needing hard wood with aesthetically pleasing grain. It is also used as a decking product due to its resistance to rot and insects except termites. Although, guijo is not long-lasting when exposed gravely to weather or when it touches the ground. Thus, it is only used when extreme durability is not an issue and material would not be severely exposed. The resin of the tree is used as ingredient for producing varnishes and paints.
In the Philippines, prices of guijo lumber was regulated in 1947 by President Manuel Roxas through Executive Order No. 66. The order sets a ceiling price for guijo lumber and other types of lumber in the Philippines.
Conservation status
In the Philippines, Guijo was abundant in 1921 and it was estimated that 5% of the forests' volume covered it. During those times, it can be found in the provinces or islands of Cagayan, Isabela, Bontoc, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Marinduque, Ticao, Mindoro, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Negros, Capiz, Agusan, Misamis, Davao, Cotabato and Zamboanga.
In 2017, the IUCN Red List website listed Shorea guiso as a vulnerable species but a website called Binhi, a greening program of Energy Development Corporation from the Philippines, listed the species as critically endangered. As of 2018, the species can be found in Southeast Asian places like Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon), Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao, Basilan, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo. Its number decreased due to logging and kaingin or slash-and-burn.
References
^ a b c d Khou, E.; Luu, H.T.; Pooma, R.; Newman, M.F.; Barstow, M. (2017). "Shorea guiso". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T33114A2832842. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T33114A2832842.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ a b c "Shorea guiso". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
^ a b "Definition of GUIJO". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
^ a b "Shorea guiso - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
^ a b "Red Balau Decking - Balau Wood Is an Affordable and Durable Option". mcilvain.com. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
^ a b "Guijo". BINHI. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
^ a b c d e f g h Valencia, F. V. (May 1921). "THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - MECHANICAL TESTS OF SOME COMMERCIAL PHILIPPINE TIMBERS" (PDF). Department of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Guijo". Cainta Plant Nursery. 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
^ a b Roxas, Manuel (June 27, 1947). "Executive Order No. 66 - FIXING THE CEILING PRICE OF LUMBER AND OTHER PURPOSES". Official Gazette of the Philippines.
Taxon identifiersShorea guiso
Wikidata: Q5490546
Wikispecies: Shorea guiso
ARKive: shorea-guiso
CoL: 4X4X2
GBIF: 4096300
GRIN: 401876
iNaturalist: 443582
IPNI: 321298-1
IUCN: 33114
NCBI: 152414
Open Tree of Life: 990340
Plant List: kew-2594013
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321298-1
WFO: wfo-0000500588
|
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Other local names include yamban-yamban in Zambales and taralai in Tarlac.[6]","title":"Shorea guiso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"branchlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchlet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"ridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"sapwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapwood_(wood)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"glabrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"}],"text":"Shorea guiso is a tree that can grow up to 30 m (98.43 ft) to 40 m (131.23 ft) and its diameter can measure up to 1.80 m (5.91 ft) or more.[7][8] Guijo can be differentiated by the color of its branchlets, which are dark.[8] Primarily, its habitat can be found at low altitudes of the forest, normally inhabiting ridges.[8]The color of the bark is light reddish brown when it is newly bared.[8] Its weight is usually moderately heavy to heavy and the wood is moderately hard to hard and splitting it can be tough.[7] It has light grayish brown thin sapwood that can be clearly determined from the heartwood, which has a light ashy brown to brown in color, with occasionally reddish tint.[7]The shape of the leaves ranges from lanceolate or ovate lanceolate to oblong with nerves having at least 15 pairs.[8] The leaf is also acute with a accuminate apex and a rounded base, and a glabrous or nearly glabrous skin.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boat farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farming"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"termites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"varnishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manuel Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"}],"text":"Guijo is generally used for construction, furniture making, ship and boat farming, and other uses that needing hard wood with aesthetically pleasing grain.[8] It is also used as a decking product due to its resistance to rot and insects[5] except termites.[7] Although, guijo is not long-lasting when exposed gravely to weather or when it touches the ground.[7] Thus, it is only used when extreme durability is not an issue and material would not be severely exposed.[7] The resin of the tree is used as ingredient for producing varnishes and paints.[4]In the Philippines, prices of guijo lumber was regulated in 1947 by President Manuel Roxas through Executive Order No. 66.[9] The order sets a ceiling price for guijo lumber and other types of lumber in the Philippines.[9]","title":"Importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Cagayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan"},{"link_name":"Isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_(province)"},{"link_name":"Bontoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc,_Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Ilocos Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocos_Norte"},{"link_name":"Ilocos Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocos_Sur"},{"link_name":"Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra_(province)"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Union"},{"link_name":"Nueva Vizcaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya"},{"link_name":"Nueva 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Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Panay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panay"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Basilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"kaingin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"}],"text":"In the Philippines, Guijo was abundant in 1921 and it was estimated that 5% of the forests' volume covered it.[7] During those times, it can be found in the provinces or islands of Cagayan, Isabela, Bontoc, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Marinduque, Ticao, Mindoro, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Negros, Capiz, Agusan, Misamis, Davao, Cotabato and Zamboanga.[7]In 2017, the IUCN Red List website listed Shorea guiso as a vulnerable species[1] but a website called Binhi, a greening program of Energy Development Corporation from the Philippines, listed the species as critically endangered.[6] As of 2018, the species can be found in Southeast Asian places like Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon), Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao, Basilan, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo.[8] Its number decreased due to logging and kaingin or slash-and-burn.[8]","title":"Conservation status"}]
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[{"reference":"Khou, E.; Luu, H.T.; Pooma, R.; Newman, M.F.; Barstow, M. (2017). \"Shorea guiso\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T33114A2832842. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T33114A2832842.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/33114/2832842","url_text":"\"Shorea guiso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T33114A2832842.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T33114A2832842.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Shorea guiso\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321298-1","url_text":"\"Shorea guiso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of GUIJO\". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/guijo","url_text":"\"Definition of GUIJO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shorea guiso - Useful Tropical Plants\". tropical.theferns.info. Retrieved 2020-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Shorea+guiso","url_text":"\"Shorea guiso - Useful Tropical Plants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Balau Decking - Balau Wood Is an Affordable and Durable Option\". mcilvain.com. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcilvain.com/red-balau/","url_text":"\"Red Balau Decking - Balau Wood Is an Affordable and Durable Option\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guijo\". BINHI. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026090724/https://binhi.ph/tree/guijo/","url_text":"\"Guijo\""},{"url":"https://binhi.ph/tree/guijo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Valencia, F. V. (May 1921). \"THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - MECHANICAL TESTS OF SOME COMMERCIAL PHILIPPINE TIMBERS\" (PDF). Department of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2020-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1921/PJS_Vol_18_No5_May_1921.pdf","url_text":"\"THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - MECHANICAL TESTS OF SOME COMMERCIAL PHILIPPINE TIMBERS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)","url_text":"Department of Science and Technology"}]},{"reference":"\"Guijo\". Cainta Plant Nursery. 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2020-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://caintaplantnursery.com/our-products/philippine-indigenous-plants/guijo/","url_text":"\"Guijo\""}]},{"reference":"Roxas, Manuel (June 27, 1947). \"Executive Order No. 66 - FIXING THE CEILING PRICE OF LUMBER AND OTHER PURPOSES\". Official Gazette of the Philippines.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas","url_text":"Roxas, Manuel"},{"url":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1947/06/27/executive-order-no-66/","url_text":"\"Executive Order No. 66 - FIXING THE CEILING PRICE OF LUMBER AND OTHER PURPOSES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Gazette_(Philippines)","url_text":"Official Gazette of the Philippines"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_en_Espa%C3%B1ol
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Rock en español
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["1 History","1.1 Beginnings (1956–1964)","1.2 British invasion effect (1964–1970)","1.3 Prog rock domain, hard rock origins and Repression (1970-1979)","1.4 Internationalization (1980s)","1.5 Recent times (1990s onward)","2 Rock en español in the United States","3 Other variations","4 See also","5 References"]
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This article is about Spanish-language rock music. For other uses, see Rock en Español (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Latin rock.
Spanish-language rock
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Juanes
Rock en español (Spanish for 'Spanish-language rock') is a term used to refer to any kind of rock music featuring Spanish vocals. Compared to English-speaking bands, very few acts reached worldwide success or between Spanish-speaking countries due to a lack of promotion. Despite rock en español's origins in the late 1950s, many rock acts achieved at best nationwide fame until the Internet consolidated the listeners. However, some rock en español artists did become internationally popular with the help of a promotional campaign from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s called "Rock en tu idioma" ("Rock in your language"). Some specific rock-based styles influenced by folkloric rhythms have also developed in these regions. Some of the more prominent styles are Latin rock (a fusion of rock music with Latin American and Caribbean folkloric sounds developed in Latino communities); Latin alternative, an alternative rock scene that blended a Latin sound with other genres like Caribbean ska, reggae, and soca; or Andalusian rock, a flamenco-influenced style that emerged in Spain.
History
Beginnings (1956–1964)
Los Teen Tops playing live in Argentina in 1962.
Spanish-speaking rock music began in the late-1950s, through listening to American rock artists in the United States at the time. The song "El relojito" by Gloria Ríos released in 1956 is often considered the blueprint of rock en español. In 1958, Ritchie Valens covered the Mexican folk song "La Bamba", popularizing Spanish-language rock music throughout Latin America. That year, Daniel Flores composed "Tequila", and the Champs' production of the song, which reached nº1 in Billboard pop charts.
The new sound immediately caught the attention of the middle and upper class. The first rock bands in Latin America were created in the late 1950s with Los Llopis and Los Teen Tops achieving some success covering American rock classics during the early 1960s. The Spanish scene received some influences of non-English-speaking countries with the Yé-yé style as could be seen with Raphael. In the early 1960s, those styles of commercial rock music were nicknamed Nueva ola (New wave) in some South American countries to refer the bands that adopted the American and European styles.
Los Gatos in 1967. With their single "La balsa", they turned the movement into a massive youth phenomenon.
British invasion effect (1964–1970)
After the popularization of The Beatles and the world success of the British Invasion, the Hispanophone world adapted new styles like Beat music, rhythm and blues, psychedelia, soul, folk-rock and pop music. The Beatles and other British beat groups and American rock bands were greatly influenced by American musicians
The influences of beat music and psychedelic pop were noticeable in some acts such as Los Brincos, El Kinto , Los Gatos or The Speakers, while other successful bands featured mostly English and few Spanish vocals like Los Bravos or Los Shakers. Success outside of the native and Spanish-speaking scene proved difficult to attain though, and the few hits these bands achieved worldwide were sung in English, as Miguel Ríos and Los Bravos did for example. Los Saicos were one of the very oldest proto-punk bands in the world.
By mid-decade the Mexican (later US citizen) Carlos Santana moved north to California and soon joined the burgeoning San Francisco rock scene. Forming the band Santana towards the end of the sixties, he would gather a shifting group of musicians from mixed Anglo-Saxon and Hispanic backgrounds; the band would become one of the more popular acts of the 1970s in the U.S., Mexico, and Europe and brought together elements of rock, blues and jazz with Latin percussion and harmonics (as evidenced, for example, on Santana (1969), Abraxas (1970) and Santana III (1971)). The band would consistently alternate lyrics in Spanish and English; they were arguably the most successful crossover Latin/Anglo rock band to date, and were important in spreading interest in Latin percussion and drumming around the world.
Although he is not a rock en español musician, Carlos Santana's background is that of a traditional Latin musician who has fused rock guitar (and jazz and salsa rhythms) with classic Latin American songs and a sizeable body of compositions by himself and his band. Their hit song "Oye Como Va" is an example of Santana's latin rock version, being originally composed by famous Latin jazz and mambo musician Tito Puente. From the late 1960s on, concurrently with the success of Santana, there was a growing interest in Latin-American folk music and dancing as well as a worldwide cultural boom for Latin-American literature and its colourful, sometimes surrealist and magic realist storytelling, which sustained an interest in Latin music in general, though not always in Latin rock music as such. There was a noticeable Latin influence in 1970s jazz (e.g. Herbie Hancock, Return to Forever) and some acts like Malo, Sapo, El Chicano were performing Latin Rock during the same decade.
However, styles like blues, acid rock, hard rock, and prog rock would be very influential around the next decade. Almendra, led by Luis Alberto Spinetta, was one of the most important prog bands of the late 1960s and later, Spinetta would become one of the most important artists of the 1970s rock en español scene,
Prog rock domain, hard rock origins and Repression (1970-1979)
Los Jaivas recording their album "Alturas de Machu Picchu" with lyrics by Pablo Neruda and presented by Mario Vargas Llosa
Triana in the recording studio in 1974.
Influenced by the new trends of the 60's, psychedelic acts like Los Dug Dug's, Pescado Rabioso (heavy psych)— or La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata (although rarely they featured Spanish vocals during these years); blues acts like Manal and progressive rock bands like Invisible, Sui Generis (folk prog), Témpano , Los Jaivas (Andean rock), Vox Dei (which style would turn harder sounding) or Triana (heavily influenced by flamenco) and Crack (more British prog-rock influenced) appeared. Triana were pioneers of the Andalusian rock scene, a new style which emerged in Spain that combined prog rock with flamenco.
The first hard rock acts appeared in the early 1970s with bands like Pappo's Blues. Also, a new hard rock movement influenced by prog, blues and punk called Spanish Rock urbano lead the harder scene of the late 1970s with bands like Leño.
But in these days appeared some repression of rock music in Mexico. The government forced artists, labels and radio stations to go "underground" as they associated the music with the breakdown of societal standards. The main pushing edge that created tension with the government was due to the Avándaro Rock Festival in 1971. Also the dictatorship established in Argentina in 1976 make some Argentine artist leave the country for greener pastures in Europe, mostly Spain. They joined the Spanish rock scene and sometimes Hispano-Argentine bands Tequila get formed and achieved success. Tequila joined a rock and roll, glam and rhythm & blues scene along with other Spanish acts Burning or La Orquesta Mondragón.
Internationalization (1980s)
Café Tacuba
The most prominent punk bands appeared along the 1980s with La Polla Records, Siniestro Total or Los Violadores. Subgenres derived from punk like New Wave and Post punk were also important during the 1980s. La Movida Madrileña was an important movement of these styles among others.
In the mid-1980s, a promotional campaign called "Rock en tu idioma" (Rock in your language) started helping to internationalize some bands. Soda Stereo is largely credited as the first Spanish-language rock band to gain widespread popularity across Latin America. However, there was equal transnational success in the mid to late 1980s from Virus, Radio Futura, Enanitos Verdes, Caifanes, Hombres G, or Los Prisioneros among others during the same time period.
Though mainly a teen-pop band, Puerto Rican band Menudo at times also dabbled into Rock en Espanol during this decade; examples of their rock music work include their albums "Quiero Ser" (alternatively named "Rock Chiquillo" in some markets), "A Todo Rock" and "Hijos del Rock" as well as songs such as "Quiero Rock", "Rock en la TV", "Mi Banda Toca Rock", "Sube a mi Motora" and "Jovenes". Similarly, Los Chicos de Puerto Rico a band that was similar to Menudo, had a song named "Rock Solido" which was released during 1983.
Recent times (1990s onward)
Gustavo Cerati in Nueva York 2006.
The final amalgamation into a coherent international scene was helped by the introduction of MTV Latin America in 1993, where the first video shown, "We are sudamerican rockers" by Chilean band Los Prisioneros, reflected its aims to create a Latin American scene. In the late 1990s, MTV created the Latino Award in the MTV Video Music Awards and Premios MTV Latinoamérica in 2002, awards that recognize the talented bands and achievements of the genre. However, MTV Latin America was criticized for focusing primarily on rock bands from Argentina and Mexico, with the occasional band from Chile or Colombia. For example, bands on MTV Latino that received very regular airplay were Soda Stereo, Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, Los Amigos Invisibles, Mano Negra, Café Tacuba, Los Tres, Aterciopelados, Maldita Vecindad, Babasónicos, Los Rodríguez and Héroes del Silencio. On the other hand, some hard rock bands like La Renga, Cuca or Extremoduro achieved success.
During the success of Alternative rock in the 1990s, many bands performed alt rock and Latin Alternative (style that combined alt rock with ska, reggae and Latin folkloric elements) like Robi Draco Rosa, Caifanes, Café Tacuba, and La Ley initiated a new stage of Latin rock by broadening its international appeal. Since then, successful bands and musicians include Juanes, Libido, Maná, Jaguares, Caramelos de Cianuro, Aterciopelados, Bersuit Vergarabat, Jorge Drexler and Los Tres among others. The new bands were able to be successful through the development of the music video in the 1990s.
Rock en español in the United States
See also: Chicano rock
Maná has earned four Grammy Awards.
Rock en español borrows heavily from rock and roll music and traditional and popular music of Spanish-speaking countries such as cumbia, ranchera, rumba, and tango. In its 50-year history, it has evolved from having a cult-like following to being a more well established music genre.
In Los Angeles, an underground scene has developed and continues to flourish that supports the local rock en español acts. Top bands from the LA REE scene include Los Invisibles of José L. Garza, Motita, Pastilla, Los Amigos Invisibles, Maria Fatal, Rascuache, Voz de Mano, Cabula, Satélite, Las 15 letras, Verdadera FE, Aaron Andreu and Los Olvidados.
Record labels that have supported US based REE include Aztlan records, El Mero Mero Records, and Mofo Records. Many of them have been associated to the Chicano rock scene.
Other variations
Argentine rock
Bolivian rock
Chilean rock
Colombian rock
Costa Rican rock
Cuban rock
Dominican rock
Ecuadorian rock
Guatemalan rock
Mexican rock
Panamanian rock
Peruvian rock
Puerto Rican rock
Spanish rock
Uruguayan rock
Venezuelan rock
See also
Brown-eyed soul
Latin alternative
Latin American music
Flamenco rock
Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Album
Tejano music
La Movida Madrileña
Rock en tu idioma
Latino punk
References
^ Grobaty, Tim. "Danny Flores Remembered". Spectropop. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ "Oye Como Va". NPR 100. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ "Menudo - Música de Puerto Rico".
Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Edition, 2018. Taylor & Francis ISBN 1138053562
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock en Español (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_en_Espa%C3%B1ol_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Latin rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juanes_2008.06.25_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanes"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Rock in your language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_in_your_language"},{"link_name":"Latin rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_rock"},{"link_name":"Latin alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alternative"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"soca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soca_music"},{"link_name":"Andalusian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco_rock"}],"text":"This article is about Spanish-language rock music. For other uses, see Rock en Español (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Latin rock.Spanish-language rockJuanesRock en español (Spanish for 'Spanish-language rock') is a term used to refer to any kind of rock music featuring Spanish vocals. Compared to English-speaking bands, very few acts reached worldwide success or between Spanish-speaking countries due to a lack of promotion. Despite rock en español's origins in the late 1950s, many rock acts achieved at best nationwide fame until the Internet consolidated the listeners. However, some rock en español artists did become internationally popular with the help of a promotional campaign from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s called \"Rock en tu idioma\" (\"Rock in your language\"). Some specific rock-based styles influenced by folkloric rhythms have also developed in these regions. Some of the more prominent styles are Latin rock (a fusion of rock music with Latin American and Caribbean folkloric sounds developed in Latino communities); Latin alternative, an alternative rock scene that blended a Latin sound with other genres like Caribbean ska, reggae, and soca; or Andalusian rock, a flamenco-influenced style that emerged in Spain.","title":"Rock en español"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teentops-enargentina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Teen Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Teen_Tops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Valens"},{"link_name":"La Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bamba_(song)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Flores"},{"link_name":"Tequila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequila_(Champs_song)"},{"link_name":"the Champs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Champs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Los Llopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Llopis"},{"link_name":"Yé-yé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9-y%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Nueva ola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_ola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Gatos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Gatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos_(band)"},{"link_name":"La balsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_balsa"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings (1956–1964)","text":"Los Teen Tops playing live in Argentina in 1962.Spanish-speaking rock music began in the late-1950s, through listening to American rock artists in the United States at the time. The song \"El relojito\" by Gloria Ríos released in 1956 is often considered the blueprint of rock en español. In 1958, Ritchie Valens covered the Mexican folk song \"La Bamba\", popularizing Spanish-language rock music throughout Latin America. That year, Daniel Flores composed \"Tequila\", and the Champs' production of the song, which reached nº1 in Billboard pop charts.[1]The new sound immediately caught the attention of the middle and upper class. The first rock bands in Latin America were created in the late 1950s with Los Llopis and Los Teen Tops achieving some success covering American rock classics during the early 1960s. The Spanish scene received some influences of non-English-speaking countries with the Yé-yé style as could be seen with Raphael. In the early 1960s, those styles of commercial rock music were nicknamed Nueva ola (New wave) in some South American countries to refer the bands that adopted the American and European styles.Los Gatos in 1967. With their single \"La balsa\", they turned the movement into a massive youth phenomenon.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Los Brincos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Brincos"},{"link_name":"El Kinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Kinto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Kinto"},{"link_name":"Los Gatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Speakers"},{"link_name":"Los Bravos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Bravos"},{"link_name":"Los Shakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Shakers"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ríos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_R%C3%ADos"},{"link_name":"Los Saicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Saicos"},{"link_name":"Carlos Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Abraxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraxas_(album)"},{"link_name":"salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_music"},{"link_name":"Oye Como Va","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oye_Como_Va"},{"link_name":"Latin jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_jazz"},{"link_name":"mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"worldwide cultural boom for Latin-American literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Boom"},{"link_name":"magic realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_realism"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Return to Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Forever"},{"link_name":"Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Almendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendra_(band)"},{"link_name":"Luis Alberto Spinetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Spinetta"}],"sub_title":"British invasion effect (1964–1970)","text":"After the popularization of The Beatles and the world success of the British Invasion, the Hispanophone world adapted new styles like Beat music, rhythm and blues, psychedelia, soul, folk-rock and pop music. The Beatles and other British beat groups and American rock bands were greatly influenced by American musiciansThe influences of beat music and psychedelic pop were noticeable in some acts such as Los Brincos, El Kinto [es], Los Gatos or The Speakers, while other successful bands featured mostly English and few Spanish vocals like Los Bravos or Los Shakers. Success outside of the native and Spanish-speaking scene proved difficult to attain though, and the few hits these bands achieved worldwide were sung in English, as Miguel Ríos and Los Bravos did for example. Los Saicos were one of the very oldest proto-punk bands in the world.\nBy mid-decade the Mexican (later US citizen) Carlos Santana moved north to California and soon joined the burgeoning San Francisco rock scene. Forming the band Santana towards the end of the sixties, he would gather a shifting group of musicians from mixed Anglo-Saxon and Hispanic backgrounds; the band would become one of the more popular acts of the 1970s in the U.S., Mexico, and Europe and brought together elements of rock, blues and jazz with Latin percussion and harmonics (as evidenced, for example, on Santana (1969), Abraxas (1970) and Santana III (1971)). The band would consistently alternate lyrics in Spanish and English; they were arguably the most successful crossover Latin/Anglo rock band to date, and were important in spreading interest in Latin percussion and drumming around the world.Although he is not a rock en español musician, Carlos Santana's background is that of a traditional Latin musician who has fused rock guitar (and jazz and salsa rhythms) with classic Latin American songs and a sizeable body of compositions by himself and his band. Their hit song \"Oye Como Va\" is an example of Santana's latin rock version, being originally composed by famous Latin jazz and mambo musician Tito Puente.[2] From the late 1960s on, concurrently with the success of Santana, there was a growing interest in Latin-American folk music and dancing as well as a worldwide cultural boom for Latin-American literature and its colourful, sometimes surrealist and magic realist storytelling, which sustained an interest in Latin music in general, though not always in Latin rock music as such. There was a noticeable Latin influence in 1970s jazz (e.g. Herbie Hancock, Return to Forever) and some acts like Malo, Sapo, El Chicano were performing Latin Rock during the same decade.However, styles like blues, acid rock, hard rock, and prog rock would be very influential around the next decade. Almendra, led by Luis Alberto Spinetta, was one of the most important prog bands of the late 1960s and later, Spinetta would become one of the most important artists of the 1970s rock en español scene,","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Jaivas_en_Machu_Picchu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Jaivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Jaivas"},{"link_name":"Pablo Neruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda"},{"link_name":"Mario Vargas Llosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triana_-_Billboard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Triana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Los Dug Dug's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Dug_Dug%27s"},{"link_name":"Pescado Rabioso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescado_Rabioso"},{"link_name":"La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Emiliano_Zapata"},{"link_name":"Manal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manal"},{"link_name":"Invisible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sui Generis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Generis"},{"link_name":"Témpano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9mpano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mpano"},{"link_name":"Los Jaivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Jaivas"},{"link_name":"Vox Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Dei_(band)"},{"link_name":"Triana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Crack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(band)"},{"link_name":"prog-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Andalusian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco_rock"},{"link_name":"Pappo's Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappo%27s_Blues"},{"link_name":"Rock urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_urbano"},{"link_name":"Leño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Tequila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequila_(band)"},{"link_name":"La Orquesta Mondragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquesta_Mondrag%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"Prog rock domain, hard rock origins and Repression (1970-1979)","text":"Los Jaivas recording their album \"Alturas de Machu Picchu\" with lyrics by Pablo Neruda and presented by Mario Vargas LlosaTriana in the recording studio in 1974.Influenced by the new trends of the 60's, psychedelic acts like Los Dug Dug's, Pescado Rabioso (heavy psych)— or La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata (although rarely they featured Spanish vocals during these years); blues acts like Manal and progressive rock bands like Invisible, Sui Generis (folk prog), Témpano [es], Los Jaivas (Andean rock), Vox Dei (which style would turn harder sounding) or Triana (heavily influenced by flamenco) and Crack (more British prog-rock influenced) appeared. Triana were pioneers of the Andalusian rock scene, a new style which emerged in Spain that combined prog rock with flamenco.The first hard rock acts appeared in the early 1970s with bands like Pappo's Blues. Also, a new hard rock movement influenced by prog, blues and punk called Spanish Rock urbano lead the harder scene of the late 1970s with bands like Leño.But in these days appeared some repression of rock music in Mexico. The government forced artists, labels and radio stations to go \"underground\" as they associated the music with the breakdown of societal standards. The main pushing edge that created tension with the government was due to the Avándaro Rock Festival in 1971. Also the dictatorship established in Argentina in 1976 make some Argentine artist leave the country for greener pastures in Europe, mostly Spain. They joined the Spanish rock scene and sometimes Hispano-Argentine bands Tequila get formed and achieved success. Tequila joined a rock and roll, glam and rhythm & blues scene along with other Spanish acts Burning or La Orquesta Mondragón.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_Tacvba..jpg"},{"link_name":"Café Tacuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba"},{"link_name":"La Polla Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Polla_Records"},{"link_name":"Siniestro Total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniestro_Total"},{"link_name":"Los Violadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Violadores"},{"link_name":"New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Post punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_punk"},{"link_name":"La Movida Madrileña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Movida_Madrile%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Soda Stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_Stereo"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(Argentine_band)"},{"link_name":"Radio Futura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Futura"},{"link_name":"Enanitos Verdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enanitos_Verdes"},{"link_name":"Caifanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caifanes"},{"link_name":"Hombres G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombres_G"},{"link_name":"Los Prisioneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Prisioneros"},{"link_name":"Menudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menudo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sube a mi Motora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sube_a_mi_Motora"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Los Chicos de Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Chicos_de_Puerto_Rico"}],"sub_title":"Internationalization (1980s)","text":"Café TacubaThe most prominent punk bands appeared along the 1980s with La Polla Records, Siniestro Total or Los Violadores. Subgenres derived from punk like New Wave and Post punk were also important during the 1980s. La Movida Madrileña was an important movement of these styles among others.\nIn the mid-1980s, a promotional campaign called \"Rock en tu idioma\" (Rock in your language) started helping to internationalize some bands. Soda Stereo is largely credited as the first Spanish-language rock band to gain widespread popularity across Latin America. However, there was equal transnational success in the mid to late 1980s from Virus, Radio Futura, Enanitos Verdes, Caifanes, Hombres G, or Los Prisioneros among others during the same time period.Though mainly a teen-pop band, Puerto Rican band Menudo at times also dabbled into Rock en Espanol during this decade; examples of their rock music work include their albums \"Quiero Ser\" (alternatively named \"Rock Chiquillo\" in some markets), \"A Todo Rock\" and \"Hijos del Rock\" as well as songs such as \"Quiero Rock\", \"Rock en la TV\", \"Mi Banda Toca Rock\", \"Sube a mi Motora\" and \"Jovenes\".[3] Similarly, Los Chicos de Puerto Rico a band that was similar to Menudo, had a song named \"Rock Solido\" which was released during 1983.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustavo_Cerati_in_the_Park_(281737078).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Cerati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Cerati"},{"link_name":"Nueva York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_York"},{"link_name":"MTV Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"We are sudamerican rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_are_sudamerican_rockers"},{"link_name":"Los Prisioneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Prisioneros"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Premios MTV Latinoamérica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Premios_MTV_Latinoam%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Soda Stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_Stereo"},{"link_name":"Los Fabulosos Cadillacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Fabulosos_Cadillacs"},{"link_name":"Los Amigos Invisibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Amigos_Invisibles"},{"link_name":"Mano Negra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Negra_(band)"},{"link_name":"Café Tacuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba"},{"link_name":"Los Tres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Tres"},{"link_name":"Aterciopelados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterciopelados"},{"link_name":"Maldita Vecindad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldita_Vecindad"},{"link_name":"Babasónicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babas%C3%B3nicos"},{"link_name":"Los Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Héroes del Silencio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9roes_del_Silencio"},{"link_name":"La Renga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Renga"},{"link_name":"Cuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuca_(band)"},{"link_name":"Extremoduro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremoduro"},{"link_name":"Latin Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Alternative"},{"link_name":"Robi Draco Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robi_Draco_Rosa"},{"link_name":"Caifanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caifanes"},{"link_name":"Café Tacuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba"},{"link_name":"La Ley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ley_(band)"},{"link_name":"Juanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanes"},{"link_name":"Libido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbido_(band)"},{"link_name":"Maná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Jaguares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguares_(band)"},{"link_name":"Caramelos de Cianuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramelos_de_Cianuro"},{"link_name":"Aterciopelados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterciopelados"},{"link_name":"Bersuit Vergarabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersuit_Vergarabat"},{"link_name":"Jorge Drexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Drexler"},{"link_name":"Los Tres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Tres"}],"sub_title":"Recent times (1990s onward)","text":"Gustavo Cerati in Nueva York 2006.The final amalgamation into a coherent international scene was helped by the introduction of MTV Latin America in 1993, where the first video shown, \"We are sudamerican rockers\" by Chilean band Los Prisioneros, reflected its aims to create a Latin American scene. In the late 1990s, MTV created the Latino Award in the MTV Video Music Awards and Premios MTV Latinoamérica in 2002, awards that recognize the talented bands and achievements of the genre. However, MTV Latin America was criticized for focusing primarily on rock bands from Argentina and Mexico, with the occasional band from Chile or Colombia. For example, bands on MTV Latino that received very regular airplay were Soda Stereo, Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, Los Amigos Invisibles, Mano Negra, Café Tacuba, Los Tres, Aterciopelados, Maldita Vecindad, Babasónicos, Los Rodríguez and Héroes del Silencio. On the other hand, some hard rock bands like La Renga, Cuca or Extremoduro achieved success.During the success of Alternative rock in the 1990s, many bands performed alt rock and Latin Alternative (style that combined alt rock with ska, reggae and Latin folkloric elements) like Robi Draco Rosa, Caifanes, Café Tacuba, and La Ley initiated a new stage of Latin rock by broadening its international appeal. Since then, successful bands and musicians include Juanes, Libido, Maná, Jaguares, Caramelos de Cianuro, Aterciopelados, Bersuit Vergarabat, Jorge Drexler and Los Tres among others. The new bands were able to be successful through the development of the music video in the 1990s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicano rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man%C3%A1_-_Rock_in_Rio_Madrid_2012_-_57.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbia"},{"link_name":"ranchera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchera"},{"link_name":"rumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumba"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Chicano rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_rock"}],"text":"See also: Chicano rockManá has earned four Grammy Awards.Rock en español borrows heavily from rock and roll music and traditional and popular music of Spanish-speaking countries such as cumbia, ranchera, rumba, and tango. In its 50-year history, it has evolved from having a cult-like following to being a more well established music genre.In Los Angeles, an underground scene has developed and continues to flourish that supports the local rock en español acts. Top bands from the LA REE scene include Los Invisibles of José L. Garza, Motita, Pastilla, Los Amigos Invisibles, Maria Fatal, Rascuache, Voz de Mano, Cabula, Satélite, Las 15 letras, Verdadera FE, Aaron Andreu and Los Olvidados.Record labels that have supported US based REE include Aztlan records, El Mero Mero Records, and Mofo Records. Many of them have been associated to the Chicano rock scene.","title":"Rock en español in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_rock"},{"link_name":"Chilean rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_rock"},{"link_name":"Colombian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_rock"},{"link_name":"Costa Rican rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_rock"},{"link_name":"Cuban rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_rock"},{"link_name":"Dominican rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_rock"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock"},{"link_name":"Guatemalan rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_rock"},{"link_name":"Mexican rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_rock"},{"link_name":"Panamanian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_rock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peruvian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_rock"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_rock"},{"link_name":"Spanish rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_rock"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_rock"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_rock"}],"text":"Argentine rock\nBolivian rock\nChilean rock\nColombian rock\nCosta Rican rock\nCuban rock\nDominican rock\nEcuadorian rock\nGuatemalan rock\nMexican rock\nPanamanian rock\nPeruvian rock\nPuerto Rican rock\nSpanish rock\nUruguayan rock\nVenezuelan rock","title":"Other variations"}]
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[{"image_text":"Juanes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Juanes_2008.06.25_002.jpg/250px-Juanes_2008.06.25_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Teen Tops playing live in Argentina in 1962.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Teentops-enargentina.jpg/200px-Teentops-enargentina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Gatos in 1967. With their single \"La balsa\", they turned the movement into a massive youth phenomenon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Los_Gatos.jpg/220px-Los_Gatos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Jaivas recording their album \"Alturas de Machu Picchu\" with lyrics by Pablo Neruda and presented by Mario Vargas Llosa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Los_Jaivas_en_Machu_Picchu.jpg/220px-Los_Jaivas_en_Machu_Picchu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Triana in the recording studio in 1974.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Triana_-_Billboard.jpg/220px-Triana_-_Billboard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Café Tacuba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Caf%C3%A9_Tacvba..jpg/250px-Caf%C3%A9_Tacvba..jpg"},{"image_text":"Gustavo Cerati in Nueva York 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gustavo_Cerati_in_the_Park_%28281737078%29.jpg/250px-Gustavo_Cerati_in_the_Park_%28281737078%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maná has earned four Grammy Awards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Man%C3%A1_-_Rock_in_Rio_Madrid_2012_-_57.jpg/250px-Man%C3%A1_-_Rock_in_Rio_Madrid_2012_-_57.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Brown-eyed soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul"},{"title":"Latin alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alternative"},{"title":"Latin American music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_music"},{"title":"Flamenco rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco_rock"},{"title":"Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Album"},{"title":"Tejano music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejano_music"},{"title":"La Movida Madrileña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Movida_Madrile%C3%B1a"},{"title":"Rock en tu idioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_en_tu_idioma"},{"title":"Latino punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_punk"}]
|
[{"reference":"Grobaty, Tim. \"Danny Flores Remembered\". Spectropop. Retrieved 21 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spectropop.com/remembers/DannyFlores.htm","url_text":"\"Danny Flores Remembered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oye Como Va\". NPR 100. Retrieved 22 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1111466","url_text":"\"Oye Como Va\""}]},{"reference":"\"Menudo - Música de Puerto Rico\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/index.php/artistas/menudo/","url_text":"\"Menudo - Música de Puerto Rico\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rock+en+espa%C3%B1ol%22","external_links_name":"\"Rock en español\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rock+en+espa%C3%B1ol%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rock+en+espa%C3%B1ol%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rock+en+espa%C3%B1ol%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rock+en+espa%C3%B1ol%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rock+en+espa%C3%B1ol%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.spectropop.com/remembers/DannyFlores.htm","external_links_name":"\"Danny Flores Remembered\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1111466","external_links_name":"\"Oye Como Va\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/index.php/artistas/menudo/","external_links_name":"\"Menudo - Música de Puerto Rico\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorte_(band)
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Resorte
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["1 Biography","2 Members","2.1 Current members","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 EPs","4 External links"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Resorte" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
ResorteOriginState of Mexico, MexicoGenresNu metal, rapcore, rap metalYears active1995–presentLabelsKoolarrow Records, EMI, CaseteMembersJuan ChávezCarlos Sánchez CharalGabriel "El Queso"Past membersGustavo Tavo"Set-se" now “AGAIN”
Pato ElizaldeEnrique Camacho "Chango"Websitehttp://resorte.webcindario.com/
Resorte (Spanish for "spring device") is a Mexican nu metal band formed in 1995.
