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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrica_Kerempuh
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Petrica Kerempuh
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["1 Origin","2 Croatian literature","3 Legacy","4 Gallery","5 Citations"]
|
Croatian folk hero
Statue of Petrica Kerempuh by the sculptor Vanja Radauš, erected in 1955
Petrica Kerempuh (Croatian pronunciation: ) is a literary character who appears in a number of Croatian and former Yugoslav works, most famously appearing in the critically lauded Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh (Croatian: Balade Petrice Kerempuha) by Miroslav Krleža. In Croatian literature, Petrica Kerempuh is typically portrayed as a prophet of the people and a cynical commentator on contemporary events who ridicules the powerful.
Origin
The name is derived from the dialectical word kerempuh, meaning "belly", "offal", or "abdomen", with a figurative meaning suggesting a person of cunning or a merrymaker. It is thought to be of Hungarian origin.
The earliest origins of the character appear to be from a printing of Petrica Kerempuh iliti čini i življenje človeka prokšenoga ("Petrica Kerempuh or the Life of a Prodigal Man") by Jakob Lovrenčić in 1834, which is a translation of a German book on the travels and adventures of Till Eulenspiegel.
Beginning in the 1860s, while writing for Pozor in Prague, August Šenoa wrote many of his essays using Petrica Kerempuh as a pseudonym.
Croatian literature
In 1936, Krleža published The Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh in Ljubljana and it was received very well. The book went on to be considered an important work in 20th-century Central European literature, emblematic of the best the region had to offer. Through the character, Krleža voiced his opposition to the centuries-old oppression of the people. Kerempuh is often considered to be a Zagorje version of the original Till Eulenspiegel tales, as well as the Hungarian tales of Mátyás Garabonciás Diák, which were worked on by the Croatian author Tituš Brezovački.
Another example of the character appears in Dragutin Domjanić's lesser-known puppet show Petrica Kerempuh i spametni osel ('Petrica Kerempuh and the Smart Ass'), in which he critically and satirically describes Croatian intellectuals of the 1920s. Apart from being a literary character, Petrica Kerempuh has also been utilized in theater.
Legacy
Because of Kerempuh's popularity in literary Croatian, especially that of Kajkavian-speaking parts of the country, the term has been used metonymically to impart a satirical or humorous nature. Kerempuh was a satirical weekly newspaper in Zagreb that ran from 1945 until 1958 and later was a part of the Sunday edition of Vjesnik until 1965. Also in Zagreb is the Satirical Theatre Kerempuh, named after the character.
Today, there is a sculpture of Petrica Kerempuh by the sculptor Vanja Radauš, erected in 1955, located at Dolac Market in Zagreb. North of Dolac is Petrica Kerempuh's Square, where flowers are typically sold.
Gallery
Miroslav Krleža – author"Balada Petrice Kerempuha"
Petrica's likenessin Gornja Stubica
Citations
^ "Petrica Kerempuh". Hrvatski jezični portal. Zagreb: Znanje i Srce. 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^ http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/brosura/korak_po_korak/brosura%20korak%20po%20korak_HR_web.pdf Preuzeto 23. prosinca 2011.
^ a b de Haro García, N.; Mayayo, P.; Carrillo, J. (2020). Making Art History in Europe After 1945. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351187572. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^ a b c "kerempuh". Hrvatski jezični portal. Zagreb: Znanje i Srce. 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^ Miroslav Krleža: Balade Petrice Kerempuha, Klasici hrvatske knjževnosti: pjesništvo, Naklada Bulaja, Zagreb 2000.
^ "August Šenoa". Kuća Šenoa. Udruga "Svi naši Šenoe". Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ Šunjić, Ankica (2015). "ŠENOA, August". Hrvatski biografski leksikon. Zagreb: Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/510-petrica-kerempuh-prvi-put-u-italiji Preuzeto 23. prosinca 2011.
^ http://www.tportal.hr/kultura/kazaliste/46572/Petrica-Kerempuh-prosetao-centrom-Zagreba.html Preuzeto 23. prosinca 2011.
^ "Kerempuh". Hrvatska enciklopedija (in Croatian). Zagreb: Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petrica_Kerempuh_0308.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vanja Radauš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanja_Radau%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[pětrit͡sa kêrempuːx]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"literary character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"former Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Yugoslav"},{"link_name":"Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballads_of_Petrica_Kerempuh"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Krleža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"Croatian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_literature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-after-3"}],"text":"Statue of Petrica Kerempuh by the sculptor Vanja Radauš, erected in 1955Petrica Kerempuh (Croatian pronunciation: [pětrit͡sa kêrempuːx])[1] is a literary character who appears in a number of Croatian and former Yugoslav works, most famously appearing in the critically lauded Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh (Croatian: Balade Petrice Kerempuha) by Miroslav Krleža. In Croatian literature, Petrica Kerempuh is typically portrayed as a prophet of the people and a cynical commentator on contemporary events who ridicules the powerful.[2][3]","title":"Petrica Kerempuh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerep-4"},{"link_name":"Jakob Lovrenčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Lovren%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Lovren%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Till Eulenspiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pozor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pozor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozor"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"August Šenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_%C5%A0enoa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-august-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leks-7"}],"text":"The name is derived from the dialectical word kerempuh, meaning \"belly\", \"offal\", or \"abdomen\", with a figurative meaning suggesting a person of cunning or a merrymaker. It is thought to be of Hungarian origin.[4]The earliest origins of the character appear to be from a printing of Petrica Kerempuh iliti čini i življenje človeka prokšenoga (\"Petrica Kerempuh or the Life of a Prodigal Man\") by Jakob Lovrenčić [hr] in 1834, which is a translation of a German book on the travels and adventures of Till Eulenspiegel.[5]Beginning in the 1860s, while writing for Pozor [hr] in Prague, August Šenoa wrote many of his essays using Petrica Kerempuh as a pseudonym.[6][7]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballads_of_Petrica_Kerempuh"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Zagorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagorje"},{"link_name":"Till Eulenspiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Tituš Brezovački","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titu%C5%A1_Brezova%C4%8Dki"},{"link_name":"Dragutin Domjanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragutin_Domjani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1936, Krleža published The Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh in Ljubljana and it was received very well. The book went on to be considered an important work in 20th-century Central European literature, emblematic of the best the region had to offer.[8] Through the character, Krleža voiced his opposition to the centuries-old oppression of the people. Kerempuh is often considered to be a Zagorje version of the original Till Eulenspiegel tales, as well as the Hungarian tales of Mátyás Garabonciás Diák, which were worked on by the Croatian author Tituš Brezovački.Another example of the character appears in Dragutin Domjanić's lesser-known puppet show Petrica Kerempuh i spametni osel ('Petrica Kerempuh and the Smart Ass'), in which he critically and satirically describes Croatian intellectuals of the 1920s. Apart from being a literary character, Petrica Kerempuh has also been utilized in theater.[9]","title":"Croatian literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kajkavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian"},{"link_name":"Kerempuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerempuh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Vjesnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjesnik"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerep-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Satirical Theatre Kerempuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirical_Theatre_Kerempuh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-after-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerep-4"},{"link_name":"Vanja Radauš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanja_Radau%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Dolac Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolac_Market"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"}],"text":"Because of Kerempuh's popularity in literary Croatian, especially that of Kajkavian-speaking parts of the country, the term has been used metonymically to impart a satirical or humorous nature. Kerempuh was a satirical weekly newspaper in Zagreb that ran from 1945 until 1958 and later was a part of the Sunday edition of Vjesnik until 1965.[4][10] Also in Zagreb is the Satirical Theatre Kerempuh, named after the character.[3][4]Today, there is a sculpture of Petrica Kerempuh by the sculptor Vanja Radauš, erected in 1955, located at Dolac Market in Zagreb. North of Dolac is Petrica Kerempuh's Square, where flowers are typically sold.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Petrica Kerempuh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=eV5iXRI%3D&keyword=Petrica+Kerempuh"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/brosura/korak_po_korak/brosura%20korak%20po%20korak_HR_web.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/brosura/korak_po_korak/brosura%20korak%20po%20korak_HR_web.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-after_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-after_3-1"},{"link_name":"Making Art History in Europe After 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uZ3SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781351187572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351187572"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kerep_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kerep_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kerep_4-2"},{"link_name":"\"kerempuh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=el1gUBk%3D"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-august_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"August Šenoa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kuca.senoa.eu/obitelj-senoa/august-senoa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leks_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"ŠENOA, August\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=11894"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/510-petrica-kerempuh-prvi-put-u-italiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/510-petrica-kerempuh-prvi-put-u-italiji"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"http://www.tportal.hr/kultura/kazaliste/46572/Petrica-Kerempuh-prosetao-centrom-Zagreba.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tportal.hr/kultura/kazaliste/46572/Petrica-Kerempuh-prosetao-centrom-Zagreba.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Kerempuh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=31248"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12639637#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/10759272"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjKvxqfcVf86HCCTJ3gKbd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/123635748"}],"text":"^ \"Petrica Kerempuh\". Hrvatski jezični portal. Zagreb: Znanje i Srce. 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2023.\n\n^ http://www.zagreb-touristinfo.hr/brosura/korak_po_korak/brosura%20korak%20po%20korak_HR_web.pdf Preuzeto 23. prosinca 2011.\n\n^ a b de Haro García, N.; Mayayo, P.; Carrillo, J. (2020). Making Art History in Europe After 1945. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351187572. Retrieved 2 November 2023.\n\n^ a b c \"kerempuh\". Hrvatski jezični portal. Zagreb: Znanje i Srce. 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2023.\n\n^ Miroslav Krleža: Balade Petrice Kerempuha, Klasici hrvatske knjževnosti: pjesništvo, Naklada Bulaja, Zagreb 2000.\n\n^ \"August Šenoa\". Kuća Šenoa. Udruga \"Svi naši Šenoe\". Retrieved 19 November 2023.\n\n^ Šunjić, Ankica (2015). \"ŠENOA, August\". Hrvatski biografski leksikon. Zagreb: Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. Retrieved 19 November 2023.\n\n^ http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/510-petrica-kerempuh-prvi-put-u-italiji Preuzeto 23. prosinca 2011.\n\n^ http://www.tportal.hr/kultura/kazaliste/46572/Petrica-Kerempuh-prosetao-centrom-Zagreba.html Preuzeto 23. prosinca 2011.\n\n^ \"Kerempuh\". Hrvatska enciklopedija (in Croatian). Zagreb: Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2023.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany","title":"Citations"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Munns
|
Charles L. Munns
|
["1 Education","2 Military career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American admiral
Charles L. MunnsVice Admiral Charles L. Munns (retired)Nickname(s)ChuckBorn (1950-06-14) June 14, 1950 (age 74)Minneapolis-St. Paul, MNAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States NavyYears of service34Rank Vice AdmiralAwards
Distinguished Service Medal (two awards)
Legion of Merit (five awards)
Meritorious Service Medal (two awards)
Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal (three awards)
Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal
Charles L. Munns, retired as a Vice Admiral in the United States Navy. Munns held several posts including Commander, United States Submarine Forces (COMNAVSUBFOR) and Commander, Submarine Force Atlantic (COMSUBLANT). Munns served as commander of the U.S. submarine force from 2004–2007.
For the academic year 2023–2024 academic year, Munns serves as the Executive in Residence for the University of South Carolina Aiken School of Business Administration.
Education
Munns graduated with distinction in 1973 from the United States Naval Academy with a bachelor of science degree, majoring in physics.
Munns received a master's of science in Computer Science from the University of Colorado in 1980. He attended MIT's Seminar XXI on Foreign Politics and International Relations from 1993-1994.
In May 2018, he received an honorary doctorate of public service from the University of South Carolina.
In 2018, Munns was inducted into the West Des Moines Valley High School's Hall of Honor.
Military career
Former President Jimmy Carter speaks with Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Vice Adm. Charles Munns, as they ride out to sea on the bridge aboard the Seawolf-class submarine USS Jimmy Carter.
Munns served in the following positions:
Division Officer, USS Seadragon (SSN-584), November 1974-May 1978
Instructor, NROTC Unit University of Colorado, August 1978-December 1980
Engineer, USS Ethan Allen (SSN-608), August 1981-March 1983
Navigator, USS New York City (SSN-696), May 1983-October 1984
Executive Officer, USS Florida (SSBN-728) (Blue), January 1985-January 1987
Executive Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff, CINCPACFLT, February 1987-March 1989
Commanding Officer, USS Richard B. Russell (SSN-687), April 1990-October 1992
Commander, Submarine Development Squadron Twelve, July 1994-August 1995
Fellow, CNO Strategic Studies Group, September 1995
Chief of Staff, Commander Submarine Force U.S. Pacific Fleet, July 1996-May 1998
Deputy Chief of Staff for C4I, Resources, Requirements, and Assessments (N6N8) on the staff of the Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet, April 1998-May 2000
Commander Submarine Group Eight; Commander Submarines, Allied Naval Forces South; Commander, Submarine Force Sixth Fleet (CTF 69); and Commander, Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine Force (CTF 164), June 2000
Director, Navy Marine Corps Intranet (NMCI)
Commander, United States Submarine Forces, 2004-2007
See also
United States Fleet Forces Command
Submarines in the United States Navy
Virginia-class submarine
List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Vice Admiral Charles L. Munns. United States Navy.
^ "Executive in Residence Program". Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ "Munns and Allen Receive Honorary Degrees".
^ "2018 Hall of Honor Recipients - West Des Moines Community Schools". www.wdmcs.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12.
External links
Submarine Warfare Division website Information, history, and US Navy articles
Undersea Warfare magazine Undersea Warfare is the official magazine of the US Navy undersea warfare community.
Official US Navy submarine websites Archived 2007-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
Official COMSUBLANT website
Military offices
Preceded byKirk H. Donald
ComNavSubFor 2004-2007
Succeeded byJohn J. Donnelly
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Former President Jimmy Carter speaks with Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Vice Adm. Charles Munns, as they ride out to sea on the bridge aboard the Seawolf-class submarine USS Jimmy Carter.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/US_Navy_050811-N-0653J-003_Former_President_Jimmy_Carter_speaks_with_Commander%2C_Submarine_Force%2C_U.S._Atlantic_Fleet%2C_Vice_Adm._Charles_Munns%2C_as_they_ride_out_to_sea_on_the_bridge_aboard_the_Sea_Wolf-class_attack_submarine_USS.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"United States Fleet Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command"},{"title":"Submarines in the United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines_in_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Virginia-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia-class_submarine"},{"title":"List of submarine classes of the United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_of_the_United_States_Navy"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship_and_Believe
|
Worship and Believe
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","3.1 Live tracks (12–15)","4 Production","5 Charts","6 References"]
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2016 studio album by Steven Curtis ChapmanWorship and BelieveStudio album by Steven Curtis ChapmanReleasedMarch 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)GenreWorship, Christian popLength72:28LabelEssential Worship, ReunionProducer
Brent Milligan
Steven Curtis Chapman
Steven Curtis Chapman chronology
The Glorious Unfolding(2013)
Worship and Believe(2016)
Deeper Roots: Where the Bluegrass Grows(2019)
Worship and Believe is the sixteenth studio album by Steven Curtis Chapman. Essential Worship alongside Reunion Records released the album on March 4, 2016.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRating365 Days of Inspiring MediaAlpha Omega NewsACCM MagazineThe Christian Beat4.8/5Cross RhythmsJesus Freak HideoutJesus Wired95/100New Release TodayToday's Christian EntertainmentWorship Leader
Awarding the album four stars at CCM Magazine, Matt Conner states, "Worship And Believe definitely feels different than your typical Chapman release, but it’s his voice that keeps this album in familiar territory, even as the pop production and congregational feel bring in fresh elements...it's a welcome shift in career direction for Chapman and hopefully there's more to come." Jeremy Armstrong, rating the album four stars from Worship Leader, writes, "the result is powerful worship music for individual worship and some song options to unite congregations...As a shift from a focus on story stongs to vertical prayers, Worship and Believe represents Chapman's continual willingness to grow in artistry." Giving the album five stars for New Release Today, Phronsie Howell says, "Worship and Believe is Steven Curtis Chapman's debut in the worship genre, and it not only solidifies his place in the worship music world, it exemplifies what heartfelt worship is...Worship and Believe is powerful, genuine, heartfelt worship to the King of Kings who sustains us even in the midst of life's trials."
Reviewing the album for Charisma, Taylor Berglund writes, "Worship and Believe doesn't reinvent the wheel when it comes to modern worship, but Chapman's unique touch makes the album a worthwhile listen for fans of Christian music. Worship and Believe has plenty of highlights. Chapman may have taken 16 albums before creating his first worship album, but Worship and Believe was worth the wait." Jonathan Andre, indicating in a four and a half star review by 365 Days of Inspiring Media, describes, "Worship and Believe is yet another album full of poignancy and comforting words and Steven continues to present to us reasons why he still carries a mantle of one of CCM’s most prolific and sustainable songwriters of CCM history. Well done Steven Curtis Chapman for such a wonderful and rewarding album experience, one that will be enjoyed and cherished by myself in months, years and decades to come!" Signaling in a nine out of ten review from Cross Rhythms, Lins Honeyman writes, "this stunningly inspiring and poignant release."
Indicating in a 95 out of 100 review at Jesus Wired, Chelsea DeVries writes, "Worship and Believe is definitely a rock solid effort of worship from Steven Curtis Chapman...his ear for good music mixed with faith-filled songwriting has not grown tone deaf but instead has gotten better with time." Rating the album a 4.8 out of five by The Christian Beat, Sarah Baylor says, "this new album truly delivers with a collection of songs that strike to the heart and inspire...Steven Curtis Chapman shares deeply personal lyrics and creates powerful worship moments with his latest release." Lauren McLean, allotting the album a four and a half star rating from Today's Christian Entertainment, writes, "Worship and Believe is full of beautiful reminders of who we are to the Lord and why we are here." Signaling in a three star review at Jesus Freak Hideout, Mark Rice says, "With Worship and Believe, I think the big creative misstep for Chapman was attempting to release a project full of music designed for congregational/Sunday morning/church/communal/group worship (call it what you will), rather than making a worship project with less restrictive confines." Rob Snyder, grading the album an A for Alpha Omega News, says, "this is another outstanding record."
Track listing
Standard version (physical, compact disc)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."We Believe"Steven Curtis Chapman5:052."One True God" (featuring Chris Tomlin)Chapman, Matt Redman, Chris Tomlin4:253."Amen"Chapman, Rend Collective4:064."Hallelujah, You Are Good" (featuring Matt Maher)Chapman, Matt Maher3:315."More Than Conquerors"Chapman5:206."Sing for You"Chapman5:087."Who You Say We Are"Chapman5:328."The Body"Chapman4:229."King of Love"Chapman5:2810."We Are Listening"Chapman4:4711."God of Forever"Chapman, Brent Alan Milligan4:2512."Amen" (live)Chapman, Rend Collective4:3013."One True God" (live)Chapman, Redman, Tomlin4:5014."Who You Say We Are" (live)Chapman5:3415."More Than Conquerors" (live)Chapman5:25Total length:72:28
Deluxe version (digital download)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."We Believe"Steven Curtis Chapman5:052."One True God" (featuring Chris Tomlin)Chapman, Matt Redman, Chris Tomlin4:253."Amen"Chapman, Rend Collective4:064."Hallelujah, You Are Good" (featuring Matt Maher)Chapman, Matt Maher3:305."More Than Conquerors"Chapman5:196."Sing for You"Chapman5:087."Who You Say We Are"Chapman5:328."The Body"Chapman4:219."King of Love"Chapman5:2810."We Are Listening"Chapman4:4711."God of Forever"Chapman, Brent Alan Milligan4:2512."We Believe" (live)Chapman5:2813."Sing for You" (live)Chapman5:0714."One True God" (live)Chapman, Redman, Tomlin4:5015."More Than Conquerors" (live)Chapman5:2616."Who You Say We Are" (live)Chapman5:3417."Amen" (live)Chapman, Rend Collective4:30Total length:83:01
Personnel
Steven Curtis Chapman – lead vocals, acoustic piano (1, 11), acoustic guitars (3-6, 8, 11), backing vocals (3, 5, 6, 8–10)
Brent Milligan – synthesizers (1), programming (1, 3, 5–11), acoustic guitar (1, 2, 7), electric guitars (1, 7, 11), bass, dulcimer (1), percussion (2), cello (4, 11), textures (4), intro synthesizer (5), backing vocals (5)
Jeff Roach – synthesizers (1, 8), Yamaha CP-70 (8), tack piano (10), bass synth (10)
Grant Pittman – synthesizers (1, 5, 6, 7), upright piano (5), acoustic piano (6)
Joe Causey – programming (3)
Matt Maher – acoustic piano (4), backing vocals (4)
Brian Green – acoustic piano (7)
Blair Masters – string arrangements (4, 9), acoustic piano (9), dulcimer (9), synthesizers (9)
James Duke – electric guitar (1–3, 5–10)
Caleb Chapman – electric guitar (2, 6, 11)
Will Chapman – drums (1, 3, 6, 11)
Josh Devine – drums (1)
Jacob Schrodt – drums (2, 5, 7–10)
David Angell – strings (4, 9)
David Davidson – strings (4, 9)
Sarigani Reist – strings (4, 9)
Kristin Wilkinson – strings (4, 9)
Christ Presbyterian Church Choir – backing vocals (1)
Scott Sheriff – backing vocals (1)
Lindsey Lee Taylor – backing vocals (1–3, 5–7, 9, 10)
Micah Wilshire – backing vocals (2, 3, 5, 8, 9)
Chris Tomlin – lead vocals (2)
Harold Rubens – backing vocals (3)
Zach Bright – backing vocals (3)
David Brown – backing vocals (3)
Choir (Tracks 2, 5, 8, 10 & 11)
Blaine Barcus, Ben Brown, Katelyn Grant, Annie Gullo, Rebekah Gunkel, Hannah Kerr, Michael D. Kerr, Nathaniel Kotras, Lindsey Kirkendall, Sarah Lowe, Carol Roundtree, Kayla Spelling, Tara Stepp, Vickie Willis and W. Scott Willis
Choir (Tracks 6 & 7)
Herb Chapman, Sherri Chapman, Jillian Edwards, Bubba Frizzell, Erin Frizzell, Lauren Martin, Lindsey McCaul, Drew Middleton, Angela Moore, Lori Morrison and Anna Roberson
Live tracks (12–15)
Steven Curtis Chapman – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Brian Green – keyboards, backing vocals
James Duke – electric guitar, backing vocals
Brent Milligan – bass, backing vocals
Jacob Schrodt – drums
Choir (Tracks 12, 13 & 15)
James Allen, Herb Chapman, Jared Dean, Kelly Dean, Angie George, Jineen Glover, Shane Glover, Katelyn Grant, Taylor Henry, Nathaniel Kotras, Jennifer Leonard, Lori Morrison and Renee Patterson
Production
Producers – Brent Milligan and Steven Curtis Chapman
Executive Producer – Terry Hemmings
A&R – Blaine Barcus
All songs recorded by Brent Milligan at SCC's house.
Live songs recorded at Oak Hills Church (San Antonio, TX.)
Choir on "We Believe" recorded by Bobby Shin
Strings on tracks #4 & 9 recorded by Bobby Shin at Little Big Sound (Nashville, TN).
Editing on tracks #2, 5, 6, 8 & 9 – Keith Harris
Mixed by Sean Mofitt, assisted by Warren David.
Mastered by Dave McNair
Photography – Jeremy Cowart
Wardrobe – Jonathan Powell
Grooming – Sheila Davis
Live Photography – Nathan Ellis/Ellis Arts & e-Media
Art Direction – Tim Parker and Beth Lee
Design – Tim Parker
A&R Production – Michelle Box
Charts
Chart (2016)
Peak position
US Billboard 200
87
US Christian Albums (Billboard)
4
References
^ a b Andre, Jonathan (February 27, 2016). "Music Reviews: Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe". 365 Days of Inspiring Media. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ a b Snyder, Rob (March 21, 2016). "Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe". Jesus Wired. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
^ a b Conner, Matt (February 28, 2016). "Steven Curtis Chapman – 'Worship and Believe' album review". CCM Magazine. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ a b Baylor, Sarah (March 5, 2016). "Steven Curtis Chapman's "Worship And Believe": Powerful & Inspiring". The Christian Beat. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ a b Honeyman, Lins (May 1, 2016). "Review: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ a b Rice, Mark (March 1, 2016). "Steven Curtis Chapman, "Worship and Believe" Review". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
^ a b DeVries, Chelsea (March 15, 2016). "Struggle With Faith No More After Listening to Steven Curtis Chapman's Newest Album". Jesus Wired. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
^ a b Howell, Phronsie (February 29, 2016). "A Natural Transition". New Release Today. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ a b McLean, Lauren (February 26, 2016). "Steven Curtis Chapman 'Worship and Believe' (Deluxe)". Today's Christian Entertainment. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ a b Armstrong, Jeremy. Armstrong, Jeremy (ed.). "Steven Curtis Chapman: Worship and Believe". Worship Leader. Vol. January/February 2016. San Juan Capistrano, California: Chuck Fromm, PhD (Worship Leader Partnership). p. 76. ISSN 1066-1247. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ Berglund, Taylor (April 1, 2016). LeClaire, Jennifer (ed.). "Music: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman (Essential Worship/Provident)". Charisma. Vol. 41, no. 9. Lake Mary, Florida: Stephen Strang, Joy Strang and Dr. Steve Greene. p. 62. ISSN 0895-156X. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
^ "Steven Curtis Chapman Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ "Steven Curtis Chapman Chart History (Christian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
vteSteven Curtis ChapmanStudio albums
First Hand
Real Life Conversations
More to This Life
For the Sake of the Call
The Great Adventure
Heaven in the Real World
Signs of Life
Speechless
Declaration
All About Love
All Things New
This Moment
Beauty Will Rise
Re:creation
The Glorious Unfolding
Worship and Believe
Still
Christmas albums
The Music of Christmas
All I Really Want for Christmas
Joy
Other albums
The Live Adventure
Greatest Hits
Deep Roots
Songs
"Dive"
"Remembering You"
"Miracle of the Moment"
"Cinderella"
"Yours"
"Do Everything"
"Long Way Home"
Other
Discography
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Steven Curtis Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Curtis_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Essential Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_Records_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"Reunion Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion_Records"}],"text":"Worship and Believe is the sixteenth studio album by Steven Curtis Chapman. Essential Worship alongside Reunion Records released the album on March 4, 2016.","title":"Worship and Believe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCM-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WL-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRT-8"},{"link_name":"Charisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHARISMA-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365DoIM-1"},{"link_name":"Cross Rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Rhythms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JW-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCB-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AON-2"}],"text":"Awarding the album four stars at CCM Magazine, Matt Conner states, \"Worship And Believe definitely feels different than your typical Chapman release, but it’s his voice that keeps this album in familiar territory, even as the pop production and congregational feel bring in fresh elements...it's a welcome shift in career direction for Chapman and hopefully there's more to come.\"[3] Jeremy Armstrong, rating the album four stars from Worship Leader, writes, \"the result is powerful worship music for individual worship and some song options to unite congregations...As a shift from a focus on story stongs to vertical prayers, Worship and Believe represents Chapman's continual willingness to grow in artistry.\"[10] Giving the album five stars for New Release Today, Phronsie Howell says, \"Worship and Believe is Steven Curtis Chapman's debut in the worship genre, and it not only solidifies his place in the worship music world, it exemplifies what heartfelt worship is...Worship and Believe is powerful, genuine, heartfelt worship to the King of Kings who sustains us even in the midst of life's trials.\"[8]Reviewing the album for Charisma, Taylor Berglund writes, \"Worship and Believe doesn't reinvent the wheel when it comes to modern worship, but Chapman's unique touch makes the album a worthwhile listen for fans of Christian music. Worship and Believe has plenty of highlights. Chapman may have taken 16 albums before creating his first worship album, but Worship and Believe was worth the wait.\"[11] Jonathan Andre, indicating in a four and a half star review by 365 Days of Inspiring Media, describes, \"Worship and Believe is yet another album full of poignancy and comforting words and Steven continues to present to us reasons why he still carries a mantle of one of CCM’s most prolific and sustainable songwriters of CCM history. Well done Steven Curtis Chapman for such a wonderful and rewarding album experience, one that will be enjoyed and cherished by myself in months, years and decades to come!\"[1] Signaling in a nine out of ten review from Cross Rhythms, Lins Honeyman writes, \"this stunningly inspiring and poignant release.\"[5]Indicating in a 95 out of 100 review at Jesus Wired, Chelsea DeVries writes, \"Worship and Believe is definitely a rock solid effort of worship from Steven Curtis Chapman...his ear for good music mixed with faith-filled songwriting has not grown tone deaf but instead has gotten better with time.\"[7] Rating the album a 4.8 out of five by The Christian Beat, Sarah Baylor says, \"this new album truly delivers with a collection of songs that strike to the heart and inspire...Steven Curtis Chapman shares deeply personal lyrics and creates powerful worship moments with his latest release.\"[4] Lauren McLean, allotting the album a four and a half star rating from Today's Christian Entertainment, writes, \"Worship and Believe is full of beautiful reminders of who we are to the Lord and why we are here.\"[9] Signaling in a three star review at Jesus Freak Hideout, Mark Rice says, \"With Worship and Believe, I think the big creative misstep for Chapman was attempting to release a project full of music designed for congregational/Sunday morning/church/communal/group worship (call it what you will), rather than making a worship project with less restrictive confines.\"[6] Rob Snyder, grading the album an A for Alpha Omega News, says, \"this is another outstanding record.\"[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Curtis Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Curtis_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Matt Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Redman"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Rend Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rend_Collective"},{"link_name":"Matt Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Maher"},{"link_name":"Matt Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Maher"},{"link_name":"Brent Alan Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Milligan"},{"link_name":"Steven Curtis Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Curtis_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Matt Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Redman"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Rend Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rend_Collective"},{"link_name":"Matt Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Maher"},{"link_name":"Matt Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Maher"},{"link_name":"Brent Alan Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Milligan"}],"text":"Standard version (physical, compact disc)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"We Believe\"Steven Curtis Chapman5:052.\"One True God\" (featuring Chris Tomlin)Chapman, Matt Redman, Chris Tomlin4:253.\"Amen\"Chapman, Rend Collective4:064.\"Hallelujah, You Are Good\" (featuring Matt Maher)Chapman, Matt Maher3:315.\"More Than Conquerors\"Chapman5:206.\"Sing for You\"Chapman5:087.\"Who You Say We Are\"Chapman5:328.\"The Body\"Chapman4:229.\"King of Love\"Chapman5:2810.\"We Are Listening\"Chapman4:4711.\"God of Forever\"Chapman, Brent Alan Milligan4:2512.\"Amen\" (live)Chapman, Rend Collective4:3013.\"One True God\" (live)Chapman, Redman, Tomlin4:5014.\"Who You Say We Are\" (live)Chapman5:3415.\"More Than Conquerors\" (live)Chapman5:25Total length:72:28Deluxe version (digital download)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"We Believe\"Steven Curtis Chapman5:052.\"One True God\" (featuring Chris Tomlin)Chapman, Matt Redman, Chris Tomlin4:253.\"Amen\"Chapman, Rend Collective4:064.\"Hallelujah, You Are Good\" (featuring Matt Maher)Chapman, Matt Maher3:305.\"More Than Conquerors\"Chapman5:196.\"Sing for You\"Chapman5:087.\"Who You Say We Are\"Chapman5:328.\"The Body\"Chapman4:219.\"King of Love\"Chapman5:2810.\"We Are Listening\"Chapman4:4711.\"God of Forever\"Chapman, Brent Alan Milligan4:2512.\"We Believe\" (live)Chapman5:2813.\"Sing for You\" (live)Chapman5:0714.\"One True God\" (live)Chapman, Redman, Tomlin4:5015.\"More Than Conquerors\" (live)Chapman5:2616.\"Who You Say We Are\" (live)Chapman5:3417.\"Amen\" (live)Chapman, Rend Collective4:30Total length:83:01","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brent Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Milligan"},{"link_name":"dulcimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcimer"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"textures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(music)"},{"link_name":"Yamaha CP-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_grand_piano"},{"link_name":"tack piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tack_piano"},{"link_name":"upright piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upright_piano"},{"link_name":"Matt Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Maher"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Jillian Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillian_Edwards"}],"text":"Steven Curtis Chapman – lead vocals, acoustic piano (1, 11), acoustic guitars (3-6, 8, 11), backing vocals (3, 5, 6, 8–10)\nBrent Milligan – synthesizers (1), programming (1, 3, 5–11), acoustic guitar (1, 2, 7), electric guitars (1, 7, 11), bass, dulcimer (1), percussion (2), cello (4, 11), textures (4), intro synthesizer (5), backing vocals (5)\nJeff Roach – synthesizers (1, 8), Yamaha CP-70 (8), tack piano (10), bass synth (10)\nGrant Pittman – synthesizers (1, 5, 6, 7), upright piano (5), acoustic piano (6)\nJoe Causey – programming (3)\nMatt Maher – acoustic piano (4), backing vocals (4)\nBrian Green – acoustic piano (7)\nBlair Masters – string arrangements (4, 9), acoustic piano (9), dulcimer (9), synthesizers (9)\nJames Duke – electric guitar (1–3, 5–10)\nCaleb Chapman – electric guitar (2, 6, 11)\nWill Chapman – drums (1, 3, 6, 11)\nJosh Devine – drums (1)\nJacob Schrodt – drums (2, 5, 7–10)\nDavid Angell – strings (4, 9)\nDavid Davidson – strings (4, 9)\nSarigani Reist – strings (4, 9)\nKristin Wilkinson – strings (4, 9)\nChrist Presbyterian Church Choir – backing vocals (1)\nScott Sheriff – backing vocals (1)\nLindsey Lee Taylor – backing vocals (1–3, 5–7, 9, 10)\nMicah Wilshire – backing vocals (2, 3, 5, 8, 9)\nChris Tomlin – lead vocals (2)\nHarold Rubens – backing vocals (3)\nZach Bright – backing vocals (3)\nDavid Brown – backing vocals (3)Choir (Tracks 2, 5, 8, 10 & 11)Blaine Barcus, Ben Brown, Katelyn Grant, Annie Gullo, Rebekah Gunkel, Hannah Kerr, Michael D. Kerr, Nathaniel Kotras, Lindsey Kirkendall, Sarah Lowe, Carol Roundtree, Kayla Spelling, Tara Stepp, Vickie Willis and W. Scott WillisChoir (Tracks 6 & 7)Herb Chapman, Sherri Chapman, Jillian Edwards, Bubba Frizzell, Erin Frizzell, Lauren Martin, Lindsey McCaul, Drew Middleton, Angela Moore, Lori Morrison and Anna Roberson","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live tracks (12–15)","text":"Steven Curtis Chapman – lead vocals, acoustic guitar\nBrian Green – keyboards, backing vocals\nJames Duke – electric guitar, backing vocals\nBrent Milligan – bass, backing vocals\nJacob Schrodt – drumsChoir (Tracks 12, 13 & 15)James Allen, Herb Chapman, Jared Dean, Kelly Dean, Angie George, Jineen Glover, Shane Glover, Katelyn Grant, Taylor Henry, Nathaniel Kotras, Jennifer Leonard, Lori Morrison and Renee Patterson","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Producers – Brent Milligan and Steven Curtis Chapman\nExecutive Producer – Terry Hemmings\nA&R – Blaine Barcus\nAll songs recorded by Brent Milligan at SCC's house.\nLive songs recorded at Oak Hills Church (San Antonio, TX.)\nChoir on \"We Believe\" recorded by Bobby Shin\nStrings on tracks #4 & 9 recorded by Bobby Shin at Little Big Sound (Nashville, TN).\nEditing on tracks #2, 5, 6, 8 & 9 – Keith Harris\nMixed by Sean Mofitt, assisted by Warren David.\nMastered by Dave McNair\nPhotography – Jeremy Cowart\nWardrobe – Jonathan Powell\nGrooming – Sheila Davis\nLive Photography – Nathan Ellis/Ellis Arts & e-Media\nArt Direction – Tim Parker and Beth Lee\nDesign – Tim Parker\nA&R Production – Michelle Box","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Andre, Jonathan (February 27, 2016). \"Music Reviews: Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe\". 365 Days of Inspiring Media. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.365daysofinspiringmedia.com/reviews/steven-curtis-chapman-worship-and-believe/","url_text":"\"Music Reviews: Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe\""}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Rob (March 21, 2016). \"Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe\". Jesus Wired. Retrieved March 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://alphaomeganews.org/reviews/2016/03/21/scc-worship-and-believe-2/","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe\""}]},{"reference":"Conner, Matt (February 28, 2016). \"Steven Curtis Chapman – 'Worship and Believe' album review\". CCM Magazine. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/reviews/steven-curtis-chapman-worship-and-believe-album-review/","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman – 'Worship and Believe' album review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Baylor, Sarah (March 5, 2016). \"Steven Curtis Chapman's \"Worship And Believe\": Powerful & Inspiring\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thechristianbeat.org/index.php/exclusives/1751-steven-curtis-chapman-s-worship-and-believe-powerful-inspiring","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman's \"Worship And Believe\": Powerful & Inspiring\""}]},{"reference":"Honeyman, Lins (May 1, 2016). \"Review: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman\". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Steven_Curtis_Chapman/Worship_And_Believe/159599/","url_text":"\"Review: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Rhythms","url_text":"Cross Rhythms"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Mark (March 1, 2016). \"Steven Curtis Chapman, \"Worship and Believe\" Review\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/WorshipandBelieve.asp","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman, \"Worship and Believe\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"DeVries, Chelsea (March 15, 2016). \"Struggle With Faith No More After Listening to Steven Curtis Chapman's Newest Album\". Jesus Wired. Retrieved March 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://jesuswired.com/struggle-faith-no-listening-steven-curtis-chapmans-newest-album/","url_text":"\"Struggle With Faith No More After Listening to Steven Curtis Chapman's Newest Album\""}]},{"reference":"Howell, Phronsie (February 29, 2016). \"A Natural Transition\". New Release Today. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newreleasetoday.com/userprofile_reviewssinglepost.php?review_id=23353&user_id=116044","url_text":"\"A Natural Transition\""}]},{"reference":"McLean, Lauren (February 26, 2016). \"Steven Curtis Chapman 'Worship and Believe' (Deluxe)\". Today's Christian Entertainment. Retrieved March 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://todayschristianent.com/steven-curtis-chapman-worship-and-believe-deluxe/","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman 'Worship and Believe' (Deluxe)\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Jeremy. Armstrong, Jeremy (ed.). \"Steven Curtis Chapman: Worship and Believe\". Worship Leader. Vol. January/February 2016. San Juan Capistrano, California: Chuck Fromm, PhD (Worship Leader Partnership). p. 76. ISSN 1066-1247. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2016jan/html5/index.html?page=76","url_text":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman: Worship and Believe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano,_California","url_text":"San Juan Capistrano, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-1247","url_text":"1066-1247"}]},{"reference":"Berglund, Taylor (April 1, 2016). LeClaire, Jennifer (ed.). \"Music: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman (Essential Worship/Provident)\". Charisma. Vol. 41, no. 9. Lake Mary, Florida: Stephen Strang, Joy Strang and Dr. Steve Greene. p. 62. ISSN 0895-156X. Retrieved March 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://strang.imirus.com/Mpowered/book/vcm16/i4/p64","url_text":"\"Music: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman (Essential Worship/Provident)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_(magazine)","url_text":"Charisma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mary,_Florida","url_text":"Lake Mary, Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-156X","url_text":"0895-156X"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.365daysofinspiringmedia.com/reviews/steven-curtis-chapman-worship-and-believe/","external_links_name":"\"Music Reviews: Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe\""},{"Link":"http://alphaomeganews.org/reviews/2016/03/21/scc-worship-and-believe-2/","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman – Worship and Believe\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/reviews/steven-curtis-chapman-worship-and-believe-album-review/","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman – 'Worship and Believe' album review\""},{"Link":"http://www.thechristianbeat.org/index.php/exclusives/1751-steven-curtis-chapman-s-worship-and-believe-powerful-inspiring","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman's \"Worship And Believe\": Powerful & Inspiring\""},{"Link":"http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Steven_Curtis_Chapman/Worship_And_Believe/159599/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/WorshipandBelieve.asp","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman, \"Worship and Believe\" Review\""},{"Link":"https://jesuswired.com/struggle-faith-no-listening-steven-curtis-chapmans-newest-album/","external_links_name":"\"Struggle With Faith No More After Listening to Steven Curtis Chapman's Newest Album\""},{"Link":"http://www.newreleasetoday.com/userprofile_reviewssinglepost.php?review_id=23353&user_id=116044","external_links_name":"\"A Natural Transition\""},{"Link":"http://todayschristianent.com/steven-curtis-chapman-worship-and-believe-deluxe/","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman 'Worship and Believe' (Deluxe)\""},{"Link":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2016jan/html5/index.html?page=76","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman: Worship and Believe\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-1247","external_links_name":"1066-1247"},{"Link":"http://strang.imirus.com/Mpowered/book/vcm16/i4/p64","external_links_name":"\"Music: Worship and Believe – Steven Curtis Chapman (Essential Worship/Provident)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-156X","external_links_name":"0895-156X"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Steven-Curtis-Chapman/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Steven-Curtis-Chapman/chart-history/ILL","external_links_name":"\"Steven Curtis Chapman Chart History (Christian Albums)\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexborough_and_Swinton_Tramway
|
Mexborough and Swinton Tramway
|
["1 Early history","2 The network","3 Rolling stock","4 Conversion","5 References"]
|
Tramway system in England
The Mexborough & Swinton Tramways Company was a tramway system in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, founded in 1902 and which began services in 1907 linking Rotherham with the Old Toll Bar, Mexborough. Its routes served Manvers Main Colliery, Wath upon Dearne and the towns of Rotherham, Rawmarsh, Swinton and Mexborough.
Early history
The Mexborough & Swinton tramway network in 1920.
Although plans were originally put forward in 1876 and again in 1881 it was not until August 1905 that construction of a standard gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) tramway finally commenced. The system commenced with a connection to that operated by Rotherham Corporation at the borough boundary, the point where the road crossed a small bridge on Earl Fitzwilliam’s Greasbrough Canal close by Rotherham Road railway station. The line ran through Parkgate, Rawmarsh, Swinton and Mexborough before terminating at the Old Toll Bar at the east end of Mexborough, a point just prior to the crossing of the South Yorkshire Navigation.
The system was built by the National Electric Construction Company (NEC), which owned other systems in England, using the Dolter system of stud contact power supply (the reason given for this being the unsightliness of conventional overhead wiring) and public services began on Wednesday 6 February 1907 with a route linking College Square, Rotherham and Parkgate, this being extended to the company’s Dale Road depot in Rawmarsh three days later. The remainder of the line opened on 3 August. In the Dolter system the current was supplied from metal studs placed between the rails that became live and rose from the road to energize the motors of the tram passing over, being then supposed to become dead. This proved unsatisfactory since on occasions the studs remained upright and live so that horses following the tram hauling drays could receive an electric shock. In August 1908, following instructions from the Board of Trade, the company converted their system to overhead pick-up.
The network
The original Tramways Act also provided for a branch to serve Manvers Main colliery; this was never built. In 1915 the company opened two trolleybus routes: the first ran from Mexborough town centre to Manvers although failing to reach the main gates of the colliery due to a low bridge below the Midland Railway line; the second ran from the Old Toll Bar to Conisbrough, the terminus being two miles away from that of Doncaster Corporation's tramways. Manvers is the only locality in England to have had a trolleybus before a tramway.
Mexborough & Swinton's lines were in contact with other tramway companies' line in two localities. It met the Dearne District Light Railways at Woodman Inn, Swinton, and the Rotherham Tramway at the borough boundary.
Rolling stock
The tramway passed beneath two low bridges at Parkgate and Swinton. Because of this, the sixteen Mexborough trams and the Rotherham trams used for through joint service to and from the town were fitted with low-height top covers.
Conversion
The tramways were closed and the routes became operated by twenty single-deck trolleybuses in 1928 and 1929. The company also removed the word "tramways" from its title and replaced it with "traction" to reflect this change in vehicles. The Mexborough and Swinton Traction Company was born, becoming part of the British Electric Traction Group in 1931.
References
Official company (Mexborough & Swinton Traction Company) 60th anniversary handbook, (1962).
vteHistoric tramways in the United Kingdom and the Isle of ManEnglandEast
Cambridge
Colchester
Great Yarmouth
Ipswich Corporation
Ipswich
Lowestoft
Luton
Norwich
Peterborough
Southend
Wisbech & Upwell
East Midlands
Alford & Sutton
Chesterfield
Derby Corporation
Derby Company
Glossop
Ilkeston
Lincoln Company
Lincoln Corporation
Leicester Tramways
Leicester Corporation
Mansfield & District
Matlock
Northampton Corporation
Northampton Street
Nottingham Corporation
Nottingham & District
Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire
London
Barking
Croydon
Kingsway
London
East Ham
Erith
Ilford
Leyton
London County Council
London United
Walthamstow
West Ham
North East
Darlington Corporation
Darlington Street
Gateshead
Hartlepool Electric
Hartlepools Steam
Jarrow
Middlesbrough & Stockton
Middlesbrough Corporation
Middlesbrough, Stockton & Thornaby
Newcastle
South Shields Corporation
South Shields
Stockton & Darlington Steam
Stockton & District
Sunderland Company
Sunderland Corporation
Sunderland District Electric
Tynemouth & District
Tynemouth & District Electric
Tyneside
North West
Accrington
Accrington Steam
Barrow-in-Furness
Birkenhead
Blackburn & Over Darwen
Blackburn Corporation
Blackpool & Fleetwood
Blackpool Electric
Blackpool Corporation
Bolton
Burnley
Bury
Carlisle
Chester Corporation
Chester Company
Colne & Trawden
Darwen
Heaton Park
Lancaster
Liverpool Corporation
Liverpool Company
Lytham St Annes
Manchester
Morecambe
Nelson
Old Swan
Preston
Rawtenstall
Rochdale
South Lancashire
Southport
St Helens
Stockport
Stalybridge, Hyde, Mossley & Dukinfield
Wallasey
Warrington
Wigan
South East
Brighton
Brighton & Shoreham
Brill
Chatham & District
Dover
Folkestone, Hythe & Sandgate
Gravesend & Northfleet
Gravesend, Rosherville & Northfleet
Hastings
Isle of Thanet
Maidstone
Oxford
Portsdown & Horndean
Portsmouth
Reading Corporation
Reading Company
Ryde Pier Tramway
Sheerness
Southampton Corporation
Southampton Company
Wantage
Wolverton & Stony Stratford
South West
Bath Tramways
Bournemouth
Bristol
Camborne & Redruth
Cheltenham
Devonport
Exeter Corporation
Exeter Company
Gloucester Corporation
Gloucester Company
Plymouth Corporation
Plymouth, Devonport & District
Plymouth, Stonehouse & Devonport
Poole
Seaton
Swindon
Taunton
Torquay
Weston-super-Mare
West Midlands
Birmingham City
Birmingham & Aston
Birmingham Corporation
Burton-upon-Trent
Burton & Ashby
Coventry
Dudley & Stourbridge Steam
Dudley, Stourbridge & District Electric
Dudley, Sedgley and Wolverhampton
Kidderminster & Stourport
Kinver
Leamington & Warwick
North Staffordshire
Potteries
South Staffordshire & Birmingham District Steam
South Staffordshire Company
Staffordshire Potteries Street Railway
Walsall
Wolverhampton District Electric
Wolverhampton Corporation
Wolverhampton Company
Worcester Electric
Worcester
Yorkshire andthe Humber
Barnsley & District
Bradford
Dearne District
Doncaster
Grimsby & Immingham
Grimsby
Halifax
Huddersfield
Hull
Keighley
Leeds Company
Leeds Corporation
Mexborough & Swinton
Rotherham
Scarborough funiculars
Scarborough
Sheffield
Wakefield
York Corporation
York Company
Yorkshire (Woollen District)
Yorkshire (West Riding)
Wales
Aberdare
Barmouth Junction & Arthog
Cardiff Corporation
Cardiff Company
Cardiff District and Penarth Harbour
Fairbourne
Glyn Valley
Great Orme
Harlech
Llandudno & Colwyn Bay
Llanelly
Llanelly and District Electric
Merthyr Tydfil
Neath & District
Neath Corporation
Newport Company
Newport Corporation
Oystermouth
Pontypridd and Rhondda Valley
Pontypridd Urban District
Pwllheli & Llanbedrog
Pwllheli Corporation
Rhondda
Swansea & Mumbles
Swansea Improvements
Swansea Constitution Hill Incline
Wrexham District
Wrexham & District Electric
Scotland
Aberdeen District
Aberdeen Corporation
Aberdeen Suburban
Airdrie & Coatbridge
Ayr
Carstairs House
Cruden Bay Hotel
Dumbarton
Dundee & District
Dundee Corporation
Dundee, Broughty Ferry & District
Dunfermline
Edinburgh Street
Edinburgh & District
Edinburgh Northern
Edinburgh Corporation
Falkirk
Glasgow Company
Glasgow Corporation
Glasgow & Ibrox
Greenock & Port Glasgow
Inchture
Kilmarnock
Kirkcaldy
Lanarkshire
Leith
Musselburgh
Paisley
Paisley District
Perth & District
Perth Corporation
Rothesay & Ettrick Bay
Stirling & Bridge of Allan
Vale of Clyde
Wemyss
Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
Northern Ireland
Belfast Corporation
Belfast Street
Bessbrook & Newry
Cavehill & Whitewell
City of Derry
Castlederg & Victoria Bridge
Clogher Valley
Giant's Causeway, Portrush & Bush Valley
Glenanne & Loughgilly
Portstewart
Warrenpoint & Rostrevor
Isle of Man
Douglas Bay Horse
Douglas Southern Electric
Manx Electric
Snaefell Mountain
Upper Douglas Cable
Manufacturersand suppliers
British Thompson-Houston
Brush Electrical Engineering Company
Dick, Kerr & Co.
Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works
English Electric
Thomas Green & Son
Hurst Nelson
Kitson and Company
Lancaster Carriage and Wagon Works
Maley & Taunton
Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.
Merryweather & Sons
Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
G.F. Milnes & Co.
Milnes Voss
Starbuck Car and Wagon Company
United Electric Car Company
William Wilkinson
Group holdingcompanies
Balfour Beatty
Birmingham and Midland Tramways Joint Committee
British Electric Traction
British Thomson-Houston
National Electric Construction Company
New General Traction Company
Imperial Tramways Company
Patent Cable Tramways Corporation
Provincial Tramways Company
Trade fairs
International Tramways and Light Railways Exhibition
First
Second
Third
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham"},{"link_name":"Manvers Main Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvers_Main_Colliery"},{"link_name":"Wath upon Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wath_upon_Dearne"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham"},{"link_name":"Rawmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawmarsh"},{"link_name":"Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Mexborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexborough"}],"text":"The Mexborough & Swinton Tramways Company was a tramway system in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, founded in 1902 and which began services in 1907 linking Rotherham with the Old Toll Bar, Mexborough. Its routes served Manvers Main Colliery, Wath upon Dearne and the towns of Rotherham, Rawmarsh, Swinton and Mexborough.","title":"Mexborough and Swinton Tramway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexborough_and_Swinton_Tramway_plan.png"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Greasbrough Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasbrough_Canal"},{"link_name":"Rotherham Road railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_and_South_Yorkshire_Navigation"},{"link_name":"National Electric Construction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Electric_Construction_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dolter system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolter_system"}],"text":"The Mexborough & Swinton tramway network in 1920.Although plans were originally put forward in 1876 and again in 1881 it was not until August 1905 that construction of a standard gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) tramway finally commenced. The system commenced with a connection to that operated by Rotherham Corporation at the borough boundary, the point where the road crossed a small bridge on Earl Fitzwilliam’s Greasbrough Canal close by Rotherham Road railway station. The line ran through Parkgate, Rawmarsh, Swinton and Mexborough before terminating at the Old Toll Bar at the east end of Mexborough, a point just prior to the crossing of the South Yorkshire Navigation.The system was built by the National Electric Construction Company (NEC), which owned other systems in England, using the Dolter system of stud contact power supply (the reason given for this being the unsightliness of conventional overhead wiring) and public services began on Wednesday 6 February 1907 with a route linking College Square, Rotherham and Parkgate, this being extended to the company’s Dale Road depot in Rawmarsh three days later. The remainder of the line opened on 3 August. In the Dolter system the current was supplied from metal studs placed between the rails that became live and rose from the road to energize the motors of the tram passing over, being then supposed to become dead. This proved unsatisfactory since on occasions the studs remained upright and live so that horses following the tram hauling drays could receive an electric shock. In August 1908, following instructions from the Board of Trade, the company converted their system to overhead pick-up.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvers"},{"link_name":"trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"Manvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvers"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Conisbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conisbrough"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Tramway"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dearne District Light Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearne_District_Light_Railways"},{"link_name":"Rotherham Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_Tramway"}],"text":"The original Tramways Act also provided for a branch to serve Manvers Main colliery; this was never built. In 1915 the company opened two trolleybus routes: the first ran from Mexborough town centre to Manvers although failing to reach the main gates of the colliery due to a low bridge below the Midland Railway line; the second ran from the Old Toll Bar to Conisbrough, the terminus being two miles away from that of Doncaster Corporation's tramways. Manvers is the only locality in England to have had a trolleybus before a tramway.Mexborough & Swinton's lines were in contact with other tramway companies' line in two localities. It met the Dearne District Light Railways at Woodman Inn, Swinton, and the Rotherham Tramway at the borough boundary.","title":"The network"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The tramway passed beneath two low bridges at Parkgate and Swinton. Because of this, the sixteen Mexborough trams and the Rotherham trams used for through joint service to and from the town were fitted with low-height top covers.","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexborough and Swinton Traction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexborough_and_Swinton_Traction_Company"},{"link_name":"British Electric Traction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Electric_Traction"}],"text":"The tramways were closed and the routes became operated by twenty single-deck trolleybuses in 1928 and 1929. The company also removed the word \"tramways\" from its title and replaced it with \"traction\" to reflect this change in vehicles. The Mexborough and Swinton Traction Company was born, becoming part of the British Electric Traction Group in 1931.","title":"Conversion"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Mexborough & Swinton tramway network in 1920.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mexborough_and_Swinton_Tramway_plan.png/300px-Mexborough_and_Swinton_Tramway_plan.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Palmer
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List of 7th Heaven characters
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["1 Overview","2 The Camden family","2.1 Eric Camden","2.2 Annie Camden","2.3 Matt Camden","2.4 Simon Camden","2.5 Mary Camden","2.6 Lucy Camden","2.7 Ruthie Camden","2.8 Sam and David Camden","2.9 Happy","3 Extended family","3.1 The Glass Family","3.2 The Riveras","3.3 The Kinkirks","3.4 The Jacksons","3.5 The Hastings","3.6 The Camdens (Eric, Julie, and George's Parents)","4 Other recurring characters","4.1 The Hamiltons","4.2 Chandler Hampton","4.3 Shana Sullivan","4.4 Robbie Palmer","4.5 Peter Petrowski","4.6 Roxanne Richardson","4.7 Cecilia Smith","4.8 Martin Brewer","4.9 Chief of Police Michaels","4.10 Meredith Davies","4.11 Sandy Jameson","4.12 Rose Taylor","5 Minor recurring characters","6 References"]
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This is a list of characters from The WB/The CW (1996–2007) family drama, 7th Heaven.
Camden Family original cast
Overview
= Main cast (credited)
= Recurring cast (4+)
= Guest cast (1-3)
Character
Actor
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Eric Camden
Stephen Collins
Main
Annie Camden
Catherine Hicks
Main
Matt Camden
Barry Watson
Main
Recurring
Main
Special Guest
Simon Camden
David Gallagher
Main
Recurring
Main
Mary Camden
Jessica Biel
Main
Recurring
Special Guest
Special Guest
Lucy Camden/Lucy Camden-Kinkirk
Beverley Mitchell
Main
Ruthie Camden
Mackenzie Rosman
Main
Happy the Dog
Happy
Main
John Hamilton
Chaz Lamar Shepherd
Recurring
Main
Shana Sullivan
Maureen Flannigan
Recurring
Main
Guest
Robbie Palmer
Adam LaVorgna
Recurring
Main
Sam and David Camden
Nikolas and Lorenzo Brino
Uncredited/featured
Main
Ben Kinkirk
Geoff Stults
Recurring
Main
Recurring
Recurring
Kevin Kinkirk
George Stults
Recurring
Main
Roxanne Richardson
Rachel Blanchard
Main
Cecilia Smith
Ashlee Simpson
Main
Chandler Hampton
Jeremy London
Main
Martin Brewer
Tyler Hoechlin
Main
Peter Petrowski
Scotty Leavenworth
Recurring
Main
Guest
Rose Taylor
Sarah Thompson
Recurring
Main
Meredith Davies
Megan Henning
Recurring
Main
Sandy Jameson
Haylie Duff
Main
The Camden family
The Camden Family is made up of Eric and Annie and their seven children: Matt, Mary, Lucy, Simon, Ruthie, Sam, and David.
Eric Camden
Stephen Collins as Rev. Eric Camden
Rev. Eric Camden (played by Stephen Collins) was raised in Binghamton, New York by his parents, Colonel John Camden and Ruth Lynch. Based on the episode "Halloween" (season 1), it appears that Eric was born in 1954 (which would make him 42 years old at the time). According to the episode "One Hundred" (season 5), his birthday is in January. Eric attended college for five years and graduated from Cobell Seminary. Shortly thereafter, he married and began a family with Annie Jackson. He has one sister, Julie Camden-Hastings, who ends up marrying the doctor that delivered Eric and Annie's oldest (Matt), as well as the youngest (Sam and David) children. After his heart-bypass operation, Eric decides to leave the ministry and even stop attending church. He renews his faith and returns to church in time to marry Kevin and Lucy (near the end of season 7). He had three cardiac episodes in seasons 4, 7 and 11 and survived.
Annie Camden
Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden
Anne "Annie" Camden (née Jackson) (played by Catherine Hicks) is the wife of Eric and mother of Matt, Mary, Lucy, Simon, Ruthie, Sam, and David. She has a half-sister named Lily, through her father, Charles Jackson. Her mother is Jenny Jackson. During her college education, Annie studied everything from art to business and economics, and in later seasons returned to school to earn a degree in early childhood education.
Though she has chosen to be a stay-at-home mother, Annie is a jack of all trades. She balances a family of nine on a minister's salary, is a plumber, builder, seamstress, cook, and much more. She also serves, from time to time, as the treasurer for the church.
Annie is the backbone of her family. The mother of seven, she is often the one who the children come to talk to, often over milk and cookies. She tries, with her husband, to instill strong morals in her children. She is noted as hoping Ruthie will not follow in her footsteps or of her two other daughters and marry too young. She hopes Ruthie will take the time to travel first.
Annie is the only daughter of her parents. Her mother, Jenny, dies early in the first season from cancer, a death that strikes Annie hard. Harder yet is her father's quick bounce to a relationship with Ginger. During one episode, Annie leaves the church after her father brings Ginger to service. Mary chases her and is struck by a car. Annie accepts Ginger slowly and Ginger and her father wed. Her father has Alzheimer's disease and Annie spends more and more time with him in Arizona before he dies. Annie is quoted in later seasons as saying that she likes Ginger a lot more now that her parents are back together. In an early season, Annie learned of an illegitimate daughter her father had with his high school girlfriend. She eventually meets this half-sister, Lily, and the two form a relationship over time.
In 2009, she was included in Yahoo!'s Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1996–2007.
Matt Camden
Matthew "Matt" Camden (played by Barry Watson) is Annie and Eric's firstborn. In the beginning of the series, Matt is a junior in high school and he was born in 1980. In the first season, he started out 16 years old. Matt sacrifices his school time to help others; if they wished to remain anonymous, he would respect that and not even tell his father. During high school, he bounces from job to job, including tutor and Dairy Shack delivery driver. He is not always a star student, but he manages to graduate at the top of his class and get accepted for a White House internship in Washington, D.C., with First Lady Hillary Clinton. He returns to Glenoak for college, rooming with friend and fellow "P.K." John Hamilton. Matt's new uncle, Dr. Hank Hastings (who had actually delivered him), helps him get a job in the hospital cafeteria; during his time there, he decides to become a doctor. His uncle Hank is the main inspiration why he wanted to become a doctor. He ends up working at the local free clinic with Hank, beginning by helping save the life of a woman who could not get anyone but Matt to take her symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy seriously.
He meets Sarah Glass (played by Sarah Danielle Madison), a fellow medical student, just when he really wished to meet the one who would be the love of his life. Their first date ends with them getting married. Because Sarah is the daughter of a rabbi (played by Richard Lewis) who wants his daughter to marry a Jewish man, they initially keep their marriage a secret. They eventually have a large family wedding presided over jointly by their proud fathers, who almost called off the wedding feuding over Matt, who plans to convert to Judaism. Matt and Sarah move to New York to attend medical school, and while there have been problems, they have remained happy together. Near the series' end, they graduate from medical school and announce that they are expecting twin boys, who are born the following summer in 2006. It is also shown throughout the series that he knows American Sign Language, a result of his relationship with Heather, making him bilingual.
Simon Camden
David Gallagher as Simon Camden
Simon Camden (played by David Gallagher) is the fourth child and second son. In the early part of the series, he is known to his siblings as "The Bank of Simon" because he always seems to have money, and he loves to make money. His other interests have included golf, magic, and cars. He was born in 1987 and in the first year he started out when he was 10 years old.
During the pilot episode, Simon's most fervent wish is for a dog. When asked to say grace before the family had dinner, he even includes a dog request in his prayer. Although his parents do not think he is mature enough for the responsibility of a pet, Annie goes to the pound "just to look" and falls in love with a dog who was scheduled to be euthanized. This dog became the Camdens' beloved "Happy."
Simon meets a girl, named Deena in sixth grade and finds out that Eric counseled her family years ago when she was diagnosed with leukemia. They date for the majority of middle school, but break up on the last day of eighth grade, though they remain friends.
Transitioning to high school is rough for Simon, despite help from his bubbly, popular big sister Lucy. He dates a girl named Cecilia Smith (Ashlee Simpson), and they even consider furthering their relationship by becoming sexually involved with one another, but decide against it. The summer before his senior year, Simon accidentally hits and kills a boy, named Paul Smith; who was Ruthie's age. Since Paul was on a bicycle with no helmet and later proven to be under the influence of drugs, the death is ruled accidental and Simon is not brought up on criminal charges. However, Simon cannot stop blaming himself for the accident and also fears retaliation from Paul's older brother. Paul's older brother was also the likely guilty party for spray painting "thou shall not kill" on the sign at Reverend Camden's church. He passes the CHSPE and leaves school early to start college. While in college, partly as a way to cope with his guilty feelings and low self-esteem, he breaks the family's edict of not having premarital sex.
Simon has three serious girlfriends over the course of the show; Deena, Cecilia and Rose. Simon later gets involved with a girl that he knew from college, named Sandy; who has a son, named Aaron, fathered by Martin Brewer. Simon provides emotional, and maybe even physical support for Sandy and her son.
After a scare involving Simon's girlfriend, Georgia being pregnant (it is later revealed that she only made the claim so Simon would stay with her) he meets Rose. Rose and Simon fall deeply in love, get engaged and plan a wedding. They finally get to the wedding day, but they decide to not get married because neither is ready for marriage and Rose still has feelings for an ex-boyfriend. Near the end of the series, Sandy and her son, Aaron show up to the party after the non-wedding and Sandy says she needs to talk to him. However, it is not revealed what Sandy wanted to tell Simon, but it is assumed that it is about Aaron's paternity; it had been hinted that Simon was in fact Aaron's father. In season 11, it was confirmed that he is not the father. Simon eventually goes on to marry someone else or get engaged (as hinted by Ruthie in season 11) but it is unknown who; although it is revealed that he graduates from college.
Mary Camden
Jessica Biel, who played Mary Camden
Mary Camden-Rivera (played by Jessica Biel) is the eldest daughter of Eric and Annie. She is the second out of the seventh member of the family. She was born in 1982 and started out when she was 14 years old. Mary might be considered the black sheep of the Camden family. By the time she is 15, Mary is an aspiring athlete with an immense love for basketball. As the months progress, she seems to rise in both ability and confidence (so much so that she wants to play in the WNBA someday) until she is hit by a car before the end of her freshman year, critically injuring her knee. She has a series of different boyfriends. She dates Wilson West, a guy she meets at the park while with Ruthie, who becomes her first love. He later reveals to Mary that he had sex with a sixteen-year-old girl, and got her pregnant. The girl died in childbirth, leaving Wilson with a son, Billy (actually named Wilson Jr.). By her senior year, she and her basketball teammates allow their grades to slip, which causes their coach to impose a lockout on them. After a secret meeting, the team decides to enact their frustrations by vandalizing the school gym. They are caught at the scene of the crime, and are arrested. Through a special program for first offenders, Mary is able to evade serious punishment by doing community service, which is where she meets Robbie Palmer. When she gets her driver's license, she can not parallel park but, on Lucy's advice, cries about it and the driving instructor compassionately gives her a passing grade. Mary has a dream of playing pro for the Lakers, and thinks that when her coach rings her up that this is the dream coming true, but it's actually training disabled people for the Special Olympics.
Mary decides not to go to college since she lost her scholarship, but work instead. She cannot hold down a job, being fired everywhere, from The Pool Hall to Pete's Pizza. While working at Pete's, she meets Frankie and Johnny, a young, drug-addicted married couple who have a baby girl named Mercy. Eric and Annie learn that Mary has been caught drinking while babysitting her cousin, Erica, pulled over by a cop, and given a warning, and that she has numerous debts to credit card companies, insurance companies, and to her family. Not wanting Mary to hit rock bottom, Eric and Annie decide it is best that she go to Buffalo because they can not give her the attention she needs. She lives with her grandparents, works at a homeless shelter in the fall, and starts college in the winter. Her departure causes some people in the church community to think that Mary had an unplanned pregnancy, but Eric quickly refutes the rumor. She leaves home angry at her entire family, whom she sees as betraying her, and refuses to speak to her father. In time, she calms down and plans to return home for the summer, as she and Robbie start dating again.
While in New York, she discovers that Wilson is also living there. Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned, she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson. After getting advice from the Colonel, she decides to get a job in public service. When she cannot become a police officer because she is not old enough, she applies for a position as a firefighter, and, after the Colonel pulls some strings, she gets into the firefighter program. When she starts training, she meets Ben Kinkirk, who is also in training. He comes over to her place and they kiss, which Wilson walks in on. The two break up and she returns home to California for a time, but on a trip to New York with Lucy, she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant. She begins dating a pilot, Jack, who is the same age as her father, though this does not last. She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family. While in Florida, Mary runs into Carlos Rivera, a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier, and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season. Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy, and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time. Her parents visit at the birth of her son, Charles Miguel "Charlie", named in honor of her and Carlos' late grandfathers. They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up. It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls. Though Mary is not at Simon's wedding, she is able to still see her family the next day, as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah. During the following summer, Mary gives birth to twin daughters. Mary's son is born in 2004 and her twin daughters born in 2006.
Lucy Camden
Beverley Mitchell as Lucy Camden
Lucy Camden-Kinkirk (played by Beverley Mitchell) is the third Camden child, and second daughter. In earlier seasons, Lucy is known for the many boyfriends she has, as well as being overly dramatic. Until season 4, she is often seen as "less than" her sister Mary and her emotions often get her into trouble. By the time she reaches her junior year in high school, however, Lucy becomes much more settled and switches positions with Mary, serving as an example of model teen behavior. Her first boyfriend is Jimmy Moon. She has one "normal" relationship with him, but they break up. In the beginning of season two, she is crying all summer and says that Jimmy is dating Ashley. At one point, she gets arrested for being in the area where Jimmy is dealing drugs. Later, Jimmy is shown when he had some problems with drugs, and the last time is when Lucy had a case as juror (though nobody told her what it was about; because she knew the defendant personally, she was dismissed). In school, she has many friends and is popular—including being nominated for homecoming queen in her senior year. She has a very good relationship with her friend Mike, who is placed in a mental hospital and is otherwise ostracized. Although Mike likes Lucy, it never quite works out. Later Lucy becomes engaged to Mike's friend, Jeremy, but they eventually break it off.
In season seven, she marries Kevin Kinkirk and has a daughter named Savannah (season 9). Savannah is born in 2005. They live in the apartment above the garage at the Camdens' house up until Savannah is a few months old. She also becomes pregnant with twin boys, whom she loses in a miscarriage that deeply upsets her emotional state—though she eventually recovers. At the end of the summer, she tells Kevin that she does not want to have any more children. She is a working mother (working as an associate pastor), while her husband Kevin is a stay-at-home dad. However, Kevin is offered a job as a police sheriff in "Crossroads". Later on, Lucy helps a young woman named Sandy with her pregnancy, and they soon become friends. Helping Sandy drives her to reconsider the fact that she does not want more children. In the series finale, she and Kevin announce to the family they are expecting twin boys again. Lucy continues her life as daughter, wife, mother and church minister.
Ruthie Camden
Ruthie Camden (played by Mackenzie Rosman) is the youngest daughter. She is named in honor of her paternal grandmother.
During her youth, she is portrayed as the rather precocious family sneak who loves horses. Ruthie was born in 1990, and she was about 6 years old in the first season. She began pre-Kindergarten during the first season and ended the series graduating high school a year early at age 17. One of her teachers tries to call her "Ruth" as she assumes it is her given name, but Ruthie says her given name is "Ruthie". In later seasons, she tells Robbie she has never had a nickname. She and Simon have much fun together as children, and become very close as they move toward maturity.
Ruthie is the only Camden child to briefly attend a private school, but she leaves in protest that her friend Yasmine is being denied admission because she is a Muslim. During her freshman year she develops feelings for Camden houseguest Martin Brewer and even tells him she loves him—but quickly covers by adding "as a brother." In her sophomore year of high school she begins to wear makeup and dates older boys in the hope that this would lead to a relationship with Martin. In season ten's "Love and Obsession", she dreams everything from Martin telling her that a paternity test had proved that Simon, not Martin, is Aaron's father; to there being no Aaron at all because Martin had never met Sandy. When her former boyfriend and first love Peter returns during this time, she realizes that she had moved on from him. After ignoring Sandy for most of her pregnancy, Martin is present for Aaron's birth, as are both of Aaron's grandfathers-to-be. Upon Aaron's birth Martin leaves Glenoak for college; he now lives near his son. This leaves Ruthie heartbroken, but by the time Martin finally admits to her that he loves her, she is in love with new Camden houseguest T-Bone. Ruthie and T-Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos, with Ruthie getting a tattoo of T-Bone's name, and T-Bone getting Ruthie's initials. After an argument they break up. Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly. Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T-Bone and then Ruthie and T-Bone get back together. Ruthie decides to graduate from high school early and that she and T-Bone want to travel the world together. After her graduation, Ruthie with T-Bone join the whole family, and the other current Camden house guests, for an RV road trip that includes a stop at Simon's college graduation and that after that Ruthie and T-Bone plan to go travel the world together.
Sam and David Camden
Samuel "Sam" and David Camden are fraternal twin boys and the youngest of the Camden children. They were originally played by all four Brino quadruplets; Lorenzo, Myrinda, Nikolas, and Zachary, but once the quads started aging and showing differences between them, Lorenzo and Nikolas became the official actors for Sam and David.
Sam and David are born during episode fourteen of season three ("In Praise of Women"). This episode was The WB's most watched hour. They were partly named after the R&B duo Sam and Dave. They were born in 1999 in the third season.
Happy
Happy the Dog debuts in the pilot episode, "Anything You Want", in which Simon begs his parents for a dog, and also prays to God about it. One day, he is up in his attic and he hears a faint bark. He then looks out the window and a dog is sitting in the front yard. Later (in the two-part season two finale), the daughter of Happy's previous owners sees their dog (they called her Whitey) on TV and wants her back. The father comes to the Camdens threatening legal action if "Happy"/"Whitey" is not returned. Simon and Ruthie try to dye Happy's fur with food coloring in an attempt to make her look like a different dog. At the end (of part two), Happy runs away to return to the Camdens, and Whitey's family agrees that after two years with the Camdens, this beloved pet belonged with them and would not be "happy" anywhere else.
Extended family
The Glass Family
Dr. Sarah Glass-Camden (portrayed by Sarah Danielle Madison) is the only child of Richard and Rosina Glass and the wife of Matt Camden. She first appears in the season six episode "I Really Do" as one of Matt's co-workers in the free women's clinic where both Matt and Hank work. Matt has a blind date, but he is called in to go to work instead at the last minute, and ends up talking to Sarah all night. Sarah asks Matt out for coffee and they grow quite close. She is an only child with a Rabbi for a father. Sarah reveals that she is independently wealthy, along with many other "intimate" details. The next night, they go out for dinner after introducing each other to their parents. They marry that night, but when they try to tell her parents, they end up only admitting they "got engaged". Ruthie is the only person to find out about the marriage (and keeps it a secret until the season ten episode "Secrets"). The Camden family always knew Matt was married and eloped but they never say anything. The Camdens have dinner at the Glass house, in an attempt by Matt and Sarah to bring the families closer. After both fathers do all they can to stop it, Matt and Sarah marry for the second time.
Matt and Sarah attend medical school at Columbia University in New York City, returning to Glenoak when they can, sometimes together, sometimes separately. Their marriage hits some shaky patches, especially as Matt keeps encountering his ex-girlfriend Heather. At first, Matt and Sarah do not reveal to anyone at the hospital that they are married, and Sarah decides that even married, she will be known professionally as Dr. Glass. In the season ten finale, the Glass-Camdens graduate and announce that they are expecting twin boys in the summer. Their twin boys were born in 2006.
Rabbi Richard Glass (Richard Lewis) is Sarah's father. He did not approve of Matt at first because he is not Jewish. When the Camdens have dinner at his home, he tries to make them feel comfortable by joking around with them. At the same time, he is very serious about Judaism and the laws surrounding it. Despite his and Eric's religious differences, they have become good friends following their children's marriage and started to accept Matt.
Rosina Glass (Laraine Newman) is Sarah's mother. Unlike her husband Rosina liked Matt and helped Sarah plan her wedding to Matt. She is more easy going and relaxed than her husband like Annie.
The Riveras
Carlos Rivera (Carlos Ponce) becomes Mary's husband in season eight after a guest appearance five seasons earlier in the episode "Here Comes Santa Claus". (While Jessica Biel was absent from the show, her character of Mary continues with the help of Carlos.) Mary and Carlos even have a son, Charles "Charlie" Miguel. Although Mary files for divorce from Carlos and even signs away custody of her son (in the two-part season nine finale), by the season ten finale they are back together and expecting twin girls, and Mary is graduating college. In the beginning of season 11, it is mentioned that Mary gave birth to her twins over the summer and is teaching at a high school and coaching a girls high school basketball team in New York, where she and Carlos live with their three children.
Charles Miguel "Charlie" Rivera is Mary and Carlos's baby boy named after Carlos' and Mary's grandfathers who have died.
The Kinkirks
Kevin Kinkirk (George Stults) is first introduced as a police officer in a New York airport, and soon revealed to be Ben's older brother. Kevin and Lucy set up a date as soon as they met, and like each other so much they decide to pursue a long-distance relationship. Kevin eventually transfers to the Glenoak police force, and moves in with the Camdens. Around season seven, he took over Matt's role as the big brother of the Camden family. He reveals to Lucy that he was once married before, when he and an ex-girlfriend had a pregnancy scare. They got married, but did not have a child so decided to divorce and still remain good friends. Kevin and Lucy eventually get engaged and marry each other, living together in the apartment over the garage and then moving into the house directly behind the Camdens at the end of season nine. Kevin has a daughter with Lucy named Savannah. While on duty, Kevin is almost shot and later decides to be a stay-at-home dad. He convinces Lucy to adopt a Great Dane named Sampson, but Lucy also makes the decision to adopt a tiny Yorkshire terrier named Delilah. It is revealed that Kevin and Lucy were expecting twin boys; however, Lucy has a miscarriage over the summer. In the series finale, Lucy tells him that she is pregnant again.
Savannah Kinkirk (Alyssa and Hannah Yadrick) (born in season nine episode "Paper or Plastic?") is Kevin and Lucy's first child. Her name is derived from Savannah, Georgia, the place where Kevin and Lucy went on their honeymoon. Savannah was born in an elevator with Matt helping with the delivery.
Ben Kinkirk (Geoff Stults) is Kevin's younger brother. They are two years apart. He is introduced as Mary's fellow firefighter trainee in Buffalo (in the season six episode "Relationships"). Ben becomes interested in Mary while she is pondering Wilson's marriage proposal. Ben attends Kevin and Lucy's wedding in the episode, "We Do." The last time he appears is in season 11's "Pain in the Neck," where he attempts to flirt with Ms. Margo, the teacher who made a move on Eric.
Patty-Mary Kinkirk (Natalie Ramsey) is Ben and Kevin's younger sister. She first appears in season six's "Letting Go." She is introduced as a student in San Francisco.
The Jacksons
Jenny Jackson (Alice Hirson) is Annie's mother. She is introduced in the pilot episode, "Anything You Want," when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had leukemia. In the episode, In the Blink of an Eye, after spending her final days living life to its fullest, (i.e. shopping for the family, drinking wine, flying first class, not watching her cholesterol) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens. She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room. Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding. While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins, Jenny appears to her in a dream, encouraging and reassuring her (in season three, episode 14 "In Praise of Women"). Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode "Christmas", where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven. She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born, and Annie ends up finding it in Eric's hand when he comes home.
Charles Jackson (Graham Jarvis) is Annie's father, who is introduced in the pilot episode, "Anything You Want." In the episode, "In the Blink of an Eye," he almost tells Simon that his moon rocks are not real, and then receives them later and declares that he is lucky to have them. He has another daughter named Lily, whom he fathered from a previous relationship before he met Jenny. He quickly takes off after Jenny's funeral, in "No Funerals and a Wedding," because he does not want to fall apart. He ends up turning back from the airport and sits at the cemetery for a few hours before finally returning to the Camdens' house to apologize to Annie. He later appears in "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1" where he introduces his new girlfriend, Ginger, to the Camdens. This angers Annie, but the problem is solved (in "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2"). He later marries Ginger, and is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease shortly afterwards. When Lily is getting married, Charles plans on walking her down the aisle, much to the dismay of Annie, but ends up having a heart attack and dying.
Ginger Jackson (Beverly Garland) is Charles Jackson's second wife, whom he meets three months after Jenny's death. She first appears in "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1" where she is introduced to the Camden family as his girlfriend. However, Annie quickly develops a hatred of her, and refuses to accept the relationship, with Ginger's sons and grandchildren feeling the same about Charles. She makes peace with Annie in "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2." She marries Charles in the season three episode "And the Home of the Brave", where they both acknowledge the so-called "baggage" of their past. She is the first person to tell Annie about her father's Alzheimer's, as well as the one to inform Eric of his death.
The Hastings
Julie Camden-Hastings (Deborah Raffin) is the younger sister of Eric. She flies in from New York to be with the Camdens for Thanksgiving. While she is there, she tries to hide the fact that she is an alcoholic. When Simon is playing "Batman", he takes the key to the liquor cabinet, pretending it is the key to Gotham City. Julie tries to get the key back, but when he would not give it to her, she attacks him. Annie runs in and throws her out of the house. Instead of sending her to a hospital, Eric locks her in his bedroom while she starts to go through detoxification. She eventually checks herself into a rehab center. After living in the center for a few months, she goes back to New York to live with her parents, the Colonel and Ruth. She returns to Glenoak two years later to get a fresh start. Back in New York, everyone knows that she used to be an alcoholic and she is fired as a principal because of her drinking.
While in Glenoak, she gets a job as a teacher and falls in love with Hank Hastings, the doctor who almost killed Matt during delivery. The two elope in Eric's church. Julie becomes pregnant and wants to leave Hank because she feels that he was cheating on her with one of his female patients, which is not true. Julie goes into labor at the Camdens' house and Hank delivers the child in Eric and Annie's bedroom. She gives birth to a girl, whom she and Hank name Erica, after Eric and Annie. When Julie and Hank need a babysitter, they take the risk of allowing Mary, who had been quite irresponsible, to babysit. Later, when they cannot get a hold of Mary, they rush back and discover that their place is a mess, the phone is off the hook, a liquor bottle is on the table, and Mary's friends' baby, Mercy, was left with Mary while she was supposed to be babysitting Erica. Julie later wants to leave Hank again when she discovers that he had left his job at the hospital to be the head of a Women's Clinic without discussing it with her first. Eric locks them in a room at the clinic and tells them that they could not come out until they had worked out their problems. They reconcile and Hank learns that Julie is pregnant again. She gives birth to a baby boy. Both she and Hank attend Lucy's wedding.
Dr. Hank Hastings (Ed Begley Jr.) is Julie's husband. He was Annie's doctor when she was pregnant with Matt, which resulted in his premature delivery. Both Annie and Eric are upset that he never apologized for his actions, but he then explains that what happened with them made him go back to medical school in order to be a better doctor. Hank is the main reason why Matt wanted to be a doctor. He unexpectedly delivers Sam and David, and the family is shown to have forgiven him. He starts dating Eric's younger sister Julie, and they get married after discovering that she's pregnant.
Erica Hastings is Julie's daughter. She is born at the Camdens' home, in Eric and Annie's bed, which was given to her parents because of that. Feeling that they want to thank Eric and Annie they name her after them: "Eric", and the "A" after Annie.
The Camdens (Eric, Julie, and George's Parents)
John "The Colonel" Camden (Peter Graves) is Eric, Julie, and George's father, who used to be in the Marines. Whenever he visits his son's home to visit the grandchildren, he expects military discipline, order and organization, even from his son. He was a Colonel in the Korean War and was evacuated for an unknown reason in 1953. The Colonel and Ruth had Eric out of wedlock before they were married. He met Ruth the same year and they were expecting Eric and had to get married. He first appears in "Seven Is Enough", when he and Ruth go on their annual visit to the Camdens, where they always bring candy that their grandkids dislike. During their visit, they go to a hardware store with Annie, Mary, and Lucy. The cashier, Emma, has rings that are a replica of Annie's stolen ones. She suspects this, but then excuses this thought. The Colonel visits Eric at the church and is forced to put a cigar away because of a church rule. He suspects someone is in the room, and sure enough, a homeless orphan named George was hiding there. The Colonel and Ruth adopt him after Eric lets them. He later appears in "It's About George", where George's biological father Will Grayson is found to be alive and wants his son back. He does not want this to happen, so he is willing to sue. Eric informs his father that he would lose and that Will legally has every right to take George with him, but George refuses to move in with Will and runs away. Eric later creates a compromise and he reluctantly accepts. He also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode, where he and Ruth scare him, but later apologize. He thought that Julie hated him and that he lost all of his children. Julie later confronts him and tells him that she loves him. He and Ruth buy Eric an RV the final episode, though he is not shown.
Apart from his annual visits he also makes occasional surprise visits. In "Lead, Follow or Get Out of The Way", he arrives to help Eric with his major news coverage of his service and in the process helps Mary who is contemplating quitting basketball, Simon, who is training to be a magician (despite the Colonel's dislike for it), and Lucy who is slacking in school, and starts to connect with her.
Ruth Camden (Barbara Rush) is Eric, Julie, and George's mother. She first appears in "Seven Is Enough" on an annual trip to visit Eric and Annie. She gives Lucy the first letter that The Colonel gave to her and both Mary and Lucy read it. She and The Colonel later adopt George at the end of the episode. In "It's About George" she hears that George's biological father Will is alive and plans to legally take his son back. She gets upset and blames Julie for this, but then apologizes. She also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode, where she and The Colonel scare him, but later apologize.
George Grayson Camden (Sam Saletta) is a homeless orphan who went from one foster home to the next until he is found in Eric's office. George informs them that his parents are dead. At first, Eric and Annie want to adopt him, but The Colonel and Ruth become his adopted parents, thereby becoming Eric and Julie's brother. In "It's About George" he meets his real father Will Grayson. It turns out that Will faked his death and plans to legally take George with him. Ruth and The Colonel refuse to give George up and plan to take legal action to keep their son. Eric explains to them that the judge would grant custody of George to his biological father and because Will never signed the adoption papers he has every right to take George. He gets upset about being legally forced to live with Will. George refuses to leave his adopted family behind. He runs away and declares that would rather live at the orphanage. His dad later moves in with him, at The Colonel and Ruth's in Buffalo, New York. In "Tit for Tat", it is revealed that he followed in The Colonel's footsteps and joined the army, serving in Iraq. It was also revealed that he married Jane, who had stayed at the Camden's.
Other recurring characters
The Hamiltons
Reverend Morgan Hamilton (Dorian Harewood) is a minister at Trinity Church and a close friend of Eric's. He first appears in "No Funerals and a Wedding" where he attends Jenny Jackson's funeral. In "The Color of God", his church building is burnt to the ground by racists, and he and his family are invited to stay at the Camdens'. He speaks at Eric's church, which his entire congregation attends the week after the church is burnt down. He is sad and angry, but is relieved when the Glenoak Community Church gives him funding to rebuild. He later appears in "America's Most Wanted", where he rounds up all of the athletes who had stolen items from the Varsity Cafe and brings them to the courthouse. This causes the manager of the restaurant to drop the charges. He later appears in "Happy's Valentine", where he goes camping with his wife, Eric and Annie. He and Eric secretly call Sgt. Michaels to check the house and make sure everything is okay.
John Hamilton (1996–2001) (Chaz Lamar Shepherd) is the oldest of the Hamilton children. He first appears in "The Color of God." When his father's church is burned down, he stays in Matt's room. At first, the two are not very fond of each other, but this later changes. He later appears in the episode "America's Most Wanted" where he is an eyewitness to Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual. He appears in "Happy's Valentine", where he brings a date to the Camdens' while his parents and Eric and Annie are out of town, joining the wild party that Mary and Keesha's friends are throwing. He later becomes Matt's roommate. He later married to a woman named Priscilla Carter at the end of season five, his last appearance on the show.
Patricia Hamilton (Olivia Brown) first appears in "No Funerals and a Wedding" where she attends Jenny Jackson's funeral. Patricia is Morgan's wife, and she is in her second marriage. When her church is burnt down she feels scared until she finds out that the church would have a new security system with volunteer cops. They later have some marital problems, but it is quickly solved. She talks with Annie in "See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil" about the carjacking. She appears in "Happy's Valentine" where she goes camping with her husband, Eric, and Annie. During the camping trip, her ex-husband calls like usual, which drives Morgan crazy.
Keesha Hamilton (Gabrielle Union) is the second oldest Hamilton child. She first appears in "The Color of God" where she stays in Lucy and Mary's room after her family's church is burnt down. She later appears in "America's Most Wanted", where she is an eye-witness of Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual. She appears in "Happy's Valentine", where she attends a party that she is partially responsible for. She is a friend of Mary and Lucy's in a few episodes.
Nigel Hamilton (David Netter) is the third Hamilton child. He is a friend of Simon's, and first appears in "The Color of God." Someone makes a racist comment to him, to which Simon responds by punching him to the ground, which results in his being suspended from school. He appears in "What Will People Say?", where he witnesses Simon's embarrassing moment, where his "love letter" was intercepted by a bully. He appears in "Happy's Valentine", where he goes to a movie with Simon, Ruthie, Lynn, Lucy, and Jimmy. He and Simon get in trouble for throwing popcorn.
Lynn Hamilton (Camille Winbush) is the youngest of the Hamiltons, and is Ruthie's friend who first appears in "The Color of God." In "Happy's Valentine," she attends a movie with Simon, Nigel, Ruthie, Lucy, and Jimmy. She and Ruthie fall asleep while the movie is going on. In the second-season episode "See You in September, Lynn comes to Ruthie's defense after Ruthie gets in trouble; the two girls end up in time out together.
Chandler Hampton
Chandler Hampton (Jeremy London) is the minister who fills in during Eric Camden's heart bypass surgery and subsequent recovery. He is later asked to stay on as an associate to assist Eric with his busy schedule. In season 7, Chandler starts dating Roxanne Richardson (Rachel Blanchard) and they become engaged for a brief time. He was different than Eric was as a minister. He was more fun-loving and cool and relax. Chandler came from a wealthy family and his father cut him off when he chose to be a minister. He and Chandler finally reconciled before his father died. He has a twin brother Sid, who is a recovering drug and alcohol addict. In one episode, Eric met Sid and mistook him for Chandler. He became a drug and alcohol counselor and help addicts to get clean. In the eighth season, Sid relapsed and went to rehab. His father left him his money, but he made Chandler the executor of his will. Sid is not ready to inherit the money since he has a drug problem, and it is put in a trust and until he get his act together to earn it. Chandler and Roxanne break up in the beginning of season 8, but remain friends. He later takes in a young boy, and eventually moves to Pennsylvania with his newly adopted son and new girlfriend.
Shana Sullivan
Shana Sullivan (1998–2002) (Maureen Flannigan) is one of Matt's major girlfriends, who eventually decides to go to New York University. The resulting long-distance relationship between Matt and Shana fails. Shana and Matt eventually break up because Shana meets somebody else named Brett and Matt admits that he is in love with Heather.
Robbie Palmer
Robbie Palmer (1999–2002) (Adam LaVorgna) is Mary's, and then later Lucy's, boyfriend. He had been with some friends who were drinking underage and they were all arrested. Being a first time offender, he is able to avoid serious punishment by doing community service. The alcohol was not his, but it was his brother's and he covered for him and took the blame. While doing community service, he meets Mary. The two have dates at the Camden house under Eric and Annie's supervision, because they feel they cannot trust Robbie. After a while, Robbie convinces Eric and Annie to let him take Mary to the coffee shop, where his parents met, for Valentine's Day. The coffee shop turns out to be a motel. Mary punches him and leaves. He comes back a few months later to try to win back Mary. The two get back together, get engaged, and plan to move in together. However, Robbie's ex-girlfriend, Cheryl, sees him and Mary together and realizes that he had been two-timing her. She tells Mary, and Mary breaks up with him because she needs to figure out her life.
Robbie comes back a few months later with Cheryl, asking if Eric would marry the two of them because she was pregnant, which is not true, and the two are living together in Cheryl's apartment. Eric later finds Robbie living on the streets, and Robbie tells him that the only reason he was going to marry Cheryl was because she was pregnant, and when he found out she was not, he left, but had nowhere to go. Eric invites Robbie to stay in the Camden house, which does not go over very well with the rest of the family. But in time, everyone came to treat Robbie like a member of the family. He and Mary started dating again and she planned to come home from New York for the summer to be with him. However, her old boyfriend, Wilson West, comes to beg Mary to stay in New York with him. She chooses to be with Wilson, and leaves Robbie heartbroken.
While on the rebound from Mary, Robbie starts to date Lucy, who is on the rebound from her ex-fiancé, Jeremy. They date only a short time before they realize that being together is awkward. Robbie then begins to date Joy Reyes. Mary and Lucy become jealous of Joy and each try to win him back. Joy breaks up with Robbie, and again, he is left heartbroken. He dates Roxanne Richardson, whom he had known since grade seven, for a short while before leaving the Camden house to live in Florida and take care of his sick mother. Robbie has an older brother, Ronald, and a younger brother, Rick.
Peter Petrowski
Peter Petrowski (2002–2006) (Scotty Leavenworth) is a neighbor to the Camdens; the son of Vic and Paris. Peter is Ruthie's boyfriend in middle school. His father, Vic, was an alcoholic who left his mother when he was young. In the episode "Smoking" it is revealed that Peter smokes. He decides to stop smoking later in the episode because he knows Ruthie does not like that he smokes. His father returns sober in the episode "The Prodigal Father" and both Peter and his mother forgive him. When Peter is caught drinking, Vic is very upset with him and gives him a lecture on how he does not want Peter to make the same mistakes that he himself made. Eventually Peter's mother and father get back together, despite the fact that Peter had previously hoped that his mother would marry Chandler, who she had been dating before the return of her ex-husband. It is revealed (in the season nine premiere) that Peter moves away with his parents the summer before Ruthie starts high school. Ruthie was not too upset about it as she was more upset with Martin for not driving her to school on her first day. He is not seen again until the episode "Leaps of Faith" when Peter's parents, who are having another baby, ask Reverend Camden to marry them. He appears one last time in the episode "Highway to Cell", when Reverend Camden gives Ruthie's cell number to Vic and Vic convinces Peter to call Ruthie. They communicate for a short period through cellphone and even planned to study in Scotland together, however Peter failed a class so his parents did not allow him to go. They once again drift apart.
Roxanne Richardson
Roxanne Richardson (2002–2004) (Rachel Blanchard) is Kevin's work partner at the local police station, the object of much of Lucy's jealousy but later become close friends with Lucy and they set up girls nights out where Lucy tells Roxanne what's going on in her life with her husband. She was an old crush of Robbie, and Chandler's girlfriend. Later, Roxanne reveals that she has enlisted in the Army and will be deploying to Iraq.
Cecilia Smith
Cecilia Smith (2002–2004) (Ashlee Simpson) is Simon's girlfriend, who then dates Martin. She later dumps Martin, who loved her but she was not sure she felt the same. Another reason (which is not very clearly shown) might be that she thought Simon was returning—whereas he only came for vacations—and they might get back together (because it would no longer be a long-distance relationship). When Simon comes home (at the end of season eight), it was vaguely revealed that their relationship did not work out, because over the summer Cecilia went away to college, and it was only when Simon begins dating and having sex with Georgia (in season nine) that it is revealed that they had broken up.
Cecilia becomes very close to the Camdens while dating Simon, and even when he leaves to go to college she still spends a lot of time with his family, babysitting the twins, helping out around the house and often being there for meals, this escalates when Annie is away looking after her sick father, she is there so often that Annie becomes jealous of her role in the family, with the twins loving her and saying she is "more fun than Mommy".
Annie and Cecilia discuss this and Annie resolves her jealousy when she realizes Cecilia is just trying to help, and she continues to be part of the 'extended Camden family' until she leaves for college.
Martin Brewer
Martin Brewer (2003–2007) (Tyler Hoechlin) is the only son of the Marine, Beau Brewer. His mother died when he was young and, until he was 16, he lived with his Aunt Betsy, when his dad was deployed. During his sophomore year in high school, the Brewers moved to Glenoak.
Martin walks into the Camdens' life by chance and joins the already-growing over-glut of teen boys there. He follows Ruthie and her then-boyfriend Peter to the Camden house and everyone assumes that he is a friend of Simon's, except Simon thinks that he is there to see his dad. While Martin's aunt, an aspiring fashion designer, wants the two of them to move to New York, Eric manages to convince her to let Martin stay with them so as not to uproot him again.
Martin's favorite sport is baseball and has been scouted by both colleges and professional baseball teams. One team even offers him a contract during his sophomore year in high school (which he eventually turns down to complete his education). Martin lives with the Camdens for two years before his father's tour in Iraq finally ends and he returns home.
He also has fixed, rigid beliefs about sexuality and is staunchly conservative, which pleases most of the Camdens, except Simon. When Martin snoops into Simon's private affairs, Martin harps at Simon about the evils of non-marital sex when he finds out that Simon is sexually active.
Prior to his senior year in high school, while visiting Simon, Martin is not practicing what he preached about pre-marital sex, and has sex one time with a girl named Sandy Jameson. The event results in Sandy getting pregnant.
Martin graduates a semester early and, with the assistance of Eric and his high school baseball coach, starts college. He now lives near Sandy and their son. While Martin is not in the season ten finale, Sandy makes an appearance after the failed wedding of Simon and Rose. It ends with Sandy telling Simon she needs to speak with him (Much speculation surrounded this, that it was in fact Simon's baby). Ruthie falls in love with Martin in the meantime. Finally, near the end of the series, Martin declares his love for Ruthie, but then Ruthie had to choose between Martin and T-Bone. At the end, despite all they have been through, she decides to go with T-Bone, leaving Martin heartbroken.
Chief of Police Michaels
Chief of Police Michaels (Christopher Michael) first appears in "Saturday" as a Sergeant who assists lost Simon, Ruthie, and Happy; he takes them home, but when they find the house empty, he escorts them to Mary's basketball game, where most of the family converge despite Mary's initial wish. He returns in "See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil" to investigate the Camdens' carjacking. In "Happy's Valentine", Eric and Morgan call him from a camping trip to check on the kids at the house. He catches his son with beer and sends him home thereby ending the wild party. He then notifies Matt that Happy was hit by a car, and he takes her to Abbott Animal Hospital. He also informs Eric when Simon got in the car accident. He is Kevin's boss when he is a police officer. He is later promoted to detective, then to captain. In "Faith, Hope and the Bottom Line," he and Officer McGuire rush over to the Camdens' after Ruthie calls "911", because Simon was hiding in his room. Near the series' end he is promoted to Police Chief of Glenoak. He and Eric are friends and occasionally work together; he refers people to Eric for counseling, Eric accompanies him on death notifications, etc.
Meredith Davies
Meredith Davies (2004–2005) (Megan Henning) is Martin's ex-girlfriend, who ends their relationship after he told her about Sandy and the baby. Meredith and her siblings were taken in by Cecilia's parents, but were never legally adopted by them due to the meddling of their birth mother. After she and Martin breakup, Meredith's younger sister tells everyone at school that Martin got Ruthie pregnant. After discovering this, Meredith quickly denies the rumor, explaining to her sister that Martin got Sandy pregnant.
Sandy Jameson
Sandy Jameson (2005–2007) (Haylie Duff) was introduced in the season 10 premiere as Simon's fiancée Rose's best friend, to whom Martin lost his virginity the previous summer. In the season opener, Sandy reveals she might be pregnant. This is later confirmed, and she gives birth to a baby boy named Aaron (after Martin's grandfather). In the season 10 finale, she had to speak with Simon, possibly about the baby's paternity. In season 11, she meets Jonathan, a doctor, and he proposes. Together, they decide to get married, but having gone on the RV vacation, it is unknown whether or not they get married and stay together.
Rose Taylor
Rosanna "Rose" Taylor (2005–2006) (Sarah Thompson) was introduced (in the season nine finale "Mi Familia Part 1") as Simon's current girlfriend for seasons nine and ten. The two are not necessarily serious but she seems eager to engage and marry, pressuring Simon into proposing. When at first he refuses, she takes it as disinterest in her and backs away, provoking him to commit to marrying her. By season ten they are engaged, and she makes wedding plans. The initial plan was for the two to engage at the end of their current school year and wed at the end of the following year, but she pressures him into moving the engagement date forward. During Rose's time on the show, she becomes a very disliked person by all except for Sandy Jameson, who was her one friend there. Rose is known for being selfish, rude, inconsiderate, and thoughtless, rubbing Eric and Annie the wrong way more than anyone.
By 2006, Simon and Rose change plans to marry in May, something they both wanted to be ready for, but still held insecurities and doubts. Annie, however, decides that they could not marry, and when an ex-boyfriend of Rose's surfaces in March, she sees an opportunity. Though most had come to accept Simon dating Rose, no one knew her at all, and it was this boyfriend who convinces Rose that she is not being a good person. In the episode Invitation to Disaster, she has a sit-down confession with Annie, explaining that she has been unaware of how she was acting and that her relationship with her parents and never really being disciplined or close to them at all is part of the reason. This provokes Annie to see her in a different light, and while she and Annie take on a mother/daughter relationship, no one else is crazy about them marrying. It is her ex-boyfriend Humberto who makes her realize that she is not ready to marry and that he still has feelings for her. So although they had gotten to the wedding day, they end up parting ways amicably. It is unknown whether they still keep in touch.
Minor recurring characters
Gladys Bink (Eileen Brennan) first appears in the pilot episode, where Eric pays her to pretend that she had lost a lung, breathing on an oxygen tank, and trying to still smoke cigarettes. This trick makes Matt quit smoking. Later, she appears in "With a Little Help from My Friends", where Matt helps her with a few things around the house. But because he does not come help her get her money down from a high shelf, she takes a hard fall and Matt and Eric visit her in the hospital. In "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2" she visits Mary at the hospital and persuades Annie's father to solve the problem by using her "ways" (i.e. lying). She has been a member of the Glenoak Community Church for many years, and has a reputation of being an excellent fundraiser. At the end of season seven, she is diagnosed with cancer and Chandler moves into her guest house to help her out. Chandler is the minister who married Gladys to her third husband Fred, though without the blessing of Fred's mother. She is the show's most-recurring character.
Beau Brewer (Costas Mandylor) is Martin Brewer's father, who served 2 tours in Iraq. When he comes home for three days, he does not speak to Martin until the last day, uneasy because it might be their last conversation. The season ten premiere discloses that he started up a landscaping business.
Betsy Brewer (Keri Lynn Pratt) is Martin's aunt whom he stays with in Glenoak while his Marine dad is deployed in Iraq.
Heather Cain (Andrea Ferrell) is a deaf girl whom Matt sees at the airport (in "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1"). He goes over to her house and meets her and her mother, Donna (Meg Wittner). On their first date the next night, Heather runs out of the party after being teased. In "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2," Eric "lures" Matt to a cafe where deaf people work and eat. Matt meets Heather there. They eventually apologize and say they want to get to know each other. In season two, she goes away to school in Philadelphia and breaks up with Matt in a "Dear John". In season three, she returns and says she's getting married, but in the finale she runs off with Matt on her wedding day after learning that her fiancé cheated on her. In season four, she transfers to Crawford College and sees that Matt is in a relationship with Shana Sullivan. In the season finale, she tells Matt she still loves him and he breaks up with Shana. Matt and Heather decide to elope, but (in the season five premiere) it's revealed that she did not say "I Do" at the altar. She has Annie tell Matt it's over. She later tells Matt she has another boyfriend, but they eventually break up and she moves to New York. In season eight, Matt bumps into her on a flight to Glenoak and she says she's divorced and going back to Glenoak to move back in with her mother and start over. Matt considers going back to Heather, but he decides he loves his wife and apologizes for misleading her. This time he will not try to rescue her so he can be with her. Heather does not wish for Matt to do so either. He runs off to go fix his marriage.
Cheryl (Barret Swatek) is Robbie's ex-girlfriend, whom he almost marries after they thought that Cheryl was pregnant but ended up not being pregnant. Cheryl also dates Matt for a short while.
Corey Conway (Alicia Leigh Willis) first appears in "Saturday" as Mary's basketball teammate. Mary is of the few people to stand by her friend when it is revealed that she left her last school because she had a baby at 14. Corey ended up dating Mary's longtime flame Wilson West, also a teenage single parent. In the season nine episode "Fathers," we learn that they have married and become a blended family.
Lou Dalton (Alan Fudge) works for Glenoak Community Church. He first appears in "Faith, Hope and the Bottom Line," objecting to Eric's plan to hire an ex-convict as the new organist when Mrs. Hinkle retires. At series' end he resigns as head deacon and moves away from Glenoak.
Daniel (Aaron Staton) is Sandy's school friend, introduced in "Turn, Turn, Turn," who later tells Sandy he's in love with her. Upset, Sandy calls Eric for advice. In "You Take the High Road," Sandy desperately tries to break up with him.
Frankie (Chyler Leigh) is Mary's friend and co-worker at Pete's Pizza. At Mary's age, she's already married to Johnny—who verbally and physically abuses her—and raising their daughter Mercy, but still drinking, smoking, and doing other drugs. After Frankie and Johnny get busted for marijuana, Eric forbids Mary to have anything to do with them outside of work, but she is unable to comply. Frankie eventually leaves town without her family.
Odile Hinkle (Peg Phillips) is Mrs. Bink's neighbor and best friend. In "We The People", Mrs. Hinkle provides a rest-stop for erstwhile newspaper-couriers Simon and Ruthie, then literally rides to their rescue. In "Says Who?", Mrs. Hinkle disappears, moving to a seniors' residence without informing anyone, leaving Mrs. Bink and Eric to investigate her disappearance. At one time, she was the organist for Glenoak Community Church, but eventually retires from that position, leaving Eric to find someone else as a replacement.
Georgia Huffington (Rheagan Wallace) is Simon's ex-girlfriend/lover. She is portrayed as the first girl that Simon had sex with. They almost get married when she tells Simon that she's pregnant, but it is quickly revealed to be a lie. Simon ends their relationship shortly afterwards.
Jane (Sarah Mason) is a homeless girl who stays at the Camdens'. After her father left her mother, her mother's new live-in boyfriend, whom she meets via the Internet, threatens to harm Jane, causing her to flee. Despite not actually being pregnant, she seeks refuge at the home for teenage mothers, but Lucy turns her down, but she and her friend Margaret are soon invited to move into the Camdens' garage apartment. In "Broken Hearts and Promises," she gets a job at the Dairy Shack. "You Take the High Road" reveals that she used to be married to a soldier, but left him after he started hitting her. In ( "And I'll Take the Low Road"), with help from Kevin when her first husband does not show up for their divorce hearing. She latter gets the divorce papers and In "Tit for Tat," she marries Eric's adopted brother George after the conflict of her first marriage fixed and her divorce goes through. While arguing with T-Bone about his mother coming to see him, she blurts out Eric's heart problems on the Promenade. In "Thanks and Giving," she and T-Bone insist that a salesman donates a bed for Eric and Annie. In the series finale, she announces that her mom is in rehab (her parents used to smoke pot) and her mom's boyfriend is in jail for breaking his probation.
Jeff (Ryan Bittle) first appears in the pilot episode. He is Matt's best friend since age six, and Mary's crush since age ten. While jogging with Lucy, Mary runs into him and he asks her if she wants help with her foul shot; Matt spies on him while the two shoot baskets. In "In the Blink of an Eye," Jeff asks Mary to go to a party, then an R-rated movie, neither of which she is allowed to attend. In "No Funerals and a Wedding," Jeff attends Mary's grandmother's memorial service at the Camdens'. Mary starts to dislike him as he has become clingy. Later, Lucy tells him that she is sorry that they broke up, even though Mary had not dumped him. When Jeff asks Mary to go steady she refuses as she would rather be his friend then date him. They then end up as friends.
Johnny (Nathan West) is Pete's nephew and Frankie's husband, who leaves his infant daughter, Mercy, at the Camden's doorstop after Frankie leaves him. He ends up deciding to be a single parent.
Jordan (Wade Carpenter) briefly dates both Mary and Lucy. He is first seen playing basketball with Mary before the show focuses on his relationship with Lucy. When a teacher catches Lucy slapping Jordan, Mary explains that they were rehearsing a scene from Gone With the Wind. When Lucy discovers that Jordan and Mary intend to attend a co-ed sleepover for the basketball teams, she gets jealous and tries to seduce Jordan, but Matt catches them kissing and escorts her home before anything more serious can happen. In the season three finale, Jordan says he still loves Mary but does not want to hurt Lucy (who overhears). Jordan and Mary's renewed relationship creates a sibling rift; later that day the girls and their boyfriends engage in a kissing contest until Aunt Julie orders the boys to leave; Jordan disappears after this. "We don't speak of him", Mary tells Simon in season four, but when the unpleasant subject does insist on coming up, he's referred to as "Big Lips", such as in "Simon's Home Video".
Mac (Kyle Searles) is Martin's best friend. Cecilia sets him up with Pam early on. Ruthie has a crush on him during season nine, but does little about it as he is two years older. In season 11, he rents an apartment with Jane and Margaret and falls in love with the latter. He and Margaret later begin dating.
Margaret (Andrea Morris) is Jane's very shy friend. She gets highly emotional when Annie calls the paramedics because she thinks something is wrong with Eric. She gets a job at the Dairy Shack in "Broken Hearts and Promises." She reveals to T-Bone (in "You Take the High Road") that Jane called his mother and she is coming to see him. She later reveals her past in "And I'll Take the Low Road": Her father abused her mother and she ended up going from home to home. Unwilling to be abused for saying the wrong thing, she became shy. In "Thanks and Giving," she helps Sam and David prepare the song "This Land is Our Land" for Eric, Annie, and Ruthie's homecoming, and reveals her ambition to teach Pre-K. In the series finale, she is offered a college scholarship, but she turns it down and goes on the Camdens' road trip.
Ms. Margo (Rachel Boston) is Sam and David's teacher who first appears in "A Pain in the Neck." When she feels attracted to Eric, Sam and David tell her that he is their grandfather. This is soon resolved, and Ms. Margo asks Eric and the twins out to dinner; Eric resists her advances and starts homeschooling his sons. When Ben hits on her the same day, she turns up at the Camdens', to Eric's annoyance.
Mercy is Frankie and Johnny's daughter.
Jimmy Moon (Matthew Linville) (introduced in the episode, "Family Secrets") is Lucy's first boyfriend. In the episode, "In the Blink of an Eye", he and Lucy go on their first date by watching a French film in the Camdens' living room. However, Eric messes this up by playing country songs. In "See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil", he wants to break up with Lucy because of a school class president election. He later withdraws, followed by Lucy, because they want to stay together. In "Happy's Valentine", he takes Lucy, Simon, Nigel, Ruthie, and Lynn to the movies. He and Lucy see a separate movie (a French film) for their first Valentine's together. His grades in science start to drop, and so Lucy told Mary to tutor him in "Faith, Hope and the Bottom Line". Lucy regrets this, because she thought that Mary was going to steal her boyfriend. The issue is resolved at the end of the episode. In "It's About George", he meets the Colonel and Grandma Ruth Camden, who he declares to be the scariest people he ever met. He breaks up with Lucy (in "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1") after she changes her hair color. The next year, Lucy gets jealous of anyone with Jimmy Moon. She finally gets to decide between her old boyfriend and her new one, but does not get either of them. He later gets caught up in marijuana, and eventually is the defendant in a crime that Lucy is assigned to have jury duty on. He is arrested for possession of marijuana (in season three's episode "Paranoia"), and Lucy is also arrested while observing him.
Andrew Nayloss (Will Estes) is the boy that Lucy does not like at first, but then his father sent him away to live in Paris for the summer because Andrew's dad does not like Lucy. When Andrew comes back he tells Lucy that he met a girl from Ohio, who lives in Paris, and that he's having a child and he is going to stay in Paris and live on his girlfriend's family's farm and Lucy is heartbroken when she heard he's moving back to Paris.
Renee Nicholson (Ashlee Levitch) is introduced (in the episode, "Family Secrets") as a girl that Matt meets at the library two weeks prior, and befriends her. She is expecting a daughter with Lou. When Matt goes over to her house to talk to her, he falls asleep on her couch and does not get back until 5:15 a.m., resulting in his being grounded for three weeks. She later joins the Glenoak Community Church choir, and sings a solo on Sunday. She goes into labor in "No Funerals and a Wedding".
Pete (James Keane) is Johnny's uncle and the owner of Pete's Pizza.
Paris Petrowski (Shannon Kenny) is Peter Petrowski's mother. Paris dated once Ben Kinkirk, Lucy's brother-in-law. Later she goes out with Chandler and it seems they will stay together, until her ex-husband appears. She decides to give him another chance and they move away. Later on it is told that she is pregnant and she and her ex are married again.
Mike Pierce (Jeremy Lelliott) is Lucy's ex-boyfriend who tries to commit suicide from a drug and alcohol combination and as a result, his mother becomes severely depressed and despondent until he helps talk her out of it with Lucy's help.
Dr. Jonathan Sanders (Nick Zano) is a doctor whom Sandy dates (in season 11). He then proposes to her, to which she says "yes." This causes a conflict between Sandy and Martin.
George Smith (Brad Maule) is Cecilia's father. He never marries his wife, and never tells Cecilia this fact. After twenty years, Eric marries them in his office. He and his wife eventually become foster parents to the Davis children. He owns a cleaning business, which Simon and Cecelia both work at.
Deena Stewart (Nicole Cherié Saletta) is Simon's first girlfriend. She eventually moves back east with her family. In the season five episode "Chances", she comes back, and she and Simon start dating again for a while.
Stanley Sunday (Keith David) is a homeless man seen in the promenade. He is first seen at the hospital, where he goes in for testing. Lucy is supposed to visit him, but she cannot make it, and Eric goes in her place. Stanley ends up convincing Eric to give him his coat, although Eric is hesitant. He appears in the next episode where Kevin goes to him to get some information about what Eric did at the hospital. Stanley convinces Kevin to give up his sweatshirt, shoes and pants. In "You Don't Know What You've Got 'Til He's Gone" Stanley encounters Eric just as he is leaving to go home and asks him if he asked God to let him live. In "Christmas!" it is revealed that Stanley is one of Eric's guardian angels. He is there when Eric was brought to heaven. In the series finale, he joins Eric and the family on their RV.
Theodore Alan "T-Bone" Bonaducci Jr. (Colton James) is a 16-year-old who works as the ticket vendor at the movie theater in the promenade. He is introduced in And Tonight's Specials Are... when he had pizza with Lucy, which upset Kevin. Two months prior to his stay at the Camdens, T-Bone breaks into Glenoak Community Church to sleep and use the bathroom, since his father is dead, and his mother ran away. Upon staying at the Camdens, T-Bone told Eric that he vaguely knows about what is going on with his health. In "You Take the High Road" he stays at Kevin and Lucy's while Eric and Annie are on a trip to see Ruthie in Scotland. In "Thanks and Giving", he and Jane insist that a salesman donate a bed for Eric and Annie. They both like it, not knowing it was donated. In "You Don't Know What You've Got 'Til He's Gone", he reveals that he likes Ruthie and kisses her. Eric and Annie are glad that Ruthie has found a possible boyfriend, of whom they approve of. In "Can I Just Get Something to Eat" he works with Ruthie on a research project about Darfur. In "Deacon Blues," he and Ruthie discuss the topic of having sex. Kevin tells him not to do it, and when Annie finds out, they are stopped. In "Tit for Tat" Ruthie and T-Bone decided to get tattoos of each other's names and the do buthe only a small one on his ankle of Ruthies initials. He tells Ruthie that he has a fear of sharp objects and that's why he couldn't get more. Ruthie gets his name on her lower back. After an argument Ruthin and Ruthie and T-Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other's names. Well Ruthie gets T-Bone name but T-Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthie's initials R.C. After an argument they break up. Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly. Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T-Bone and then Ruthie and T-Bone get back together. T-Bone's earlier-mentioned father, who is supposedly dead, shows up (in season 11) and convinces T-Bone to go on a road trip with him. T-Bone graduates from high school, and goes on the road trip with the Camden family to meet up with his dad. After the road trip with the family T-Bone and Ruthie plain on traveling the world together.
Umberto (Fidel Gomez) is Rose's ex-boyfriend who almost marries Rose. He keeps on trying to get Rose back while she is preparing to marry Simon.
George "Vic" Vickery (Bryan Callen) is Peter's father, who is a recovering alcoholic. He works as a college art teacher.
Vincent (Thomas Dekker) is Ruthie's boyfriend after Peter. He broke up with her twice.
Rick Palmer (Lance Bass) is Robbie's younger brother. He goes on a date with a Lucy and they end up making out on a street corner and Eric sees them.
Brett (Matt Farnsworth) is Shana's roommate and eventual boyfriend. He first appears in "Loves Me, Loves Me Not". He kisses her after Shana and Matt have a fight. He follows Shana out to Glenoak when she came back for the summer. In "Hot Pants" it is revealed that he and Shana are engaged.
Wilson West (Andrew Keegan) first appears in "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1." He meets Mary when she is at the park with Ruthie, and asks her out. At first, Eric tries to do anything he can to prevent their date, but he later finds out that he knows his father. Wilson takes Mary to Eddie's Pool Hall, where they play pinball and pool. Michael Towner and a couple of his friends harass him, which ends his date with Mary. He comes to church the following Sunday where he apologizes to Mary. He has a son called Billy, whose mother died in childbirth before Mary met them both. In "Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2," Mary's parents find out about Wilson being a father. Mary dates Wilson a number of times, including when she is sent to Buffalo, to live with her grandparents, they are serious and for a time discuss marriage and Billy wants to call Mary mom, but they break up when Wilson catches her kissing Ben. Wilson eventually decides to move back to Glenoak after meeting and eventually marrying Corey Conway, one of Mary's old basketball teammates who has a daughter.