Biography
Tavo, Juan Chávez and Carlos Sánchez formed the group in 1995. The band's birth occurred in sync with the emergence of the nu metal genre, which groups such as Rage Against the Machine and KoRn had already been promoting in the U.S. That same year, Resorte made an independent music video for "America" that was the band's first achievement and would become the band's anthem. This video fell into the hands of MTV and began receiving cable play, which enabled the group to be known.
After many concerts, in June 1997, Resorte released República de Ciegos thru Discos Manicomio. These were moments of gestation for the musical movement that came in that spring. There had been a musical explosion in Mexico, and the band's compatriots Molotov released their first album a month later.
Resorte participated in festivals and multiple concerts for thousands of people. In September 1999, the group released their second album XL. Its release represented a new push for the band and it was then when Resorte got its first taste of real fame, receiving radio and television play and reaching the Top 10 on MTV. By then they were opening concerts for internationally known bands such as Limp Bizkit and Papa Roach.
Resorte took a short break in 2001 to work on new material eventually to become Versión 3.0. Carlos "Charal" Sánchez, the band's drummer and co-founder, had already left the band to be with his family. The label Manicomio shut down operations and Resorte was forced to find another recording label.
Resorte eventually signed with Warner Bros. to release its third album, Rebota (f=k x) in 2002, with the addition of a new vocalist, "Pato" Elizalde, a member of the hip hop group Control Machete. This work represented Resorte's peak in musical quality, having been recorded in two major studios in the U.S. "Pato" returned to his previous group Control Machete after record sales were not as high as expected.
In May 2006, Resorte performed in the Vive Latino festival and in November in Corona Music Fest. In late 2007, Tavo participated in the song "Chinga los Racistas" of the Mexican hip-hop group Cartel de Santa and was a special guest on the third album of Argentinian rapcore band Timmy O' Tool.
Cristian Machado, vocalist of Ill Niño, said: "One of my biggest influences are the two Resorte's vocalists, who are like the Mexican Rage Against the Machine".
In 2009, Resorte were chosen as the opening act for Metallica shows in Mexico City at the Foro Sol and for Avenged Sevenfold in the World Magnetic Tour '09.
After intermittent activity, Resorte released their new single "Re-conecta2" in September 2014, released through all major digital platforms.
In May 2020, founding member Gustavo Limogni died in his sleep of a heart attack at age 52.
Members
Current members
Gustavo Tavo Limongi (guitar and vocals) 1995–2020
Juan Chávez (bass and vocals) / 1995–present
Carlos Charal Sánchez (drums) / 1995–1999, 2007–present
Gabriel Queso Bronfman (bass) / 1999–2001, 2007–present y juan DE Ruben
Discography
Albums
República de Ciegos (1997)
XL (1999)
Rebota (f=k x) (2002)
EPs
Versión 3.0 (2000)
External links
Rebota
Web
Resorte discography at Discogs
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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The band's birth occurred in sync with the emergence of the nu metal genre, which groups such as Rage Against the Machine and KoRn had already been promoting in the U.S. That same year, Resorte made an independent music video for \"America\" that was the band's first achievement and would become the band's anthem. This video fell into the hands of MTV and began receiving cable play, which enabled the group to be known.After many concerts, in June 1997, Resorte released República de Ciegos thru Discos Manicomio. These were moments of gestation for the musical movement that came in that spring. There had been a musical explosion in Mexico, and the band's compatriots Molotov released their first album a month later.Resorte participated in festivals and multiple concerts for thousands of people. In September 1999, the group released their second album XL. Its release represented a new push for the band and it was then when Resorte got its first taste of real fame, receiving radio and television play and reaching the Top 10 on MTV. By then they were opening concerts for internationally known bands such as Limp Bizkit and Papa Roach.Resorte took a short break in 2001 to work on new material eventually to become Versión 3.0. Carlos \"Charal\" Sánchez, the band's drummer and co-founder, had already left the band to be with his family. The label Manicomio shut down operations[why?] and Resorte was forced to find another recording label.Resorte eventually signed with Warner Bros. to release its third album, Rebota (f=k x) in 2002, with the addition of a new vocalist, \"Pato\" Elizalde, a member of the hip hop group Control Machete. This work represented Resorte's peak in musical quality, having been recorded in two major studios in the U.S. \"Pato\" returned to his previous group Control Machete after record sales were not as high as expected.In May 2006, Resorte performed in the Vive Latino festival and in November in Corona Music Fest.[where?] In late 2007, Tavo participated in the song \"Chinga los Racistas\" of the Mexican hip-hop group Cartel de Santa and was a special guest on the third album of Argentinian rapcore band Timmy O' Tool.Cristian Machado, vocalist of Ill Niño, said: \"One of my biggest influences are the two Resorte's vocalists, who are like the Mexican Rage Against the Machine\".[citation needed]In 2009, Resorte were chosen as the opening act for Metallica shows in Mexico City at the Foro Sol and for Avenged Sevenfold in the World Magnetic Tour '09.After intermittent activity, Resorte released their new single \"Re-conecta2\" in September 2014, released through all major digital platforms.In May 2020, founding member Gustavo Limogni died in his sleep of a heart attack at age 52.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"Gustavo Tavo Limongi (guitar and vocals) 1995–2020\nJuan Chávez (bass and vocals) / 1995–present\nCarlos Charal Sánchez (drums) / 1995–1999, 2007–present\nGabriel Queso Bronfman (bass) / 1999–2001, 2007–present y juan DE Ruben","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"República de Ciegos (1997)\nXL (1999)\nRebota (f=k x) (2002)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Versión 3.0 (2000)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Nechodoma
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Antonin Nechodoma
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["1 Biography","2 Notable works","3 Antonin Nechodoma's Papers","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Czech architect (1877–1928)
Antonin NechodomaBorn1877Prague, Czech RepublicDied1928Puerto RicoNationalityCzechOccupationArchitectBuildingsMissionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (Ponce, PR)Casa KorberCasa RoigGeorgetti MansionProjectsThe Market in San Pedro de Macoris
Antonin Nechodoma (1877–1928), was a Czech architect who practiced in Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic from 1905 to 1928. He is known for the introduction of the Prairie Style to the Caribbean and the integration of Arts and Crafts elements to his architecture. Nechodoma designed in such style at the historical district of Miramar, Puerto Rico where the town preserves his creation.
Biography
Antonin Nechodoma was born in Prague (then part of Bohemia) in 1877.
In 1887, Nechodoma's family emigrated to Chicago where he worked as a contractor. In 1905, Nechodoma, already an architect, arrived in Puerto Rico after working for a short period in Florida. In Puerto Rico (1905–1928), Nechodoma became one of the most prominent architects in the Caribbean. His work included private and public buildings: banks, schools, markets, churches and houses. His practice extended to the Dominican Republic where he built the main 'glorieta' in the Parque Independencia in Santo Domingo and the Market in San Pedro de Macoris.
Nechodoma's work has been surrounded by controversy. His architectural style varied widely, from Neo-Classical Style for public school buildings, Gothic and Mission Style for his churches and Prairie Style in his houses. The most controversial aspect of Nechodoma's work has been his plagiarism of Frank Lloyd Wright's residential work. Architectural historians Jorge Rigau, Enrique Vivoni Farage, and Nechodoma's biographer, Thomas Marvel have discussed extensively Nechodoma's direct use of Wright's Wasmuth Portfolio as a reference for his residential work in Puerto Rico.
Despite the controversy, Nechodoma made significant contributions to the architecture of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. His integration of arts and crafts motifs to his architecture, ranging from furniture design, ironwork, stained glass, and mosaics, had an enormous influence in the Caribbean architecture of the early 20th century. His prolific production left a wealth of first class public buildings in both the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, notable because of their technical innovations and their contribution toward forming a language of tropical architecture in the Caribbean. Nechodoma's work was published extensively during his lifetime. He also published in 1927 an important article on architecture in Puerto Rico entitled "Concerning Architecture in Puerto Rico".
Building by Antonin Nechodoma in Miramar (Puerto Rico)
Nechodoma died in a car crash in 1928.
Notable works
Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel (1908) Santurce, Puerto Rico
Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1907) Ponce, Puerto Rico
Casa Korber (1917) Miramar, Puerto Rico
Casa Roig (1919) Humacao, Puerto Rico
Georgetti Mansion (1923) Santurce, Puerto Rico
Casa Dr. Eugenio Fernández Garcia (Same period) Miramar, Puerto Rico
Baluarte del Conde, redesigned in 1912, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pedro de Macorís, In 1902 started with plans and execution of prominent French engineer Monsieur Eduardo Garcia. In 1910 was initiated by the Engineer Nechodoma, after the death of French Eduardo Garcia, changing the original plans to make it in concrete and masonry not as first thought.
McCabe Memorial Church (1908), Ponce, Puerto Rico
Antonin Nechodoma's Papers
The Architecture and Construction Archives at the University of Puerto Rico (AACUPR) holds the Antonin Nechodoma Collection (1906-1992). Approximately four cubic feet in size, the collection contains architectural drawings, photographs, artifacts, and textual documents. The Architectural Drawings Series holds 20 projects organized chronologically. The documents were transferred to the School of Architecture’s Library in 1986.
Gallery
Casa Korber built in 1917 in Miramar
References
^ Rigau, Jorge (1992). Puerto Rico 1900. Rizzoli.
^ Vivoni, Enrique (1989). Antonin Nechodoma: umbral para una nueva arquitectura caribeña. Archivos de Arquitectura y Construccion.
^ Marvel, Thomas S. (1994). Antonin Nechodoma: Architect, 1877-1928: The Prairie School in the Caribbean. University Press of Florida.
^ Comstock, William T. (2003) . Bungalows, Camps and Mountain Houses. Merrymeeting Archives, LLC.
^ Nechodoma, Antonin. (1927). Concerning Architecture in Puerto Rico. The Western Architect December 1927, p. 194.
^ Aida Belen Rivera Ruiz, Certifying Official, and Juan Llanes Santos, Preparer, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) February 26, 2008. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. United States Department of the Inferior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 11. Listing Reference Number 08000283. April 11, 2008.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antonin Nechodoma.
The Antonin Nechodoma Collection electronic finding aid may be consulted through www.hip.upr.edu
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
|
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Nechodoma designed in such style at the historical district of Miramar, Puerto Rico where the town preserves his creation.","title":"Antonin Nechodoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"Jorge Rigau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rigau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_by_Antonin_Nechodoma_in_Miramar_(Puerto_Rico).jpg"},{"link_name":"car crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collision"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Antonin Nechodoma was born in Prague (then part of Bohemia) in 1877.\nIn 1887, Nechodoma's family emigrated to Chicago where he worked as a contractor. In 1905, Nechodoma, already an architect, arrived in Puerto Rico after working for a short period in Florida. In Puerto Rico (1905–1928), Nechodoma became one of the most prominent architects in the Caribbean. His work included private and public buildings: banks, schools, markets, churches and houses. His practice extended to the Dominican Republic where he built the main 'glorieta' in the Parque Independencia in Santo Domingo and the Market in San Pedro de Macoris.Nechodoma's work has been surrounded by controversy. His architectural style varied widely, from Neo-Classical Style for public school buildings, Gothic and Mission Style for his churches and Prairie Style in his houses. The most controversial aspect of Nechodoma's work has been his plagiarism of Frank Lloyd Wright's residential work. Architectural historians Jorge Rigau,[1] Enrique Vivoni Farage,[2] and Nechodoma's biographer, Thomas Marvel[3] have discussed extensively Nechodoma's direct use of Wright's Wasmuth Portfolio as a reference for his residential work in Puerto Rico.Despite the controversy, Nechodoma made significant contributions to the architecture of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. His integration of arts and crafts motifs to his architecture, ranging from furniture design, ironwork, stained glass, and mosaics, had an enormous influence in the Caribbean architecture of the early 20th century. His prolific production left a wealth of first class public buildings in both the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, notable because of their technical innovations and their contribution toward forming a language of tropical architecture in the Caribbean. Nechodoma's work was published extensively during his lifetime.[4] He also published in 1927 an important article on architecture in Puerto Rico entitled \"Concerning Architecture in Puerto Rico\".[5]Building by Antonin Nechodoma in Miramar (Puerto Rico)Nechodoma died in a car crash in 1928.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Santurce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santurce,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Iglesia_Metodista_Unida_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Casa Roig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Roig_Museum"},{"link_name":"Humacao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humacao"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Santurce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santurce,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Baluarte del Conde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerta_del_Conde"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pedro de Macorís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Pedro_de_Macor%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"McCabe Memorial Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCabe_Memorial_Church"},{"link_name":"Ponce, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel (1908) Santurce, Puerto Rico\nMissionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1907) Ponce, Puerto Rico\nCasa Korber (1917) Miramar, Puerto Rico\nCasa Roig (1919) Humacao, Puerto Rico\nGeorgetti Mansion (1923) Santurce, Puerto Rico\nCasa Dr. Eugenio Fernández Garcia (Same period) Miramar, Puerto Rico\nBaluarte del Conde, redesigned in 1912, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic\nRoman Catholic Diocese of San Pedro de Macorís, In 1902 started with plans and execution of prominent French engineer Monsieur Eduardo Garcia. In 1910 was initiated by the Engineer Nechodoma, after the death of French Eduardo Garcia, changing the original plans to make it in concrete and masonry not as first thought.\nMcCabe Memorial Church (1908), Ponce, Puerto Rico","title":"Notable works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Architecture and Construction Archives at the University of Puerto Rico (AACUPR) holds the Antonin Nechodoma Collection (1906-1992). Approximately four cubic feet in size, the collection contains architectural drawings, photographs, artifacts, and textual documents. The Architectural Drawings Series holds 20 projects organized chronologically. The documents were transferred to the School of Architecture’s Library in 1986.","title":"Antonin Nechodoma's Papers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casa_Korber_(1917)_Miramar,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar_(Santurce)"}],"text":"Casa Korber built in 1917 in Miramar","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Building by Antonin Nechodoma in Miramar (Puerto Rico)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Building_by_Antonin_Nechodoma_in_Miramar_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg/220px-Building_by_Antonin_Nechodoma_in_Miramar_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Rigau, Jorge (1992). Puerto Rico 1900. Rizzoli.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rigau","url_text":"Rigau, Jorge"}]},{"reference":"Vivoni, Enrique (1989). Antonin Nechodoma: umbral para una nueva arquitectura caribeña. Archivos de Arquitectura y Construccion.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marvel, Thomas S. (1994). Antonin Nechodoma: Architect, 1877-1928: The Prairie School in the Caribbean. University Press of Florida.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Comstock, William T. (2003) [1908]. Bungalows, Camps and Mountain Houses. Merrymeeting Archives, LLC.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nechodoma, Antonin. (1927). Concerning Architecture in Puerto Rico. The Western Architect December 1927, p. 194.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love/Juice
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Love/Juice
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["1 Plot","2 Cast and characters","3 References","4 External links"]
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2000 Japanese filmLOVE/JUICEDirected byKaze ShindōWritten byKaze ShindōProduced byChikako NakabayashiYukio WatanabeKazutoshi WadakuraStarringChinatsu OkunoCinematographyKoji KanayaEdited byYukio WatanabeMusic byKenichiro IsodaDistributed byTsunku Town FilmsRelease date
June 1, 2000 (2000-06-01)
Running time78 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapanese
Love/Juice is a 2000 Japanese film directed by Kaze Shindō. This is the debut feature film for Shindō (granddaughter of Kaneto Shindo).
Love/Juice received the Wolfgang Staudte Prize for Best Film at the 2001 Berlin Film Festival.
Plot
Twenty-something lesbian Chinatsu shares a one-bedroom apartment with heterosexual Kyoko. Although Chinatsu and Kyoko have a passing attraction, Kyoko is mostly interested in men, especially one who tends the fish in a pet store, who despite her efforts, doesn't seem to be interested in her.
Cast and characters
Mika Okuno as Chinatsu
Chika Fujimura as Kyoko
Hidetoshi Nishijima as Sakamoto
Toshiya Nagasawa
References
^ Sharp, Jasper (20 March 2001). "Love / Juice". Midnight Eye. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "In a Similar Vein". Philadelphia Weekly. July 11, 2001. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "51. Berlinale Winners". n-tv (in German). 18 February 2001. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "Chereau's explicit Intimacy wins Berlin top prize". Screen Daily. 18 February 2001. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
External links
Love/Juice at Arsenal Film Institute (in German)
Love/Juice at the British Film Institute
Love/Juice at IMDb
Love/Juice at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese)
Love/Juice at AllMovie
This article related to a Japanese film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a drama film with a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender theme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaneto Shindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaneto_Shindo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Berlin Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Love/Juice is a 2000 Japanese film directed by Kaze Shindō. This is the debut feature film for Shindō (granddaughter of Kaneto Shindo).[1][2]Love/Juice received the Wolfgang Staudte Prize for Best Film at the 2001 Berlin Film Festival.[3][4]","title":"Love/Juice"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Twenty-something lesbian Chinatsu shares a one-bedroom apartment with heterosexual Kyoko. Although Chinatsu and Kyoko have a passing attraction, Kyoko is mostly interested in men, especially one who tends the fish in a pet store, who despite her efforts, doesn't seem to be interested in her.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidetoshi Nishijima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidetoshi_Nishijima_(actor)"}],"text":"Mika Okuno as Chinatsu\nChika Fujimura as Kyoko\nHidetoshi Nishijima as Sakamoto\nToshiya Nagasawa","title":"Cast and characters"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Sharp, Jasper (20 March 2001). \"Love / Juice\". Midnight Eye. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midnighteye.com/reviews/love-juice/","url_text":"\"Love / Juice\""}]},{"reference":"\"In a Similar Vein\". Philadelphia Weekly. July 11, 2001. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171120094317/http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/arts/in-a-similar-vein/article_99c009e3-330a-5803-b7cb-04a9c9bced6e.html","url_text":"\"In a Similar Vein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Weekly","url_text":"Philadelphia Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/arts/in-a-similar-vein/article_99c009e3-330a-5803-b7cb-04a9c9bced6e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"51. Berlinale Winners\". n-tv (in German). 18 February 2001. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Die-Sieger-article145808.html","url_text":"\"51. Berlinale Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-tv","url_text":"n-tv"}]},{"reference":"\"Chereau's explicit Intimacy wins Berlin top prize\". Screen Daily. 18 February 2001. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/chereaus-explicit-intimacy-wins-berlin-top-prize/405051.article","url_text":"\"Chereau's explicit Intimacy wins Berlin top prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Daily","url_text":"Screen Daily"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahirs
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Ahir
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["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Kingdoms","2.3 Military involvements","3 Sanskritisation","3.1 Recreating the past for new identity","3.2 Participation in reactionary communal conflicts","4 Distribution","4.1 North India","4.2 Maharashtra","5 Culture","5.1 Diet","5.2 Language and tradition","5.3 Folklore","6 See also","7 References"]
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Social community of India
For the village in Turkey, see Ahır, İpsala.
Ahir/AheerReligionsHinduismLanguagesVaries depending on regionPopulated statesIndia and NepalSubdivisionsYaduvanshi Aheer, Nandvanshi, and Gwalvanshi Ahir
Ahir or Aheer are a community of traditionally non-elite pastoralists in India, most members of which identify as being of the Indian Yadav community because they consider the two terms to be synonymous. The Ahirs are variously described as a caste, a clan, a community, a race and a tribe.
The traditional occupations of Ahirs are cattle-herding and agriculture. Since late 19th century to early 20th century, Ahirs have adopted Yadav word for their community and have claimed descent from the mythological king Yadu as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence through Sanskritisation process under the influence of Arya Samaj.
Ahirs in India are known by numerous other names, including Gauli and Ghosi or Gop in North India. In Gujarat and South India as Ayar, Golla and Konar. Some in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh are known as Dauwa. The Ahirs have more than 20 sub-castes.
Ahirs are found throughout India but are particularly concentrated in the northern area. Apart from India, Ahirs have significant population in Nepal, Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa and the Caribbean especially Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname. In Mauritius and Caribbean they are mostly the descendants of settlers who arrived between the 19th and 20th centuries from the former pre-partitioned sub-continent of India during the time of the British Raj.