References
^ "Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy "The Game" and "7th Heaven"". TheFutonCritic.com. 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
^ TV.com. "7th Heaven". Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ Adair, Aly (February 27, 2009). "Top 10 Favorite TV Moms". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"7th Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Heaven_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_Heaven_original_cast.png"}],"text":"This is a list of characters from The WB/The CW (1996–2007) family drama, 7th Heaven.[1][2]Camden Family original cast","title":"List of 7th Heaven characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Recurring cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"}],"text":"= Main cast (credited) \n = Recurring cast (4+)\n = Guest cast (1-3)","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Camden Family is made up of Eric and Annie and their seven children: Matt, Mary, Lucy, Simon, Ruthie, Sam, and David.","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Collins_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Collins"},{"link_name":"Binghamton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Eric Camden","text":"Stephen Collins as Rev. Eric CamdenRev. Eric Camden (played by Stephen Collins) was raised in Binghamton, New York by his parents, Colonel John Camden and Ruth Lynch. Based on the episode \"Halloween\" (season 1), it appears that Eric was born in 1954 (which would make him 42 years old at the time). According to the episode \"One Hundred\" (season 5), his birthday is in January. Eric attended college for five years and graduated from Cobell Seminary. Shortly thereafter, he married and began a family with Annie Jackson. He has one sister, Julie Camden-Hastings, who ends up marrying the doctor that delivered Eric and Annie's oldest (Matt), as well as the youngest (Sam and David) children. After his heart-bypass operation, Eric decides to leave the ministry and even stop attending church. He renews his faith and returns to church in time to marry Kevin and Lucy (near the end of season 7). He had three cardiac episodes in seasons 4, 7 and 11 and survived.","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_Hicks2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catherine Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Annie Camden","text":"Catherine Hicks as Annie CamdenAnne \"Annie\" Camden (née Jackson) (played by Catherine Hicks) is the wife of Eric and mother of Matt, Mary, Lucy, Simon, Ruthie, Sam, and David. She has a half-sister named Lily, through her father, Charles Jackson. Her mother is Jenny Jackson. During her college education, Annie studied everything from art to business and economics, and in later seasons returned to school to earn a degree in early childhood education.Though she has chosen to be a stay-at-home mother, Annie is a jack of all trades. She balances a family of nine on a minister's salary, is a plumber, builder, seamstress, cook, and much more. She also serves, from time to time, as the treasurer for the church.Annie is the backbone of her family. The mother of seven, she is often the one who the children come to talk to, often over milk and cookies. She tries, with her husband, to instill strong morals in her children. She is noted as hoping Ruthie will not follow in her footsteps or of her two other daughters and marry too young. She hopes Ruthie will take the time to travel first.Annie is the only daughter of her parents. Her mother, Jenny, dies early in the first season from cancer, a death that strikes Annie hard. Harder yet is her father's quick bounce to a relationship with Ginger. During one episode, Annie leaves the church after her father brings Ginger to service. Mary chases her and is struck by a car. Annie accepts Ginger slowly and Ginger and her father wed. Her father has Alzheimer's disease and Annie spends more and more time with him in Arizona before he dies. Annie is quoted in later seasons as saying that she likes Ginger a lot more now that her parents are back together. In an early season, Annie learned of an illegitimate daughter her father had with his high school girlfriend. She eventually meets this half-sister, Lily, and the two form a relationship over time.In 2009, she was included in Yahoo!'s Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1996–2007.[3]","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Watson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"ectopic pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Sarah Danielle Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Danielle_Madison"},{"link_name":"Richard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lewis_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"American Sign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language"}],"sub_title":"Matt Camden","text":"Matthew \"Matt\" Camden (played by Barry Watson) is Annie and Eric's firstborn. In the beginning of the series, Matt is a junior in high school and he was born in 1980. In the first season, he started out 16 years old. Matt sacrifices his school time to help others; if they wished to remain anonymous, he would respect that and not even tell his father. During high school, he bounces from job to job, including tutor and Dairy Shack delivery driver. He is not always a star student, but he manages to graduate at the top of his class and get accepted for a White House internship in Washington, D.C., with First Lady Hillary Clinton. He returns to Glenoak for college, rooming with friend and fellow \"P.K.\" John Hamilton. Matt's new uncle, Dr. Hank Hastings (who had actually delivered him), helps him get a job in the hospital cafeteria; during his time there, he decides to become a doctor. His uncle Hank is the main inspiration why he wanted to become a doctor. He ends up working at the local free clinic with Hank, beginning by helping save the life of a woman who could not get anyone but Matt to take her symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy seriously.He meets Sarah Glass (played by Sarah Danielle Madison), a fellow medical student, just when he really wished to meet the one who would be the love of his life. Their first date ends with them getting married. Because Sarah is the daughter of a rabbi (played by Richard Lewis) who wants his daughter to marry a Jewish man, they initially keep their marriage a secret. They eventually have a large family wedding presided over jointly by their proud fathers, who almost called off the wedding feuding over Matt, who plans to convert to Judaism. Matt and Sarah move to New York to attend medical school, and while there have been problems, they have remained happy together. 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In the early part of the series, he is known to his siblings as \"The Bank of Simon\" because he always seems to have money, and he loves to make money. His other interests have included golf, magic, and cars. He was born in 1987 and in the first year he started out when he was 10 years old.During the pilot episode, Simon's most fervent wish is for a dog. When asked to say grace before the family had dinner, he even includes a dog request in his prayer. Although his parents do not think he is mature enough for the responsibility of a pet, Annie goes to the pound \"just to look\" and falls in love with a dog who was scheduled to be euthanized. This dog became the Camdens' beloved \"Happy.\"Simon meets a girl, named Deena in sixth grade and finds out that Eric counseled her family years ago when she was diagnosed with leukemia. They date for the majority of middle school, but break up on the last day of eighth grade, though they remain friends.Transitioning to high school is rough for Simon, despite help from his bubbly, popular big sister Lucy. He dates a girl named Cecilia Smith (Ashlee Simpson), and they even consider furthering their relationship by becoming sexually involved with one another, but decide against it. The summer before his senior year, Simon accidentally hits and kills a boy, named Paul Smith; who was Ruthie's age. Since Paul was on a bicycle with no helmet and later proven to be under the influence of drugs, the death is ruled accidental and Simon is not brought up on criminal charges. However, Simon cannot stop blaming himself for the accident and also fears retaliation from Paul's older brother. Paul's older brother was also the likely guilty party for spray painting \"thou shall not kill\" on the sign at Reverend Camden's church. He passes the CHSPE and leaves school early to start college. While in college, partly as a way to cope with his guilty feelings and low self-esteem, he breaks the family's edict of not having premarital sex.Simon has three serious girlfriends over the course of the show; Deena, Cecilia and Rose. Simon later gets involved with a girl that he knew from college, named Sandy; who has a son, named Aaron, fathered by Martin Brewer. Simon provides emotional, and maybe even physical support for Sandy and her son.After a scare involving Simon's girlfriend, Georgia being pregnant (it is later revealed that she only made the claim so Simon would stay with her) he meets Rose. Rose and Simon fall deeply in love, get engaged and plan a wedding. They finally get to the wedding day, but they decide to not get married because neither is ready for marriage and Rose still has feelings for an ex-boyfriend. Near the end of the series, Sandy and her son, Aaron show up to the party after the non-wedding and Sandy says she needs to talk to him. However, it is not revealed what Sandy wanted to tell Simon, but it is assumed that it is about Aaron's paternity; it had been hinted that Simon was in fact Aaron's father. In season 11, it was confirmed that he is not the father. 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By the time she is 15, Mary is an aspiring athlete with an immense love for basketball. As the months progress, she seems to rise in both ability and confidence (so much so that she wants to play in the WNBA someday) until she is hit by a car before the end of her freshman year, critically injuring her knee. She has a series of different boyfriends. She dates Wilson West, a guy she meets at the park while with Ruthie, who becomes her first love. He later reveals to Mary that he had sex with a sixteen-year-old girl, and got her pregnant. The girl died in childbirth, leaving Wilson with a son, Billy (actually named Wilson Jr.). By her senior year, she and her basketball teammates allow their grades to slip, which causes their coach to impose a lockout on them. After a secret meeting, the team decides to enact their frustrations by vandalizing the school gym. They are caught at the scene of the crime, and are arrested. Through a special program for first offenders, Mary is able to evade serious punishment by doing community service, which is where she meets Robbie Palmer. When she gets her driver's license, she can not parallel park but, on Lucy's advice, cries about it and the driving instructor compassionately gives her a passing grade. Mary has a dream of playing pro for the Lakers, and thinks that when her coach rings her up that this is the dream coming true, but it's actually training disabled people for the Special Olympics.Mary decides not to go to college since she lost her scholarship, but work instead. She cannot hold down a job, being fired everywhere, from The Pool Hall to Pete's Pizza. While working at Pete's, she meets Frankie and Johnny, a young, drug-addicted married couple who have a baby girl named Mercy. Eric and Annie learn that Mary has been caught drinking while babysitting her cousin, Erica, pulled over by a cop, and given a warning, and that she has numerous debts to credit card companies, insurance companies, and to her family. Not wanting Mary to hit rock bottom, Eric and Annie decide it is best that she go to Buffalo because they can not give her the attention she needs. She lives with her grandparents, works at a homeless shelter in the fall, and starts college in the winter. Her departure causes some people in the church community to think that Mary had an unplanned pregnancy, but Eric quickly refutes the rumor. She leaves home angry at her entire family, whom she sees as betraying her, and refuses to speak to her father. In time, she calms down and plans to return home for the summer, as she and Robbie start dating again.While in New York, she discovers that Wilson is also living there. Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned, she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson. After getting advice from the Colonel, she decides to get a job in public service. When she cannot become a police officer because she is not old enough, she applies for a position as a firefighter, and, after the Colonel pulls some strings, she gets into the firefighter program. When she starts training, she meets Ben Kinkirk, who is also in training. He comes over to her place and they kiss, which Wilson walks in on. The two break up and she returns home to California for a time, but on a trip to New York with Lucy, she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant. She begins dating a pilot, Jack, who is the same age as her father, though this does not last. She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family. While in Florida, Mary runs into Carlos Rivera, a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier, and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season. Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy, and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time. Her parents visit at the birth of her son, Charles Miguel \"Charlie\", named in honor of her and Carlos' late grandfathers. They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up. It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls. Though Mary is not at Simon's wedding, she is able to still see her family the next day, as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah. During the following summer, Mary gives birth to twin daughters. Mary's son is born in 2004 and her twin daughters born in 2006.","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverley_Mitchell,_Seventh_Heaven_star_DF-SD-02-04992_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Beverley Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"stay-at-home dad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_dad"}],"sub_title":"Lucy Camden","text":"Beverley Mitchell as Lucy CamdenLucy Camden-Kinkirk (played by Beverley Mitchell) is the third Camden child, and second daughter. In earlier seasons, Lucy is known for the many boyfriends she has, as well as being overly dramatic. Until season 4, she is often seen as \"less than\" her sister Mary and her emotions often get her into trouble. By the time she reaches her junior year in high school, however, Lucy becomes much more settled and switches positions with Mary, serving as an example of model teen behavior. Her first boyfriend is Jimmy Moon. She has one \"normal\" relationship with him, but they break up. In the beginning of season two, she is crying all summer and says that Jimmy is dating Ashley. At one point, she gets arrested for being in the area where Jimmy is dealing drugs. Later, Jimmy is shown when he had some problems with drugs, and the last time is when Lucy had a case as juror (though nobody told her what it was about; because she knew the defendant personally, she was dismissed). In school, she has many friends and is popular—including being nominated for homecoming queen in her senior year. She has a very good relationship with her friend Mike, who is placed in a mental hospital and is otherwise ostracized. Although Mike likes Lucy, it never quite works out. Later Lucy becomes engaged to Mike's friend, Jeremy, but they eventually break it off.In season seven, she marries Kevin Kinkirk and has a daughter named Savannah (season 9). Savannah is born in 2005. They live in the apartment above the garage at the Camdens' house up until Savannah is a few months old. She also becomes pregnant with twin boys, whom she loses in a miscarriage that deeply upsets her emotional state—though she eventually recovers. At the end of the summer, she tells Kevin that she does not want to have any more children. She is a working mother (working as an associate pastor), while her husband Kevin is a stay-at-home dad. However, Kevin is offered a job as a police sheriff in \"Crossroads\". Later on, Lucy helps a young woman named Sandy with her pregnancy, and they soon become friends. Helping Sandy drives her to reconsider the fact that she does not want more children. In the series finale, she and Kevin announce to the family they are expecting twin boys again. Lucy continues her life as daughter, wife, mother and church minister.","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mackenzie Rosman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Rosman"},{"link_name":"grandmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_Camdens_(Eric's_Parents)"}],"sub_title":"Ruthie Camden","text":"Ruthie Camden (played by Mackenzie Rosman) is the youngest daughter. She is named in honor of her paternal grandmother.During her youth, she is portrayed as the rather precocious family sneak who loves horses. Ruthie was born in 1990, and she was about 6 years old in the first season. She began pre-Kindergarten during the first season and ended the series graduating high school a year early at age 17. One of her teachers tries to call her \"Ruth\" as she assumes it is her given name, but Ruthie says her given name is \"Ruthie\". In later seasons, she tells Robbie she has never had a nickname. She and Simon have much fun together as children, and become very close as they move toward maturity.Ruthie is the only Camden child to briefly attend a private school, but she leaves in protest that her friend Yasmine is being denied admission because she is a Muslim. During her freshman year she develops feelings for Camden houseguest Martin Brewer and even tells him she loves him—but quickly covers by adding \"as a brother.\" In her sophomore year of high school she begins to wear makeup and dates older boys in the hope that this would lead to a relationship with Martin. In season ten's \"Love and Obsession\", she dreams everything from Martin telling her that a paternity test had proved that Simon, not Martin, is Aaron's father; to there being no Aaron at all because Martin had never met Sandy. When her former boyfriend and first love Peter returns during this time, she realizes that she had moved on from him. After ignoring Sandy for most of her pregnancy, Martin is present for Aaron's birth, as are both of Aaron's grandfathers-to-be. Upon Aaron's birth Martin leaves Glenoak for college; he now lives near his son. This leaves Ruthie heartbroken, but by the time Martin finally admits to her that he loves her, she is in love with new Camden houseguest T-Bone. Ruthie and T-Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos, with Ruthie getting a tattoo of T-Bone's name, and T-Bone getting Ruthie's initials. After an argument they break up. Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly. Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T-Bone and then Ruthie and T-Bone get back together. Ruthie decides to graduate from high school early and that she and T-Bone want to travel the world together. After her graduation, Ruthie with T-Bone join the whole family, and the other current Camden house guests, for an RV road trip that includes a stop at Simon's college graduation and that after that Ruthie and T-Bone plan to go travel the world together.","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fraternal twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_twin"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Sam and Dave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_and_Dave"}],"sub_title":"Sam and David Camden","text":"Samuel \"Sam\" and David Camden are fraternal twin boys and the youngest of the Camden children. They were originally played by all four Brino quadruplets; Lorenzo, Myrinda, Nikolas, and Zachary, but once the quads started aging and showing differences between them, Lorenzo and Nikolas became the official actors for Sam and David.Sam and David are born during episode fourteen of season three (\"In Praise of Women\"). This episode was The WB's most watched hour. They were partly named after the R&B duo Sam and Dave. They were born in 1999 in the third season.","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Happy","text":"Happy the Dog debuts in the pilot episode, \"Anything You Want\", in which Simon begs his parents for a dog, and also prays to God about it. One day, he is up in his attic and he hears a faint bark. He then looks out the window and a dog is sitting in the front yard. Later (in the two-part season two finale), the daughter of Happy's previous owners sees their dog (they called her Whitey) on TV and wants her back. The father comes to the Camdens threatening legal action if \"Happy\"/\"Whitey\" is not returned. Simon and Ruthie try to dye Happy's fur with food coloring in an attempt to make her look like a different dog. At the end (of part two), Happy runs away to return to the Camdens, and Whitey's family agrees that after two years with the Camdens, this beloved pet belonged with them and would not be \"happy\" anywhere else.","title":"The Camden family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Danielle Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Danielle_Madison"},{"link_name":"Richard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lewis_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Laraine Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laraine_Newman"}],"sub_title":"The Glass Family","text":"Dr. Sarah Glass-Camden (portrayed by Sarah Danielle Madison) is the only child of Richard and Rosina Glass and the wife of Matt Camden. She first appears in the season six episode \"I Really Do\" as one of Matt's co-workers in the free women's clinic where both Matt and Hank work. Matt has a blind date, but he is called in to go to work instead at the last minute, and ends up talking to Sarah all night. Sarah asks Matt out for coffee and they grow quite close. She is an only child with a Rabbi for a father. Sarah reveals that she is independently wealthy, along with many other \"intimate\" details. The next night, they go out for dinner after introducing each other to their parents. They marry that night, but when they try to tell her parents, they end up only admitting they \"got engaged\". Ruthie is the only person to find out about the marriage (and keeps it a secret until the season ten episode \"Secrets\"). The Camden family always knew Matt was married and eloped but they never say anything. The Camdens have dinner at the Glass house, in an attempt by Matt and Sarah to bring the families closer. After both fathers do all they can to stop it, Matt and Sarah marry for the second time.Matt and Sarah attend medical school at Columbia University in New York City, returning to Glenoak when they can, sometimes together, sometimes separately. Their marriage hits some shaky patches, especially as Matt keeps encountering his ex-girlfriend Heather. At first, Matt and Sarah do not reveal to anyone at the hospital that they are married, and Sarah decides that even married, she will be known professionally as Dr. Glass. In the season ten finale, the Glass-Camdens graduate and announce that they are expecting twin boys in the summer. Their twin boys were born in 2006.Rabbi Richard Glass (Richard Lewis) is Sarah's father. He did not approve of Matt at first because he is not Jewish. When the Camdens have dinner at his home, he tries to make them feel comfortable by joking around with them. At the same time, he is very serious about Judaism and the laws surrounding it. Despite his and Eric's religious differences, they have become good friends following their children's marriage and started to accept Matt.Rosina Glass (Laraine Newman) is Sarah's mother. Unlike her husband Rosina liked Matt and helped Sarah plan her wedding to Matt. She is more easy going and relaxed than her husband like Annie.","title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ponce"}],"sub_title":"The Riveras","text":"Carlos Rivera (Carlos Ponce) becomes Mary's husband in season eight after a guest appearance five seasons earlier in the episode \"Here Comes Santa Claus\". (While Jessica Biel was absent from the show, her character of Mary continues with the help of Carlos.) Mary and Carlos even have a son, Charles \"Charlie\" Miguel. Although Mary files for divorce from Carlos and even signs away custody of her son (in the two-part season nine finale), by the season ten finale they are back together and expecting twin girls, and Mary is graduating college. In the beginning of season 11, it is mentioned that Mary gave birth to her twins over the summer and is teaching at a high school and coaching a girls high school basketball team in New York, where she and Carlos live with their three children.Charles Miguel \"Charlie\" Rivera is Mary and Carlos's baby boy named after Carlos' and Mary's grandfathers who have died.","title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Stults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stults"},{"link_name":"Geoff Stults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Stults"},{"link_name":"Natalie Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"}],"sub_title":"The Kinkirks","text":"Kevin Kinkirk (George Stults) is first introduced as a police officer in a New York airport, and soon revealed to be Ben's older brother. Kevin and Lucy set up a date as soon as they met, and like each other so much they decide to pursue a long-distance relationship. Kevin eventually transfers to the Glenoak police force, and moves in with the Camdens. Around season seven, he took over Matt's role as the big brother of the Camden family. He reveals to Lucy that he was once married before, when he and an ex-girlfriend had a pregnancy scare. They got married, but did not have a child so decided to divorce and still remain good friends. Kevin and Lucy eventually get engaged and marry each other, living together in the apartment over the garage and then moving into the house directly behind the Camdens at the end of season nine. Kevin has a daughter with Lucy named Savannah. While on duty, Kevin is almost shot and later decides to be a stay-at-home dad. He convinces Lucy to adopt a Great Dane named Sampson, but Lucy also makes the decision to adopt a tiny Yorkshire terrier named Delilah. It is revealed that Kevin and Lucy were expecting twin boys; however, Lucy has a miscarriage over the summer. In the series finale, Lucy tells him that she is pregnant again.Savannah Kinkirk (Alyssa and Hannah Yadrick) (born in season nine episode \"Paper or Plastic?\") is Kevin and Lucy's first child. Her name is derived from Savannah, Georgia, the place where Kevin and Lucy went on their honeymoon. Savannah was born in an elevator with Matt helping with the delivery.Ben Kinkirk (Geoff Stults) is Kevin's younger brother. They are two years apart. He is introduced as Mary's fellow firefighter trainee in Buffalo (in the season six episode \"Relationships\"). Ben becomes interested in Mary while she is pondering Wilson's marriage proposal. Ben attends Kevin and Lucy's wedding in the episode, \"We Do.\" The last time he appears is in season 11's \"Pain in the Neck,\" where he attempts to flirt with Ms. Margo, the teacher who made a move on Eric.Patty-Mary Kinkirk (Natalie Ramsey) is Ben and Kevin's younger sister. She first appears in season six's \"Letting Go.\" She is introduced as a student in San Francisco.","title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Hirson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hirson"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"Graham Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"Beverly Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Garland"}],"sub_title":"The Jacksons","text":"Jenny Jackson (Alice Hirson) is Annie's mother. She is introduced in the pilot episode, \"Anything You Want,\" when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had leukemia. In the episode, In the Blink of an Eye, after spending her final days living life to its fullest, (i.e. shopping for the family, drinking wine, flying first class, not watching her cholesterol) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens. She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room. Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding. While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins, Jenny appears to her in a dream, encouraging and reassuring her (in season three, episode 14 \"In Praise of Women\"). Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode \"Christmas\", where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven. She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born, and Annie ends up finding it in Eric's hand when he comes home.Charles Jackson (Graham Jarvis) is Annie's father, who is introduced in the pilot episode, \"Anything You Want.\" In the episode, \"In the Blink of an Eye,\" he almost tells Simon that his moon rocks are not real, and then receives them later and declares that he is lucky to have them. He has another daughter named Lily, whom he fathered from a previous relationship before he met Jenny. He quickly takes off after Jenny's funeral, in \"No Funerals and a Wedding,\" because he does not want to fall apart. He ends up turning back from the airport and sits at the cemetery for a few hours before finally returning to the Camdens' house to apologize to Annie. He later appears in \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1\" where he introduces his new girlfriend, Ginger, to the Camdens. This angers Annie, but the problem is solved (in \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2\"). He later marries Ginger, and is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease shortly afterwards. When Lily is getting married, Charles plans on walking her down the aisle, much to the dismay of Annie, but ends up having a heart attack and dying.Ginger Jackson (Beverly Garland) is Charles Jackson's second wife, whom he meets three months after Jenny's death. She first appears in \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1\" where she is introduced to the Camden family as his girlfriend. However, Annie quickly develops a hatred of her, and refuses to accept the relationship, with Ginger's sons and grandchildren feeling the same about Charles. She makes peace with Annie in \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2.\" She marries Charles in the season three episode \"And the Home of the Brave\", where they both acknowledge the so-called \"baggage\" of their past. She is the first person to tell Annie about her father's Alzheimer's, as well as the one to inform Eric of his death.","title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deborah Raffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Raffin"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"Ed Begley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Begley_Jr."}],"sub_title":"The Hastings","text":"Julie Camden-Hastings (Deborah Raffin) is the younger sister of Eric. She flies in from New York to be with the Camdens for Thanksgiving. While she is there, she tries to hide the fact that she is an alcoholic. When Simon is playing \"Batman\", he takes the key to the liquor cabinet, pretending it is the key to Gotham City. Julie tries to get the key back, but when he would not give it to her, she attacks him. Annie runs in and throws her out of the house. Instead of sending her to a hospital, Eric locks her in his bedroom while she starts to go through detoxification. She eventually checks herself into a rehab center. After living in the center for a few months, she goes back to New York to live with her parents, the Colonel and Ruth. She returns to Glenoak two years later to get a fresh start. Back in New York, everyone knows that she used to be an alcoholic and she is fired as a principal because of her drinking.While in Glenoak, she gets a job as a teacher and falls in love with Hank Hastings, the doctor who almost killed Matt during delivery. The two elope in Eric's church. Julie becomes pregnant and wants to leave Hank because she feels that he was cheating on her with one of his female patients, which is not true. Julie goes into labor at the Camdens' house and Hank delivers the child in Eric and Annie's bedroom. She gives birth to a girl, whom she and Hank name Erica, after Eric and Annie. When Julie and Hank need a babysitter, they take the risk of allowing Mary, who had been quite irresponsible, to babysit. Later, when they cannot get a hold of Mary, they rush back and discover that their place is a mess, the phone is off the hook, a liquor bottle is on the table, and Mary's friends' baby, Mercy, was left with Mary while she was supposed to be babysitting Erica. Julie later wants to leave Hank again when she discovers that he had left his job at the hospital to be the head of a Women's Clinic without discussing it with her first. Eric locks them in a room at the clinic and tells them that they could not come out until they had worked out their problems. They reconcile and Hank learns that Julie is pregnant again. She gives birth to a baby boy. Both she and Hank attend Lucy's wedding.Dr. Hank Hastings (Ed Begley Jr.) is Julie's husband. He was Annie's doctor when she was pregnant with Matt, which resulted in his premature delivery. Both Annie and Eric are upset that he never apologized for his actions, but he then explains that what happened with them made him go back to medical school in order to be a better doctor. Hank is the main reason why Matt wanted to be a doctor. He unexpectedly delivers Sam and David, and the family is shown to have forgiven him. He starts dating Eric's younger sister Julie, and they get married after discovering that she's pregnant.Erica Hastings is Julie's daughter. She is born at the Camdens' home, in Eric and Annie's bed, which was given to her parents because of that. Feeling that they want to thank Eric and Annie they name her after them: \"Eric\", and the \"A\" after Annie.","title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Graves_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Barbara Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Rush"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"}],"sub_title":"The Camdens (Eric, Julie, and George's Parents)","text":"John \"The Colonel\" Camden (Peter Graves) is Eric, Julie, and George's father, who used to be in the Marines. Whenever he visits his son's home to visit the grandchildren, he expects military discipline, order and organization, even from his son. He was a Colonel in the Korean War and was evacuated for an unknown reason in 1953. The Colonel and Ruth had Eric out of wedlock before they were married. He met Ruth the same year and they were expecting Eric and had to get married. He first appears in \"Seven Is Enough\", when he and Ruth go on their annual visit to the Camdens, where they always bring candy that their grandkids dislike. During their visit, they go to a hardware store with Annie, Mary, and Lucy. The cashier, Emma, has rings that are a replica of Annie's stolen ones. She suspects this, but then excuses this thought. The Colonel visits Eric at the church and is forced to put a cigar away because of a church rule. He suspects someone is in the room, and sure enough, a homeless orphan named George was hiding there. The Colonel and Ruth adopt him after Eric lets them. He later appears in \"It's About George\", where George's biological father Will Grayson is found to be alive and wants his son back. He does not want this to happen, so he is willing to sue. Eric informs his father that he would lose and that Will legally has every right to take George with him, but George refuses to move in with Will and runs away. Eric later creates a compromise and he reluctantly accepts. He also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode, where he and Ruth scare him, but later apologize. He thought that Julie hated him and that he lost all of his children. Julie later confronts him and tells him that she loves him. He and Ruth buy Eric an RV the final episode, though he is not shown.Apart from his annual visits he also makes occasional surprise visits. In \"Lead, Follow or Get Out of The Way\", he arrives to help Eric with his major news coverage of his service and in the process helps Mary who is contemplating quitting basketball, Simon, who is training to be a magician (despite the Colonel's dislike for it), and Lucy who is slacking in school, and starts to connect with her.Ruth Camden (Barbara Rush) is Eric, Julie, and George's mother. She first appears in \"Seven Is Enough\" on an annual trip to visit Eric and Annie. She gives Lucy the first letter that The Colonel gave to her and both Mary and Lucy read it. She and The Colonel later adopt George at the end of the episode. In \"It's About George\" she hears that George's biological father Will is alive and plans to legally take his son back. She gets upset and blames Julie for this, but then apologizes. She also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode, where she and The Colonel scare him, but later apologize.George Grayson Camden (Sam Saletta) is a homeless orphan who went from one foster home to the next until he is found in Eric's office. George informs them that his parents are dead. At first, Eric and Annie want to adopt him, but The Colonel and Ruth become his adopted parents, thereby becoming Eric and Julie's brother. In \"It's About George\" he meets his real father Will Grayson. It turns out that Will faked his death and plans to legally take George with him. Ruth and The Colonel refuse to give George up and plan to take legal action to keep their son. Eric explains to them that the judge would grant custody of George to his biological father and because Will never signed the adoption papers he has every right to take George. He gets upset about being legally forced to live with Will. George refuses to leave his adopted family behind. He runs away and declares that would rather live at the orphanage. His dad later moves in with him, at The Colonel and Ruth's in Buffalo, New York. In \"Tit for Tat\", it is revealed that he followed in The Colonel's footsteps and joined the army, serving in Iraq. It was also revealed that he married Jane, who had stayed at the Camden's.","title":"Extended family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorian Harewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Harewood"},{"link_name":"Chaz Lamar Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaz_Lamar_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Olivia Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Brown"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Union"},{"link_name":"Camille Winbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Winbush"}],"sub_title":"The Hamiltons","text":"Reverend Morgan Hamilton (Dorian Harewood) is a minister at Trinity Church and a close friend of Eric's. He first appears in \"No Funerals and a Wedding\" where he attends Jenny Jackson's funeral. In \"The Color of God\", his church building is burnt to the ground by racists, and he and his family are invited to stay at the Camdens'. He speaks at Eric's church, which his entire congregation attends the week after the church is burnt down. He is sad and angry, but is relieved when the Glenoak Community Church gives him funding to rebuild. He later appears in \"America's Most Wanted\", where he rounds up all of the athletes who had stolen items from the Varsity Cafe and brings them to the courthouse. This causes the manager of the restaurant to drop the charges. He later appears in \"Happy's Valentine\", where he goes camping with his wife, Eric and Annie. He and Eric secretly call Sgt. Michaels to check the house and make sure everything is okay.John Hamilton (1996–2001) (Chaz Lamar Shepherd) is the oldest of the Hamilton children. He first appears in \"The Color of God.\" When his father's church is burned down, he stays in Matt's room. At first, the two are not very fond of each other, but this later changes. He later appears in the episode \"America's Most Wanted\" where he is an eyewitness to Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual. He appears in \"Happy's Valentine\", where he brings a date to the Camdens' while his parents and Eric and Annie are out of town, joining the wild party that Mary and Keesha's friends are throwing. He later becomes Matt's roommate. He later married to a woman named Priscilla Carter at the end of season five, his last appearance on the show.Patricia Hamilton (Olivia Brown) first appears in \"No Funerals and a Wedding\" where she attends Jenny Jackson's funeral. Patricia is Morgan's wife, and she is in her second marriage. When her church is burnt down she feels scared until she finds out that the church would have a new security system with volunteer cops. They later have some marital problems, but it is quickly solved. She talks with Annie in \"See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil\" about the carjacking. She appears in \"Happy's Valentine\" where she goes camping with her husband, Eric, and Annie. During the camping trip, her ex-husband calls like usual, which drives Morgan crazy.Keesha Hamilton (Gabrielle Union) is the second oldest Hamilton child. She first appears in \"The Color of God\" where she stays in Lucy and Mary's room after her family's church is burnt down. She later appears in \"America's Most Wanted\", where she is an eye-witness of Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual. She appears in \"Happy's Valentine\", where she attends a party that she is partially responsible for. She is a friend of Mary and Lucy's in a few episodes.Nigel Hamilton (David Netter) is the third Hamilton child. He is a friend of Simon's, and first appears in \"The Color of God.\" Someone makes a racist comment to him, to which Simon responds by punching him to the ground, which results in his being suspended from school. He appears in \"What Will People Say?\", where he witnesses Simon's embarrassing moment, where his \"love letter\" was intercepted by a bully. He appears in \"Happy's Valentine\", where he goes to a movie with Simon, Ruthie, Lynn, Lucy, and Jimmy. He and Simon get in trouble for throwing popcorn.Lynn Hamilton (Camille Winbush) is the youngest of the Hamiltons, and is Ruthie's friend who first appears in \"The Color of God.\" In \"Happy's Valentine,\" she attends a movie with Simon, Nigel, Ruthie, Lucy, and Jimmy. She and Ruthie fall asleep while the movie is going on. In the second-season episode \"See You in September, Lynn comes to Ruthie's defense after Ruthie gets in trouble; the two girls end up in time out together.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremy London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_London"},{"link_name":"Rachel Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Blanchard"}],"sub_title":"Chandler Hampton","text":"Chandler Hampton (Jeremy London) is the minister who fills in during Eric Camden's heart bypass surgery and subsequent recovery. He is later asked to stay on as an associate to assist Eric with his busy schedule. In season 7, Chandler starts dating Roxanne Richardson (Rachel Blanchard) and they become engaged for a brief time. He was different than Eric was as a minister. He was more fun-loving and cool and relax. Chandler came from a wealthy family and his father cut him off when he chose to be a minister. He and Chandler finally reconciled before his father died. He has a twin brother Sid, who is a recovering drug and alcohol addict. In one episode, Eric met Sid and mistook him for Chandler. He became a drug and alcohol counselor and help addicts to get clean. In the eighth season, Sid relapsed and went to rehab. His father left him his money, but he made Chandler the executor of his will. Sid is not ready to inherit the money since he has a drug problem, and it is put in a trust and until he get his act together to earn it. Chandler and Roxanne break up in the beginning of season 8, but remain friends. He later takes in a young boy, and eventually moves to Pennsylvania with his newly adopted son and new girlfriend.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maureen Flannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Flannigan"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"}],"sub_title":"Shana Sullivan","text":"Shana Sullivan (1998–2002) (Maureen Flannigan) is one of Matt's major girlfriends, who eventually decides to go to New York University. The resulting long-distance relationship between Matt and Shana fails. Shana and Matt eventually break up because Shana meets somebody else named Brett and Matt admits that he is in love with Heather.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam LaVorgna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_LaVorgna"},{"link_name":"Joy Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Enriquez"}],"sub_title":"Robbie Palmer","text":"Robbie Palmer (1999–2002) (Adam LaVorgna) is Mary's, and then later Lucy's, boyfriend. He had been with some friends who were drinking underage and they were all arrested. Being a first time offender, he is able to avoid serious punishment by doing community service. The alcohol was not his, but it was his brother's and he covered for him and took the blame. While doing community service, he meets Mary. The two have dates at the Camden house under Eric and Annie's supervision, because they feel they cannot trust Robbie. After a while, Robbie convinces Eric and Annie to let him take Mary to the coffee shop, where his parents met, for Valentine's Day. The coffee shop turns out to be a motel. Mary punches him and leaves. He comes back a few months later to try to win back Mary. The two get back together, get engaged, and plan to move in together. However, Robbie's ex-girlfriend, Cheryl, sees him and Mary together and realizes that he had been two-timing her. She tells Mary, and Mary breaks up with him because she needs to figure out her life.Robbie comes back a few months later with Cheryl, asking if Eric would marry the two of them because she was pregnant, which is not true, and the two are living together in Cheryl's apartment. Eric later finds Robbie living on the streets, and Robbie tells him that the only reason he was going to marry Cheryl was because she was pregnant, and when he found out she was not, he left, but had nowhere to go. Eric invites Robbie to stay in the Camden house, which does not go over very well with the rest of the family. But in time, everyone came to treat Robbie like a member of the family. He and Mary started dating again and she planned to come home from New York for the summer to be with him. However, her old boyfriend, Wilson West, comes to beg Mary to stay in New York with him. She chooses to be with Wilson, and leaves Robbie heartbroken.While on the rebound from Mary, Robbie starts to date Lucy, who is on the rebound from her ex-fiancé, Jeremy. They date only a short time before they realize that being together is awkward. Robbie then begins to date Joy Reyes. Mary and Lucy become jealous of Joy and each try to win him back. Joy breaks up with Robbie, and again, he is left heartbroken. He dates Roxanne Richardson, whom he had known since grade seven, for a short while before leaving the Camden house to live in Florida and take care of his sick mother. Robbie has an older brother, Ronald, and a younger brother, Rick.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Peter Petrowski","text":"Peter Petrowski (2002–2006) (Scotty Leavenworth) is a neighbor to the Camdens; the son of Vic and Paris. Peter is Ruthie's boyfriend in middle school. His father, Vic, was an alcoholic who left his mother when he was young. In the episode \"Smoking\" it is revealed that Peter smokes. He decides to stop smoking later in the episode because he knows Ruthie does not like that he smokes. His father returns sober in the episode \"The Prodigal Father\" and both Peter and his mother forgive him. When Peter is caught drinking, Vic is very upset with him and gives him a lecture on how he does not want Peter to make the same mistakes that he himself made. Eventually Peter's mother and father get back together, despite the fact that Peter had previously hoped that his mother would marry Chandler, who she had been dating before the return of her ex-husband. It is revealed (in the season nine premiere) that Peter moves away with his parents the summer before Ruthie starts high school. Ruthie was not too upset about it as she was more upset with Martin for not driving her to school on her first day. He is not seen again until the episode \"Leaps of Faith\" when Peter's parents, who are having another baby, ask Reverend Camden to marry them. He appears one last time in the episode \"Highway to Cell\", when Reverend Camden gives Ruthie's cell number to Vic and Vic convinces Peter to call Ruthie. They communicate for a short period through cellphone and even planned to study in Scotland together, however Peter failed a class so his parents did not allow him to go. They once again drift apart.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rachel Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Blanchard"}],"sub_title":"Roxanne Richardson","text":"Roxanne Richardson (2002–2004) (Rachel Blanchard) is Kevin's work partner at the local police station, the object of much of Lucy's jealousy but later become close friends with Lucy and they set up girls nights out where Lucy tells Roxanne what's going on in her life with her husband. She was an old crush of Robbie, and Chandler's girlfriend. Later, Roxanne reveals that she has enlisted in the Army and will be deploying to Iraq.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashlee Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Simpson"}],"sub_title":"Cecilia Smith","text":"Cecilia Smith (2002–2004) (Ashlee Simpson) is Simon's girlfriend, who then dates Martin. She later dumps Martin, who loved her but she was not sure she felt the same. Another reason (which is not very clearly shown) might be that she thought Simon was returning—whereas he only came for vacations—and they might get back together (because it would no longer be a long-distance relationship). When Simon comes home (at the end of season eight), it was vaguely revealed that their relationship did not work out, because over the summer Cecilia went away to college, and it was only when Simon begins dating and having sex with Georgia (in season nine) that it is revealed that they had broken up.Cecilia becomes very close to the Camdens while dating Simon, and even when he leaves to go to college she still spends a lot of time with his family, babysitting the twins, helping out around the house and often being there for meals, this escalates when Annie is away looking after her sick father, she is there so often that Annie becomes jealous of her role in the family, with the twins loving her and saying she is \"more fun than Mommy\".\nAnnie and Cecilia discuss this and Annie resolves her jealousy when she realizes Cecilia is just trying to help, and she continues to be part of the 'extended Camden family' until she leaves for college.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler Hoechlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hoechlin"}],"sub_title":"Martin Brewer","text":"Martin Brewer (2003–2007) (Tyler Hoechlin) is the only son of the Marine, Beau Brewer. His mother died when he was young and, until he was 16, he lived with his Aunt Betsy, when his dad was deployed. During his sophomore year in high school, the Brewers moved to Glenoak.Martin walks into the Camdens' life by chance and joins the already-growing over-glut of teen boys there. He follows Ruthie and her then-boyfriend Peter to the Camden house and everyone assumes that he is a friend of Simon's, except Simon thinks that he is there to see his dad. While Martin's aunt, an aspiring fashion designer, wants the two of them to move to New York, Eric manages to convince her to let Martin stay with them so as not to uproot him again.Martin's favorite sport is baseball and has been scouted by both colleges and professional baseball teams. One team even offers him a contract during his sophomore year in high school (which he eventually turns down to complete his education). Martin lives with the Camdens for two years before his father's tour in Iraq finally ends and he returns home.He also has fixed, rigid beliefs about sexuality and is staunchly conservative, which pleases most of the Camdens, except Simon. When Martin snoops into Simon's private affairs, Martin harps at Simon about the evils of non-marital sex when he finds out that Simon is sexually active.Prior to his senior year in high school, while visiting Simon, Martin is not practicing what he preached about pre-marital sex, and has sex one time with a girl named Sandy Jameson. The event results in Sandy getting pregnant.Martin graduates a semester early and, with the assistance of Eric and his high school baseball coach, starts college. He now lives near Sandy and their son. While Martin is not in the season ten finale, Sandy makes an appearance after the failed wedding of Simon and Rose. It ends with Sandy telling Simon she needs to speak with him (Much speculation surrounded this, that it was in fact Simon's baby). Ruthie falls in love with Martin in the meantime. Finally, near the end of the series, Martin declares his love for Ruthie, but then Ruthie had to choose between Martin and T-Bone. At the end, despite all they have been through, she decides to go with T-Bone, leaving Martin heartbroken.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Michael"}],"sub_title":"Chief of Police Michaels","text":"Chief of Police Michaels (Christopher Michael) first appears in \"Saturday\" as a Sergeant who assists lost Simon, Ruthie, and Happy; he takes them home, but when they find the house empty, he escorts them to Mary's basketball game, where most of the family converge despite Mary's initial wish. He returns in \"See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil\" to investigate the Camdens' carjacking. In \"Happy's Valentine\", Eric and Morgan call him from a camping trip to check on the kids at the house. He catches his son with beer and sends him home thereby ending the wild party. He then notifies Matt that Happy was hit by a car, and he takes her to Abbott Animal Hospital. He also informs Eric when Simon got in the car accident. He is Kevin's boss when he is a police officer. He is later promoted to detective, then to captain. In \"Faith, Hope and the Bottom Line,\" he and Officer McGuire rush over to the Camdens' after Ruthie calls \"911\", because Simon was hiding in his room. Near the series' end he is promoted to Police Chief of Glenoak. He and Eric are friends and occasionally work together; he refers people to Eric for counseling, Eric accompanies him on death notifications, etc.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megan Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Henning"}],"sub_title":"Meredith Davies","text":"Meredith Davies (2004–2005) (Megan Henning) is Martin's ex-girlfriend, who ends their relationship after he told her about Sandy and the baby. Meredith and her siblings were taken in by Cecilia's parents, but were never legally adopted by them due to the meddling of their birth mother. After she and Martin breakup, Meredith's younger sister tells everyone at school that Martin got Ruthie pregnant. After discovering this, Meredith quickly denies the rumor, explaining to her sister that Martin got Sandy pregnant.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haylie Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haylie_Duff"}],"sub_title":"Sandy Jameson","text":"Sandy Jameson (2005–2007) (Haylie Duff) was introduced in the season 10 premiere as Simon's fiancée Rose's best friend, to whom Martin lost his virginity the previous summer. In the season opener, Sandy reveals she might be pregnant. This is later confirmed, and she gives birth to a baby boy named Aaron (after Martin's grandfather). In the season 10 finale, she had to speak with Simon, possibly about the baby's paternity. In season 11, she meets Jonathan, a doctor, and he proposes. Together, they decide to get married, but having gone on the RV vacation, it is unknown whether or not they get married and stay together.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Thompson_(actress)"}],"sub_title":"Rose Taylor","text":"Rosanna \"Rose\" Taylor (2005–2006) (Sarah Thompson) was introduced (in the season nine finale \"Mi Familia Part 1\") as Simon's current girlfriend for seasons nine and ten. The two are not necessarily serious but she seems eager to engage and marry, pressuring Simon into proposing. When at first he refuses, she takes it as disinterest in her and backs away, provoking him to commit to marrying her. By season ten they are engaged, and she makes wedding plans. The initial plan was for the two to engage at the end of their current school year and wed at the end of the following year, but she pressures him into moving the engagement date forward. During Rose's time on the show, she becomes a very disliked person by all except for Sandy Jameson, who was her one friend there. Rose is known for being selfish, rude, inconsiderate, and thoughtless, rubbing Eric and Annie the wrong way more than anyone.By 2006, Simon and Rose change plans to marry in May, something they both wanted to be ready for, but still held insecurities and doubts. Annie, however, decides that they could not marry, and when an ex-boyfriend of Rose's surfaces in March, she sees an opportunity. Though most had come to accept Simon dating Rose, no one knew her at all, and it was this boyfriend who convinces Rose that she is not being a good person. In the episode Invitation to Disaster, she has a sit-down confession with Annie, explaining that she has been unaware of how she was acting and that her relationship with her parents and never really being disciplined or close to them at all is part of the reason. This provokes Annie to see her in a different light, and while she and Annie take on a mother/daughter relationship, no one else is crazy about them marrying. It is her ex-boyfriend Humberto who makes her realize that she is not ready to marry and that he still has feelings for her. So although they had gotten to the wedding day, they end up parting ways amicably. It is unknown whether they still keep in touch.","title":"Other recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eileen Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Brennan"},{"link_name":"Costas Mandylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_Mandylor"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Keri Lynn Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Lynn_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Meg Wittner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Wittner"},{"link_name":"Barret Swatek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barret_Swatek"},{"link_name":"Alicia Leigh Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Leigh_Willis"},{"link_name":"Alan Fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fudge"},{"link_name":"Chyler Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyler_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Peg Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Rheagan Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheagan_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Sarah Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Mason_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Bittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bittle"},{"link_name":"Nathan West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_West"},{"link_name":"Gone With the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"Andrea Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Morris"},{"link_name":"Rachel Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Boston"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"Will Estes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Estes"},{"link_name":"Shannon Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Nick Zano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Zano"},{"link_name":"Brad Maule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Maule"},{"link_name":"Keith David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_David"},{"link_name":"Bryan Callen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Callen"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lance Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Bass"},{"link_name":"Andrew Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Keegan"}],"text":"Gladys Bink (Eileen Brennan) first appears in the pilot episode, where Eric pays her to pretend that she had lost a lung, breathing on an oxygen tank, and trying to still smoke cigarettes. This trick makes Matt quit smoking. Later, she appears in \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", where Matt helps her with a few things around the house. But because he does not come help her get her money down from a high shelf, she takes a hard fall and Matt and Eric visit her in the hospital. In \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2\" she visits Mary at the hospital and persuades Annie's father to solve the problem by using her \"ways\" (i.e. lying). She has been a member of the Glenoak Community Church for many years, and has a reputation of being an excellent fundraiser. At the end of season seven, she is diagnosed with cancer and Chandler moves into her guest house to help her out. Chandler is the minister who married Gladys to her third husband Fred, though without the blessing of Fred's mother. She is the show's most-recurring character.\nBeau Brewer (Costas Mandylor) is Martin Brewer's father, who served 2 tours in Iraq. When he comes home for three days, he does not speak to Martin until the last day, uneasy because it might be their last conversation. The season ten premiere discloses that he started up a landscaping business.\nBetsy Brewer (Keri Lynn Pratt) is Martin's aunt whom he stays with in Glenoak while his Marine dad is deployed in Iraq.\nHeather Cain (Andrea Ferrell) is a deaf girl whom Matt sees at the airport (in \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1\"). He goes over to her house and meets her and her mother, Donna (Meg Wittner). On their first date the next night, Heather runs out of the party after being teased. In \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2,\" Eric \"lures\" Matt to a cafe where deaf people work and eat. Matt meets Heather there. They eventually apologize and say they want to get to know each other. In season two, she goes away to school in Philadelphia and breaks up with Matt in a \"Dear John\". In season three, she returns and says she's getting married, but in the finale she runs off with Matt on her wedding day after learning that her fiancé cheated on her. In season four, she transfers to Crawford College and sees that Matt is in a relationship with Shana Sullivan. In the season finale, she tells Matt she still loves him and he breaks up with Shana. Matt and Heather decide to elope, but (in the season five premiere) it's revealed that she did not say \"I Do\" at the altar. She has Annie tell Matt it's over. She later tells Matt she has another boyfriend, but they eventually break up and she moves to New York. In season eight, Matt bumps into her on a flight to Glenoak and she says she's divorced and going back to Glenoak to move back in with her mother and start over. Matt considers going back to Heather, but he decides he loves his wife and apologizes for misleading her. This time he will not try to rescue her so he can be with her. Heather does not wish for Matt to do so either. He runs off to go fix his marriage.\nCheryl (Barret Swatek) is Robbie's ex-girlfriend, whom he almost marries after they thought that Cheryl was pregnant but ended up not being pregnant. Cheryl also dates Matt for a short while.\nCorey Conway (Alicia Leigh Willis) first appears in \"Saturday\" as Mary's basketball teammate. Mary is of the few people to stand by her friend when it is revealed that she left her last school because she had a baby at 14. Corey ended up dating Mary's longtime flame Wilson West, also a teenage single parent. In the season nine episode \"Fathers,\" we learn that they have married and become a blended family.\nLou Dalton (Alan Fudge) works for Glenoak Community Church. He first appears in \"Faith, Hope and the Bottom Line,\" objecting to Eric's plan to hire an ex-convict as the new organist when Mrs. Hinkle retires. At series' end he resigns as head deacon and moves away from Glenoak.\nDaniel (Aaron Staton) is Sandy's school friend, introduced in \"Turn, Turn, Turn,\" who later tells Sandy he's in love with her. Upset, Sandy calls Eric for advice. In \"You Take the High Road,\" Sandy desperately tries to break up with him.\nFrankie (Chyler Leigh) is Mary's friend and co-worker at Pete's Pizza. At Mary's age, she's already married to Johnny—who verbally and physically abuses her—and raising their daughter Mercy, but still drinking, smoking, and doing other drugs. After Frankie and Johnny get busted for marijuana, Eric forbids Mary to have anything to do with them outside of work, but she is unable to comply. Frankie eventually leaves town without her family.\nOdile Hinkle (Peg Phillips) is Mrs. Bink's neighbor and best friend. In \"We The People\", Mrs. Hinkle provides a rest-stop for erstwhile newspaper-couriers Simon and Ruthie, then literally rides to their rescue. In \"Says Who?\", Mrs. Hinkle disappears, moving to a seniors' residence without informing anyone, leaving Mrs. Bink and Eric to investigate her disappearance. At one time, she was the organist for Glenoak Community Church, but eventually retires from that position, leaving Eric to find someone else as a replacement.\nGeorgia Huffington (Rheagan Wallace) is Simon's ex-girlfriend/lover. She is portrayed as the first girl that Simon had sex with. They almost get married when she tells Simon that she's pregnant, but it is quickly revealed to be a lie. Simon ends their relationship shortly afterwards.\nJane (Sarah Mason) is a homeless girl who stays at the Camdens'. After her father left her mother, her mother's new live-in boyfriend, whom she meets via the Internet, threatens to harm Jane, causing her to flee. Despite not actually being pregnant, she seeks refuge at the home for teenage mothers, but Lucy turns her down, but she and her friend Margaret are soon invited to move into the Camdens' garage apartment. In \"Broken Hearts and Promises,\" she gets a job at the Dairy Shack. \"You Take the High Road\" reveals that she used to be married to a soldier, but left him after he started hitting her. In ( \"And I'll Take the Low Road\"), with help from Kevin when her first husband does not show up for their divorce hearing. She latter gets the divorce papers and In \"Tit for Tat,\" she marries Eric's adopted brother George after the conflict of her first marriage fixed and her divorce goes through. While arguing with T-Bone about his mother coming to see him, she blurts out Eric's heart problems on the Promenade. In \"Thanks and Giving,\" she and T-Bone insist that a salesman donates a bed for Eric and Annie. In the series finale, she announces that her mom is in rehab (her parents used to smoke pot) and her mom's boyfriend is in jail for breaking his probation.\nJeff (Ryan Bittle) first appears in the pilot episode. He is Matt's best friend since age six, and Mary's crush since age ten. While jogging with Lucy, Mary runs into him and he asks her if she wants help with her foul shot; Matt spies on him while the two shoot baskets. In \"In the Blink of an Eye,\" Jeff asks Mary to go to a party, then an R-rated movie, neither of which she is allowed to attend. In \"No Funerals and a Wedding,\" Jeff attends Mary's grandmother's memorial service at the Camdens'. Mary starts to dislike him as he has become clingy. Later, Lucy tells him that she is sorry that they broke up, even though Mary had not dumped him. When Jeff asks Mary to go steady she refuses as she would rather be his friend then date him. They then end up as friends.\nJohnny (Nathan West) is Pete's nephew and Frankie's husband, who leaves his infant daughter, Mercy, at the Camden's doorstop after Frankie leaves him. He ends up deciding to be a single parent.\nJordan (Wade Carpenter) briefly dates both Mary and Lucy. He is first seen playing basketball with Mary before the show focuses on his relationship with Lucy. When a teacher catches Lucy slapping Jordan, Mary explains that they were rehearsing a scene from Gone With the Wind. When Lucy discovers that Jordan and Mary intend to attend a co-ed sleepover for the basketball teams, she gets jealous and tries to seduce Jordan, but Matt catches them kissing and escorts her home before anything more serious can happen. In the season three finale, Jordan says he still loves Mary but does not want to hurt Lucy (who overhears). Jordan and Mary's renewed relationship creates a sibling rift; later that day the girls and their boyfriends engage in a kissing contest until Aunt Julie orders the boys to leave; Jordan disappears after this. \"We don't speak of him\", Mary tells Simon in season four, but when the unpleasant subject does insist on coming up, he's referred to as \"Big Lips\", such as in \"Simon's Home Video\".\nMac (Kyle Searles) is Martin's best friend. Cecilia sets him up with Pam early on. Ruthie has a crush on him during season nine, but does little about it as he is two years older. In season 11, he rents an apartment with Jane and Margaret and falls in love with the latter. He and Margaret later begin dating.\nMargaret (Andrea Morris) is Jane's very shy friend. She gets highly emotional when Annie calls the paramedics because she thinks something is wrong with Eric. She gets a job at the Dairy Shack in \"Broken Hearts and Promises.\" She reveals to T-Bone (in \"You Take the High Road\") that Jane called his mother and she is coming to see him. She later reveals her past in \"And I'll Take the Low Road\": Her father abused her mother and she ended up going from home to home. Unwilling to be abused for saying the wrong thing, she became shy. In \"Thanks and Giving,\" she helps Sam and David prepare the song \"This Land is Our Land\" for Eric, Annie, and Ruthie's homecoming, and reveals her ambition to teach Pre-K. In the series finale, she is offered a college scholarship, but she turns it down and goes on the Camdens' road trip.\nMs. Margo (Rachel Boston) is Sam and David's teacher who first appears in \"A Pain in the Neck.\" When she feels attracted to Eric, Sam and David tell her that he is their grandfather. This is soon resolved, and Ms. Margo asks Eric and the twins out to dinner; Eric resists her advances and starts homeschooling his sons. When Ben hits on her the same day, she turns up at the Camdens', to Eric's annoyance.\nMercy is Frankie and Johnny's daughter.\nJimmy Moon (Matthew Linville) (introduced in the episode, \"Family Secrets\") is Lucy's first boyfriend. In the episode, \"In the Blink of an Eye\", he and Lucy go on their first date by watching a French film in the Camdens' living room. However, Eric messes this up by playing country songs. In \"See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil\", he wants to break up with Lucy because of a school class president election. He later withdraws, followed by Lucy, because they want to stay together. In \"Happy's Valentine\", he takes Lucy, Simon, Nigel, Ruthie, and Lynn to the movies. He and Lucy see a separate movie (a French film) for their first Valentine's together. His grades in science start to drop, and so Lucy told Mary to tutor him in \"Faith, Hope and the Bottom Line\". Lucy regrets this, because she thought that Mary was going to steal her boyfriend. The issue is resolved at the end of the episode. In \"It's About George\", he meets the Colonel and Grandma Ruth Camden, who he declares to be the scariest people he ever met. He breaks up with Lucy (in \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1\") after she changes her hair color. The next year, Lucy gets jealous of anyone with Jimmy Moon. She finally gets to decide between her old boyfriend and her new one, but does not get either of them. He later gets caught up in marijuana, and eventually is the defendant in a crime that Lucy is assigned to have jury duty on. He is arrested for possession of marijuana (in season three's episode \"Paranoia\"), and Lucy is also arrested while observing him.\nAndrew Nayloss (Will Estes) is the boy that Lucy does not like at first, but then his father sent him away to live in Paris for the summer because Andrew's dad does not like Lucy. When Andrew comes back he tells Lucy that he met a girl from Ohio, who lives in Paris, and that he's having a child and he is going to stay in Paris and live on his girlfriend's family's farm and Lucy is heartbroken when she heard he's moving back to Paris.\nRenee Nicholson (Ashlee Levitch) is introduced (in the episode, \"Family Secrets\") as a girl that Matt meets at the library two weeks prior, and befriends her. She is expecting a daughter with Lou. When Matt goes over to her house to talk to her, he falls asleep on her couch and does not get back until 5:15 a.m., resulting in his being grounded for three weeks. She later joins the Glenoak Community Church choir, and sings a solo on Sunday. She goes into labor in \"No Funerals and a Wedding\".\nPete (James Keane) is Johnny's uncle and the owner of Pete's Pizza.\nParis Petrowski (Shannon Kenny) is Peter Petrowski's mother. Paris dated once Ben Kinkirk, Lucy's brother-in-law. Later she goes out with Chandler and it seems they will stay together, until her ex-husband appears. She decides to give him another chance and they move away. Later on it is told that she is pregnant and she and her ex are married again.\nMike Pierce (Jeremy Lelliott) is Lucy's ex-boyfriend who tries to commit suicide from a drug and alcohol combination and as a result, his mother becomes severely depressed and despondent until he helps talk her out of it with Lucy's help.\nDr. Jonathan Sanders (Nick Zano) is a doctor whom Sandy dates (in season 11). He then proposes to her, to which she says \"yes.\" This causes a conflict between Sandy and Martin.\nGeorge Smith (Brad Maule) is Cecilia's father. He never marries his wife, and never tells Cecilia this fact. After twenty years, Eric marries them in his office. He and his wife eventually become foster parents to the Davis children. He owns a cleaning business, which Simon and Cecelia both work at.\nDeena Stewart (Nicole Cherié Saletta) is Simon's first girlfriend. She eventually moves back east with her family. In the season five episode \"Chances\", she comes back, and she and Simon start dating again for a while.\nStanley Sunday (Keith David) is a homeless man seen in the promenade. He is first seen at the hospital, where he goes in for testing. Lucy is supposed to visit him, but she cannot make it, and Eric goes in her place. Stanley ends up convincing Eric to give him his coat, although Eric is hesitant. He appears in the next episode where Kevin goes to him to get some information about what Eric did at the hospital. Stanley convinces Kevin to give up his sweatshirt, shoes and pants. In \"You Don't Know What You've Got 'Til He's Gone\" Stanley encounters Eric just as he is leaving to go home and asks him if he asked God to let him live. In \"Christmas!\" it is revealed that Stanley is one of Eric's guardian angels. He is there when Eric was brought to heaven. In the series finale, he joins Eric and the family on their RV.\nTheodore Alan \"T-Bone\" Bonaducci Jr. (Colton James) is a 16-year-old who works as the ticket vendor at the movie theater in the promenade. He is introduced in And Tonight's Specials Are... when he had pizza with Lucy, which upset Kevin. Two months prior to his stay at the Camdens, T-Bone breaks into Glenoak Community Church to sleep and use the bathroom, since his father is dead, and his mother ran away. Upon staying at the Camdens, T-Bone told Eric that he vaguely knows about what is going on with his health. In \"You Take the High Road\" he stays at Kevin and Lucy's while Eric and Annie are on a trip to see Ruthie in Scotland. In \"Thanks and Giving\", he and Jane insist that a salesman donate a bed for Eric and Annie. They both like it, not knowing it was donated. In \"You Don't Know What You've Got 'Til He's Gone\", he reveals that he likes Ruthie and kisses her. Eric and Annie are glad that Ruthie has found a possible boyfriend, of whom they approve of. In \"Can I Just Get Something to Eat\" he works with Ruthie on a research project about Darfur. In \"Deacon Blues,\" he and Ruthie discuss the topic of having sex. Kevin tells him not to do it, and when Annie finds out, they are stopped. In \"Tit for Tat\" Ruthie and T-Bone decided to get tattoos of each other's names and the do buthe only a small one on his ankle of Ruthies initials. He tells Ruthie that he has a fear of sharp objects and that's why he couldn't get more. Ruthie gets his name on her lower back. After an argument Ruthin and Ruthie and T-Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other's names. Well Ruthie gets T-Bone name but T-Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthie's initials R.C. After an argument they break up. Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly. Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T-Bone and then Ruthie and T-Bone get back together. T-Bone's earlier-mentioned father, who is supposedly dead, shows up (in season 11) and convinces T-Bone to go on a road trip with him. T-Bone graduates from high school, and goes on the road trip with the Camden family to meet up with his dad. After the road trip with the family T-Bone and Ruthie plain on traveling the world together.\nUmberto (Fidel Gomez) is Rose's ex-boyfriend who almost marries Rose. He keeps on trying to get Rose back while she is preparing to marry Simon.\nGeorge \"Vic\" Vickery (Bryan Callen) is Peter's father, who is a recovering alcoholic. He works as a college art teacher.\nVincent (Thomas Dekker) is Ruthie's boyfriend after Peter. He broke up with her twice.\nRick Palmer (Lance Bass) is Robbie's younger brother. He goes on a date with a Lucy and they end up making out on a street corner and Eric sees them.\nBrett (Matt Farnsworth) is Shana's roommate and eventual boyfriend. He first appears in \"Loves Me, Loves Me Not\". He kisses her after Shana and Matt have a fight. He follows Shana out to Glenoak when she came back for the summer. In \"Hot Pants\" it is revealed that he and Shana are engaged.\nWilson West (Andrew Keegan) first appears in \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 1.\" He meets Mary when she is at the park with Ruthie, and asks her out. At first, Eric tries to do anything he can to prevent their date, but he later finds out that he knows his father. Wilson takes Mary to Eddie's Pool Hall, where they play pinball and pool. Michael Towner and a couple of his friends harass him, which ends his date with Mary. He comes to church the following Sunday where he apologizes to Mary. He has a son called Billy, whose mother died in childbirth before Mary met them both. In \"Dangerous Liaisons, Part 2,\" Mary's parents find out about Wilson being a father. Mary dates Wilson a number of times, including when she is sent to Buffalo, to live with her grandparents, they are serious and for a time discuss marriage and Billy wants to call Mary mom, but they break up when Wilson catches her kissing Ben. Wilson eventually decides to move back to Glenoak after meeting and eventually marrying Corey Conway, one of Mary's old basketball teammates who has a daughter.","title":"Minor recurring characters"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Camden Family original cast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/7th_Heaven_original_cast.png/220px-7th_Heaven_original_cast.png"},{"image_text":"Stephen Collins as Rev. Eric Camden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stephen_Collins_2014.jpg/150px-Stephen_Collins_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Catherine_Hicks2005.jpg/150px-Catherine_Hicks2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Gallagher as Simon Camden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/David_Gallagher.jpg/150px-David_Gallagher.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jessica Biel, who played Mary Camden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jessica_Biel_2013.jpg/150px-Jessica_Biel_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beverley Mitchell as Lucy Camden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Beverley_Mitchell%2C_Seventh_Heaven_star_DF-SD-02-04992_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Beverley_Mitchell%2C_Seventh_Heaven_star_DF-SD-02-04992_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy \"The Game\" and \"7th Heaven\"\". TheFutonCritic.com. 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2016-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20061020cw01","url_text":"\"Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy \"The Game\" and \"7th Heaven\"\""}]},{"reference":"TV.com. \"7th Heaven\". Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/7th-heaven/cast/","url_text":"\"7th Heaven\""}]},{"reference":"Adair, Aly (February 27, 2009). \"Top 10 Favorite TV Moms\". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021092742/http://voices.yahoo.com/top-10-favorite-tv-moms-2778263.html?cat=25","url_text":"\"Top 10 Favorite TV Moms\""},{"url":"http://voices.yahoo.com/top-10-favorite-tv-moms-2778263.html?cat=25","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_Routes
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The Alternate Routes
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["1 Career","2 Members","2.1 Present","2.2 Previous","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Singles","4 Notes","5 External links"]
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Rock band from Bridgeport, Connecticut
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Alternate Routes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Alternate RoutesOriginBridgeport, ConnecticutFairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut, United StatesGenresRock, roots rock, college rockYears active2002–presentLabelsIndependentMembersEric DonnellyTim WarrenIan TaitKurt LeonTaryn ChoryPast membersMike SembosChip JohnsonStephen ChopekRichard MedekDavid GrantMike StavitzWebsitethealternateroutes.com
The Alternate Routes are an American rock band based in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The group was formed by Tim Warren and Eric Donnelly in 2002 while studying at Fairfield University.
As of early 2013, The Alternate Routes were touring and working on a new album to follow up Lately.
Career
In 2005, the band recorded their debut album, Good and Reckless and True, with producer Jay Joyce in Nashville, TN. The next few years were spent touring and honing their live sound.
In 2006, the band won an Independent Music Award for the song "Ordinary." Later that year, the band signed with Vanguard Records.
In 2007, the band re-released Good and Reckless and True on Vanguard, and released a limited-edition acoustic album. This album, available only at shows, was affectionately titled The Brooklawn Sessions, referring to the house where Tim and then bass player Chip Johnson lived and recorded the album. On April 10, 2007, the Alternate Routes performed their single "Time is a Runaway" on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.
In 2008, the band recorded their follow-up LP, Sucker's Dream, again with Jay Joyce in Nashville. While waiting for its release in February 2009, the band recorded a five-song EP, The Watershed EP, at Tarquin Studios with producer Peter Katis in their hometown of Bridgeport.
In 2010, longtime band member Chip Johnson left the band to pursue his home studio, Alpine Red.
The Alternate Routes parted ways with Vanguard Records in 2010 and shortly headed back to Nashville to begin work on their third studio album, Lately. Lately was produced by Teddy Morgan at Barrio East in Nashville over the course of 6 weeks. The album features drummer Richard Medek and multi-instrumentalist Carl Broemel of My Morning Jacket.
In the summer of 2011, the Alternate Routes toured with co-headliners Scattered Trees. The tour introduced the band's new four-piece lineup featuring drummer Richard Medek and longtime guitarist turned bassist Mike Sembos (also of The Backyard Committee).
On December 17, 2013, The Alternate Routes' new single "Nothing More" was featured in its full length during the final scenes of the Christmas episode of NCIS, earning them the #92 rank on the iTunes US charts.
The Alternate Routes released their fourth studio album, Nothing More, on September 30, 2013 with record producer Peter Katis.
"Nothing More" was featured in the closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics on NBC. The band also performed "Nothing More" on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in March 2014.
Nothing More featured at the end of documentary "Collective" about the 2015 fire at a concert in Romania (killing 27 and injuring 180) and the subsequent corruption scandal which brought down the government and following on from that the deaths of a further 37 victims in the hospitals which exposed widespread corruption and mismanagement in the Romanian healthcare system.
In 2019 the Alternate Routes hosted an event called The Alternate Routes Getaway. It has been running for 3 years with a break during 2020. The likes of Tony Lucca, Meaghan Farrell, Amy Gerhartz along with many more have graced the stage. The 2 day event is hosted in the Outerbanks of NC, once in Kitty Hawk and the last two times in Avon, NC.
Members
Present
Tim Warren - lead vocals, acoustic and electric guitars
Eric Donnelly - electric guitars, backing vocals
Ian Tait - bass guitar
Kurt Leon - drums (2007–2008, then rejoined the band in 2012)
Taryn Chory- Vocals
Previous
Mike Sembos - bass guitar, backing vocals, electric guitar (2005-2013)
Chip Johnson - bass, keys, backing vocals, drums (2003–2010)
Stephen Chopek - drums (2005–2007)
David Grant - drums (late 2008)
Mike Stavitz - drums (2008–2010)
Richard Medek - drums (2010-2011)
Discography
Albums
This Is When EP (2003)
Over Your Shoulder EP (2004)
Good and Reckless and True (2005)
Good and Reckless and True (2007, re-released on Vanguard Records)
The Watershed EP (2008)
Sucker's Dream (2009)
Live... in Seattle (2010)
Lately (2010)
Nothing More (2014)
It's That Time EP (2014)
Live In Pawling (2017)
Singles
"Time Is a Runaway" (2007)
"The Future's Nothing New" (2009)
"Ain't No Secret" (2009)
"Carry Me Home" (2011)
"Nothing More" (2013)
"Somewhere In America" (2016)
"Safe Haven" (2017)
"Stronger" (2017)
Notes
^ "Fairfield Alums Signed to Major Record Label - Entertainment". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
^ "The Musicians Atlas - Successfully Sell and Create Music Independently". Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
^ "Alpine Red Studios". Alpinered.com#. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
^ "The Alternate Routes song "Nothing More" to be featured on tonights NCIS « NCIS Source". Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
^ "'Nothing More (feat. Lily Costner)' by The Alternate Routes (American Songs iTunes Chart)". iTunesCharts.net. 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
^ https://www.alternateroutesgetaway.com/
External links
Official website
The Alternate Routes collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
Official Getaway Website
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The group was formed by Tim Warren and Eric Donnelly in 2002 while studying at Fairfield University.[1]As of early 2013, The Alternate Routes were touring and working on a new album to follow up Lately.","title":"The Alternate Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jay Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Joyce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vanguard Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Records"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Conan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Jay Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Tarquin Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarquin_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Katis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Katis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"My Morning Jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket"},{"link_name":"Scattered Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Trees"},{"link_name":"The Backyard Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Backyard_Committee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_with_Craig_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getawayUrl-6"}],"text":"In 2005, the band recorded their debut album, Good and Reckless and True, with producer Jay Joyce in Nashville, TN. The next few years were spent touring and honing their live sound.In 2006, the band won an Independent Music Award for the song \"Ordinary.\"[2] Later that year, the band signed with Vanguard Records.In 2007, the band re-released Good and Reckless and True on Vanguard, and released a limited-edition acoustic album. This album, available only at shows, was affectionately titled The Brooklawn Sessions, referring to the house where Tim and then bass player Chip Johnson lived and recorded the album. On April 10, 2007, the Alternate Routes performed their single \"Time is a Runaway\" on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.In 2008, the band recorded their follow-up LP, Sucker's Dream, again with Jay Joyce in Nashville. While waiting for its release in February 2009, the band recorded a five-song EP, The Watershed EP, at Tarquin Studios with producer Peter Katis in their hometown of Bridgeport.In 2010, longtime band member Chip Johnson left the band to pursue his home studio, Alpine Red.[3]The Alternate Routes parted ways with Vanguard Records in 2010 and shortly headed back to Nashville to begin work on their third studio album, Lately. Lately was produced by Teddy Morgan at Barrio East in Nashville over the course of 6 weeks. The album features drummer Richard Medek and multi-instrumentalist Carl Broemel of My Morning Jacket.In the summer of 2011, the Alternate Routes toured with co-headliners Scattered Trees. The tour introduced the band's new four-piece lineup featuring drummer Richard Medek and longtime guitarist turned bassist Mike Sembos (also of The Backyard Committee).On December 17, 2013, The Alternate Routes' new single \"Nothing More\" was featured in its full length during the final scenes of the Christmas episode of NCIS,[4] earning them the #92 rank on the iTunes US charts.[5]The Alternate Routes released their fourth studio album, Nothing More, on September 30, 2013 with record producer Peter Katis.\"Nothing More\" was featured in the closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics on NBC. The band also performed \"Nothing More\" on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in March 2014.Nothing More featured at the end of documentary \"Collective\" about the 2015 fire at a concert in Romania (killing 27 and injuring 180) and the subsequent corruption scandal which brought down the government and following on from that the deaths of a further 37 victims in the hospitals which exposed widespread corruption and mismanagement in the Romanian healthcare system.In 2019 the Alternate Routes hosted an event called The Alternate Routes Getaway.[6] It has been running for 3 years with a break during 2020. The likes of Tony Lucca, Meaghan Farrell, Amy Gerhartz along with many more have graced the stage. The 2 day event is hosted in the Outerbanks of NC, once in Kitty Hawk and the last two times in Avon, NC.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel-string_acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"}],"sub_title":"Present","text":"Tim Warren - lead vocals, acoustic and electric guitars\nEric Donnelly - electric guitars, backing vocals\nIan Tait - bass guitar\nKurt Leon - drums (2007–2008, then rejoined the band in 2012)\nTaryn Chory- Vocals","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Previous","text":"Mike Sembos - bass guitar, backing vocals, electric guitar (2005-2013)\nChip Johnson - bass, keys, backing vocals, drums (2003–2010)\nStephen Chopek - drums (2005–2007)\nDavid Grant - drums (late 2008)\nMike Stavitz - drums (2008–2010)\nRichard Medek - drums (2010-2011)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanguard Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Records"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"This Is When EP (2003)\nOver Your Shoulder EP (2004)\nGood and Reckless and True (2005)\nGood and Reckless and True (2007, re-released on Vanguard Records)\nThe Watershed EP (2008)\nSucker's Dream (2009)\nLive... in Seattle (2010)\nLately (2010)\nNothing More (2014)\nIt's That Time EP (2014)\nLive In Pawling (2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Time Is a Runaway\" (2007)\n\"The Future's Nothing New\" (2009)\n\"Ain't No Secret\" (2009)\n\"Carry Me Home\" (2011)\n\"Nothing More\" (2013)\n\"Somewhere In America\" (2016)\n\"Safe Haven\" (2017)\n\"Stronger\" (2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Fairfield Alums Signed to Major Record Label - Entertainment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927030406/http://media.www.fairfieldmirror.com/media/storage/paper148/news/2007/02/08/Entertainment/Fairfield.Alums.Signed.To.Major.Record.Label-2703598.shtml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.www.fairfieldmirror.com/media/storage/paper148/news/2007/02/08/Entertainment/Fairfield.Alums.Signed.To.Major.Record.Label-2703598.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Musicians Atlas - Successfully Sell and Create Music Independently\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090228112357/http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/jukebox2006.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/jukebox2006.asp#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Alpine Red Studios\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alpinered.com#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Alternate Routes song \"Nothing More\" to be featured on tonights NCIS « NCIS Source\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131222170306/http://ncis-source.org/2013/12/17/the-alternate-routes-song-nothing-more-to-be-featured-on-tonights-ncis/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ncis-source.org/2013/12/17/the-alternate-routes-song-nothing-more-to-be-featured-on-tonights-ncis/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"'Nothing More (feat. Lily Costner)' by The Alternate Routes (American Songs iTunes Chart)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.itunescharts.net/us/artists/music/the-alternate-routes/songs/nothing-more-feat-lily-costner/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-getawayUrl_6-0"},{"link_name":"https://www.alternateroutesgetaway.com/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alternateroutesgetaway.com/"}],"text":"^ \"Fairfield Alums Signed to Major Record Label - Entertainment\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2007.\n\n^ \"The Musicians Atlas - Successfully Sell and Create Music Independently\". Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.\n\n^ \"Alpine Red Studios\". Alpinered.com#. Retrieved 2016-06-26.\n\n^ \"The Alternate Routes song \"Nothing More\" to be featured on tonights NCIS « NCIS Source\". Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.\n\n^ \"'Nothing More (feat. Lily Costner)' by The Alternate Routes (American Songs iTunes Chart)\". iTunesCharts.net. 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2016-06-26.\n\n^ https://www.alternateroutesgetaway.com/","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%91
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Bedő
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["1 Geography","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°9′49.9″N 21°45′3.06″E / 47.163861°N 21.7508500°E / 47.163861; 21.7508500For other uses, see Bedo (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bedő" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Place in Hajdú-Bihar, HungaryBedő
Bedeu
Coat of armsCountry HungaryCountyHajdú-BiharArea • Total10.2 km2 (3.9 sq mi)Population (2001) • Total307 • Density30.1/km2 (78/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code4128Area code54
Location of Hajdú-Bihar County in Hungary
Bedő (Romanian: Bedeu) is a village in Hajdú-Bihar County, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.
Geography
It covers an area of 10.2 km2 (4 sq mi) and has a population of 307 people (2001).
References
External links
http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1264696&fid=2322&c=hungary
vteHajdú-Bihar CountyCity with county rights
Debrecen (county seat)
Towns
Balmazújváros
Berettyóújfalu
Biharkeresztes
Derecske
Hajdúböszörmény
Hajdúdorog
Hajdúnánás
Hajdúhadház
Hajdúsámson
Hajdúszoboszló
Kaba
Komádi
Létavértes
Nádudvar
Nyíradony
Polgár
Püspökladány
Téglás
Tiszacsege
Vámospércs
Large villages
Bagamér
Csökmő
Egyek
Földes
Hosszúpályi
Nagyrábé
Nyírábrány
Pocsaj
Sárrétudvari
Zsáka
Villages
Álmosd
Ártánd
Bakonszeg
Báránd
Bedő
Berekböszörmény
Bihardancsháza
Biharnagybajom
Bihartorda
Bocskaikert
Bojt
Darvas
Ebes
Esztár
Folyás
Fülöp
Furta
Gáborján
Görbeháza
Hajdúbagos
Hajdúszovát
Hencida
Hortobágy
Kismarja
Kokad
Konyár
Körösszakál
Körösszegapáti
Magyarhomorog
Mezőpeterd
Mezősas
Mikepércs
Monostorpályi
Nagyhegyes
Nagykereki
Nyíracsád
Nyírmártonfalva
Sáp
Sáránd
Szentpéterszeg
Szerep
Tépe
Tetétlen
Tiszagyulaháza
Told
Újiráz
Újléta
Újszentmargita
Újtikos
Váncsod
Vekerd
Other topics
History
Geography
Government
Economy
Culture
Tourism
47°9′49.9″N 21°45′3.06″E / 47.163861°N 21.7508500°E / 47.163861; 21.7508500
This Hajdú-Bihar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Location of Hajdú-Bihar County in Hungary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HajduBiharCounty.gif/300px-HajduBiharCounty.gif"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_vivo_reconstruction
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Ex vivo reconstruction
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["1 References"]
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Ex vivo reconstruction, short for ex vivo renal artery reconstruction and autotransplantation, is a technique mainly used for complex disease involving multiple segmental branches in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia. In ex vivo reconstruction, temporary nephrectomy and ex vivo repair with microvascular techniques followed by autotransplantation allows the precise repair of such lesions.
References
^ Belzer, FO; Salvatierra, O; Palubinskas, A; Stoney, RJ (1975). "Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction". Ann. Surg. 182 (4): 456–63. doi:10.1097/00000658-197510000-00011. PMC 1344011. PMID 1180583.
This surgery article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ex vivo reconstruction"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Belzer, FO; Salvatierra, O; Palubinskas, A; Stoney, RJ (1975). \"Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction\". Ann. Surg. 182 (4): 456–63. doi:10.1097/00000658-197510000-00011. PMC 1344011. PMID 1180583.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1344011","url_text":"\"Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-197510000-00011","url_text":"10.1097/00000658-197510000-00011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1344011","url_text":"1344011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1180583","url_text":"1180583"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1344011","external_links_name":"\"Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-197510000-00011","external_links_name":"10.1097/00000658-197510000-00011"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1344011","external_links_name":"1344011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1180583","external_links_name":"1180583"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex_vivo_reconstruction&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohumil_Cep%C3%A1k
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Bohumil Cepák
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Czech handball player (1951–2021)
Bohumil CepákPersonal informationBorn
(1943-07-09)9 July 1943Sezimovo Ústí, Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaDied
4 July 2021(2021-07-04) (aged 77)Nationality
Czech Height
184 cm (6 ft 0 in)Playing position
GoalkeeperSenior clubsYears
Team–
Dukla Prague–
TJ GottwaldovNational teamYears
Team
Czechoslovakia
Bohumil Cepák (13 July 1951 – 4 September 2021) was a Czech handball player and coach.
In 1976 he was part of the Czechoslovak team which finished seventh in the Olympic tournament. He played all five matches.
He played most of his career at Dukla Prague, except for a period of military service, where he played for TJ Gottwaldov.
After his playing career, he became an assistent coach to the Czech youth national teams.
References
^ Zemřel pan Bohumil Cepák, účastník olympiády v Montrealu (in Czech)
External links
profile
This biographical article related to Czech team handball is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"Olympic tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Bohumil Cepák (13 July 1951 – 4 September 2021[1]) was a Czech handball player and coach.In 1976 he was part of the Czechoslovak team which finished seventh in the Olympic tournament. He played all five matches.He played most of his career at Dukla Prague, except for a period of military service, where he played for TJ Gottwaldov.After his playing career, he became an assistent coach to the Czech youth national teams.","title":"Bohumil Cepák"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.handball.cz/aktualita/bohumil-cepak-umrti-zari-2021","external_links_name":"Zemřel pan Bohumil Cepák, účastník olympiády v Montrealu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418062717/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ce/bohumil-cepak-1.html","external_links_name":"profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohumil_Cep%C3%A1k&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBFF
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WBFF
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["1 History","2 WBFF-DT2","3 News operation","3.1 Controversy","3.2 Notable former on-air staff","4 Technical information","4.1 Subchannels","4.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","5 References","6 External links"]
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Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate in Baltimore
WBFFBaltimore, MarylandUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 26 (UHF), shared with WUTBVirtual: 45BrandingFox 45MyTV Baltimore (on DT2)ProgrammingAffiliations45.1: Fox45.2: MyNetworkTV45.4: Charge!OwnershipOwnerSinclair Broadcast Group(Chesapeake Television Licensee, LLC)Sister stationsWUTB, WNUVHistoryFounded1966First air dateApril 11, 1971 (53 years ago) (1971-04-11)Former channel number(s)Analog: 45 (UHF, 1971–2009)Digital: 46 (UHF, 2004–2020)Former affiliationsIndependent (1971–1986)Call sign meaning"Baltimore's Forty-Five"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID10758ERP420 kWHAAT372.8 m (1,223 ft)Transmitter coordinates39°20′10.4″N 76°38′57.9″W / 39.336222°N 76.649417°W / 39.336222; -76.649417LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsitefoxbaltimore.com (DT1)mytvbaltimore.com (DT2)
WBFF (channel 45) is a television station in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, affiliated with Fox and MyNetworkTV. It is one of two flagship stations of Sinclair Broadcast Group (based in nearby Hunt Valley), alongside ABC affiliate WJLA-TV (channel 7) in Washington, D.C. Sinclair maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cunningham Broadcasting, owner of CW affiliate WNUV (channel 54), and a shared services agreement (SSA) with Deerfield Media, owner of TBD affiliate WUTB (channel 24).
The three stations share studios on 41st Street off the Jones Falls Expressway on "Television Hill" in the Woodberry neighborhood of north Baltimore. Through a channel sharing agreement, WBFF and WUTB transmit using the former station's spectrum from an antenna adjacent to the studios. The 1,280-foot (390 m) tall tower stands near the earlier landmark "candelabra tower" from the late 1950s in use by the city's original three main VHF stations (WMAR-TV, WBAL-TV, and WJZ-TV).
History
WBFF first came on the air on April 11, 1971, founded by what was then called the Chesapeake Television Corporation, which was controlled by Julian Sinclair Smith. It was Baltimore's second commercial UHF station and second independent station, signing on four years after WMET-TV (channel 24, frequency now occupied by WUTB) began operations. Both stations aired general entertainment programming, but WMET's owners experienced financial problems and were forced to take channel 24 off the air in 1972.
Even without direct competition, and operating on a small budget, WBFF still struggled for strong programming during the 1970s as Baltimore's network affiliates—WBAL-TV, WJZ-TV and WMAR-TV—continued to acquire off-network syndicated programs during this period. It did not help matters that Washington's WTTG and WDCA were readily available both over the air (Washington stations all provided a strong signal into Baltimore) and on cable. Channel 45 did find an advantage in having a decent library of movies, sitcoms and westerns at its disposal. Like other independent stations of that era, WBFF also ran network programs preempted by the local affiliates, local public affairs programs, and played cartoons and series reruns in the afternoon for the after-school kids crowd in a show hosted by nostalgic "Captain Chesapeake" (played by George Lewis) along with his side-kick "Mondy" the sea monster played by James Uhrin (who continued to work at WBFF under the alias "Traffic Jam Jimmy") as they cruised through the Bay. "Captain Chesapeake" was a fixture on WBFF from its beginnings until 1990, with his famous cheery greeting: "Ahoyyy Crewmembers!!"
This WBFF logo dates to the mid-1980s. The "C" in the logo is for Sinclair Broadcast Group's forerunner, Chesapeake Television.
Despite its financial troubles, WBFF became profitable enough that Julian Smith decided to expand his broadcast interests. Through a Chesapeake Television subsidiary, Commercial Radio Institute, Smith launched a new independent station in Pittsburgh, WPTT (now WPNT), in 1978. In 1984, Commercial Radio Institute signed on Smith's third station, independent WTTE in Columbus, Ohio. That same year, WBFF received local competition again when WNUV-TV, then a two-year-old subscription television outlet, began to adopt a general entertainment schedule during the daytime and full-time by 1986.
In 1985, Julian Smith merged his three stations into the Sinclair Broadcast Group, and around this time one of his sons, David D. Smith, took a prominent role in the operations of the three stations. In 1986, Sinclair agreed to affiliate WBFF and WTTE with the fledgling Fox Broadcasting Company, which debuted on October 9 of that year. The growth and rise of Fox coincided with that of Sinclair Broadcast Group, which expanded its reach beyond Baltimore, Columbus and Pittsburgh during the 1990s.
In June 1991, Sinclair opened up the station's news department with Baltimore's first 10 p.m. newscast co-anchored by Lisa Willis (formerly of WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey) and Jeff Barnd. Then, in September, Sinclair took the bold step of challenging WMAR-TV's pending license renewal and filing its own competing application for a new station. As WMAR-TV had been sold the previous June to the E. W. Scripps Company, Sinclair argued that an out-of-town corporation could not effectively serve the city's public interest and the valuable channel allocation—a channel 2 analog signal traveled a very long distance under normal conditions—should be granted to an established local broadcaster instead. The gambit did not work, and WMAR-TV remained on channel 2.
WBFF nearly lost its Fox affiliation in 1994 when Fox entered talks with WJZ-TV, but it opted to affiliate with CBS instead. WBAL-TV was also considered after the station dropped CBS, but opted to affiliate with NBC instead.
In 1996, Channel 45 began airing Baltimore Ravens games via the NFL on Fox; the station is given at least two games a season to air (usually when the team plays host to an NFC team at M&T Bank Stadium); starting in 2014, when the NFL instituted its new 'cross-flex' broadcast rules, games can be arbitrarily moved from WJZ-TV to WBFF. Additionally, the station aired all Thursday Night Football games involving the Ravens from 2018 to 2021 through Fox's exclusive contract.
WBFF and WNUV's combined studio and office facility, in Baltimore's Woodberry neighborhood.
Sinclair purchased Abry Communications, owner of WNUV, in 1994. As duopolies were not allowed at the time, channel 54 was spun off to Glencairn Ltd., a company owned by former Sinclair executive Edwin Edwards. However, Glencairn's stock was almost entirely owned by the Smith family. In effect, Sinclair now had a duopoly in Baltimore—and had emasculated its major rival in its hometown. Sinclair further circumvented the rules by taking over WNUV's operations under a local marketing agreement (LMA), with WBFF as senior partner.
Sinclair tried to buy Glencairn outright in 2001, but was unable to buy WNUV due to the FCC's rules on duopolies. Despite its relatively large size, the Baltimore market has only seven full-power stations (or six, if two stations licensed in the market that are operated by Maryland Public Television are treated as one)—two fewer than what FCC regulations allow to legally permit a duopoly (the FCC requires a market to have eight unique station owners once a duopoly is formed, effectively limiting duopolies to markets with at least nine full-power stations). Glencairn changed its name to Cunningham Broadcasting and retained ownership of WNUV. However, nearly all of Cunningham's stock is held in trusts owned by the Smiths. This de facto duopoly continues to this day, while the close relationship between Sinclair and Glencairn/Cunningham has led to claims that Cunningham is merely a corporate shell that Sinclair uses in order to evade FCC ownership restrictions.
While WBFF entered the new century thriving as both locally and as a Fox affiliate, its network partner threatened the station's immediate future. In 2001, Fox's parent company, the News Corporation, became the new owner of Baltimore's UPN affiliate WUTB (the former WMET-TV) through its purchase of most of Chris-Craft Industries' television holdings. Rumors abounded that Fox was considering moving its programming from WBFF to WUTB. In a move made clearly to protect its home interests, Sinclair persuaded Fox to sign a long-term contract to keep WBFF with the network. The same threat re-emerged in January 2006, when UPN owner CBS Corporation and Time Warner, owners of The WB Television Network, announced that those two networks would be shut down and replaced by the new CW Television Network. However, a month after The CW's formation, News Corporation announced that WUTB and its other UPN affiliates would become the nuclei of its new MyNetworkTV service.
On May 1, 2006, the station launched its .2 digital channel with retro programming, the first non-weather subchannel in the market.
On May 15, 2012, Sinclair Broadcast Group and Fox agreed to a five-year extension to the network's affiliation agreement with Sinclair's 19 Fox stations, including WBFF, that will run through 2017. This included an option (that was exercisable from July 1, 2012, to March 31, 2013) to allow Sinclair to purchase WUTB, resulting in the creation of a virtual triopoly with WBFF and WNUV; while giving Fox the option to buy any combination of six CW and MyNetworkTV affiliates (two of which were standalone stations affiliated with the latter service) owned by Sinclair in three of four markets: Raleigh (WLFL and WRDC), Las Vegas (KVCW and KVMY), Cincinnati (WSTR-TV) and Norfolk (WTVZ). Under the agreement and the WUTB purchase option, Sinclair would pay $52.7 million to continue WBFF's affiliation with Fox; however, if Fox exercised the option to buy any of the Sinclair stations that were included in the option, the affiliation payments would decrease to $25 million. On November 29, 2012, Sinclair exercised its option to purchase WUTB through Deerfield Media for $2.7 million. Following the completion of the sale, WUTB began to be operated by Sinclair under a local marketing agreement, as with Deerfield's other stations. In January 2013, Fox announced that it would not exercise its option to buy any of the Sinclair stations included in the earlier purchase option. On May 6, 2013, the FCC granted its approval of WUTB to Deerfield Media. Sinclair officially took over the operations of WUTB eight days later, although the sale was not formally consummated until June 1. With the completion of the WUTB sale, this makes Baltimore the largest market where one company (outside of non-commercial public television station groups) operates a virtual triopoly between full-power stations. WBFF remains the only station in the Baltimore market never to change its primary network affiliate.
On the afternoon of April 28, 2016, WBFF's studios were evacuated in response to a threat by a person wearing a hoax bomb; the suspect also allegedly set his vehicle on fire in the station's parking lot. The suspect was later shot and apprehended by police; besides a desire to share eschatological content with the station (a USB drive with videos was confiscated by a security guard), no specific motive for the incident was determined.
WBFF-DT2
On May 1, 2006, WBFF launched a new service on its second digital subchannel (45.2) originally called WBFF-2, which was later renamed Good TV. This digital-only channel featured classic television programs' (its format predated the existence of several nationally distributed digital multicast networks focused on classic television programming such as MeTV, Antenna TV and Retro Television Network). In addition, "Good TV" offered expanded coverage of church services on Sunday mornings, local events, and paid programming. This channel ceased broadcasting on or around September 30, 2008, to make way for This TV until 2017, when it was replaced with TBD programming. In July 2021, WBFF-DT2 swapped affiliations with WUTB, with those stations becoming MyNetworkTV and TBD affiliates respectively.
News operation
WBFF presently broadcasts 55 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 9+1⁄2 hours each weekday, four hours on Saturdays and 3+1⁄2 hours on Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output among Baltimore's broadcast television stations as well as in the state of Maryland in general. It is also the highest output of Sinclair Broadcast Group's stations (both out of its Fox affiliates and the company's overall television stations).
Sinclair decided to invest in developing a news department for WBFF, with the station launching a nightly 10 p.m. newscast on June 3, 1991, co-anchored by Lisa Willis (formerly of WWOR-TV) and Jeff Barnd. The station added a weekday morning newscast in March 2000. In February 2003, it added a weeknight 11 p.m. newscast that was broadcast from Sinclair's now-defunct centralized news service, News Central, located in Hunt Valley. The start time of the weekday morning newscast was moved to 5:30 a.m. and an early evening newscast at 5:30 p.m. was subsequently added to the schedule in January 2005. On June 2, 2008, WBFF became the first Baltimore television station to begin broadcast its local newscasts in high definition.
Jeff Barnd, a former WBFF news anchor, also hosted and provided commentary for the Sinclair-distributed syndicated news program American Crossroads. WBFF was featured in an episode during the third season of The Simple Life. On that episode, Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie took control of the station's weekday morning newscast. The two read the weather forecast and messed with the teleprompter. Tony Harris, later a CNN anchor, was once WBFF's lead anchor (co-anchoring with Lisa Willis). In 2015, former WJZ-TV co-anchor Kai Jackson was named WBFF's Lead Anchor.
On January 24, 2011, WBFF expanded its weekday morning newscast from four to five hours to 5-10 a.m. weekdays, with the 9 a.m. edition called Fox 45 Good Day Baltimore. On April 9, 2012, WBFF expanded its early evening newscast by adding another half-hour at 5 p.m., shifting Judge Judy to a full-hour at 4 p.m.; the 5:30 p.m. newscast remains, but is treated as a separate newscast. In 2015 the station added a 4 p.m. newscast pushing Judge Judy back to 3 p.m. On January 20, 2013, WBFF debuted weekend morning newscasts, featuring a two-hour Saturday morning newscast and three hours of newscasts on Sunday mornings (with the third hour of the Sunday newscast airing after Fox News Sunday).
Controversy
On December 21, 2014, WBFF's news operation came under criticism for airing a video that some allege had misleading edits.
The video was of a protest over police brutality in the aftermath of the killing of Eric Garner, where protesters, led by a Baltimore woman named Tawanda Jones, chanted "We won't stop. We can't stop till killer cops are in cellblocks." The video, as edited and shown on the station's 10 p.m. newscast, made it seem like protesters were chanting "kill a cop."
A day after the video aired, WBFF issued an apology over the edited video online, saying the report reflected an "honest misunderstanding" of what the protesters were chanting, and that the report has been removed from the station's website. A news anchor for the station later made an in-person apology to Jones, who appeared during the station's 5:30 p.m. newscast.
In the aftermath of the incident, reporter Melinda Roeder and photographer Greg McNair were fired from the station in connection with their alleged involvement with the video. The station's news director at the time, Mike Tomko, was suspended for one day.
Notable former on-air staff
Kristen Berset – sports anchor (previously worked at WJHG-TV and now at WUSA)
Tony Harris – later at CNN
Jon Leiberman – now with Sirius XM Radio's The Howard Stern Show
Lori Stokes – reporter (1991–1992); now at WNYW-TV
Amber Theoharis – now with NFL Network
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of WBFF
Channel
Res.
Aspect
Short name
Programming
45.1
720p
16:9
WBFF45
Fox
45.2
MyTV
MyNetworkTV
45.4
480i
Charge!
Charge!
Analog-to-digital conversion
WBFF shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 45, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 46, using virtual channel 45.
WBFF announced in September 2015 that test broadcasts would begin in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., for ATSC 3.0 (dubbed "Futurecast") via a two-transmitter SFN with one transmitter in each city on UHF 43 delivering 4K UHDTV and mobile feeds to viewers. This station, named WI9XXT, began experimental broadcasts on August 24, 2015, and the special temporary authority ended on February 25, 2016. WI9XXT's broadcasts were from WRC-TV's tower in the northwest section of Washington, and from WBFF's tower in Woodberry, Baltimore.
As a part of the repacking process following the 2016–2017 FCC incentive auction, WBFF relocated to UHF channel 26 in 2020.
References
^ "Examiner disagrees with FCC hearing policy." Broadcasting, August 8, 1966, pg. 74: "Hearing Examiner Millard F. French recommended a grant to Chesapeake Engineering Placement Service Inc. seeking to operate on channel 45 in Baltimore and denial of Erway Television Corp.'s application for the same facilities."
^ "Facility Technical Data for WBFF". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ Fybush, Scott (January 15, 2010). "TV Hill, Baltimore, 2008". Tower Site of the Week.
^ "Contact". My TV Baltimore. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
^ a b c Boynton, Christine (April 11, 2016). "WBFF-TV Channel 45 Celebrates 45th Anniversary". Fox 45 News.
^ Zurawik, David (September 13, 1991). "Smith family seeks to take Channel 2; WBFF owners' move could shift WMAR". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
^ "Three suitors line up to call on jilted WJZ-TV". June 18, 1994.
^ "WJZ to join CBS in 3-station deal". July 15, 1994.
^ a b c d Madigan, Nick (February 8, 2006). "New WBFF digital channel to rerun local favorites". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
^ "TV News Check". TV News Check. February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
^ "Sinclair Makes It A Triopoly in Baltimore". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
^ "TV News Check". TV News Check. February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
^ "WUTB". FCCData.org. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
^ "CDBS Print".
^ "Man wearing animal outfit shot by police outside Baltimore TV station". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ "History". sbgi.net. Sinclair Broadcast Group. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
^ "News wars: WBFF-TV to add early newscast starting April 9". The Baltimore Sun.
^ "WBFF Fox 45 to launch weekend newscasts". The Baltimore Sun. October 24, 2012.
^ a b Zurawik, David (January 9, 2015). "'Kill a cop' video may undercut WBFF's big plans". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ a b Zurawik, David (December 22, 2014). "WBFF apologizes for misleading edit on videotape of protest chant". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ "Apology post made by WBFF-TV". WBFF-TV (via the station's Facebook page). December 22, 2014. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ Zurawik, David (December 31, 2014). "WBFF drops Melinda Roeder, photographer after misleading edit of protest video". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ "Kristen Goes Fishing". WJHG. February 12, 2008. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
^ "Kristen Berset: Sports Anchor / Reporter". App. September 1, 2015.
^ "Digital TV Market Listing for WBFF". RabbitEars.info. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
^ "DTV Tentative Channel for the First and the Second Rounds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
^ "CDBS Print". fjallfoss.fcc.gov.
^ Miller, Mark (September 5, 2015). "ONE Media To Test Next-Gen SFN Platform". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
^ "FCC". apps.fcc.gov.
^ "OET eLS Application Detail Report". apps.fcc.gov.
^ "Searchable Clearinghouse | National Association of Broadcasters". nab.org.
External links
Official website
vteBroadcast television in Central Maryland, including Baltimore and AnnapolisFull power
WMAR-TV (2.1 ABC, 2.2 Grit, 2.3 Bounce, 2.4 Mystery, 2.5 Ion, 2.6 Court, 2.7 Scripps, 2.8 HSN)
WBAL-TV (11.1 NBC, 11.2 MeTV, 11.3 Story, 11.4 Nosey, 11.5 QVC)
WJZ-TV (13.1 CBS, 13.2 Start, 13.3 Dabl, 13.4 Fave, 13.5 Catchy, 13.6 Movies!)
WMPT/WMPB (22.1/67.1 PBS/MPT, 22.2/67.2 MPT2/Create, 22.3/67.3 PBS Kids, 22.4/67.4 NHK)
WUTB (24.1 TBD)
WBFF (45.1 Fox, 45.2 MNTV, 45.4 Charge!)
WNUV (54.1 CW, 54.2 ANT, 54.3 Comet, 54.4 Nest)
Low power
WMJF-CD (39.1 Mariavision, 39.2 JTV, 39.3 RCTV (soon), 39.4 Laff, 39.5 Defy, 39.6 H&I)
WWDD-LD (49.1 Daystar, 49.2 DS Español, 49.3 Reflections)
WQAW-LD (69.1 HQ, 69.2 Get, 69.3 Cozi, 69.4 The365, 69.5 Blank, 69.6 LX, 69.7 Outlaw, 69.8 Buzzr)
ATSC 3.0
WNUV (2.1 ABC, 11.1 NBC, 22.1 PBS/MPT, 45.1 Fox, 54.1/.20 CW, 54.10 T2)
Cable
MASN
Monumental Sports Network
Outlying areasDover, Delaware
WMDE (36.1 HQ, 36.2 Defy, 36.3 Heartland, 36.4 Retro, 36.5 Arirang, 36.6 Dark, 36.7 Ads, 36.8 LC, 36.9 Ads))
Streaming
Very Baltimore
CBS News Baltimore
Defunct
WMET-TV 24
See also
Maryland TV
Washington DC TV
Susquehanna Valley TV
vteBroadcast television stations by affiliation in the state of Maryland and Washington, D.C.ABC
WMAR-TV 2 (Baltimore)*
WTAE-TV 4 (Pittsburgh, PA)**
WJLA-TV 7 (Washington, D.C.)*
WMDT 47 (Salisbury)*
CBS
KDKA 2 (Pittsburgh, PA)**
WUSA 9 (Washington, D.C.)*
WJZ-TV 13 (Baltimore)*
WBOC-TV 16 (Salisbury)*
Fox
WTTG 5 (Washington, D.C.)*
WBOC-DT 21.2 (Salisbury)*
WBFF 45 (Baltimore)*
WPGH-TV 53 (Pittsburgh, PA)**
NBC
WRC-TV 4 (Washington, D.C.)*
WBAL-TV 11 (Baltimore)*
WPXI 11 (Pittsburgh, PA)**
WRDE-LD 31 (Salisbury)*
The CW
WPNT 22 (Pittsburgh, PA)**
WMDT-DT 47.2 (Salisbury)*
WDCW 50 (Washington, D.C.)*
WNUV 54ATSC 3.0 (Baltimore)*
MyNetworkTV
WDCA 20 (Washington, D.C.)*
WPNT 22ATSC 3.0 (Pittsburgh, PA)**
WBFF 45.2 (Baltimore)*
WRDE-LD 31.2 (Salisbury)*
Ion
WMAR-DT 2.5
Baltimore*
WINP-TV 16
Pittsburgh, PA**
WMDT-DT 47.4
Salisbury*
WPXW-TV 66
Manassas, VA/Washington, D.C.*
PBSBaltimore market (MPT)*
WMPT 22 (Annapolis)
WMPB 67 (Baltimore)
Salisbury market*
WCPB 28 (Salisbury) (MPT)
WDPB 64 (Seaford, DE)
Washington, D.C. market*
WETA 26 (Washington, D.C.)
WWPB 31 (Hagerstown) (MPT)
WHUT 32ATSC 3.0 (Washington, D.C.)
WFPT 62 (Frederick) (MPT)
Pittsburgh market**
WGPT 36 (Oakland) (MPT)
WQED 13 (Pittsburgh)
Spanishstations
WBOC-LD 42
TMD
Salisbury*
WFDC 14
UNI
Arlington, VA/Washington, D.C.*
WZDC-CD 44
TMD
Washington, D.C.*
WQAW-LD 69
Azteca
Lake Shore*
OtherstationsRegionalstations
WPKD-TV 19
Ind.
Jeannette–Pittsburgh, PA**
WUTB 24
TBD
Baltimore*
WDVM 25
Ind.
Hagerstown*
WMDE 36
Ind.
Salisbury–Dover, DE*
Religiousstations
WPCB 40
CTVN
Greensburg–Pittsburgh, PA**
WWDD-LD 40
Daystar
Havre de Grace*
WJAL 68
SBN
Silver Spring–Washington, D.C.*
(*) – indicates station is in one of Maryland's primary TV markets(**) – indicates station is in an out-of-state TV market, but reaches a small portion of Maryland
vteSinclair Broadcast GroupBroadcastTV stationsSorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC
KAEF-TV
KATU
KATV
KDNL-TV
KHGI-TV / KWNB-TV
KOMO-TV
KRCR-TV
KTUL
KTVO
KTXS-TV / KTXE-LD
KVII-TV / KVIH-TV
WATM-TV
WBMA-LD
WCHS-TV
WCTI-TV
WEAR-TV
WGTU / WGTQ 1
WHAM-TV 1
WICD
WICS
WKEF
WJLA-TV
WLOS
WPDE-TV
WSET-TV
WSYX
WTVC
WXLV-TV
CBS
KBAK-TV
KBOI-TV
KDBC-TV
KEYE-TV
KFDM
KGAN
KHQA-TV
KIMA-TV / KEPR-TV
KLEW-TV
KRCG
KTVL
KUTV
KVAL-TV / KCBY-TV / KPIC
WGFL 1
WGME-TV
WHP-TV
WKRC-TV
WPEC
WRGB
WSBT-TV
WTVH 1
WWMT
The CW
KECA-LD
KFRE-TV
KUNS-TV
KVCW
KYUU-LD
WBSF 1
WBUI 1
WCWF
WCWN
WFLI-TV 1
WLFL
WNUV 1
WPNT
WSTM-DT2
WSWB 1
WTTO / WDBB
WTVX
WUCW
WVTV
WWHO 1
Fox
KABB
KBFX-CD
KBVU 1
KCVU 1
KDSM-TV
KFOX-TV
KFXL-TV
KMPH-TV
KOKH-TV
KPTH
KPTM
KRXI-TV
KSAS-TV / KAAS-TV / KOCW
KSCC
WACH
WBFF
WEMT 1
WFXL
WGXA
WLUK-TV
WMSN-TV
WOLF-TV 1
WPFO 1
WPGH-TV
WRLH-TV
WRSP-TV / WCCU 1
WSMH
WTAT-TV 1
WTGS
WUHF
WUTV
WWCP-TV
WYDO 1
WZTV
NBC
KECI-TV / KCFW-TV / KTVM-TV / KDBZ-CD
KMTR / KMCB / KTCW 1
KRNV-DT 1
KSNV
WCYB-TV
WEYI-TV 1
WJAC-TV
WJAR
WNBW-DT 1
WNWO-TV
WOAI-TV
WPBN-TV / WTOM-TV
WPMI-TV 1
WSTM-TV
WTOV-TV
WTWC-TV
MyNetworkTV
KMYU
KNSN-TV 1
KRVU-LD / KZVU-LD
WABM
WCIV
WFGX
WMYV
WNYO-TV
WQMY 1
WRDC
WSTR-TV 1
WTCN-CD
WTVZ-TV
WUXP-TV
WVTV-DT2 2
Spanish
Azteca
WWHB-CD
Univision
KEUV-LD
KUCO-LD
KUNP
KUNW-CD / KVVK-CD / KORX-CA
UniMás
KKTF-LD
Otherstations
Antenna TV
KXVU-LD
WYME-CD1
Comet
KTES-LD
Dabl
KBTV-TV 1
KFXA 1
KMEG 1
KMTW 1
KMYS 1
WMYA-TV 1
WNAB 1
WRGT-TV 1
WWMB 1
Catchy Comedy
WVAH-TV 1
TBD
KENV-DT 1
KXVO 1
WDCO-CD / WIAV-CD
WHOI
WTTE 1
WUTB 1
Ind.
KJZZ-TV
WJTC 1
KOCB
Defunct
KTOV-LP
KXPX-LP
WCGV-TV
ChannelsSubchannelnetworks
Charge!
Comet
TBD
The Nest
Defunct
American Sports Network
Cable channels
Bally Sports Regional NetworksJV
Bally Sports app
Marquee Sports NetworkJV
Tennis Channel
Tennis (magazine)
WJLA 24/7 News (DC metro)
YES NetworkJV
Defunct
Stadium College SportsJV
Streaming services
NewsONJV
Programming
News
Full Measure w/ Sharyl Attkisson
The National Desk
Defunct
Circa News
KidsClick
News Central
Ring of Honor Wrestling
Acquisitions
Act III Broadcasting
Allbritton Communications
Barrington Broadcasting
Bonten Media Group
Dielectric Communications
Fisher Communications
Four Points Media Group
Fox Sports Networks
Freedom Communications
Guy Gannett Communications
Heritage Media
Newport Television
River City Broadcasting
1 Operated by Sinclair under an LMA.
2 Formerly separately licensed as WCGV-TV and merged with WVTV's spectrum, but remains on its former channel number as a separate station
JV Joint Venture
|
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It is one of two flagship stations of Sinclair Broadcast Group (based in nearby Hunt Valley), alongside ABC affiliate WJLA-TV (channel 7) in Washington, D.C. Sinclair maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cunningham Broadcasting, owner of CW affiliate WNUV (channel 54), and a shared services agreement (SSA) with Deerfield Media, owner of TBD affiliate WUTB (channel 24).The three stations share studios on 41st Street off the Jones Falls Expressway on \"Television Hill\" in the Woodberry neighborhood of north Baltimore. Through a channel sharing agreement, WBFF and WUTB transmit using the former station's spectrum from an antenna adjacent to the studios.[3][4] The 1,280-foot (390 m) tall tower stands near the earlier landmark \"candelabra tower\" from the late 1950s in use by the city's original three main VHF stations (WMAR-TV, WBAL-TV, and WJZ-TV).","title":"WBFF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christine45-5"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF"},{"link_name":"independent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"},{"link_name":"WTTG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTTG"},{"link_name":"WDCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDCA"},{"link_name":"movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"sitcoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christine45-5"},{"link_name":"westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerns"},{"link_name":"public affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"reruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerun"},{"link_name":"Captain Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christine45-5"},{"link_name":"Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wbff-1984.png"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"WPNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPNT"},{"link_name":"WTTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTTE"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"subscription television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_television"},{"link_name":"David D. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._Smith"},{"link_name":"Fox Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"WWOR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWOR-TV"},{"link_name":"Secaucus, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMAR2-6"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"WBAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAL-TV"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Baltimore_Ravens_season"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"NFL on Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Fox"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"M&T Bank Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26T_Bank_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Thursday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WBFF_and_WNUV%27s_combined_studio_and_office_facility_(Baltimore,_2007).jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodberry,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"duopolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"local marketing agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"},{"link_name":"Maryland Public Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Public_Television"},{"link_name":"Cunningham Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"corporate shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_shell"},{"link_name":"News Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"WUTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUTB"},{"link_name":"Chris-Craft Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris-Craft_Industries"},{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarnerMedia"},{"link_name":"The WB Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"CW Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CW_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":".2 digital channel with retro programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Good_TV"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-9"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh"},{"link_name":"WLFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLFL"},{"link_name":"WRDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRDC"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"KVCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVCW"},{"link_name":"KVMY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSNV"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"WSTR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSTR-TV"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"WTVZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVZ"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Deerfield Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield_Media"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnc-wutbdeerfield-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"triopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)#Triopolies_and_quadropolies"},{"link_name":"hoax bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax_bomb"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"eschatological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatological"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-pandathreat-15"}],"text":"WBFF first came on the air on April 11, 1971,[5] founded by what was then called the Chesapeake Television Corporation, which was controlled by Julian Sinclair Smith. It was Baltimore's second commercial UHF station and second independent station, signing on four years after WMET-TV (channel 24, frequency now occupied by WUTB) began operations. Both stations aired general entertainment programming, but WMET's owners experienced financial problems and were forced to take channel 24 off the air in 1972.Even without direct competition, and operating on a small budget, WBFF still struggled for strong programming during the 1970s as Baltimore's network affiliates—WBAL-TV, WJZ-TV and WMAR-TV—continued to acquire off-network syndicated programs during this period. It did not help matters that Washington's WTTG and WDCA were readily available both over the air (Washington stations all provided a strong signal into Baltimore) and on cable. Channel 45 did find an advantage in having a decent library of movies, sitcoms[5] and westerns at its disposal. Like other independent stations of that era, WBFF also ran network programs preempted by the local affiliates, local public affairs programs, and played cartoons and series reruns in the afternoon for the after-school kids crowd in a show hosted by nostalgic \"Captain Chesapeake\" (played by George Lewis) along with his side-kick \"Mondy\" the sea monster played by James Uhrin (who continued to work at WBFF under the alias \"Traffic Jam Jimmy\")[5] as they cruised through the Bay. \"Captain Chesapeake\" was a fixture on WBFF from its beginnings until 1990, with his famous cheery greeting: \"Ahoyyy Crewmembers!!\"This WBFF logo dates to the mid-1980s. The \"C\" in the logo is for Sinclair Broadcast Group's forerunner, Chesapeake Television.Despite its financial troubles, WBFF became profitable enough that Julian Smith decided to expand his broadcast interests. Through a Chesapeake Television subsidiary, Commercial Radio Institute, Smith launched a new independent station in Pittsburgh, WPTT (now WPNT), in 1978. In 1984, Commercial Radio Institute signed on Smith's third station, independent WTTE in Columbus, Ohio. That same year, WBFF received local competition again when WNUV-TV, then a two-year-old subscription television outlet, began to adopt a general entertainment schedule during the daytime and full-time by 1986.In 1985, Julian Smith merged his three stations into the Sinclair Broadcast Group, and around this time one of his sons, David D. Smith, took a prominent role in the operations of the three stations. In 1986, Sinclair agreed to affiliate WBFF and WTTE with the fledgling Fox Broadcasting Company, which debuted on October 9 of that year. The growth and rise of Fox coincided with that of Sinclair Broadcast Group, which expanded its reach beyond Baltimore, Columbus and Pittsburgh during the 1990s.In June 1991, Sinclair opened up the station's news department with Baltimore's first 10 p.m. newscast co-anchored by Lisa Willis (formerly of WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey) and Jeff Barnd. Then, in September, Sinclair took the bold step of challenging WMAR-TV's pending license renewal and filing its own competing application for a new station. As WMAR-TV had been sold the previous June to the E. W. Scripps Company, Sinclair argued that an out-of-town corporation could not effectively serve the city's public interest and the valuable channel allocation—a channel 2 analog signal traveled a very long distance under normal conditions—should be granted to an established local broadcaster instead. The gambit did not work, and WMAR-TV remained on channel 2.[6]WBFF nearly lost its Fox affiliation in 1994 when Fox entered talks with WJZ-TV, but it opted to affiliate with CBS instead.[7] WBAL-TV was also considered after the station dropped CBS, but opted to affiliate with NBC instead.[8]In 1996, Channel 45 began airing Baltimore Ravens games via the NFL on Fox; the station is given at least two games a season to air (usually when the team plays host to an NFC team at M&T Bank Stadium); starting in 2014, when the NFL instituted its new 'cross-flex' broadcast rules, games can be arbitrarily moved from WJZ-TV to WBFF. Additionally, the station aired all Thursday Night Football games involving the Ravens from 2018 to 2021 through Fox's exclusive contract.WBFF and WNUV's combined studio and office facility, in Baltimore's Woodberry neighborhood.Sinclair purchased Abry Communications, owner of WNUV, in 1994. As duopolies were not allowed at the time, channel 54 was spun off to Glencairn Ltd., a company owned by former Sinclair executive Edwin Edwards. However, Glencairn's stock was almost entirely owned by the Smith family. In effect, Sinclair now had a duopoly in Baltimore—and had emasculated its major rival in its hometown. Sinclair further circumvented the rules by taking over WNUV's operations under a local marketing agreement (LMA), with WBFF as senior partner.Sinclair tried to buy Glencairn outright in 2001, but was unable to buy WNUV due to the FCC's rules on duopolies. Despite its relatively large size, the Baltimore market has only seven full-power stations (or six, if two stations licensed in the market that are operated by Maryland Public Television are treated as one)—two fewer than what FCC regulations allow to legally permit a duopoly (the FCC requires a market to have eight unique station owners once a duopoly is formed, effectively limiting duopolies to markets with at least nine full-power stations). Glencairn changed its name to Cunningham Broadcasting and retained ownership of WNUV. However, nearly all of Cunningham's stock is held in trusts owned by the Smiths. This de facto duopoly continues to this day, while the close relationship between Sinclair and Glencairn/Cunningham has led to claims that Cunningham is merely a corporate shell that Sinclair uses in order to evade FCC ownership restrictions.While WBFF entered the new century thriving as both locally and as a Fox affiliate, its network partner threatened the station's immediate future. In 2001, Fox's parent company, the News Corporation, became the new owner of Baltimore's UPN affiliate WUTB (the former WMET-TV) through its purchase of most of Chris-Craft Industries' television holdings. Rumors abounded that Fox was considering moving its programming from WBFF to WUTB. In a move made clearly to protect its home interests, Sinclair persuaded Fox to sign a long-term contract to keep WBFF with the network. The same threat re-emerged in January 2006, when UPN owner CBS Corporation and Time Warner, owners of The WB Television Network, announced that those two networks would be shut down and replaced by the new CW Television Network. However, a month after The CW's formation, News Corporation announced that WUTB and its other UPN affiliates would become the nuclei of its new MyNetworkTV service.On May 1, 2006, the station launched its .2 digital channel with retro programming, the first non-weather subchannel in the market.[9]On May 15, 2012, Sinclair Broadcast Group and Fox agreed to a five-year extension to the network's affiliation agreement with Sinclair's 19 Fox stations, including WBFF, that will run through 2017. This included an option (that was exercisable from July 1, 2012, to March 31, 2013) to allow Sinclair to purchase WUTB, resulting in the creation of a virtual triopoly with WBFF and WNUV; while giving Fox the option to buy any combination of six CW and MyNetworkTV affiliates (two of which were standalone stations affiliated with the latter service) owned by Sinclair in three of four markets: Raleigh (WLFL and WRDC), Las Vegas (KVCW and KVMY), Cincinnati (WSTR-TV) and Norfolk (WTVZ). Under the agreement and the WUTB purchase option, Sinclair would pay $52.7 million to continue WBFF's affiliation with Fox; however, if Fox exercised the option to buy any of the Sinclair stations that were included in the option, the affiliation payments would decrease to $25 million.[10] On November 29, 2012, Sinclair exercised its option to purchase WUTB through Deerfield Media for $2.7 million. Following the completion of the sale, WUTB began to be operated by Sinclair under a local marketing agreement, as with Deerfield's other stations.[11] In January 2013, Fox announced that it would not exercise its option to buy any of the Sinclair stations included in the earlier purchase option.[12] On May 6, 2013, the FCC granted its approval of WUTB to Deerfield Media.[13] Sinclair officially took over the operations of WUTB eight days later, although the sale was not formally consummated until June 1.[14] With the completion of the WUTB sale, this makes Baltimore the largest market where one company (outside of non-commercial public television station groups) operates a virtual triopoly between full-power stations. WBFF remains the only station in the Baltimore market never to change its primary network affiliate.On the afternoon of April 28, 2016, WBFF's studios were evacuated in response to a threat by a person wearing a hoax bomb; the suspect also allegedly set his vehicle on fire in the station's parking lot. The suspect was later shot and apprehended by police; besides a desire to share eschatological content with the station (a USB drive with videos was confiscated by a security guard), no specific motive for the incident was determined.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-9"},{"link_name":"MeTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeTV"},{"link_name":"Antenna TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_TV"},{"link_name":"Retro Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"coverage of church services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"paid programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_programming"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-9"},{"link_name":"This TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_TV"}],"text":"On May 1, 2006, WBFF launched a new service on its second digital subchannel (45.2) originally called WBFF-2,[9] which was later renamed Good TV.[16] This digital-only channel featured classic television programs'[9] (its format predated the existence of several nationally distributed digital multicast networks focused on classic television programming such as MeTV, Antenna TV and Retro Television Network). In addition, \"Good TV\" offered expanded coverage of church services on Sunday mornings, local events, and paid programming.[9] This channel ceased broadcasting on or around September 30, 2008, to make way for This TV until 2017, when it was replaced with TBD programming. In July 2021, WBFF-DT2 swapped affiliations with WUTB, with those stations becoming MyNetworkTV and TBD affiliates respectively.","title":"WBFF-DT2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"News Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Central_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Hunt Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Valley,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"high definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"The Simple Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simple_Life"},{"link_name":"Paris Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Nicole Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Richie"},{"link_name":"Tony Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Harris_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Judge Judy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Judy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fox News Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"WBFF presently broadcasts 55 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 9+1⁄2 hours each weekday, four hours on Saturdays and 3+1⁄2 hours on Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output among Baltimore's broadcast television stations as well as in the state of Maryland in general. It is also the highest output of Sinclair Broadcast Group's stations (both out of its Fox affiliates and the company's overall television stations).Sinclair decided to invest in developing a news department for WBFF, with the station launching a nightly 10 p.m. newscast on June 3, 1991, co-anchored by Lisa Willis (formerly of WWOR-TV) and Jeff Barnd. The station added a weekday morning newscast in March 2000. In February 2003, it added a weeknight 11 p.m. newscast that was broadcast from Sinclair's now-defunct centralized news service, News Central, located in Hunt Valley. The start time of the weekday morning newscast was moved to 5:30 a.m. and an early evening newscast at 5:30 p.m. was subsequently added to the schedule in January 2005. On June 2, 2008, WBFF became the first Baltimore television station to begin broadcast its local newscasts in high definition.Jeff Barnd, a former WBFF news anchor, also hosted and provided commentary for the Sinclair-distributed syndicated news program American Crossroads. WBFF was featured in an episode during the third season of The Simple Life. On that episode, Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie took control of the station's weekday morning newscast. The two read the weather forecast and messed with the teleprompter. Tony Harris, later a CNN anchor, was once WBFF's lead anchor (co-anchoring with Lisa Willis). In 2015, former WJZ-TV co-anchor Kai Jackson was named WBFF's Lead Anchor.On January 24, 2011, WBFF expanded its weekday morning newscast from four to five hours to 5-10 a.m. weekdays, with the 9 a.m. edition called Fox 45 Good Day Baltimore. On April 9, 2012, WBFF expanded its early evening newscast by adding another half-hour at 5 p.m., shifting Judge Judy to a full-hour at 4 p.m.; the 5:30 p.m. newscast remains, but is treated as a separate newscast. In 2015 the station added a 4 p.m. newscast pushing Judge Judy back to 3 p.m.[17] On January 20, 2013, WBFF debuted weekend morning newscasts, featuring a two-hour Saturday morning newscast and three hours of newscasts on Sunday mornings (with the third hour of the Sunday newscast airing after Fox News Sunday).[18]","title":"News operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltimoreSun1-19"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"killing of Eric Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltimoreSun1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltimoreSun2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltimoreSun2-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltimoreSun3-22"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"On December 21, 2014, WBFF's news operation came under criticism for airing a video that some allege had misleading edits.[19]The video was of a protest over police brutality in the aftermath of the killing of Eric Garner, where protesters, led by a Baltimore woman named Tawanda Jones, chanted \"We won't stop. We can't stop till killer cops are in cellblocks.\" The video, as edited and shown on the station's 10 p.m. newscast, made it seem like protesters were chanting \"kill a cop.\"[19][20]A day after the video aired, WBFF issued an apology over the edited video online, saying the report reflected an \"honest misunderstanding\" of what the protesters were chanting, and that the report has been removed from the station's website.[21] A news anchor for the station later made an in-person apology to Jones, who appeared during the station's 5:30 p.m. newscast.[20]In the aftermath of the incident, reporter Melinda Roeder and photographer Greg McNair were fired from the station in connection with their alleged involvement with the video. The station's news director at the time, Mike Tomko, was suspended for one day.[22]","title":"News operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kristen Berset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Berset"},{"link_name":"WJHG-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJHG-TV"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"WUSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUSA_(TV)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tony Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Harris_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Jon Leiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Leiberman"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio"},{"link_name":"The Howard Stern Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show"},{"link_name":"Lori Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Stokes"},{"link_name":"WNYW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYW-TV"},{"link_name":"Amber Theoharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Theoharis"},{"link_name":"NFL Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Network"}],"sub_title":"Notable former on-air staff","text":"Kristen Berset – sports anchor (previously worked at WJHG-TV[23] and now at WUSA)[24]\nTony Harris – later at CNN\nJon Leiberman – now with Sirius XM Radio's The Howard Stern Show\nLori Stokes – reporter (1991–1992); now at WNYW-TV\nAmber Theoharis – now with NFL Network","title":"News operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transition from analog to digital broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC_Form_387-27"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"ATSC 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_3.0"},{"link_name":"SFN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-frequency_network"},{"link_name":"4K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"UHDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHDTV"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"special temporary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_temporary_authority"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"WRC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRC-TV"},{"link_name":"northwest section of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Woodberry, Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodberry,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"repacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_reallocation#Repacking"},{"link_name":"2016–2017 FCC incentive auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_reallocation#Broadcast_incentive_auction"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"WBFF shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 45, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 46,[26][27] using virtual channel 45.WBFF announced in September 2015 that test broadcasts would begin in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., for ATSC 3.0 (dubbed \"Futurecast\") via a two-transmitter SFN with one transmitter in each city on UHF 43 delivering 4K UHDTV and mobile feeds to viewers.[28] This station, named WI9XXT, began experimental broadcasts on August 24, 2015, and the special temporary authority ended on February 25, 2016.[29][30] WI9XXT's broadcasts were from WRC-TV's tower in the northwest section of Washington, and from WBFF's tower in Woodberry, Baltimore.As a part of the repacking process following the 2016–2017 FCC incentive auction, WBFF relocated to UHF channel 26 in 2020.[31]","title":"Technical information"}]
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[{"image_text":"This WBFF logo dates to the mid-1980s. The \"C\" in the logo is for Sinclair Broadcast Group's forerunner, Chesapeake Television.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Wbff-1984.png/150px-Wbff-1984.png"},{"image_text":"WBFF and WNUV's combined studio and office facility, in Baltimore's Woodberry neighborhood.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/WBFF_and_WNUV%27s_combined_studio_and_office_facility_%28Baltimore%2C_2007%29.jpg/250px-WBFF_and_WNUV%27s_combined_studio_and_office_facility_%28Baltimore%2C_2007%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WBFF\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=10758","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WBFF\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (January 15, 2010). \"TV Hill, Baltimore, 2008\". Tower Site of the Week.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fybush.com/sites/2010/site-100115.html","url_text":"\"TV Hill, Baltimore, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact\". My TV Baltimore. Retrieved September 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mytvbaltimore.com/station/contact","url_text":"\"Contact\""}]},{"reference":"Boynton, Christine (April 11, 2016). \"WBFF-TV Channel 45 Celebrates 45th Anniversary\". Fox 45 News.","urls":[{"url":"https://foxbaltimore.com/news/nation-world/wbff-tv-channel-45-celebrates-45th-anniversary","url_text":"\"WBFF-TV Channel 45 Celebrates 45th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Zurawik, David (September 13, 1991). \"Smith family seeks to take Channel 2; WBFF owners' move could shift WMAR\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-09-13/business/1991256061_1_wbff-smith-family-channel","url_text":"\"Smith family seeks to take Channel 2; WBFF owners' move could shift WMAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three suitors line up to call on jilted WJZ-TV\". June 18, 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-06-18-1994169062-story.html","url_text":"\"Three suitors line up to call on jilted WJZ-TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"WJZ to join CBS in 3-station deal\". July 15, 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-07-15-1994196137-story.html","url_text":"\"WJZ to join CBS in 3-station deal\""}]},{"reference":"Madigan, Nick (February 8, 2006). \"New WBFF digital channel to rerun local favorites\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-02-08/features/0602080280_1_digital-channel-wbff-channel-45","url_text":"\"New WBFF digital channel to rerun local favorites\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV News Check\". TV News Check. February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvnewscheck.com/","url_text":"\"TV News Check\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sinclair Makes It A Triopoly in Baltimore\". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002134624/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/63866/fox-selling-wutb-baltimore-to-deerfield-llc","url_text":"\"Sinclair Makes It A Triopoly in Baltimore\""},{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/63866/fox-selling-wutb-baltimore-to-deerfield-llc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TV News Check\". TV News Check. February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvnewscheck.com/","url_text":"\"TV News Check\""}]},{"reference":"\"WUTB\". FCCData.org. Retrieved September 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=60552","url_text":"\"WUTB\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDBS Print\".","urls":[{"url":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101558116&formid=905&fac_num=60552","url_text":"\"CDBS Print\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man wearing animal outfit shot by police outside Baltimore TV station\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-bomb-threat-20160428-story.html","url_text":"\"Man wearing animal outfit shot by police outside Baltimore TV station\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". sbgi.net. Sinclair Broadcast Group. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140730221755/http://www.sbgi.net/about/history.shtml","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.sbgi.net/about/history.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News wars: WBFF-TV to add early newscast starting April 9\". The Baltimore Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-wbff-fox45-early-news-scott-livingston-20120228,0,3000101.story","url_text":"\"News wars: WBFF-TV to add early newscast starting April 9\""}]},{"reference":"\"WBFF Fox 45 to launch weekend newscasts\". The Baltimore Sun. October 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-wbff-fox-45-to-expand-with-weekend-newscasts-20121024,0,181635.story?track=rss","url_text":"\"WBFF Fox 45 to launch weekend newscasts\""}]},{"reference":"Zurawik, David (January 9, 2015). \"'Kill a cop' video may undercut WBFF's big plans\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bs-ae-zontv-fox45-20150109-story.html#page=1","url_text":"\"'Kill a cop' video may undercut WBFF's big plans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"Zurawik, David (December 22, 2014). \"WBFF apologizes for misleading edit on videotape of protest chant\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bal-wbff-apologizes-misleading-edit-videotape-of-protest-chant-20141222-story.html","url_text":"\"WBFF apologizes for misleading edit on videotape of protest chant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Apology post made by WBFF-TV\". WBFF-TV (via the station's Facebook page). December 22, 2014. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/59109969606/10152551827324607","url_text":"\"Apology post made by WBFF-TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/FOXBaltimore/posts/fox45-is-apologizing-for-an-error-made-on-fox45-news-at-ten-last-night-we-aired-/10152551827324607/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zurawik, David (December 31, 2014). \"WBFF drops Melinda Roeder, photographer after misleading edit of protest video\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bal-wbff-fires-two-staffers-kill-a-cop-video-20141231-story.html","url_text":"\"WBFF drops Melinda Roeder, photographer after misleading edit of protest video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Kristen Goes Fishing\". WJHG. February 12, 2008. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194834/http://www.wjhg.com/news/headlines/15541062.html","url_text":"\"Kristen Goes Fishing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJHG","url_text":"WJHG"},{"url":"http://www.wjhg.com/news/headlines/15541062.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kristen Berset: Sports Anchor / Reporter\". App. September 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.app.com/story/sports/2011/02/23/kristen-berset--sports-anchor-reporter/4085529/","url_text":"\"Kristen Berset: Sports Anchor / Reporter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WBFF\". RabbitEars.info. Retrieved September 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WBFF#station","url_text":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WBFF\""}]},{"reference":"\"DTV Tentative Channel for the First and the Second Rounds\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"\"DTV Tentative Channel for the First and the Second Rounds\""},{"url":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CDBS Print\". fjallfoss.fcc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101233476&formid=387&fac_num=10758","url_text":"\"CDBS Print\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Mark (September 5, 2015). \"ONE Media To Test Next-Gen SFN Platform\". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/88176/one-media-to-test-nextgen-sfn-platform","url_text":"\"ONE Media To Test Next-Gen SFN Platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCC\". apps.fcc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=166312&x=","url_text":"\"FCC\""}]},{"reference":"\"OET eLS Application Detail Report\". apps.fcc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/els/reports/GetApplicationInfo.cfm?id_file_num=0846-EX-ST-2015","url_text":"\"OET eLS Application Detail Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Searchable Clearinghouse | National Association of Broadcasters\". nab.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nab.org/repacking/clearinghouse.asp","url_text":"\"Searchable Clearinghouse | National Association of Broadcasters\""}]}]
|
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WBFF owners' move could shift WMAR\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-06-18-1994169062-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Three suitors line up to call on jilted WJZ-TV\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-07-15-1994196137-story.html","external_links_name":"\"WJZ to join CBS in 3-station deal\""},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-02-08/features/0602080280_1_digital-channel-wbff-channel-45","external_links_name":"\"New WBFF digital channel to rerun local favorites\""},{"Link":"https://tvnewscheck.com/","external_links_name":"\"TV News Check\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002134624/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/63866/fox-selling-wutb-baltimore-to-deerfield-llc","external_links_name":"\"Sinclair Makes It A Triopoly in Baltimore\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/63866/fox-selling-wutb-baltimore-to-deerfield-llc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tvnewscheck.com/","external_links_name":"\"TV News Check\""},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=60552","external_links_name":"\"WUTB\""},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101558116&formid=905&fac_num=60552","external_links_name":"\"CDBS Print\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-bomb-threat-20160428-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Man wearing animal outfit shot by police outside Baltimore TV station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140730221755/http://www.sbgi.net/about/history.shtml","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.sbgi.net/about/history.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-wbff-fox45-early-news-scott-livingston-20120228,0,3000101.story","external_links_name":"\"News wars: WBFF-TV to add early newscast starting April 9\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-wbff-fox-45-to-expand-with-weekend-newscasts-20121024,0,181635.story?track=rss","external_links_name":"\"WBFF Fox 45 to launch weekend newscasts\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bs-ae-zontv-fox45-20150109-story.html#page=1","external_links_name":"\"'Kill a cop' video may undercut WBFF's big plans\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bal-wbff-apologizes-misleading-edit-videotape-of-protest-chant-20141222-story.html","external_links_name":"\"WBFF apologizes for misleading edit on videotape of protest chant\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/59109969606/10152551827324607","external_links_name":"\"Apology post made by WBFF-TV\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/FOXBaltimore/posts/fox45-is-apologizing-for-an-error-made-on-fox45-news-at-ten-last-night-we-aired-/10152551827324607/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bal-wbff-fires-two-staffers-kill-a-cop-video-20141231-story.html","external_links_name":"\"WBFF drops Melinda Roeder, photographer after misleading edit of protest video\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194834/http://www.wjhg.com/news/headlines/15541062.html","external_links_name":"\"Kristen Goes Fishing\""},{"Link":"http://www.wjhg.com/news/headlines/15541062.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.app.com/story/sports/2011/02/23/kristen-berset--sports-anchor-reporter/4085529/","external_links_name":"\"Kristen Berset: Sports Anchor / Reporter\""},{"Link":"http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WBFF#station","external_links_name":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WBFF\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DTV Tentative Channel for the First and the Second Rounds\""},{"Link":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101233476&formid=387&fac_num=10758","external_links_name":"\"CDBS Print\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/88176/one-media-to-test-nextgen-sfn-platform","external_links_name":"\"ONE Media To Test Next-Gen SFN Platform\""},{"Link":"https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=166312&x=","external_links_name":"\"FCC\""},{"Link":"https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/els/reports/GetApplicationInfo.cfm?id_file_num=0846-EX-ST-2015","external_links_name":"\"OET eLS Application Detail Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.nab.org/repacking/clearinghouse.asp","external_links_name":"\"Searchable Clearinghouse | National Association of Broadcasters\""},{"Link":"https://foxbaltimore.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bristow
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Patrick Bristow
|
["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American actor, comedian and director (born 1962)
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Patrick BristowBorn (1962-09-26) September 26, 1962 (age 61)Los Angeles, California, United StatesOccupations
Actor
comedian
director
Years active1985–presentSpouse
Andrew Nicastro (m. 2010)
Patrick Bristow (born September 26, 1962) is an American actor, comedian and director. He is best known for playing Peter Barnes on Ellen (1994-1998), and Patrick on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005-2008), and for the film Pain & Gain (2013).
Life and career
Bristow was born in Los Angeles. He appeared as Peter on Ellen. His TV guest-star roles include Seinfeld's "The Wig Master", his recurring role as the Machiavellian Troy on Mad About You, and Larry David's choreographer on Curb Your Enthusiasm. He has also guest-starred on Malcolm in the Middle.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1991
Delirious
Bellboy
1993
So I Married an Axe Murderer
Cafe Roads Performer
1994
Revenge of the Red Baron
Guard
1994
Sister, Sister
Henrique
Episode: "Hair Today"
1994-1998
Ellen
Peter Barnes
19 episodes
1995
A Bucket of Blood
Link
TV movie
1995
Showgirls
Marty Jacobsen
1996
The Twilight of the Golds
Brandon
1996
Seinfeld
The Wig Master
Episode: "The Wig Master"
1996
Mad About You
Hotel Clerk
Episode: "Fertility"
1996
Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery
Bolton, Virtucon Tour Guide
1997
Head over Heels
Ian
7 episodes
1998
I'm Losing You
Rico
1999
Friends
The Stage Manager
Episode: "The One with the Routine"
2000
The Amanda Show
Coach Guillermo
"Moody's Point Segment"
2001
Beethoven's 4th
Guillermo
2003
Detonator
DeJuan Michaels
2004
That's So Raven
Tony
Episode: "The Road to Audition"
2004
Curb Your Enthusiasm
Steve the Choreographer
2 episodes
2004–2005
Malcolm in the Middle
Phillip/Lloyd
2005
Zoey 101
Mr. Fletcher
Episode: "The Play"
2005
The Longest Yard
Walt
2005
The Inner Circle
Ramon
2005
Jimmy and Judy
Dr. Walters
2005-2008
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Patrick
Recurring role; 9 episodes
2006
The Enigma with a Stigma
Joe McVicker
2006
Friends & Lovers: The Ski Trip 2
Mark
2010
All About Evil
Peter Gorge
2010
Good Luck Charlie
Mr. Dingwall
Episode: "Teddy's Little Helper"
2011
Bucket and Skinner's Epic Adventures
Mr. St. Troy
Episode: "Epic Musical"
2013
Pain & Gain
Spy Shop Clerk
2014
My Trip Back to the Dark Side
Belly Wrapper
2014
Transformers: Age of Extinction
Landlord's Grandson
2014
Reality
Klaus
2015
Pretty Little Liars
Gallery Owner
2015
Shameless
Bill
2016
Criminal Minds
Asher Douglas
Episode: "The Storm"
2018
Mistrust
Trent Masterson
2019
The Untold Story
Walter
2021
Barb and Star Go To Vista Del Mar
Dr. Bradley
2021
The Morning Show
Gordon
4 episodes
2022
NCIS
Channing Elroy
Episode: "The Helpers"
2023
Minx
Walt
Episode: "God closes a door, opens a glory hole"
References
^ "Ida's Boyfriend". Malcolm in the Middle. Season 5. Episode 11. February 8, 2004.
External links
Patrick Bristow at IMDb
Patrick Bristow at AllMovie
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_%26_Cody"},{"link_name":"Pain & Gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_%26_Gain"}],"text":"Patrick Bristow (born September 26, 1962) is an American actor, comedian and director. He is best known for playing Peter Barnes on Ellen (1994-1998), and Patrick on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005-2008), and for the film Pain & Gain (2013).","title":"Patrick Bristow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"The Wig Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wig_Master"},{"link_name":"Machiavellian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"Mad About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_About_You"},{"link_name":"Larry David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David"},{"link_name":"Curb Your Enthusiasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm"},{"link_name":"Malcolm in the Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bristow was born in Los Angeles. He appeared as Peter on Ellen. His TV guest-star roles include Seinfeld's \"The Wig Master\", his recurring role as the Machiavellian Troy on Mad About You, and Larry David's choreographer on Curb Your Enthusiasm. He has also guest-starred on Malcolm in the Middle.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ida's Boyfriend\". Malcolm in the Middle. Season 5. Episode 11. February 8, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle","url_text":"Malcolm in the Middle"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Liga_Artzit
|
1991–92 Liga Artzit
|
["1 Final table","2 Promotion-relegation play-offs","3 References"]
|
The 1991–92 Liga Artzit season saw Beitar Jerusalem and Hapoel Haifa promoted to Liga Leumit. At the other end of the table, Beitar Netanya and Hapoel Tiberias relegated to Liga Alef.
Final table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Promotion or relegation
1
Beitar Jerusalem
30
17
9
4
50
20
+30
60
Promoted to Liga Leumit
2
Hapoel Haifa
30
18
6
6
48
28
+20
60
3
Shimshon Tel Aviv
30
17
7
6
47
36
+11
58
4
Hapoel Kfar Saba
30
13
9
8
41
32
+9
48
5
Maccabi Acre
30
11
11
8
31
29
+2
44
6
Maccabi Jaffa
30
12
8
10
38
37
+1
44
7
Maccabi Herzliya
30
11
9
10
39
36
+3
42
8
Hapoel Hadera
30
10
8
12
33
35
−2
38
9
Ironi Ashdod
30
10
7
13
42
40
+2
37
10
Hapoel Ramat Gan
30
9
8
13
41
45
−4
35
11
SK Nes Tziona
30
7
11
12
28
39
−11
32
12
Maccabi Sha'arayim
30
7
10
13
33
42
−9
31
13
Hakoah Ramat Gan
30
8
7
15
35
50
−15
31
14
Hapoel Ashdod
30
5
15
10
29
36
−7
30
Relegation play-off
15
Beitar Netanya
30
7
9
14
31
44
−13
30
Relegated to Liga Alef
16
Hapoel Tiberias
30
6
10
14
37
54
−17
28
Source:
Promotion-relegation play-offs
14th placed Hapoel Ashdod had to play-off against Liga Alef play-off winners Hapoel Kiryat Shmona:
Hapoel Ashdod1 – 0Hapoel Kiryat Shmona
The result meant that Hapoel Ashdod remained in Liga Artzit.
References
Previous seasons The Israel Football Association (in Hebrew)
vteLiga LeumitClubs
Bnei Yehuda
F.C. Kafr Qasim
Hapoel Acre
Hapoel Afula
Hapoel Kfar Saba
Hapoel Kfar Shalem
Hapoel Nof HaGalil
Hapoel Ramat Gan
Hapoel Ramat HaSharon
Hapoel Rishon LeZion
Hapoel Petah Tikva
Hapoel Ra'anana
Hapoel Tel Aviv
Hapoel Umm al-Fahm
Maccabi Herzliya
Maccabi Jaffa
Stadiums
Acre Stadium
Afula Illit Stadium
Bloomfield Stadium
Green Stadium
Haberfeld Stadium
HaMoshava Stadium
HaShalom Stadium
Ilut Stadium
Kiryat Shmona Stadium
Levita Stadium
Lod Municipal Stadium
Ness Ziona Stadium
Netanya Stadium
Ramat Gan Stadium
Seasons1937–1955
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941–42
1943–44
1946–47
1947–48
1949–1950
1951–52
1953–54
1954–55
Liga Alef(1955–1976)
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
Liga Artzit(1976–1999)
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
Liga Leumit(1999–)
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1991–92 in Israeli footballDomestic leagues
Liga Leumit
Liga Artzit
Liga Alef
Liga Bet
Liga Gimel
Domestic cups
State Cup
Toto Cup
Leumit
Artzit
Related to national team
Results
1994 World Cup qualification
1992 U-21 Euro qualifying
1992 U-18 Euro qualifying
1992 U-16 Euro qualifying
Club seasonsLiga Leumit
Beitar Tel Aviv
Bnei Yehuda
Hapoel Be'er Sheva
Hapoel Jerusalem
Hapoel Petah Tikva
Hapoel Tel Aviv
Hapoel Tzafririm Holon
Maccabi Haifa
Maccabi Netanya
Maccabi Petah Tikva
Maccabi Tel Aviv
Maccabi Yavne
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1991–92 Liga Artzit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Final table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga Alef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Alef"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Kiryat Shmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Kiryat_Shmona_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hapoel Ashdod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Ashdod_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hapoel Kiryat Shmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Kiryat_Shmona_F.C."}],"text":"14th placed Hapoel Ashdod had to play-off against Liga Alef play-off winners Hapoel Kiryat Shmona:Hapoel Ashdod1 – 0Hapoel Kiryat ShmonaThe result meant that Hapoel Ashdod remained in Liga Artzit.","title":"Promotion-relegation play-offs"}]
|
[]
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[]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141112044835/http://football.org.il/Leagues/Pages/PreviousSeasons.aspx?LEAGUE_ID=45","external_links_name":"Previous seasons"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwear
|
Wear
|
["1 Wear types and mechanisms","1.1 Adhesive wear","1.2 Abrasive wear","1.3 Surface fatigue","1.4 Fretting wear","1.5 Erosive wear","1.6 Corrosion and oxidation wear","1.7 Impact Wear","1.8 Other Types of Wear","2 Wear stages","3 Wear testing","4 Modeling of wear","5 Measuring wear","5.1 Wear coefficient","5.2 Lubricant analysis","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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For other uses, see Wear (disambiguation).