Etymology
Gaṅga Ram Garg considers the Ahir to be a tribe descended from the ancient Abhira community, whose precise location in India is the subject of various theories based mostly on interpretations of old texts such as the Mahabharata and the writings of Ptolemy. He believes the word Ahir to be the Prakrit form of a Sanskrit word, Abhira, and he notes that the present term in the Bengali and Marathi languages is Abhir.
Garg distinguishes a Brahmin community who use the Abhira name and are found in the present-day states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. That usage, he says, is because that division of Brahmins were priests to the ancient Abhira tribe.
History
Early history
Raja Rao Puran Singh of Rewari
Theories regarding the origins of the ancient Abhira – the putative ancestors of the Ahirs – are varied for the same reasons as are the theories regarding their location; that is, there is a reliance on interpretation of linguistic and factual analysis of old texts that are known to be unreliable and ambiguous.
Some, such as A. P. Karmakar, consider the Abhira to be a Proto-Dravidian tribe who migrated to India and point to the Puranas as evidence. Others, such as Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya, say that the Abhira are recorded as being in India in the 1st-century CE work, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Bhattacharya considers the Abhira of old to be a race rather than a tribe. The sociologist M. S. A. Rao and historians such as P. M. Chandorkar and T. Padmaja say that epigraphical and historical evidence exists for equating the Ahirs with the ancient Yadava tribe.
Whether they were a race or a tribe, nomadic in tendency or displaced or part of a conquering wave, with origins in Indo-Scythia or Central Asia, Aryan or Dravidian – there is no academic consensus, and much in the differences of opinion relate to fundamental aspects of historiography, such as controversies regarding dating the writing of the Mahabharata and acceptance or otherwise of the Indo-Aryan migration (which is universally accepted in mainstream scholarship). Similarly, there is no certainty regarding the occupational status of the Abhira, with ancient texts sometimes referring to them as pastoral and cowherders but at other times as robber tribes.
Kingdoms
Asirgarh Fort in Burhanpur District in Madhya Pradesh, India
Asirgarh fort of Asa Ahir
13th or 14th century A.D. Bijagarh Fort of Bija, a Gauli Raja
Rao Tula Ram, king of Rewari
Veersen of Nasik
Ahir dynasty in pre-12th century areas in present-day Nepal
Ahir-Rajas of Sagar
Ahir Rajas of Gawror fort, Patna.
Military involvements
'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918
Indian officers, 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, 5th Light Infantry, Quetta 1918.
The British rulers of India classified the Ahirs of Punjab as an "agricultural tribe" in the 1920s, which was at that time synonymous with being a "martial race". This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting, whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control. According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the marital race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait. Ahirs had been recruited into the army from 1898. In that year, the British raised four Ahir companies, two of which were in the 95th Russell's Infantry. In post-independence India, some Ahir units have been involved in celebrated military actions, such as at Rezang La in the 1962 Sino-Indian War that saw the last stand of Charlie company, consisting of 114 Ahirs of 13 Kumaon, and in the 1965 India-Pakistan War.
Sanskritisation
Recreating the past for new identity
It was from the 1920s that some Ahirs began to adopt the name of Yadav and created the Yadav Mahasabha, founded by ideologues such as Rajit Singh. Several caste histories and periodicals to trace a Kshatriya origin were written at the time, notably by Mannanlal Abhimanyu. These were part of the jostling among various castes for socio-economic status and ritual under the Raj and they invoked support for a zealous, martial Hindu ethos. Arya Samaj, a Hindu reformist organization also played an important role in ritual purification of Ahir/Yadavs and many low castes in order to incorporate them into Vedic Hinduism. In U.P, it was through shastrarth debates and with the help of reform movements like Arya Samaj and Vaishnava Ramanandi order in public debates that the Ahirs defended their claims to a higher social status. At the same time Ahir/Yadav intelligentsia also emphasized the socio-economic backwardness faced by their community and in 1927, a petition was sent to the Simon Commission describing how the Ahirs suffers from the same social disabilities and discrimination as the Chamars. Despite explicitly expressing their commitment against untouchability, it has been observed that these movements by Yadav caste associations have not been egalitarian enough to include communities who are under Scheduled Castes and have claimed connection with Krishna.
Participation in reactionary communal conflicts
The Ahirs in certain region of UP had been one of the more militant Hindu groups during pre-independent India. In one of the instances before independence, Hindu shudra caste groups such as the Ahirs actively participated in a counter-reactionary communal conflict orchestrated by Arya Samaj. Some writers are also of the opinion that many low-castes (including Ahirs) took to cow protection for asserting higher status since cow already had symbolic importance in Hinduism. This view of cow protection was different from the UP's urban elites.
Distribution
North India
They have a significant population in the region around Behror, Alwar, Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon and Jhajjar – the region is therefore known as Ahirwal or the abode of Ahirs.
Maharashtra
Ahirs live in the Khandesh region of Maharashtra. The community has been influential in the history of the region. Inscriptions indicate that ancient Abhiras ruled this region and Abhira kings have made a significant contribution to the making of the region. Ahir ethnicity is visible among various castes in Khandesh, including Maratha and Brahmins. Ahirani dialect continues to be spoken today in the region and is widespread across Jalgaon, Dhule and Nashik. It is an admixture of Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi, ancient Magadhi, Saurashtri, Sauraseni, Lati, Maharashtri, Prakrit and Paishachi.
Culture
Ahir dancers decorated with cowrie shells for Diwali.
Diet
An Aheer in Shahabad, Bihar.
In 1992, Noor Mohammad noted that most Ahirs in Uttar Pradesh were vegetarian, with some exceptions who were engaged in fishing and raising poultry.
Language and tradition
According to Alain Daniélou the Ahirs belong to the same culture as the dark skinned prominent figures of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, Rama and Krishna. Ahirs of Benares speak a Hindi dialect which is different from one used normally. Ahirs usually speak language of the region in which they live. Some languages/dialects named after Ahirs are Ahirani, also known as Khandeshi, spoken in Khandesh region of Maharashtra, Ahirwati spoken in Ahirwal region of Haryana and Rajasthan. The Malwi spoken is Malwa region of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh is also known as Ahiri. These dialects are named after Ahirs but not necessarily only spoken by Ahirs living in those areas or all Ahirs in those regions speak these dialects.
The Ahirs have three major classifications Yaduvanshi, Nandavanshi and Goallavanshi. Yaduvanshi claim descent from Yadu, Nandavansh claim descent from Nanda, the foster father of Krishna and Goallavanshi claim descent from gopi and gopas of Krishna's childhood.
Folklore
The oral epic of Veer Lorik, a mythical Ahir hero, has been sung by folk singers in North India for generations. Mulla Daud, a Sufi Muslim, retold the romantic story in writing in the 14th century. Other Ahir folk traditions include those related to Kajri and Biraha.
See also
Ahir clans
Ahir Regiment agitation
References
^ Jassal, Smita Tewari; École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales; University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology (2001). "Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census". Contributions to Indian sociology. Mouton. pp. 319–351. Quote: "The movement, which had a wide interregional spread, attempted to submerge regional names such as Goala, Ahir, Ahar, Gopa, etc., in favour of the generic term Yadava (Rao 1979). Hence a number of pastoralist castes were subsumed under Yadava, in accordance with decisions taken by the regional and national level caste sabhas. The Yadavas became the first among the shudras to gain the right to wear the janeu, a case of successful sanskritisation which continues till date. As a prominent agriculturist caste in the region, despite belonging to the shudra varna, the Yadavas claimed Kshatriya status tracing descent from the Yadu dynasty. The caste's efforts matched those of census officials, for whom standardisation of overlapping names was a matter of policy. The success of the Yadava movement also lies in the fact that, among the jaati sabhas, the Yadava sabha was probably the strongest, its journal, Ahir Samachar, having an all-India spread. These factors strengthened local efforts, such as in Bhojpur, where the Yadavas, locally known as Ahirs, refused to do begar, or forced labour, for the landlords and simultaneously prohibited liquor consumption, child marriages, and so on."
^ Berti, Daniela; Kanungo, Pralay; Jaoul, Nicolas (2011). Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-138-65995-7. Marginalised groups, often considered as Shudras, like the Ahirs (Yadavs), Kurmis and the Gujars, began to redefine their emerging political and economic role in society by fighting on the same 'religious' grounds. In so doing, they refashioned their status as warriors and kings who had played a special role in history as guardians of Hinduism (Gooptu 2001 : 195; see also Pinch 1996 : 118–38). Gyanendra Pandey (1990: 66–108) describes how, since the end of the 19th century, such processes of Sanskritisation (adoption of 'higher' forms of Hinduism) among lower castes have joined up with Hindu nationalist movements, such as the cow protection movement, and how these interrelations have been central to the formation of a Hindu and a Muslim community in northern India.
^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8. Retrieved 16 August 2011. Ahirs willingly subjected themselves to Sanskritisation because of their special relation to sacred cow but alas because the Arya Samaj exerted significant Sanskritising influence over the Yadav movement. As early as 1895, the ruler of Rewari, Rao Yudhishter Singh ( the father of Rao Bahadur Balbir Singh), invited Swami Dayananda to his state. Branches of the Arya Samaj flourished soon after and Rewari provided a base from which Arya Samaj updeshaks (itinerant preachers) operated in neighbouring areas.
^ Mehta, B. H. (1994). Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands. Vol. II. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 568–569.
^ Michelutti, Lucia (2002). "Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town" (PDF). PhD Thesis Social Anthropology. London School of Economics and Political Science. pp. 94–95.
^ * Singh, Rajbir (1994). India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes. Manohar, 1994. pp. 34, 356, 390. ISBN 978-81-7304-069-6.
Sharma, Shish Ram (2002). Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India. Raj Publications, 2002. pp. 153, 312, 410. ISBN 978-81-86208-23-6.
^ Jain, Ravindra K. (2002). Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand. Orient Blackswan. p. 30. ISBN 978-8-12502-194-0.
^ Patel, Mahendra Lal (1997). Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects. M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 33. ISBN 978-8-17533-029-0.
^ *Claveyrolas, Mathieu (2015). "The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius" (PDF). South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. doi:10.4000/samaj.3886.
Moore, Brian L. (1977). "The Retention of Caste Notions among the Indian Immigrants in British Guiana during the Nineteenth Century". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 19 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1017/S0010417500008513. JSTOR 177986. S2CID 143278239.
Jha, J. C. (1973). "Indian Heritage in Trinidad, West Indies". Caribbean Quarterly. 19 (2): 28–50. doi:10.1080/00086495.1973.11829152. JSTOR 23050197.
Pradhan, Rajendra; Shrestha, Ava (June 2005). "Ethnic and Caste Diversity: Implications for Development" (PDF). Think Asia. Asian Development Bank. hdl:11540/3290. NRM Working Paper No. 4.
"Indian Labour in British Guiana | History Today".
"The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies". The Economist. 2 September 2017.
^ a b Garg, Gaṅga Ram, ed. (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world. Vol. 1. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-81-7022-374-0.
^ Yadav, Kripal Chandra (1965). Rao Tula Ram, a Hero of 1857. Rao Tula Ram Smarak Samiti.
^ a b Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). Krishna – Cult in Indian Art. M.D. Publications. p. 126. ISBN 978-81-7533-001-6.
^ Guha, Sumit (2006). Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991. University of Cambridge. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-02870-7.
^ Rao, M. S. A. (1978). Social Movements in India. Vol. 1. Manohar. pp. 124, 197, 210.
^ T., Padmaja (2001). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Archaeology Dept., University of Mysore. pp. 25, 34. ISBN 978-8-170-17398-4.
^ Thapar, Romila (2006). India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan. National Book Trust. ISBN 978-81-237-4779-8.
^ Wendy Doniger (2017), "Another Great Story"", review of Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism; in: Inference, International Review of Science, Volume 3, Issue 2
^ Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory, Scroll.in
^ Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016), Koenraad Elst: "I am not aware of any governmental interest in correcting distorted history", Swarajya Magazine
^ Out of India aka Indigenous Aryans has no support:
Romila Thapar (2006): "there is no scholar at this time seriously arguing for the indigenous origin of Aryans".
Wendy Doniger (2017): "The opposing argument, that speakers of Indo-European languages were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, is not supported by any reliable scholarship. It is now championed primarily by Hindu nationalists, whose religious sentiments have led them to regard the theory of Aryan migration with some asperity."
Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), in response to Narasimhan et al. (2019): "Hindutva activists, however, have kept the Aryan Invasion Theory alive, because it offers them the perfect strawman, 'an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponent's real argument' ... The Out of India hypothesis is a desperate attempt to reconcile linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence with Hindutva sentiment and nationalistic pride, but it cannot reverse time's arrow ... The evidence keeps crushing Hindutva ideas of history."
Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016): "Of course it is a fringe theory, at least internationally, where the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) is still the official paradigm. In India, though, it has the support of most archaeologists, who fail to find a trace of this Aryan influx and instead find cultural continuity."
^ Malik, Aditya (1990). "The Puskara Mahatmya: A Short Report". In Bakker, Hans (ed.). The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature. Leiden: BRILL and the International Association of Sanskrit Studies. p. 200. ISBN 978-90-04-09318-8.
^ B H Mehta. Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands Vol II. Concept. p. 569.
^ Numismatic Digest. Numismatic Society of Bombay, Original from the University of Michigan. 2003. p. 141.
^ Krishnan, V. S. (1970). Madhya Pradesh: West Nimar West Nimar. Supplement. Government Central Press, 1970. p. 47.
^ Michelutti, Lucia (2002). "Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town" (PDF). PhD Thesis Social Anthropology. London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 83.
^ Jalgaon district. "JALGAON HISTORY". Jalgaon District Administration Official Website. Jalgaon district Administration. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
^ Yadav, Punam (2016). Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-317-35389-8.
^ Sharma, A N (2006). The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile. p. 13. ISBN 81-7625-714-1.
^ Historical Researches Series. 1963.
^ "Indian officers and non-commissioned officers from 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918 | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London". collection.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
^ "Online Collection | National Army Museum, London". collection.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
^ Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian army and the making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. p. 105. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6.
^ Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914". European Review of History. 13 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/13507480600586726. S2CID 144987021.
^ Streets, Heather (2004). Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-7190-6962-8. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
^ Omar Khalidi (2003). Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots. Three Essays Collective. p. 5. ISBN 978-81-88789-09-2. Apart from their physique , the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority
^ Philippa Levine (2003). Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire. Psychology Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-0-415-94447-2. The Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory, though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.
^ Amiya K. Samanta (2000). Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism. APH Publishing. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-81-7648-166-3. Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of nationalism.
^ Pinch, William R. (1996). Peasants and monks in British India. University of California Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6.
^ Rao, M. S. A. (1979). Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-90255-4.
^
Press Information Bureau, Government of India (7 January 2007). "Remembering Rezang La heroes". Sainik samachar.
^
Col Dilbag Dabas (Retd) (15 December 2018). "Heroes of Rezang La 1962". The Tribune.
^ Guruswamy, Mohan (20 November 2012). "Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
^ Singh, Jasbir (2010). Combat Diary: An illustrated history of operations conducted by 4th Kumaon. Lancer Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-935501-18-3.
^ Gooptu, Nandini (2001). The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–210. ISBN 978-0-521-44366-1. One of the most politically active and vocal among the shudra castes was the ahirs or yadavs. In 1922, an ahir conference was held in Lucknow, followed by another ahir mahotsav (festival) in Allahabad in 1923, where a provincial Mahasabha was inaugurated, with the new name of Yadav Mahasabha. The term yadav, to denote the ahirs, gained currency from this period. Rajit Singh, a yadav born in the Deoria district in 1897, and educated at Gorakhpur and Shikohabad, was instrumental in the formation of the Yadav Mahasabha. He had briefly worked in the Excise Department in Kanpur, but had resigned from his job to devote himself to organising yadav associations from 1921. In 1925, Rajit Singh settled in Benares and inaugurated the Benares Yadav Mahasabha, which soon emerged as the centre of the yadav caste movement in UP. From Benares, Rajit Singh edited the journal Yadav, and also published a history of the yadav castes, entitled Yaduvamsa Prakash. Several other yadav histories were published in rapid succession in the 1920s, written by another younger yadav leader of Benares, Mannalal Abhimanyu, a lawyer who was the son of a school teacher. He wrote Ahir Vamsa Pradip (1925) and Yadukul Sarvasya (1928), in which he attempted to demonstrate the kshatriya origin of the yadavs, with extensive references from both religious texts and British ethnographic tracts.
^ Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-46732-2. Hindu reformist organisations like the Arya Samaj which aimed to reform Hinduism and incorporate lower-caste groups within the fold of vedic Aryan Hinduism (see Rao 1979: 132-35), have a pivotal role in 'purifying' the customs of the Ahir/Yadavs and other lower castes through the adoption of Brahmanical Hindu practices. Brahmanical Hinduism emphasises vegetarianism, non-violence and ascetism (Fuller 1992: 88).
^ Adcock, C.S. (2014). The Limits of Tolerance:Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-999543-1. In U.P., the Ahir/Yadav castes, whom elites deemed Shudras, also used shastrarth debates to defend their claims to elevated, Kshatriya status from at least the 1890s. In the eastern districts of U.P., monks of the Vaishnava Ramanandi order defended the Ahirs' claims in public debate; in western U.P., their champions in debate were often members of the Arya Samaj.
^ Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-415-46732-2. This emphasis on number and on Yadavness versus 'status' is also evident in colonial petitions which portray the Ahirs as a 'backward/ depressed category' in an attempt to get benefits from the reservation provisions. It looks as if the Yadav intelligentsia not only learnt that Yadav social and economic progress or backwardness could be determined by measuring their share in the number of graduates, official appointments and parliamentary seats (Chakrabarty 1994: 150), but also that economic and social disabilities were not 'enough' and that 'ritual' disabilities had also to be proved. The political leaders invoked arguments about the historical deprivation of their communities' (see Gooptu 2001: 11). The following is an extract from a petition sent in 1927 to the Simon Commission, in which a member of the Ahir community illustrates how the community suffers from the same disabilities and discriminations as the Chamars (an untouchable caste).
^ Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-415-46732-2. Although Yadav caste associations organise Other Backward Classes meetings and explicitly express their commitment against untouchability, I never met an SC member attending or delivering a speech at such events. A recent controversy showed how, in practice, Yadav caste associations are not willing to encompass in their social category members of SC communities who claim to descend from Krishna. At the AIYM meeting held in Gurgaon in 1998, a member of the committee raised the issue that Jatavs in Agra and Rajasthan had begun to adopt the Yadav title. A member of the audience pointed out that he had already written to the Mahasabha secretary to inform him that in Bharatpur (Rajasthan) the local Jatavs were calling themselves Yadavs. Another pointed out that in Udaipur, Jatavs who worked as builders and did casual labour were also calling themselves Yadavs and had adopted the Kadamb Yadav clan.
^ Gooptu, Nandini (2001). The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India. Cambridge University Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-521-44366-1. The spread of the tanzeem movement in Benares further fuelled the religious expansion of Hindu organisations, and contributed to an escalation in local competition and communal conflict. Khalil Das' movement elicited a counter-reaction from the Arya Samaj and from such Hindu shudra caste groups as the ahirs, who were active participants in volunteer corps and akharas, and who, in Benares, were involved in an especially active yadav caste movement.... The Ahirs in particular who played an important role in militant Hinduism, retaliated strongly against the Tanzeem movement. In July,1930, about 200 Ahirs marched in procession to Trilochan, a sacred Hindu site and performed a religious ceremony in response to Tanzeem processions.
^ Gould, William (2012). Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-521-87949-1. Gyan Pandey's detailed research on the cow protection riots in eastern UP and Bihar in 1893 and 1917 relates the conflict to specific registers of caste difference and status assertion, in a context where the popular view of cow protection from the point of view of low-caste Ahirs, Koeris and Kurmis was quite different to that of UP's urban elites. For both Freitag and Pandey, cow protection became a means for relatively low-status communities to assert higher status via association with something of symbolic importance to Hinduism as a whole: in this case, the cow.
^ Guru Nanak Dev University, Sociology Dept (2003). Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology. Sociology Department, Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 5, 6.
^ Verma, Dip Chand (1975). Haryana. National Book Trust, India.
^ Sharma, Suresh K. (2006). Haryana: Past and Present. Mittal Publications. p. 40. ISBN 978-81-8324-046-8.
^ Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. pp. 41, 42. ISBN 978-0-415-46732-2.
^ Pathak, A. S. (2009). "Maharashtra: Land and its people" (PDF). Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Government of Maharashtra.
^ Guha, Sumit (2006). Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991. University of Cambridge. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-02870-7.
^ Mohammad, Noor (1992). New Dimensions in Agricultural ... Concept Publishing Company. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-7022-403-7.
^ .danielou, Alain (2005). The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-59477-048-7.
^ Kirshna, Nanditha (2009). Book of Vishnu. Penguin UK. p. 56. ISBN 978-81-8475-865-8.
^ Singh, Bhrigupati (2015). Poverty and the Quest for Life Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India University of Chicago. University of Chicago Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-226-19468-4.
^ Michelutti, Lucia (2002). Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town (PDF). p. 89.
^ "Spectrum". The Sunday Tribune. 1 August 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
^ Koskoff, Ellen, ed. (2008). The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 1026. ISBN 978-0-415-97293-2.
vteClans of the Ahirs
Aphariyas
Ahar
Ahir Boricha
Ahir Paratharia
Ahir Sonar
Ahir Sorathia
Ahir Pancholi
Ahir Maschoiya
Barda
Dhangar Ahirs
Ghosi
Gavli
Golla
Gwalvanshi
Ghosi Ahir
Jadam
Jadaun
Jade
Jadhav
Kausaliya
Kharote
Kharo
Khola
Konar
Kuruba
Mohil
Nandvanshi
Pal Pali
Phatak
Sadgop
Sanchari Kuruba
Shaikh of Bihar
Thukran
Yadav
Yadava
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahır, İpsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%C4%B1r,_%C4%B0psala"},{"link_name":"Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadav"},{"link_name":"caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_classification)"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe"},{"link_name":"Yadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socialesAnthropology2001-1"},{"link_name":"Sanskritisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritisation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"North India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bundelkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundelkhand"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Social community of IndiaFor the village in Turkey, see Ahır, İpsala.Ahir or Aheer are a community of traditionally non-elite pastoralists in India, most members of which identify as being of the Indian Yadav community because they consider the two terms to be synonymous. The Ahirs are variously described as a caste, a clan, a community, a race and a tribe.The traditional occupations of Ahirs are cattle-herding and agriculture. Since late 19th century to early 20th century, Ahirs have adopted Yadav word for their community and have claimed descent from the mythological king Yadu as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence[1] through Sanskritisation process[2] under the influence of Arya Samaj.[3]Ahirs in India are known by numerous other names, including Gauli[4] and Ghosi or Gop in North India.[5] In Gujarat and South India as Ayar, Golla and Konar.[6] Some in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh are known as Dauwa.[7] The Ahirs have more than 20 sub-castes.[8][better source needed]Ahirs are found throughout India but are particularly concentrated in the northern area. Apart from India, Ahirs have significant population in Nepal, Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa and the Caribbean especially Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname. In Mauritius and Caribbean they are mostly the descendants of settlers who arrived between the 19th and 20th centuries from the former pre-partitioned sub-continent of India during the time of the British Raj.[9]","title":"Ahir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abhira community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhira_tribe"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_(language)"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg1992-10"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg1992-10"}],"text":"Gaṅga Ram Garg considers the Ahir to be a tribe descended from the ancient Abhira community, whose precise location in India is the subject of various theories based mostly on interpretations of old texts such as the Mahabharata and the writings of Ptolemy. He believes the word Ahir to be the Prakrit form of a Sanskrit word, Abhira, and he notes that the present term in the Bengali and Marathi languages is Abhir.[10]Garg distinguishes a Brahmin community who use the Abhira name and are found in the present-day states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. That usage, he says, is because that division of Brahmins were priests to the ancient Abhira tribe.[10]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raja_Rao_Puran_Singh.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Abhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhira_tribe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhattacharya1996p126-12"},{"link_name":"Proto-Dravidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Dravidian"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhattacharya1996p126-12"},{"link_name":"M. S. A. Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._A._Rao"},{"link_name":"Yadava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadava"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dravidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Indo-Aryan migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OIT_no_support-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Raja Rao Puran Singh of Rewari[11]Theories regarding the origins of the ancient Abhira – the putative ancestors of the Ahirs – are varied for the same reasons as are the theories regarding their location; that is, there is a reliance on interpretation of linguistic and factual analysis of old texts that are known to be unreliable and ambiguous.[12]Some, such as A. P. Karmakar, consider the Abhira to be a Proto-Dravidian tribe who migrated to India and point to the Puranas as evidence. Others, such as Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya, say that the Abhira are recorded as being in India in the 1st-century CE work, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Bhattacharya considers the Abhira of old to be a race rather than a tribe.[12] The sociologist M. S. A. Rao and historians such as P. M. Chandorkar and T. Padmaja say that epigraphical and historical evidence exists for equating the Ahirs with the ancient Yadava tribe.[13][14][15]Whether they were a race or a tribe, nomadic in tendency or displaced or part of a conquering wave, with origins in Indo-Scythia or Central Asia, Aryan or Dravidian – there is no academic consensus, and much in the differences of opinion relate to fundamental aspects of historiography, such as controversies regarding dating the writing of the Mahabharata and acceptance or otherwise of the Indo-Aryan migration (which is universally accepted in mainstream scholarship).[20] Similarly, there is no certainty regarding the occupational status of the Abhira, with ancient texts sometimes referring to them as pastoral and cowherders but at other times as robber tribes.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asirgarh_Fort1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asirgarh Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirgarh_Fort"},{"link_name":"Burhanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhanpur"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Asa Ahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Ahir"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Rao Tula Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao_Tula_Ram"},{"link_name":"Rewari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewari"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nasik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasik"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar,_Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_district"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Kingdoms","text":"Asirgarh Fort in Burhanpur District in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaAsirgarh fort of Asa Ahir[22][23]\n13th or 14th century A.D. Bijagarh Fort of Bija, a Gauli Raja[24]\nRao Tula Ram, king of Rewari[25]\nVeersen of Nasik[26]\nAhir dynasty in pre-12th century areas in present-day Nepal[27]\nAhir-Rajas of Sagar[28]\nAhir Rajas of Gawror fort, Patna.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27B%27_Company_(Ahir),_1st_Battalion,_The_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_officers,_%27B%27_Company_(Ahir),_1st_Battalion,_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"martial race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_race"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rand-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Street-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khalidi2003-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine2003-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samanta2000-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"95th Russell's Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Russell%27s_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Rezang La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezang_La"},{"link_name":"Sino-Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"link_name":"1965 India-Pakistan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_India-Pakistan_War"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remembering_Rezang_La_heroes-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heroes_of_Rezang_La-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Military involvements","text":"'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918[30]Indian officers, 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, 5th Light Infantry, Quetta 1918.[31]The British rulers of India classified the Ahirs of Punjab as an \"agricultural tribe\" in the 1920s, which was at that time synonymous with being a \"martial race\".[32] This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either \"martial\" or \"non-martial\": a \"martial race\" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting,[33] whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles.[34] However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control.[35][36] According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, \"The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward\". According to Amiya Samanta, the marital race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait.[37] Ahirs had been recruited into the army from 1898.[38] In that year, the British raised four Ahir companies, two of which were in the 95th Russell's Infantry.[39][page needed] In post-independence India, some Ahir units have been involved in celebrated military actions, such as at Rezang La in the 1962 Sino-Indian War that saw the last stand of Charlie company, consisting of 114 Ahirs of 13 Kumaon, and in the 1965 India-Pakistan War.[40][41][42][43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sanskritisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yadav Mahasabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Yadav_Mahasabha"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Simon Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Commission"},{"link_name":"Chamars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamar"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Recreating the past for new identity","text":"It was from the 1920s that some Ahirs began to adopt the name of Yadav and created the Yadav Mahasabha, founded by ideologues such as Rajit Singh. Several caste histories and periodicals to trace a Kshatriya origin were written at the time, notably by Mannanlal Abhimanyu. These were part of the jostling among various castes for socio-economic status and ritual under the Raj and they invoked support for a zealous, martial Hindu ethos.[44] Arya Samaj, a Hindu reformist organization also played an important role in ritual purification of Ahir/Yadavs and many low castes in order to incorporate them into Vedic Hinduism.[45] In U.P, it was through shastrarth debates and with the help of reform movements like Arya Samaj and Vaishnava Ramanandi order in public debates that the Ahirs defended their claims to a higher social status.[46] At the same time Ahir/Yadav intelligentsia also emphasized the socio-economic backwardness faced by their community and in 1927, a petition was sent to the Simon Commission describing how the Ahirs suffers from the same social disabilities and discrimination as the Chamars.[47] Despite explicitly expressing their commitment against untouchability, it has been observed that these movements by Yadav caste associations have not been egalitarian enough to include communities who are under Scheduled Castes and have claimed connection with Krishna.[48]","title":"Sanskritisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shudra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Participation in reactionary communal conflicts","text":"The Ahirs in certain region of UP had been one of the more militant Hindu groups during pre-independent India. In one of the instances before independence, Hindu shudra caste groups such as the Ahirs actively participated in a counter-reactionary communal conflict orchestrated by Arya Samaj.[49] Some writers are also of the opinion that many low-castes (including Ahirs) took to cow protection for asserting higher status since cow already had symbolic importance in Hinduism. This view of cow protection was different from the UP's urban elites.[50]","title":"Sanskritisation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Behror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behror"},{"link_name":"Alwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwar"},{"link_name":"Rewari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewari"},{"link_name":"Narnaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnaul"},{"link_name":"Mahendragarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendragarh"},{"link_name":"Gurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nannak$-51"},{"link_name":"Jhajjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhajjar"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ahirwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahirwal"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"North India","text":"They have a significant population in the region around Behror, Alwar, Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon[51] and Jhajjar[52][page needed][53] – the region is therefore known as Ahirwal or the abode of Ahirs.[54]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khandesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandesh"},{"link_name":"Abhiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhira_tribe"},{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha"},{"link_name":"Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Ahirani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahirani"},{"link_name":"Jalgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalgaon"},{"link_name":"Dhule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhule"},{"link_name":"Nashik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashik"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_Language"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_Language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Magadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhi"},{"link_name":"Saurashtri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_language"},{"link_name":"Sauraseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauraseni"},{"link_name":"Maharashtri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtri"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Paishachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paishachi"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Maharashtra","text":"Ahirs live in the Khandesh region of Maharashtra. The community has been influential in the history of the region. Inscriptions indicate that ancient Abhiras ruled this region and Abhira kings have made a significant contribution to the making of the region. Ahir ethnicity is visible among various castes in Khandesh, including Maratha and Brahmins.[better source needed] Ahirani dialect continues to be spoken today in the region and is widespread across Jalgaon, Dhule and Nashik. It is an admixture of Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi, ancient Magadhi, Saurashtri, Sauraseni, Lati, Maharashtri, Prakrit and Paishachi.[55][56]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AhirDecoratedWithCowriesDiwali.jpg"},{"link_name":"cowrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowrie"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"}],"text":"Ahir dancers decorated with cowrie shells for Diwali.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_People_of_India_1868_Aheer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"An Aheer in Shahabad, Bihar.In 1992, Noor Mohammad noted that most Ahirs in Uttar Pradesh were vegetarian, with some exceptions who were engaged in fishing and raising poultry.[57]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alain Daniélou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Khandeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandeshi"},{"link_name":"Khandesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandesh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Language and tradition","text":"According to Alain Daniélou the Ahirs belong to the same culture as the dark skinned prominent figures of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, Rama and Krishna. Ahirs of Benares speak a Hindi dialect which is different from one used normally.[58][59] Ahirs usually speak language of the region in which they live. Some languages/dialects named after Ahirs are Ahirani, also known as Khandeshi, spoken in Khandesh region of Maharashtra, Ahirwati spoken in Ahirwal region of Haryana and Rajasthan. The Malwi spoken is Malwa region of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh is also known as Ahiri. These dialects are named after Ahirs but not necessarily only spoken by Ahirs living in those areas or all Ahirs in those regions speak these dialects.[citation needed]The Ahirs have three major classifications Yaduvanshi, Nandavanshi and Goallavanshi. Yaduvanshi claim descent from Yadu, Nandavansh claim descent from Nanda, the foster father of Krishna and Goallavanshi claim descent from gopi and gopas of Krishna's childhood.[60][61]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veer Lorik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_Lorik"},{"link_name":"Sufi Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_Muslim"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Kajri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajri"},{"link_name":"Biraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraha"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Folklore","text":"The oral epic of Veer Lorik, a mythical Ahir hero, has been sung by folk singers in North India for generations. Mulla Daud, a Sufi Muslim, retold the romantic story in writing in the 14th century.[62] Other Ahir folk traditions include those related to Kajri and Biraha.[63]","title":"Culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Raja Rao Puran Singh of Rewari[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Raja_Rao_Puran_Singh.jpg/220px-Raja_Rao_Puran_Singh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Asirgarh Fort in Burhanpur District in Madhya Pradesh, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Asirgarh_Fort1.jpg/220px-Asirgarh_Fort1.jpg"},{"image_text":"'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918[30]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%27B%27_Company_%28Ahir%29%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_The_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg/220px-%27B%27_Company_%28Ahir%29%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_The_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian officers, 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, 5th Light Infantry, Quetta 1918.[31]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Indian_officers%2C_%27B%27_Company_%28Ahir%29%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg/220px-Indian_officers%2C_%27B%27_Company_%28Ahir%29%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ahir dancers decorated with cowrie shells for Diwali.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/AhirDecoratedWithCowriesDiwali.jpg/280px-AhirDecoratedWithCowriesDiwali.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Aheer in Shahabad, Bihar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_People_of_India_1868_Aheer.jpg/280px-The_People_of_India_1868_Aheer.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Ahir clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahir_clans"},{"title":"Ahir Regiment agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahir_Regiment_agitation"}]
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[{"reference":"Jassal, Smita Tewari; École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales; University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology (2001). \"Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census\". Contributions to Indian sociology. Mouton. pp. 319–351.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Contributions to Indian sociology"}]},{"reference":"Berti, Daniela; Kanungo, Pralay; Jaoul, Nicolas (2011). Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-138-65995-7. Marginalised groups, often considered as Shudras, like the Ahirs (Yadavs), Kurmis and the Gujars, began to redefine their emerging political and economic role in society by fighting on the same 'religious' grounds. In so doing, they refashioned their status as warriors and kings who had played a special role in history as guardians of Hinduism (Gooptu 2001 : 195; see also Pinch 1996 : 118–38). Gyanendra Pandey (1990: 66–108) describes how, since the end of the 19th century, such processes of Sanskritisation (adoption of 'higher' forms of Hinduism) among lower castes have joined up with Hindu nationalist movements, such as the cow protection movement, and how these interrelations have been central to the formation of a Hindu and a Muslim community in northern India.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65995-7","url_text":"978-1-138-65995-7"}]},{"reference":"Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8. Retrieved 16 August 2011. Ahirs willingly subjected themselves to Sanskritisation because of their special relation to sacred cow but alas because the Arya Samaj exerted significant Sanskritising influence over the Yadav movement. As early as 1895, the ruler of Rewari, Rao Yudhishter Singh ( the father of Rao Bahadur Balbir Singh), invited Swami Dayananda to his state. Branches of the Arya Samaj flourished soon after and Rewari provided a base from which Arya Samaj updeshaks (itinerant preachers) operated in neighbouring areas.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC","url_text":"India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-670-8","url_text":"978-1-85065-670-8"}]},{"reference":"Mehta, B. H. (1994). Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands. Vol. II. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 568–569.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA568","url_text":"Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands"}]},{"reference":"Michelutti, Lucia (2002). \"Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town\" (PDF). PhD Thesis Social Anthropology. London School of Economics and Political Science. pp. 94–95.","urls":[{"url":"http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf","url_text":"\"Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Rajbir (1994). India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes. Manohar, 1994. pp. 34, 356, 390. ISBN 978-81-7304-069-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn3aAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-069-6","url_text":"978-81-7304-069-6"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Shish Ram (2002). Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India. Raj Publications, 2002. pp. 153, 312, 410. ISBN 978-81-86208-23-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86208-23-6","url_text":"978-81-86208-23-6"}]},{"reference":"Jain, Ravindra K. (2002). Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand. Orient Blackswan. p. 30. ISBN 978-8-12502-194-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA32","url_text":"Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12502-194-0","url_text":"978-8-12502-194-0"}]},{"reference":"Patel, Mahendra Lal (1997). Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects. M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 33. ISBN 978-8-17533-029-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&pg=PA33","url_text":"Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17533-029-0","url_text":"978-8-17533-029-0"}]},{"reference":"Claveyrolas, Mathieu (2015). \"The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius\" (PDF). South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. doi:10.4000/samaj.3886.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2c74/45399dde088533c0cada183eb3c4fb2ca5d5.pdf","url_text":"\"The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fsamaj.3886","url_text":"10.4000/samaj.3886"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Brian L. (1977). \"The Retention of Caste Notions among the Indian Immigrants in British Guiana during the Nineteenth Century\". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 19 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1017/S0010417500008513. JSTOR 177986. S2CID 143278239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500008513","url_text":"10.1017/S0010417500008513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/177986","url_text":"177986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143278239","url_text":"143278239"}]},{"reference":"Jha, J. C. (1973). \"Indian Heritage in Trinidad, West Indies\". Caribbean Quarterly. 19 (2): 28–50. doi:10.1080/00086495.1973.11829152. JSTOR 23050197.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00086495.1973.11829152","url_text":"10.1080/00086495.1973.11829152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23050197","url_text":"23050197"}]},{"reference":"Pradhan, Rajendra; Shrestha, Ava (June 2005). \"Ethnic and Caste Diversity: Implications for Development\" (PDF). Think Asia. Asian Development Bank. hdl:11540/3290. NRM Working Paper No. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/3290/wp4.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Ethnic and Caste Diversity: Implications for Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank","url_text":"Asian Development Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11540%2F3290","url_text":"11540/3290"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Labour in British Guiana | History Today\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historytoday.com/archive/indian-labour-british-guiana","url_text":"\"Indian Labour in British Guiana | History Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies\". The Economist. 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/international/2017/09/02/the-legacy-of-indian-migration-to-european-colonies","url_text":"\"The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies\""}]},{"reference":"Garg, Gaṅga Ram, ed. (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world. Vol. 1. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-81-7022-374-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA113","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-374-0","url_text":"978-81-7022-374-0"}]},{"reference":"Yadav, Kripal Chandra (1965). Rao Tula Ram, a Hero of 1857. Rao Tula Ram Smarak Samiti.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xzI-AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Rao Tula Ram, a Hero of 1857"}]},{"reference":"Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). Krishna – Cult in Indian Art. M.D. Publications. p. 126. ISBN 978-81-7533-001-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC","url_text":"Krishna – Cult in Indian Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-001-6","url_text":"978-81-7533-001-6"}]},{"reference":"Guha, Sumit (2006). Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991. University of Cambridge. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-02870-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47","url_text":"Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02870-7","url_text":"978-0-521-02870-7"}]},{"reference":"Rao, M. S. A. (1978). Social Movements in India. Vol. 1. Manohar. pp. 124, 197, 210.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SODZAAAAMAAJ&q=124","url_text":"Social Movements in India"}]},{"reference":"T., Padmaja (2001). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Archaeology Dept., University of Mysore. pp. 25, 34. ISBN 978-8-170-17398-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=RA1-PA35","url_text":"Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-17398-4","url_text":"978-8-170-17398-4"}]},{"reference":"Thapar, Romila (2006). India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan. National Book Trust. ISBN 978-81-237-4779-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sDBuAAAAMAAJ&q=indigenous+aryans","url_text":"India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-4779-8","url_text":"978-81-237-4779-8"}]},{"reference":"Malik, Aditya (1990). \"The Puskara Mahatmya: A Short Report\". In Bakker, Hans (ed.). The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature. Leiden: BRILL and the International Association of Sanskrit Studies. p. 200. ISBN 978-90-04-09318-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgBdyxD5MkC&pg=PA200","url_text":"\"The Puskara Mahatmya: A Short Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09318-8","url_text":"978-90-04-09318-8"}]},{"reference":"B H Mehta. Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands Vol II. Concept. p. 569.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA569","url_text":"Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands Vol II"}]},{"reference":"Numismatic Digest. Numismatic Society of Bombay, Original from the University of Michigan. 2003. p. 141.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i1NmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Numismatic Digest"}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, V. S. (1970). Madhya Pradesh: West Nimar [5] West Nimar. Supplement. Government Central Press, 1970. p. 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2UhuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Madhya Pradesh: West Nimar [5] West Nimar. Supplement"}]},{"reference":"Michelutti, Lucia (2002). \"Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town\" (PDF). PhD Thesis Social Anthropology. London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 83.","urls":[{"url":"http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf","url_text":"\"Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town\""}]},{"reference":"Jalgaon district. \"JALGAON HISTORY\". Jalgaon District Administration Official Website. Jalgaon district Administration. Retrieved 7 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://jalgaon.gov.in/history/","url_text":"\"JALGAON HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"Yadav, Punam (2016). Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-317-35389-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QQRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57","url_text":"Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35389-8","url_text":"978-1-317-35389-8"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, A N (2006). The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile. p. 13. ISBN 81-7625-714-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX1siOYKthgC&dq=ahir+Rajas+sagar&pg=PA13","url_text":"The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7625-714-1","url_text":"81-7625-714-1"}]},{"reference":"Historical Researches Series. 1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAO2AAAAIAAJ&q=ahir++rajas","url_text":"Historical Researches Series"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian officers and non-commissioned officers from 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918 | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London\". collection.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?q=searchType=simple&resultsDisplay=list&simpleText=Ahirs&pos=2&total=10&page=1&acc=1960-12-120-4-95","url_text":"\"Indian officers and non-commissioned officers from 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918 | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online Collection | National Army Museum, London\". collection.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.nam.ac.uk/results.php?searchType=simple&resultsDisplay=list&simpleText=Ahirs","url_text":"\"Online Collection | National Army Museum, London\""}]},{"reference":"Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian army and the making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. p. 105. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8G8COTxOUkgC&pg=PA105","url_text":"The Indian army and the making of Punjab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-059-6","url_text":"978-81-7824-059-6"}]},{"reference":"Rand, Gavin (March 2006). \"Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914\". European Review of History. 13 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/13507480600586726. S2CID 144987021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507480600586726","url_text":"10.1080/13507480600586726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144987021","url_text":"144987021"}]},{"reference":"Streets, Heather (2004). Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-7190-6962-8. Retrieved 20 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C","url_text":"Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6962-8","url_text":"978-0-7190-6962-8"}]},{"reference":"Omar Khalidi (2003). Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots. Three Essays Collective. p. 5. ISBN 978-81-88789-09-2. Apart from their physique , the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B-NtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88789-09-2","url_text":"978-81-88789-09-2"}]},{"reference":"Philippa Levine (2003). Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire. Psychology Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-0-415-94447-2. The Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory, though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=It1lPzFCG9EC","url_text":"Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94447-2","url_text":"978-0-415-94447-2"}]},{"reference":"Amiya K. Samanta (2000). Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism. APH Publishing. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-81-7648-166-3. Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that \" The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of nationalism.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C&pg=PA26","url_text":"Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-166-3","url_text":"978-81-7648-166-3"}]},{"reference":"Pinch, William R. (1996). Peasants and monks in British India. University of California Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc","url_text":"Peasants and monks in British India"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/90","url_text":"90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20061-6","url_text":"978-0-520-20061-6"}]},{"reference":"Rao, M. S. A. (1979). Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-90255-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90255-4","url_text":"978-0-333-90255-4"}]},{"reference":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India (7 January 2007). \"Remembering Rezang La heroes\". Sainik samachar.","urls":[{"url":"http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/oct01-07/h4.htm","url_text":"\"Remembering Rezang La heroes\""}]},{"reference":"Col Dilbag Dabas (Retd) (15 December 2018). \"Heroes of Rezang La 1962\". The Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/heroes-of-1962-rezang-la-battle-698535","url_text":"\"Heroes of Rezang La 1962\""}]},{"reference":"Guruswamy, Mohan (20 November 2012). \"Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La\". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/dont-forget-the-heroes-of-rezang-la/article4112584.ece","url_text":"\"Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Jasbir (2010). Combat Diary: An illustrated history of operations conducted by 4th Kumaon. Lancer Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-935501-18-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4SBWc27AVmwC&pg=PA212","url_text":"Combat Diary: An illustrated history of operations conducted by 4th Kumaon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-18-3","url_text":"978-1-935501-18-3"}]},{"reference":"Gooptu, Nandini (2001). The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–210. ISBN 978-0-521-44366-1. One of the most politically active and vocal among the shudra castes was the ahirs or yadavs. In 1922, an ahir conference was held in Lucknow, followed by another ahir mahotsav (festival) in Allahabad in 1923, where a provincial Mahasabha was inaugurated, with the new name of Yadav Mahasabha. The term yadav, to denote the ahirs, gained currency from this period. Rajit Singh, a yadav born in the Deoria district in 1897, and educated at Gorakhpur and Shikohabad, was instrumental in the formation of the Yadav Mahasabha. He had briefly worked in the Excise Department in Kanpur, but had resigned from his job to devote himself to organising yadav associations from 1921. In 1925, Rajit Singh settled in Benares and inaugurated the Benares Yadav Mahasabha, which soon emerged as the centre of the yadav caste movement in UP. From Benares, Rajit Singh edited the journal Yadav, and also published a history of the yadav castes, entitled Yaduvamsa Prakash. Several other yadav histories were published in rapid succession in the 1920s, written by another younger yadav leader of Benares, Mannalal Abhimanyu, a lawyer who was the son of a school teacher. He wrote Ahir Vamsa Pradip (1925) and Yadukul Sarvasya (1928), in which he attempted to demonstrate the kshatriya origin of the yadavs, with extensive references from both religious texts and British ethnographic tracts.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA205","url_text":"The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44366-1","url_text":"978-0-521-44366-1"}]},{"reference":"Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-46732-2. Hindu reformist organisations like the Arya Samaj which aimed to reform Hinduism and incorporate lower-caste groups within the fold of vedic Aryan Hinduism (see Rao 1979: 132-35), have a pivotal role in 'purifying' the customs of the Ahir/Yadavs and other lower castes through the adoption of Brahmanical Hindu practices. Brahmanical Hinduism emphasises vegetarianism, non-violence and ascetism (Fuller 1992: 88).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46732-2","url_text":"978-0-415-46732-2"}]},{"reference":"Adcock, C.S. (2014). The Limits of Tolerance:Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-999543-1. In U.P., the Ahir/Yadav castes, whom elites deemed Shudras, also used shastrarth debates to defend their claims to elevated, Kshatriya status from at least the 1890s. In the eastern districts of U.P., monks of the Vaishnava Ramanandi order defended the Ahirs' claims in public debate; in western U.P., their champions in debate were often members of the Arya Samaj.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DvMVDAAAQBAJ&dq=ahirs+The+Limits+of+Tolerance:+Indian+Secularism+and+the+Politics+of+Religious+Freedom+By+C.S.+Adcock&pg=PA46","url_text":"The Limits of Tolerance:Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999543-1","url_text":"978-0-19-999543-1"}]},{"reference":"Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-415-46732-2. This emphasis on number and on Yadavness versus 'status' is also evident in colonial petitions which portray the Ahirs as a 'backward/ depressed category' in an attempt to get benefits from the reservation provisions. It looks as if the Yadav intelligentsia not only learnt that Yadav social and economic progress or backwardness could be determined by measuring their share in the number of graduates, official appointments and parliamentary seats (Chakrabarty 1994: 150), but also that economic and social disabilities were not 'enough' and that 'ritual' disabilities had also to be proved. The political leaders invoked arguments about the historical deprivation of their communities' (see Gooptu 2001: 11). The following is an extract from a petition sent in 1927 to the Simon Commission, in which a member of the Ahir community illustrates how the community suffers from the same disabilities and discriminations as the Chamars (an untouchable caste).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46732-2","url_text":"978-0-415-46732-2"}]},{"reference":"Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-415-46732-2. Although Yadav caste associations organise Other Backward Classes meetings and explicitly express their commitment against untouchability, I never met an SC member attending or delivering a speech at such events. A recent controversy showed how, in practice, Yadav caste associations are not willing to encompass in their social category members of SC communities who claim to descend from Krishna. At the AIYM meeting held in Gurgaon in 1998, a member of the committee raised the issue that Jatavs in Agra and Rajasthan had begun to adopt the Yadav title. A member of the audience pointed out that he had already written to the Mahasabha secretary to inform him that in Bharatpur (Rajasthan) the local Jatavs were calling themselves Yadavs. Another pointed out that in Udaipur, Jatavs who worked as builders and did casual labour were also calling themselves Yadavs and had adopted the Kadamb Yadav clan.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46732-2","url_text":"978-0-415-46732-2"}]},{"reference":"Gooptu, Nandini (2001). The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India. Cambridge University Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-521-44366-1. The spread of the tanzeem movement in Benares further fuelled the religious expansion of Hindu organisations, and contributed to an escalation in local competition and communal conflict. Khalil Das' movement elicited a counter-reaction from the Arya Samaj and from such Hindu shudra caste groups as the ahirs, who were active participants in volunteer corps and akharas, and who, in Benares, were involved in an especially active yadav caste movement.... The Ahirs in particular who played an important role in militant Hinduism, retaliated strongly against the Tanzeem movement. In July,1930, about 200 Ahirs marched in procession to Trilochan, a sacred Hindu site and performed a religious ceremony in response to Tanzeem processions.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA307","url_text":"The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44366-1","url_text":"978-0-521-44366-1"}]},{"reference":"Gould, William (2012). Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-521-87949-1. Gyan Pandey's detailed research on the cow protection riots in eastern UP and Bihar in 1893 and 1917 relates the conflict to specific registers of caste difference and status assertion, in a context where the popular view of cow protection from the point of view of low-caste Ahirs, Koeris and Kurmis was quite different to that of UP's urban elites. For both Freitag and Pandey, cow protection became a means for relatively low-status communities to assert higher status via association with something of symbolic importance to Hinduism as a whole: in this case, the cow.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K2oexn_mLPIC&q=Religion+and+Conflict+in+Modern+South+Asia+By+Williiam+gould","url_text":"Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87949-1","url_text":"978-0-521-87949-1"}]},{"reference":"Guru Nanak Dev University, Sociology Dept (2003). Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology. Sociology Department, Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 5, 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=03_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir","url_text":"Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology"}]},{"reference":"Verma, Dip Chand (1975). Haryana. National Book Trust, India.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6JY5AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Haryana"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Suresh K. (2006). Haryana: Past and Present. Mittal Publications. p. 40. ISBN 978-81-8324-046-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VE71IqAC0YYC&pg=PA40","url_text":"Haryana: Past and Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-046-8","url_text":"978-81-8324-046-8"}]},{"reference":"Michuletti, Lucia (2008). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India. Routledge. pp. 41, 42. 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ISBN 978-1-59477-048-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua6yuxBPQdQC&q=ahir","url_text":"The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-048-7","url_text":"978-1-59477-048-7"}]},{"reference":"Kirshna, Nanditha (2009). Book of Vishnu. Penguin UK. p. 56. ISBN 978-81-8475-865-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C&q=ahirs","url_text":"Book of Vishnu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-865-8","url_text":"978-81-8475-865-8"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Bhrigupati (2015). Poverty and the Quest for Life Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India University of Chicago. University of Chicago Press. p. 13. 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The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 1026. ISBN 978-0-415-97293-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0415994047","url_text":"The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97293-2","url_text":"978-0-415-97293-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntius_snyderi
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Barbodes snyderi
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["1 References"]
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Species of fish
Snyder's barb
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Cyprinidae
Genus:
Barbodes
Species:
B. snyderi
Binomial name
Barbodes snyderi(Ōshima, 1919)
Synonyms
Puntius snyderi Ōshima, 1919
Barbodes snyderi (common name: Snyder's barb ) is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Taiwan. It grows to 9 cm (3.5 in) length. It is also used as an aquarium fish.
References
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Barbodes snyderi" in FishBase. October 2015 version.
^ Eschmeyer, W. N. and R. Fricke (eds) (4 January 2016). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 23 January 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ a b K. T. Shao. "Puntius snyderi". The Fish Database of Taiwan. WWW Web electronic publication. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
Taxon identifiersPuntius snyderi
Wikidata: Q6405137
BOLD: 196061
CoL: 4QJ9H
GBIF: 2363996
NCBI: 319321
Open Tree of Life: 257065
WoRMS: 1016991
This Cyprininae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
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[{"reference":"Eschmeyer, W. N. and R. Fricke (eds) (4 January 2016). \"Catalog of Fishes\". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 23 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?spid=31600","url_text":"\"Catalog of Fishes\""}]},{"reference":"K. T. Shao. \"Puntius snyderi\". The Fish Database of Taiwan. WWW Web electronic publication. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Retrieved 23 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw/eng/species.php?id=395245","url_text":"\"Puntius snyderi\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Joseph_Du_Laurens
|
Henri-Joseph Dulaurens
|
["1 External links","2 References"]
|
Henri Joseph Du Laurens (sometimes Laurens or Dulaurens, original name Henri Joseph Laurent, 1719–1793 or 1797) was a French unfrocked Trinitarian friar, satirical poet and novelist, born at Douai, the son of the regimental surgeon Jean Joseph Laurent and his wife Marie Josephe Menon. He was author of such libertine works as Le compère Matthieu, Imirce, ou la fille de la nature and L'Arrétin moderne. He may also have written Candide, Part II. He died at Mariembourg in the French First Republic, now in Belgium.
External links
Works by or about Henri-Joseph Dulaurens at Internet Archive
Du Laur (in French)
References
^ Oxford Reference Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ Certificate of birth and baptism (in French) Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ David Coward: "Explanatory Notes" in: Denis Diderot: Jacques the Fatalist, Oxford World's Classics series (Oxford, UK: OUP), 1999, p. 257.
^ Bartleby Retrieved 18 October 2017.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
3
WorldCat
2
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Greece
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
2
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This French novelist article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Henri-Joseph Dulaurens"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-11
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Yakovlev Yak-11
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["1 Design and development","1.1 Yak-11U","2 Operational history","3 Surviving aircraft","4 Operators","5 Specifications (Yak-11)","6 See also","7 Notes","8 Citations","9 References"]
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Yak-11
Let C-11
Role
Training aircraftType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Yakovlev, Let
First flight
10 November 1945
Introduction
1946
Retired
1962
Primary user
Soviet Air Force
Number built
4,566
The Yakovlev Yak-11 (Russian: Яковлев Як-11; NATO reporting name: "Moose") is a trainer aircraft used by the Soviet Air Force and other Soviet-influenced air forces from 1947 until 1962.
Design and development
The Yakovlev design bureau began work on an advanced trainer based on the Yak-3 fighter in mid-1944, although the trainer was of low priority owing to the ongoing Second World War. The first prototype of the new trainer, designated Yak-UTI or Yak-3UTI flew in late 1945. It was based on the radial-powered Yak-3U, but with the new Shvetsov ASh-21 seven-cylinder radial replacing the ASh-82 of the Yak-3U. It used the same all-metal wings as the Yak-3U, with a fuselage of mixed metal and wood construction. The pilot and observer sat in tandem under a long canopy with separate sliding hoods. A single synchronised UBS 12.7 mm machine gun and wing racks for two 100 kg (220 lb) bombs comprised the aircraft's armament.
Let C-11
An improved prototype flew in 1946, with revised cockpits and a modified engine installation with the engine mounted on shock absorbing mounts. This aircraft passed state testing in October 1946, with production beginning at factories in Saratov and Leningrad in 1947.
Production Yak-11s were heavier than the prototypes, with later batches fitted with non-retractable tailwheels and revised propellers. A 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun was sometimes fitted instead of the UBS, while some were fitted with rear-view periscopes above the windscreen. Soviet production totalled 3,859 aircraft between 1947 and 1955, with a further 707 licence-built by Let in Czechoslovakia as the C-11.
Yak-11U
In 1951, Yakovlev revised the design of the Yak-11, adding a retractable tricycle landing gear, with two variants proposed, the Yak-11U basic trainer and Yak-11T proficiency trainer, which carried equipment similar to contemporary jet fighters. The new aircraft had reduced fuel capacity and was unsuitable for operations on rough or snow-covered runways, and so was rejected for Soviet service, although a few units were built in Czechoslovakia as the C-11U.
Operational history
Egyptian Air Force Yak-11
The Yak-11 entered service in 1947, serving as a standard advanced trainer with the Soviet Air Forces and DOSAAF. Both the Yak-11 and C-11 were used in all Warsaw Pact countries and were exported to eighteen countries, including many African, Middle Eastern and Asian countries.
Egyptians used the aircraft extensively during their intervention in the Yemeni Civil war. Egyptian aircraft were modified with Sakr 78mm unguided rockets and two .303in guns in the wings. and were used in the ground attack role.