"Worn out" redirects here. For the painting by Vincent van Gogh, see At Eternity's Gate.
Damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces
vteMechanical failure modes
Buckling
Corrosion
Corrosion fatigue
Creep
Fatigue
Fouling
Fracture
Hydrogen embrittlement
Impact
Liquid metal embrittlement
Mechanical overload
Metal-induced embrittlement
Stress corrosion cracking
Sulfide stress cracking
Thermal shock
Wear
Yielding
Rear (driven) bicycle sprockets. New, left, shows no wear. Right, used, shows obvious wear from being driven clockwise.
Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical (e.g., erosion) or chemical (e.g., corrosion). The study of wear and related processes is referred to as tribology.
Wear in machine elements, together with other processes such as fatigue and creep, causes functional surfaces to degrade, eventually leading to material failure or loss of functionality. Thus, wear has large economic relevance as first outlined in the Jost Report. Abrasive wear alone has been estimated to cost 1–4% of the gross national product of industrialized nations.
Wear of metals occurs by plastic displacement of surface and near-surface material and by detachment of particles that form wear debris. The particle size may vary from millimeters to nanometers. This process may occur by contact with other metals, nonmetallic solids, flowing liquids, solid particles or liquid droplets entrained in flowing gasses.
The wear rate is affected by factors such as type of loading (e.g., impact, static, dynamic), type of motion (e.g., sliding, rolling), temperature, and lubrication, in particular by the process of deposition and wearing out of the boundary lubrication layer. Depending on the tribosystem, different wear types and wear mechanisms can be observed.
Wear types and mechanisms
Types of wear are identified by relative motion, the nature of disturbance at the worn surface or "mechanism", and whether it effects a self regenerative or base layer.
Wear mechanisms are the physical disturbance. For example, the mechanism of adhesive wear is adhesion. Wear mechanisms and/or sub-mechanisms frequently overlap and occur in a synergistic manner, producing a greater rate of wear than the sum of the individual wear mechanisms.
Adhesive wear
SEM micrograph of adhesive wear (transferred materials) on 52100 steel sample sliding against Al alloy. (Yellow arrow indicate sliding direction)
Adhesive wear can be found between surfaces during frictional contact and generally refers to unwanted displacement and attachment of wear debris and material compounds from one surface to another. Two adhesive wear types can be distinguished:
Adhesive wear is caused by relative motion, "direct contact" and plastic deformation which create wear debris and material transfer from one surface to another.
Cohesive adhesive forces, holds two surfaces together even though they are separated by a measurable distance, with or without any actual transfer of material.
Generally, adhesive wear occurs when two bodies slide over or are pressed into each other, which promote material transfer. This can be described as plastic deformation of very small fragments within the surface layers. The asperities or microscopic high points (surface roughness) found on each surface affect the severity of how fragments of oxides are pulled off and added to the other surface, partly due to strong adhesive forces between atoms, but also due to accumulation of energy in the plastic zone between the asperities during relative motion.
The type of mechanism and the amplitude of surface attraction varies between different materials but are amplified by an increase in the density of "surface energy". Most solids will adhere on contact to some extent. However, oxidation films, lubricants and contaminants naturally occurring generally suppress adhesion, and spontaneous exothermic chemical reactions between surfaces generally produce a substance with low energy status in the absorbed species.
Adhesive wear can lead to an increase in roughness and the creation of protrusions (i.e., lumps) above the original surface. In industrial manufacturing, this is referred to as galling, which eventually breaches the oxidized surface layer and connects to the underlying bulk material, enhancing the possibility for a stronger adhesion and plastic flow around the lump.
A simple model for the wear volume for adhesive wear,
V
{\displaystyle V}
, can be described by:
V
=
K
W
L
H
v
{\displaystyle V=K{\frac {WL}{H_{v}}}}
where
W
{\displaystyle W}
is the load,
K
{\displaystyle K}
is the wear coefficient,
L
{\displaystyle L}
is the sliding distance, and
H
v
{\displaystyle H_{v}}
is the hardness.
Abrasive wear
Deep 'groove' like surface indicates abrasive wear over cast iron (yellow arrow indicate sliding direction)
Abrasive wear occurs when a hard rough surface slides across a softer surface. ASTM International defines it as the loss of material due to hard particles or hard protuberances that are forced against and move along a solid surface.
Abrasive wear is commonly classified according to the type of contact and the contact environment. The type of contact determines the mode of abrasive wear. The two modes of abrasive wear are known as two-body and three-body abrasive wear. Two-body wear occurs when the grits or hard particles remove material from the opposite surface. The common analogy is that of material being removed or displaced by a cutting or plowing operation. Three-body wear occurs when the particles are not constrained, and are free to roll and slide down a surface. The contact environment determines whether the wear is classified as open or closed. An open contact environment occurs when the surfaces are sufficiently displaced to be independent of one another
There are a number of factors which influence abrasive wear and hence the manner of material removal. Several different mechanisms have been proposed to describe the manner in which the material is removed. Three commonly identified mechanisms of abrasive wear are:
Plowing
Cutting
Fragmentation
Plowing occurs when material is displaced to the side, away from the wear particles, resulting in the formation of grooves that do not involve direct material removal. The displaced material forms ridges adjacent to grooves, which may be removed by subsequent passage of abrasive particles.
Cutting occurs when material is separated from the surface in the form of primary debris, or microchips, with little or no material displaced to the sides of the grooves. This mechanism closely resembles conventional machining.
Fragmentation occurs when material is separated from a surface by a cutting process and the indenting abrasive causes localized fracture of the wear material. These cracks then freely propagate locally around the wear groove, resulting in additional material removal by spalling.
Abrasive wear can be measured as loss of mass by the Taber Abrasion Test according to ISO 9352 or ASTM D 4060.
The wear volume for single-abrasive wear,
V
{\displaystyle V}
, can be described by:
V
=
α
β
W
L
H
v
=
K
W
L
H
v
{\displaystyle V=\alpha \beta {\frac {WL}{H_{v}}}=K{\frac {WL}{H_{v}}}}
where
W
{\displaystyle W}
is the load,
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
is the shape factor of an asperity (typically ~ 0.1),
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
is the degrees of wear by an asperity (typically 0.1 to 1.0),
K
{\displaystyle K}
is the wear coefficient,
L
{\displaystyle L}
is the sliding distance, and
H
v
{\displaystyle H_{v}}
is the hardness.
Surface fatigue
Main article: Fatigue (material)
Surface fatigue is a process in which the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue. Fatigue wear is produced when the wear particles are detached by cyclic crack growth of microcracks on the surface. These microcracks are either superficial cracks or subsurface cracks.
Fretting wear
Main article: Fretting
Fretting wear is the repeated cyclical rubbing between two surfaces. Over a period of time fretting which will remove material from one or both surfaces in contact. It occurs typically in bearings, although most bearings have their surfaces hardened to resist the problem. Another problem occurs when cracks in either surface are created, known as fretting fatigue. It is the more serious of the two phenomena because it can lead to catastrophic failure of the bearing. An associated problem occurs when the small particles removed by wear are oxidized in air. The oxides are usually harder than the underlying metal, so wear accelerates as the harder particles abrade the metal surfaces further. Fretting corrosion acts in the same way, especially when water is present. Unprotected bearings on large structures like bridges can suffer serious degradation in behaviour, especially when salt is used the during winter to deice the highways carried by the bridges. The problem of fretting corrosion was involved in the Silver Bridge tragedy and the Mianus River Bridge accident.
Erosive wear
See also: Water droplet erosion
Erosive wear can be defined as an extremely short sliding motion and is executed within a short time interval. Erosive wear is caused by the impact of particles of solid or liquid against the surface of an object. The impacting particles gradually remove material from the surface through repeated deformations and cutting actions. It is a widely encountered mechanism in industry. Due to the nature of the conveying process, piping systems are prone to wear when abrasive particles have to be transported.
The rate of erosive wear is dependent upon a number of factors. The material characteristics of the particles, such as their shape, hardness, impact velocity and impingement angle are primary factors along with the properties of the surface being eroded. The impingement angle is one of the most important factors and is widely recognized in literature. For ductile materials, the maximum wear rate is found when the impingement angle is approximately 30°, whilst for non-ductile materials the maximum wear rate occurs when the impingement angle is normal to the surface. A detailed theoretical analysis of dependency of the erosive wear on the inclination angle and material properties is provided in.
For a given particle morphology, the erosion rate,
E
{\displaystyle E}
, can be fit with a power law dependence on velocity:
E
=
k
v
n
{\displaystyle E=kv^{n}}
where
k
{\displaystyle k}
is a constant,
v
{\displaystyle v}
is velocity, and
n
{\displaystyle n}
is a velocity exponent.
n
{\displaystyle n}
is typically between 2 - 2.5 for metals and 2.5 - 3 for ceramics.
Corrosion and oxidation wear
Corrosion and oxidation wear occurs both in lubricated and dry contacts. The fundamental cause are chemical reactions between the worn material and the corroding medium. Wear caused by a synergistic action of tribological stresses and corrosion is also called tribocorrosion.
Impact Wear
Impact wear is caused by contact between two bodies. Unlike erosive wear, impact wear always occurs at the same, well-defined place. If the impact is repeated, then usually with constant kinetic energy at the moment of impact. The frequency of impacts can vary. Wear can occur on both bodies, but usually, one body has significantly higher hardness and toughness and its wear is neglected.
Other Types of Wear
Other, less common types of wear are cavitation and diffusive wear.
Wear stages
Under nominal operation conditions, the wear rate normally changes in three different stages:
Primary stage or early run-in period, where surfaces adapt to each other and the wear-rate might vary between high and low.
Secondary stage or mid-age process, where steady wear can be observed. Most of the component's operational life is spent in this stage.
Tertiary stage or old-age period, where surfaces are subjected to rapid failure due to a high rate of wear.
The wear rate is strongly influenced by the operating conditions and the formation of tribofilms. The secondary stage is shortened with increasing severity of environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, strain rates and stresses.
So-called wear maps, demonstrating wear rate under different operation condition, are used to determine stable operation points for tribological contacts. Wear maps also show dominating wear modes under different loading conditions.
In explicit wear tests simulating industrial conditions between metallic surfaces, there are no clear chronological distinction between different wear-stages due to big overlaps and symbiotic relations between various friction mechanisms. Surface engineering and treatments are used to minimize wear and extend the components working life.
Wear testing
Several standard test methods exist for different types of wear to determine the amount of material removal during a specified time period under well-defined conditions. ASTM International Committee G-2 standardizes wear testing for specific applications, which are periodically updated. The Society for Tribology and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) has documented a large number of frictional, wear and lubrication tests. Standardized wear tests are used to create comparative material rankings for a specific set of test parameter as stipulated in the test description. To obtain more accurate predictions of wear in industrial applications it is necessary to conduct wear testing under conditions simulating the exact wear process.
An attrition test is a test that is carried out to measure the resistance of a granular material to wear.
Modeling of wear
The Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear law is the classic wear prediction model.
Measuring wear
Wear coefficient
Main article: Wear coefficient
The wear coefficient is a physical coefficient used to measure, characterize and correlate the wear of materials.
Lubricant analysis
Lubricant analysis is an alternative, indirect way of measuring wear. Here, wear is detected by the presence of wear particles in a liquid lubricant. To gain further insights into the nature of the particles, chemical (such as XRF, ICP-OES), structural (such as ferrography) or optical analysis (such as light microscopy) can be performed.
See also
Abrasion (mechanical) – Process of wearing down a surface
Backlash (engineering) – Clearance between mating components
Hysteresis – Dependence of the state of a system on its history
Tribometer – Instrument that measures friction and wear between surfaces — Equipment used to measure friction and wear
Concrete degradation – Damage to concrete affecting its mechanical strength and its durability
Wear coefficient – coefficient used in physics for mesuring matterial wearingPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Archard equation – Model used to describe wear
Reye's hypothesis
References
^ a b Chattopadhyay, R. (2001). Surface Wear - Analysis, Treatment, and Prevention. OH, USA: ASM-International. ISBN 978-0-87170-702-4.
^ Davis, J. R. (2001). Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance. ASM International. p. 56. ISBN 0-87170-700-4. OCLC 1027005806.
^ Akchurin, Aydar; Bosman, Rob; Lugt, Piet M.; Drogen, Mark van (2016-06-16). "Analysis of Wear Particles Formed in Boundary-Lubricated Sliding Contacts". Tribology Letters. 63 (2): 16. doi:10.1007/s11249-016-0701-z. ISSN 1023-8883.
^ Davis, J.R., ed. (1998). Metals Handbook: Desk Edition. ASM International. ISBN 9780871706546.
^ Popov, Valentin L. (2018). "Is Tribology Approaching Its Golden Age? Grand Challenges in Engineering Education and Tribological Research". Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. 4. doi:10.3389/fmech.2018.00016.
^ a b Varenberg, M. (2013). "Towards a unified classification of wear". Friction. 1 (4): 333–340. doi:10.1007/s40544-013-0027-x.
^ Williams, J. A. (2005). "Wear and wear particles – Some fundamentals." Tribology International 38(10): 863–870
^ "Wear – About Tribology".
^ a b Rabinowicz, E. (1965). Friction and Wear of Materials. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
^ a b Stachowiak, G. W., and A. W. Batchelor (2005). Engineering Tribology. Burlington, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
^ a b Glaeser, W. A., Ed. (1993).
^ Davis, Joseph R. (2001). Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance. Materials Park, OH: ASM International. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-87170-700-0. OCLC 69243337.
^ a b Stachowiak, Gwidon (2006). "2.2.2 Wear Modes: Abrasive, Adhesive, Flow and Fatigue Wear". Wear- Materials, Mechanism and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-0-470-01628-2.
^ Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion, Annual Book of Standards, Vol 03.02, ASTM, 1987, pp. 243–250
^ a b ASM Handbook Committee (2002). ASM Handbook. Friction, Lubrication and Wear Technology. U.S.A., ASM International. Volume 18.
^ a b Davis, J. R. (2001). Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance. ASM International. pp. 61–67. ISBN 0-87170-700-4. OCLC 1027005806.
^ Mamata, K. P. (2008). "A review on silt erosion in hydro turbines." Renewable & sustainable energy reviews 12(7): 1974.
^ CAR, Duarte; FJ, de Souza; VF, dos Santos (January 2016). "Mitigating elbow erosion with a vortex chamber". Powder Technology. 288: 6–25. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.032.
^ a b Sinmazcelik, T. and I. Taskiran (2007). "Erosive wear behaviour of polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) composites." Materials in engineering 28(9): 2471-2477.
^ Willert, Emanuel (2020). Stoßprobleme in Physik, Technik und Medizin: Grundlagen und Anwendungen (in German). Springer Vieweg.
^ Stachwaik, Gwidon W.; Batchelor, Andrew W. (2005). Engineering tribology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Inc. Bibcode:2005entr.book.....W.
^ Chattopadhyay, R. (2004). Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes. MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-7696-1.
^ Bisson, Edmond E. (1968). Various Modes of Wear and their Controlling Factors. NASA Technical Memorendum TM X-52426.
^ "Lubrication theory in oil analysis| Learn Oil Analysis". learnoilanalysis.com. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
Further reading
Bowden, Tabor: Friction and Lubrication of Solids (Oxford:Clarendon Press 1950).
Kleis I. and Kulu P.: Solid Particle Erosion. Springer-Verlag, London, 2008, 206 pp.
Zum Gahr K.-H.: Microstructure and wear of materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, 560 pp.
Jones J. R.:Lubrication, Friction, and Wear, NASA-SP-8063, 1971, 75 pp. A nice, free and good document available here.
S. C. Lim. Recent Development in Wear Mechanism Maps. Trib. Intl. 1998; 31; 87–97.
H.C. Meng and K. C Ludema. Wear 1995; 183; 443–457.
R. Bosman and D. J. Schipper. Wear 2012; 280; 54–62.
M. W. Akram, K. Polychronopoulou, A. A. Polycarpou. Trib. Int.: 2013; 57;9 2–100.
P. J. Blau, Tribosystem Analysis - A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Wear Problems. CRC Press, 2016.
External links
University of Miskolc: Wear and wear mechanism
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wear (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"At Eternity's Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Eternity%27s_Gate"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mechanical_failure_modes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes"},{"link_name":"Buckling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling"},{"link_name":"Corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"Corrosion fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_fatigue"},{"link_name":"Creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(deformation)"},{"link_name":"Fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"},{"link_name":"Fouling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling"},{"link_name":"Fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen embrittlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement"},{"link_name":"Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"Liquid metal embrittlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_metal_embrittlement"},{"link_name":"Mechanical overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_overload"},{"link_name":"Metal-induced embrittlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-induced_embrittlement"},{"link_name":"Stress corrosion cracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking"},{"link_name":"Sulfide stress cracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide_stress_cracking"},{"link_name":"Thermal shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_shock"},{"link_name":"Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Yielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%A6detandhjul.jpg"},{"link_name":"solid surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"tribology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology"},{"link_name":"machine elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_element"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"},{"link_name":"creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(deformation)"},{"link_name":"Jost Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology#The_Jost_report"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals"},{"link_name":"nanometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(physics)"},{"link_name":"sliding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_(motion)"},{"link_name":"rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"lubrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tribosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribosystem"}],"text":"For other uses, see Wear (disambiguation).\"Worn out\" redirects here. For the painting by Vincent van Gogh, see At Eternity's Gate.Damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfacesvteMechanical failure modes\nBuckling\nCorrosion\nCorrosion fatigue\nCreep\nFatigue\nFouling\nFracture\nHydrogen embrittlement\nImpact\nLiquid metal embrittlement\nMechanical overload\nMetal-induced embrittlement\nStress corrosion cracking\nSulfide stress cracking\nThermal shock\nWear\nYieldingRear (driven) bicycle sprockets. New, left, shows no wear. Right, used, shows obvious wear from being driven clockwise.Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical (e.g., erosion) or chemical (e.g., corrosion). The study of wear and related processes is referred to as tribology.Wear in machine elements, together with other processes such as fatigue and creep, causes functional surfaces to degrade, eventually leading to material failure or loss of functionality. Thus, wear has large economic relevance as first outlined in the Jost Report.[1] Abrasive wear alone has been estimated to cost 1–4% of the gross national product of industrialized nations.[2]Wear of metals occurs by plastic displacement of surface and near-surface material and by detachment of particles that form wear debris. The particle size may vary from millimeters to nanometers.[3] This process may occur by contact with other metals, nonmetallic solids, flowing liquids, solid particles or liquid droplets entrained in flowing gasses.[4]The wear rate is affected by factors such as type of loading (e.g., impact, static, dynamic), type of motion (e.g., sliding, rolling), temperature, and lubrication, in particular by the process of deposition and wearing out of the boundary lubrication layer.[5] Depending on the tribosystem, different wear types and wear mechanisms can be observed.","title":"Wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion"},{"link_name":"self regenerative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-healing_material"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varenberg-6"},{"link_name":"adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-7"}],"text":"Types of wear are identified by relative motion, the nature of disturbance at the worn surface or \"mechanism\", and whether it effects a self regenerative or base layer.[6]Wear mechanisms are the physical disturbance. For example, the mechanism of adhesive wear is adhesion. Wear mechanisms and/or sub-mechanisms frequently overlap and occur in a synergistic manner, producing a greater rate of wear than the sum of the individual wear mechanisms.[7]","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adhesive_wear_on_52100_steel_sample.jpg"},{"link_name":"frictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"asperities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperity_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"surface roughness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_roughness"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rabinowicz-9"},{"link_name":"plastic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_zone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stachowiak_and_Batchelor-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaeser-11"},{"link_name":"galling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galling"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaeser-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"sub_title":"Adhesive wear","text":"SEM micrograph of adhesive wear (transferred materials) on 52100 steel sample sliding against Al alloy. (Yellow arrow indicate sliding direction)Adhesive wear can be found between surfaces during frictional contact and generally refers to unwanted displacement and attachment of wear debris and material compounds from one surface to another.[8] Two adhesive wear types can be distinguished:[citation needed]Adhesive wear is caused by relative motion, \"direct contact\" and plastic deformation which create wear debris and material transfer from one surface to another.\nCohesive adhesive forces, holds two surfaces together even though they are separated by a measurable distance, with or without any actual transfer of material.Generally, adhesive wear occurs when two bodies slide over or are pressed into each other, which promote material transfer. This can be described as plastic deformation of very small fragments within the surface layers.[citation needed] The asperities or microscopic high points (surface roughness) found on each surface affect the severity of how fragments of oxides are pulled off and added to the other surface, partly due to strong adhesive forces between atoms,[9] but also due to accumulation of energy in the plastic zone between the asperities during relative motion.The type of mechanism and the amplitude of surface attraction varies between different materials but are amplified by an increase in the density of \"surface energy\". Most solids will adhere on contact to some extent. However, oxidation films, lubricants and contaminants naturally occurring generally suppress adhesion,[10] and spontaneous exothermic chemical reactions between surfaces generally produce a substance with low energy status in the absorbed species.[11]Adhesive wear can lead to an increase in roughness and the creation of protrusions (i.e., lumps) above the original surface. In industrial manufacturing, this is referred to as galling, which eventually breaches the oxidized surface layer and connects to the underlying bulk material, enhancing the possibility for a stronger adhesion[11] and plastic flow around the lump.A simple model for the wear volume for adhesive wear, \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n, can be described by:[12][13]V\n =\n K\n \n \n \n W\n L\n \n \n H\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V=K{\\frac {WL}{H_{v}}}}where \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n is the load, \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is the wear coefficient, \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the sliding distance, and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{v}}\n \n is the hardness.","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deep_%27groove%27_like_surface_indicates_abrasive_wear_over_cast_iron_(yellow_arrow_indicate_sliding_direction).jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rabinowicz-9"},{"link_name":"ASTM International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASM_18-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spall"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASM_18-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"sub_title":"Abrasive wear","text":"Deep 'groove' like surface indicates abrasive wear over cast iron (yellow arrow indicate sliding direction)Abrasive wear occurs when a hard rough surface slides across a softer surface.[9] ASTM International defines it as the loss of material due to hard particles or hard protuberances that are forced against and move along a solid surface.[14]Abrasive wear is commonly classified according to the type of contact and the contact environment.[15] The type of contact determines the mode of abrasive wear. The two modes of abrasive wear are known as two-body and three-body abrasive wear. Two-body wear occurs when the grits or hard particles remove material from the opposite surface. The common analogy is that of material being removed or displaced by a cutting or plowing operation. Three-body wear occurs when the particles are not constrained, and are free to roll and slide down a surface. The contact environment determines whether the wear is classified as open or closed. An open contact environment occurs when the surfaces are sufficiently displaced to be independent of one anotherThere are a number of factors which influence abrasive wear and hence the manner of material removal. Several different mechanisms have been proposed to describe the manner in which the material is removed. Three commonly identified mechanisms of abrasive wear are:[citation needed]Plowing\nCutting\nFragmentationPlowing occurs when material is displaced to the side, away from the wear particles, resulting in the formation of grooves that do not involve direct material removal. The displaced material forms ridges adjacent to grooves, which may be removed by subsequent passage of abrasive particles.Cutting occurs when material is separated from the surface in the form of primary debris, or microchips, with little or no material displaced to the sides of the grooves. This mechanism closely resembles conventional machining.Fragmentation occurs when material is separated from a surface by a cutting process and the indenting abrasive causes localized fracture of the wear material. These cracks then freely propagate locally around the wear groove, resulting in additional material removal by spalling.[15]Abrasive wear can be measured as loss of mass by the Taber Abrasion Test according to ISO 9352 or ASTM D 4060.The wear volume for single-abrasive wear, \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n, can be described by:[13]V\n =\n α\n β\n \n \n \n W\n L\n \n \n H\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n =\n K\n \n \n \n W\n L\n \n \n H\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V=\\alpha \\beta {\\frac {WL}{H_{v}}}=K{\\frac {WL}{H_{v}}}}where \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n is the load, \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n is the shape factor of an asperity (typically ~ 0.1), \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n is the degrees of wear by an asperity (typically 0.1 to 1.0), \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is the wear coefficient, \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the sliding distance, and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{v}}\n \n is the hardness.","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Surface fatigue","text":"Surface fatigue is a process in which the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue. Fatigue wear is produced when the wear particles are detached by cyclic crack growth of microcracks on the surface. These microcracks are either superficial cracks or subsurface cracks.","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mianus River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianus_River_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"Fretting wear","text":"Fretting wear is the repeated cyclical rubbing between two surfaces. Over a period of time fretting which will remove material from one or both surfaces in contact. It occurs typically in bearings, although most bearings have their surfaces hardened to resist the problem. Another problem occurs when cracks in either surface are created, known as fretting fatigue. It is the more serious of the two phenomena because it can lead to catastrophic failure of the bearing. An associated problem occurs when the small particles removed by wear are oxidized in air. The oxides are usually harder than the underlying metal, so wear accelerates as the harder particles abrade the metal surfaces further. Fretting corrosion acts in the same way, especially when water is present. Unprotected bearings on large structures like bridges can suffer serious degradation in behaviour, especially when salt is used the during winter to deice the highways carried by the bridges. The problem of fretting corrosion was involved in the Silver Bridge tragedy and the Mianus River Bridge accident.","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water droplet erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_droplet_erosion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stachowiak_and_Batchelor-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinmaz-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinmaz-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"}],"sub_title":"Erosive wear","text":"See also: Water droplet erosionErosive wear can be defined as an extremely short sliding motion and is executed within a short time interval. Erosive wear is caused by the impact of particles of solid or liquid against the surface of an object.[10][16] The impacting particles gradually remove material from the surface through repeated deformations and cutting actions.[17] It is a widely encountered mechanism in industry. Due to the nature of the conveying process, piping systems are prone to wear when abrasive particles have to be transported.[18]The rate of erosive wear is dependent upon a number of factors. The material characteristics of the particles, such as their shape, hardness, impact velocity and impingement angle are primary factors along with the properties of the surface being eroded. The impingement angle is one of the most important factors and is widely recognized in literature.[19] For ductile materials, the maximum wear rate is found when the impingement angle is approximately 30°, whilst for non-ductile materials the maximum wear rate occurs when the impingement angle is normal to the surface.[19] A detailed theoretical analysis of dependency of the erosive wear on the inclination angle and material properties is provided in.[20]For a given particle morphology, the erosion rate, \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n, can be fit with a power law dependence on velocity:[16]E\n =\n k\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=kv^{n}}where \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is a constant, \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n is velocity, and \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is a velocity exponent. \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is typically between 2 - 2.5 for metals and 2.5 - 3 for ceramics.","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"tribocorrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribocorrosion"}],"sub_title":"Corrosion and oxidation wear","text":"Corrosion and oxidation wear occurs both in lubricated and dry contacts. The fundamental cause are chemical reactions between the worn material and the corroding medium.[21] Wear caused by a synergistic action of tribological stresses and corrosion is also called tribocorrosion.","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Impact Wear","text":"Impact wear is caused by contact between two bodies. Unlike erosive wear, impact wear always occurs at the same, well-defined place. If the impact is repeated, then usually with constant kinetic energy at the moment of impact. The frequency of impacts can vary. Wear can occur on both bodies, but usually, one body has significantly higher hardness and toughness and its wear is neglected.","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varenberg-6"}],"sub_title":"Other Types of Wear","text":"Other, less common types of wear are cavitation and diffusive wear.[6]","title":"Wear types and mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tribofilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribofilm"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Surface engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Under nominal operation conditions, the wear rate normally changes in three different stages:[citation needed]Primary stage or early run-in period, where surfaces adapt to each other and the wear-rate might vary between high and low.\nSecondary stage or mid-age process, where steady wear can be observed. Most of the component's operational life is spent in this stage.\nTertiary stage or old-age period, where surfaces are subjected to rapid failure due to a high rate of wear.The wear rate is strongly influenced by the operating conditions and the formation of tribofilms. The secondary stage is shortened with increasing severity of environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, strain rates and stresses.So-called wear maps, demonstrating wear rate under different operation condition, are used to determine stable operation points for tribological contacts. Wear maps also show dominating wear modes under different loading conditions.[citation needed]In explicit wear tests simulating industrial conditions between metallic surfaces, there are no clear chronological distinction between different wear-stages due to big overlaps and symbiotic relations between various friction mechanisms. Surface engineering and treatments are used to minimize wear and extend the components working life.[1][22]","title":"Wear stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASTM International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International"},{"link_name":"attrition test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_test"}],"text":"Several standard test methods exist for different types of wear to determine the amount of material removal during a specified time period under well-defined conditions. ASTM International Committee G-2 standardizes wear testing for specific applications, which are periodically updated. The Society for Tribology and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) has documented a large number of frictional, wear and lubrication tests. Standardized wear tests are used to create comparative material rankings for a specific set of test parameter as stipulated in the test description. To obtain more accurate predictions of wear in industrial applications it is necessary to conduct wear testing under conditions simulating the exact wear process.An attrition test is a test that is carried out to measure the resistance of a granular material to wear.","title":"Wear testing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye%E2%80%93Archard%E2%80%93Khrushchov_wear_law"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear law is the classic wear prediction model.[23]","title":"Modeling of wear"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Measuring wear"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wear coefficient","text":"The wear coefficient is a physical coefficient used to measure, characterize and correlate the wear of materials.","title":"Measuring wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubricant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant"},{"link_name":"ferrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrography"},{"link_name":"light microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Lubricant analysis","text":"Lubricant analysis is an alternative, indirect way of measuring wear. Here, wear is detected by the presence of wear particles in a liquid lubricant. To gain further insights into the nature of the particles, chemical (such as XRF, ICP-OES), structural (such as ferrography) or optical analysis (such as light microscopy) can be performed.[24]","title":"Measuring wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2060/19710021995"}],"text":"Bowden, Tabor: Friction and Lubrication of Solids (Oxford:Clarendon Press 1950).\nKleis I. and Kulu P.: Solid Particle Erosion. Springer-Verlag, London, 2008, 206 pp.\nZum Gahr K.-H.: Microstructure and wear of materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, 560 pp.\nJones J. R.:Lubrication, Friction, and Wear, NASA-SP-8063, 1971, 75 pp. A nice, free and good document available here.\nS. C. Lim. Recent Development in Wear Mechanism Maps. Trib. Intl. 1998; 31; 87–97.\nH.C. Meng and K. C Ludema. Wear 1995; 183; 443–457.\nR. Bosman and D. J. Schipper. Wear 2012; 280; 54–62.\nM. W. Akram, K. Polychronopoulou, A. A. Polycarpou. Trib. Int.: 2013; 57;9 2–100.\nP. J. Blau, Tribosystem Analysis - A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Wear Problems. CRC Press, 2016.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Rear (driven) bicycle sprockets. New, left, shows no wear. Right, used, shows obvious wear from being driven clockwise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/K%C3%A6detandhjul.jpg/220px-K%C3%A6detandhjul.jpg"},{"image_text":"SEM micrograph of adhesive wear (transferred materials) on 52100 steel sample sliding against Al alloy. (Yellow arrow indicate sliding direction)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Adhesive_wear_on_52100_steel_sample.jpg/220px-Adhesive_wear_on_52100_steel_sample.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deep 'groove' like surface indicates abrasive wear over cast iron (yellow arrow indicate sliding direction)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Deep_%27groove%27_like_surface_indicates_abrasive_wear_over_cast_iron_%28yellow_arrow_indicate_sliding_direction%29.jpg/220px-Deep_%27groove%27_like_surface_indicates_abrasive_wear_over_cast_iron_%28yellow_arrow_indicate_sliding_direction%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Abrasion (mechanical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)"},{"title":"Backlash (engineering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlash_(engineering)"},{"title":"Hysteresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis"},{"title":"Tribometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribometer"},{"title":"Concrete degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation"},{"title":"Wear coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_coefficient"},{"title":"Archard equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archard_equation"},{"title":"Reye's hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye%27s_hypothesis"},{"title":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipotesi_di_Reye"}]
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[{"reference":"Chattopadhyay, R. (2001). Surface Wear - Analysis, Treatment, and Prevention. OH, USA: ASM-International. ISBN 978-0-87170-702-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-702-4","url_text":"978-0-87170-702-4"}]},{"reference":"Davis, J. R. (2001). Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance. ASM International. p. 56. ISBN 0-87170-700-4. OCLC 1027005806.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1027005806","url_text":"Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87170-700-4","url_text":"0-87170-700-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1027005806","url_text":"1027005806"}]},{"reference":"Akchurin, Aydar; Bosman, Rob; Lugt, Piet M.; Drogen, Mark van (2016-06-16). \"Analysis of Wear Particles Formed in Boundary-Lubricated Sliding Contacts\". Tribology Letters. 63 (2): 16. doi:10.1007/s11249-016-0701-z. ISSN 1023-8883.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11249-016-0701-z","url_text":"\"Analysis of Wear Particles Formed in Boundary-Lubricated Sliding Contacts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11249-016-0701-z","url_text":"10.1007/s11249-016-0701-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1023-8883","url_text":"1023-8883"}]},{"reference":"Davis, J.R., ed. (1998). Metals Handbook: Desk Edition. ASM International. ISBN 9780871706546.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/metalshandbook00davi","url_text":"Metals Handbook: Desk Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871706546","url_text":"9780871706546"}]},{"reference":"Popov, Valentin L. (2018). \"Is Tribology Approaching Its Golden Age? Grand Challenges in Engineering Education and Tribological Research\". Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. 4. doi:10.3389/fmech.2018.00016.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmech.2018.00016","url_text":"\"Is Tribology Approaching Its Golden Age? Grand Challenges in Engineering Education and Tribological Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmech.2018.00016","url_text":"10.3389/fmech.2018.00016"}]},{"reference":"Varenberg, M. (2013). \"Towards a unified classification of wear\". Friction. 1 (4): 333–340. doi:10.1007/s40544-013-0027-x.","urls":[{"url":"http://rdcu.be/oQCy","url_text":"\"Towards a unified classification of wear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40544-013-0027-x","url_text":"10.1007/s40544-013-0027-x"}]},{"reference":"\"Wear – About Tribology\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribonet.org/wiki/wear/","url_text":"\"Wear – About Tribology\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Joseph R. (2001). Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance. Materials Park, OH: ASM International. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-87170-700-0. 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ISBN 0-87170-700-4. OCLC 1027005806.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1027005806","url_text":"Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87170-700-4","url_text":"0-87170-700-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1027005806","url_text":"1027005806"}]},{"reference":"CAR, Duarte; FJ, de Souza; VF, dos Santos (January 2016). \"Mitigating elbow erosion with a vortex chamber\". Powder Technology. 288: 6–25. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.powtec.2015.10.032","url_text":"10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.032"}]},{"reference":"Willert, Emanuel (2020). Stoßprobleme in Physik, Technik und Medizin: Grundlagen und Anwendungen (in German). Springer Vieweg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783662602959","url_text":"Stoßprobleme in Physik, Technik und Medizin: Grundlagen und Anwendungen"}]},{"reference":"Stachwaik, Gwidon W.; Batchelor, Andrew W. (2005). Engineering tribology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Inc. Bibcode:2005entr.book.....W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005entr.book.....W","url_text":"2005entr.book.....W"}]},{"reference":"Chattopadhyay, R. (2004). Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes. MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-7696-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7696-1","url_text":"978-1-4020-7696-1"}]},{"reference":"Bisson, Edmond E. (1968). Various Modes of Wear and their Controlling Factors. NASA Technical Memorendum TM X-52426.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lubrication theory in oil analysis| Learn Oil Analysis\". learnoilanalysis.com. Retrieved 2017-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://learnoilanalysis.com/lubrication-theory-know-your-boundary-to-full-fluid-film-lubrication/","url_text":"\"Lubrication theory in oil analysis| Learn Oil Analysis\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_(Method_of_Voting_and_Redistribution_of_Seats)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1929
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House of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929
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["1 Footnotes","2 References","2.1 Citations"]
|
United Kingdom legislationHouse of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929Act of ParliamentParliament of Northern IrelandLong titleAn Act to amend the law with respect to the method of voting at Elections of Members to serve in the Parliament of Northern Ireland, and to provide for the Redistribution of Seats at such Elections, and for other purposes connected therewith.Citation19 Geo. 5. c. 5 (N.I.)Territorial extent Northern IrelandDatesRoyal assent16 April 1929Text of statute as originally enacted
The House of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929 (19 Geo. 5. c. 5 (N.I.)) was an act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland at Stormont which changed the usual voting system used for the House of Commons of Northern Ireland from single transferable vote (STV) to first past the post (FPTP). As a consequence, the act also subdivided nine of the ten multiple-seat constituencies established by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 into 48 single-seat constituencies. The only exception was the Queen's University constituency, which remained STV under a plural voting system until its 1969 abolition. The act was passed in time for the 1929 Stormont election.
The 1929 act has been interpreted by Irish nationalists, at the time and in later years, as an attempt by the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) to reduce nationalist representation. Dennis Pringle argues that, although gerrymandering and malapportionment at local government level was intended to strengthen Ulster unionist candidates at the expense of nationalism, this was not the case at Stormont, where the unionist majority was secure; instead, the Craigavon ministry's concern was to defend the middle-class UUP against working-class independent unionists and the Northern Ireland Labour Party. These lost more seats than the nationalists at the 1929 election because their support was more evenly spread than the nationalist and unionist parties.
Footnotes
^ Stormont by-elections had always used FPTP rather than STV or its single-winner analogue, the alternative vote.
^ Similarly, university constituencies in the Westminster House of Commons used STV until their 1950 abolition.
References
Primary
Stormont Debates: Commons vol.10
Second reading: 5 March 1929 cc.427–453; 6 March 1929 cc. 504–559; 7 March 1929 cc. 577–657 (20–13 vote)
Allocation of time: 15 March 1929 cc.921–982 (21–8 vote)
Committee stage: 21 March 1929 cc.1115–1201; 22–26 March 1929 cc.1211–1482
Third reading: 27 March 1929 cc.1499–1576 (21–10 vote)
Quekett, Arthur S., ed. (1933). "House of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929". The Constitution Of Northern Ireland. Vol. Part II: The Government of Ireland Act, 1920 and Subsequent Enactments. Belfast: His Majesty's Stationery Office for the Government of Northern Ireland. pp. 345–377. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
Secondary
Pringle, Dennis G. (1980). "Electoral Systems and Political Manipulation: A Case Study of Northern Ireland in the 1920s" (PDF). Economic and Social Review. 11 (3): 187–205.
Citations
^ Government of Ireland Act 1920 sec.14(3) "The members shall be elected by the same electors and in the same manner as members returned by constituencies in Ireland to serve in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, except that at any contested election of the full number of members the election shall be according to the principle of proportional representation, each elector having one transferable vote" .
^ a b Pringle 1980 p.188
^ Whyte, J.H. (1983). "How much discrimination was there under the unionist regime, 1921–68?". In Gallagher, Tom; O'Connell, James (eds.). Contemporary Irish Studies. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
^ Pringle 1980 p.198
vteParliament of Northern Ireland constituencies1921–19291929–1973Antrim
Antrim Borough
Bannside
Carrick
Larkfield (from 1969)
Larne
Mid Antrim
Newtownabbey (from 1969)
North Antrim
South Antrim
Armagh
Central Armagh
Mid Armagh
North Armagh
South Armagh
Belfast East
Belfast Bloomfield
Belfast Dock
Belfast Pottinger
Belfast Victoria
Belfast North
Belfast Clifton
Belfast Duncairn
Belfast Oldpark
Belfast Shankill
Belfast South
Belfast Ballynafeigh
Belfast Cromac
Belfast Willowfield
Belfast Windsor
Belfast West
Belfast Central
Belfast Falls
Belfast St Anne's
Belfast Woodvale
Down
Ards
Bangor (from 1969)
East Down
Iveagh
Lagan Valley (from 1969)
Mid Down
Mourne
North Down
South Down
West Down
Fermanagh and Tyrone
East Tyrone
Enniskillen
Lisnaskea
Mid Tyrone
North Tyrone
South Fermanagh
South Tyrone
West Tyrone
Londonderry
City of Londonderry
Foyle
Mid Londonderry
North Londonderry
South Londonderry
Queen's University
Queen's University (to 1969)
|
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The only exception was the Queen's University constituency, which remained STV under a plural voting system until its 1969 abolition.[n 2] The act was passed in time for the 1929 Stormont election.The 1929 act has been interpreted by Irish nationalists, at the time and in later years, as an attempt by the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) to reduce nationalist representation.[2] Dennis Pringle argues that, although gerrymandering and malapportionment at local government level was intended to strengthen Ulster unionist candidates at the expense of nationalism,[3] this was not the case at Stormont, where the unionist majority was secure; instead, the Craigavon ministry's concern was to defend the middle-class UUP against working-class independent unionists and the Northern Ireland Labour Party.[2] These lost more seats than the nationalists at the 1929 election because their support was more evenly spread than the nationalist and unionist parties.[4]","title":"House of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Stormont by-elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland_Parliament_by-elections"},{"link_name":"alternative vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_vote"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"university constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_constituency"},{"link_name":"Westminster House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"their 1950 abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1949"}],"text":"^ Stormont by-elections had always used FPTP rather than STV or its single-winner analogue, the alternative vote.[1] \n\n^ Similarly, university constituencies in the Westminster House of Commons used STV until their 1950 abolition.","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-ground_communication
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Air-to-ground communication
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["1 Early systems","2 The inter-war years","3 World War II","4 Today","5 See also","6 References"]
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The earliest communication with aircraft was by visual signalling, ground-to-air only
Air-to-ground communication was first made possible by the development of two-way aerial telegraphy in 1912, soon followed by two-way radio. By the Second World War, radio had become the chief medium of air-to-ground and air-to-air communication. Since then, transponders have enabled pilots and controllers to identify planes automatically, greatly improving air security. Most recently, in addition to sophisticated radio and GPS systems, the unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone, has revolutionised aerial surveillance and combat.
Early systems
The Popham panel in use by the U.S. Army at Beauval, 1918.
The early days of flight proved quite difficult for air-to-ground communication. Ground crews would rely on colored paddles, hand signs and other visual aids. This was effective for ground crews, but it offered no way for pilots to communicate back. In the beginning of World War I planes were not outfitted with radios, so soldiers used large panel cut outs to distinguish friendly forces. These cut outs could also be used as a directional device to help pilots navigate back to friendly airfields.
As technology developed, planes were able to use telegraph systems to send messages in Morse code. Telegraphs used a plunger to complete an electric circuit. When the circuit was completed it sent out a signal as a dot or a dash. By depressing the plunger devise in a rhythmic pattern a telegraph operator could spell out words, with each dot-dash sequence representing a corresponding letter in a word. Using this technology planes were able to call in accurate artillery fire and act as forward observers.
In 1912 the Royal Flying Corps had begun experimenting with "wireless telegraphy" in aircraft. Lieutenant B.T James was a leading pioneer of wireless (radio) in aircraft. In the spring 1913, he had begun to experiment with radios in a B.E.2a. James brought the science of wireless in aircraft to a high state of efficiency before he was shot down and killed by anti-aircraft fire on 13 July 1915.
In April 1915 Captain J.M. Furnival was the first person to hear a voice from the ground when Major Prince said "If you can hear me now it will be the first time speech has ever been communicated to an aeroplane in flight."
In June 1915 the world's first air-to-ground voice transmission took place at Brooklands (England) over about 20miles (ground-to-air was initially by morse but it is believed two-way voice communications was being achieved by July 1915). In early 1916 the Marconi Company (England) started production of air-to-ground radio transmitters/receivers which were used in the war over France.
In 1917 AT&T invented the first American air-to-ground radio transmitter. They tested this device at Langley Field in Virginia and found it was a viable technology. In May 1917, General George Squier of the U.S. Army Signal Corps contacted AT&T to develop an air-to-ground radio with a range of 2,000 yards. By July 4 of that same year AT&T technicians achieved two-way communication between pilots and ground personnel. This allowed ground personnel to communicate directly with pilots using their voice instead of morse code. Though few of these devices saw service in the war, they proved this was a viable and valuable technology worthy of refinement and advancement therefore further models had this technology installed into Biplanes on airstrips in France 1919.
The inter-war years
Following World War I new technology was developed to increase the range and performance of the radios being used to communicate with planes in the air. It was not until 1930 however that airborne radios were reliable enough and had enough power to make them viable to be standard in all planes. Until this point only planes designated for scout missions required radios. The operating distance of radios increased much slower than the distance planes were able to travel. This resulted in planes messages having to bounce from airfield to airfield in order to get to its intended recipient. As the speed of planes increased this resulted in a plane reaching its destination before the message, that it was on its way, arrived.
On 15 November 1938 the Army Airways Communications System (AACS) was established, this system was a point-to-point communications system used by the Army Air Corps. It allowed army air fields to remain in contact with planes throughout their entire flight. It could also be used to disseminate weather reports and orders to military aircraft and act as an air traffic control for arrivals and departures at military airfields. As technology increased systems such as the AACS expanded and spread across the globe as other militaries and civilian services developed their own system of air control.
The R1155/T1154 combination used by the RAF in WWII
World War II
The development of radar in the mid-1930s proved a great advance in air-to-ground communication. Radar could be used to track planes in the air and determine distance, direction, speed and even type of aircraft. This allowed for better air traffic control as well as navigation aides for pilots. Radar also proved to be a valuable tool in targeting for bombers. Radar stations on the coast of Britain could aim two radar beams from separate locations on the coast towards Germany. By aligning the two radar beams to intersect over the desired target, a town or factory for example, a bomber could then follow one radar signal until it intersected with the other where he would then know to drop his bombs.
The Royal Air Force used the R1155/T1154 receiver/transmitter combination in most of its larger aircraft, particularly the Avro Lancaster and Short Sunderland. Single seat aircraft such as the Spitfire and Hurricane were equipped mostly with the TR1143 set. Other systems employed were Eureka and the S-Phone, which enabled Special Operations Executive agents working behind enemy lines to communicate with friendly aircraft and coordinate landings and the dropping of agents and supplies.
Today
Radar is still used as an invaluable tool in air to ground communications. Today every plane in the air is tracked by Air Traffic control towers across the US. Most planes in the US and all Commercial planes carry a device known as a transponder. The transponder acts as an identification tool for aircraft allowing ATC towers to immediately recognize the identity of each plane. They work by recognizing radar frequencies as they interact with the plane. The transponder alerted by the radar responds by sending a signal of its own back to the Tower, which identifies the aircraft. Transponders can be used to avoid collisions with other aircraft and with the ground.
Today Air-to Ground communication has evolved to the point where pilots no longer need to be in the plane to fly it. These planes are known as unmanned aerial vehicles or more commonly UAVs. The US military uses several types of UAVs, these include the Predator, Reaper and Global Hawk drones. These drones are used for video surveillance and more recently air to ground attacks. These aircraft represent the pinnacle of Air-to-Ground communications. They can be controlled by pilots thousands of miles away and can safely navigate treacherous terrain using ground mapping radars. They are able to transmit high-resolution video to military stations across the globe. Not all UAVs are used for military purposes however. Some are equipped with high tech sensors, which enable them to survey the ground. These sensors are able to be used for geographical surveys to map the earth and look for oil and mineral deposits.
Despite nearly a century of innovation in air-to-ground communications, many of the original techniques used to communicate with the ground are used by today’s aircraft. Planes landing at night are guided into the runway by a series of intricate lighting arrangements. These visual aids allow pilots to orient themselves in zero visibility situations. Military personnel also rely heavily on visual aides to distinguish themselves and enemy. All Army ACU uniforms include what are known as IR tabs which when viewed through night vision goggles glow bright, US Helicopter pilots can distinguish between soldiers on the ground and the enemy by these tabs. Army Pathfinders also use colored smoke, brightly colored panels and infrared strobe lights to mark suitable landing areas for helicopters.
See also
Air to Ground channel
Air navigation
Aircraft marshalling
References
^ Britten, Cyril. "VOICES IN FLIGHT -- First World War in the Air". Anna Malinovska. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
^ "Brooklands Wireless Timeline". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ "The Wireless War in the Air". Marconi Heritage. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ Bruton, Elizabeth. "Lethal Eye in the Sky: Birth of airborne wireless communications and near real-time aerial surveillance in the British air forces during World War One". Academia.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ a b "Technology Timeline - The First Air-to-ground & Ground-to-air Communication". AT&T Labs. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
^ "Image 281 of the war of the nations : Portfolio in rotogravure etchings : Compiled from the Mid-week pictorial, January 1, 1919 | Library of Congress". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
^ Craven, W. F.; Cate, J. L. "Army Air Forces in WWII: Volume VII: Services Around the World ". The HyperWar Foundation. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
^ "Obituaries—Charles Bovill". The Daily Telegraph. 9 May 2001. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy"},{"link_name":"two-way radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_radio"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"GPS systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"}],"text":"Air-to-ground communication was first made possible by the development of two-way aerial telegraphy in 1912, soon followed by two-way radio. By the Second World War, radio had become the chief medium of air-to-ground and air-to-air communication. Since then, transponders have enabled pilots and controllers to identify planes automatically, greatly improving air security. Most recently, in addition to sophisticated radio and GPS systems, the unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone, has revolutionised aerial surveillance and combat.","title":"Air-to-ground communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_US_Army_on_the_Western_Front_1917-1918_Q70880.jpg"},{"link_name":"Popham panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popham_panel"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATT-5"},{"link_name":"General George Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Owen_Squier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATT-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Popham panel in use by the U.S. Army at Beauval, 1918.The early days of flight proved quite difficult for air-to-ground communication. Ground crews would rely on colored paddles, hand signs and other visual aids. This was effective for ground crews, but it offered no way for pilots to communicate back. In the beginning of World War I planes were not outfitted with radios, so soldiers used large panel cut outs to distinguish friendly forces. These cut outs could also be used as a directional device to help pilots navigate back to friendly airfields.As technology developed, planes were able to use telegraph systems to send messages in Morse code. Telegraphs used a plunger to complete an electric circuit. When the circuit was completed it sent out a signal as a dot or a dash. By depressing the plunger devise in a rhythmic pattern a telegraph operator could spell out words, with each dot-dash sequence representing a corresponding letter in a word. Using this technology planes were able to call in accurate artillery fire and act as forward observers.[1]In 1912 the Royal Flying Corps had begun experimenting with \"wireless telegraphy\" in aircraft. Lieutenant B.T James was a leading pioneer of wireless (radio) in aircraft. In the spring 1913, he had begun to experiment with radios in a B.E.2a. James brought the science of wireless in aircraft to a high state of efficiency before he was shot down and killed by anti-aircraft fire on 13 July 1915.In April 1915 Captain J.M. Furnival was the first person to hear a voice from the ground when Major Prince said \"If you can hear me now it will be the first time speech has ever been communicated to an aeroplane in flight.\"\nIn June 1915 the world's first air-to-ground voice transmission took place at Brooklands (England) over about 20miles (ground-to-air was initially by morse but it is believed two-way voice communications was being achieved by July 1915).[2][3][4] In early 1916 the Marconi Company (England) started production of air-to-ground radio transmitters/receivers which were used in the war over France.In 1917 AT&T invented the first American air-to-ground radio transmitter. They tested this device at Langley Field in Virginia and found it was a viable technology.[5] In May 1917, General George Squier of the U.S. Army Signal Corps contacted AT&T to develop an air-to-ground radio with a range of 2,000 yards. By July 4 of that same year AT&T technicians achieved two-way communication between pilots and ground personnel.[5] This allowed ground personnel to communicate directly with pilots using their voice instead of morse code. Though few of these devices saw service in the war, they proved this was a viable and valuable technology worthy of refinement and advancement therefore further models had this technology installed into Biplanes on airstrips in France 1919.[6]","title":"Early systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R1155_Receiver_and_T1154_Transmitter_at_RAF_Digby.jpg"}],"text":"Following World War I new technology was developed to increase the range and performance of the radios being used to communicate with planes in the air. It was not until 1930 however that airborne radios were reliable enough and had enough power to make them viable to be standard in all planes. Until this point only planes designated for scout missions required radios. The operating distance of radios increased much slower than the distance planes were able to travel. This resulted in planes messages having to bounce from airfield to airfield in order to get to its intended recipient. As the speed of planes increased this resulted in a plane reaching its destination before the message, that it was on its way, arrived.On 15 November 1938 the Army Airways Communications System (AACS) was established, this system was a point-to-point communications system used by the Army Air Corps. It allowed army air fields to remain in contact with planes throughout their entire flight. It could also be used to disseminate weather reports and orders to military aircraft and act as an air traffic control for arrivals and departures at military airfields.[7] As technology increased systems such as the AACS expanded and spread across the globe as other militaries and civilian services developed their own system of air control.The R1155/T1154 combination used by the RAF in WWII","title":"The inter-war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"R1155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1155"},{"link_name":"Avro Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Short Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Sunderland"},{"link_name":"Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"S-Phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Phone"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The development of radar in the mid-1930s proved a great advance in air-to-ground communication. Radar could be used to track planes in the air and determine distance, direction, speed and even type of aircraft. This allowed for better air traffic control as well as navigation aides for pilots. Radar also proved to be a valuable tool in targeting for bombers. Radar stations on the coast of Britain could aim two radar beams from separate locations on the coast towards Germany. By aligning the two radar beams to intersect over the desired target, a town or factory for example, a bomber could then follow one radar signal until it intersected with the other where he would then know to drop his bombs.The Royal Air Force used the R1155/T1154 receiver/transmitter combination in most of its larger aircraft, particularly the Avro Lancaster and Short Sunderland. Single seat aircraft such as the Spitfire and Hurricane were equipped mostly with the TR1143 set. Other systems employed were Eureka and the S-Phone, which enabled Special Operations Executive agents working behind enemy lines to communicate with friendly aircraft and coordinate landings and the dropping of agents and supplies.[8]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transponder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"infrared strobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_strobe"}],"text":"Radar is still used as an invaluable tool in air to ground communications. Today every plane in the air is tracked by Air Traffic control towers across the US. Most planes in the US and all Commercial planes carry a device known as a transponder. The transponder acts as an identification tool for aircraft allowing ATC towers to immediately recognize the identity of each plane. They work by recognizing radar frequencies as they interact with the plane. The transponder alerted by the radar responds by sending a signal of its own back to the Tower, which identifies the aircraft. Transponders can be used to avoid collisions with other aircraft and with the ground.Today Air-to Ground communication has evolved to the point where pilots no longer need to be in the plane to fly it. These planes are known as unmanned aerial vehicles or more commonly UAVs. The US military uses several types of UAVs, these include the Predator, Reaper and Global Hawk drones. These drones are used for video surveillance and more recently air to ground attacks. These aircraft represent the pinnacle of Air-to-Ground communications. They can be controlled by pilots thousands of miles away and can safely navigate treacherous terrain using ground mapping radars. They are able to transmit high-resolution video to military stations across the globe. Not all UAVs are used for military purposes however. Some are equipped with high tech sensors, which enable them to survey the ground. These sensors are able to be used for geographical surveys to map the earth and look for oil and mineral deposits.Despite nearly a century of innovation in air-to-ground communications, many of the original techniques used to communicate with the ground are used by today’s aircraft. Planes landing at night are guided into the runway by a series of intricate lighting arrangements. These visual aids allow pilots to orient themselves in zero visibility situations. Military personnel also rely heavily on visual aides to distinguish themselves and enemy. All Army ACU uniforms include what are known as IR tabs which when viewed through night vision goggles glow bright, US Helicopter pilots can distinguish between soldiers on the ground and the enemy by these tabs. Army Pathfinders also use colored smoke, brightly colored panels and infrared strobe lights to mark suitable landing areas for helicopters.","title":"Today"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The earliest communication with aircraft was by visual signalling, ground-to-air only","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Voisin-Farman_I.jpg/220px-Voisin-Farman_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Popham panel in use by the U.S. Army at Beauval, 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_US_Army_on_the_Western_Front_1917-1918_Q70880.jpg/220px-The_US_Army_on_the_Western_Front_1917-1918_Q70880.jpg"},{"image_text":"The R1155/T1154 combination used by the RAF in WWII","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/R1155_Receiver_and_T1154_Transmitter_at_RAF_Digby.jpg/170px-R1155_Receiver_and_T1154_Transmitter_at_RAF_Digby.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Air to Ground channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_to_Ground_channel"},{"title":"Air navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_navigation"},{"title":"Aircraft marshalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_marshalling"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiatraki
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Zawiatraki
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["1 References"]
|
Village in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandZawiatrakiVillageCountry PolandVoivodeshipŁódźCountySieradzGminaZłoczew
Zawiatraki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złoczew, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina ZłoczewTown and seat
Złoczew
Villages
Andrzejówka
Biesiec
Borzęckie
Broszki
Broszki-Kolonia
Bujnów
Bujnów-Kolonia
Burdynówka
Czarna
Dąbrowa Miętka
Doliny
Emilianów
Filipole
Galbierka
Glina
Górki
Grójec Mały
Grójec Wielki
Grójec Wielki-Gajówka
Grójec Wielki-Leśniczówka
Gronówek
Jaryszek
Jaźwiny
Jeże
Kamasówka
Kamasze
Kita
Koźliny
Kresy
Krzyżanka
Łagiewniki
Łeszczyn
Lipiny
Ługi
Miklesz
Miklesz-Kolonia
Młyn
Napłatek
Niwa
Obojęcie
Pieczyska
Pogony
Pokarczemna
Pokowalska
Potok
Prusaki
Przerwa
Przylepka
Robaszew
Serwitut (sołectwo Czarna)
Serwitut (sołectwo Stolec)
Siekanie
Stanisławów
Stara Wieś
Stolec
Stolec Poduchowny
Struga
Szklana Huta
Szlachecka
Uników
Uników Poduchowny
Uników-Kolonia
Wandalin
Wandalin nad Szosą
Wilkołek Grójecki
Wilkołek Unikowski
Zapowiednik
Zawiatraki
This Sieradz County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal
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Aquatic animal
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["1 Description","2 Air-breathing aquatic animal","3 Importance for environment","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Animal that lives in water for most or all of its lifetime
"Aquatic animals" redirects here. For the QI episode, see List of QI episodes.
Longfin sculpin (Jordania zonope)
Sperm whales, an example of air-breathing aquatic animals.An aquatic animal is any animal, whether vertebrate or invertebrate, that lives in water for all or most of its lifetime. Many insects such as mosquitoes, mayflies, dragonflies and caddisflies have aquatic larvae, with winged adults. Aquatic animals may breathe air or extract oxygen from water through specialised organs called gills, or directly through the skin. Natural environments and the animals that live in them can be categorized as aquatic (water) or terrestrial (land). This designation is polyphyletic.
Description
The term aquatic can be applied to animals that live in either fresh water or salt water. However, the adjective marine is most commonly used for animals that live in saltwater, i.e. in oceans, seas, etc.
Aquatic animals (especially freshwater animals) are often of special concern to conservationists because of the fragility of their environments. Aquatic animals are subject to pressure from overfishing, destructive fishing, marine pollution, hunting, and climate change. Many habitats are at risk which puts aquatic animals at risk as well. Aquatic animals play an important role in the world. The biodiversity of aquatic animals provide food, energy, and even jobs.
Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin, while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.
Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish.
Air-breathing aquatic animal
In addition to water breathing animals, e.g., fish, most mollusks, etc., the term "aquatic animal" can be applied to air-breathing aquatic or sea mammals such as those in the orders Cetacea (whales) and Sirenia (sea cows), which cannot survive on land, as well as the pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals, and the walrus). The term "aquatic mammal" is also applied to four-footed mammals like the river otter (Lontra canadensis) and beavers (family Castoridae), although these are technically amphibious or semiaquatic. There are up to one million types of aquatic animals and aquatic species.
Amphibians, like frogs (the order Anura), while requiring water, are separated into their own environmental classification. The majority of amphibians (class Amphibia) have an aquatic larval stage, like a tadpole, but then live as terrestrial adults, and may return to the water to mate.
Certain fish also evolved to breathe air to survive oxygen-deprived water, such as Arapaima (family Osteoglossidae) and walking catfish.
Most mollusks have gills, while some fresh water ones have a lung instead (e.g. Planorbidae) and some amphibious ones have both (e.g. This depends on the animals.
Ampullariidae). Many species of aquatic animals lack a backbone or are invertebrates.
Importance for environment
Aquatic animals play an important role for the environment as well as human's daily usage. The importance of aquatic animals comes from the fact that they are organisms that provide humans with sources such as food, medicine, energy shelter, and raw materials that are used for daily life.
Each aquatic species plays a different role to help us make every day easier, healthier, and also more productive. They also help with the atmospheric pressure and global climate change.
See also
Wetlands portal
Aquatic
Aquatic ecosystem
Aquatic locomotion
Aquatic mammal
Aquatic plant
Freshwater snail
Marine biology
Marine invertebrates
Marine mammal
Terrestrial animal
Terrestrial ecosystem
Terrestrial locomotion
Terrestrial plant
Wetland – Land area that is permanently, or seasonally saturated with water
Wetland indicator status
Zoology
References
^ Biology Online Dictionary: "Aquatic" Archived 31 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Protecting Marine Wildlife". The Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ "World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)". International Regulatory Co-operation. 2 November 2016. pp. 162–163. doi:10.1787/9789264244047-41-en. ISBN 9789264266254.
^ "Vertebrate Kidneys". 3 November 2002. Archived from the original on 29 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
^ Kalujnaia, S.; et al. (2007). "Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) using microarray technology". Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 152 (2007): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.025. PMID 17324422.
^ Bisal, G.A.; Specker, J.L. (24 January 2006). "Cortisol stimulates hypo-osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L". Journal of Fish Biology. 39 (3): 421–432. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04373.x.
^ "Nuôi trồng thủy sản, ngành học với nhiều cơ hội việc làm, đáp ứng nhu cầu xã hội". Archived from the original on 11 November 2016.
^ "Từ điển THUẬT NGỮ NUÔI TRỒNG THỦY SẢN của FAO năm 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016.