North Korean Yak-11s were used in combat in the Korean War, with one Yak-11 being the first North Korean aircraft shot down by US forces when it was destroyed by a North American F-82 Twin Mustang over Kimpo Airfield on 27 June 1950. East Germany used the Yak-11 to intercept American reconnaissance balloons.
Surviving aircraft
Heavily modified Yak-11 used for air racing
Due to its Yak-3 lineage, the Yak-11 has recently seen widespread popularity among warbird enthusiasts. Highly modified versions of the Yak-11 are often seen at air races. About 120 Yak-11s remain airworthy.
Operators
Yak-11 operators
Fighter/trainer aircraft Yakovlev Yak-11 (National People's Army)
Preserved Yak-11 of the Polish Air Force
Yakovlev Yak-11 disguised in wartime fighter camouflage
Afghanistan
Afghan Air Force − Received 12 in 1955. Operated an unknown number as late as 1981
Albania
Albanian Air Force − Received 6 in 1953
Algeria
Algerian Air Force − 12 ex-Egyptian aircraft delivered in 1964, possibly modernized in Czechoslovakia before delivery
Angola
National Air Force of Angola
Austria
Austrian Air Force − 4 donated by the Soviet Union in 1955
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Air Force − 30 C-11 received in 1954
China
People's Liberation Army Air Force − 50 delivered in 1950
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak Air Force − 120, produced under license
East Germany
East German Air Force
Egypt
Egyptian Air Force
Iraq
Iraqi Air Force
Hungary
Hungarian Air Force
Mali
Malian Air Force − 4, non-operational by 2011
Mongolia
Mongolian People's Air Force
North Korea
North Korean Air Force
Poland
Polish Air Force − Received 40 in 1953
Romania
Romanian Air Force − Received 20 between 1952 and 1953
Somalia
Somali Air Corps − 20, non-operational by 1991
Soviet Union
Soviet Air Force
DOSAAF
Syria
Syrian Air Force
Vietnam
Vietnam People's Air Force
Yemen
North Yemen Air Force − 30 donated by the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1958
Specifications (Yak-11)
General characteristics
Crew: two, student and instructor
Length: 8.20 m (26 ft 10.5 in)
Wingspan: 9.4 m (30 ft 10 in)
Height: 3.28 m (10 ft 5 in)
Wing area: 15.40 m2 (166 sq ft)
Empty weight: 1,900 kg (4,189 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 2,440 kg (5,379 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Shvetsov ASh-21 air-cooled radial piston engine, 521 kW (700 hp)
Performance
Maximum speed: 460 km/h (289 mph, 248 kn)
Cruise speed: 370 km/h (230 mph, 200 kn)
Range: 1,250 km (795 mi, 691 nmi)
Service ceiling: 7,100 m (23,295 ft)
Rate of climb: 8.1 m/s (1,600 ft/min)
Wing loading: 161 kg/m2 (32.9 lb/sq ft)
Power/mass: 0.17 kW/kg (0.10 hp/lb)
Armament
1x nose-mounted machine gun, either 12.7 mm UBS or 7.62 mm ShKAS
up to 200 kg (440 lb) of bombs on two underwing racks
See also
Aviation portal
Related development
Yakovlev Yak-3
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Boulton Paul Balliol
Fiat G.49
North American T-6 Texan
PZL TS-8 Bies
Soko 522
Valmet Vihuri
Notes
^ The single-row ASh-21 was essentially half of the two-row, 14-cylinder ASh-82.
Citations
^ a b Gunston 1995, p. 469.
^ a b Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 249.
^ Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 97.
^ a b c Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 99.
^ Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 250–251.
^ Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 251.
^ a b Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 250.
^ Thompson 2001, pp. 160–161.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Arms transfer database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
^ Paxton 2016, p. 66.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 63.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 133.
^ Cooper 2017, p. 12.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 158.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 145.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 191.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 196.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 176.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 256.
^ Wragg 2011, p. 273.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yakovlev Yak-11.
Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2.
Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergey Komissarov. OKB Yakovlev: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-85780-203-9.
Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1975–1995. London, UK: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9.
Gunston, Bill and Yefim Gordon. Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924. London, UK: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. ISBN 1-55750-978-6.
Paxton, John, ed. (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1981-82. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-27110-4.
Thompson, Warren. "Twin Mustang in Korea". International Air Power Review. Volume 3, Winter 2001/2002. Norwalk, Connecticut, USA:AIRtime Publishing. ISBN 1-880588-36-6. ISSN 1473-9917. pp. 156–167.
Wragg, David (2011). The World Air Power Guide. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84468-784-8.
vteYakovlev Yak-1 familyFightersPiston
Yak-1
Yak-3 (I)
Yak-3 (II)
Yak-7
DI
Yak-9
I-26
I-28
I-30
I-33
Ya-26
Jet
Yak-3-Jumo
Yak-7R
Yak-15
Yak-17
Yak-23
S-100
S-101
TrainersPiston
Yak-3UTI
Yak-7UTI
Yak-9V/UV
Yak-11
UTI-26
Ya-27
Jet
Yak-15U/V
Yak-17UTI
Yak-21
T
Yak-23UTI
ForeignproductionLet(Czechoslovakia)
C-11
NATOreporting names
Feather (I)
Feather (II)
Flora
Magnet
Moose
vteYakovlev aircraftEarly aircraft
AVF-10
AVF-20
AVF-34
AIR-1
AIR-2
AIR-3
AIR-4
AIR-5
AIR-6
AIR-7
AIR-8
AIR-9
AIR-10
AIR-11
AIR-12
AIR-14
AIR-15
AIR-16
AIR-17
AIR-18
Ya-1
Ya-2
Ya-3
Ya-4
Ya-6
Ya-7
Ya-10
Ya-19
Ya-20
Ya-21
Ya-22
Ya-23
Fighters
Yak-1
Yak-3
Yak-7
Yak-9
Yak-15
Yak-17
Yak-23
Yak-25 (II)
Yak-28
Yak-38
Bombers
Yak-2
Yak-4
Yak-28
Yak-35
Transports
Yak-6
Yak-10
Yak-12
Yak-14
Yak-18T
Yak-40
Yak-42
Yak-58
Yak-112
Yak-242 (MC-21)
Reconnaissance
Yak-25
Yak-27
Pchela
Helicopters
Yak-24
Yak-100
Trainers
UT-1
UT-2
UT-3
UT-15
UT-21
UT-23
Yak-7
Yak-11
Yak-17
Yak-18
Yak-20
Yak-21
Yak-28
Yak-30 (II)
Yak-32
Yak-50 (II)
Yak-52
Yak-53
Yak-54
Yak-55
Yak-130
Yak-152
Yak-200
Yak-210
Experimental
EG
Yak-5
Yak-8
Yak-13
Yak-16
Yak-19
Yak-25 (I)
Yak-26
Yak-30 (I)
Yak-36
Yak-41
Yak-43
Yak-44
Yak-45
Yak-46
Yak-50 (I)
Yak-60
Yak-140
Yak-141
Yak-201
Yak-1000
vteCzechoslovak Air Force trainer aircraft designations, 1945–1958Trainer(Cvičný)
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9
C-10
C-11
C-12
C-13
C-14
C-15
C-16
C-19
C-23
C-25
C-26
C-30
C-103
C-104
C-105
C-106
C-110
C-112
C-205
C-206
C-210
Bomber Trainer(Cvičný Bombardovací)
CB-31
CB-32
CB-33
CB-36
Liaison Trainer(Cvičný Kurýři)
CK-62
Fighter Trainer(Cvičný Stíhací)
CS-92
CS-95
CS-99
CS-102
CS-103
CS-199
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Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPRI-10"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"East German Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011133-13"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201712-14"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011158-15"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011145-16"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Malian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011191-17"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolian People's Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011196-18"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korean Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011176-19"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPRI-10"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPRI-10"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Somali Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011256-20"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"DOSAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSAAF"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Syrian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWragg2011273-21"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"North Yemen Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Air_Force#Birth_of_the_North_and_South_Yemeni_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPRI-10"}],"text":"Yak-11 operatorsFighter/trainer aircraft Yakovlev Yak-11 (National People's Army)Preserved Yak-11 of the Polish Air ForceYakovlev Yak-11 disguised in wartime fighter camouflageAfghanistanAfghan Air Force − Received 12 in 1955.[9] Operated an unknown number as late as 1981[10]AlbaniaAlbanian Air Force − Received 6 in 1953[9]AlgeriaAlgerian Air Force − 12 ex-Egyptian aircraft delivered in 1964, possibly modernized in Czechoslovakia before delivery[9]AngolaNational Air Force of Angola[citation needed]AustriaAustrian Air Force[11] − 4 donated by the Soviet Union in 1955[9]BulgariaBulgarian Air Force − 30 C-11 received in 1954[9]ChinaPeople's Liberation Army Air Force − 50 delivered in 1950[9]CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Air Force − 120, produced under license[9]East GermanyEast German Air Force[12]EgyptEgyptian Air Force[13]IraqIraqi Air Force[14]HungaryHungarian Air Force[15]MaliMalian Air Force − 4, non-operational by 2011[16]MongoliaMongolian People's Air Force[17]North KoreaNorth Korean Air Force[18]PolandPolish Air Force − Received 40 in 1953[9]RomaniaRomanian Air Force − Received 20 between 1952 and 1953[9]SomaliaSomali Air Corps − 20, non-operational by 1991[19]Soviet UnionSoviet Air Force\nDOSAAFSyriaSyrian Air Force[20]VietnamVietnam People's Air Force[citation needed]YemenNorth Yemen Air Force − 30 donated by the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1958[9]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yakolev_Yak-11_3-view_silhouette.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shvetsov ASh-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-21"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"UBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezin_UB"},{"link_name":"ShKAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShKAS_machine_gun"}],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: two, student and instructor\nLength: 8.20 m (26 ft 10.5 in)\nWingspan: 9.4 m (30 ft 10 in)\nHeight: 3.28 m (10 ft 5 in)\nWing area: 15.40 m2 (166 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 1,900 kg (4,189 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 2,440 kg (5,379 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Shvetsov ASh-21 air-cooled radial piston engine, 521 kW (700 hp)PerformanceMaximum speed: 460 km/h (289 mph, 248 kn)\nCruise speed: 370 km/h (230 mph, 200 kn)\nRange: 1,250 km (795 mi, 691 nmi)\nService ceiling: 7,100 m (23,295 ft)\nRate of climb: 8.1 m/s (1,600 ft/min)\nWing loading: 161 kg/m2 (32.9 lb/sq ft)\nPower/mass: 0.17 kW/kg (0.10 hp/lb)Armament1x nose-mounted machine gun, either 12.7 mm UBS or 7.62 mm ShKAS\nup to 200 kg (440 lb) of bombs on two underwing racks","title":"Specifications (Yak-11)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GunRus_p469-1"}],"text":"^ The single-row ASh-21 was essentially half of the two-row, 14-cylinder ASh-82.[1]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GunRus_p469_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GunRus_p469_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OKBYak_p249_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OKBYak_p249_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GunYak_p97_4-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GunYak_p99_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GunYak_p99_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GunYak_p99_5-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OKBYak_p250-1_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OKBYak_p251_7-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OKBYak_p250_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OKBYak_p250_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IAPRtwin_p160-1_9-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIPRI_10-9"},{"link_name":"\"Arms transfer database\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferRegister"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton201666_11-0"},{"link_name":"Paxton 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaxton2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg201163_12-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011133_13-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201712_14-0"},{"link_name":"Cooper 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCooper2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011158_15-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011145_16-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011191_17-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011196_18-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011176_19-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011256_20-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWragg2011273_21-0"},{"link_name":"Wragg 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWragg2011"}],"text":"^ a b Gunston 1995, p. 469.\n\n^ a b Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 249.\n\n^ Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 97.\n\n^ a b c Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 99.\n\n^ Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 250–251.\n\n^ Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 251.\n\n^ a b Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 250.\n\n^ Thompson 2001, pp. 160–161.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j \"Arms transfer database\". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 16 May 2024.\n\n^ Paxton 2016, p. 66.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 63.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 133.\n\n^ Cooper 2017, p. 12.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 158.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 145.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 191.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 196.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 176.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 256.\n\n^ Wragg 2011, p. 273.","title":"Citations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Let C-11","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/LET_C-11_%E2%80%981706%E2%80%99_%2833733903654%29.jpg/220px-LET_C-11_%E2%80%981706%E2%80%99_%2833733903654%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Egyptian Air Force Yak-11","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yak_11_Egyptian_1964.jpg/220px-Yak_11_Egyptian_1964.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heavily modified Yak-11 used for air racing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/86_Yak_11_N5943_Czech_Mate_2014_gold_heat_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-86_Yak_11_N5943_Czech_Mate_2014_gold_heat_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yak-11 operators","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/World_operators_of_the_Yak-11.png/360px-World_operators_of_the_Yak-11.png"},{"image_text":"Fighter/trainer aircraft Yakovlev Yak-11 (National People's Army)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yak-11_%28NPA%29.JPG/220px-Yak-11_%28NPA%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Preserved Yak-11 of the Polish Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jak-11_RB.jpg/220px-Jak-11_RB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yakovlev Yak-11 disguised in wartime fighter camouflage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jak_11_D-FYAK.jpg/220px-Jak_11_D-FYAK.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yakolev_Yak-11_3-view_silhouette.jpg/300px-Yakolev_Yak-11_3-view_silhouette.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Yakovlev Yak-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-3"},{"title":"Boulton Paul Balliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Balliol"},{"title":"Fiat G.49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.49"},{"title":"North American T-6 Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"title":"PZL TS-8 Bies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_TS-8_Bies"},{"title":"Soko 522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soko_522"},{"title":"Valmet Vihuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmet_Vihuri"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Arms transfer database\". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 16 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferRegister","url_text":"\"Arms transfer database\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2","url_text":"978-1-912174-23-2"}]},{"reference":"Paxton, John, ed. (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1981-82. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-27110-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com.br/books?id=RfrFDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1981-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27110-4","url_text":"978-0-230-27110-4"}]},{"reference":"Wragg, David (2011). The World Air Power Guide. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84468-784-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s2PNDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+world+air+power+guide&hl=pt-BR&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB666ln5OGAxVgFLkGHSS5CYYQ6AF6BAgNEAI","url_text":"The World Air Power Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84468-784-8","url_text":"978-1-84468-784-8"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferRegister","external_links_name":"\"Arms transfer database\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com.br/books?id=RfrFDQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1981-82"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1473-9917","external_links_name":"1473-9917"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s2PNDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+world+air+power+guide&hl=pt-BR&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB666ln5OGAxVgFLkGHSS5CYYQ6AF6BAgNEAI","external_links_name":"The World Air Power Guide"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Michel
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Helen Vaughn Michel
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["1 References"]
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American chemist
This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Helen Vaughn MichelBorn1932NationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of California, Berkeley, Indiana UniversityScientific careerFieldsNuclear ChemistryInstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
Helen Vaughn Michel (born 1932) is an American chemist best known for her efforts in fields including analytical chemistry and archaeological science, and specific processes such as neutron activation analysis and radiocarbon dating. Her work with Frank Asaro at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the University of California (Berkeley) is particularly noteworthy as it includes the dating of Drake's Plate of Brass as well as the Alvarez hypothesis, the hypothesis that posits the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
Michel retired from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1990.
References
^ a b Wayne, Tiffany (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900 / Vol. 1, Essays, A-H. ABC-CLIO. pp. 688–689. ISBN 978-1598841589.
Authority control databases
VIAF
This biographical article about an American chemist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"archaeological science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_science"},{"link_name":"neutron activation analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysis"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"Frank Asaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Asaro"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"University of California (Berkeley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Drake's Plate of Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%27s_Plate_of_Brass"},{"link_name":"Alvarez hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarez_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayne-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayne-1"}],"text":"Helen Vaughn Michel (born 1932) is an American chemist best known for her efforts in fields including analytical chemistry and archaeological science, and specific processes such as neutron activation analysis and radiocarbon dating. Her work with Frank Asaro at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the University of California (Berkeley) is particularly noteworthy as it includes the dating of Drake's Plate of Brass as well as the Alvarez hypothesis, the hypothesis that posits the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[1]Michel retired from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1990.[1]","title":"Helen Vaughn Michel"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Wayne, Tiffany (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900 / Vol. 1, Essays, A-H. ABC-CLIO. pp. 688–689. ISBN 978-1598841589.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598841589","url_text":"978-1598841589"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/307465198","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Vaughn_Michel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_on_Earth
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Nux Vomica
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["1 Track list","2 Personnel","3 References"]
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For the strychnine tree, see Strychnine tree.
2006 studio album by The VeilsNux VomicaStudio album by The VeilsReleased18 September 2006RecordedSeedy Underbelly Studios, Laurel Canyon, California and Everest Street, Devonport, Auckland, New Zealand in spring 2006Genre
Gothic rock
indie rock
pop
Length43:32LabelRough TradeProducerNick LaunayThe Veils chronology
The Runaway Found(2004)
Nux Vomica(2006)
Sun Gangs(2009)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkThe FlyThe GuardianPitchfork Media7.6/10UNCUT
Nux Vomica is the second album by The Veils, released on 18 September 2006. It was recorded in Laurel Canyon (Los Angeles) and produced by Nick Launay, during spring of 2006. A far heavier and darker sound characterises Nux Vomica, very different from the indie sound of the previous record. Most notable are "Jesus for the Jugular", "Not Yet", "Pan" and the title track itself, while more accessible numbers are the singles "Advice for Young Mothers to Be" and "One Night on Earth". A distinctive contribution to this new sound was given by the string arrangements of Jane Scarpantoni, ex member of The Lounge Lizards and long-time Lou Reed collaborator.
Track list
All songs written by Finn Andrews, except where noted.
CD/LP (RTRADCD235/RTRADLP235)
"Not Yet" – 4:54
"Calliope!" – 3:35 (Andrews/Gerrard)
"Advice for Young Mothers to Be" – 3:25
"Jesus for the Jugular" – 4:46
"Pan" – 4:58
"A Birthday Present" – 3:43
"Under the Folding Branches" – 3:23
"Nux Vomica" – 5:30
"One Night on Earth" – 4:08
"House Where We All Live" – 5:06
Enhanced CD (RTD002)
"Not Yet" – 4:54
"Calliope!" – 3:35 (Andrews/Gerrard)
"Advice for Young Mothers to Be" – 3:25
"Jesus for the Jugular" – 4:46
"Pan" – 4:58
"A Birthday Present" – 3:43
"Under the Folding Branches" – 3:23
"Nux Vomica" – 5:30
"One Night on Earth" – 4:08
"House Where We All Live" – 5:06
"Night Thoughts of a Tired Surgeon" – 2:51
"Advice for Young Mothers to Be" (Video)
Japan Edition (POCE-15001/4988005453860)
"Not Yet" – 4:54
"Calliope!" – 3:35 (Andrews/Gerrard)
"Advice for Young Mothers to Be" – 3:25
"Night Thoughts of a Tired Surgeon" – 2:51
"Jesus for the Jugular" – 4:46
"Pan" – 4:58
"A Birthday Present" – 3:43
"Under the Folding Branches" – 3:23
"Nux Vomica" – 5:30
"One Night on Earth" – 4:08
"House Where We All Live" – 5:06
Personnel
Finn Andrews – vocals, guitar
Sophia Burn – bass
Liam Gerrard – piano, organ, harmonium
Henning Dietz – drums, percussion
Dan Raishbrook – guitar
Eric Gorfain – violin
Jane Scarpantoni – cello
Janubia and Natalie Wilde – backing vocals
References
^ a b c Raper, Dan (26 April 2007). "THE VEILS: NUX VOMICA". PopMatters. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
^ Simpson, Dave (7 September 2006). "CD: The Veils, Nux Vomica". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
^ "The Veils: Nux Vomica: Pitchfork Record Review". www.pitchforkmedia.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
vteThe Veils
Finn Andrews
Sophia Burn
Dan Raishbrook
Studio albums
The Runaway Found
Nux Vomica
Sun Gangs
Time Stays, We Go
Total Depravity
...And Out of the Void Came Love
EPs
Troubles of the Brain
Related articles
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Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strychnine tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine_tree"},{"link_name":"The Veils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Veils"},{"link_name":"Laurel Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Canyon,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Nick Launay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Launay"},{"link_name":"Jane Scarpantoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Scarpantoni"},{"link_name":"The Lounge Lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lounge_Lizards"},{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"}],"text":"For the strychnine tree, see Strychnine tree.2006 studio album by The VeilsNux Vomica is the second album by The Veils, released on 18 September 2006. It was recorded in Laurel Canyon (Los Angeles) and produced by Nick Launay, during spring of 2006. A far heavier and darker sound characterises Nux Vomica, very different from the indie sound of the previous record. Most notable are \"Jesus for the Jugular\", \"Not Yet\", \"Pan\" and the title track itself, while more accessible numbers are the singles \"Advice for Young Mothers to Be\" and \"One Night on Earth\". A distinctive contribution to this new sound was given by the string arrangements of Jane Scarpantoni, ex member of The Lounge Lizards and long-time Lou Reed collaborator.","title":"Nux Vomica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_album"},{"link_name":"Advice for Young Mothers to Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advice_for_Young_Mothers_to_Be&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"One Night on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_on_Earth"},{"link_name":"POCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan"}],"text":"All songs written by Finn Andrews, except where noted.CD/LP (RTRADCD235/RTRADLP235)\"Not Yet\" – 4:54\n\"Calliope!\" – 3:35 (Andrews/Gerrard)\n\"Advice for Young Mothers to Be\" – 3:25\n\"Jesus for the Jugular\" – 4:46\n\"Pan\" – 4:58\n\"A Birthday Present\" – 3:43\n\"Under the Folding Branches\" – 3:23\n\"Nux Vomica\" – 5:30\n\"One Night on Earth\" – 4:08\n\"House Where We All Live\" – 5:06Enhanced CD (RTD002)\"Not Yet\" – 4:54\n\"Calliope!\" – 3:35 (Andrews/Gerrard)\n\"Advice for Young Mothers to Be\" – 3:25\n\"Jesus for the Jugular\" – 4:46\n\"Pan\" – 4:58\n\"A Birthday Present\" – 3:43\n\"Under the Folding Branches\" – 3:23\n\"Nux Vomica\" – 5:30\n\"One Night on Earth\" – 4:08\n\"House Where We All Live\" – 5:06\n\"Night Thoughts of a Tired Surgeon\" – 2:51\n\"Advice for Young Mothers to Be\" (Video)Japan Edition (POCE-15001/4988005453860)\"Not Yet\" – 4:54\n\"Calliope!\" – 3:35 (Andrews/Gerrard)\n\"Advice for Young Mothers to Be\" – 3:25\n\"Night Thoughts of a Tired Surgeon\" – 2:51\n\"Jesus for the Jugular\" – 4:46\n\"Pan\" – 4:58\n\"A Birthday Present\" – 3:43\n\"Under the Folding Branches\" – 3:23\n\"Nux Vomica\" – 5:30\n\"One Night on Earth\" – 4:08\n\"House Where We All Live\" – 5:06","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finn Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Eric Gorfain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gorfain"},{"link_name":"Jane Scarpantoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Scarpantoni"}],"text":"Finn Andrews – vocals, guitar\nSophia Burn – bass\nLiam Gerrard – piano, organ, harmonium\nHenning Dietz – drums, percussion\nDan Raishbrook – guitar\nEric Gorfain – violin\nJane Scarpantoni – cello\nJanubia and Natalie Wilde – backing vocals","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Raper, Dan (26 April 2007). \"THE VEILS: NUX VOMICA\". PopMatters. Retrieved 19 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/the-veils-nux-vomica-2496205542.html","url_text":"\"THE VEILS: NUX VOMICA\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Dave (7 September 2006). \"CD: The Veils, Nux Vomica\". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/sep/08/popandrock.shopping6","url_text":"\"CD: The Veils, Nux Vomica\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Veils: Nux Vomica: Pitchfork Record Review\". www.pitchforkmedia.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070427053838/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/42399-nux-vomica","url_text":"\"The Veils: Nux Vomica: Pitchfork Record Review\""},{"url":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/42399-nux-vomica","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r853886","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/the-veils-nux-vomica-2496205542.html","external_links_name":"\"THE VEILS: NUX VOMICA\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/sep/08/popandrock.shopping6","external_links_name":"\"CD: The Veils, Nux Vomica\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070427053838/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/42399-nux-vomica","external_links_name":"\"The Veils: Nux Vomica: Pitchfork Record Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/42399-nux-vomica","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/17be7c97-c740-391d-a5a1-220831219849","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyck_Advisory_Group
|
Dyck Advisory Group
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Private military company
Dyck Advisory Group (DAG) is a private military company based in Velddrif, South Africa, founded in 2012 by Lionel Dyck, an ex-military colonel who had served in the Rhodesian Security Forces and then the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. He fought as part of the Zimbabwean intervention force that assisted the Mozambican government against RENAMO during the Mozambican Civil War. At the time, he forged good relations in the Mozambican governing party FRELIMO and with later Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa. Following the Mozambican Civil War, he remained in the country.
DAG provides demining and anti-poaching services to customers around the world. From 2019, DAG became active in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, where they helped to fight a local Islamist insurgency. The company was hired by police chief Bernardino Rafael to help train local policemen and fight the rebels. Its troops operate and charter out several Bat Hawk light aircraft, and have deployed three Aérospatiale Gazelles, two Eurocopter AS350 Écureuils and one Aérospatiale Alouette III in Cabo Delgado.
In 2021, Amnesty International (AI) reported that during operations in Mozambique, DAG's operatives fired machine guns from helicopters and dropped hand grenades indiscriminately into crowds of people, as well as repeatedly firing at civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, schools and homes.
In the Battle of Palma of March and April 2021, the company assisted the Mozambican military and police forces in combating the attacking insurgents. According to Dyck, his operatives engaged several of the terrorists as well as rescued wounded policemen and trapped civilians. The rescue, conducted in part by the DAF, rescued white contractors before local black civilians, said AI.
References
^ "DYCK ADVISORY GROUP - K2012198102 - South Africa". b2bhint.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ a b David McKenzie (30 March 2021). "Leader of mercenary group in Mozambique says that ISIS-linked insurgents hold Palma". CNN. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
^ a b c Gordon Feller (7 April 2021). "An overview of foreign security involvement in Mozambique". DefenceWeb. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ Hanlon, Joseph (27 July 2020). "Mozambique: Mercenaries to the Fore as Dyck Contract Extended". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ a b "Cabo Ligado Weekly: 29 March-4 April" (PDF). Cabo Ligado (ACLED, Zitamar News, Mediafax). 6 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^ "MOZAMBIQUE/SOUTH AFRICA : Cabo Delgado: Dyck Advisory Group's loses one surveillance aircraft after another - 26/06/2020". Africa Intelligence. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ Andrew Harding; Philippe Chapleau (31 March 2021). "Mozambique: le fondateur de Dyck Advisory Group revient sur l'engagement de la SMP". Lignes de défense. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
^ "Mozambique: Civilians killed as war crimes committed by armed group, government forces and private military contractors – new report". Amnesty International. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Meldrum, Andrew (29 March 2021). "Rebels leave beheaded bodies in streets of Mozambique town". Associated Press. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
^ "Mozambique: Rescue attempts jeopardized by racial discrimination following Palma attack – new survivors' testimony". Amnesty International. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
^ "White people rescued before Black people in Palma: Amnesty". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
External links
Dyck Advisory Group (in English)
This South African corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private military company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company"},{"link_name":"Velddrif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velddrif"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Lionel Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Dyck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenzie-2"},{"link_name":"Rhodesian Security Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"RENAMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO"},{"link_name":"Mozambican Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"FRELIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRELIMO"},{"link_name":"Emmerson Mnangagwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feller-3"},{"link_name":"demining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demining"},{"link_name":"anti-poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-poaching"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cabo Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_Delgado_Province"},{"link_name":"local Islamist insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feller-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cabo_Ligado-5"},{"link_name":"light aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale Gazelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Gazelle"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS350 Écureuils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale Alouette III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_III"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapleau-7"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation"},{"link_name":"grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"},{"link_name":"civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feller-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palma"},{"link_name":"Mozambican military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_Defence_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenzie-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cabo_Ligado-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Dyck Advisory Group (DAG) is a private military company based in Velddrif, South Africa, founded in 2012 by Lionel Dyck,[1] an ex-military colonel[2] who had served in the Rhodesian Security Forces and then the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. He fought as part of the Zimbabwean intervention force that assisted the Mozambican government against RENAMO during the Mozambican Civil War. At the time, he forged good relations in the Mozambican governing party FRELIMO and with later Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa. Following the Mozambican Civil War, he remained in the country.[3]DAG provides demining and anti-poaching services to customers around the world.[4] From 2019, DAG became active in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, where they helped to fight a local Islamist insurgency. The company was hired by police chief Bernardino Rafael to help train local policemen and fight the rebels.[3][5] Its troops operate and charter out several Bat Hawk light aircraft,[6] and have deployed three Aérospatiale Gazelles, two Eurocopter AS350 Écureuils and one Aérospatiale Alouette III in Cabo Delgado.[7]In 2021, Amnesty International (AI) reported that during operations in Mozambique, DAG's operatives fired machine guns from helicopters and dropped hand grenades indiscriminately into crowds of people, as well as repeatedly firing at civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, schools and homes.[3][8]In the Battle of Palma of March and April 2021, the company assisted the Mozambican military and police forces in combating the attacking insurgents. According to Dyck, his operatives engaged several of the terrorists as well as rescued wounded policemen and trapped civilians.[2][5][9] The rescue, conducted in part by the DAF, rescued white contractors before local black civilians, said AI.[10][11]","title":"Dyck Advisory Group"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz
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Magín Díaz
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["1 Biography","1.1 In Venezuela","1.2 Career revival and death","2 Discography","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Colombian musician and composerIn this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Díaz and the second or maternal family name is García.