^ a b "Ocean Habitat". National Geographic. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ What Is Aquatic Biodiversity; Why Is It Important?. Virginia, US. 2019. p. 2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
vteAquatic ecosystemsGeneral components and freshwater ecosystemsGeneral
Acoustic ecology
Algal bloom
Anoxic waters
Aquatic adaptation
Aquatic animal
Insect
Mammal
Water bird
Aquatic biomonitoring
Aquatic plant
Aquatic population dynamics
Aquatic predation
Aquatic respiration
Aquatic science
Aquatic toxicology
Benthos
Bioluminescence
Biomass
Cascade effect
Colored dissolved organic matter
Dead zone
Ecohydrology
Eutrophication
Fisheries science
Food chain
Food web
GIS and aquatic science
Hydrobiology
Hypoxia
Macrobenthos
Meiobenthos
Microbial ecology
Microbial food web
Microbial loop
Nekton
Neuston
Particle
Pelagic zone
Photic zone
Phytoplankton
Plankton
Pleuston
Productivity
Ramsar Convention
Sediment trap
Shoaling and schooling
Siltation
Spawn
Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
Substrate
Thermal pollution
Trophic level
Underwater camouflage
Water column
Zooplankton
Freshwater
Freshwater biology
Freshwater biome
Freshwater environmental quality parameters
Freshwater fish
Hyporheic zone
Limnology
Lake ecosystem
Lake stratification
Macrophyte
Pond
Fish pond
Rheotaxis
River ecosystem
Stream bed
Stream pool
Trophic state index
Upland and lowland
Water garden
Wetland
Bog
Brackish marsh
Fen
Freshwater marsh
Freshwater swamp forest
Ecoregions
List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
Africa and Madagascar
Latin America and the Caribbean
List of marine ecoregions
Specific examples
Everglades
Maharashtra
North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
San Francisco Estuary
Marine ecosystemsGeneral
Deep scattering layer
Diel vertical migration
f-ratio
Iron fertilization
Large marine ecosystem
Marine biology
Marine chemistry
Marine food web
Marine primary production
Marine snow
Ocean fertilization
Oceanic physical-biological process
Ocean turbidity
Photophore
Thorson's rule
Upwelling
Viral shunt
Whale fall
Marine life
Census of Marine Life
Deep-sea community
Deep-water coral
Marine fungi
Marine invertebrates
Marine larval ecology
Seagrass
Seashore wildlife
Wild fisheries
Microorganisms
Marine bacteriophage
Marine prokaryotes
Marine protists
Marine viruses
Paradox of the plankton
Vertebrates
Marine mammal
Marine reptile
Saltwater fish
Coastal fish
Coral reef fish
Deep-sea fish
Demersal fish
Pelagic fish
Seabird
Marine habitats
Bay mud
Marine coastal ecosystem
Coastal biogeomorphology
Cold seep
Coral reef
Davidson Seamount § Ecology
Estuary
Intertidal ecology
Intertidal wetland
Kelp forest
Hydrothermal vent
Lagoon
Mangrove
Marine biomes
Mudflat
Oyster reef
Rocky shore
Salt marsh
Salt pannes and pools
Seagrass meadow
Sponge ground
Sponge reef
Tide pool
Conservation
Coral bleaching
Ecological values of mangroves
Fisheries and climate change
HERMIONE
Human impact on marine life
Marine conservation activism
Marine pollution
Marine protected area
Lakes portal
Oceans portal
Category
vteGroups of organisms in aquatic ecosystems
Benthos
Macrobenthos
Meiobenthos
Herpon
Nekton
Neuston
Pechton / Pecton / Pekton
Plankton
Pleuston
Plocon
Seston
Tripton
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of QI episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QI_episodes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jordania_zonope.jpg"},{"link_name":"Longfin sculpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_sculpin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_and_baby_sperm_whale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sperm whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale"},{"link_name":"animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"invertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"mayflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly"},{"link_name":"dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"caddisflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddisfly"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"gills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill"},{"link_name":"Natural environments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly"}],"text":"\"Aquatic animals\" redirects here. For the QI episode, see List of QI episodes.Longfin sculpin (Jordania zonope)Sperm whales, an example of air-breathing aquatic animals.An aquatic animal is any animal, whether vertebrate or invertebrate, that lives in water for all or most of its lifetime.[1] Many insects such as mosquitoes, mayflies, dragonflies and caddisflies have aquatic larvae, with winged adults. Aquatic animals may breathe air or extract oxygen from water through specialised organs called gills, or directly through the skin. Natural environments and the animals that live in them can be categorized as aquatic (water) or terrestrial (land). This designation is polyphyletic.","title":"Aquatic animal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fresh water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water"},{"link_name":"salt water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"oceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"},{"link_name":"conservationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_ethic"},{"link_name":"overfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing"},{"link_name":"destructive fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_fishing"},{"link_name":"marine pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollution"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hypotonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotonicity"},{"link_name":"gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill"},{"link_name":"protists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist"},{"link_name":"contractile vacuoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractile_vacuole"},{"link_name":"freshwater fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_fish"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_(vertebrates)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"osmotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic"},{"link_name":"diadromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadromous"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"migrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"saline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"European eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_eel"},{"link_name":"hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"prolactin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Freshwater molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_mollusc"},{"link_name":"freshwater snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_snails"},{"link_name":"freshwater bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_bivalve"},{"link_name":"freshwater crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_crab"},{"link_name":"crayfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The term aquatic can be applied to animals that live in either fresh water or salt water. However, the adjective marine is most commonly used for animals that live in saltwater, i.e. in oceans, seas, etc.Aquatic animals (especially freshwater animals) are often of special concern to conservationists because of the fragility of their environments. Aquatic animals are subject to pressure from overfishing, destructive fishing, marine pollution, hunting, and climate change. Many habitats are at risk which puts aquatic animals at risk as well.[2] Aquatic animals play an important role in the world. The biodiversity of aquatic animals provide food, energy, and even jobs.[3]Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[4] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[5] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[6]Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish.[7][8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"aquatic or sea mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal"},{"link_name":"Cetacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale"},{"link_name":"Sirenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia"},{"link_name":"pinnipeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"Castoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castoridae"},{"link_name":"semiaquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiaquatic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocean-9"},{"link_name":"Amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"Anura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"Amphibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibia"},{"link_name":"larval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"tadpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadpole"},{"link_name":"mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Arapaima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaima"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossidae"},{"link_name":"walking catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_catfish"},{"link_name":"gills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill"},{"link_name":"lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"Ampullariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullariidae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocean-9"}],"text":"In addition to water breathing animals, e.g., fish, most mollusks, etc., the term \"aquatic animal\" can be applied to air-breathing aquatic or sea mammals such as those in the orders Cetacea (whales) and Sirenia (sea cows), which cannot survive on land, as well as the pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals, and the walrus). The term \"aquatic mammal\" is also applied to four-footed mammals like the river otter (Lontra canadensis) and beavers (family Castoridae), although these are technically amphibious or semiaquatic. There are up to one million types of aquatic animals and aquatic species.[9]Amphibians, like frogs (the order Anura), while requiring water, are separated into their own environmental classification. The majority of amphibians (class Amphibia) have an aquatic larval stage, like a tadpole, but then live as terrestrial adults, and may return to the water to mate.Certain fish also evolved to breathe air to survive oxygen-deprived water, such as Arapaima (family Osteoglossidae) and walking catfish.Most mollusks have gills, while some fresh water ones have a lung instead (e.g. Planorbidae) and some amphibious ones have both (e.g. This depends on the animals.\nAmpullariidae). Many species of aquatic animals lack a backbone or are invertebrates.[9]","title":"Air-breathing aquatic animal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atmospheric pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Aquatic animals play an important role for the environment as well as human's daily usage. The importance of aquatic animals comes from the fact that they are organisms that provide humans with sources such as food, medicine, energy shelter, and raw materials that are used for daily life.Each aquatic species plays a different role to help us make every day easier, healthier, and also more productive. They also help with the atmospheric pressure and global climate change.[10]","title":"Importance for environment"}]
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[{"image_text":"Longfin sculpin (Jordania zonope)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jordania_zonope.jpg/220px-Jordania_zonope.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sperm whales, an example of air-breathing aquatic animals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mother_and_baby_sperm_whale.jpg/220px-Mother_and_baby_sperm_whale.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Wetlands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wetlands"},{"title":"Aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Aquatic ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem"},{"title":"Aquatic locomotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion"},{"title":"Aquatic mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal"},{"title":"Aquatic plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant"},{"title":"Freshwater snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_snail"},{"title":"Marine biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"},{"title":"Marine invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_invertebrates"},{"title":"Marine mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal"},{"title":"Terrestrial animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"title":"Terrestrial ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem"},{"title":"Terrestrial locomotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion"},{"title":"Terrestrial plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_plant"},{"title":"Wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"title":"Wetland indicator status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status"},{"title":"Zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Regiment_of_Foot_(1757)
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79th Regiment of Foot (1757)
|
["1 References"]
|
British military unit 1757–1763
The 79th Regiment of Foot was a British military unit, formed in 1757 at the beginning of the Seven Years' War. Its commander was Brigadier General William Draper.
It moved to India in 1758 and saw service in the third Carnatic War. In 1762 the regiment took part in the successful invasion of Manila, capital of the Spanish-controlled Philippines. The regiment was disbanded at Chatham in 1763.
A monument to the "departed warriors" of the 79th, a cenotaph in the form of a classical sarcophagus topped by an urn, stands on Clifton Down in Bristol. It was originally erected in the garden of General Draper's house Manilla Hall in 1797, and is reputed to be the oldest war memorial in Britain. Its similarity to designs in the copybook of Thomas Paty suggests he or a member of his family may have been the designer; a second monument from Draper's garden, an obelisk dedicated to William Pitt the Elder, also attributed to Paty, stands nearby. They were moved to their current site in 1883 when Manilla Hall and its grounds were redeveloped.
References
^ Dreaper, James (28 April 2006). Pitt's Gallant Conqueror: The Turbulent Life of Lieutenant-General Sir William Draper. I.B. Taurus & Co. p. 235. ISBN 978-1845111779.
^ Booth, Martin (17 August 2022). "The UK's oldest war memorial could be in Bristol". Bristol 24/7. Bristol 24/7 CIC. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
^ Merritt, Douglas; Greenacre, Francis (2011). Public Sculpture of Bristol. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 54–56. ISBN 978-184631-638-8.
vteRegiments of foot 1740–1881
1st or The Royal Scots
2nd (Queen's Royal)
3rd (East Kent – The Buffs)
4th (The King's Own Royal)
5th (Northumberland) (Fusiliers)
6th (Royal 1st Warwickshire)
7th (Royal Fusiliers)
8th (The King's)
9th (East Norfolk)
10th (North Lincoln)
11th (North Devonshire)
12th (East Suffolk)
13th (1st Somersetshire) (Prince Albert's Light Infantry)
14th (Buckinghamshire – The Prince of Wales's Own)
15th (York, East Riding)
16th (Bedfordshire)
17th (Leicestershire)
18th (The Royal Irish)
19th (1st Yorkshire, North Riding – Princess of Wales's Own)
20th (East Devonshire)
21st (Royal Scots Fusiliers)
22nd (Cheshire)
23rd (Royal Welch Fusiliers)
24th (2nd Warwickshire)
25th (King's Own Borderers)
26th (Cameronian)
27th (Inniskilling)
28th (North Gloucestershire)
29th (Worcestershire)
30th (Cambridgeshire)
31st (Huntingdonshire)
32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry
33rd (The Duke of Wellington's)
34th (Cumberland)
35th (Royal Sussex)
36th (Herefordshire)
37th (North Hampshire)
38th (1st Staffordshire)
39th (Dorsetshire)
40th (2nd Somersetshire)
41st (The Welsh)
42nd (Oglethorpe's)
42nd (The Royal Highland) (The Black Watch)
43rd (Spotswood's)
43rd (Monmouthshire Light Infantry)
44th (1st Marines)
44th (East Essex)
45th (2nd Marines)
45th (Nottinghamshire Sherwood Foresters)
46th (3rd Marines)
46th (South Devonshire)
47th Regiment (4th Marines)
47th (Lancashire)
48th (5th Marines)
48th (Northamptonshire)
49th (6th Marines)
49th (Hertfordshire - Princess Charlotte of Wales's)
50th (7th Marines)
50th (American Provincials)
50th (The Queen's Own)
51st (8th Marines)
51st Regiment of Foot (Cape Breton Regiment)
51st (2nd York, West Riding, The King's Own Light Infantry)
52nd (9th Marines)
52nd (Oxfordshire Light Infantry)
53rd (10th Marines)
53rd (Shropshire)
54th (West Norfolk)
55th (Westmorland)
56th (West Essex)
57th (West Middlesex)
58th (Rutlandshire)
59th (2nd Nottinghamshire)
60th (De Grangues's)
60th (The King's Royal Rifle Corps)
61st (Gooch's)
61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot
62nd (Baterau's)
62nd (Royal American)
62nd (1st Highland Battalion)
62nd (Wiltshire)
63rd (American)
63rd (2nd Highland Battalion)
63rd (West Suffolk)
64th (Loudon's Highlanders)
64th (Draper's)
64th (2nd Staffordshire)
65th (Shirley's)
65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding)
66th (Pepperrell's)
66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot
67th (Bolton's)
67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot
68th (Bedford's)
68th (Durham) (Light Infantry)
69th (South Lincolnshire)
70th (Surrey)
71st (1758-1763)
71st (Fraser's Highlanders)
71st (Invalids)
71st (Highland Light Infantry)
72nd (1758–1763)
72nd (Invalids)
72nd (Royal Manchester Volunteers)
72nd (Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders)
73rd (1758–1763)
73rd (Invalids)
73rd (Highland)
73rd (Perthshire)
74th (1758–1763)
74th (Invalids)
74th (Argyleshire Highlanders)
74th (Highland)
75th (1758–1763)
75th (Invalids)
75th (Prince of Wales's Regiment)
75th (Stirlingshire)
76th (1758–1763)
76th (MacDonald's Highlanders)
76th Regiment of Foot
77th (Montgomery's Highlanders)
77th (Atholl Highlanders)
77th (East Middlesex) (Duke of Cambridge's Own)
78th (Fraser's Highlanders)
78th (Highland)
78th (Highland) (The Ross-shire Buffs)
79th (1758-1763)
79th (Royal Liverpool Volunteers)
79th (Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders)
80th (Light Armed)
80th (Royal Edinburgh Volunteers)
80th (Staffordshire Volunteers)
81st (Invalids)
81st (Aberdeenshire Highland)
81st (1793)
81st (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers)
82nd (invalids)
82nd (1777)
82nd (1793)
82nd (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)
83rd (1757-1763)
83rd (Royal Glasgow Volunteers)
83rd (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers)
83rd (County of Dublin)
84th (1758-1764)
84th (Royal Highland Emigrants)
84th (York and Lancaster)
85th (Royal Volontiers Light Infantry)
85th (1779-1783)
85th (Bucks Volunteers) (The King's Light Infantry)
86th (1759-1763)
86th (1779-1783)
86th (Royal County Down)
87th (Keith's Highlanders)
87th (1779-1783)
87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers)
88th (Highland Volunteers)
88th (1779-1783)
88th (Connaught Rangers)
89th (Highland)
89th (1779-1783)
89th (Princess Victoria's)
90th (Irish Light Infantry)
90th (Yorkshire Volunteers)
90th (Perthshire Light Infantry)
91st (1759-1763)
91st (Shropshire Volunteers)
91st (1793-1795)
91st (Princess Louise's Argyllshire Highlanders)
92nd (Donegal Light Infantry)
92nd (1779-1783)
92nd (1793-1795)
92nd (Gordon Highlanders)
93rd (1760-1763)
93rd (1779-1783)
93rd (Highland) (1793-1798)
93rd (Sutherland Highlanders)
94th (Royal Welsh Volunteers)
94th (1780-1783)
94th (Irish)
94th (Scots Brigade)
94th
95th (1759-1763)
95th (1780-1783)
95th (1794-1796)
95th (Riflemen)
95th (1816-1818)
95th (Derbyshire) Regiment of Foot
96th (1760-1763)
96th (British Musketeers)
96th (1803-1816)
96th (Queen's Own Germans)
96th Regiment of Foot
97th (1760-1763)
97th (1780-1784)
97th (Inverness-shire Highlanders)
97th (Queen's Own Germans)
97th (1816-1818)
97th (The Earl of Ulster's) Regiment of Foot
98th (1760-1763)
98th (1780-1784)
98th (Argyllshire Highlanders)
98th (1804-1816)
98th (Prince of Wales's Tipperary)
98th (Prince of Wales's) Regiment of Foot
99th (1760-1763)
99th (Jamaica Regiment)
99th (1794-1797)
99th (Prince of Wales's Tipperary)
99th (Prince Regent's County of Dublin)
99th (Duke of Edinburgh's)
100th (Highland)
100th (1780-1784)
100th (Gordon Highlanders)
100th (Prince Regent's County of Dublin)
100th (New South Wales Corps)
100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian)
101st (Highland)
101st (1780-1783)
101st (Irish)
101st (Duke of York's Irish)
101st (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)
102nd (Queen's Royal Volunteers)
102nd (1780-1783)
102nd (Irish)
102nd (New South Wales Corps)
102nd (Royal Madras Fusiliers)
103rd Regiment of Foot (Volunteer Hunters)
103rd Regiment of Foot (King's Irish Infantry)
103rd (Loyal Bristol Volunteers)
103rd (1809-1816)
103rd (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)
104th (King's Volunteers)
104th (1782-1783)
104th (Royal Manchester Volunteers)
104th (New Brunswick )
104th Regiment of Foot
105th (Queen's Own Royal Highlanders)
105th (Volunteers of Ireland)
105th (1794-1796)
105th (Madras Light Infantry)
106th (Black Musqueteers)
106th (1794-1796)
106th (Bombay Light Infantry)
107th (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of British Volunteers)
107th 1794-1795
107th (Bengal Light Infantry)
108th (1760-1763)
108th (1794-1795)
108th (Madras Infantry)
109th (1761-1763)
109th (Aberdeenshire)
109th (Bombay Infantry)
110th (Queen's Royal Musqueteers)
110th (1794-1795)
111th (1761-1763)
111th (Loyal Birmingham Volunteers)
112th (King's Royal Musqueteers)
112th (1794-1795)
113th (Royal Highlanders)
113th (1794-1795)
114th (Royal Highlander Volunteers)
114th (1794-1795)
115th (Royal Scotch Lowlanders)
115th (Prince William's)
116th (Invalids)
116th (Perthshire Highlanders)
117th (Invalids)
117th (1793-1795)
118th (Invalids)
118th (1794-1795)
119th (The Prince's Own)
119th (1794-1796)
120th (1762-1763)
120th (1794-1795)
121st (1761-1763)
121st (1794-1795)
122nd (1762-1764)
122nd (1794-1796)
123rd (1762-1764)
123rd (1794-1796)
124th (1762-1763)
124th (Waterford)
125th
126th
127th
128th
129th
130th
131st
132nd (Highland)
133rd (Highland)
134th (Loyal Limerick)
135th (Limerick)
Regimental titles in italics indicate they were disbanded or renumbered before 1881.
This United Kingdom military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dreaper, James (28 April 2006). Pitt's Gallant Conqueror: The Turbulent Life of Lieutenant-General Sir William Draper. I.B. Taurus & Co. p. 235. ISBN 978-1845111779.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845111779","url_text":"978-1845111779"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Martin (17 August 2022). \"The UK's oldest war memorial could be in Bristol\". Bristol 24/7. Bristol 24/7 CIC. Retrieved 21 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/features/the-uks-oldest-war-memorial-could-be-in-bristol/","url_text":"\"The UK's oldest war memorial could be in Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"Merritt, Douglas; Greenacre, Francis (2011). Public Sculpture of Bristol. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 54–56. ISBN 978-184631-638-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184631-638-8","url_text":"978-184631-638-8"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/features/the-uks-oldest-war-memorial-could-be-in-bristol/","external_links_name":"\"The UK's oldest war memorial could be in Bristol\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=79th_Regiment_of_Foot_(1757)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia
|
Abortion in Latvia
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Overview of the legality and prevalence of abortions in Latvia
Abortion in Latvia is legal and is available on request within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and available for medical reasons until 22 weeks. While Latvia was a republic of the Soviet Union, abortions were regulated by the Government of the Soviet Union. The Government of Latvia has a "surveillance system" which allows it to collect information on the numbers of abortions performed.
History
Percentage of conceptions which led to abortion in Latvia
From 21 July 1940, Latvia was known as the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic and followed the abortion laws of the Soviet Union (USSR). On 27 June 1936, the USSR banned abortions unless there was a danger to the life of the mother or the child would inherit a serious disease from the parents. Under this law, abortions were meant to be performed in maternity homes and hospitals, and physicians who disregarded this risked one to two years' imprisonment.
On 23 November 1955, the Government of the Soviet Union issued a decree which allowed abortions to be available on request. Later that year, abortion was restricted so that it could only be performed in the first three months of pregnancy, unless the birth would endanger the mother. Physicians had to perform abortions in hospitals, and unless the mother was in danger, a fee was charged. If the abortion was not performed in a hospital, the physician would be imprisoned for one year. If the person who performed the abortion did not have a medical degree, then they would be imprisoned for two years. If serious injuries or death were caused to a pregnant woman, there would be up to eight years of imprisonment.
The Government of the USSR was concerned about the rate of illegal abortions, and attempted to decrease their occurrence. On 31 December 1987, the Soviet Union announced that it would permit many medical institutions to perform abortions until the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy. Abortions occurred more frequently and in 1996, 44.1 abortions per 1,000 births occurred in Latvia.
The Fertility and Family Survey in 1995 found that 30% of women at age 25 had had an abortion. Due to the high abortion rate, Latvia's government is encouraging more births. As of 2013, an abortion can be performed without request up to the twelfth week of pregnancy, and can be requested up to the twenty-eighth.
A campaign named "For Life" ("Par dzīvību" in Latvian) has been set up to reduce the number of abortions in Latvia. In 1991, there were 34,633 births and 44,886 abortions, but this number has been falling since 1999. In 2011, around 7,000 abortions were performed.
As of 2010, the abortion rate was 15.6 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years.
Mifepristone (medical abortion) was registered in 2002.
See also
Abortion debate
References
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2016-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Abortion Policy". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 2005-01-11.
^ a b "Europe's abortion laws". BBC. 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
^ "Abortion in Europe" (PDF). UNFPA and the IPPF European Network. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
^ a b c d e "Abortion in Latvia (Word Document)". United Nations. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
^ a b "Latvian and Lithuania". The Life Resources Charitable Trust. 1995. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
^ "Baby statues tell a sad story". Baltic Times. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ "World Abortion Policies 2013". United Nations. 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
^ "Gynuity Health Projects » List of Mifepristone Approval". Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
vteAbortion in EuropeSovereign states
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|
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[{"title":"Abortion debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_debate"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tista_Bazaar_railway_station
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Tista Bazaar railway station
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["1 Under-construction extension","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 27°04′N 88°26′E / 27.06°N 88.43°E / 27.06; 88.43Railway station which serves Teesta Bazaar
Tista Bazaar Railway Station Indian Railways StationGeneral informationLocationNational Highway 10, Teesta Bazaar, Kalimpong District, West BengalIndiaCoordinates27°04′N 88°26′E / 27.06°N 88.43°E / 27.06; 88.43Elevation90 metres (300 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysOperated byNortheast Frontier RailwayLine(s)Sivok–Rangpo linePlatforms2Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeUnder Ground Railway StationParkingYes ( after completion)Bicycle facilitiesNoOther informationStatusConstruction – new lineStation codeTSTAB
Zone(s)
Northeast Frontier Railway
Division(s)
AlipurduarHistoryOpenedTBAElectrifiedNoLocationTista Bazaar Railway StationLocation in West BengalShow map of West BengalTista Bazaar Railway StationLocation in IndiaShow map of IndiaTista Bazaar Railway Station is the railway station which serves Teesta Bazaar and nearby areas like Kalimpong, Tribeni, Lopchu, Peshok, Chitrey etc in Kalimpong district of West Bengal. It is an Underground Railway Station which is under construction on Sivok–Rangpo line of Northeast Frontier Railway, Alipurduar railway division.
Under-construction extension
See also: Geostrategic rail lines of India
Sivok–Rangpo line, 44 km-long line, will provide access to Gangtok in Sikkim. The foundation stone for construction of a new railway line from Sevoke railway station to proposed Rangpo railway station on the border of Sikkim and West Bengal was laid in October 2009 by the vice president of India. In 2008, the line was proposed to be 53 km long with 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track but the final alignment is 45 km long with 3.5 km in Sikkim state and the rest in West Bengal state. The track will have 28 bridges and 14 tunnels and 38.5 km of the track will be in tunnels. Bridges over deep gorges and valleys will provide a scenic journey. The track is due to be constructed through the foothills of the Kanchanjungha mountain range and the Teesta river valley. New railway stations will be constructed at Melli, Teesta Bazaar, Geil Khola, Riang, and Rangpo.
The Indian Railways signed a contract with the construction company, IRCON, only in May 2010 but the final alignment had not been fixed for the first 22 km through elephant sanctuary forest even in 2013 and the final clearance of environment ministry had not been received. To obtain approval of the environment and forest ministry, the railways made a proposal in February 2013 to install elephant sensors along the stretch of the proposed railway line in Mahananda elephant sanctuary or run the trains at a speed of only 20 km per hour in the forest area and stop when an elephant is sighted close to the track. People of two villages in East Sikkim, through which a 3.5 km stretch of the 45 km long railway line has been planned, had not agreed to give their land for laying the track. The project cost has escalated from the estimated cost of Rs.13.4 billion in 2008
The Supreme Court of India approved the project in February 2016 with strict guidelines of the National Wildlife Board that cleared the project in June 2015 but ordered restricted speed, wireless animal tracking sensors and allowed digging of tunnels only during daytime. The railway line is needed for security and socio-economic reasons. The railway line will help troops and armaments move faster towards the Indo-Tibet border. Railway Board chairman visited and met the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) officials on 2 March 2018 to discuss the commencement of construction of the track and tunnels. The railway line up to Rangpo is expected to be completed in 2021. In the second phase the line will be extended up to Gangtok.
Estimated cost: Rs.1,340 crore in 2008.
Length of final alignment: 44.98 km
Stations en route: Riang, Gailkhola, Tista Bazaar, Melli
Nearest junction: New Jalpaiguri (30 km from Sevoke through Siliguri)
Route under tunnels: 38.53 km (86%)
Number of bridges: 28
Number of tunnels: 14
Longest tunnel: 5.1 km
References
^ "Tista Bazaar Railway Station". indiarailinfo.com.
^ "North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up". Financialexpress. July 17, 2020. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
^ "Update". www.constructionupdate.com. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ The Hindu BusinessLine (2010-01-25). "Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link". @businessline. Retrieved 2021-02-09. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "The Hindu Business Line : Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ "North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link". Railway Technology. 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ Balchand, K. (2013-02-07). "Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim". The Hindu. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ Villagers’ nod to rail survey, The Telegraph, August 28, 2012
^ "Other projects" (PDF). www.indianrailways.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ Chanda, Aishik (21 February 2018). "Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project". www.newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ "Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours". Financialexpress. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
^ "Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility". Times of India Travel. 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Teesta Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Sivok–Rangpo line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivok%E2%80%93Rangpo_line"},{"link_name":"Northeast Frontier Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railway"},{"link_name":"Alipurduar railway division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipurduar_railway_division"}],"text":"Railway station which serves Teesta BazaarTista Bazaar Railway Station[1] is the railway station which serves Teesta Bazaar and nearby areas like Kalimpong, Tribeni, Lopchu, Peshok, Chitrey etc in Kalimpong district of West Bengal. It is an Underground Railway Station which is under construction on Sivok–Rangpo line of Northeast Frontier Railway, Alipurduar railway division.","title":"Tista Bazaar railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geostrategic rail lines of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo"},{"link_name":"Sivok–Rangpo line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivok%E2%80%93Rangpo_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railne1-2"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"broad gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Melli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melli"},{"link_name":"Teesta Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Rangpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpo"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"speculation?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#CRYSTAL"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gangtok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangtok"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"New Jalpaiguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jalpaiguri"},{"link_name":"Siliguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri"}],"text":"See also: Geostrategic rail lines of IndiaSivok–Rangpo line, 44 km-long line, will provide access to Gangtok in Sikkim.[2] The foundation stone for construction of a new railway line from Sevoke railway station to proposed Rangpo railway station on the border of Sikkim and West Bengal was laid in October 2009 by the vice president of India.[3] In 2008, the line was proposed to be 53 km long with 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track but the final alignment is 45 km long with 3.5 km in Sikkim state and the rest in West Bengal state. The track will have 28 bridges and 14 tunnels and 38.5 km of the track will be in tunnels.[4][5] Bridges over deep gorges and valleys will provide a scenic journey.[citation needed] The track is due to be constructed through the foothills of the Kanchanjungha mountain range and the Teesta river valley. New railway stations will be constructed at Melli, Teesta Bazaar, Geil Khola, Riang, and Rangpo.[needs update][speculation?]The Indian Railways signed a contract with the construction company, IRCON, only in May 2010 but the final alignment had not been fixed for the first 22 km through elephant sanctuary forest even in 2013 and the final clearance of environment ministry had not been received.[6] To obtain approval of the environment and forest ministry, the railways made a proposal in February 2013 to install elephant sensors along the stretch of the proposed railway line in Mahananda elephant sanctuary or run the trains at a speed of only 20 km per hour in the forest area and stop when an elephant is sighted close to the track.[7] People of two villages in East Sikkim, through which a 3.5 km stretch of the 45 km long railway line has been planned, had not agreed to give their land for laying the track.[8] The project cost has escalated from the estimated cost of Rs.13.4 billion in 2008[9]The Supreme Court of India approved the project in February 2016 with strict guidelines of the National Wildlife Board that cleared the project in June 2015 but ordered restricted speed, wireless animal tracking sensors and allowed digging of tunnels only during daytime. The railway line is needed for security and socio-economic reasons. The railway line will help troops and armaments move faster towards the Indo-Tibet border. Railway Board chairman visited and met the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) officials on 2 March 2018 to discuss the commencement of construction of the track and tunnels.[10] The railway line up to Rangpo is expected to be completed in 2021.[11] In the second phase the line will be extended up to Gangtok.[12]Estimated cost: Rs.1,340 crore in 2008.\nLength of final alignment: 44.98 km\nStations en route: Riang, Gailkhola, Tista Bazaar, Melli\nNearest junction: New Jalpaiguri (30 km from Sevoke through Siliguri)\nRoute under tunnels: 38.53 km (86%)\nNumber of bridges: 28\nNumber of tunnels: 14\nLongest tunnel: 5.1 km","title":"Under-construction extension"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Tista Bazaar Railway Station\". indiarailinfo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/rangpo-rngpo/10688","url_text":"\"Tista Bazaar Railway Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up\". Financialexpress. July 17, 2020. Retrieved 2023-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/north-east-to-get-better-indian-railways-connectivity-5-major-rail-projects-lined-up-details-here/2027372/","url_text":"\"North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Update\". www.constructionupdate.com. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og==","url_text":"\"Update\""}]},{"reference":"The Hindu BusinessLine (2010-01-25). \"Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link\". @businessline. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Inspection-survey-for-Sikkim-rail-link/article20052215.ece","url_text":"\"Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hindu Business Line : Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link\". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100131003127/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm","url_text":"\"The Hindu Business Line : Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link\""},{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link\". Railway Technology. 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/","url_text":"\"North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link\""}]},{"reference":"Balchand, K. (2013-02-07). \"Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim\". The Hindu. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/elephant-sensors-may-come-up-on-railway-line-to-sikkim/article4387995.ece","url_text":"\"Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Other projects\" (PDF). www.indianrailways.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/Other_Projects_080411.pdf","url_text":"\"Other projects\""}]},{"reference":"Chanda, Aishik (21 February 2018). \"Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project\". www.newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/21/coming-soon-west-bengal---sikkim-rail-project-1776854.html","url_text":"\"Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours\". Financialexpress. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 2023-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-new-sivok-rangpo-rail-project-travel-from-west-bengal-to-sikkim-in-just-2-hours-watch-video/1691100/","url_text":"\"Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility\". Times of India Travel. 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/very-soon-travelling-to-sikkim-by-train-will-be-a-possibility/as71172425.cms","url_text":"\"Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tista_Bazaar_railway_station¶ms=27.06_N_88.43_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN","external_links_name":"27°04′N 88°26′E / 27.06°N 88.43°E / 27.06; 88.43"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tista_Bazaar_railway_station¶ms=27.06_N_88.43_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN","external_links_name":"27°04′N 88°26′E / 27.06°N 88.43°E / 27.06; 88.43"},{"Link":"https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/rangpo-rngpo/10688","external_links_name":"\"Tista Bazaar Railway Station\""},{"Link":"https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/north-east-to-get-better-indian-railways-connectivity-5-major-rail-projects-lined-up-details-here/2027372/","external_links_name":"\"North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up\""},{"Link":"http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og==","external_links_name":"\"Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Inspection-survey-for-Sikkim-rail-link/article20052215.ece","external_links_name":"\"Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100131003127/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Hindu Business Line : Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/","external_links_name":"\"North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/elephant-sensors-may-come-up-on-railway-line-to-sikkim/article4387995.ece","external_links_name":"\"Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim\""},{"Link":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/siliguri/story_15905614.jsp","external_links_name":"Villagers’ nod to rail survey"},{"Link":"http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/Other_Projects_080411.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Other projects\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/21/coming-soon-west-bengal---sikkim-rail-project-1776854.html","external_links_name":"\"Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project\""},{"Link":"https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-new-sivok-rangpo-rail-project-travel-from-west-bengal-to-sikkim-in-just-2-hours-watch-video/1691100/","external_links_name":"\"Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/very-soon-travelling-to-sikkim-by-train-will-be-a-possibility/as71172425.cms","external_links_name":"\"Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K273CX
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KGHF (FM)
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°20′10″N 97°27′54″W / 37.336°N 97.465°W / 37.336; -97.465Radio station in Belle Plaine, KansasKGHFBelle Plaine, KansasBroadcast areaWichita, KansasFrequency99.7 MHz (HD Radio)Branding99.7 Hank FMProgrammingFormatClassic countrySubchannelsHD2: Regional Mexican ("La Raza")HD3: KGSOHD4: KQAMOwnershipOwnerSteckline Communications, Inc.Sister stationsKGSO, KQAMHistoryFirst air dateMarch 4, 1996 (as KANR at 92.7)Former call signsKUOY (1993–1994)KSNS (1994)KANR (1994–2013)KHLT-FM (2013–2022)Former frequencies92.7 MHz (1994–2011)Call sign meaningKGSO's Hank FMTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID15410ClassC2ERP50,000 wattsHAAT147 metersTranslator(s)HD2: 102.5 K273CX (Wichita)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMS
KGHF (99.7 FM) is an American radio station broadcasting a classic country format in Wichita, Kansas. The station is licensed to Belle Plaine, Kansas.
KGHF broadcasts in the HD Radio format; the station's HD2 sub-channel airs a Regional Mexican format branded as "La Raza" (which is also heard on 250 watt FM translator K273CX at 102.5 MHz), while its HD3 and HD4 sub-channels carry simulcasts of KGSO and KQAM, respectively.
History
KGHF was first issued a construction permit for 92.7 FM on February 10, 1993, issued as KUOY. Under the ownership of Daniel D. Smith, the station signed on as an All-News station on March 4, 1996 under the call sign KANR, and has been the only station in Wichita providing that format. On March 15, 2000, it became the temporary home to Smooth Jazz-formatted KWSJ, which was formerly located on 105.3 FM (now Hot AC KFBZ). On May 31, 2000, KWSJ would relocate yet again, this time to 98.7 FM (now KNSS-FM). KANR would flip to Rhythmic Top 40 as "Fly 92.7" to compete against Rhythmic KDGS "Power 93.9", whose studios were located in the same shopping center and office complex at 21st Street North and North Woodlawn Avenue in Wichita. Former KDGS personality Christopher "Kidd Chris" Foley was also a DJ on KANR until he took an job offer in Sacramento, California (he is now at WEBN in Cincinnati). A year later, the station flipped to Alternative. Despite the signal's moderate to poor coverage over Wichita, KANR had a large following of listeners with its Alternative format. On August 24, 2006, KANR announced they would change formats to Regional Mexican, branded as "Fiesta 92.7", on September 1. The Wichita market was without an alternative station until August 29, 2014, when KTHR dropped classic rock.
On December 21, 2011, KANR moved from 92.7 to 99.7 FM.
In March 2013, Daniel D. Smith sold the station to Air Capitol Media Group, LLC for $2 million; the transaction was consummated on June 28, 2013. On April 1, Air Capitol registered various domains under the name "Lite", as well as "Wichitas997.com", signaling that the "Fiesta" format will come to an end by May 1, when Air Capitol takes over the station via a Time Brokerage Agreement. It was also hinted by the Wichita Eagle that Brett Harris, formerly of KRBB, would be a part of the new station when his non-compete clause expires that summer.
On May 1, 2013, at Midnight, KANR officially flipped to adult contemporary, branded as "99.7 Lite FM" under the new KHLT-FM call letters. The first song on "Lite" was "It's My Life" by No Doubt.
"La Raza" logo (2015–2022)
On July 29, 2015, Air Capitol Media Group announced that the station would be sold back to Daniel D. Smith, per FCC approval. The station went jockless following the announcement. On August 17, at Midnight, the station went silent. Three days later, on August 20, the station signed back on and returned to Spanish, this time with a Regional Mexican format, branded as "La Raza 99.7." The sale was consummated on October 26, 2015, at a purchase price of $1,420,717.60; most of the price represented forgiveness of debt still owed from Air Capitol's 2013 purchase of the station.
On March 2, 2016, KHLT-FM was sold to La Raza, LLC for $1.65 million.
On March 30, 2022, La Raza announced the sale of KHLT-FM to Steckline Communications. As part of the $1.4 million sale, Steckline took over the station via a Time Brokerage Agreement on April 1, and the station's existing airstaff was dismissed. On May 20, the Regional Mexican format and "La Raza" branding moved to KHLT-FM's HD2 sub-channel and translator K273CX (102.5 FM). The stations simulcasted until May 31, when KHLT-FM flipped to classic country as "99.7 Hank FM". On July 1, the sale to Steckline was consummated. The same day, KHLT-FM changed call letters to KGHF to match the "Hank" branding, although the FCC did not make the change effective until September 7.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for KGHF". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "K273CX-FM 102.5 MHz - Wichita, KS". radio-locator.com. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
^ Cox, Bob (March 7, 1996). "Latest news in Wichita: all-news radio". The Wichita Eagle.
^ Chris Shull (March 11, 2000). "Jazz station will stay on the air". The Wichita Eagle.
^ "Controversial disc jockey back on Wichita airwaves". The Wichita Eagle. July 3, 2000.
^ Jillian Cohan (August 24, 2006). "Alt-rock Fly station to switch formats". The Wichita Eagle.
^ "Wichita's Fiesta Turns on the Lite". May 2013.
^ "Brett Harris may have a new radio home | Have You Heard? | Wichita Eagle Blogs". Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-04-08.
^ T. Ferguson (2013-05-01). "Wichita's Fiesta Turns On The Lite - RadioInsight". Retrieved 2023-07-12.
^ "KHLT Wichita Now la Raza". 28 August 2015.
^ Carrie Rengers (July 28, 2015). "Shane and Kianne Prill to sell back KHLT-FM, 99.7-FM, to Dan Smith". Archived from the original on 2023-07-12.
^ "Homepage". 14 October 2022.
^ "Steckline Expands In Wichita With KHLT Purchase". Radioinsight.com. March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
^ "CrankHankFM Now!!!!!". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12.
^ "Hank-FM Returns To Wichita". RadioInsight. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
^ "Draft Copy « Licensing and Management System « FCC".
External links
Former site for Fly 92.7 (Redirected to its My Space Page)
KGHF in the FCC FM station database
KGHF in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Wichita metropolitan area (Kansas)This region also includes Hutchinson and WinfieldBy AM frequency
690
900
950
1010
1070
1130
1230
1240
1330
1360
1410
1450
1480
1550
By FM frequency
88.1
KBCU
KBTL
88.3
89.1
90.1
90.7
91.1
91.9
92.3
92.7
93.1
93.5
94.3
95.1
96.3
97.1
97.9
98.7
99.1
99.7
100.5
101.3
102.1
102.9
103.7
104.5
105.3
106.5
107.3
107.9
LPFM
100.9
101.7
104.9
105.9
Translators
88.7
93.9
95.5
96.7
97.5
100.1
102.5
103.3
105.7
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.5
162.55
HD Radiofrequency & subchannel
90.1-1
90.1-2
90.1-3
90.1-4
By call sign
K204DQ
K230BY
K238BD
K244FL
K248CY
K261DR
K273CX
K277CU
K289CI
KAXZ-LP
KBCU
KBDD
KBOB-FM
KBTL
KCFN
KCVW-FM
KDGS
KDKQ-LP
KEC59
KEYN-FM
KFBZ
KFDI
KFH
KFTI
KFXJ
KGGF
KGHF
KGSO
KHCC-FM
KHMY
KHUT
KICT-FM
KIHB-LP
KIND
KJRG
KKGQ
KKLE
KLEY
KMUW
KNSS
KNSS-FM
KPHN
KQAM
KRBB
KSGL
KSOK-FM
KTHR
KTLI
KVWF
KWBW
KWME
KWLS
KYFW
KYOM-LP
KYQQ
KYWA
KZCH
KZSN
WBBZ
WWH22
Nearby regions
Oklahoma City
Pittsburg
Salina–Manhattan
Southwest Kansas
Topeka
Tulsa
West and Northwest Kansas
See also
List of radio stations in Kansas
vteCountry radio stations in the state of KansasStations by callsign
KAIR-FM
KBIK
KDNS
KFDI-FM
KFKF-FM
KFNF
KFTI
KGBK
KGBL
KGHF
KHAZ
KHDL
KHOK
KHUT
KIKS
KKDT
KKJQ
KKOW
KKOW-FM
KKQY
KLDG
KMDO
KMMM
KMXN
KMZA
KNDY
KNDY-FM
KNZA
KOFO
KOTE
KQLA
KQZQ
KREP
KRSL
KSEK
KSKG
KSOK
KTOP-FM
KUSN
KVOE-FM
KVWF
KWGB
KXBZ
KXKU
KYEZ
KZSN
K231AX
K277CK
WIBW-FM
Stations by frequency
860
990
1070
1220
1280
1290
1340
1570
1600
92.1 (Seneca)
92.1 (Belleville)
92.9
93.5
93.7 (Horton)
93.7 (Salina)
93.9
94.1 (Downs)
94.1 (Kansas City)
94.1 (Marysville AM translator)
94.5
95.5
96.9
97.3
97.9
98.1
98.3
98.9
99.5 (Americus)
99.5 (Hays)
99.7
99.9
100.5
100.7
100.9
101.1
101.3
101.5
101.7
101.9
102.1
102.7
102.9 (Independence)
102.9 (Hutchinson)
102.9 (Saint Marys)
103.3
103.5
103.9
104.7
106.1
Stations by community of license
Americus
Arkansas City
Augusta
Belle Plaine
Belleville
Burdett
Colby
Dearing
Emporia
Eureka
Fort Scott
Garden City
Hays
Hiawatha
Hill City
Hoisington
Horton
Hutchinson (102.1)
Hutchinson (102.9)
Independence
Iola
Kansas City
Kiowa
Lakin
Larned
Liberal
Lyons
Manhattan
Marysville (AM)
Marysville (FM)
Oberlin
Ogden
Osage City
Ottawa
Pittsburg (KKOW)
Pittsburg (KSEK)
Pittsburg (KKOW-FM)
Pratt
Russell
Saint Marys
Salina (93.7)
Salina (99.9)
Seneca
Topeka
Wichita (AM)
Wichita (FM)
Defunct
KAIR (1470 AM, Atchison)
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Kansas
vteSpanish-language radio stations in the state of KansasStations
KCZZ – Mission
KDTD – Kansas City
KGGS - Garden City
KSSA – Ingalls
KYQQ – Arkansas City
KZQD – Liberal
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Kansas
See also
Classical
Jazz
Religious
Spanish
Smooth Jazz
Other
37°20′10″N 97°27′54″W / 37.336°N 97.465°W / 37.336; -97.465
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"classic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_country"},{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Belle Plaine, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Plaine,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"Regional Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Mexican"},{"link_name":"FM translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_translator"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"KGSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGSO"},{"link_name":"KQAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQAM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Radio station in Belle Plaine, KansasKGHF (99.7 FM) is an American radio station broadcasting a classic country format in Wichita, Kansas. The station is licensed to Belle Plaine, Kansas.KGHF broadcasts in the HD Radio format; the station's HD2 sub-channel airs a Regional Mexican format branded as \"La Raza\" (which is also heard on 250 watt FM translator K273CX at 102.5 MHz), while its HD3 and HD4 sub-channels carry simulcasts of KGSO and KQAM, respectively.[2]","title":"KGHF (FM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Smooth Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"KFBZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFBZ-FM"},{"link_name":"KNSS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNSS-FM"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_Top_40"},{"link_name":"KDGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDGS"},{"link_name":"Christopher \"Kidd Chris\" Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidd_Chris"},{"link_name":"WEBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEBN"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Regional Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Mexican"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"KTHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTHR"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wichita Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Eagle"},{"link_name":"KRBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRBB"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"It's My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_My_Life_(No_Doubt_song)"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KHLT_LaRAZA99.7_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Regional Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Mexican"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"classic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_country"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"KGHF was first issued a construction permit for 92.7 FM on February 10, 1993, issued as KUOY. Under the ownership of Daniel D. Smith, the station signed on as an All-News station on March 4, 1996 under the call sign KANR, and has been the only station in Wichita providing that format.[3] On March 15, 2000, it became the temporary home to Smooth Jazz-formatted KWSJ, which was formerly located on 105.3 FM (now Hot AC KFBZ). On May 31, 2000, KWSJ would relocate yet again, this time to 98.7 FM (now KNSS-FM).[4] KANR would flip to Rhythmic Top 40 as \"Fly 92.7\" to compete against Rhythmic KDGS \"Power 93.9\", whose studios were located in the same shopping center and office complex at 21st Street North and North Woodlawn Avenue in Wichita. Former KDGS personality Christopher \"Kidd Chris\" Foley was also a DJ on KANR until he took an job offer in Sacramento, California (he is now at WEBN in Cincinnati).[5] A year later, the station flipped to Alternative. Despite the signal's moderate to poor coverage over Wichita, KANR had a large following of listeners with its Alternative format. On August 24, 2006, KANR announced they would change formats to Regional Mexican, branded as \"Fiesta 92.7\", on September 1.[6] The Wichita market was without an alternative station until August 29, 2014, when KTHR dropped classic rock.On December 21, 2011, KANR moved from 92.7 to 99.7 FM.In March 2013, Daniel D. Smith sold the station to Air Capitol Media Group, LLC for $2 million; the transaction was consummated on June 28, 2013. On April 1, Air Capitol registered various domains under the name \"Lite\", as well as \"Wichitas997.com\", signaling that the \"Fiesta\" format will come to an end by May 1, when Air Capitol takes over the station via a Time Brokerage Agreement.[7] It was also hinted by the Wichita Eagle that Brett Harris, formerly of KRBB, would be a part of the new station when his non-compete clause expires that summer.[8]On May 1, 2013, at Midnight, KANR officially flipped to adult contemporary, branded as \"99.7 Lite FM\" under the new KHLT-FM call letters.[9] The first song on \"Lite\" was \"It's My Life\" by No Doubt.\"La Raza\" logo (2015–2022)On July 29, 2015, Air Capitol Media Group announced that the station would be sold back to Daniel D. Smith, per FCC approval.[10][11] The station went jockless following the announcement. On August 17, at Midnight, the station went silent. Three days later, on August 20, the station signed back on and returned to Spanish, this time with a Regional Mexican format, branded as \"La Raza 99.7.\"[12] The sale was consummated on October 26, 2015, at a purchase price of $1,420,717.60; most of the price represented forgiveness of debt still owed from Air Capitol's 2013 purchase of the station.On March 2, 2016, KHLT-FM was sold to La Raza, LLC for $1.65 million.On March 30, 2022, La Raza announced the sale of KHLT-FM to Steckline Communications. As part of the $1.4 million sale, Steckline took over the station via a Time Brokerage Agreement on April 1, and the station's existing airstaff was dismissed. On May 20, the Regional Mexican format and \"La Raza\" branding moved to KHLT-FM's HD2 sub-channel and translator K273CX (102.5 FM). The stations simulcasted until May 31, when KHLT-FM flipped to classic country as \"99.7 Hank FM\". On July 1, the sale to Steckline was consummated. The same day, KHLT-FM changed call letters to KGHF to match the \"Hank\" branding, although the FCC did not make the change effective until September 7.[13][14][15][16]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"\"La Raza\" logo (2015–2022)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/KHLT_LaRAZA99.7_logo.png/150px-KHLT_LaRAZA99.7_logo.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KGHF\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=15410","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KGHF\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"K273CX-FM 102.5 MHz - Wichita, KS\". radio-locator.com. Retrieved 2023-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio-locator.com/info/K273CX-FX","url_text":"\"K273CX-FM 102.5 MHz - Wichita, KS\""}]},{"reference":"Cox, Bob (March 7, 1996). \"Latest news in Wichita: all-news radio\". The Wichita Eagle.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chris Shull (March 11, 2000). \"Jazz station will stay on the air\". The Wichita Eagle.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Controversial disc jockey back on Wichita airwaves\". The Wichita Eagle. July 3, 2000.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jillian Cohan (August 24, 2006). \"Alt-rock Fly station to switch formats\". The Wichita Eagle.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wichita's Fiesta Turns on the Lite\". May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/81521/wichitas-fiesta-to-give-way-to-ac/","url_text":"\"Wichita's Fiesta Turns on the Lite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brett Harris may have a new radio home | Have You Heard? | Wichita Eagle Blogs\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401083612/http://blogs.kansas.com/haveyouheard/2013/03/29/brett-harris-may-have-a-new-radio-home/","url_text":"\"Brett Harris may have a new radio home | Have You Heard? | Wichita Eagle Blogs\""},{"url":"http://blogs.kansas.com/haveyouheard/2013/03/29/brett-harris-may-have-a-new-radio-home/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"T. Ferguson (2013-05-01). \"Wichita's Fiesta Turns On The Lite - RadioInsight\". Retrieved 2023-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/81521/wichitas-fiesta-to-give-way-to-ac/","url_text":"\"Wichita's Fiesta Turns On The Lite - RadioInsight\""}]},{"reference":"\"KHLT Wichita Now la Raza\". 28 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/93885/khlt-wichita-to-return-to-previous-owner/","url_text":"\"KHLT Wichita Now la Raza\""}]},{"reference":"Carrie Rengers (July 28, 2015). \"Shane and Kianne Prill to sell back KHLT-FM, 99.7-FM, to Dan Smith\". Archived from the original on 2023-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansas.com/news/business/biz-columns-blogs/carrie-rengers/article29208133.html","url_text":"\"Shane and Kianne Prill to sell back KHLT-FM, 99.7-FM, to Dan Smith\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230712213307/http://www.kansas.com/news/business/biz-columns-blogs/carrie-rengers/article29208133.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://andoverleader.com/2015/08/word-on-the-street-its-lites-out-at-99-7/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steckline Expands In Wichita With KHLT Purchase\". Radioinsight.com. March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radioinsight.com/headlines/222368/steckline-expands-in-wichita-with-khlt-purchase","url_text":"\"Steckline Expands In Wichita With KHLT Purchase\""}]},{"reference":"\"CrankHankFM Now!!!!!\". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/CrankHankFM/posts/pfbid0QGTvkJcNg5grW6rS2k6hUuCA9gmg1dueenbv2LTkx82iW54fv4ebAKRPQvEL7dF9l","url_text":"\"CrankHankFM Now!!!!!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230712233904/https://www.facebook.com/CrankHankFM/posts/pfbid0QGTvkJcNg5grW6rS2k6hUuCA9gmg1dueenbv2LTkx82iW54fv4ebAKRPQvEL7dF9l","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hank-FM Returns To Wichita\". RadioInsight. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/227386/hank-fm-returns-to-wichita/","url_text":"\"Hank-FM Returns To Wichita\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Copy « Licensing and Management System « FCC\".","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/views/public/fmDraftCopy?displayType=html&appKey=25076f91818b1d8b018191901c6c0d37&id=25076f91818b1d8b018191901c6c0d37&goBack=N","url_text":"\"Draft Copy « Licensing and Management System « FCC\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KGHF_(FM)¶ms=37.336_N_97.465_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"37°20′10″N 97°27′54″W / 37.336°N 97.465°W / 37.336; -97.465"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/fm-profile/KGHF","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=15410","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=15410","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for KGHF\""},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/info/K273CX-FX","external_links_name":"\"K273CX-FM 102.5 MHz - Wichita, KS\""},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/81521/wichitas-fiesta-to-give-way-to-ac/","external_links_name":"\"Wichita's Fiesta Turns on the Lite\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401083612/http://blogs.kansas.com/haveyouheard/2013/03/29/brett-harris-may-have-a-new-radio-home/","external_links_name":"\"Brett Harris may have a new radio home | Have You Heard? | Wichita Eagle Blogs\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.kansas.com/haveyouheard/2013/03/29/brett-harris-may-have-a-new-radio-home/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/81521/wichitas-fiesta-to-give-way-to-ac/","external_links_name":"\"Wichita's Fiesta Turns On The Lite - RadioInsight\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/93885/khlt-wichita-to-return-to-previous-owner/","external_links_name":"\"KHLT Wichita Now la Raza\""},{"Link":"http://www.kansas.com/news/business/biz-columns-blogs/carrie-rengers/article29208133.html","external_links_name":"\"Shane and Kianne Prill to sell back KHLT-FM, 99.7-FM, to Dan Smith\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230712213307/http://www.kansas.com/news/business/biz-columns-blogs/carrie-rengers/article29208133.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://andoverleader.com/2015/08/word-on-the-street-its-lites-out-at-99-7/","external_links_name":"\"Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioinsight.com/headlines/222368/steckline-expands-in-wichita-with-khlt-purchase","external_links_name":"\"Steckline Expands In Wichita With KHLT Purchase\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/CrankHankFM/posts/pfbid0QGTvkJcNg5grW6rS2k6hUuCA9gmg1dueenbv2LTkx82iW54fv4ebAKRPQvEL7dF9l","external_links_name":"\"CrankHankFM Now!!!!!\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230712233904/https://www.facebook.com/CrankHankFM/posts/pfbid0QGTvkJcNg5grW6rS2k6hUuCA9gmg1dueenbv2LTkx82iW54fv4ebAKRPQvEL7dF9l","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/227386/hank-fm-returns-to-wichita/","external_links_name":"\"Hank-FM Returns To Wichita\""},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/views/public/fmDraftCopy?displayType=html&appKey=25076f91818b1d8b018191901c6c0d37&id=25076f91818b1d8b018191901c6c0d37&goBack=N","external_links_name":"\"Draft Copy « Licensing and Management System « FCC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026114253/http://www.fly927.com/","external_links_name":"Former site for Fly 92.7"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KGHF","external_links_name":"KGHF"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KGHF","external_links_name":"KGHF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KGHF_(FM)¶ms=37.336_N_97.465_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"37°20′10″N 97°27′54″W / 37.336°N 97.465°W / 37.336; -97.465"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_I
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Bato the Daesitiate
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["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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Illyrian chieftain
Bato the DaesitiateBornBetween 35 and 30 BCDiedUnknownOccupationChieftain of the Daesitiates
And Leader of The Bellum Batonianum
Bato the Daesitiate (also known as Bato of the Daesitiates) was a chieftain of the Daesitiates, an Illyrian tribe which fought against the Roman Empire between 6 and 9 AD in a conflict known as Bellum Batonianum ("Bato's War").
Biography
Bato was probably born between 35 and 30 BC in what is today Upper Bosnia. Bato belonged to the indigenous Daesitiates tribe, whose homeland was in what is today central Bosnia, and at a critical point in time he chose to lead his people in their struggle against their Roman occupiers. Bato wanted to be like the Great Illyrian king Bardylis. From 33 BC, the Daesitiates were under Roman rule as a semi-independent peregrine civitas. The civitas of the Daesitiates was part of provincia Illyricum with its capital in Salona on the Adriatic coast. Bato was probably a member of a distinguished indigenous family, and as an adult he was probably a political and military official of the Daesitiates.
Tribes in Illyricum and environs in 6 AD, the year of the Great Illyrian Revolt, post-Roman conquest
In 6 AD, the Romans planned to attack the Marcomanni in Magna Germania and for that Augustus, the Roman Emperor, ordered the mobilisation of Illyrian auxiliary forces. But in spring the same year Illyrian forces in Bosnia rebelled with Bato as their leader. In the Pannonian region of Illyricum, the Breuci also rebelled. The leader of the Breuci, also named Bato, became leader of the Pannonian rebels. These two centres of resistance united in the autumn of 6 AD, and the two Batos became war-leaders of an allied rebel army.
Rome sent 10 legions and the same number of auxiliaries, allies, and mercenary forces to crush the uprising. Many within the legions were Roman war veterans. The supreme commander of all Roman forces was future emperor Tiberius. Bato the Daesitiate unsuccessfully attempted to take Salona, and after he was defeated by Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus, the governor of Illyricum, he withdrew north to join forces with the other Bato, the leader of the Breuci. After two years of war, in the summer of 8 AD, Bato of the Breuci surrendered his forces to Tiberius on the bank of the river Bathinus (probably the river Bosna). Soon afterwards, he was captured by Bato of the Daesitiates, whose assembly put Bato of the Breuci to death. In the next year, Tiberius and his nephew Germanicus launched an operation against the Daesitiates. After fierce battles in September 9 AD, only a few days before the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Bato and the Daesitiates surrendered to Tiberius. It is alleged that when Tiberius asked Bato and the Daesitiates why they had rebelled, Bato was reputed to have answered: "You Romans are to blame for this; for you send as guardians of your flocks, not dogs or shepherds, but wolves." Bato spent the rest of his life in the Italian town of Ravenna.
See also
Daesitiates
Bato the Breucian
List of rulers of Illyria
References
^ The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B. C-A.D. 69. Cambridge University Press. 1996. ISBN 9780521224963. Led by Bato of the Daesitiates and Bato of the Breuci they attacked Roman settlements, the colonies On the Adriatic and even penetrated to Macedonia.
^ Mesihović, Salmedin (2018). Bitka za Ilirik (Battle for Illyricum): Batonian revolt (in Bosnian). Bathinvs. ISBN 9789926821746. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 216, ISBN 0-631-19807-5. Further east the formidable Daesitiates of Central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects...
^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 207, ISBN 0-631-19807-5. The rising began among the Daesitiates of central Bosnia under their leader Bato but they were soon joined by the Breuci. The four-year war which lasted...
^ Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Archived June 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine - The name of two leaders of one of the most formidable insurrections in the reign of Augustus.
^ Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Archived June 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine - He sent Bato to Ravenna.
Bibliography
Velleius Paterculus II, CX, 4–5.
Ovidius, Ex Ponto II, I, 46.
Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 20.
Cassius Dio, Roman History LV, 29, 2; LV, 32, 3; LV, 34, 4; LVI, 12, 2–3; LVI, 13, 2; LVI, 16, 1–3.
Strabo Geography VII, 5, 3; and an inscription (CIL V, 03346) in Verona.
External links
Bitka za Ilirik (Battle for Illyricum): Batonian revolt, Prof.dr. Salmedin Mesihović
Into the Roman World
vteIllyriansTribes
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Daesitiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daesitiates"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bellum Batonianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mesihovi%C4%87-Bitka-Ilirik-books.google-2"}],"text":"Bato the Daesitiate (also known as Bato of the Daesitiates[1]) was a chieftain of the Daesitiates, an Illyrian tribe which fought against the Roman Empire between 6 and 9 AD in a conflict known as Bellum Batonianum (\"Bato's War\").[2]","title":"Bato the Daesitiate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Daesitiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daesitiates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Bardylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardylis"},{"link_name":"civitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"provincia Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IllyricumAD6RomanConditionofTribes.png"},{"link_name":"Marcomanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomanni"},{"link_name":"Magna Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Germania"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pannonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Breuci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuci"},{"link_name":"Bato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_II"},{"link_name":"Pannonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Messallinus"},{"link_name":"Bosna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosna_(river)"},{"link_name":"Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Teutoburg Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bato was probably born between 35 and 30 BC in what is today Upper Bosnia. Bato belonged to the indigenous Daesitiates tribe,[3] whose homeland was in what is today central Bosnia, and at a critical point in time he chose to lead his people in their struggle against their Roman occupiers. Bato wanted to be like the Great Illyrian king Bardylis. From 33 BC, the Daesitiates were under Roman rule as a semi-independent peregrine civitas. The civitas of the Daesitiates was part of provincia Illyricum with its capital in Salona on the Adriatic coast. Bato was probably a member of a distinguished indigenous family, and as an adult he was probably a political and military official of the Daesitiates.[citation needed]Tribes in Illyricum and environs in 6 AD, the year of the Great Illyrian Revolt, post-Roman conquestIn 6 AD, the Romans planned to attack the Marcomanni in Magna Germania and for that Augustus, the Roman Emperor, ordered the mobilisation of Illyrian auxiliary forces. But in spring the same year Illyrian forces in Bosnia rebelled[4] with Bato as their leader. In the Pannonian region of Illyricum, the Breuci also rebelled. The leader of the Breuci, also named Bato, became leader of the Pannonian rebels. These two centres of resistance united in the autumn of 6 AD, and the two Batos became war-leaders of an allied rebel army.[5]Rome sent 10 legions and the same number of auxiliaries, allies, and mercenary forces to crush the uprising. Many within the legions were Roman war veterans. The supreme commander of all Roman forces was future emperor Tiberius. Bato the Daesitiate unsuccessfully attempted to take Salona, and after he was defeated by Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus, the governor of Illyricum, he withdrew north to join forces with the other Bato, the leader of the Breuci. After two years of war, in the summer of 8 AD, Bato of the Breuci surrendered his forces to Tiberius on the bank of the river Bathinus (probably the river Bosna). Soon afterwards, he was captured by Bato of the Daesitiates, whose assembly put Bato of the Breuci to death. In the next year, Tiberius and his nephew Germanicus launched an operation against the Daesitiates. After fierce battles in September 9 AD, only a few days before the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Bato and the Daesitiates surrendered to Tiberius. It is alleged that when Tiberius asked Bato and the Daesitiates why they had rebelled, Bato was reputed to have answered: \"You Romans are to blame for this; for you send as guardians of your flocks, not dogs or shepherds, but wolves.\" Bato spent the rest of his life in the Italian town of Ravenna.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"Ovidius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Caesars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"CIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum"},{"link_name":"V, 03346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+05%2C+03346&r_sortierung=Belegstelle"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"}],"text":"Velleius Paterculus II, CX, 4–5.\nOvidius, Ex Ponto II, I, 46.\nSuetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 20.\nCassius Dio, Roman History LV, 29, 2; LV, 32, 3; LV, 34, 4; LVI, 12, 2–3; LVI, 13, 2; LVI, 16, 1–3.\nStrabo Geography VII, 5, 3; and an inscription (CIL V, 03346) in Verona.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tribes in Illyricum and environs in 6 AD, the year of the Great Illyrian Revolt, post-Roman conquest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/IllyricumAD6RomanConditionofTribes.png/200px-IllyricumAD6RomanConditionofTribes.png"}]
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[{"title":"Daesitiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daesitiates"},{"title":"Bato the Breucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(Breucian_chieftain)"},{"title":"List of rulers of Illyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Illyria"}]
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[{"reference":"The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B. C-A.D. 69. Cambridge University Press. 1996. ISBN 9780521224963. Led by Bato of the Daesitiates and Bato of the Breuci they attacked Roman settlements, the colonies On the Adriatic and even penetrated to Macedonia.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mn0gCtzEm1MC","url_text":"The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B. C-A.D. 69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521224963","url_text":"9780521224963"}]},{"reference":"Mesihović, Salmedin (2018). Bitka za Ilirik (Battle for Illyricum): Batonian revolt (in Bosnian). Bathinvs. ISBN 9789926821746. Retrieved 30 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoJyDwAAQBAJ&q=Bitka+za+Ilirik&pg=PA119","url_text":"Bitka za Ilirik (Battle for Illyricum): Batonian revolt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789926821746","url_text":"9789926821746"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mn0gCtzEm1MC","external_links_name":"The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B. C-A.D. 69"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoJyDwAAQBAJ&q=Bitka+za+Ilirik&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"Bitka za Ilirik (Battle for Illyricum): Batonian revolt"},{"Link":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0483.html","external_links_name":"Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607205029/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0483.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0483.html","external_links_name":"Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607205029/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0483.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+05%2C+03346&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"V, 03346"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/BitkaZaIlirikMesihovicSalmedin/page/n1","external_links_name":"Bitka za Ilirik (Battle for Illyricum): Batonian revolt"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html","external_links_name":"Into the Roman World"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea:_The_Tragedy_of_the_Whaleship_Essex
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In the Heart of the Sea
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["1 Summary","2 Reception","3 Film adaptation","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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2000 book by Nathaniel Philbrick
For the film adaptation, see In the Heart of the Sea (film).
In the Heart of the Sea Hardcover editionAuthorNathaniel PhilbrickLanguageEnglishSubjectNew England, whalingGenreHistoryPublisherViking PressPublication dateMay 8, 2000Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint, e-bookPages320 pp.ISBN0-670-89157-6OCLC608132810
The Essex struck by a whale, a sketch by Thomas Nickerson
In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex is a book by American writer Nathaniel Philbrick about the loss of the whaler Essex in the Pacific Ocean in 1820. The book was published by Viking Press on May 8, 2000, and won the 2000 National Book Award for Nonfiction. It was adapted into a film of the same name, which was released in December 2015.
Summary
The Essex, an American whaleship from Nantucket, Massachusetts, sank after a sperm whale attacked it in the Pacific Ocean in November 1820. Having lost their ship, the crew of the Essex attempted to sail to South America in whaleboats. After suffering from starvation and dehydration, most of the crew died before the survivors were rescued in February 1821.
In retelling the story of the crew's ordeal, Philbrick uses an account written by Thomas Nickerson, who was a teenage cabin boy on board the Essex and wrote about the experience in his old age; Nickerson's account was found in 1960 but was not authenticated until 1980. In 1984, an abridged version of his account was finally published. The book also uses the better known account of Owen Chase, the ship's first mate, which was published soon after the ordeal.
Reception
In the Heart of the Sea won the 2000 U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction.
Film adaptation
The story was adapted into a feature film by director Ron Howard, starring Chris Hemsworth, Ben Whishaw, and Cillian Murphy. Advertising for the film points out that the historical story inspired the Moby Dick mythology.
See also
Ann Alexander, a ship sunk by a whale on August 20, 1851
References
^ Philbrick, Nathaniel (2001). In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. Penguin Books. pp. xiv–xv. ISBN 0-14-100182-8.
^ "National Book Awards – 2000". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
^ Browne, Julie (29 October 2013). "Cillian Murphy's 'Peaky Blinders' Renewed for a Second Season". The Irish Film & Television Network.