Magín DíazBirth nameMagín Díaz GarcíaBorn(1922-12-30)30 December 1922Mahates, ColombiaDied28 November 2017(2017-11-28) (aged 94)Las Vegas, Nevada, United StatesGenresBullerengue, sextetoOccupation(s)Musician, composerLabelsPáginas de Cultura, KonnWebsitemagindiaz.comMusical artist
Magín Díaz García (30 December 1922 – 28 November 2017) was a Colombian musician and composer. He is best known for performing traditional music from the Caribbean coast of Colombia and for composing several popular songs. He is particularly remembered for his chalupa version of the Cuban son "Rosa, qué linda eres", first recorded by the Sexteto Habanero Godínez in 1918, which has become a standard of the Colombian repertoire. Between 2012 and 2017, he released three solo albums, the last of which, El Orisha de la Rosa, was awarded a Grammy Award.
Biography
Díaz was born in Mahates, northern Colombia, on 30 December 1922, to Domingo Díaz and Felipa García. Both of his parents were singers; his mother was a well known bullerengue singer in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Born into poverty, he along with other children worked the land, planting rice, beans and yucca to feed the family. As such, he did not go to school, and thus, could not read or write. Early on in his life, it was clear that he was musically talented, and was described as a child prodigy. Aged nine, he sang, wrote, and was able to play all kinds of instruments, including the drums, maracas, and guacharaca.
In his teenage years, he worked on a plantation as a sugar cutter. Plantations on the Caribbean coast of Colombia were for many years the country's entry point for Cuban music, and in the early 20th century, son cubano began to enter the repertoire of Afro-Colombian genres such as bullerengue and mapalé. "Rosa, qué linda eres", first recorded by the Sexteto Habanero Godínez in 1918 for Victor, was one of the early anonymous sones to cross over in this fashion, soon becoming very popular among plantation workers such as Magín Díaz. In Colombia, he has sometimes been referred to as the "author" of the song, although he could not recall composing it. Nonetheless, he is said to have been enamoured with a Caucasian plantation owner's daughter, Rosa, for whom he would perform the song. Their budding romance was taboo, and could never have happened during that time, so the song was seen as just a melody sung by a humble farmer. Over time, it gained popularity along the coast, and other musicians picked it up. Díaz was also known for being the actual author of other traditional songs such as "Por el Norte, por el Sur", "Espíritu maligno" and "Me amarás" in the 1930s and 1940s.
In Venezuela
In the 1940s, Díaz then moved to Venezuela and occasionally performed with the tropical orchestra Billo's Caracas Boys, alongside Cheo García. However, homesickness and caring for his ailing mother meant he moved back to his hometown, Gamero, a small village near San Basilio de Palenque.
In the 1970s, Díaz returned to Venezuela, to work on a construction site in Caracas. A relative of the Díaz García family, Irene Martínez, went to Medellín to meet with a lawyer to establish legal protection for the song. Díaz could not be traced, and so Martínez was credited as the songwriter. The song was covered multiple times, most notably by Carlos Vives who recorded the song for his album La Tierra del Olvido.
Career revival and death
Díaz appeared in the 2012 documentary El Tamborero Embrujao, where he performed "Rosa". In 2014, Daniel Bustos, a philosophy graduate from Universidad Javeriana, established No Name Productions, a platform to raise awareness of the "cultural debt" owed to Díaz by his fellow citizens through producing an album and documentary entitled El Orisha de la Rosa.
In 2012, an album entitled Magín y Santiago was published in the Colombian indie scene. Later in 2015, Chilean label Konn Recordings (now based in Colombia), published the double album, Magín Díaz y el Sexteto Gamerano. The traditional music is on the first disc, whilst remixes of his songs were on the second, encompassing a wide range of genres such as house, dembow and future bass.
His first solo album El Orisha de la Rosa was released in 2017, with many artists such as Vives, Monsieur Periné, Totó la Momposina and Celso Piña collaborating on the project. The album was produced by Manuel Garcia-Orozco and Christian Castagno. According to Afropop WorldWide, El Orisha de la Rosa was "the product of three years of research and recording". Díaz was a bearer of the Afro-Colombian culture, maintaining the country's magnificent and tenacious traditional music, bullerengue, which, like the country's Afro-Colombian communities, has survived near constant marginalization and discrimination over the centuries. Díaz said, "Singing for me is as if someone injected me with life… If I do not sing, I'd die."
At the 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, El Orisha de la Rosa won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Recording Package, but the award went to the art directors; El Orisha de la Rosa had also been nominated for Best Folk Album, but lost out to Natalia Lafourcade. He attended the ceremony, but was hospitalized at Desert Springs Hospital Medical Center on 23 November, and died on 28 November at the age of 94.
Discography
Magín y Santiago (2012)
Magín Díaz y el Sexteto Gamerano (2015)
El Orisha de la Rosa (2017)
Notes
^ Díaz's date of birth has always been a source of contention, as to how old he actually was. An official passport belonging to Díaz listed his birthday as 30 December 1922, but at the time of his death, the family statement reported that he was 95 years old, indicating he may have been born in 1921.
References
^ a b "Magin Diaz & Sexteto Gamero". Tropical Bass. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ a b Portaccio Fontalvo, José (2003). La música cubana en Colombia y la música colombiana en Cuba (in Spanish). Bogotá: Disformas Triviño. pp. 90–94.
^ a b c Emblin, Richard (28 August 2015). "Magín and his 'Rosa'". The City Paper. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ Simón, Yara (1 December 2016). "This 94-Year-Old Wrote Some of Colombia's Most Iconic Songs, But Was Never Credited Until Now". Remezcla. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ ""Rosa" - Magín Díaz / Extracto documental "El Tamborero Embrujao"" (in Spanish). 25 September 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2016 – via YouTube.
^ Bugueño, David (3 December 2015). "MAGÍN DÍAZ Y EL SEXTETO GAMERANO". Sounds and Colours. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ a b Cifuentes, Jenny (25 May 2017). "A los 95 años Magín Díaz lanza nuevo disco. ¡Que viva El Orisha de la Rosa!" (in Spanish). Shock Música. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ Bouknight, Sebastian (9 August 2017). "FRESH CUTS, VOL. SEVEN". Afropop Worldwide. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ "Magín Diaz, el juglar que ganó un Latin Grammy a sus 95 años". El Spectador (in Spanish). 29 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ Estevez, Marjua (7 November 2017). "How Afro-Colombian Artist Magín Díaz Went From Anonymity to Latin Grammy-Nominated at 95 Years Old". Billboard. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ De Indias, Cartagena (29 November 2017). "Magín Díaz está hospitalizado en Las Vegas y necesita regresar a Colombia". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ Saldarriaga, John (29 November 2017). "Murió el Orisha de la Rosa, Magín Díaz". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ "Magín Díaz" (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ "Magín Díaz: 95 years of unrestricted generosity: after recognition in life, he left us last night" (PDF). Retrieved 30 November 2017.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano"},{"link_name":"Sexteto Habanero Godínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexteto_Habanero_God%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(music)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Díaz and the second or maternal family name is García.Musical artistMagín Díaz García (30 December 1922 – 28 November 2017) was a Colombian musician and composer. He is best known for performing traditional music from the Caribbean coast of Colombia and for composing several popular songs. He is particularly remembered for his chalupa version of the Cuban son \"Rosa, qué linda eres\", first recorded by the Sexteto Habanero Godínez in 1918, which has become a standard of the Colombian repertoire. Between 2012 and 2017, he released three solo albums, the last of which, El Orisha de la Rosa, was awarded a Grammy Award.","title":"Magín Díaz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahates"},{"link_name":"bullerengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullerengue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical_bass-1"},{"link_name":"son cubano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPF-2"},{"link_name":"Sexteto Habanero Godínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexteto_Habanero_God%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPF-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-city_paper-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-city_paper-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remezcla-4"}],"text":"Díaz was born in Mahates, northern Colombia, on 30 December 1922, to Domingo Díaz and Felipa García. Both of his parents were singers; his mother was a well known bullerengue singer in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Born into poverty, he along with other children worked the land, planting rice, beans and yucca to feed the family. As such, he did not go to school, and thus, could not read or write. Early on in his life, it was clear that he was musically talented, and was described as a child prodigy. Aged nine, he sang, wrote, and was able to play all kinds of instruments, including the drums, maracas, and guacharaca.[1]In his teenage years, he worked on a plantation as a sugar cutter. Plantations on the Caribbean coast of Colombia were for many years the country's entry point for Cuban music, and in the early 20th century, son cubano began to enter the repertoire of Afro-Colombian genres such as bullerengue and mapalé.[2] \"Rosa, qué linda eres\", first recorded by the Sexteto Habanero Godínez in 1918 for Victor, was one of the early anonymous sones to cross over in this fashion, soon becoming very popular among plantation workers such as Magín Díaz.[2] In Colombia, he has sometimes been referred to as the \"author\" of the song, although he could not recall composing it.[3] Nonetheless, he is said to have been enamoured with a Caucasian plantation owner's daughter, Rosa, for whom he would perform the song. Their budding romance was taboo, and could never have happened during that time, so the song was seen as just a melody sung by a humble farmer. Over time, it gained popularity along the coast, and other musicians picked it up.[3] Díaz was also known for being the actual author of other traditional songs such as \"Por el Norte, por el Sur\", \"Espíritu maligno\" and \"Me amarás\" in the 1930s and 1940s.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Billo's Caracas Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billo%27s_Caracas_Boys"},{"link_name":"San Basilio de Palenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Basilio_de_Palenque"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical_bass-1"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Carlos Vives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Vives"},{"link_name":"La Tierra del Olvido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tierra_del_Olvido"}],"sub_title":"In Venezuela","text":"In the 1940s, Díaz then moved to Venezuela and occasionally performed with the tropical orchestra Billo's Caracas Boys, alongside Cheo García. However, homesickness and caring for his ailing mother meant he moved back to his hometown, Gamero, a small village near San Basilio de Palenque.[1]In the 1970s, Díaz returned to Venezuela, to work on a construction site in Caracas. A relative of the Díaz García family, Irene Martínez, went to Medellín to meet with a lawyer to establish legal protection for the song. Díaz could not be traced, and so Martínez was credited as the songwriter. The song was covered multiple times, most notably by Carlos Vives who recorded the song for his album La Tierra del Olvido.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-city_paper-3"},{"link_name":"Magín Díaz y el Sexteto Gamerano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz_y_el_Sexteto_Gamerano"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Monsieur Periné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsieur_Perin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Totó la Momposina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tot%C3%B3_la_Momposina"},{"link_name":"Celso Piña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celso_Pi%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shock-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shock-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Award for Best Recording Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Natalia Lafourcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Lafourcade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Career revival and death","text":"Díaz appeared in the 2012 documentary El Tamborero Embrujao, where he performed \"Rosa\".[5] In 2014, Daniel Bustos, a philosophy graduate from Universidad Javeriana, established No Name Productions, a platform to raise awareness of the \"cultural debt\" owed to Díaz by his fellow citizens through producing an album and documentary entitled El Orisha de la Rosa.[3]In 2012, an album entitled Magín y Santiago was published in the Colombian indie scene. Later in 2015, Chilean label Konn Recordings (now based in Colombia), published the double album, Magín Díaz y el Sexteto Gamerano. The traditional music is on the first disc, whilst remixes of his songs were on the second, encompassing a wide range of genres such as house, dembow and future bass.[6]His first solo album El Orisha de la Rosa was released in 2017, with many artists such as Vives, Monsieur Periné, Totó la Momposina and Celso Piña collaborating on the project.[7] The album was produced by Manuel Garcia-Orozco and Christian Castagno.[7] According to Afropop WorldWide, El Orisha de la Rosa was \"the product of three years of research and recording\". Díaz was a bearer of the Afro-Colombian culture, maintaining the country's magnificent and tenacious traditional music, bullerengue, which, like the country's Afro-Colombian communities, has survived near constant marginalization and discrimination over the centuries. Díaz said, \"Singing for me is as if someone injected me with life… If I do not sing, I'd die.\"[8]At the 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, El Orisha de la Rosa won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Recording Package, but the award went to the art directors;[9] El Orisha de la Rosa had also been nominated for Best Folk Album, but lost out to Natalia Lafourcade.[10] He attended the ceremony, but was hospitalized at Desert Springs Hospital Medical Center on 23 November,[11] and died on 28 November at the age of 94.[12][a]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magín Díaz y el Sexteto Gamerano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz_y_el_Sexteto_Gamerano"}],"text":"Magín y Santiago (2012)\nMagín Díaz y el Sexteto Gamerano (2015)\nEl Orisha de la Rosa (2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"^ Díaz's date of birth has always been a source of contention, as to how old he actually was. An official passport belonging to Díaz listed his birthday as 30 December 1922,[13] but at the time of his death, the family statement reported that he was 95 years old,[14] indicating he may have been born in 1921.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranzate
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Baranzate
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 45°31′N 9°6′E / 45.517°N 9.100°E / 45.517; 9.100Comune in Lombardy, ItalyBaranzate
Baranzaa (Lombard)ComuneComune di BaranzateLocation of Baranzate
BaranzateLocation of Baranzate in ItalyShow map of ItalyBaranzateBaranzate (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 45°31′N 9°6′E / 45.517°N 9.100°E / 45.517; 9.100CountryItalyRegionLombardyMetropolitan cityMilan (MI)Government • MayorLuca Mario EliaArea • Total2.78 km2 (1.07 sq mi)Elevation155 m (509 ft)Population (Dec. 2004) • Total11,227 • Density4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi)DemonymBaranzatesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code20021Dialing code02WebsiteOfficial website
Baranzate (Milanese: Baranzaa ), formerly a frazione of the neighboring comune of Bollate, is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in the Italian region of Lombardy, about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northwest of Milan. It was created in 2004 after its previous establishment, in 2001, was declared unconstitutional.
Baranzate is bordered by Bollate to the north and northwest, Novate Milanese to the east, and Milan's Roserio district to the south and southwest.
History
Prior to 2001, Baranzate was a frazione of the comune of Bollate. It was established as a comune in its own right in November of that year by the promulgation of a regional law. In 2003 this law was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Italy. The establishment of the new comune was annulled, and Barazate became once more a frazione of Bollate. In May 2004 a new regional law re-established the comune.
A ruling in the Court of Justice of the European Union in 2012 involving the comune of Baranzate declared that Italian legislation on local taxation constituted on unlawful restriction of freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, which are among the fundamental freedoms of the European Union.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
^ Legge Regionale 23 novembre 2001 n.21; 1° s.o. al B.U.R. n.48 del 27 novembre 2001.
^ Sentenza Corte Costituzionale n. 47/2003 del 10 febbraio 2003; G.U. n.7 (1° serie speciale) del 19 febbraio 2003
^ Legge Regionale 22 maggio 2004 n. 13; B.U.R. n. 22 del 24 maggio 2004, 1° s.o.
^ ‘Variazioni amministrative e territoriali dei comuni dal 1991’ Archived 2009-06-21 at the Wayback Machine, Istat, 2009.
^ Codici dei comuni, delle province e delle regioni Archived 2011-01-09 at the Wayback Machine, Istat, 2009.
^ Court of Justice of the European Union, Judgment in Joined Cases C-357/10 to C-359/10: Duomo Gpa Srl and Others v Comune di Baranzate and Others, published 10 May 2012, accessed 9 December 2021
External links
Official website
vteLombardy · Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Milan
Abbiategrasso
Albairate
Arconate
Arese
Arluno
Assago
Baranzate
Bareggio
Basiano
Basiglio
Bellinzago Lombardo
Bernate Ticino
Besate
Binasco
Boffalora sopra Ticino
Bollate
Bresso
Bubbiano
Buccinasco
Buscate
Bussero
Busto Garolfo
Calvignasco
Cambiago
Canegrate
Carpiano
Carugate
Casarile
Casorezzo
Cassano d'Adda
Cassina de' Pecchi
Cassinetta di Lugagnano
Castano Primo
Cernusco sul Naviglio
Cerro Maggiore
Cerro al Lambro
Cesano Boscone
Cesate
Cinisello Balsamo
Cisliano
Cologno Monzese
Colturano
Corbetta
Cormano
Cornaredo
Corsico
Cuggiono
Cusago
Cusano Milanino
Dairago
Dresano
Gaggiano
Garbagnate Milanese
Gessate
Gorgonzola
Grezzago
Gudo Visconti
Inveruno
Inzago
Lacchiarella
Lainate
Legnano
Liscate
Locate di Triulzi
Magenta
Magnago
Marcallo con Casone
Masate
Mediglia
Melegnano
Melzo
Mesero
Milan
Morimondo
Motta Visconti
Nerviano
Nosate
Novate Milanese
Noviglio
Opera
Ossona
Ozzero
Paderno Dugnano
Pantigliate
Parabiago
Paullo
Pero
Peschiera Borromeo
Pessano con Bornago
Pieve Emanuele
Pioltello
Pogliano Milanese
Pozzo d'Adda
Pozzuolo Martesana
Pregnana Milanese
Rescaldina
Rho
Robecchetto con Induno
Robecco sul Naviglio
Rodano
Rosate
Rozzano
San Colombano al Lambro
San Donato Milanese
San Giorgio su Legnano
San Giuliano Milanese
San Vittore Olona
San Zenone al Lambro
Santo Stefano Ticino
Sedriano
Segrate
Senago
Sesto San Giovanni
Settala
Settimo Milanese
Solaro
Trezzano Rosa
Trezzano sul Naviglio
Trezzo sull'Adda
Tribiano
Truccazzano
Turbigo
Vanzaghello
Vanzago
Vaprio d'Adda
Vermezzo con Zelo
Vernate
Vignate
Villa Cortese
Vimodrone
Vittuone
Vizzolo Predabissi
Zibido San Giacomo
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This article on a location in the Province of Milan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanes"},{"link_name":"[barãˈtsaː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard"},{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Bollate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollate"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan City of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Bollate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollate"},{"link_name":"Novate Milanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novate_Milanese"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Roserio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roserio"}],"text":"Comune in Lombardy, ItalyBaranzate (Milanese: Baranzaa [barãˈtsaː]), formerly a frazione of the neighboring comune of Bollate, is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in the Italian region of Lombardy, about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northwest of Milan. It was created in 2004 after its previous establishment, in 2001, was declared unconstitutional.Baranzate is bordered by Bollate to the north and northwest, Novate Milanese to the east, and Milan's Roserio district to the south and southwest.","title":"Baranzate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"Bollate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Court of Justice of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"local taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"fundamental freedoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_freedoms_(European_Union)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Prior to 2001, Baranzate was a frazione of the comune of Bollate. It was established as a comune in its own right in November of that year by the promulgation of a regional law.[3] In 2003 this law was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Italy.[4] The establishment of the new comune was annulled, and Barazate became once more a frazione of Bollate. In May 2004 a new regional law[5] re-established the comune.[6][7]A ruling in the Court of Justice of the European Union in 2012 involving the comune of Baranzate declared that Italian legislation on local taxation constituted on unlawful restriction of freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, which are among the fundamental freedoms of the European Union.[8]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwei_Group
|
Hanwei Group
|
["1 Overview","2 History","2.1 2008 Melamine scandal","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Chinese egg company
Hanwei Group韩伟集团Company typePrivateIndustryChicken layer farming; egg products manufacturing; seafood aquacultureFoundedDalian, LiaoningHeadquartersDalian, Liaoning, ChinaArea servedChinaWebsitehttp://en.hanwei-group.com
Hanwei Group (Chinese: 韩伟集团) is a company based in Dalian, China. It is China's biggest producer of eggs. In October 2008, it became embroiled in a scandal involving traces of melamine being found in its eggs.
Overview
Hanwei group specialises in egg-based products and seafood. It is the biggest producer of eggs in China, exporting to Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, and Southeast Asia. Some processed egg products are exported to the United States.
History
The company was founded by Han Wei, currently the vice-chairman of Dalian's Federation of Industry and Commerce. He is also a notable party delegate.
2008 Melamine scandal
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022)
On 22 October 2008, authorities in Hong Kong removed Hanwei product "Select Fresh Brown Eggs" from shop shelves, as more than twice the legal limit of the plastic melamine was found in them. The eggs contained 4.7 ppm (part per million) of melamine, compared to the government imposed legal limit of 2.5 ppm for melamine in food. It is thought that the eggs became contaminated after the chickens which laid them were fed tainted feed. Melamine is commonly added to food to increase the apparent protein content. The practice is illegal.
On 29 October 2008, board director Han Wei issued a statement saying, "We feel rather shocked and sorry and would like to shoulder all responsibilities and consequences resulting from the incident." He admitted that no explanation for the delay has been given so far, though melamine had been found in the feed back in September. The company was planning to sue the feed producer.
References
^ a b Malcolm Moore, China milk scandal spreads to eggs; High levels of the chemical in the China milk scandal have been discovered in Hong Kong in eggs from the mainland, Telegraph, 27 October 2008
^ a b Gillian Wong, Chinese delayed disclosure of tainted eggs, AJC.com, 29 October 2008
^ a b Chinese melamine scandal widens, BBC News, 31 October 2008
^ Hong Kong widens China food tests, BBC News, 27 October 2008
^ a b c China egg producer apologizes for melamine contamination, Chinaview.cn, 29 October 2008
External links
Hanwei Group Homepage Archived 2008-10-31 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
vte Food and drink companies of China
Bright Food
COFCO Group
Chaoda Modern Agriculture
China Agri-Industries Holdings
China Foods Limited
Dachan Food (Asia)
Fufeng Group
Global Bio-Chem
Global Sweeteners
Hanwei Group
Liangyou Group
Master Kong
People's Food Holdings
Tien Chu
Ting Hsin International Group
Uni-President China
Want Want China
WH Group
Xinjiang Chalkis
Yurun Group
China Food and Drug Administration
Agriculture
Food Safety
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"China's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal"},{"link_name":"melamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine"}],"text":"Hanwei Group (Chinese: 韩伟集团) is a company based in Dalian, China. It is China's biggest producer of eggs.[1] In October 2008, it became embroiled in a scandal involving traces of melamine being found in its eggs.","title":"Hanwei Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-2"}],"text":"Hanwei group specialises in egg-based products and seafood. It is the biggest producer of eggs in China, exporting to Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, and Southeast Asia. Some processed egg products are exported to the United States.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"}],"text":"The company was founded by Han Wei, currently the vice-chairman of Dalian's Federation of Industry and Commerce. He is also a notable party delegate.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"melamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCHongKong-4"},{"link_name":"melamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine"},{"link_name":"melamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinaview-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinaview-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chinaview-5"}],"sub_title":"2008 Melamine scandal","text":"On 22 October 2008,[3] authorities in Hong Kong removed Hanwei product \"Select Fresh Brown Eggs\" from shop shelves, as more than twice the legal limit of the plastic melamine was found in them.[4] The eggs contained 4.7 ppm (part per million) of melamine, compared to the government imposed legal limit of 2.5 ppm for melamine in food.[5] It is thought that the eggs became contaminated after the chickens which laid them were fed tainted feed.[3] Melamine is commonly added to food to increase the apparent protein content. The practice is illegal.On 29 October 2008, board director Han Wei issued a statement saying, \"We feel rather shocked and sorry and would like to shoulder all responsibilities and consequences resulting from the incident.\"[5] He admitted that no explanation for the delay has been given so far, though melamine had been found in the feed back in September.[2] The company was planning to sue the feed producer.[5]","title":"History"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://en.hanwei-group.com/","external_links_name":"http://en.hanwei-group.com"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/hongkong/3267344/China-milk-scandal-spreads-to-eggs.html","external_links_name":"China milk scandal spreads to eggs; High levels of the chemical in the China milk scandal have been discovered in Hong Kong in eggs from the mainland"},{"Link":"http://www.ajc.com/news/content/shared-gen/ap/Asia/AS_China_Tainted_Eggs.html","external_links_name":"Chinese delayed disclosure of tainted eggs"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7701477.stm","external_links_name":"Chinese melamine scandal widens"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7692400.stm","external_links_name":"Hong Kong widens China food tests"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081101085927/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/29/content_10276635.htm","external_links_name":"China egg producer apologizes for melamine contamination"},{"Link":"http://en.hanwei-group.com/","external_links_name":"Hanwei Group Homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081031123230/http://en.hanwei-group.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qareh_Beyk
|
Qareh Beyk
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 36°08′01″N 59°03′58″E / 36.13361°N 59.06611°E / 36.13361; 59.06611Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranQareh Beyk
قره بيكvillageQareh BeykCoordinates: 36°08′01″N 59°03′58″E / 36.13361°N 59.06611°E / 36.13361; 59.06611Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyNishapurBakhshZeberkhanRural DistrictZeberkhanPopulation (2006) • Total69Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Qareh Beyk (Persian: قره بيك) is a village in Zeberkhan Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 22 families.
References
^ Qareh Beyk can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3785472" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Nishapur CountyCapital
Nishapur
DistrictsCentralCities
Nishapur
Rural Districts and villagesBinalud
Aliabad
Andar Ab
Baqi
Barag Shahi
Bojnu-ye Olya
Bormahan
Chahar Gushli
Dahaneh-ye Heydari
Farsiyeh
Fazelabad
Gardan
Heydarabad
Kalateh-ye Abuzar
Kalateh-ye Ali Morad
Kalateh-ye Mohammad Jan
Karan
Karji
Khar Barreh
Khorramabad
Marusk
Nasirabad
Qaruneh
Sar Chah
Sar Gerik
Seyyedabad-e Asadollah Khan
Seyyedabad-e Bar Madan
Tangeh-ye Olya
Telli
Tijan
Zarandeh
Darbqazi
Abirabad
Ahmadabad
Aliabad-e Shahid
Amirabad
Bagh-e Jafarabad
Bahman
Bahrudi
Boshruy
Daghi
Deh Now-e Lakzi
Ebrahimabad-e Muri
Emamiyeh
Eqbali
Eshqabad-e Kohneh
Eslamabad-e Arab
Fazl
Ferdows
Haqqiyeh
Hoseynabad-e Chaghuki
Hoseyni
Jalandeh
Jijabad
Jilu
Juri
Karimabad
Karimabad-e Suis
Karizak-e Kenar Kal
Karizak-e Kohneh
Kariz-e Sabah
Kazemabad
Khanshah
Khujan
Lak Lak Ashian
Mahmudabad-e Fazl
Mansuriyeh
Naqdbesh
Nowbahar
Nowruzabad
Nurabad
Qaleh Now
Qaleh Now-ye Mehdiabad
Rahimabad
Ruhabad
Sadrabad
Seh Gonbad
Shad Mianeh
Shahr-e Kohneh
Shib
Soltanabad
Zirjan
Fazl
Abbasabad
Abu Sadi
Adg
Barf Riz
Boshrabad
Buzhabad
Buzhan
Chah Boland
Damdari Dasht Livestock Center
Dar os Salam
Darbehesht
Dasht
Deh Now
Deh Sheykh
Eshratabad
Eslamabad-e Lakazi
Eynabad
Fakhriyeh
Farkhak
Feyzabad-e Lalaha
Filkhaneh
Firuzi
Fushenjan
Ghar
Hajj Kazemi
Hamidabad
Hesar
Hoseynabad-e Jadid
Hoseynabad-e Nazer
Kheyrabad
Khorramabad
Khvosh-e Bala
Mamuri
Muri
Naimabad
Qaleh Now-ye Alireza Bek
Qoreyshabad
Rud
Sadabad
Sheykhlan
Sowqand
Taht-e Manzar
Tarababad
Turani
Yahyaabad
Mazul
Abquy
Asgarabad
Baghshan-e Gach
Bashnij
Chah-e Sadiq Salar Ali Akbar
Darbehesht
Deh Now-ye Khaleseh
Deh Sang
Deh-e Hallaj
Dowlatabad
Eshqabad
Eyshabad
Feyzabad
Feyzabad
Feyzabad
Garab
Hajjian
Hasanabad-e Emam Jomeh
Hasanabad-e Sar Tappeh
Hesar Juq
Hesar-e Khuni
Honarstan-e Kashavarzi
Jomhuri
Kaboli
Kheyrabad
Khorram Bak
Khvajeh Bachcheh
Mamuri
Manzar
Mirabad
Mirabad
Mohammadabad-e Do Khaneh
Neqab
Pir Komaj
Qaleh Now-e Jamshid
Qatnabad
Ranajabad
Red Crescent Building Number 1
Ringan
Rostamabad
Sahlabad
Salahi
Samghan
Sanguni
Sar Ab-e Kushk
Seh Chub
Seyfabad
Seyyedabad
Shadab
Shahrak
Shamsabad
Sowmeeh
Yek Lengeh
Zarandeh
Rivand
Abgineh
Abjeqan
Ahangaran
Aliabad-e Takeh
Allahjegerd
Anjidan
Ardesman
Arezumandeh
Baghat-e Dastgerdan
Bakavol
Bolqosheh
Chanbaran
Dalashan
Deh Now
Deh Now-e Kherabeh
Deh-e Darugheh
Deh-e Habbeh
Eslamiyeh
Farhad
Farrokhabad
Golshan
Hakimabad
Hantabad
Hashemabad-e Soltani
Helali
Hoseynabad-e Makhtari
Karjij
Khomar
Lotfabad
Malek Kandeh
Mirabad
Mobarakeh
Mohammadabad
Mohitabad
Mozaffarabad
Now Kariz
Qabed
Qasemabad
Rahimabad
Rahimabad
Rahmatabad
Ruhabad
Salehabad
Shad Mehrak
Shafiabad
Shahabad
Shamsabad
Shamsiyeh
Sowmeeh
Taherabad
SarvelayatCities
Chekneh
Rural Districts and villagesBarzanun
Barzanun
Emamzadeh-ye Hoseyn Asghar
Gavkosh
Kalateh-ye Hajji
Kheyrabad
Qareh Gol
Shotor Sang
Tiran
Zohan
Sarvelayat
Abdollah Givi
Aq Qayah
Beshkan
Bid Khan
Chakaneh-ye Olya
Dezq
Eshqabad
Fahneh
Ghezel Aghul
Golbin
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad
Inchegan
Kalateh-ye Feshay
Kalateh-ye Meydan
Kelidar
Khayesk
Khvajehabad
Kuh Sakht
Mazraeh-ye Reza
Mowtowr Ab-e Soltani
Nowmiri
Nowsara
Pirshahbaz
Qezel Qaleh
Saqi Beyg
Sheykh Mostafa
Soltan Meydan
Suleh
Talebi
Yengejeh
Ziarat
Zig
Iran portal
This Nishapur County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zeberkhan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeberkhan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Zeberkhan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeberkhan_District"},{"link_name":"Nishapur County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranQareh Beyk (Persian: قره بيك)[1] is a village in Zeberkhan Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 22 families.[2]","title":"Qareh Beyk"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor_(AN-1)
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USS Monitor (LSV-5)
|
["1 Service history","1.1 Philippines, 1944–1945","1.2 Okinawa, 1945","1.3 Occupation duties, 1945–1947","2 See also","3 Citations","4 References","5 External links"]
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1943 Osage-class vehicle landing ship
This article is about the World War II vehicle landing ship. For the Civil War ironclad, see USS Monitor.
Monitor in 1945
History
United States
NameUSS Monitor
NamesakeUSS Monitor
BuilderIngalls Shipbuilding Corporation, Pascagoula, Mississippi
Laid down21 October 1941, as AN-1 (Net laying ship)
Launched29 January 1943
Commissioned14 June 1944
Decommissioned22 May 1947
Out of service1961
Reclassified
AP-160 (Transport), 2 August 1943
LSV-5 (Landing Ship Vehicle), 21 April 1944
MCS-5 (Mine Countermeasures Support Ship), 18 October 1956
Stricken1 September 1961
Honours andawards4 battle stars (World War II)
FateScrapped, 1961
General characteristics
Class and typeOsage-class vehicle landing ship
Displacement
4,626 long tons (4,700 t) light
9,040 long tons (9,185 t) full
Length458 ft (140 m)
Beam60 ft 2 in (18.34 m)
Draft20 ft (6.1 m)
Propulsion
4 × Combustion Engineering 2-drum boilers
2 × General Electric geared turbines
2 shafts
Speed21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Capacity19 × LVTs or 29 DUKWs
Troops122 officers, 1236 enlisted men
Complement458 officers and enlisted men
Armament
2 × single 5-inch/38-caliber gun mounts (forward)
1 × twin 5"/38 caliber gun mount (aft)
4 × twin 40 mm guns
20 × single 20 mm guns
USS Monitor (LSV-5/AN-1/AP-160/MCS-5) was an Osage-class vehicle landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after the original USS Monitor (the first ironclad warship commissioned by the USN and the first U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name), and was the second U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.
Laid down on 21 October 1941 as netlayer AN-1 by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation of Pascagoula, Mississippi and launched on 29 January 1943; sponsored by Mrs. John A. Terhune. She was redesignated AP-160 on 2 August 1943, and first commissioned on 18 March 1944. Due to delays in construction, the ship was transferred under her own power to Todd Shipyards, Brooklyn, New York for completion on 2 April. Redesignated as a Landing Ship, Vehicle, on 21 April 1944, USS Monitor (LSV-5) was commissioned for service on 14 June 1944.
Service history
Philippines, 1944–1945
Following shakedown in Chesapeake Bay, Monitor steamed via the Panama Canal to Pearl Harbor, arriving 10 August. Loading troops, cargo and amphibious DUKWs, the ship joined the 3rd Fleet off Leyte in October, participating in the landings at Leyte Gulf on 20 October and then removing wounded for transport to Morotai. She returned to Leyte with reinforcements 14 November and then sailed for Sansapor where she reloaded troops and equipment for the invasion of Luzon. Steaming for Lingayen Gulf, under air attack much of the way, the vehicle landing ship put her assault force ashore 9 January 1945 and then stood by in support, shooting down an enemy aircraft that night with only 28 rounds of 40 mm expended.
In the closing days of January, the ship took part in two invasions in support of the Lingayen operation, the landing on San Felipe and La Paz on 29 January, and the landing of Army Rangers on Grande Island in Subic Bay on 30 January.
Okinawa, 1945
Monitor then steamed for Guadalcanal where she loaded marines for transport to Okinawa, participating in the "D-Day" landings on 1 April and then standing by off that hotly contested island until 10 May when she sailed for the United States. During May, June, and July, the LSV made several trips between Pearl Harbor and the west coast with passengers and cargo and then in August proceeded to Saipan to load medical personnel and supplies, departing on the 15th for Japan.
Occupation duties, 1945–1947
Joining the 3rd Fleet off Tokyo, Monitor took on board 1,000 sailors from battleships Missouri, Indiana, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Alabama, conducting the first landing on the Japanese homeland on 30 August. The ship then served as a hospital ship to assist in the removal of Allied prisoners of war, over 8,000 repatriates being received on board and helped on their way before the amphibious vessel departed Japan 19 September. Returning to the United States, Monitor was assigned to "Operation Magic Carpet," the massive program to bring the troops home. She operated on this mission until decommissioning in the Reserve Fleet, Galveston, Texas 22 May 1947.
Reclassified MCS-5 on 18 October 1956, Monitor was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1961 and transferred to the Maritime National Defense Reserve Fleet in Beaumont, Texas.
Monitor earned four battle stars for World War II service.
See also
Net laying ship § 1930s
Citations
References
Egan, Robert S. (2015). "USS Terror and her Family: Part 2: The Netlayers: USS Monitor and Class". Warship International. LII (1): 42–64. ISSN 0043-0374.
Egan, Robert S. (2016). "USS Terror and her Family: Part 2: The Netlayers: USS Monitor and Others". Warship International. LIII (1): 43–57. ISSN 0043-0374.
Egan, Robert (June 2019). "USS Terror and her Family: Part 3: The Conversions (1st Installment)". Warship International. LVI (2): 139–165. ISSN 0043-0374.
Egan, Robert (September 2019). "USS Terror and her Family: Part 3: The Conversions (2nd Installment)". Warship International. LVI (3): 211–247. ISSN 0043-0374.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
External links
"Monitor". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
"AN-1 / AP-160 / LSV-5 / MCS-5 Monitor". Amphibious Photo Archive. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
vteVehicle landing ships of the United States Navy
Catskill
Ozark
Osage
Saugus
Monitor
Montauk
Comet
Taurus
Sea Lift / Meteor
List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
vteU.S. Mine Countermeasures Support Ships
Catskill
Ozark
Osage
Saugus
Monitor
Orleans Parish
Epping Forest
Inchon
List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Osage-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osage-class_vehicle_landing_ship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vehicle landing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USS Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor"},{"link_name":"ironclad warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship"},{"link_name":"netlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlayer"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"}],"text":"This article is about the World War II vehicle landing ship. For the Civil War ironclad, see USS Monitor.USS Monitor (LSV-5/AN-1/AP-160/MCS-5) was an Osage-class vehicle landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after the original USS Monitor (the first ironclad warship commissioned by the USN and the first U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name), and was the second U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.Laid down on 21 October 1941 as netlayer AN-1 by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation of Pascagoula, Mississippi and launched on 29 January 1943; sponsored by Mrs. John A. Terhune. She was redesignated AP-160 on 2 August 1943, and first commissioned on 18 March 1944. Due to delays in construction, the ship was transferred under her own power to Todd Shipyards, Brooklyn, New York for completion on 2 April. Redesignated as a Landing Ship, Vehicle, on 21 April 1944, USS Monitor (LSV-5) was commissioned for service on 14 June 1944.","title":"USS Monitor (LSV-5)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"3rd Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Morotai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morotai"},{"link_name":"Sansapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansapor"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"40 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_L/60_gun"},{"link_name":"Lingayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"San Felipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Felipe,_Zambales"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz,_Tarlac"},{"link_name":"Army Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Grande Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Island"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"}],"sub_title":"Philippines, 1944–1945","text":"Following shakedown in Chesapeake Bay, Monitor steamed via the Panama Canal to Pearl Harbor, arriving 10 August. Loading troops, cargo and amphibious DUKWs, the ship joined the 3rd Fleet off Leyte in October, participating in the landings at Leyte Gulf on 20 October and then removing wounded for transport to Morotai. She returned to Leyte with reinforcements 14 November and then sailed for Sansapor where she reloaded troops and equipment for the invasion of Luzon. Steaming for Lingayen Gulf, under air attack much of the way, the vehicle landing ship put her assault force ashore 9 January 1945 and then stood by in support, shooting down an enemy aircraft that night with only 28 rounds of 40 mm expended.In the closing days of January, the ship took part in two invasions in support of the Lingayen operation, the landing on San Felipe and La Paz on 29 January, and the landing of Army Rangers on Grande Island in Subic Bay on 30 January.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"}],"sub_title":"Okinawa, 1945","text":"Monitor then steamed for Guadalcanal where she loaded marines for transport to Okinawa, participating in the \"D-Day\" landings on 1 April and then standing by off that hotly contested island until 10 May when she sailed for the United States. During May, June, and July, the LSV made several trips between Pearl Harbor and the west coast with passengers and cargo and then in August proceeded to Saipan to load medical personnel and supplies, departing on the 15th for Japan.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indiana_(BB-58)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(BB-59)"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)"},{"link_name":"hospital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"Operation Magic Carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Beaumont, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Occupation duties, 1945–1947","text":"Joining the 3rd Fleet off Tokyo, Monitor took on board 1,000 sailors from battleships Missouri, Indiana, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Alabama, conducting the first landing on the Japanese homeland on 30 August. The ship then served as a hospital ship to assist in the removal of Allied prisoners of war, over 8,000 repatriates being received on board and helped on their way before the amphibious vessel departed Japan 19 September. Returning to the United States, Monitor was assigned to \"Operation Magic Carpet,\" the massive program to bring the troops home. She operated on this mission until decommissioning in the Reserve Fleet, Galveston, Texas 22 May 1947.[citation needed]Reclassified MCS-5 on 18 October 1956, Monitor was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1961 and transferred to the Maritime National Defense Reserve Fleet in Beaumont, Texas.[citation needed]Monitor earned four battle stars for World War II service.[citation needed]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Citations"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Net laying ship § 1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_laying_ship#1930s"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m13/monitor-ii.htm","external_links_name":"\"Monitor\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/17/1705.htm","external_links_name":"\"AN-1 / AP-160 / LSV-5 / MCS-5 Monitor\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_About_Town_(EP)
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Girls About Town (EP)
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["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]
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1980 EP by The SmithereensGirls About TownEP by The SmithereensReleased31 October 1980RecordedChelsea Sound, NYC, 1980GenreRockLabelD-Tone RecordsProducerThe SmithereensThe Smithereens chronology
Girls About Town(1980)
Beauty and Sadness(1983)
Girls About Town is the debut EP by the American rock band The Smithereens. It was released on 31 October 1980 on the band's own D-Tone Records. The EP contains four songs with the word ‘girl‘ in the title, including "Girl Don't Tell Me," a song originally recorded by The Beach Boys.
The 7" EP has never been available in any other format, though two of its tracks were included on Smithereens compilation albums: the title track on Attack of The Smithereens and From Jersey It Came! The Smithereens Anthology; and "Girl Don't Tell Me" on Covers.
Background
“We had a bunch of songs with ‘girl’ in the title, and "Girls About Town" was the song that everyone thought was our best live song. It was the song that we thought, at the time, had the most commercial potential, so we called the EP Girls About Town and to round it off, we made it an EP that featured the word ‘girl’ in all four songs.” -Pat DiNizio
Track listing
All songs written by Pat DiNizio, except "Girl Don't Tell Me" by Brian Wilson.
"Girls About Town"
"Girl Don't Tell Me"
"Got Me A Girl"
"Girls Are Like That"
Personnel
Adapted from the EP's liner notes.
The Smithereens
Pat DiNizio – vocals, guitar
Jim Babjak – guitar
Dennis Diken – drums, vocals
Mike Mesaros – bass
Additional personnel
Alan Varner – mixing
Justine Strait – art
References
^ a b Girls About Town (EP). Officialsmithereens.com. Retrieved on 12 February 2018.
^ a b c Prince, Patrick (May 31, 2010). "The Smithereens are still rocking after 30 years". Goldmine. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ "TrouserPress.com :: Smithereens". www.trouserpress.com.
^ Sun-Times, Jeff Elbel-For the (April 11, 2018). "In the music spotlight: The Smithereens". Chicago Sun-Times.
^ Blush, Steven (October 4, 2016). New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB. Macmillan. ISBN 9781250083616 – via Google Books.
^ Girls About Town (EP liner notes). The Smithereens. D-Tone Records. 1980.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
External links
Girls About Town on Discogs.com. Retrieved on 14 February 2018.
vteThe Smithereens
Jim Babjak
Dennis Diken
Mike Mesaros
Pat DiNizio
Severo Jornacion
Studio albums
Especially for You
Green Thoughts
11
Blow Up
A Date with The Smithereens
God Save The Smithereens
Meet The Smithereens!
Christmas with The Smithereens
B-Sides The Beatles
The Smithereens Play Tommy
2011
The Smithereens Play The Beatles Washington, D.C. February 11, 1964 Concert
The Lost Album
Extended plays
Girls About Town
Beauty and Sadness
Live albums
Live
Instant Live: Music Midtown Festival Atlanta, GA 5/1/04
Extended Versions
Live in Concert! Greatest Hits and More
Compilation albums
Blown to Smithereens: Best of The Smithereens
Attack of the Smithereens
The Best of The Smithereens
From Jersey It Came! The Smithereens Anthology
Especially for You - 30th Anniversary
Covers
Singles
"Blood and Roses"
"In a Lonely Place"
"Behind the Wall of Sleep"
"Strangers When We Meet"
"Only a Memory"
"House We Used to Live In"
"Drown in My Own Tears"
"A Girl Like You"
"Blues Before and After"
"Yesterday Girl"
"Blue Period"
"Top of the Pops"
"Too Much Passion"
"Miles from Nowhere"
Other songs
"Tell Me When Did Things Go So Wrong"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1980s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article on a 1980s compilation album is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Prince, Patrick (May 31, 2010). \"The Smithereens are still rocking after 30 years\". Goldmine. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldminemag.com/articles/the-smithereens-are-still-rocking-after-30-years","url_text":"\"The Smithereens are still rocking after 30 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_(magazine)","url_text":"Goldmine"}]},{"reference":"\"TrouserPress.com :: Smithereens\". www.trouserpress.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=smithereens","url_text":"\"TrouserPress.com :: Smithereens\""}]},{"reference":"Sun-Times, Jeff Elbel-For the (April 11, 2018). \"In the music spotlight: The Smithereens\". Chicago Sun-Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2018/4/11/18382935/in-the-music-spotlight-the-smithereens","url_text":"\"In the music spotlight: The Smithereens\""}]},{"reference":"Blush, Steven (October 4, 2016). New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB. Macmillan. ISBN 9781250083616 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ezTpDAAAQBAJ&q=Girls+About+Town+%28EP%29+smithereens&pg=PA318","url_text":"New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250083616","url_text":"9781250083616"}]},{"reference":"Girls About Town (EP liner notes). The Smithereens. D-Tone Records. 1980.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smithereens","url_text":"The Smithereens"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://officialsmithereens.com/music/girls-about-town/","external_links_name":"Girls About Town (EP)"},{"Link":"http://www.goldminemag.com/articles/the-smithereens-are-still-rocking-after-30-years","external_links_name":"\"The Smithereens are still rocking after 30 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=smithereens","external_links_name":"\"TrouserPress.com :: Smithereens\""},{"Link":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2018/4/11/18382935/in-the-music-spotlight-the-smithereens","external_links_name":"\"In the music spotlight: The Smithereens\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ezTpDAAAQBAJ&q=Girls+About+Town+%28EP%29+smithereens&pg=PA318","external_links_name":"New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Smithereens-Girls-About-Town/release/3794620","external_links_name":"Girls About Town on Discogs.com"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/a861a39c-784a-4d61-8f1c-299780cb9958","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girls_About_Town_(EP)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girls_About_Town_(EP)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_31
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 31
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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United Nations Security Council resolution
United Nations resolution adopted in 1947
UN Security CouncilResolution 31DateAugust 25 1947Meeting no.194CodeS/525, II (Document)SubjectThe Indonesian questionVoting summary8 voted forNone voted against3 abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France United Kingdom United States Soviet UnionNon-permanent members Australia Belgium Brazil Colombia Poland Syria
← 30
Lists of resolutions
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 31 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council on August 25, 1947. The Council formed a committee to assist in the peaceful resolution of the Indonesian National Revolution.
The committee consisted of Australia (selected by Indonesia), Belgium (selected by the Netherlands), and the United States.
Resolution 31 passed with eight votes to none. Poland, Syria and the Soviet Union abstained.
See also
Dutch colonial empire
Australia and the United Nations
Indonesia and the United Nations
United Nations Security Council Resolution 27
United Nations Security Council Resolution 30
United Nations Security Council Resolution 32
United Nations Security Council Resolution 35
United Nations Security Council Resolution 36
United Nations Security Council Resolution 40
United Nations Security Council Resolution 41
United Nations Security Council Resolution 55
United Nations Security Council Resolution 63
United Nations Security Council Resolution 64
United Nations Security Council Resolution 65
United Nations Security Council Resolution 67
References
^ United Nations Security Council. (1947). The Indonesian Question (Resolution No. 31). Retrieved from UN Official Documents.
External links
Works related to United Nations Security Council Resolution 31 at Wikisource
vteUnited Nations Security Council resolutions adopted in 1947
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"United Nations resolution adopted in 1947United Nations Security Council Resolution 31 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council on August 25, 1947. The Council formed a committee to assist in the peaceful resolution of the Indonesian National Revolution.The committee consisted of Australia (selected by Indonesia), Belgium (selected by the Netherlands), and the United States.Resolution 31 passed with eight votes to none. Poland, Syria and the Soviet Union abstained.[1]","title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 31"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Dutch colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire"},{"title":"Australia and the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_and_the_United_Nations"},{"title":"Indonesia and the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_United_Nations"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_27"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_30"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_32"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_35"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_36"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_40"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_41"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_55"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_63"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_64"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_65"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_67"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://undocs.org/S/RES/31(1947)","external_links_name":"Document"},{"Link":"https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FRES%2F30(1947)","external_links_name":"UN Official Documents"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_Paglas_market_occupation
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Datu Paglas market occupation
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["1 Background","2 Occupation and siege","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]
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Datu Paglas market occupationPart of the Moro conflictDateMay 8, 2021LocationDatu Paglas Public Market, Datu Paglas, Maguindanao, PhilippinesResult
Public market retaken by the Philippine ArmyBelligerents
Philippines
Bangsamoro
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom FightersCommanders and leaders
Juvymax R. Uy(6th Infantry Division)Roy Galido(601st Infantry Brigade)
Abubakar Paglas(Datu Paglas mayor)
Undo SulaymanUnits involved
Philippine Army
6th Infantry Division
601st Infantry Brigade
Philippine National Police
Karialan factionStrength
20Casualties and losses
5 wounded
5,000 people displaced
On May 8, 2021, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters insurgents occupied the public market of the municipality of Datu Paglas in Maguindanao, Philippines, forcing many residents to evacuate.
Background
The public market in Datu Paglas was occupied by members of the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, particularly from a faction led by Kagi Karialan which is largely based in the Ligawasan Marsh. The BIFF militants reportedly arrived early morning May 7, on board five cargo trucks. The insurgents were allowed to stay in town by the local government out of goodwill since at that time Ramadan is being observed provided they do not harm any civilians. It was originally thought that around 100 BIFF members were involved, an estimate provided to the military by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, a former rebel group which leads the Bangsamoro autonomous regional government. Although the military concludes from information relayed to them by the Datu Paglas local government that there were only 20 BIFF members involved. The BIFF is estimated to have 200 active members operating in Central Mindanao at the time of the incident.
The Karialan faction has suffered from loses in 2021 alone. From January 17 to April 28, 17 members of the group were killed in 13 separate encounters with the Philippine Army 6th Infantry Division. Thirty-one BIFF members also surrendered and left the group due to backchannel talks initiated by local leaders and commanders of the military division.
The military says that BIFF were retreating after it launched operations against the group in the SPMS Box, an area in the Maguindanao, for the past two weeks prior to the occupation. The military claims that the BIFF's occupation of the market was a move to gather food supply for the group. BIFF spokesperson Abu Jehad, in an interview after the occupation, said that his group had no intentions to seize the town and were just resting since they were fasting for Ramadan.
The BIFF group which occupied the market is led by Undo Sulayman, a former member of the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth council) of Datu Paglas who married a close relative of BIFF faction leader Karialan.
On April 22, 2024, Major General Alex Rillera and Brig. Gen. Jose Vladimir Cagara, 6th Infantry Division commanders, BIFF spokesperson Abu Supyan, and Mayor Edris A. Sindatok confirmed that "Mohiden Animbang" aka Kagi Karialan, leader of a Karialan of the BIFF, his brother Saga, including outlawed 10 slain terrorists were recovered in a Barnagay Kitango, Datu Saudi Ampatuan swampy area with 12 assorted high-powered firearms. In March, Abu Halil, the training officer of BIFF-Karialan Faction was also killed.
Occupation and siege
The Philippine Army sent troops of the 601st Infantry Brigade of the 6th Infantry Division to Datu Paglas to check the presence of the BIFF in the municipality. The 601st Infantry Bridgade is led by Gen. Roy Galido. They launched an operation against the BIFF in the evening of May 7, 2021. The BIFF in response went to occupy the Datu Paglas public market at around 4 a.m. the following day where they adopted defensive positions. The military along with the police surrounded the area occupied by the BIFF. The military allowed local leaders to negotiate with the insurgents to minimize any casualties while at the same time preparing to attack. Datu Paglas Mayor Abubakar Paglas who is also a datu was involved in the talks.
At 4:30 am, the BIFF blockaded the Datu Paglas–Tulunan road which connects the town to Tulunan, Maguindanao using a cargo truck. Some members also occupied Gawad Kalinga housing units meant for civilians, although the BIFF did not take anyone hostage.
The BIFF reportedly left the public market after talks of the group with the Datu Paglas Mayor. There were conflicting reports if the negotiations were successful. The talks was credited for preventing an armed confrontation altogether. Another report claimed that talks fell apart after a BIFF member opened fire at a police personnel who was sent to ensure the safety of residents in the vicinity and that around 9 a.m., the Philippine military launched land and aerial assaults on the BIFF's position. After an hour, the military was able to regain control of the public market.
Aftermath
Around 5,000 people were displaced in Datu Paglas during the incident. As part of the clearing operations, the military was able to safely disarm and dispose four improvised bombs in the public market and national highway areas. The national road linking Maguindanao and Cotabato, which was barred during the occupation, was reopened to the public by noon of the same day. No civilian or military casualties were reported although accounts by Datu Paglas residents said that at least five BIFF members sustained wounds serious enough that they had to be carried away by their compatriots when the group abandoned the market.
The military declared that the situation in Datu Paglas was restored to normalcy by 2:00pm.
President Rodrigo Duterte on May 11 appealed the local autonomous government of Bangsamoro to help the national government deal with the BIFF, or otherwise he may be forced to declare an "all-out offensive" against the group if local officials are unable to control the situation.
See also
2016 Butig clashes
Battle of Marawi
Mamasapano clash
Zamboanga City crisis
References
^ "Fighters of breakaway Muslim group storm southern Philippine town". Al Jazeera. May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
^ "Over 100 BIFF members occupy Maguindanao town market". Rappler. May 8, 2021.
^ a b Fernandez, Edwin O. (May 9, 2021). "Army retakes Maguindanao town after 6-HR BIFF occupation". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
^ a b c Bompat, Lerio; Bulosan, Chrislen (May 8, 2021). "Military declares Maguindanao town clear after clash with Islamist rebels". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ a b Sadongdong, Martin (May 9, 2021). "AFP Chief calls for vigilance after BIFF market occupation in Maguindanao". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ a b Unson, John (May 8, 2021). "BIFF bandits terrorize peaceful Maguindanao town". Philippine Star.