^ "In the Heart of the Sea - Final Trailer ". Warner Bros. Pictures & Youtube.com. 1 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 6 November 2015. In the winter of 1820, the New England whaling ship Essex was assaulted by something no one could believe: a whale of mammoth size and will, and an almost human sense of vengeance. The real-life maritime disaster would inspire Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. But that told only half the story.
External links
In the Heart of the Sea - Official Teaser Trailer on YouTube
Presentation by Philbrick on In the Heart of the Sea, June 23, 2000, C-SPAN
Presentation by Philbrick on In the Heart of the Sea, May 8, 2001, C-SPAN
vteHerman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851)Characters
Moby Dick
Captain Ahab
Ishmael
Queequeg
Father Mapple
Bulkington
Pip
Ships
Pequod
Chapters andspecial subjects
Cetology
Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish
AdaptationsFilm
The Sea Beast (1926)
Moby Dick (1930)
Moby Dick (1956)
Moby Dick (1971; unfinished)
Moby Dick (1978)
Moby Dick (2010)
Television
Moby Dick (1954)
Moby Dick - Rehearsed (1965)
Hakugei: Legend of the Moby Dick (1997)
Moby Dick (1998)
Moby Dick (2011)
Stage
Moby Dick—Rehearsed (1955)
Moby Dick (1990 musical)
Moby-Dick (2010 opera)
Moby-Dick (2019 musical)
Other
Age of the Dragons
The Call of the Wretched Sea
Capitaine Achab
Dopey Dick the Pink Whale
Dicky Moe
Leviathan
"Möbius Dick"
Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor
Railsea
Related
Moby Dick Coin
Mocha Dick
Essex (whaleship)
Green Shadows, White Whale
The Whale (TV film)
In the Heart of the Sea (book)
In the Heart of the Sea (film)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In the Heart of the Sea (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Essex_photo_03_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(whaleship)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nickerson"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Philbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Philbrick"},{"link_name":"whaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaler"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(1799_whaleship)"},{"link_name":"Viking Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press"},{"link_name":"National Book Award for Nonfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Nonfiction"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea_(film)"}],"text":"For the film adaptation, see In the Heart of the Sea (film).The Essex struck by a whale, a sketch by Thomas NickersonIn the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex is a book by American writer Nathaniel Philbrick about the loss of the whaler Essex in the Pacific Ocean in 1820. The book was published by Viking Press on May 8, 2000, and won the 2000 National Book Award for Nonfiction. It was adapted into a film of the same name, which was released in December 2015.","title":"In the Heart of the Sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(whaleship)"},{"link_name":"whaleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaleship"},{"link_name":"Nantucket, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"sperm whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"whaleboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaleboat"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nickerson"},{"link_name":"cabin boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_boy"},{"link_name":"Owen Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Chase"},{"link_name":"first mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_mate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Essex, an American whaleship from Nantucket, Massachusetts, sank after a sperm whale attacked it in the Pacific Ocean in November 1820. Having lost their ship, the crew of the Essex attempted to sail to South America in whaleboats. After suffering from starvation and dehydration, most of the crew died before the survivors were rescued in February 1821.In retelling the story of the crew's ordeal, Philbrick uses an account written by Thomas Nickerson, who was a teenage cabin boy on board the Essex and wrote about the experience in his old age; Nickerson's account was found in 1960 but was not authenticated until 1980. In 1984, an abridged version of his account was finally published. The book also uses the better known account of Owen Chase, the ship's first mate, which was published soon after the ordeal.[1]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Book Award for Nonfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Nonfiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba2000-2"}],"text":"In the Heart of the Sea won the 2000 U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Howard"},{"link_name":"Chris Hemsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hemsworth"},{"link_name":"Ben Whishaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Whishaw"},{"link_name":"Cillian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cillian_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFTN-3"},{"link_name":"Moby Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YoutubeTrailer-4"}],"text":"The story was adapted into a feature film by director Ron Howard, starring Chris Hemsworth, Ben Whishaw, and Cillian Murphy.[3] Advertising for the film points out that the historical story inspired the Moby Dick mythology.[4]","title":"Film adaptation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Essex struck by a whale, a sketch by Thomas Nickerson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Essex_photo_03_b.jpg/220px-Essex_photo_03_b.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Ann Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Alexander_(ship)"}]
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[{"reference":"Philbrick, Nathaniel (2001). In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. Penguin Books. pp. xiv–xv. ISBN 0-14-100182-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inheartofseatrag00phil","url_text":"In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100182-8","url_text":"0-14-100182-8"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Julie (29 October 2013). \"Cillian Murphy's 'Peaky Blinders' Renewed for a Second Season\". The Irish Film & Television Network.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4286560&tpl=archnews&force=1","url_text":"\"Cillian Murphy's 'Peaky Blinders' Renewed for a Second Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the Heart of the Sea - Final Trailer [HD]\". Warner Bros. Pictures & Youtube.com. 1 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 6 November 2015. In the winter of 1820, the New England whaling ship Essex was assaulted by something no one could believe: a whale of mammoth size and will, and an almost human sense of vengeance. The real-life maritime disaster would inspire Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. But that told only half the story.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-H35Mpj4uk","url_text":"\"In the Heart of the Sea - Final Trailer [HD]\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/K-H35Mpj4uk","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608132810","external_links_name":"608132810"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/inheartofseatrag00phil","external_links_name":"In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-2000","external_links_name":"\"National Book Awards – 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4286560&tpl=archnews&force=1","external_links_name":"\"Cillian Murphy's 'Peaky Blinders' Renewed for a Second Season\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-H35Mpj4uk","external_links_name":"\"In the Heart of the Sea - Final Trailer [HD]\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/K-H35Mpj4uk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs-JfPjgiA4","external_links_name":"In the Heart of the Sea - Official Teaser Trailer"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?158324-1/in-heart-sea","external_links_name":"Presentation by Philbrick on In the Heart of the Sea, June 23, 2000"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?164345-1/in-heart-sea","external_links_name":"Presentation by Philbrick on In the Heart of the Sea, May 8, 2001"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction_Co.
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Auction Co.
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["1 2008 Security Breach","2 References"]
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Online auction company based in South Korea
Auction Co.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryOnline auctionFoundedApril 1998; 26 years ago (April 1998)South KoreaHeadquartersSouth KoreaParentGmarket Global
Auction Co. is an online auction company based in South Korea. It was acquired by eBay on January 8, 2001.
2008 Security Breach
In April 2008, the company revealed that their customers' real name, username, resident registration number, address, phone number, email address, bank account number, and purchase and refund log were breached in February. Originally, the victims were thought to be 11 million users, but later it was found that all members of Auction, 18 million 630 thousand people's private informations were breached. Users filed a lawsuit against the company, but Court denied the responsibility of the company.
References
^ Lee, Tae-hee (January 19, 2022). "Gmarket Global is new name for eBay Korea". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
^ Kim, Yongseok (2008-04-18). "옥션 해킹… 1081만명 정보 샜다" . The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
^ a b Seo, Sojeong (2010-03-25). "옥션 회원 782만명 피해 사실 몰라" . iNews (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
^ Lee, Yuji (2008-03-06). "'옥션' 개인정보유출 사건, 집단소송으로 비화" . DigitalDaily (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
^ Lee, Jinkyu (2013-05-06). " '개인정보 유출' 옥션 피해자들 항소심도 패소…결국 대법원으로" . Asia Today (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
vteCompanies owned by eBay
eBay
Shopping.com
Epinions
Formerly owned companies:
Auction Co.
eBay Enterprise
G-Market
Half.com
Magento
Marktplaats.nl
MicroPlace
Shutl
StubHub
Tradera
ProStores
This article about a South Korean company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a commerce website is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"}],"text":"Auction Co. is an online auction company based in South Korea. It was acquired by eBay on January 8, 2001.","title":"Auction Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resident registration number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_registration_number"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donga1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In April 2008, the company revealed that their customers' real name, username, resident registration number, address, phone number, email address, bank account number, and purchase and refund log were breached in February.[2][3] Originally, the victims were thought to be 11 million users, but later it was found that all members of Auction, 18 million 630 thousand people's private informations were breached.[3] Users filed a lawsuit against the company,[4] but Court denied the responsibility of the company.[5]","title":"2008 Security Breach"}]
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[{"reference":"Lee, Tae-hee (January 19, 2022). \"Gmarket Global is new name for eBay Korea\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved June 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/01/19/business/industry/gmarketglobal-ebaykorea-shinsegae/20220119183925230.html","url_text":"\"Gmarket Global is new name for eBay Korea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Yongseok (2008-04-18). \"옥션 해킹… 1081만명 정보 샜다\" [Auction cracked... 11M people affected]. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.donga.com/3/all/20080418/8568688/1","url_text":"\"옥션 해킹… 1081만명 정보 샜다\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo","url_text":"The Dong-a Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"Seo, Sojeong (2010-03-25). \"[3보]옥션 회원 782만명 피해 사실 몰라\" [8M Auction user unaware of their private information leak]. iNews (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.inews24.com/php/news_view.php?g_serial=482603&g_menu=022600","url_text":"\"[3보]옥션 회원 782만명 피해 사실 몰라\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Yuji (2008-03-06). \"'옥션' 개인정보유출 사건, 집단소송으로 비화\" ['Auction' Private information leak, end in a lawshit]. DigitalDaily (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ddaily.co.kr/news/article.html?no=35038","url_text":"\"'옥션' 개인정보유출 사건, 집단소송으로 비화\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jinkyu (2013-05-06). \"[단독] '개인정보 유출' 옥션 피해자들 항소심도 패소…결국 대법원으로\" [Auction lawshit loses in appeal court... case goes to Supreme Court]. Asia Today (in Korean). Retrieved 18 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=805952","url_text":"\"[단독] '개인정보 유출' 옥션 피해자들 항소심도 패소…결국 대법원으로\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/01/19/business/industry/gmarketglobal-ebaykorea-shinsegae/20220119183925230.html","external_links_name":"\"Gmarket Global is new name for eBay Korea\""},{"Link":"http://news.donga.com/3/all/20080418/8568688/1","external_links_name":"\"옥션 해킹… 1081만명 정보 샜다\""},{"Link":"http://news.inews24.com/php/news_view.php?g_serial=482603&g_menu=022600","external_links_name":"\"[3보]옥션 회원 782만명 피해 사실 몰라\""},{"Link":"http://www.ddaily.co.kr/news/article.html?no=35038","external_links_name":"\"'옥션' 개인정보유출 사건, 집단소송으로 비화\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=805952","external_links_name":"\"[단독] '개인정보 유출' 옥션 피해자들 항소심도 패소…결국 대법원으로\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auction_Co.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auction_Co.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Vannin
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Liberal Vannin Party
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["1 History","2 General election results: House of Keys","3 Party leaders","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Political party on the Isle of Man
Liberal Vannin Party Partee Libraalagh VanninLeaderLawrie Hooper MHKChairmanPaul WeatherallFounderPeter KarranFoundedAugust 2006 (2006-08)HeadquartersDouglas, Isle of ManIdeologyLiberalismEuroscepticismPolitical positionCentreInternational affiliationLiberal International (observer)British affiliationLiberal DemocratsHouse of Keys1 / 24Legislative Council0 / 11Douglas Borough Council0 / 12Websiteliberalvannin.imPolitics of the Isle of ManPolitical partiesElections
The Liberal Vannin Party (LVP; Manx: Partee Libraalagh Vannin) is a political party in the Isle of Man. It was founded in 2006 by Peter Karran, then an Independent MHK for Onchan. Karran had been, until 2004, a member of the Manx Labour Party. The "Vannin" in the party name is a form of the name of the Isle of Man in the native Manx Gaelic language, while "Liberal" is a reference to the general political position of the party. The party is currently led by Lawrie Hooper MHK.
The Liberal Vannin Party put forward several candidates at the 2006 general election and had two MHKs elected. In the 2011 general election, they returned three MHKs. This result was mirrored in the 2016 general election, but one of these subsequently resigned from the party, and one died in 2020. The party had 4 candidates in the 2021 Manx general election, of whom one (Hooper) was elected. As of 2021, they are one of only two parties in the House of Keys; the remaining 21 out of the 24 members are independents. The party do not currently hold any seats on the Douglas Borough Council.
The party campaigns on a platform of greater accountability and transparency in government and also strives for further devolution from the United Kingdom to the Isle of Man.
History
The Liberal Vannin Party was founded in 2006 by Peter Karran, a former member of the Manx Labour Party. Karran was joined by Tony Wright who was already intending to contest Rushen as an independent. It was announced that their target seats would be Douglas South, Middle and Onchan.
The party stood nine candidates in the 2006 Manx general election, and two of them were elected: Peter Karran in Onchan and Bill Malarkey in Douglas South. Karran received more votes than any other candidate in the election. After being elected representing the Liberal Vannin Party, Malarkey resigned from the party and sat as an independent. The Liberal Vannin Party sent delegates to the Liberal International's 2007 Hamburg Conference, where they became Observer Members pending verification at the 2008 Belfast Conference. Since the 2008 Belfast Conference, Liberal Vannin has been an official Observer Member of Liberal International. The Liberal Vannin Party is also listed as a "Sister Party" of the British Liberal Democrats.
At the 2011 Manx general election, the Liberal Vannin Party stood ten candidates, received 20.9% of the vote and had three Members of the House of Keys elected. These were Peter Karran and Zac Hall in Onchan, and Kate Beecroft in Douglas South. Beecroft, standing as the official Liberal Vannin candidate, defeated Bill Malarkey who had previously been a member of the party but was contesting the seat as an independent.
From 2011 to 2012, Karran served in the Isle of Man Government as the Minister for Education and Children. In May 2012 Zac Hall had his membership revoked for "bringing the party into disrepute", leaving them with only two MHKs. In 2014 Kate Beecroft (subsequently known as Kate Costain) was elected Leader of the Liberal Vannin Party, with Karran saying it "was time for a change".
In 2020, Costain resigned and Lawrie Hooper MHK was elected as her replacement. He is now the only LibVan MHK.
General election results: House of Keys
Liberal Vannin Party
Election year
Total no. of votes
Overall % of votes
No. of seats won
2006
7,323
14.2%
2 / 24
2011
11,679
20.9%
3 / 24
2016
3,597
6.4%
3 / 24
2021
3,138
5.3%
1 / 24
Party leaders
Leader
Tenure
Notes
Peter Karran, MHK
2006–2014
MHK from 1985–2016
Kate Costain, MHK
2014–2020
MHK from 2011–2020
Lawrie Hooper MHK
2020–present
See also
Liberalism portal
Elections in the Isle of Man
List of political parties in the Isle of Man
References
^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). "Isle of Man/UK". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ a b "IoM vote leave website - Isle of Man News | Manx.net". www.manx.net.
^ a b "Contrasting views on impact of Brexit". Manx Radio.
^ "Sister Parties". Liberal Democrats.
^ a b "New Manx political party launched". BBC News. 4 September 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "Hamburg 2007". Liberal International. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "Liberal Vannin Party – Isle of Man". Liberal International. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "Sister Parties". Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ Goodman, Mike (28 October 2011). "All change in the Manx government". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "Peter Karran MHK". Liberal Vannin Party. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "About Us". Liberal Vannin Party. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "Kate Beecroft MHK". Liberal Vannin Party. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "Kate is new Lib Van leader". IOM Today. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ Vannin, Ellan (24 February 2014). "Kate Beecroft succeeds Peter Karran as Liberal Vannin leader". BBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ "Hooper: I will focus on holding the government to its promises". IOM Today. 21 August 2020.
External links
Official website
vtePolitical parties in the Isle of Man Active
Isle of Man Green Party
Liberal Vannin Party
Manx Labour Party
Manx Progressive Party
Mec Vannin
Manx Communist Party
Defunct
Alliance for Progressive Government
Manx National Party
Manx People's Political Association
National Party
Working People’s Party
Portal:Politics
List of political parties
Politics of the Isle of Man
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_language"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_on_the_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Peter Karran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Karran"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"MHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Keys"},{"link_name":"Onchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchan"},{"link_name":"Manx Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Manx Gaelic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_language"},{"link_name":"Lawrie Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrie_Hooper"},{"link_name":"2006 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Manx_general_election"},{"link_name":"2011 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Manx_general_election"},{"link_name":"2016 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Manx_general_election"},{"link_name":"2021 Manx general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Manx_general_election"},{"link_name":"House of Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Keys"},{"link_name":"independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Douglas Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"devolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"The Liberal Vannin Party (LVP; Manx: Partee Libraalagh Vannin) is a political party in the Isle of Man. It was founded in 2006 by Peter Karran, then an Independent MHK for Onchan. Karran had been, until 2004, a member of the Manx Labour Party. The \"Vannin\" in the party name is a form of the name of the Isle of Man in the native Manx Gaelic language, while \"Liberal\" is a reference to the general political position of the party. The party is currently led by Lawrie Hooper MHK.The Liberal Vannin Party put forward several candidates at the 2006 general election and had two MHKs elected. In the 2011 general election, they returned three MHKs. This result was mirrored in the 2016 general election, but one of these subsequently resigned from the party, and one died in 2020. The party had 4 candidates in the 2021 Manx general election, of whom one (Hooper) was elected. As of 2021, they are one of only two parties in the House of Keys; the remaining 21 out of the 24 members are independents. The party do not currently hold any seats on the Douglas Borough Council.The party campaigns on a platform of greater accountability and transparency in government[5] and also strives for further devolution from the United Kingdom to the Isle of Man.[2][3]","title":"Liberal Vannin Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Karran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Karran"},{"link_name":"Manx Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Rushen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushen_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"Douglas South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_South"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_(sheading)"},{"link_name":"Onchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"2006 Manx general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Manx_general_election"},{"link_name":"Peter Karran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Karran"},{"link_name":"Onchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchan"},{"link_name":"Bill Malarkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Malarkey_MHK"},{"link_name":"Douglas South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_South"},{"link_name":"Liberal International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ham-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libint-7"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sister-8"},{"link_name":"2011 Manx general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Manx_general_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele-9"},{"link_name":"Zac Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Hall"},{"link_name":"Kate Beecroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Beecroft"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Government"},{"link_name":"Minister for Education and Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Isle_of_Man)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peter-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kate-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leader-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Liberal Vannin Party was founded in 2006 by Peter Karran, a former member of the Manx Labour Party. Karran was joined by Tony Wright who was already intending to contest Rushen as an independent. It was announced that their target seats would be Douglas South, Middle and Onchan.[5]The party stood nine candidates in the 2006 Manx general election, and two of them were elected: Peter Karran in Onchan and Bill Malarkey in Douglas South. Karran received more votes than any other candidate in the election. After being elected representing the Liberal Vannin Party, Malarkey resigned from the party and sat as an independent. The Liberal Vannin Party sent delegates to the Liberal International's 2007 Hamburg Conference, where they became Observer Members pending verification at the 2008 Belfast Conference.[6] Since the 2008 Belfast Conference, Liberal Vannin has been an official Observer Member of Liberal International.[7] The Liberal Vannin Party is also listed as a \"Sister Party\" of the British Liberal Democrats.[8]At the 2011 Manx general election, the Liberal Vannin Party stood ten candidates, received 20.9% of the vote and had three Members of the House of Keys elected.[9] These were Peter Karran and Zac Hall in Onchan, and Kate Beecroft in Douglas South. Beecroft, standing as the official Liberal Vannin candidate, defeated Bill Malarkey who had previously been a member of the party but was contesting the seat as an independent.From 2011 to 2012, Karran served in the Isle of Man Government as the Minister for Education and Children.[10] In May 2012 Zac Hall had his membership revoked for \"bringing the party into disrepute\", leaving them with only two MHKs.[11] In 2014 Kate Beecroft (subsequently known as Kate Costain) was elected Leader of the Liberal Vannin Party, with Karran saying it \"was time for a change\".[12][13][14]In 2020, Costain resigned and Lawrie Hooper MHK was elected as her replacement.[15] He is now the only LibVan MHK.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election results: House of Keys"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Party leaders"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg"},{"title":"Liberalism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism"},{"title":"Elections in the Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Isle_of_Man"},{"title":"List of political parties in the Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Isle_of_Man"}]
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[{"reference":"Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). \"Isle of Man/UK\". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221108143215/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/man.html","url_text":"\"Isle of Man/UK\""},{"url":"http://parties-and-elections.eu/man.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IoM vote leave website - Isle of Man News | Manx.net\". www.manx.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manx.net/isle-of-man-news/79426/iom-vote-leave-website","url_text":"\"IoM vote leave website - Isle of Man News | Manx.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contrasting views on impact of Brexit\". Manx Radio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/contrasting-views-on-impact-of-brexit1/","url_text":"\"Contrasting views on impact of Brexit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sister Parties\". Liberal Democrats.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.libdems.org.uk/sister_parties","url_text":"\"Sister Parties\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Manx political party launched\". BBC News. 4 September 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/isle_of_man/5312008.stm","url_text":"\"New Manx political party launched\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hamburg 2007\". Liberal International. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230412/http://www.liberal-international.org/editorialIndex.asp?ia_id=1497","url_text":"\"Hamburg 2007\""},{"url":"http://www.liberal-international.org/editorialIndex.asp?ia_id=1497","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberal Vannin Party – Isle of Man\". Liberal International. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322085311/http://liberal-international.org/members.asp?ia_id=1683","url_text":"\"Liberal Vannin Party – Isle of Man\""},{"url":"http://www.liberal-international.org/members.asp?ia_id=1683","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sister Parties\". Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libdems.org.uk/sister_parties","url_text":"\"Sister Parties\""}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Mike (28 October 2011). \"All change in the Manx government\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/expat-money/8854894/All-change-in-the-Manx-government.html","url_text":"\"All change in the Manx government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Karran MHK\". Liberal Vannin Party. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203042000/http://www.liberalvannin.org/peter-karran-mhk","url_text":"\"Peter Karran MHK\""},{"url":"http://www.liberalvannin.org/peter-karran-mhk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Liberal Vannin Party. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150204062206/http://www.liberalvannin.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.liberalvannin.org/about-us/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kate Beecroft MHK\". Liberal Vannin Party. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150412104630/http://www.liberalvannin.org/kate-beecroft-mhk/","url_text":"\"Kate Beecroft MHK\""},{"url":"http://www.liberalvannin.org/kate-beecroft-mhk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kate is new Lib Van leader\". IOM Today. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040718/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/isle-of-man-news/kate-is-new-lib-van-leader-1-6459380","url_text":"\"Kate is new Lib Van leader\""},{"url":"http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/isle-of-man-news/kate-is-new-lib-van-leader-1-6459380","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vannin, Ellan (24 February 2014). \"Kate Beecroft succeeds Peter Karran as Liberal Vannin leader\". BBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-26322339","url_text":"\"Kate Beecroft succeeds Peter Karran as Liberal Vannin leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hooper: I will focus on holding the government to its promises\". IOM Today. 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iomtoday.co.im/article.cfm?id=57272&headline=Hooper%3A%20I%20will%20focus%20on%20holding%20the%20government%20to%20its%20promises§ionIs=news&searchyear=2020","url_text":"\"Hooper: I will focus on holding the government to its promises\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Moreing
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Adrian Moreing
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Adrian Moreing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Adrian Charles Moreing (4 July 1892 – 10 July 1940) was a British Conservative Party politician.
Moreing was born in July 1892 in Paddington, London, he was the younger son of Charles Algernon Moreing, a civil and mining engineer originally from New South Wales, Australia and the principal in the worldwide mining consulting firm of Bewick, Moreing and Company.
Educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge, he entered the Inner Temple to study for the bar. He did not become a barrister, instead becoming a solicitor. He was a partner in his father's firm.
The firm had two years before Adrian's birth sent a young graduate of Stanford University, Herbert Hoover, then age 23, to Western Australia to look for gold, which Hoover found, in the sense that he realized the Sons of Gwalia Mine could be scaled up to reap enormous profit.
Moreing travelled much of the world in connection with his firm's mining interests and was a director of a number of mining companies.
Early in the First World War he received a commission into the 3rd London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Territorial Force, and first entered France with its 1st Battalion's arrival on the Western Front in January 1915. He was discharged at the end of his military career with the rank of captain.
He was married twice, first to Jean Brunton in 1916. In 1934 he married Dorothy Haworth of Samlesbury, Lancashire.
Moreing was a Municipal Reform Party councillor on the London County Council representing St Pancras South West from 1925 to 1934. From 1927 to 1934 he was the party's whip on the council. He was the council's representative on the Port of London Authority.
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Preston at the 1931 general election, and held the seat until his death. He died in July 1940 aged 48, in Esher, Surrey. In the resulting by-election, Randolph Churchill (son of the Prime Minister Winston Churchill) was returned unopposed.
See also
Algernon Henry Moreing
References
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "P" (part 2)
^ 1911 England Census
^ a b c d e "Obituary: Mr C Moreing M.P.". The Times. 12 July 1940.
^ Medal Index Card, The National Archive, Kew
^ Jackson, W Eric (1965). Achievement. A short History of the LCC. Longmans. p. 274.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Adrian Moreing
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byWilliam Jowitt and Tom Shaw
Member of Parliament for Preston 1931–1940 With: William Kirkpatrick, 1931–1936Edward Cobb, 1936–1945
Succeeded byRandolph Churchill and Edward Cobb
This article about a Conservative Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom representing an English constituency and born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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He did not become a barrister, instead becoming a solicitor. He was a partner in his father's firm.The firm had two years before Adrian's birth sent a young graduate of Stanford University, Herbert Hoover, then age 23, to Western Australia to look for gold, which Hoover found, in the sense that he realized the Sons of Gwalia Mine could be scaled up to reap enormous profit.Moreing travelled much of the world in connection with his firm's mining interests and was a director of a number of mining companies.[2]Early in the First World War he received a commission into the 3rd London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Territorial Force, and first entered France with its 1st Battalion's arrival on the Western Front in January 1915. He was discharged at the end of his military career with the rank of captain.[3]He was married twice, first to Jean Brunton in 1916. In 1934 he married Dorothy Haworth of Samlesbury, Lancashire.[2]Moreing was a Municipal Reform Party councillor on the London County Council representing St Pancras South West from 1925 to 1934.[4] From 1927 to 1934 he was the party's whip on the council. He was the council's representative on the Port of London Authority.[2]He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Preston at the 1931 general election, and held the seat until his death. He died in July 1940 aged 48, in Esher, Surrey.[2] In the resulting by-election, Randolph Churchill (son of the Prime Minister Winston Churchill) was returned unopposed.","title":"Adrian Moreing"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Algernon Henry Moreing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Henry_Moreing"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand_in_the_Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%9345
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Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45
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["1 Background","2 Preparation of the series","3 Volumes","3.1 Unit histories of 2 NZEF","3.2 Campaign histories","3.3 The New Zealand People at War","3.4 Documents","3.5 Episodes and studies","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 AuthorHoward Kippenberger (Editor-in-Chief 1945–1957)Monty C. Fairbrother (Editor-in-Chief 1957–1963)Numerous principal authorsLanguageEnglishSubjectMilitary history of New Zealand in World War IIGenreMilitary historyPublisherWar History Branch, Department of Internal AffairsPublication date1949–1986Publication placeNew ZealandPreceded byOfficial History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War Followed byNew Zealand and the Korean War
The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 is a 48-volume series published by the War History Branch (and its successors) of the Department of Internal Affairs which covered New Zealand involvement in the Second World War. The series was published during the period 1949 to 1986. A collection of booklets entitled Episodes and Studies were also published between 1948 and 1954. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 was the largest publication project undertaken in New Zealand.
Background
It had long been felt in New Zealand that the four-volume 'popular' history of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, the Official History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War which had been published a few years after the First World War ended, had not matched the standard set by the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, edited by Charles Bean. In 1940, with a view to the production of an official history of New Zealand's contributions to the Second World War, an archivist was appointed to the headquarters of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) to ensure the preservation of important documentation and records. He was joined by Eric McCormick, a published literary and art historian, in 1941. After he became aware of the progress made on the Australian official history, McCormick pushed for progress on New Zealand's own efforts in this regard. By 1944, the New Zealand government had decided to appoint an official historian who would be editor-in-chief of an official history which would cover the military contribution to the war effort and the efforts of the New Zealand people.
McCormick was recalled to New Zealand from 2NZEF headquarters and appointed Official War Archivist. He set about collecting and cataloging documents necessary for the official history. To produce the official history, an appropriate organisation was required and accordingly the War History Branch (later to become the Historical Publications Branch) of the Department of Internal Affairs was established in 1945. McCormick would run the War History Branch until an Editor-in-Chief was appointed. To lead the War History Branch, Major General Howard Kippenberger was approached in April 1945. A former commander of the 2nd New Zealand Division, he had been identified the previous year by New Zealand's prime minister, Peter Fraser, as being the ideal candidate for the position. Kippenberger, a keen student of military history, was working in England on the repatriation of former prisoners of war to New Zealand when the position was first offered. Although he accepted the offer, he did not return to New Zealand to start work on his new role until mid-1946.
Preparation of the series
A conference at the War History Branch in relation to the 2NZEF unit histories. Attendees include Chief Archivist Eric McCormick (left foreground, with cigarette) and the Editor-in-Chief Major-General Howard Kippenberger (speaking, at right) 5 July 1946
The principle of the official histories was to tell the story of New Zealand at war, which involved a multifaceted approach covering the armed services, the battles in which they fought as well as the civilians contributing on the home front. The plan for the official histories, based on a proposal by McCormick, was to encompass three main series, plus three volumes of documents. The series was on the New Zealand People at War, which covered politics, diplomacy, economy, the home front, medical, navy and air force operations. The second was a series of histories for the units of the 2NZEF that fought in the African and Italian theatres (the units that fought in the Pacific were already the subject of unofficial unit histories, commissioned by the commanding officer of the 3rd New Zealand Division, Harold Barrowclough). The third was a series of campaign histories, covering the main campaigns of the 2NZEF. A series of booklets, entitled Episodes and Studies aimed at general readers was also planned.
Using documentation archived to date and material solicited from the public, professional historians at the War History Branch prepared brief narratives. There was also cooperation with war historians of other countries working on their official histories. Authors were then contracted to produce each volume based on the narratives prepared by the War History Branch. Many of the authors had recently served with the 2NZEF and included a former commanding officer of Kippeneberger, Sir Edward Puttick, as well as William George Stevens, administrative officer of the 2NZEF. Other potential authors were journalists, such as Stephen Peter Llewellyn, or academics. Kippenberger had informally started the recruitment process for writers while he was based in England, sounding out Dan Davin and Geoffrey Cox as potential authors. Davin produced the campaign volume on the Battle of Crete and Cox started work on an account of the Libyan Campaign but had to later drop it to pursue his career. Staff were poorly paid, with many going several years without a salary increase.
Kippenberger set a high standard for the official histories; as well as disavowing any censorship, he diligently read every draft of every volume produced under his editorship, providing extensive feedback to the authors. Despite stressing the need for objectivity, he struggled with his own views on battles in which he had been involved. The volume on the Battle of Crete proved to be particularly difficult to produce and he struggled with the critical analysis of the leadership of some of his friends during the battle. Leslie Andrew, former commander of the 22nd Battalion, was one who took offence at the account of his handling of the unit during the fighting on Crete. The official histories had on occasion been threatened with political interference, particularly after a change in government in 1949. Kippenberger, a person of high standing with the government and the ordinary New Zealander, was a strong advocate for the project and convinced the new government of the merits of the official histories. Other problems arose when authors were unable to complete their contracted volumes due to other commitments, poor health or one case, death. It was often necessary for the War History Branch staff to step in and complete the outstanding work.
When Kippenberger died in 1957, his position as editor in chief was taken over by Monty Fairbrother, who had been associate editor of the War History Branch. By 1963, staff numbers at the War History Branch had fallen to seven, from its peak of fifty in 1946. The branch was soon renamed the Historical Publications Branch. Public and governmental interest in the project faded after Kippenberger's death. Although most volumes had been published by 1960, it was not until 1986 that the final two volumes as originally planned, relating to the Home Front in New Zealand, were published. With its 48 volumes and 24 booklets, the Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 was the largest publishing project ever undertaken in New Zealand.
Volumes
Unit histories of 2 NZEF
18 Battalion and Armoured Regiment - W. D. Dawson (1961)
19 Battalion and Armoured Regiment - D. W. Sinclair (1954)
20 Battalion and Armoured Regiment - W. A. Glue; D. J. C. Pringle (1957)
21 Battalion - J. F. Cody (1953)
22 Battalion - J. Henderson (1958)
23 Battalion - A. Ross (1959)
24 Battalion - R. M. Burdon (1954)
25 Battalion - E. Puttick (1960)
26 Battalion - F. D. Norton (1952)
27 (Machine Gun) Battalion - R. L. Kay (1958)
28 (Maori) Battalion - J. F. Cody (1956)
4th and 6th Reserve Mechanical Transport Companies - J. Henderson (1954)
Journey Towards Christmas: History of the 1st Ammunition Company, Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force, 1939-45 - S. P. Llewellyn (1949)
Supply Company - P. W. Bates (1955)
Petrol Company - A. Kidson (1961)
2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery - W. E. Murphy (1966)
Divisional Cavalry - R. J. M. Loughnan (1963)
Divisional Signals - C. A. Borman (1954)
New Zealand Engineers, Middle East - J. F. Cody (1961)
Medical Units of 2 NZEF in Middle East and Italy - J. B. McKinney (1952)
The size of New Zealand's military contribution was such that it favoured the production of battalion and in some cases, company level unit histories. By 1946, some units had already begun work on unofficial histories. When Kippenberger became Editor-in-Chief, he met with all the senior former commanding officers of each unit to ensure a co-ordinated approach to each unit history. Each serving member of a unit, or the next of kin of a member who had died in service with the unit, received a copy of the official history of the unit.
Campaign histories
To Greece - W. G. McClymont (1959)
Crete - D. M. Davin (1953)
The Relief of Tobruk - W. E. Murphy (1961)
Battle for Egypt - J. L. Scoullar (1955)
Alam Halfa and Alamein - R. Walker (1967)
Bardia to Enfidaville - W. G. Stevens (1962)
Italy Volume I: The Sangro to Cassino - N. Phillips (1957)
Italy Volume II: From Cassino to Trieste - R. L. Kay (1967)
The Pacific - O. Gillespie (1952)
The New Zealand People at War
Political and External Affairs - F. L. W. Wood (1958)
War Economy - J. V. T. Baker (1965)
The Home Front: Volume I - Nancy Margaret Taylor (1986)
The Home Front: Volume II - Nancy Margaret Taylor (1986)
Chaplains - Sydney D. Waters; John Ross; Rev. Michael L. Underhill; N. E. Winhall (1950)
Prisoners of War - W. Wynne Mason (1954)
War Surgery and Medicine - T. Duncan M. Stout (1954)
New Zealand Medical Services in Middle East and Italy - T. Duncan M. Stout (1956)
Medical Services in New Zealand and The Pacific - T. Duncan M. Stout (1958)
The New Zealand Dental Services - T. V. Anson (1960)
New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force: Volume I - H. L. Thompson (1953)
New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force: Volume II - H. L. Thompson (1956)
New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force:Volume III - H. L. Thompson (1959)
Royal New Zealand Air Force - John Ross (1955)
The Royal New Zealand Navy - S. D. Waters (1956)
Problems of 2 NZEF - W. G. Stevens (1958)
Documents
Documents Relating to New Zealand's Participation in the Second World War 1939–45: Volume I (1949)
Documents Relating to New Zealand's Participation in the Second World War 1939–45: Volume II (1951)
Documents Relating to New Zealand's Participation in the Second World War 1939–45: Volume III (1963)
Episodes and studies
Guns Against Tanks : L Troop, 33rd Battery, 7th New Zealand Anti-Tank Regiment in Libya, 23 November 1941 - E. H. Smith (1948)
Achilles at the River Plate - S. D. Waters (1948)
Women at War - D. O. W. Hall (1948)
The Assault on Rabaul : Operations by the Royal New Zealand Air Force December 1943—May 1944 - J. M. S. Ross (1949)
Long Range Desert Group in Libya, 1940–41 - by R. L. Kay (1949)
Prisoners of Japan - D. O. W. Hall (1949)
Troopships - S. P. Llewellyn (1949)
Prisoners of Germany - D. O. W. Hall (1949)
Prisoners of Italy - D. O. W. Hall (1949)
German Raiders in the Pacific - S. D. Waters (1949)
Wounded in Battle - J. B. McKinney (1950)
Long Range Desert Group in the Mediterranean - R. L. Kay (1950)
Aircraft against U-Boat - H. L. Thompson (1950)
Early Operations with Bomber Command - B. G. Clare (1951)
New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain - N. W. Faircloth (1951)
Leander - S. D. Waters (1951)
Malta Airmen - J. A. Whelan (1951)
Takrouna - I. McL. Wards (1951)
Coastwatchers - D. O. W. Hall (1951)
The Royal New Zealand Air Force in South-East Asia 1941–42 - H. R. Dean (1952)
"The Other Side of the Hill" - I. McL. Wards; W. E. Murphy; R. Walker; R. L. Kay; A. G. Potheroe (1952)
Special Service in Greece - M. B. McGlynn (1953)
Point 175: The Battle of Sunday of the Dead - W. E. Murphy (1954)
Escapes - D. O. W. Hall (1954)
"Episodes and studies" was a series of 36 page booklets with a focus on certain aspects of the New Zealand war effort. The booklets were intended for the wider public and were often provided to secondary schools.
Reception
The series was well received by the public and each volume usually sold out. Dan Davin's Crete had a print run of 4,000 when published in 1953 and promptly sold out. Some volumes received critical praise; Journey Towards Christmas, one of the earliest volumes published, was particularly singled out for its narrative style. Its author, journalist Peter Llewellyn, was contracted to produce another volume but slow progress resulted in the cancellation of his contract; other volumes were thought to be turgid and stilted. Since 1993, some volumes have been reissued by Willson Scott Publishing and The Battery Press, with the co-operation of the Department of Internal Affairs.
Notes
^ a b c d e McGibbon 2000, pp. 400–401.
^ McEldowney 2000, p. 308.
^ a b McGibbon 2000, p. 588.
^ a b McLean 2008, pp. 292–293.
^ McLean 2008, p. 299.
^ McLean 2008, p. 300.
^ McLean 2008, pp. 301, 307–308.
^ McLean 2008, p. 312.
^ McLean 2008, pp. 301–303.
^ McLean 2008, pp. 307–308.
^ a b McLean 2008, p. 306.
^ McLean 2008, p. 313.
^ McGibbon 2000, p. 163.
^ a b McLean 2008, p. 298.
^ McLean 2008, pp. 313–314.
^ McGibbon 2000, pp. 280, 400–401.
^ "Official History: The Pacific". Willson Scott Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ "Official History: Royal New Zealand Air Force". Willson Scott. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
References
McEldowney, Dennis (2000). "McCormick, Eric Hall 1906–1995". In Orange, Claudia (ed.). The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Vol. V. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-224-2.
McGibbon, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558376-0.
McLean, Denis (2008). Howard Kippenberger: Dauntless Spirit. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House. ISBN 978-1-86979-026-4.
External links
New Zealand Electronic Text Collection: HTML versions of the series
vteCommonwealth official historiesAustralian
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Second World War
Korean War
Southeast Asia (1948–1975)
Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War
Iraq, Afghanistan, and East Timor
British
Second Boer War
First World War
Second World War
Second World War (Northern Ireland)
Korean War
Falklands War
Canadian
First World War (Canadian Army)
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 is a 48-volume series published by the War History Branch (and its successors) of the Department of Internal Affairs which covered New Zealand involvement in the Second World War. The series was published during the period 1949 to 1986. A collection of booklets entitled Episodes and Studies were also published between 1948 and 1954. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 was the largest publication project undertaken in New Zealand.","title":"Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Official History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand%27s_Effort_in_the_Great_War"},{"link_name":"Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_History_of_Australia_in_the_War_of_1914%E2%80%931918"},{"link_name":"Charles Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bean"},{"link_name":"2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force#2nd_New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401-1"},{"link_name":"Eric McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hall_McCormick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEldowney2000308-2"},{"link_name":"Australian official history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"official history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_history"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401-1"},{"link_name":"Department of Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000588-3"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Howard Kippenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Kippenberger"},{"link_name":"2nd New Zealand Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division"},{"link_name":"Peter Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fraser_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008292%E2%80%93293-4"}],"text":"It had long been felt in New Zealand that the four-volume 'popular' history of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, the Official History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War which had been published a few years after the First World War ended, had not matched the standard set by the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, edited by Charles Bean. In 1940, with a view to the production of an official history of New Zealand's contributions to the Second World War, an archivist was appointed to the headquarters of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) to ensure the preservation of important documentation and records.[1] He was joined by Eric McCormick, a published literary and art historian, in 1941.[2] After he became aware of the progress made on the Australian official history, McCormick pushed for progress on New Zealand's own efforts in this regard. By 1944, the New Zealand government had decided to appoint an official historian who would be editor-in-chief of an official history which would cover the military contribution to the war effort and the efforts of the New Zealand people.[1]McCormick was recalled to New Zealand from 2NZEF headquarters and appointed Official War Archivist. He set about collecting and cataloging documents necessary for the official history. To produce the official history, an appropriate organisation was required[1] and accordingly the War History Branch (later to become the Historical Publications Branch) of the Department of Internal Affairs was established in 1945. McCormick would run the War History Branch until an Editor-in-Chief was appointed.[3] To lead the War History Branch, Major General Howard Kippenberger was approached in April 1945. A former commander of the 2nd New Zealand Division, he had been identified the previous year by New Zealand's prime minister, Peter Fraser, as being the ideal candidate for the position. Kippenberger, a keen student of military history, was working in England on the repatriation of former prisoners of war to New Zealand when the position was first offered. Although he accepted the offer, he did not return to New Zealand to start work on his new role until mid-1946.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_History_Branch_conference,_1946.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008299-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008292%E2%80%93293-4"},{"link_name":"Harold Barrowclough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Barrowclough"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008300-6"},{"link_name":"Edward Puttick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Puttick"},{"link_name":"William George Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Stephen Peter Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"Dan Davin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Davin"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008301,_307%E2%80%93308-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008312-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008301%E2%80%93303-9"},{"link_name":"Leslie Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Andrew"},{"link_name":"22nd Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Battalion_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008307%E2%80%93308-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008306-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008313-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000163-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000588-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401-1"}],"text":"A conference at the War History Branch in relation to the 2NZEF unit histories. Attendees include Chief Archivist Eric McCormick (left foreground, with cigarette) and the Editor-in-Chief Major-General Howard Kippenberger (speaking, at right) 5 July 1946The principle of the official histories was to tell the story of New Zealand at war, which involved a multifaceted approach covering the armed services, the battles in which they fought as well as the civilians contributing on the home front.[5] The plan for the official histories, based on a proposal by McCormick, was to encompass three main series, plus three volumes of documents.[4] The series was on the New Zealand People at War, which covered politics, diplomacy, economy, the home front, medical, navy and air force operations. The second was a series of histories for the units of the 2NZEF that fought in the African and Italian theatres (the units that fought in the Pacific were already the subject of unofficial unit histories, commissioned by the commanding officer of the 3rd New Zealand Division, Harold Barrowclough). The third was a series of campaign histories, covering the main campaigns of the 2NZEF. A series of booklets, entitled Episodes and Studies aimed at general readers was also planned.[1]Using documentation archived to date and material solicited from the public, professional historians at the War History Branch prepared brief narratives. There was also cooperation with war historians of other countries working on their official histories.[6] Authors were then contracted to produce each volume based on the narratives prepared by the War History Branch. Many of the authors had recently served with the 2NZEF and included a former commanding officer of Kippeneberger, Sir Edward Puttick, as well as William George Stevens, administrative officer of the 2NZEF. Other potential authors were journalists, such as Stephen Peter Llewellyn, or academics. Kippenberger had informally started the recruitment process for writers while he was based in England, sounding out Dan Davin and Geoffrey Cox as potential authors. Davin produced the campaign volume on the Battle of Crete and Cox started work on an account of the Libyan Campaign but had to later drop it to pursue his career.[7] Staff were poorly paid, with many going several years without a salary increase.[8]Kippenberger set a high standard for the official histories; as well as disavowing any censorship, he diligently read every draft of every volume produced under his editorship, providing extensive feedback to the authors. Despite stressing the need for objectivity, he struggled with his own views on battles in which he had been involved. The volume on the Battle of Crete proved to be particularly difficult to produce and he struggled with the critical analysis of the leadership of some of his friends during the battle.[9] Leslie Andrew, former commander of the 22nd Battalion, was one who took offence at the account of his handling of the unit during the fighting on Crete.[10] The official histories had on occasion been threatened with political interference, particularly after a change in government in 1949. Kippenberger, a person of high standing with the government and the ordinary New Zealander, was a strong advocate for the project and convinced the new government of the merits of the official histories.[11] Other problems arose when authors were unable to complete their contracted volumes due to other commitments, poor health or one case, death. It was often necessary for the War History Branch staff to step in and complete the outstanding work.[12]When Kippenberger died in 1957, his position as editor in chief was taken over by Monty Fairbrother, who had been associate editor of the War History Branch.[13] By 1963, staff numbers at the War History Branch had fallen to seven, from its peak of fifty in 1946. The branch was soon renamed the Historical Publications Branch.[3] Public and governmental interest in the project faded after Kippenberger's death. Although most volumes had been published by 1960, it was not until 1986 that the final two volumes as originally planned, relating to the Home Front in New Zealand, were published. With its 48 volumes and 24 booklets, the Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 was the largest publishing project ever undertaken in New Zealand.[1]","title":"Preparation of the series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. M. Burdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Mathews_Burdon"},{"link_name":"R. L. Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Kay"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008298-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008313%E2%80%93314-15"}],"sub_title":"Unit histories of 2 NZEF","text":"18 Battalion and Armoured Regiment - W. D. Dawson (1961)\n19 Battalion and Armoured Regiment - D. W. Sinclair (1954)\n20 Battalion and Armoured Regiment - W. A. Glue; D. J. C. Pringle (1957)\n21 Battalion - J. F. Cody (1953)\n22 Battalion - J. Henderson (1958)\n23 Battalion - A. Ross (1959)\n24 Battalion - R. M. Burdon (1954)\n25 Battalion - E. Puttick (1960)\n26 Battalion - F. D. Norton (1952)\n27 (Machine Gun) Battalion - R. L. Kay (1958)\n28 (Maori) Battalion - J. F. Cody (1956)\n4th and 6th Reserve Mechanical Transport Companies - J. Henderson (1954)\nJourney Towards Christmas: History of the 1st Ammunition Company, Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force, 1939-45 - S. P. Llewellyn (1949)\nSupply Company - P. W. Bates (1955)\nPetrol Company - A. Kidson (1961)\n2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery - W. E. Murphy (1966)\nDivisional Cavalry - R. J. M. Loughnan (1963)\nDivisional Signals - C. A. Borman (1954)\nNew Zealand Engineers, Middle East - J. F. Cody (1961)\nMedical Units of 2 NZEF in Middle East and Italy - J. B. McKinney (1952)The size of New Zealand's military contribution was such that it favoured the production of battalion and in some cases, company level unit histories. By 1946, some units had already begun work on unofficial histories. When Kippenberger became Editor-in-Chief, he met with all the senior former commanding officers of each unit to ensure a co-ordinated approach to each unit history.[14] Each serving member of a unit, or the next of kin of a member who had died in service with the unit, received a copy of the official history of the unit.[15]","title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Campaign histories","text":"To Greece - W. G. McClymont (1959)\nCrete - D. M. Davin (1953)\nThe Relief of Tobruk - W. E. Murphy (1961)\nBattle for Egypt - J. L. Scoullar (1955)\nAlam Halfa and Alamein - R. Walker (1967)\nBardia to Enfidaville - W. G. Stevens (1962)\nItaly Volume I: The Sangro to Cassino - N. Phillips (1957)\nItaly Volume II: From Cassino to Trieste - R. L. Kay (1967)\nThe Pacific - O. Gillespie (1952)","title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. L. W. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Wood_(historian)"},{"link_name":"T. Duncan M. Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Duncan_M._Stout"}],"sub_title":"The New Zealand People at War","text":"Political and External Affairs - F. L. W. Wood (1958)\nWar Economy - J. V. T. Baker (1965)\nThe Home Front: Volume I - Nancy Margaret Taylor (1986)\nThe Home Front: Volume II - Nancy Margaret Taylor (1986)\nChaplains - Sydney D. Waters; John Ross; Rev. Michael L. Underhill; N. E. Winhall (1950)\nPrisoners of War - W. Wynne Mason (1954)\nWar Surgery and Medicine - T. Duncan M. Stout (1954)\nNew Zealand Medical Services in Middle East and Italy - T. Duncan M. Stout (1956)\nMedical Services in New Zealand and The Pacific - T. Duncan M. Stout (1958)\nThe New Zealand Dental Services - T. V. Anson (1960)\nNew Zealanders with the Royal Air Force: Volume I - H. L. Thompson (1953)\nNew Zealanders with the Royal Air Force: Volume II - H. L. Thompson (1956)\nNew Zealanders with the Royal Air Force:Volume III - H. L. Thompson (1959)\nRoyal New Zealand Air Force - John Ross (1955)\nThe Royal New Zealand Navy - S. D. Waters (1956)\nProblems of 2 NZEF - W. G. Stevens (1958)","title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Documents","text":"Documents Relating to New Zealand's Participation in the Second World War 1939–45: Volume I (1949)\nDocuments Relating to New Zealand's Participation in the Second World War 1939–45: Volume II (1951)\nDocuments Relating to New Zealand's Participation in the Second World War 1939–45: Volume III (1963)","title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008298-14"}],"sub_title":"Episodes and studies","text":"Guns Against Tanks : L Troop, 33rd Battery, 7th New Zealand Anti-Tank Regiment in Libya, 23 November 1941 - E. H. Smith (1948)\nAchilles at the River Plate - S. D. Waters (1948)\nWomen at War - D. O. W. Hall (1948)\nThe Assault on Rabaul : Operations by the Royal New Zealand Air Force December 1943—May 1944 - J. M. S. Ross (1949)\nLong Range Desert Group in Libya, 1940–41 - by R. L. Kay (1949)\nPrisoners of Japan - D. O. W. Hall (1949)\nTroopships - S. P. Llewellyn (1949)\nPrisoners of Germany - D. O. W. Hall (1949)\nPrisoners of Italy - D. O. W. Hall (1949)\nGerman Raiders in the Pacific - S. D. Waters (1949)\nWounded in Battle - J. B. McKinney (1950)\nLong Range Desert Group in the Mediterranean - R. L. Kay (1950)\nAircraft against U-Boat - H. L. Thompson (1950)\nEarly Operations with Bomber Command - B. G. Clare (1951)\nNew Zealanders in the Battle of Britain - N. W. Faircloth (1951)\nLeander - S. D. Waters (1951)\nMalta Airmen - J. A. Whelan (1951)\nTakrouna - I. McL. Wards (1951)\nCoastwatchers - D. O. W. Hall (1951)\nThe Royal New Zealand Air Force in South-East Asia 1941–42 - H. R. Dean (1952)\n\"The Other Side of the Hill\" - I. McL. Wards; W. E. Murphy; R. Walker; R. L. Kay; A. G. Potheroe (1952)\nSpecial Service in Greece - M. B. McGlynn (1953)\nPoint 175: The Battle of Sunday of the Dead - W. E. Murphy (1954)\nEscapes - D. O. W. Hall (1954)\"Episodes and studies\" was a series of 36 page booklets with a focus on certain aspects of the New Zealand war effort. The booklets were intended for the wider public and were often provided to secondary schools.[14]","title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008306-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000280,_400%E2%80%93401-16"},{"link_name":"Willson Scott Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willson_Scott_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Battery Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Battery_Press&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The series was well received by the public and each volume usually sold out. Dan Davin's Crete had a print run of 4,000 when published in 1953 and promptly sold out.[11] Some volumes received critical praise; Journey Towards Christmas, one of the earliest volumes published, was particularly singled out for its narrative style. Its author, journalist Peter Llewellyn, was contracted to produce another volume but slow progress resulted in the cancellation of his contract; other volumes were thought to be turgid and stilted.[16] Since 1993, some volumes have been reissued by Willson Scott Publishing and The Battery Press, with the co-operation of the Department of Internal Affairs.[17][18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000400%E2%80%93401_1-4"},{"link_name":"McGibbon 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcGibbon2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEldowney2000308_2-0"},{"link_name":"McEldowney 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcEldowney2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000588_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000588_3-1"},{"link_name":"McGibbon 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcGibbon2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008292%E2%80%93293_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008292%E2%80%93293_4-1"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008299_5-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008300_6-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008301,_307%E2%80%93308_7-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008312_8-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008301%E2%80%93303_9-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008307%E2%80%93308_10-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008306_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008306_11-1"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008313_12-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000163_13-0"},{"link_name":"McGibbon 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcGibbon2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008298_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008298_14-1"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2008313%E2%80%93314_15-0"},{"link_name":"McLean 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcLean2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000280,_400%E2%80%93401_16-0"},{"link_name":"McGibbon 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcGibbon2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Official History: The Pacific\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-the-pacific/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120822005014/http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-the-pacific/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Official History: Royal New Zealand Air Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120822004947/http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-royal--new-zealand-air-force/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-royal--new-zealand-air-force/"}],"text":"^ a b c d e McGibbon 2000, pp. 400–401.\n\n^ McEldowney 2000, p. 308.\n\n^ a b McGibbon 2000, p. 588.\n\n^ a b McLean 2008, pp. 292–293.\n\n^ McLean 2008, p. 299.\n\n^ McLean 2008, p. 300.\n\n^ McLean 2008, pp. 301, 307–308.\n\n^ McLean 2008, p. 312.\n\n^ McLean 2008, pp. 301–303.\n\n^ McLean 2008, pp. 307–308.\n\n^ a b McLean 2008, p. 306.\n\n^ McLean 2008, p. 313.\n\n^ McGibbon 2000, p. 163.\n\n^ a b McLean 2008, p. 298.\n\n^ McLean 2008, pp. 313–314.\n\n^ McGibbon 2000, pp. 280, 400–401.\n\n^ \"Official History: The Pacific\". Willson Scott Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.\n\n^ \"Official History: Royal New Zealand Air Force\". Willson Scott. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"A conference at the War History Branch in relation to the 2NZEF unit histories. Attendees include Chief Archivist Eric McCormick (left foreground, with cigarette) and the Editor-in-Chief Major-General Howard Kippenberger (speaking, at right) 5 July 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/War_History_Branch_conference%2C_1946.jpg/220px-War_History_Branch_conference%2C_1946.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Official History: The Pacific\". Willson Scott Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-the-pacific/","url_text":"\"Official History: The Pacific\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822005014/http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-the-pacific/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official History: Royal New Zealand Air Force\". Willson Scott. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822004947/http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-royal--new-zealand-air-force/","url_text":"\"Official History: Royal New Zealand Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-royal--new-zealand-air-force/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McEldowney, Dennis (2000). \"McCormick, Eric Hall 1906–1995\". In Orange, Claudia (ed.). The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Vol. V. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-224-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Orange","url_text":"Orange, Claudia"},{"url":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5m8/1","url_text":"The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-224-2","url_text":"978-1-86940-224-2"}]},{"reference":"McGibbon, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558376-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McGibbon","url_text":"McGibbon, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-558376-0","url_text":"0-19-558376-0"}]},{"reference":"McLean, Denis (2008). Howard Kippenberger: Dauntless Spirit. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House. ISBN 978-1-86979-026-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86979-026-4","url_text":"978-1-86979-026-4"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-the-pacific/","external_links_name":"\"Official History: The Pacific\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822005014/http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-the-pacific/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822004947/http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-royal--new-zealand-air-force/","external_links_name":"\"Official History: Royal New Zealand Air Force\""},{"Link":"http://www.willsonscott.biz/catalogue/military/official-history-royal--new-zealand-air-force/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5m8/1","external_links_name":"The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-corpus-WH2.html","external_links_name":"New Zealand Electronic Text Collection: HTML versions of the series"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arts_Fuse
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The Arts Fuse
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Online arts magazine
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Arts Fuse" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Arts FuseType of sitearts, magazine, journalismOwnerGlobal Narratives, Inc.Created byBill Marx, Editor-in-ChiefURLartsfuse.orgCommercialNoLaunched2007
The Arts Fuse is an online arts magazine covering cultural events in Greater Boston, as well as Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New York.
The Arts Fuse has published more than 2,000 articles and provides criticism, previews, interviews, and commentary on dance, film, food, literature, music, theater, television, video games, and visual arts.
As Editor-in-Chief of The Arts Fuse, a non-profit web magazine Marx launched in July 2007, Bill Marx helped increase editorial coverage of the arts and culture across Greater Boston. Bill Marx began publishing The Arts Fuse in reaction to the declining arts coverage in newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, creating a site that could experiment with professional online arts criticism, looking at new and innovative ways to use online platforms to evolve cultural conversations and bring together critics, readers, and artists.
Notable writers and critics for The Arts Fuse have included Peter-Adrian Cohen, Maryann Corbett, Franklin Einspruch, Helen Epstein, Jim Kates, Bill Marx, Gerald Peary and Vincent Czyz.
In 2011, The Arts Fuse received a grant from Mass Humanities for its Judicial Review, an online, in-depth, and interactive discussion of the issues raised by the arts on The Arts Fuse. The Arts Fuse also won CBS Boston's
Most Valuable Blogger Award in 2011.
References
^ "Editorial and Operations". The Arts Fuse. January 31, 2024.
^ About us
^ "In a Seriously Artistic City, a Home for Serious Discussion About the Arts - Somerville, MA Patch". Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012."In a Seriously Artistic City, a Home for Serious Discussion About the Arts"
^ "The Arts Fuse « Most Valuable Blogger « CBS Boston". Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
External links
The Arts Fuse official site
Arts Fuse Editor Bill Marx Talks at Boston University about Arts Coverage, Teaching, and Books in Translation
Podcast: MIT Communications Forum: "The Culture Beat and New Media: Arts Journalism in the Internet Era" with Bill Marx and Doug McLellan
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Editorial and Operations\". The Arts Fuse. January 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsfuse.org/arts-infusers-editors-and-contributors/editorial-and-operations/","url_text":"\"Editorial and Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"In a Seriously Artistic City, a Home for Serious Discussion About the Arts - Somerville, MA Patch\". Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501000726/http://somerville.patch.com/articles/in-a-seriously-artistic-city-a-home-for-serious-discussion-about-the-arts","url_text":"\"In a Seriously Artistic City, a Home for Serious Discussion About the Arts - Somerville, MA Patch\""},{"url":"http://somerville.patch.com/articles/in-a-seriously-artistic-city-a-home-for-serious-discussion-about-the-arts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Arts Fuse « Most Valuable Blogger « CBS Boston\". Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510092655/http://boston.blogger.cbslocal.com/most-valuable-blogger/blog/482-the-arts-fuse/","url_text":"\"The Arts Fuse « Most Valuable Blogger « CBS Boston\""},{"url":"http://boston.blogger.cbslocal.com/most-valuable-blogger/blog/482-the-arts-fuse/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldambtmeer
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Oldambtmeer
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°10′34″N 7°01′48″E / 53.176°N 7.030°E / 53.176; 7.030OldambtmeerOldambtmeerMap of the Oldambtmeer and WinschotenLocationOldambt, NetherlandsCoordinates53°10′34″N 7°01′48″E / 53.176°N 7.030°E / 53.176; 7.030
Oldambtmeer (Dutch pronunciation: ; English: Oldambt Lake) is an artificial lake of more than 800 hectares (ha) in the municipality of Oldambt in the Netherlands, created by flooding fallow land that had previously been reclaimed.
References
^ (in Dutch) Blauwestad, Marketing Groningen. Retrieved on 9 May 2014.
This Groningen location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oldambtmeer¶ms=53.176_N_7.03_E_type:waterbody_region:NL-GR","external_links_name":"53°10′34″N 7°01′48″E / 53.176°N 7.030°E / 53.176; 7.030"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oldambtmeer¶ms=53.176_N_7.03_E_type:waterbody_region:NL-GR","external_links_name":"53°10′34″N 7°01′48″E / 53.176°N 7.030°E / 53.176; 7.030"},{"Link":"http://oldambt.groningen.nl/over-oldambt/blauwestad","external_links_name":"Blauwestad"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldambtmeer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta_Vecchia
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Casertavecchia
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["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Recent history","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 Sources and references","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°05′48″N 14°21′59″E / 41.09667°N 14.36639°E / 41.09667; 14.36639
Frazione in Campania, ItalyCasertavecchiaFrazioneLandscapeCasertavecchiaLocation of Casertavecchia in ItalyCoordinates: 41°05′48″N 14°21′59″E / 41.09667°N 14.36639°E / 41.09667; 14.36639Country ItalyRegion CampaniaProvinceCaserta (CE)ComuneCasertaElevation401 m (1,316 ft)Population (2009) • Total187Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code81100Dialing code(+39) 0823 The Cathedral of St. Michael
Casertavecchia is a frazione of Caserta, Italy. It is the site of a former medieval village that lies at the foot of the Tifatini Mountains located 10km north-east of the City of Caserta, at an altitude of approximately 401 meters. Its name, translated from Italian, means "Old Caserta".
History
Early history
Casertavecchia tower
The origins of Casertavecchia are uncertain, but according to the Benedictine monk, Erchempert, in Ystoriola Langobardorum Beneventi degentium, the village was founded in 861 AD. The previous Roman town was called "Casam Irtam" (from the Latin meaning "home village located above").
The village was initially conquered and ruled by the Lombards. Subsequent Saracen depredations led to the fortified mountain village becoming the Bishopric for the province.
Under Norman domination, the village began the construction of its cathedral, dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel. During this period it was controlled by the Swabian, Riccardo di Lauro (1232–1266), who increased the political power of the town.
The Crown of Aragon conquered the village in 1442 which began its long and gradual decline in importance. Eventually, Casertavecchia would host only the local seminary and the Bishop's seat. Under the rule of the Bourbons, major construction began taking place in the city of Caserta. By 1842 political rule had entirely moved to the great palace in the larger city, with the Casertan diocese finally relocating from Casertavecchia to Caserta.
On October 1, 1860, in the battle of the Volturna, the Neapolitans made one of their last stands of the battle in front of Caserta Vecchia, 400–500 Neapolitan soldiers surrendering to Giuseppe Garibaldi in one of the decisive battles of the Second Italian Independence War.
Recent history
In 1960, Casertavecchia was designated an Italian National Monument.
Today, the village is primarily a tourist destination. Sites worth visiting consist of the church, its bell tower, and the remains of the original castle. Visitors can dine in local pizzerias with panoramic views of the surrounding countryside.
Gallery
Streets at night
Old church
See also
San Leucio
Sources and references
^ "Tower of the castle in Caserta Vecchia (circa 1944 to 1945)". (author=Digital Collections, Northwestern University Libraries; accessdate=Sat May 02 2020, publisher=Northwestern University Libraries, University Archives).
Historia Langabardorvm Beneventarnorvm at The Latin Library
Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum at the Institut für Mittelalter Forschung
Ystoriola Langobardorum Beneventi degentium from the Monumenta Germaniae Historica Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casertavecchia.