^ a b c d Cabrera, Ferdinandh (May 8, 2021). "Armed clash in Datu Paglas averted by talk between mayor and BIFF leader". MindaNews. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ Maulana, Nash (May 9, 2021). "Soldiers retake town from 100 extremists". Manila Standard. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ Fernandez, Edwin (April 23, 2024). "BIFF leader, 11 gunmen slain in Maguindanao Army assaults". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
^ Bacongco, Keith (April 23, 2024). "2 top BIFF-Karialan faction leaders slain in Maguindanao clash". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
^ a b c Unson, John (May 9, 2021). "Army: Normalcy in Datu Paglas restored". NDBC News. Notre Dame Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ Magbanua, Edwin O. Fernandez, Williamor A. (May 8, 2021). "IS-linked gunmen seize Maguindanao town center; commuters, motorists stranded". Philippine Daily Inquirer.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Fernandez, Edwin (May 8, 2021). "BIFF seizes Maguindanao town market". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ a b Nepomuceno, Priam (May 9, 2021). "Sobejana calls for vigilance following Datu Paglas incident". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ a b Fernandez, Edwin (May 8, 2021). "Army retakes Maguindanao town market seized by BIFF". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
^ "Duterte asks BARMM to help gov't deal with rebels to avoid 'bloody' all-out offensive". CNN Philippines. May 11, 2021. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
^ Panti, Llanesca T. (May 11, 2021). "Duterte to BARMM officials: Refuse sanctuary to BIFF members". GMA News. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
Portals: Asia Philippines
vteMilitant Islamism in Southeast AsiaIdeology
Islamism
Jihadism
Salafi jihadism
Pan-Islamism
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Islamic extremism
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic terrorism
Organisations
Abu Sayyaf
Al-Ma'unah
Ansar Khalifa Philippines
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Barisan Revolusi Nasional
Darul Islam
Front for the Liberation of Champa
Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah
Jemaah Islamiyah
Jamaah Ansharut Daulah
Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia
Laskar Jihad
Maute group
Moro Islamic Liberation Front
Mujahedeen KOMPAK
Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
Patani United Liberation Organisation
Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement
Runda Kumpulan Kecil
United Mujahideen Front of Pattani
Leaders
Abdullah Sungkar
Abu Bakar Bashir
Abu Sabaya
Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani
Ataullah abu Ammar Jununi
Azahari Husin
Dulmatin
Khadaffy Janjalani
Les Kosem
Mahmud Ahmad
Murad Ebrahim
Noordin Mohammad Top
Nur Misuari
Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo
Zulkifli Abdhir
Events
South Thailand insurgency
Timeline of events
Islamic insurgency in the Philippines
Cross border attacks in Sabah
Insurgency in Aceh
1985 Borobudur bombing
Sauk Siege
Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
2000 Sipadan kidnappings
2000 Philippine consulate bombing
Rizal Day bombings
Dos Palmas kidnappings
Singapore embassies attack plot
2002 Bali bombings
2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
2004 Palopo cafe bombing
2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing
Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta
2005 Tentena market bombings
2005 Bali bombings
2005 Indonesian beheadings of Christian girls
2005 Palu market bombing
2007 Basilan beheading incident
2009 Jakarta bombings
2013 Ekayana Monastery bombing
Mamasapano clash
2016 Jakarta attacks
2016 Movida Bar grenade attack
2016 Davao City bombing
2016 Samarinda church bombing
2017 Jakarta bombings
2018 Mako Brimob standoff
Surabaya bombings
2018 Lamitan bombing
2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings
2020 Jolo bombings
2021 Makassar cathedral bombing
Indonesian National Police headquarters shooting
Datu Paglas market occupation
Indonesian People's Da'wah Party crackdown
Istana Negara attempted shooting
Astana Anyar bombing
2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack
Part of Islamism
Militant Islamism in
MENA region
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
vteMoro conflictPrelude
Drug abuse
Gun cultures
Poverty
Racism
Rido
Piracy
Jabidah massacre (1968)
Manili massacre (1971)
Tacub massacre (1971)
Palimbang massacre (1974)
Rebel groupsPro-autonomy or independence
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
MNLF Executive Council of 15 (MNLF EC-15)
Islamists
Abu Sayyaf (ASG)
Ansar Khalifa Philippines (AKP)
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF)
Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao (KIM)
Maute group (MG)
LeadersPro-autonomy or independence
Nur Misuari (MNLF)
Mus Sema (MNLF EC-15)
Murad Ebrahim (MILF)
Islamists
Isnilon Hapilon (ASG)
Khadaffy Janjalani (ASG)
Ameril Umbra Kato (BIFF)
Albader Parad (ASG)
Abu Sabaya (ASG)
Radullan Sahiron (ASG)
Jainal Antel Sali Jr. (ASG)
Ahmed Santos (RSM)
Hamsiraji Marusi Sali (ASG)
Omar Maute (MG)
Abdullah Maute (MG)
Incidents
Battle off Mukah (1862)
Battle of Jolo (1974)
Patikul massacre (1977)
Pata Island massacre (1981)
Ipil massacre (1995)
Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Battle of Camp Abubakar (2000)
Misuari rebellion (2001)
Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (2002–2015)
Basilan beheading incident (2007)
Cotabato conflict (2008)
Lahad Datu standoff (2013)
Zamboanga City crisis (2013)
Operation Darkhorse (2014)
Battle of Basilan (2014)
Mamasapano clash (2015)
Battle of Tipo-Tipo (2016)
Butig clashes (2016)
Bohol clashes (2017)
Siege of Marawi (2017)
Ungkaya Pukan clash (2022)
Incidents involvingcivilians
Lahad Datu ambush (1985)
Ozamiz Ferry Bombing (2000)
Sipadan kidnappings (2000)
Rizal Day bombings (2000)
Dos Palmas kidnappings (2000–2001)
Siege of Lamitan (2001)
Zamboanga City bombings (2002)
SuperFerry 14 bombing (2004)
Central Mindanao bombings (2006)
Mindanao bombings (2009)
Maguindanao massacre (2009)
Bukidnon bus bombing (2014)
Davao City bombing (2016)
Jolo Cathedral bombings (2019)
Jolo bombings (2020)
Datu Paglas market occupation (2021)
Mindanao State University bombing (2023)
Peace process
1976 Tripoli Agreement (MNLF)
1987 Jeddah Accord (MNLF)
1996 Final Peace Agreement (MNLF)
2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)
2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)
Security zonesand peace monitoring
AFP Western Mindanao Command
AFP Eastern Mindanao Command
Eastern Sabah Security Command
Eastern Sabah Security Zone
International Monitoring Team
Joint Peace and Security Team
Related articles
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Bangsamoro Organic Law
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
Bangsamoro Republik
Cross border attacks in Sabah
Ilaga
Moro people
Proclamation No. 216
Refugees
|
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The BIFF militants reportedly arrived early morning May 7, on board five cargo trucks. The insurgents were allowed to stay in town by the local government out of goodwill since at that time Ramadan is being observed provided they do not harm any civilians.[3] It was originally thought that around 100 BIFF members were involved, an estimate provided to the military by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, a former rebel group which leads the Bangsamoro autonomous regional government. Although the military concludes from information relayed to them by the Datu Paglas local government that there were only 20 BIFF members involved.[4] The BIFF is estimated to have 200 active members operating in Central Mindanao at the time of the incident.[5]The Karialan faction has suffered from loses in 2021 alone. From January 17 to April 28, 17 members of the group were killed in 13 separate encounters with the Philippine Army 6th Infantry Division. Thirty-one BIFF members also surrendered and left the group due to backchannel talks initiated by local leaders and commanders of the military division.[6]The military says that BIFF were retreating after it launched operations against the group in the SPMS Box, an area in the Maguindanao, for the past two weeks prior to the occupation. The military claims that the BIFF's occupation of the market was a move to gather food supply for the group.[5] BIFF spokesperson Abu Jehad, in an interview after the occupation, said that his group had no intentions to seize the town and were just resting since they were fasting for Ramadan.[7]The BIFF group which occupied the market is led by Undo Sulayman, a former member of the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth council) of Datu Paglas who married a close relative of BIFF faction leader Karialan.[7][8]On April 22, 2024, Major General Alex Rillera and Brig. Gen. Jose Vladimir Cagara, 6th Infantry Division commanders, BIFF spokesperson Abu Supyan, and Mayor Edris A. Sindatok confirmed that \"Mohiden Animbang\" aka Kagi Karialan, leader of a Karialan of the BIFF, his brother Saga, including outlawed 10 slain terrorists were recovered in a Barnagay Kitango, Datu Saudi Ampatuan swampy area with 12 assorted high-powered firearms. In March, Abu Halil, the training officer of BIFF-Karialan Faction was also killed.[9][10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-cbnclear-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-normalcy-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixhours-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-islinked-12"},{"link_name":"datu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mindanews1-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gawad Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawad_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-cbnclear-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mindanews1-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-normalcy-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pna2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pna1-15"}],"text":"The Philippine Army sent troops of the 601st Infantry Brigade of the 6th Infantry Division to Datu Paglas to check the presence of the BIFF in the municipality. The 601st Infantry Bridgade is led by Gen. Roy Galido. They launched an operation against the BIFF in the evening of May 7, 2021.[4][11] The BIFF in response went to occupy the Datu Paglas public market at around 4 a.m. the following day where they adopted defensive positions. The military along with the police surrounded the area occupied by the BIFF. The military allowed local leaders to negotiate with the insurgents to minimize any casualties while at the same time preparing to attack.[3][12] Datu Paglas Mayor Abubakar Paglas who is also a datu was involved in the talks.[7]At 4:30 am, the BIFF blockaded the Datu Paglas–Tulunan road which connects the town to Tulunan, Maguindanao using a cargo truck.[13] Some members also occupied Gawad Kalinga housing units meant for civilians, although the BIFF did not take anyone hostage.[4]The BIFF reportedly left the public market after talks of the group with the Datu Paglas Mayor. There were conflicting reports if the negotiations were successful. The talks was credited for preventing an armed confrontation altogether.[7] Another report claimed that talks fell apart after a BIFF member opened fire at a police personnel who was sent to ensure the safety of residents in the vicinity[11] and that around 9 a.m., the Philippine military launched land and aerial assaults on the BIFF's position.[14] After an hour, the military was able to regain control of the public market.[15]","title":"Occupation and siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cotabato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotabato"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pna1-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pna2-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandits-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-normalcy-11"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte"},{"link_name":"Bangsamoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsamoro"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Around 5,000 people were displaced in Datu Paglas during the incident. As part of the clearing operations, the military was able to safely disarm and dispose four improvised bombs in the public market and national highway areas. The national road linking Maguindanao and Cotabato, which was barred during the occupation, was reopened to the public by noon of the same day.[15] No civilian or military casualties were reported[14] although accounts by Datu Paglas residents said that at least five BIFF members sustained wounds serious enough that they had to be carried away by their compatriots when the group abandoned the market.[6]The military declared that the situation in Datu Paglas was restored to normalcy by 2:00pm.[11]President Rodrigo Duterte on May 11 appealed the local autonomous government of Bangsamoro to help the national government deal with the BIFF, or otherwise he may be forced to declare an \"all-out offensive\" against the group if local officials are unable to control the situation.[16][17]","title":"Aftermath"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"2016 Butig clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Butig_clashes"},{"title":"Battle of Marawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marawi"},{"title":"Mamasapano clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamasapano_clash"},{"title":"Zamboanga City crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City_crisis"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Fighters of breakaway Muslim group storm southern Philippine town\". Al Jazeera. May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/8/breakaway-muslim-fighters-storm-southern-philippine-town","url_text":"\"Fighters of breakaway Muslim group storm southern Philippine town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Over 100 BIFF members occupy Maguindanao town market\". Rappler. May 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/terrorist-attack-datu-paglas-maguindanao-may-8-2021","url_text":"\"Over 100 BIFF members occupy Maguindanao town market\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Edwin O. (May 9, 2021). \"Army retakes Maguindanao town after 6-HR BIFF occupation\". Philippine Daily Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1429158/army-retakes-maguindanao-town-after-6-hr-biff-occupation","url_text":"\"Army retakes Maguindanao town after 6-HR BIFF occupation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Bompat, Lerio; Bulosan, Chrislen (May 8, 2021). \"Military declares Maguindanao town clear after clash with Islamist rebels\". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/08/21/islamist-rebels-storm-maguindanao-town-clash-with-state-troops","url_text":"\"Military declares Maguindanao town clear after clash with Islamist rebels\""}]},{"reference":"Sadongdong, Martin (May 9, 2021). \"AFP Chief calls for vigilance after BIFF market occupation in Maguindanao\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2021/05/09/afp-chief-calls-for-vigilance-after-biff-market-occupation-in-maguindanao/","url_text":"\"AFP Chief calls for vigilance after BIFF market occupation in Maguindanao\""}]},{"reference":"Unson, John (May 8, 2021). \"BIFF bandits terrorize peaceful Maguindanao town\". Philippine Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2021/05/08/2096799/biff-bandits-terrorize-peaceful-maguindanao-town","url_text":"\"BIFF bandits terrorize peaceful Maguindanao town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Star","url_text":"Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Cabrera, Ferdinandh (May 8, 2021). \"Armed clash in Datu Paglas averted by talk between mayor and BIFF leader\". MindaNews. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2021/05/armed-clash-in-datu-paglas-averted-by-talk-between-mayor-and-biff-leader/","url_text":"\"Armed clash in Datu Paglas averted by talk between mayor and BIFF leader\""}]},{"reference":"Maulana, Nash (May 9, 2021). \"Soldiers retake town from 100 extremists\". Manila Standard. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/353922","url_text":"\"Soldiers retake town from 100 extremists\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Edwin (April 23, 2024). \"BIFF leader, 11 gunmen slain in Maguindanao Army assaults\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1932397/biff-leader-11-gunmen-slain-in-maguindanao-army-assaults","url_text":"\"BIFF leader, 11 gunmen slain in Maguindanao Army assaults\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Bacongco, Keith (April 23, 2024). \"2 top BIFF-Karialan faction leaders slain in Maguindanao clash\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/22/2-top-biff-karialan-faction-leaders-slain-in-maguindanao-clash","url_text":"\"2 top BIFF-Karialan faction leaders slain in Maguindanao clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bulletin","url_text":"Manila Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Unson, John (May 9, 2021). \"Army: Normalcy in Datu Paglas restored\". NDBC News. Notre Dame Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndbcnews.com.ph/news/army-normalcy-datu-paglas-restored","url_text":"\"Army: Normalcy in Datu Paglas restored\""}]},{"reference":"Magbanua, Edwin O. Fernandez, Williamor A. (May 8, 2021). \"IS-linked gunmen seize Maguindanao town center; commuters, motorists stranded\". Philippine Daily Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1428924/is-linked-gunmen-seize-maguindanao-town-center-commuters-motorists-stranded","url_text":"\"IS-linked gunmen seize Maguindanao town center; commuters, motorists stranded\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Edwin (May 8, 2021). \"BIFF seizes Maguindanao town market\". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139565","url_text":"\"BIFF seizes Maguindanao town market\""}]},{"reference":"Nepomuceno, Priam (May 9, 2021). \"Sobejana calls for vigilance following Datu Paglas incident\". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139637","url_text":"\"Sobejana calls for vigilance following Datu Paglas incident\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Edwin (May 8, 2021). \"Army retakes Maguindanao town market seized by BIFF\". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509003929/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139597","url_text":"\"Army retakes Maguindanao town market seized by BIFF\""},{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139597","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Duterte asks BARMM to help gov't deal with rebels to avoid 'bloody' all-out offensive\". CNN Philippines. May 11, 2021. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162021/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/11/Duterte-BARMM-deal-with-rebels-all-out-offensive.html","url_text":"\"Duterte asks BARMM to help gov't deal with rebels to avoid 'bloody' all-out offensive\""},{"url":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/11/Duterte-BARMM-deal-with-rebels-all-out-offensive.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Panti, Llanesca T. (May 11, 2021). \"Duterte to BARMM officials: Refuse sanctuary to BIFF members\". GMA News. Retrieved May 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/787082/duterte-to-barmm-officials-refuse-sanctuary-to-biff-members/story/","url_text":"\"Duterte to BARMM officials: Refuse sanctuary to BIFF members\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/8/breakaway-muslim-fighters-storm-southern-philippine-town","external_links_name":"\"Fighters of breakaway Muslim group storm southern Philippine town\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/terrorist-attack-datu-paglas-maguindanao-may-8-2021","external_links_name":"\"Over 100 BIFF members occupy Maguindanao town market\""},{"Link":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1429158/army-retakes-maguindanao-town-after-6-hr-biff-occupation","external_links_name":"\"Army retakes Maguindanao town after 6-HR BIFF occupation\""},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/08/21/islamist-rebels-storm-maguindanao-town-clash-with-state-troops","external_links_name":"\"Military declares Maguindanao town clear after clash with Islamist rebels\""},{"Link":"https://mb.com.ph/2021/05/09/afp-chief-calls-for-vigilance-after-biff-market-occupation-in-maguindanao/","external_links_name":"\"AFP Chief calls for vigilance after BIFF market occupation in Maguindanao\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2021/05/08/2096799/biff-bandits-terrorize-peaceful-maguindanao-town","external_links_name":"\"BIFF bandits terrorize peaceful Maguindanao town\""},{"Link":"https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2021/05/armed-clash-in-datu-paglas-averted-by-talk-between-mayor-and-biff-leader/","external_links_name":"\"Armed clash in Datu Paglas averted by talk between mayor and BIFF leader\""},{"Link":"https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/353922","external_links_name":"\"Soldiers retake town from 100 extremists\""},{"Link":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1932397/biff-leader-11-gunmen-slain-in-maguindanao-army-assaults","external_links_name":"\"BIFF leader, 11 gunmen slain in Maguindanao Army assaults\""},{"Link":"https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/22/2-top-biff-karialan-faction-leaders-slain-in-maguindanao-clash","external_links_name":"\"2 top BIFF-Karialan faction leaders slain in Maguindanao clash\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndbcnews.com.ph/news/army-normalcy-datu-paglas-restored","external_links_name":"\"Army: Normalcy in Datu Paglas restored\""},{"Link":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1428924/is-linked-gunmen-seize-maguindanao-town-center-commuters-motorists-stranded","external_links_name":"\"IS-linked gunmen seize Maguindanao town center; commuters, motorists stranded\""},{"Link":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139565","external_links_name":"\"BIFF seizes Maguindanao town market\""},{"Link":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139637","external_links_name":"\"Sobejana calls for vigilance following Datu Paglas incident\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509003929/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139597","external_links_name":"\"Army retakes Maguindanao town market seized by BIFF\""},{"Link":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139597","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162021/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/11/Duterte-BARMM-deal-with-rebels-all-out-offensive.html","external_links_name":"\"Duterte asks BARMM to help gov't deal with rebels to avoid 'bloody' all-out offensive\""},{"Link":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/11/Duterte-BARMM-deal-with-rebels-all-out-offensive.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/787082/duterte-to-barmm-officials-refuse-sanctuary-to-biff-members/story/","external_links_name":"\"Duterte to BARMM officials: Refuse sanctuary to BIFF members\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley
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Santa Clara River Valley
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["1 Geography","2 Climate","2.1 Floods","3 History","4 Transportation","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 34°22′0″N 118°59′0″W / 34.36667°N 118.98333°W / 34.36667; -118.98333Valley along the Santa Clara River in Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California
This article is about the valley in Southern California. For the valley in the San Francisco Bay Area, see Santa Clara Valley.
Santa Clara River ValleyHeritage ValleyAerial view of the Santa Clara River Valley, with CA 126 running along the northern banks of the Santa Clara RiverSanta Clara River ValleyLos Angeles and Ventura countiesGeographyCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaPopulation centerSanta Paula and FillmoreBorders onOxnard Plain (southwest)Santa Clarita Valley (east)Coordinates34°22′N 118°59′W / 34.37°N 118.98°W / 34.37; -118.98 Traversed byState Route 126RiverSanta Clara River
The Santa Clara River Valley is a rural, mainly agricultural, valley in Ventura County, California that has been given the moniker Heritage Valley by the namesake tourism bureau. The valley includes the communities of Santa Paula, Fillmore, Piru and the national historic landmark of Rancho Camulos. Named for the Santa Clara River, which winds through the valley before emptying into the Pacific Ocean between the cities of Ventura and Oxnard, the tourist bureau describes it as ".... Southern California's last pristine agricultural valley nestled along the banks of the free-flowing Santa Clara River."
Geography
Orange groves of the Santa Clara River Valley
The Santa Clara River Valley is bordered by the Topatopa Mountains, Los Padres National Forest, and Sespe Condor Sanctuary to the north and the Santa Susana Mountains to the south. The valley stretches from the boundary of northwest Los Angeles County and the northern Santa Clarita Valley on the east to the Oxnard Plain on the west marked by South Mountain on the south bank of the river. The Santa Clarita Valley is part of the upper watershed of the river.
Climate
Morning fog in the Santa Clara River Valley, viewed from Torrey Peak near Piru, California.
The valley has been called one of the "most dangerous wind and fire corridors in Southern California." It forms a connection between the high desert and the coast, which serves as a "wind-tunnel-like-corridor" for funneling Santa Ana winds, which spread wildfires. This served to spread the Maria Fire, one of the 2019 California wildfires. This valley has also suffered through the Saddleridge Fire in 2019, the Creek Fire and the Thomas Fire in 2017, and the Sayre Fire in 2008.
Floods
Further information: Great Flood of 1862
The failure and near complete collapse of the St. Francis Dam took place in the middle of the night on March 12, 1928. The dam was holding a full reservoir of 12.4 billion gallons (47 billion liters) of water that surged down San Francisquito Canyon and emptied into the Santa Clara River, flowing down the river valley to the ocean.
History
A footpath through the valley was the only route linking the San Fernando and San Buenaventura missions for 18th-century Spanish missionaries. Thomas Bard launched a campaign in the 1870s to build a road through the valley as he wanted to connect the new Hueneme wharf with ore mines in Inyo County
The valley is an exception to the post-war urban development that has almost entirely eliminated citrus cultivation throughout most of Southern California.
Transportation
Route 126 - the main E-W highway serving the valley.
Route 150 - a minor E-W highway connecting Ojai to the valley.
Route 23 - a minor N-S highway connecting Fillmore to the Conejo Valley.
Santa Paula Branch Line - the railway corridor through the valley, mostly used for excursions.
References
^ Kelly, Peggy (October 15, 1999) "Funding for Montalvo Metrolink station would benefit SP Branch Line" Santa Paula Times
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Santa Clara River
^ Heritage Valley Tourism Bureau official website
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: South Mountain
^ Fry, Hanna; Puente, Mark; Lin II, Rong-Gong; Wigglesworth, Alex (2019-11-01). "Maria fire charges toward Santa Paula neighborhoods, forcing additional evacuations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
^ Lima, Christina (February 18, 1996) "Collision Course : Scenic but Dangerous California 126 Throws Drivers a Curve" Los Angeles Times
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Clara River Valley (California).
USGS.gov: The Santa Clara River Valley
County of Ventura.gov: Santa Clara River Watershed
Santa Clara River Watershed Committee (SCRWC) website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Ventura County, California, United StatesCounty seat: VenturaCities
Camarillo
Fillmore
Moorpark
Ojai
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Ventura County mapCDPs
Bell Canyon
Casa Conejo
Channel Islands Beach
El Rio
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Piru
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Unincorporatedcommunities
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Solromar
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Wheeler Springs
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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vteMunicipalities and communities of Ventura County, California, United StatesCounty seat: VenturaCities
Camarillo
Fillmore
Moorpark
Ojai
Oxnard
Port Hueneme
Santa Paula
Simi Valley
Thousand Oaks
Ventura
Ventura County mapCDPs
Bell Canyon
Casa Conejo
Channel Islands Beach
El Rio
Lake Sherwood
Meiners Oaks
Mira Monte
Oak Park
Oak View
Piru
Santa Rosa Valley
Santa Susana
Saticoy
Somis
Unincorporatedcommunities
Bardsdale
Buckhorn
Camp Bartlett
Camp Scheideck
Casitas Springs
Dulah
Faria
La Conchita
Limoneira
Lockwood Valley
Mussel Shoals
Newbury Park
Ojala
Ortonville
Point Mugu
Sea Cliff
Silver Strand Beach
Solromar
Upper Ojai
Wheeler Springs
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
California portal
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vteSanta Clara River WatershedTributaries
Castaic Creek
Piru Creek
San Francisquito Creek
Sespe Creek
Communities
Acton
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Rancho Sespe
Santa Clara River Trail
Santa Clara River Valley
Santa Clarita Valley
San Emigdio Mountains
San Francisquito Canyon
St. Francis Dam
San Gabriel Mountains
Santa Susana Mountains
Saticoy Oil Field
Sespe Wilderness
Sierra Madre Mountains
Sierra Pelona Ridge
Six Flags Magic Mountain
Soledad Canyon
Topatopa Mountains
Vasquez Rocks
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
34°22′0″N 118°59′0″W / 34.36667°N 118.98333°W / 34.36667; -118.98333
This Ventura County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley"},{"link_name":"valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley"},{"link_name":"Ventura County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Santa Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Paula,_California"},{"link_name":"Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillmore,_California"},{"link_name":"Piru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piru,_California"},{"link_name":"national historic landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_historic_landmark"},{"link_name":"Rancho Camulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Camulos"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"Oxnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Valley along the Santa Clara River in Los Angeles and Ventura counties, CaliforniaThis article is about the valley in Southern California. For the valley in the San Francisco Bay Area, see Santa Clara Valley.The Santa Clara River Valley is a rural, mainly agricultural, valley in Ventura County, California that has been given the moniker Heritage Valley by the namesake tourism bureau.[1] The valley includes the communities of Santa Paula, Fillmore, Piru and the national historic landmark of Rancho Camulos. Named for the Santa Clara River,[2] which winds through the valley before emptying into the Pacific Ocean between the cities of Ventura and Oxnard, the tourist bureau describes it as \".... Southern California's last pristine agricultural valley nestled along the banks of the free-flowing Santa Clara River.\"[3]","title":"Santa Clara River Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_Orange_Grove2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orange groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_%C3%97_sinensis"},{"link_name":"Topatopa Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topatopa_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Los Padres National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Sespe Condor Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sespe_Condor_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Santa Susana Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susana_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clarita Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Valley"},{"link_name":"Oxnard Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_Plain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Orange groves of the Santa Clara River ValleyThe Santa Clara River Valley is bordered by the Topatopa Mountains, Los Padres National Forest, and Sespe Condor Sanctuary to the north and the Santa Susana Mountains to the south. The valley stretches from the boundary of northwest Los Angeles County and the northern Santa Clarita Valley on the east to the Oxnard Plain on the west marked by South Mountain[4] on the south bank of the river. The Santa Clarita Valley is part of the upper watershed of the river.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fog_in_the_Santa_Clara_River_Valley.png"},{"link_name":"Piru, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piru,_California"},{"link_name":"\"wind-tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds"},{"link_name":"Maria Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Fire"},{"link_name":"2019 California wildfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_California_wildfires"},{"link_name":"Saddleridge Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleridge_Fire"},{"link_name":"Creek Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_Fire_(2017)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fire"},{"link_name":"Sayre Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayre_Fire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Morning fog in the Santa Clara River Valley, viewed from Torrey Peak near Piru, California.The valley has been called one of the \"most dangerous wind and fire corridors in Southern California.\" It forms a connection between the high desert and the coast, which serves as a \"wind-tunnel-like-corridor\" for funneling Santa Ana winds, which spread wildfires. This served to spread the Maria Fire, one of the 2019 California wildfires. This valley has also suffered through the Saddleridge Fire in 2019, the Creek Fire and the Thomas Fire in 2017, and the Sayre Fire in 2008.[5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Flood of 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Dam"}],"sub_title":"Floods","text":"Further information: Great Flood of 1862The failure and near complete collapse of the St. Francis Dam took place in the middle of the night on March 12, 1928. The dam was holding a full reservoir of 12.4 billion gallons (47 billion liters) of water that surged down San Francisquito Canyon and emptied into the Santa Clara River, flowing down the river valley to the ocean.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_mission"},{"link_name":"San Buenaventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Basilica_San_Buenaventura"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bard"},{"link_name":"Hueneme wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hueneme"},{"link_name":"Inyo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyo_County"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"post-war urban development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion"}],"text":"A footpath through the valley was the only route linking the San Fernando and San Buenaventura missions for 18th-century Spanish missionaries. Thomas Bard launched a campaign in the 1870s to build a road through the valley as he wanted to connect the new Hueneme wharf with ore mines in Inyo County[6]The valley is an exception to the post-war urban development that has almost entirely eliminated citrus cultivation throughout most of Southern California.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Route 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_126"},{"link_name":"Route 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_150"},{"link_name":"Ojai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojai,_California"},{"link_name":"Route 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_23"},{"link_name":"Conejo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo_Valley"},{"link_name":"Santa Paula Branch Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Paula_Branch_Line"}],"text":"Route 126 - the main E-W highway serving the valley.\nRoute 150 - a minor E-W highway connecting Ojai to the valley.\nRoute 23 - a minor N-S highway connecting Fillmore to the Conejo Valley.\nSanta Paula Branch Line - the railway corridor through the valley, mostly used for excursions.","title":"Transportation"}]
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[{"image_text":"Orange groves of the Santa Clara River Valley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/California_Orange_Grove2.jpg/280px-California_Orange_Grove2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morning fog in the Santa Clara River Valley, viewed from Torrey Peak near Piru, California.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fog_in_the_Santa_Clara_River_Valley.png/280px-Fog_in_the_Santa_Clara_River_Valley.png"},{"image_text":"Ventura County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_California_highlighting_Ventura_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Ventura_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ventura County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_California_highlighting_Ventura_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Ventura_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Fry, Hanna; Puente, Mark; Lin II, Rong-Gong; Wigglesworth, Alex (2019-11-01). \"Maria fire charges toward Santa Paula neighborhoods, forcing additional evacuations\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-31/maria-fire-south-mountain","url_text":"\"Maria fire charges toward Santa Paula neighborhoods, forcing additional evacuations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]}]
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