"The Battle of the Volturno". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 26 December 1860. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Casertavecchia_9.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg"},{"link_name":"41°05′48″N 14°21′59″E / 41.09667°N 14.36639°E / 41.09667; 14.36639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Casertavecchia¶ms=41_05_48_N_14_21_59_E_type:city_region:IT-72"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta"},{"link_name":"Time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1"},{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"DST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Dialing code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_in_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casertavecchia_cattedrale_San_Michele_02sett08_f01.jpg"},{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Tifatini Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tifatini_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Frazione in Campania, ItalyCasertavecchiaFrazioneLandscapeCasertavecchiaLocation of Casertavecchia in ItalyCoordinates: 41°05′48″N 14°21′59″E / 41.09667°N 14.36639°E / 41.09667; 14.36639Country ItalyRegion CampaniaProvinceCaserta (CE)ComuneCasertaElevation401 m (1,316 ft)Population (2009) • Total187Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code81100Dialing code(+39) 0823 The Cathedral of St. MichaelCasertavecchia is a frazione of Caserta, Italy. It is the site of a former medieval village that lies at the foot of the Tifatini Mountains located 10km north-east of the City of Caserta, at an altitude of approximately 401 meters. Its name, translated from Italian, means \"Old Caserta\".","title":"Casertavecchia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casertavecchia_torre_02-09-08_f01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erchempert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erchempert"},{"link_name":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"Bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabia"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Bourbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbons"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta"},{"link_name":"great palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta_Palace"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Casertavecchia towerThe origins of Casertavecchia are uncertain, but according to the Benedictine monk, Erchempert, in Ystoriola Langobardorum Beneventi degentium, the village was founded in 861 AD. The previous Roman town was called \"Casam Irtam\" (from the Latin meaning \"home village located above\").The village was initially conquered and ruled by the Lombards. Subsequent Saracen depredations led to the fortified mountain village becoming the Bishopric for the province.Under Norman domination, the village began the construction of its cathedral, dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel. During this period it was controlled by the Swabian, Riccardo di Lauro (1232–1266), who increased the political power of the town.The Crown of Aragon conquered the village in 1442 which began its long and gradual decline in importance. Eventually, Casertavecchia would host only the local seminary and the Bishop's seat. Under the rule of the Bourbons, major construction began taking place in the city of Caserta. By 1842 political rule had entirely moved to the great palace in the larger city, with the Casertan diocese finally relocating from Casertavecchia to Caserta.On October 1, 1860, in the battle of the Volturna, the Neapolitans made one of their last stands of the battle in front of Caserta Vecchia, 400–500 Neapolitan soldiers surrendering to Giuseppe Garibaldi in one of the decisive battles of the Second Italian Independence War.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NUL-1"},{"link_name":"pizzerias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzerias"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"In 1960, Casertavecchia was designated an Italian National Monument.Today, the village is primarily a tourist destination. Sites worth visiting consist of the church, its bell tower, and the remains[1] of the original castle. Visitors can dine in local pizzerias with panoramic views of the surrounding countryside.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caserta_flickr02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casertavecchia_chiesetta_02-09-08_f01.jpg"}],"text":"Streets at night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld church","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NUL_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Tower of the castle in Caserta Vecchia (circa 1944 to 1945)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcollections.library.northwestern.edu/items/706b8447-2aa8-4a2d-ba6e-cc18e6355ed4"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Historia Langabardorvm Beneventarnorvm at The Latin Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thelatinlibrary.com/erchempert.html"},{"link_name":"Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum at the Institut für Mittelalter Forschung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090207200711/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/gema/erchempert.htm"},{"link_name":"Ystoriola Langobardorum Beneventi degentium from the Monumenta Germaniae Historica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cesn.it/Cronisti/testi/Erchemperto.doc"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110928150331/http://www.cesn.it/Cronisti/testi/Erchemperto.doc"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ \"Tower of the castle in Caserta Vecchia (circa 1944 to 1945)\". (author=Digital Collections, Northwestern University Libraries; accessdate=Sat May 02 2020, publisher=Northwestern University Libraries, University Archives).Historia Langabardorvm Beneventarnorvm at The Latin Library\nHistoria Langobardorum Beneventanorum at the Institut für Mittelalter Forschung\nYstoriola Langobardorum Beneventi degentium from the Monumenta Germaniae Historica Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Sources and references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Cathedral of St. Michael","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Casertavecchia_cattedrale_San_Michele_02sett08_f01.jpg/250px-Casertavecchia_cattedrale_San_Michele_02sett08_f01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Casertavecchia tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Casertavecchia_torre_02-09-08_f01.jpg/210px-Casertavecchia_torre_02-09-08_f01.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"San Leucio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leucio"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Tower of the castle in Caserta Vecchia (circa 1944 to 1945)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.library.northwestern.edu/items/706b8447-2aa8-4a2d-ba6e-cc18e6355ed4","url_text":"\"Tower of the castle in Caserta Vecchia (circa 1944 to 1945)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Battle of the Volturno\". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 26 December 1860. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13050644","url_text":"\"The Battle of the Volturno\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Casertavecchia¶ms=41_05_48_N_14_21_59_E_type:city_region:IT-72","external_links_name":"41°05′48″N 14°21′59″E / 41.09667°N 14.36639°E / 41.09667; 14.36639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Casertavecchia¶ms=41_05_48_N_14_21_59_E_type:city_region:IT-72","external_links_name":"41°05′48″N 14°21′59″E / 41.09667°N 14.36639°E / 41.09667; 14.36639"},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.library.northwestern.edu/items/706b8447-2aa8-4a2d-ba6e-cc18e6355ed4","external_links_name":"\"Tower of the castle in Caserta Vecchia (circa 1944 to 1945)\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/erchempert.html","external_links_name":"Historia Langabardorvm Beneventarnorvm at The Latin Library"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207200711/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/gema/erchempert.htm","external_links_name":"Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum at the Institut für Mittelalter Forschung"},{"Link":"http://www.cesn.it/Cronisti/testi/Erchemperto.doc","external_links_name":"Ystoriola Langobardorum Beneventi degentium from the Monumenta Germaniae Historica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928150331/http://www.cesn.it/Cronisti/testi/Erchemperto.doc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13050644","external_links_name":"\"The Battle of the Volturno\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/242717510","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myl%C3%A8ne_Jampano%C3%AF
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Mylène Jampanoï
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
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French actress
Mylène JampanoïJampanoï at the 2012 Deauville American Film FestivalBornLena Jam-Panoï (1980-07-12) 12 July 1980 (age 43)Aix-en-Provence, FranceOccupationsActressmodelpainterYears active2002–presentSpouse
Milind Soman
(m. 2006; div. 2009)Children1
Mylène Jampanoï (French pronunciation: ; born Lena Jam-Panoï; 12 July 1980) is a French actress, model, and visual artist. Her first leading role was in the drama film The Chinese Botanist's Daughters (2006). She subsequently garnered international attention for her role in Pascal Laugier's controversial horror film Martyrs (2008).
She later had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood's Hereafter (2010), and starred as Bambou in the Serge Gainsbourg biopic, Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life (also 2010). Other film credits include the American animated film Kung Fu Panda (2008), the Canadian drama Laurence Anyways (2012), and the Netflix-produced Madame Claude (2021).
In addition to her acting and modeling career, Jampanoï is also a painter whose works have been exhibited at Paris's Galerie Sobering.
Early life
Mylène Jampanoï was born Lena Jam-Panoï on 12 July 1980 in Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône, France, to a Chinese father and a French-Breton mother. Her father, who immigrated to France from China through Vietnam, abandoned the family when she was three years old, and later established a prosperous textile business in Canada.
Jampanoï was raised by her mother, who worked as a cashier at the food retailer Rallye. As a teenager, Jampanoï fled her family home due to her mother's severe depression, and lived with her boyfriend in a Paris squat. She eventually returned to her family home in Aix-en-Provence to complete her education, earning a scientific baccalauréat at age 17. While still a teenager, she was taken under the wing of a 35-year-old male attorney in Aix-en-Provence, who became her mentor. After she earned her baccalauréat, he urged her to pursue a career in law, but she instead relocated again to Paris to pursue acting and modeling.
Career
After appearing in the French television series Sous le soleil, Jampanoï had a minor part in the action thriller Crimson Rivers II: Angels of the Apocalypse (2004), followed by a supporting role in 36th Precinct (also 2004), a crime thriller starring Daniel Auteuil and Gérard Depardieu. She was then cast in the independent drama film Valley of Flowers (2006). Next, Jampanoï starred in the drama The Chinese Botanist's Daughters (2006), a role which necessitated her to phonetically learn Chinese. In 2007, she became the face of Dior Snow cosmetics in Asia for LVMH and travelled to Japan and South Korea to represent the brand. She subsequently appeared on the cover of Asian Elle magazine.
Jampanoï gained international attention for her role in Pascal Laugier's controversial horror film Martyrs (2008), which was filmed in Montreal. Jampanoï took the role against the advice of her agent, and later stated that making the film was emotionally difficult due to its extreme content: "Every night when I went back to my room, I just cried, because I was so physically and psychologically tired. All my scenes violent." Also in 2008, she had a minor voice role in the American animated comedy film Kung Fu Panda as Maître Vipère. Next, she appeared in the French mockumentary film The Ball of Actresses (2009), directed by Maïwenn, and in 2010, had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood's drama Hereafter, playing a news reporter. The same year, she starred in the Serge Gainsbourg biopic Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life, portraying actress Bambou.
In 2017, Jampanoï guest-starred on the Apple TV-UK series Kill Skills, and reprised her role in the film sequel of the series, Kill Skills 2 (2018). She subsequently had a central role in Made in China (2019), a comedy film about a French-Chinese family preparing for a wedding, directed by Julien Abraham. She then had a supporting role in the Netflix-released Madame Claude (2021), a biopic about French brothel owner Madame Claude.
In addition to acting, Jampanoï is also a visual artist, whose paintings were exhibited in the spring of 2022 at the Paris Galerie Sobering, as part of the Athènes n'est pas en Grèce (lit. English: Athens is not in Greece) show.
Personal life
Jampanoï married Indian supermodel and actor Milind Soman in Goa in 2006. They met during the shooting of their film Valley of Flowers. The two divorced in 2009.
In the summer of 2014, she gave birth to a son, Andrèas Vassily, with her longtime partner, Greek producer Dimitri Stephanides.
Jampanoï is a Roman Catholic, and was baptised in the church in 2015, though she has expressed criticism of the church's clerical celibacy policies. She also stated her support of the legalization of same-sex marriage in France.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2004
Crimson Rivers II: Angels of the Apocalypse
Pénélope
2004
36th Precinct
Jade
French: 36 Quai des Orfèvres
2005
Cavalcade
Soraya
2005
Le Détective : Contre-enquête
Angèle
Television film; as Lena Jam-Panoï
2006
The Chinese Botanist's Daughters
Min Li
French: Les Filles du botaniste
2006
Valley of Flowers
Ushna
French: La Vallée des fleurs
2006
Pleure en silence
Kristina
2008
Choisir d'aimer
Julie
2008
Martyrs
Lucie
2008
Kung Fu Panda
Maître Vipère
Voice role
2009
The Ball of the Actresses
Herself
French: Le Bal des actrices
2010
Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life
Bambou
French: Serge Gainsbourg, vie héroïque
2010
The Skin of Sorrow
Fedora
Television film
2010
Hereafter
Jasmine
2012
Laurence Anyways
Fanny
2012
The Maneater
Jezabel
2014
La Mante religieuse
Jézabel
2018
Kill Skills 2
Julia
Television film
2019
Made in China
Lisa
2021
Madame Claude
Yoshiro
2021
Undercover
Mylène Antoine
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2002
Sous le soleil
Laeticia Valanski
Television series
2011
Rani
Jolanne de Valcourt
Television miniseries
2014
H-Man
La Main Verte
1 episode
2017
Addict
Déborah
6 episodes
2017
Kill Skills
Julia
1 episode
2022
Addict
Déborah
6 episodes
References
^ a b c d "Mylène Jampanoï Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h Le Vaillant, Luc (2 June 2014). "Mylène Jampanoï, bonne petite diablesse". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
^ "Mylène Jampanoï". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "Mylène Jampanoï Biography". AllMovie. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ a b c d "Mylène Jampanoï: son talent explose dans "Rani"". Paris Match (in French). 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016.
^ "36 Quai des Orfèvres". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022.
^ "Pan Nalin's 'Valley of Flowers'starring Milind Soman, Mylène Jampanoï, Naseeruddin Shah, Eri, Jamp". Screen Anarchy. 21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022.
^ a b Crocker, Jonathan (19 March 2009). "Martyrs: Dying For Your Art". Total Film. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022 – via JonathanCrocker.com.
^ a b "Mylène Jampanoï Credits". TV Guide. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
^ a b c d e f "Mylène Jampanoï Filmography". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
^ a b Scott, A. O. (31 August 2011). "'Je T'Aime,' He Sang, to His Women and Himself'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014.
^ a b "Kill Skills 2". Notre Cinema. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022.
^ a b Mintzer, Jordan (8 July 2019). "'Made in China': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022.
^ a b "Madame Claude". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022.
^ Theo, Melissa (12 July 2022). "Mylène Jampanoï fête ses 42 ans : que devient la célèbre actrice". Voici (in French). Archived from the original on 14 July 2022.
^ "Athènes n'est pas en Grèce". Artsy. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022.
^ "Milind Soman marries French co-star Mylene Jampanoi : Happenings News : ApunKaChoice.Com". Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
^ "Milind and Mylene part ways". The Times of India. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mylène Jampanoï.
Official website
Mylène Jampanoï at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Korea
Poland
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
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Her first leading role was in the drama film The Chinese Botanist's Daughters (2006). She subsequently garnered international attention for her role in Pascal Laugier's controversial horror film Martyrs (2008).She later had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood's Hereafter (2010), and starred as Bambou in the Serge Gainsbourg biopic, Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life (also 2010). Other film credits include the American animated film Kung Fu Panda (2008), the Canadian drama Laurence Anyways (2012), and the Netflix-produced Madame Claude (2021).In addition to her acting and modeling career, Jampanoï is also a painter whose works have been exhibited at Paris's Galerie Sobering.","title":"Mylène Jampanoï"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvguidebio-1"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"Bouches-du-Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levaillant-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levaillant-2"},{"link_name":"cashier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levaillant-2"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-5"},{"link_name":"baccalauréat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-5"},{"link_name":"mentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levaillant-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levaillant-2"}],"text":"Mylène Jampanoï was born Lena Jam-Panoï[1] on 12 July 1980 in Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône, France,[2] to a Chinese father and a French-Breton mother.[5] Her father, who immigrated to France from China through Vietnam, abandoned the family when she was three years old, and later established a prosperous textile business in Canada.[2]Jampanoï was raised by her mother, who worked as a cashier at the food retailer Rallye.[2] As a teenager, Jampanoï fled her family home due to her mother's severe depression, and lived with her boyfriend in a Paris squat.[5] She eventually returned to her family home in Aix-en-Provence to complete her education, earning a scientific baccalauréat at age 17.[5] While still a teenager, she was taken under the wing of a 35-year-old male attorney in Aix-en-Provence, who became her mentor.[2] After she earned her baccalauréat, he urged her to pursue a career in law, but she instead relocated again to Paris to pursue acting and modeling.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sous le soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous_le_soleil"},{"link_name":"Crimson Rivers II: Angels of the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Rivers_II:_Angels_of_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"36th Precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Quai_des_Orf%C3%A8vres_(film)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Auteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil"},{"link_name":"Gérard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36tcm-6"},{"link_name":"Valley of Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_(film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Chinese Botanist's Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_Botanist%27s_Daughters"},{"link_name":"phonetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvguidebio-1"},{"link_name":"Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"LVMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvguidebio-1"},{"link_name":"Pascal Laugier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Laugier"},{"link_name":"Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crocker-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crocker-8"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvguidecredits-9"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"The Ball of Actresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Actresses"},{"link_name":"Maïwenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AFwenn"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Hereafter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereafter_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfi-10"},{"link_name":"Serge Gainsbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg"},{"link_name":"Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsbourg:_A_Heroic_Life"},{"link_name":"Bambou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambou"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-11"},{"link_name":"Apple TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks2-12"},{"link_name":"Julien Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Abraham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mintzer-13"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Madame Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Claude_(film)"},{"link_name":"Madame Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Claude"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madame-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voici-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"After appearing in the French television series Sous le soleil, Jampanoï had a minor part in the action thriller Crimson Rivers II: Angels of the Apocalypse (2004), followed by a supporting role in 36th Precinct (also 2004), a crime thriller starring Daniel Auteuil and Gérard Depardieu.[6] She was then cast in the independent drama film Valley of Flowers (2006).[7] Next, Jampanoï starred in the drama The Chinese Botanist's Daughters (2006), a role which necessitated her to phonetically learn Chinese.[1] In 2007, she became the face of Dior Snow cosmetics in Asia for LVMH and travelled to Japan and South Korea to represent the brand. She subsequently appeared on the cover of Asian Elle magazine.[1]Jampanoï gained international attention for her role in Pascal Laugier's controversial horror film Martyrs (2008), which was filmed in Montreal.[8] Jampanoï took the role against the advice of her agent, and later stated that making the film was emotionally difficult due to its extreme content: \"Every night when I went back to my room, I just cried, because I was so physically and psychologically tired. All my scenes [were] violent.\"[8] Also in 2008, she had a minor voice role in the American animated comedy film Kung Fu Panda as Maître Vipère.[9] Next, she appeared in the French mockumentary film The Ball of Actresses (2009), directed by Maïwenn, and in 2010, had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood's drama Hereafter, playing a news reporter.[10] The same year, she starred in the Serge Gainsbourg biopic Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life, portraying actress Bambou.[11]In 2017, Jampanoï guest-starred on the Apple TV-UK series Kill Skills, and reprised her role in the film sequel of the series, Kill Skills 2 (2018).[12] She subsequently had a central role in Made in China (2019), a comedy film about a French-Chinese family preparing for a wedding, directed by Julien Abraham.[13] She then had a supporting role in the Netflix-released Madame Claude (2021), a biopic about French brothel owner Madame Claude.[14]In addition to acting, Jampanoï is also a visual artist, whose paintings were exhibited in the spring of 2022 at the Paris Galerie Sobering, as part of the Athènes n'est pas en Grèce (lit. English: Athens is not in Greece) show.[15][16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Milind Soman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milind_Soman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Valley of Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-5"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"clerical celibacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levaillant-2"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levaillant-2"}],"text":"Jampanoï married Indian supermodel and actor Milind Soman[17] in Goa in 2006. They met during the shooting of their film Valley of Flowers. The two divorced in 2009.[18]In the summer of 2014, she gave birth to a son, Andrèas Vassily, with her longtime partner, Greek producer Dimitri Stephanides.[5]Jampanoï is a Roman Catholic, and was baptised in the church in 2015, though she has expressed criticism of the church's clerical celibacy policies.[2] She also stated her support of the legalization of same-sex marriage in France.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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Archived from the original on 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/642188/36-quai-des-orfevres#credits","url_text":"\"36 Quai des Orfèvres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies","url_text":"Turner Classic Movies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811150400/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/642188/36-quai-des-orfevres#credits","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pan Nalin's 'Valley of Flowers'starring Milind Soman, Mylène Jampanoï, Naseeruddin Shah, Eri, Jamp\". Screen Anarchy. 21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenanarchy.com/2006/04/pan-nalins-valley-of-flowers-starring-milind-soman-mylene-jampanoi-naseerud.html","url_text":"\"Pan Nalin's 'Valley of Flowers'starring Milind Soman, Mylène Jampanoï, Naseeruddin Shah, Eri, Jamp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Anarchy","url_text":"Screen Anarchy"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20221224210105/https://screenanarchy.com/2006/04/pan-nalins-valley-of-flowers-starring-milind-soman-mylene-jampanoi-naseerud.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crocker, Jonathan (19 March 2009). \"Martyrs: Dying For Your Art\". Total Film. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022 – via JonathanCrocker.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://jonathancrocker.com/2009/03/19/martyrs-dying-for-your-art/","url_text":"\"Martyrs: Dying For Your Art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Film","url_text":"Total Film"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20221224110913/https://jonathancrocker.com/2009/03/19/martyrs-dying-for-your-art/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mylène Jampanoï Credits\". TV Guide. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mylene-jampanoi/credits/3000134687/","url_text":"\"Mylène Jampanoï Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"Mylène Jampanoï Filmography\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301161522/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd770605b","url_text":"\"Mylène Jampanoï Filmography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd770605b","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott, A. O. (31 August 2011). \"'Je T'Aime,' He Sang, to His Women and Himself'\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott","url_text":"Scott, A. 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States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020N7720","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812485191805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/eIVPnFuBb","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061884600.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/16679855X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwanese_Literature
|
New Taiwanese Literature
|
["1 References"]
|
New Taiwanese LiteratureTraditional Chinese台灣新文學Hanyu PinyinTáiwān Xīn WénxuéHokkien POJTâi-oân Sin Bûn-ha̍k
New Taiwanese Literature, also referred to as Taiwanese New Literature or by the Japanese name Taiwan Shinbungaku, was a literary magazine published briefly during the period of Japanese rule over Taiwan. The editor-in-chief, Yō Ki, had previously been on the board of another journal, Taiwan Bungei, but left after a dispute regarding editorial policy and established New Taiwanese Literature. The first issue was published in December 1935. Yō supported the magazine with his own funds, soliciting contributions from not only local writers, but Japanese writers of the proletarian literature movement such as Hayama Yoshiki, Ishikawa Tatsuzō, and Hirabayashi Taiko as well as Korean writer Chō Kakuchū (張 赫宙). In total, 15 issues of the magazine went to press. It published works in Japanese as well as Chinese, but was nevertheless ordered to cease publication in April 1937 in part of a wider campaign to prohibit the use of the Chinese language. Its closure represented the start of a period of stasis in the development of Taiwanese literature which would last until Yō Unhei established the Shijin Kyōkai (詩人協会) in 1939.
References
^ Kleeman, Faye Yuan (2003), Under an Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and the South, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 164–169
^ Nakajima, Toshirō (2005), 日本統治期台湾文学研究 (PDF), Bulletin of the Division of Foreign Languages, 44 (49), Gifu Shōtoku Gakuen University: 43–54, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22
This article about a literary magazine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
This article about media in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_magazine"},{"link_name":"Japanese rule over Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Yō Ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Kui"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Bungei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Bungei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"proletarian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_literature"},{"link_name":"Hayama Yoshiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayama_Yoshiki"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa Tatsuzō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_Tatsuz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hirabayashi Taiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirabayashi_Taiko"},{"link_name":"Chō Kakuchū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C5%8D_Kakuch%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Yō Unhei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yang_Yun-ping&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"New Taiwanese Literature, also referred to as Taiwanese New Literature or by the Japanese name Taiwan Shinbungaku, was a literary magazine published briefly during the period of Japanese rule over Taiwan. The editor-in-chief, Yō Ki, had previously been on the board of another journal, Taiwan Bungei, but left after a dispute regarding editorial policy and established New Taiwanese Literature. The first issue was published in December 1935. Yō supported the magazine with his own funds, soliciting contributions from not only local writers, but Japanese writers of the proletarian literature movement such as Hayama Yoshiki, Ishikawa Tatsuzō, and Hirabayashi Taiko as well as Korean writer Chō Kakuchū (張 赫宙).[1] In total, 15 issues of the magazine went to press. It published works in Japanese as well as Chinese, but was nevertheless ordered to cease publication in April 1937 in part of a wider campaign to prohibit the use of the Chinese language. Its closure represented the start of a period of stasis in the development of Taiwanese literature which would last until Yō Unhei established the Shijin Kyōkai (詩人協会) in 1939.[2]","title":"New Taiwanese Literature"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kleeman, Faye Yuan (2003), Under an Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and the South, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 164–169","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nakajima, Toshirō (2005), 日本統治期台湾文学研究 (PDF), Bulletin of the Division of Foreign Languages, 44 (49), Gifu Shōtoku Gakuen University: 43–54, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074858/http://www.ha.shotoku.ac.jp/library/HP-bak/kiyo/gaikoku/gaikoku44/nakajima.pdf","url_text":"日本統治期台湾文学研究"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Gakuen_University","url_text":"Gifu Shōtoku Gakuen University"},{"url":"http://www.ha.shotoku.ac.jp/library/HP-bak/kiyo/gaikoku/gaikoku44/nakajima.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074858/http://www.ha.shotoku.ac.jp/library/HP-bak/kiyo/gaikoku/gaikoku44/nakajima.pdf","external_links_name":"日本統治期台湾文学研究"},{"Link":"http://www.ha.shotoku.ac.jp/library/HP-bak/kiyo/gaikoku/gaikoku44/nakajima.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Taiwanese_Literature&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Taiwanese_Literature&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Life
|
Future Life
|
["1 Issues","2 Notable contributors","3 Notable people interviewed","4 References"]
|
This article may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists. Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (May 2013)
Future Lifecover of the magazine #3 (July 1978)CategoriesScience fiction magazine, Science magazineFrequencyonce every 1-2 monthsFirst issue1978Final issue1981CompanyO'Quinn StudiosCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York City
Future Life, known as Future in its first year, was a science and science fiction magazine published from 1978 to 1981 by O'Quinn Studios. In the first year of its existence, the magazine was called "Future", then the name was expanded to "Future Life". Contributors included Harlan Ellison, Ed Naha, Boris Vallejo, and many others. It covered futuristic topics - largely space travel - as well as current scientific events of the time, and featured reviews of science fiction movies, books and comics, as well as interviews with Arthur C. Clarke, Anne McCaffrey, Ray Bradbury and many other scientists, artists and authors. The magazine was based in New York City.
The 6th issue of the magazine (1978) is known for being one of the first places in which the concept of "longevity escape velocity" was publicly announced.
Issues
Future #1 (April 1978)
Future #2 (May 1978)
Future #3 (July 1978)
Future #4 (August 1978)
Future #5 (October 1978)
Future #6 (November 1978)
Future #7 (January 1979)
Future #8 (February 1979)
Future Life #9 (March 1979)
Future Life #10 (May 1979)
Future Life #11 (July 1979)
Future Life #12 (August 1979)
Future Life #13 (September 1979)
Future Life #14 (November 1979)
Future Life #15 (December 1979)
Future Life #16 (February 1980)
Future Life #17 (March 1980)
Future Life #18 (May 1980)
Future Life #19 (June 1980)
Future Life #20 (August 1980)
Future Life #21 (September 1980)
Future Life #22 (November 1980)
Future Life #23 (December 1980)
Future Life #24 (February 1981)
Future Life #25 (March 1981)
Future Life #26 (May 1981)
Future Life #27 (June 1981)
Future Life #28 (August 1981)
Future Life #29 (September 1981)
Future Life #30 (November 1981)
Future Life #31 (December 1981) - final issue
Notable contributors
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Chesley Bonestell
Kerry O'Quinn
Neil Armstrong
Harlan Ellison
Ed Naha
Jesco von Puttkamer
Rick Baker
Ron Miller
Charles Bogle
Joseph Kay
Isaac Asimov
Frederik Pohl
George Pal
Virginia Heinlein
James Oberg
Malcolm Brenner
Norman Spinrad
Gerard K. O'Neill
Boris Vallejo
Howard Cruse
Ben Bova
Bob McCall
Ursula K. Le Guin
Gerald Morris
Carolyn Meinel
Shusei Nagaoka
David A. Hardy
William F. Nolan
Syd Mead
Michael Dobson
Robert Anton Wilson
Gil Kane
Michael Cassutt
John Berkey
Carol Rosin
Charles Sheffield
Michael Cassutt
Luigi Cozzi
Ted White
Lou Stathis
Ludek Pesek
Jacques Cousteau
Gerard K. O'Neill
Don Davis
Todd Rundgren
G. Harry Stine
Roger Zelazny
John Billingham
Chris Foss
Robert Anton Wilson
Jon Pareles
Brian Aldiss
T. A. Heppenheimer
Jill Bauman
Harry Harrison
Jon Lomberg
Steve Sansweet
Herman Kahn
F. M. Esfandiary
Notable people interviewed
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Douglas Trumbull
Arthur C. Clarke
J. Allen Hynek
Larry Niven
William F. Nolan
George Pal
Joanna Russ
Keith Henson
Alvin Toffler
Ray Bradbury
Shusei Nagaoka
Marion Zimmer Bradley
David Gerrold
Joe Haldeman
Steven Spielberg
Anne McCaffrey
Gahan Wilson
Christopher Reeve
John Brunner
A. E. van Vogt
Leslie Stevens
L. Sprague de Camp
Jerry Pournelle
Philip Kaufman
Bjo Trimble
Gregory Benford
Gene Roddenberry
Hal Clement
Timothy Leary
Robert Silverberg
Larry Fast
Vonda McIntyre
John Varley
Robert Jastrow
Theodore Sturgeon
References
^ a b The Alcalde. Emmis Communications. March 1982. p. 35. 1535993X.
^ a b c "Future Life: The Entire Run". Weimar World Service. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
^ Wilson, Robert Anton (November 1978). "Next Stop, Immortality". Future Life (6). Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ "Future (1978) comic books". mycomicshop.com. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_magazines"},{"link_name":"science fiction magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weimar-2"},{"link_name":"Harlan Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Ed Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Naha"},{"link_name":"Boris Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"space travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacefaring"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Anne McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weimar-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alk-1"},{"link_name":"longevity escape velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longevity_escape_velocity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Future Life, known as Future in its first year, was a science and science fiction magazine published from 1978 to 1981 by O'Quinn Studios.[1] In the first year of its existence, the magazine was called \"Future\", then the name was expanded to \"Future Life\".[2] Contributors included Harlan Ellison, Ed Naha, Boris Vallejo, and many others. It covered futuristic topics - largely space travel - as well as current scientific events of the time, and featured reviews of science fiction movies, books and comics, as well as interviews with Arthur C. Clarke, Anne McCaffrey, Ray Bradbury and many other scientists, artists and authors.[2] The magazine was based in New York City.[1]The 6th issue of the magazine (1978) is known for being one of the first places in which the concept of \"longevity escape velocity\" was publicly announced.[3]","title":"Future Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weimar-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Future #1 (April 1978)\nFuture #2 (May 1978)\nFuture #3 (July 1978)\nFuture #4 (August 1978)\nFuture #5 (October 1978)\nFuture #6 (November 1978)\nFuture #7 (January 1979)\nFuture #8 (February 1979)\nFuture Life #9 (March 1979)\nFuture Life #10 (May 1979)\nFuture Life #11 (July 1979)\nFuture Life #12 (August 1979)\nFuture Life #13 (September 1979)\nFuture Life #14 (November 1979)\nFuture Life #15 (December 1979)\nFuture Life #16 (February 1980)\nFuture Life #17 (March 1980)\nFuture Life #18 (May 1980)\nFuture Life #19 (June 1980)\nFuture Life #20 (August 1980)\nFuture Life #21 (September 1980)\nFuture Life #22 (November 1980)\nFuture Life #23 (December 1980)\nFuture Life #24 (February 1981)\nFuture Life #25 (March 1981)\nFuture Life #26 (May 1981)\nFuture Life #27 (June 1981)\nFuture Life #28 (August 1981)\nFuture Life #29 (September 1981)\nFuture Life #30 (November 1981)\nFuture Life #31 (December 1981) - final issue[2][4]","title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesley Bonestell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesley_Bonestell"},{"link_name":"Kerry O'Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_O%27Quinn"},{"link_name":"Neil Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Harlan Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Ed Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Naha"},{"link_name":"Jesco von Puttkamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesco_von_Puttkamer"},{"link_name":"Rick Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Baker_(makeup_artist)"},{"link_name":"Ron Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Miller_(artist_and_author)"},{"link_name":"Charles Bogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bogle"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Frederik Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Pohl"},{"link_name":"George Pal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pal"},{"link_name":"Virginia Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Heinlein"},{"link_name":"James Oberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oberg"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Brenner_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Norman Spinrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Spinrad"},{"link_name":"Gerard K. O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Boris Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"Howard Cruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Cruse"},{"link_name":"Ben Bova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bova"},{"link_name":"Bob McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCall_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ursula K. Le Guin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin"},{"link_name":"Gerald Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Morris"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Meinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Meinel"},{"link_name":"Shusei Nagaoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusei_Nagaoka"},{"link_name":"David A. Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Hardy"},{"link_name":"William F. Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Nolan"},{"link_name":"Syd Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Mead"},{"link_name":"Michael Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dobson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Robert Anton Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Gil Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kane"},{"link_name":"Michael Cassutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cassutt"},{"link_name":"John Berkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berkey"},{"link_name":"Carol Rosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Rosin"},{"link_name":"Charles Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Michael Cassutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cassutt"},{"link_name":"Luigi Cozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Cozzi"},{"link_name":"Ted White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_White_(author)"},{"link_name":"Lou Stathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Stathis"},{"link_name":"Ludek Pesek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludek_Pesek"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cousteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau"},{"link_name":"Gerard K. O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Don Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Davis_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"G. Harry Stine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Harry_Stine"},{"link_name":"Roger Zelazny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Zelazny"},{"link_name":"John Billingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Billingham"},{"link_name":"Chris Foss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Foss"},{"link_name":"Robert Anton Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Jon Pareles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pareles"},{"link_name":"Brian Aldiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Aldiss"},{"link_name":"T. A. Heppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._A._Heppenheimer"},{"link_name":"Jill Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Bauman"},{"link_name":"Harry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Jon Lomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lomberg"},{"link_name":"Steve Sansweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Sansweet"},{"link_name":"Herman Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kahn"},{"link_name":"F. M. Esfandiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._M._Esfandiary"}],"text":"Chesley Bonestell\nKerry O'Quinn\nNeil Armstrong\nHarlan Ellison\nEd Naha\nJesco von Puttkamer\nRick Baker\nRon Miller\nCharles Bogle\nJoseph Kay\nIsaac Asimov\nFrederik Pohl\nGeorge Pal\nVirginia Heinlein\nJames Oberg\nMalcolm Brenner\nNorman Spinrad\nGerard K. O'Neill\nBoris Vallejo\nHoward Cruse\nBen Bova\nBob McCall\nUrsula K. Le Guin\nGerald Morris\nCarolyn Meinel\nShusei Nagaoka\nDavid A. Hardy\nWilliam F. Nolan\nSyd Mead\nMichael Dobson\nRobert Anton Wilson\nGil Kane\nMichael Cassutt\nJohn Berkey\nCarol Rosin\nCharles Sheffield\nMichael Cassutt\nLuigi Cozzi\nTed White\nLou Stathis\nLudek Pesek\nJacques Cousteau\nGerard K. O'Neill\nDon Davis\nTodd Rundgren\nG. Harry Stine\nRoger Zelazny\nJohn Billingham\nChris Foss\nRobert Anton Wilson\nJon Pareles\nBrian Aldiss\nT. A. Heppenheimer\nJill Bauman\nHarry Harrison\nJon Lomberg\nSteve Sansweet\nHerman Kahn\nF. M. Esfandiary","title":"Notable contributors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"J. Allen Hynek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"William F. Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Nolan"},{"link_name":"George Pal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pal"},{"link_name":"Joanna Russ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Russ"},{"link_name":"Keith Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Henson"},{"link_name":"Alvin Toffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Toffler"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Shusei Nagaoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusei_Nagaoka"},{"link_name":"Marion Zimmer Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley"},{"link_name":"David Gerrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gerrold"},{"link_name":"Joe Haldeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Haldeman"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Anne McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Gahan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahan_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Christopher Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve"},{"link_name":"John Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"A. E. van Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt"},{"link_name":"Leslie Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stevens"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Jerry Pournelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle"},{"link_name":"Philip Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Bjo Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjo_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Gregory Benford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Benford"},{"link_name":"Gene Roddenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry"},{"link_name":"Hal Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Clement"},{"link_name":"Timothy Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary"},{"link_name":"Robert Silverberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Silverberg"},{"link_name":"Larry Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fast"},{"link_name":"Vonda McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonda_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"John Varley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Varley_(author)"},{"link_name":"Robert Jastrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jastrow"},{"link_name":"Theodore Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon"}],"text":"Douglas Trumbull\nArthur C. Clarke\nJ. Allen Hynek\nLarry Niven\nWilliam F. Nolan\nGeorge Pal\nJoanna Russ\nKeith Henson\nAlvin Toffler\nRay Bradbury\nShusei Nagaoka\nMarion Zimmer Bradley\nDavid Gerrold\nJoe Haldeman\nSteven Spielberg\nAnne McCaffrey\nGahan Wilson\nChristopher Reeve\nJohn Brunner\nA. E. van Vogt\nLeslie Stevens\nL. Sprague de Camp\nJerry Pournelle\nPhilip Kaufman\nBjo Trimble\nGregory Benford\nGene Roddenberry\nHal Clement\nTimothy Leary\nRobert Silverberg\nLarry Fast\nVonda McIntyre\nJohn Varley\nRobert Jastrow\nTheodore Sturgeon","title":"Notable people interviewed"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trets
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Trets
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["1 Geography","2 Population and history","3 Architecture","4 Cultural encounters and traditions","4.1 Notable people","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Literary, historical and archaeological works about Trets","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°26′51″N 5°41′01″E / 43.4475°N 5.6836°E / 43.4475; 5.6836
Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
For other uses of "Tret", see Tret (disambiguation).
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Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FranceTretsCommuneMontagne Sainte-Victoire and vineyards, seen from the slope south of Trets
Coat of armsLocation of Trets
TretsShow map of FranceTretsShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurCoordinates: 43°26′51″N 5°41′01″E / 43.4475°N 5.6836°E / 43.4475; 5.6836CountryFranceRegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurDepartmentBouches-du-RhôneArrondissementAix-en-ProvenceCantonTretsIntercommunalityAix-Marseille-ProvenceGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Pascal ChauvinArea170.31 km2 (27.15 sq mi)Population (2021)10,678 • Density150/km2 (390/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code13110 /13530Elevation217–810 m (712–2,657 ft) (avg. 249 m or 817 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Trets (English: /trɛts/; French pronunciation: ; Provençal: Tretz) is a commune (town or township, in English) in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côtes d’Azur region in the southeast of France. With a population of over 10,000, it is one of 44 communes in the Aix-en-Provence arrondissement or district. It is often described as a medieval town because of its development during the Middle Ages of European history and retention of medieval architecture.
Geography
Trets is situated in the Upper Valley of the Arc river, between painter Paul Cézanne's beloved Montagne Sainte-Victoire 11 km to the north and the Aurélien hills (Monts Auréliens) to the east, at the foot of Mount Olympus to the south.
Population and history
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 2,650— 1800 2,717+0.36%1806 2,483−1.49%1821 2,634+0.39%1831 3,014+1.36%1836 3,010−0.03%1841 3,039+0.19%1846 3,028−0.07%1851 2,656−2.59%1856 2,890+1.70%1861 2,910+0.14%1866 2,859−0.35%1872 2,794−0.38%1876 3,285+4.13%1881 2,986−1.89%1886 2,821−1.13%1891 2,595−1.66%1896 2,518−0.60%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 2,722+1.57%1906 2,710−0.09%1911 2,659−0.38%1921 2,712+0.20%1926 2,965+1.80%1931 2,903−0.42%1936 2,624−2.00%1946 2,553−0.27%1954 2,640+0.42%1962 2,957+1.43%1968 3,250+1.59%1975 3,674+1.77%1982 4,735+3.69%1990 7,900+6.61%1999 9,314+1.85%2007 10,136+1.06%2012 10,383+0.48%2017 10,613+0.44%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)
Archeological evidence suggests that the first inhabitants of the area, of Chasséen culture, lived on the summit of Mount Olympus around 4000 BC, during the Neolithic period.
The founding site of Trets has been described variously as a Greek colony or an “ancient Roman settlement.” By some accounts Trets was originally named Trittia or Tritea by the Phocean settlers of Massalia, in homage to the daughter of the Greek god Triton.
In the later years of the Roman conquest of Provence, Gaius Marius defeated the Teutons and Ambrones “at a spot between Saint-Maximin and Trets.”
The first historical account identifying the populace now known as Trets appears in 950 AD, when the king of Burgundy and Provence Conrad the Peaceful transferred hereditary rule over the lands of the Upper Valley of the Arc as a fisc to the first Seigneur (or Lord) of Trets. A succession of lords ruled until the French Revolution of 1789.
Architecture
Altar of the Church of Our Lady of Nazareth.
Romanesque, and gothic buildings and vaulted passageways of the medieval period line the narrow, winding streets of the town. The center of Trets was surrounded the ramparts and its 8 towers (4 left), for defense against successive invasions over the centuries. A 2200 sqm garden along the town walls (Jardins des Remparts) was opened in 2011.
Several gates (porte) were opened in the city walls. The rectangular Gate of Pourrières and its preserved machicolations were built in the 14th century. It served as the main gateway access into town. On the East side of city, the Gate Saint-Jean also known as the Gate of Amont (14th) provides uptown access and was used to store munitions. On the North end stood the Gate of Clastre (14th), the Porte Neuve and the Gate of Puyloubier, all destroyed by the mid-19th century.
Now the grounds of the Edmond Brun elementary school, a hospital named Hôpital Saint Jacques was established circa 1300 near the church of the same patronage and later transferred, in 1794, to the Observantins convent.
The low, vaulted passageway called Le Trou de Madame Lion gave access to the wall-walk. It is thought to have been either a way of confining any epidemic outbreak to the grounds of the hospital or a way of defending against mounted attacks.
To the southeast is the feudal castle (Château des Remparts) with its staircase in dimension stone with a ramp from the 17th century, French-style painted ceilings and a baroque chimney. Its construction started in the late 12th or the early 13th century. In June 2013 a number of renovations were completed, with a modern performance space in the courtyard.
The classified 14th-century Church of Our Lady of Nazareth was built upon a 4th-century priory of the Roman-Provençal style with an open vaulted arch, gothic chapels, and a massive unfinished tower. Its massive altarpiece (1693) was executed by the native Christophe Veyrier in stucco and marble.
La Chapelle Saint-Jean-du-Puy, a former 5th-century hermitage, features a Romanesque apse, garden sanctuary and 18th-century watch tower that is an observatory overlooking the town and the Valley of the Arc. It was rebuilt with the addition of two Gallo-Roman columns.
The 14th-century papal Studium of Trets put forth what may have been the only record of its kind in the Vatican archives of that time, a register of the local economy detailing the material life of schoolchildren and their teachers.
The Hôtel de la Vallée de l’Arc, at the center of town, was an 18th-century relay post.
Henri Raybaud executed the War memorial on the townhall square depicting an "angel of victory" .
Cultural encounters and traditions
The influence of both Greek and Roman cultures is said to have led to the cultivation of wine and wheat. After the Romans came the Goths, the Merovingians, the Carlovingians and the Saracens; then, after a period of viscounts of Marseille, Trets came under local papal governance through the diocese of Aix, according to the papal bull of Urban II in 1088.
Holidays and festivals reflect historical encounters and traditions, including:
(May/June) La Fête de Saint Jean has been observed since 1793.
(July) La Fête de la Saint Eloi, patron saint of goldsmiths and blacksmiths since 659 AD, celebrates Provençal culture, language and arts.
(August) Les Médiévales de Trets celebrate the occasion of The Good King René welcoming his nephew Louis XI of France, with period events and dress.
While the Jews were expelled from France in 1182, local governance permitted construction of a synagogue in a manor on the present-day street called Rue Paul Bert. A surrounding Jewish quarter was established by local edict in the early 14th century.
In 2000, sister city exchanges were established with Aghavnadzor, Armenia.
Notable people
Raimbaud de Reillanne, archbishop of Arles.
Raymond de Gaufredi, son of the lord Burgondion de Trets and Mabile d'Agoult, minister general of the Order of Friars Minor from 1289 to 1295.
Bertrand Bezaudun, archbishop of Genova from 1349 to 1358.
Christophe Veyrier, born in Trets on 26 January 1637, died in Toulon on 10 June 1689 (sculptor), nephew and follower of Pierre Puget.
Jean-Jacques Clérion, born in Trets on 16 April 1637, died in Paris on 28 August 1714 (sculptor for Louis XIV of France).
Urbain Dubois, born in Trets on 26 May 1818, died in Nice on 14 March 1901, chef to the King of Prussia from 1860 to 1870. He published several recipe books and is credited with the invention of the Veal Orloff.
See also
Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
References
Notes
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 4 May 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ "Sainte-Victoire". Atelier Paul Cézanne . Retrieved 12 January 2014.
^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Trets, EHESS (in French).
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
^ "Trets et son histoire". Excerpt from Regards sur Trets en Provence. Les Amis du Village. 1991. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
^ Baring-Gould, Sabine (2008). In Troubadour-Land. ReadHowYouWant. p. 150. ISBN 9781442903500.
^ Pallies, Antonin (7 April 1895). "Les communes de Provence: Trets". Petites annales de Provence: Politiques, historiques, artistiques et littéraires (in French) (50): 1. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ Marshall, Archibald (1920). A Spring Walk in Provence. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 86. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
^ "A voir sur Trets et les alentours". Site Officiel de Trets-en-Provence, Based on Regards sur Trets en Provence by Guy Van Oost et al. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Feraud, Jean Claude (13 June 2013). "la Cour du Château épouse son siècle". Site Officiel de Trets-en-Provence. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
^ Auguste, Longnon (1898). "Discours d'ouverture du Président" (PDF). Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. pp. 732–752. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
^ Tassy, Roger; Guy Van Oost (1999). "Trets, une ville médiévale" (PDF). Based on Regards sur Trets by Les Amis du Village, 1991 and Trets, ville médiévale by la Société d'Études et de Recherches de la Haute Vallée de l’Arc (SERHVA),1999. Maison du Tourisme. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
^ Pallies, Antonin (7 April 1895). "Les communes de Provence: Trets". Petites annales de Provence: Politiques, historiques, artistiques et littéraires (50): 2. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ "Ville de Trets: Votre agenda culturel (Le guide culturel 2013-2014)" (PDF). Official site of Trets-en-Provence. la Maison du Tourisme. p. 22. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Literary, historical and archaeological works about Trets
Chauvin, Fernand. Trets et sa région.
Chaillan, Abbé Marius. 1893. Recherches archéologiques & historiques sur Trets et sa vallée. Marseille: H. Aubertin/Marpon & Flammarion.
Papon. 1777. Histoire générale de Provence.
Rolland, Victor. 1938. “Trittia”-Trets. Société nouvelle des impr. toulonnaises.
SERHVA (la Société d'Études et de Recherches de la Haute Vallée de l’Arc) et al. 1984. Trets, ville médiévale cheminement de visite du centre ancien, et monographie sommaire des principaux édifices. Conseil général des Bouches-du-Rhône, Comité départemental du tourisme en Marseille.
Sumeire, Gabriel Jean. 1960. La Communauté de Trets à la veille de la Révolution. Aix en Provence: La Pensée universitaire.
External links
Official site of Trets-en-Provence
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trets.
Places adjacent to Trets
Rousset
Puyloubier
Pourrières (Var)
Peynier
Trets
Nans-les-Pins (Var)
La Bouilladisse
Auriol
Saint-Zacharie (Var)
vte Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
Aix-en-Provencesubpr
Allauch
Alleins
Arlessubpr
Aubagne
Aureille
Auriol
Aurons
La Barben
Barbentane
Les Baux-de-Provence
Beaurecueil
Belcodène
Berre-l'Étang
Bouc-Bel-Air
La Bouilladisse
Boulbon
Cabannes
Cabriès
Cadolive
Carnoux-en-Provence
Carry-le-Rouet
Cassis
Ceyreste
Charleval
Châteauneuf-le-Rouge
Châteauneuf-les-Martigues
Châteaurenard
La Ciotat
Cornillon-Confoux
Coudoux
Cuges-les-Pins
La Destrousse
Éguilles
Ensuès-la-Redonne
Eygalières
Eyguières
Eyragues
La Fare-les-Oliviers
Fontvieille
Fos-sur-Mer
Fuveau
Gardanne
Gémenos
Gignac-la-Nerthe
Grans
Graveson
Gréasque
Istressubpr
Jouques
Lamanon
Lambesc
Lançon-Provence
Maillane
Mallemort
Marignane
Marseillepref
Martigues
Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles
Maussane-les-Alpilles
Meyrargues
Meyreuil
Mimet
Miramas
Mollégès
Mouriès
Noves
Orgon
Paradou
Pélissanne
Les Pennes-Mirabeau
La Penne-sur-Huveaune
Peynier
Peypin
Peyrolles-en-Provence
Plan-de-Cuques
Plan-d'Orgon
Port-de-Bouc
Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône
Puyloubier
Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade
Rognac
Rognes
Rognonas
La Roque-d'Anthéron
Roquefort-la-Bédoule
Roquevaire
Rousset
Le Rove
Saint-Andiol
Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon
Saint-Cannat
Saint-Chamas
Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer
Saint-Estève-Janson
Saint-Étienne-du-Grès
Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde
Saint-Martin-de-Crau
Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts
Saint-Paul-lès-Durance
Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
Saint-Savournin
Saint-Victoret
Salon-de-Provence
Sausset-les-Pins
Sénas
Septèmes-les-Vallons
Simiane-Collongue
Tarascon
Le Tholonet
Trets
Vauvenargues
Velaux
Venelles
Ventabren
Vernègues
Verquières
Vitrolles
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
|
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With a population of over 10,000, it is one of 44 communes in the Aix-en-Provence arrondissement or district. It is often described as a medieval town because of its development during the Middle Ages of European history and retention of medieval architecture.","title":"Trets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_(Provence)"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Montagne Sainte-Victoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne_Sainte-Victoire"}],"text":"Trets is situated in the Upper Valley of the Arc river, between painter Paul Cézanne's beloved[3] Montagne Sainte-Victoire 11 km to the north and the Aurélien hills (Monts Auréliens) to the east, at the foot of Mount Olympus to the south.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chasséen culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chass%C3%A9en_culture"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Phocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocaea"},{"link_name":"Massalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Triton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roman conquest of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Provence#The_Roman_Conquest_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Gaius Marius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius"},{"link_name":"Teutons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutons"},{"link_name":"Ambrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrones"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Conrad the Peaceful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"fisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisc"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"text":"Archeological evidence suggests that the first inhabitants of the area, of Chasséen culture, lived on the summit of Mount Olympus around 4000 BC, during the Neolithic period.The founding site of Trets has been described variously as a Greek colony[6] or an “ancient Roman settlement.”[7] By some accounts Trets was originally named Trittia or Tritea by the Phocean settlers of Massalia, in homage to the daughter of the Greek god Triton.[8]In the later years of the Roman conquest of Provence, Gaius Marius defeated the Teutons and Ambrones “at a spot between Saint-Maximin and Trets.”[9]The first historical account identifying the populace now known as Trets appears in 950 AD, when the king of Burgundy and Provence Conrad the Peaceful transferred hereditary rule over the lands of the Upper Valley of the Arc as a fisc to the first Seigneur (or Lord) of Trets. A succession of lords ruled until the French Revolution of 1789.","title":"Population and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_de_Trets-Autel-vue-g%C3%A9nerale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"ramparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"wall-walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"classified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique"},{"link_name":"Christophe Veyrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Veyrier"},{"link_name":"hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Henri Raybaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Raybaud"}],"text":"Altar of the Church of Our Lady of Nazareth.Romanesque, and gothic buildings and vaulted passageways of the medieval period line the narrow, winding streets of the town. The center of Trets was surrounded the ramparts and its 8 towers (4 left), for defense against successive invasions over the centuries. A 2200 sqm garden along the town walls (Jardins des Remparts) was opened in 2011.Several gates (porte) were opened in the city walls. The rectangular Gate of Pourrières and its preserved machicolations were built in the 14th century. It served as the main gateway access into town. On the East side of city, the Gate Saint-Jean also known as the Gate of Amont (14th) provides uptown access and was used to store munitions. On the North end stood the Gate of Clastre (14th), the Porte Neuve and the Gate of Puyloubier, all destroyed by the mid-19th century.[10]Now the grounds of the Edmond Brun elementary school, a hospital named Hôpital Saint Jacques was established circa 1300 near the church of the same patronage and later transferred, in 1794, to the Observantins convent.The low, vaulted passageway called Le Trou de Madame Lion gave access to the wall-walk. It is thought to have been either a way of confining any epidemic outbreak to the grounds of the hospital or a way of defending against mounted attacks.To the southeast is the feudal castle (Château des Remparts) with its staircase in dimension stone with a ramp from the 17th century, French-style painted ceilings and a baroque chimney. Its construction started in the late 12th or the early 13th century. In June 2013 a number of renovations were completed, with a modern performance space in the courtyard.[11]The classified 14th-century Church of Our Lady of Nazareth was built upon a 4th-century priory of the Roman-Provençal style with an open vaulted arch, gothic chapels, and a massive unfinished tower. Its massive altarpiece (1693) was executed by the native Christophe Veyrier in stucco and marble.La Chapelle Saint-Jean-du-Puy, a former 5th-century hermitage, features a Romanesque apse, garden sanctuary and 18th-century watch tower that is an observatory overlooking the town and the Valley of the Arc. It was rebuilt with the addition of two Gallo-Roman columns.The 14th-century papal Studium of Trets put forth what may have been the only record of its kind in the Vatican archives of that time, a register of the local economy detailing the material life of schoolchildren and their teachers.[12]The Hôtel de la Vallée de l’Arc, at the center of town, was an 18th-century relay post.Henri Raybaud executed the War memorial on the townhall square depicting an \"angel of victory\" .","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Merovingians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingians"},{"link_name":"Carlovingians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlovingians"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Aix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Urban II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Good King René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Louis XI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"},{"link_name":"expelled from France in 1182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_of_France#Expulsion_from_France.2C_1182"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"sister city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"Aghavnadzor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghavnadzor,_Vayots_Dzor"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The influence of both Greek and Roman cultures is said to have led to the cultivation of wine and wheat.[13] After the Romans came the Goths, the Merovingians, the Carlovingians and the Saracens; then, after a period of viscounts of Marseille, Trets came under local papal governance through the diocese of Aix, according to the papal bull of Urban II in 1088.[14]Holidays and festivals reflect historical encounters and traditions, including:(May/June) La Fête de Saint Jean has been observed since 1793.\n(July) La Fête de la Saint Eloi, patron saint of goldsmiths and blacksmiths since 659 AD, celebrates Provençal culture, language and arts.\n(August) Les Médiévales de Trets celebrate the occasion of The Good King René welcoming his nephew Louis XI of France, with period events and dress.While the Jews were expelled from France in 1182, local governance permitted construction of a synagogue in a manor on the present-day street called Rue Paul Bert. A surrounding Jewish quarter was established by local edict in the early 14th century.In 2000, sister city exchanges were established with Aghavnadzor, Armenia.[15]","title":"Cultural encounters and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raimbaud de Reillanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raimbaud_de_Reillanne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles"},{"link_name":"Raymond de Gaufredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_de_Gaufredi"},{"link_name":"Order of Friars Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Bezaudun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Bezaudun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genova"},{"link_name":"Christophe Veyrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Veyrier"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"Pierre Puget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Puget"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Clérion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Cl%C3%A9rion"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Urbain Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Dubois"},{"link_name":"King of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Veal Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal_Orloff"}],"sub_title":"Notable people","text":"Raimbaud de Reillanne, archbishop of Arles.\nRaymond de Gaufredi, son of the lord Burgondion de Trets and Mabile d'Agoult, minister general of the Order of Friars Minor from 1289 to 1295.\nBertrand Bezaudun, archbishop of Genova from 1349 to 1358.\nChristophe Veyrier, born in Trets on 26 January 1637, died in Toulon on 10 June 1689 (sculptor), nephew and follower of Pierre Puget.\nJean-Jacques Clérion, born in Trets on 16 April 1637, died in Paris on 28 August 1714 (sculptor for Louis XIV of France).\nUrbain Dubois, born in Trets on 26 May 1818, died in Nice on 14 March 1901, chef to the King of Prussia from 1860 to 1870. He published several recipe books and is credited with the invention of the Veal Orloff.","title":"Cultural encounters and traditions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Altar of the Church of Our Lady of Nazareth.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%C3%89glise_de_Trets-Autel-vue-g%C3%A9nerale.jpg/220px-%C3%89glise_de_Trets-Autel-vue-g%C3%A9nerale.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne_department"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-13110","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Sainte-Victoire\". Atelier Paul Cézanne [Cézanne Studio and Gardens]. Retrieved 12 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://atelier-cezanne.com/anglais/sainte_victoire.htm","url_text":"\"Sainte-Victoire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trets et son histoire\". Excerpt from Regards sur Trets en Provence. Les Amis du Village. 1991. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://trets.free.fr/cite/Histoiredunomdetrets.htm","url_text":"\"Trets et son histoire\""}]},{"reference":"Baring-Gould, Sabine (2008). In Troubadour-Land. ReadHowYouWant. p. 150. ISBN 9781442903500.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V02nmyYs5TQC&q=editions:Z77wrfURLMYC&pg=PA160","url_text":"In Troubadour-Land"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442903500","url_text":"9781442903500"}]},{"reference":"Pallies, Antonin (7 April 1895). \"Les communes de Provence: Trets\". Petites annales de Provence: Politiques, historiques, artistiques et littéraires (in French) (50): 1. Retrieved 26 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mxrmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Les communes de Provence: Trets\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Archibald (1920). A Spring Walk in Provence. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 86. Retrieved 13 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=-KpDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Spring Walk in Provence"}]},{"reference":"\"A voir sur Trets et les alentours\". Site Officiel de Trets-en-Provence, Based on Regards sur Trets en Provence by Guy Van Oost et al. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trets.fr/tourisme/voir-trets-les-alentours","url_text":"\"A voir sur Trets et les alentours\""}]},{"reference":"Feraud, Jean Claude (13 June 2013). \"la Cour du Château épouse son siècle\". Site Officiel de Trets-en-Provence. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ville-de-trets.fr/travux_postepolice.aspx","url_text":"\"la Cour du Château épouse son siècle\""}]},{"reference":"Auguste, Longnon (1898). \"Discours d'ouverture du Président\" (PDF). Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. pp. 732–752. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/crai_0065-0536_1898_num_42_6_71297/article_crai_0065-0536_1898_num_42_6_71297.pdf","url_text":"\"Discours d'ouverture du Président\""}]},{"reference":"Tassy, Roger; Guy Van Oost (1999). \"Trets, une ville médiévale\" (PDF). Based on Regards sur Trets by Les Amis du Village, 1991 and Trets, ville médiévale by la Société d'Études et de Recherches de la Haute Vallée de l’Arc (SERHVA),1999. Maison du Tourisme. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mairie-de-trets.fr/assets/templates/trets/pdf/trets/ville/ville-medievale.pdf","url_text":"\"Trets, une ville médiévale\""}]},{"reference":"Pallies, Antonin (7 April 1895). \"Les communes de Provence: Trets\". Petites annales de Provence: Politiques, historiques, artistiques et littéraires (50): 2. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mxrmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Les communes de Provence: Trets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ville de Trets: Votre agenda culturel (Le guide culturel 2013-2014)\" (PDF). Official site of Trets-en-Provence. la Maison du Tourisme. p. 22. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ville-de-trets.fr/iso_album/trets_guide_2013-2014_site.pdf","url_text":"\"Ville de Trets: Votre agenda culturel (Le guide culturel 2013-2014)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_Trava
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Crna Trava
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["1 Name","2 Geography","3 History","4 Settlements","5 Demographics","5.1 Ethnic groups","6 Economy","6.1 Builders","7 Tourism","7.1 Church of Saint Nicholas","7.2 Monuments","8 Culture and education","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°48′36.53″N 22°17′56.43″E / 42.8101472°N 22.2990083°E / 42.8101472; 22.2990083Village and municipality in Southern and Eastern Serbia, SerbiaCrna Trava
Црна Трава (Serbian)Village and municipalityView on Crna TravaLocation of the municipality of Crna Trava within SerbiaCoordinates: 42°48′36.53″N 22°17′56.43″E / 42.8101472°N 22.2990083°E / 42.8101472; 22.2990083Country SerbiaRegionSouthern and Eastern SerbiaDistrictJablanicaSettlements25Government • MayorSlavoljub Blagojević (PSS)Area • Village12.23 km2 (4.72 sq mi) • Municipality312 km2 (120 sq mi)Elevation964 m (3,163 ft)Population (2022 census) • Village338 • Village density28/km2 (72/sq mi) • Municipality1,063 • Municipality density3.4/km2 (8.8/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code16215Area code+381(0)16Car platesLEWebsitewww.opstinacrnatrava.org.rs
Crna Trava (Serbian Cyrillic: Црна Трава, pronounced ) is a village and municipality located in the Jablanica District of southern Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the population of the village is 338 inhabitants, while population of the municipality is 1,063. This is the smallest by population and poorest municipality in Serbia.
Crna Trava is famous for its migrant builders, who are considered the best in the region and are colloquially described as "building half of Yugoslavia".
Name
The name of the village in Serbian translates to Black Grass. According to the local myth, the origin of the name dates back to 1389, when Battle of Kosovo took place. A Serbian reserve army unit, composed of Serbian archers and cavaliers, decided to take a rest on a grass field of Vilin Lug ("Fairy Grove") while travelling to the battlefield. Since the flowers and other herbs covering the field were highly poisonous, the soldiers became intoxicated, thereby they did not wake up on time for the battle. Realizing that fact, they cursed the grass that poisoned them, branding it "black" grass. However, there is no historical trace of how the settlement got its name. Variant "Kara Kas" (Turkish for black grass) appeared during the Ottoman period.
Geography
Crna Trava is located 66 km (41 mi) southeast from Leskovac, seat of the Jablanica District. It is situated at the mouth of the Čemernica river into the Vlasina river. The settlement lays in the hollow between the mountains of Čemernik, Ostrozub and Plana. The surrounding landscape is mostly untouched by the urbanization, covered with grass and thick forests which create pleasant micro-climate. The winters, however, are usually harsh in the region. The snowdrifts, especially on the Čemernik mountain, can be up to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, cutting off the surrounding villages.
History
Illyrian tribes inhabited the area in the 5th century BC. Romans occupied the region in the 2nd century BC and exploited the ores in the vicinity, mining for gold, iron and clay. The region of Crna Trava especially developed during the reign of King Milutin in the 13th and 14th century. The original Church of Saint Nicholas was built in that period, so as the important Crna Trava Monastery. During the reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the monastery was a metochion of Hagia Sophia and Crna Trava had certain benefits from that, as the region was considered a waqf so it wasn't directly ruled by the Turks as the others regions were. The monastery did not survive for long and it is not known to whom it was dedicated. It is speculated that it was located near the Čuka hill, below the Crni Vrh peak.
Surveys began in 2018 and in November 2020 it was announced that the remains of some old monastery were discovered at Orlovac Hill. Remains include altar section, walls and several objects surrounding the central church, in what was apparently a vast religious complex. Some parts were covered by overgrowth, while the rest of the complex was discovered by the underground scanning. It is situated on the barely accessible location, and at an altitude of some 1,400 m (4,600 ft), which would make it one of the highest in Serbia. Local myths kept the memory of the monastery dedicated to Saint Nicholas, like the modern one and even the cadastre books called this locality manastirište ("monastery land"). The location points to the defensive position. The proper archaeological survey will be conducted, but initial conclusions are that the supporting walls along the paths to the monastery are from the Roman period, and that the monastery itself, which likely included a settlement, originates from the 10th century.
Settlements
Aside from the village of Crna Trava, the municipality contains the following villages:
Bajinci
Bankovci
Bistrica
Brod
Vus
Gornje Gare
Gradska
Darkovce
Dobro Polje
Zlatance
Jabukovik
Jovanovce
Kalna
Krivi Del
Krstićevo
Mlačište
Obradovce
Ostrozub
Pavličina
Preslap
Rajčetine
Ruplje
Sastav Reka
Čuka
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.194813,614— 195312,902−1.07%196112,319−0.58%19719,672−2.39%19816,366−4.10%19913,789−5.06%20022,563−3.49%20111,663−4.69%20221,063−3.99%Source:
Crna Trava, along with the rest of Vlasina region, suffers from heavy depopulation, chiefly for economic reasons. The municipality had a population of 13,614 in 1948 and 1,339 in 2016. The settlement had a population of 2,798 in 1921 and 434 in 2011.
Though achieving a municipal status already in 1876 and being famous for its construction workers, Crna Trava gained a notoriety of being the most depopulated part of Serbia for decades. It is estimated that in 2017 there are 30,000 people originating from Crna Trava who today live in the capital of Serbia, Belgrade.
Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the municipality:
Ethnic group
Census 2011
Census 2022
Population
%
Population
%
Serbs
1,641
98.7
1,034
97.3
Bulgarians
5
0.30
1
0.10
Gorani
3
0.18
..
..
Russians
2
0.12
1
0.10
Others
12
0.72
27
2.54
Total
1,663
1,063
Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):
Activity
Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
29
Mining and quarrying
-
Manufacturing
32
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
8
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
7
Construction
434
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
18
Transportation and storage
7
Accommodation and food services
1
Information and communication
9
Financial and insurance activities
-
Real estate activities
-
Professional, scientific and technical activities
13
Administrative and support service activities
-
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security
68
Education
67
Human health and social work activities
44
Arts, entertainment and recreation
2
Other service activities
6
Individual agricultural workers
14
Total
761
Builders
Crna Trava is famous for its construction workers. For decades they travelled through Serbia and Yugoslavia, worked on the construction sites and the male variant of the demonym, Crnotravac (plural Crnotravci), became a synonym for a good builder. Many companies bare that name, even though they are not located in Crna Trava. They became known as dunđeri (singular dunđer; after Turkish dülger meaning builder) and the word in time entered Serbian language as a synonym for builder.
Crnotravci excelled in all types of construction works, like carpentry or bricklaying. For the most part they were self-educated, passing the skills from generation to generation. The craft originated from the Ottoman period, when there several metal mines, including iron and lead. Local residents began to construct the facilities needed to treat the ore and extract metals, and then began building houses for themselves. In the first half of the 19th century, the Ottoman allowed the Serbs to restore damaged and build new churches so the builders from Crna Trava began to migrate and work on construction sites. Originally, they spread in the surrounding, southern region (Vlasotince, Leskovac, Niš, Aleksinac), but then they began to move to central and northern part of Serbia (Paraćin, Kragujevac, Belgrade), but also worked in Romania and Bulgaria. They arrived in Belgrade in 1820.
They built everything, from kafanas to public and government buildings. Their central gathering point was Belgrade, where they gathered in the kafana "Kikevac" in the Čubura neighborhood. Belgrade has the oldest attested construction done by the Crnotravci: building of the kafana "Dva Jelena" in the neighborhood of Skadarlija, with the surviving inscription "this building was built by the big-mustached Đorđe Crnotravac in 1832". Number of migrant workers continued to grow in the next decades, and in 1906 it was recorded that the Crnotravci made 80% of all construction workers in Belgrade.
State decided to utilize the already existing craftsmanship of the population, so it organized annual building-stonecutting course in Crna Trava, from 1920 to 1926. The courses, headed by the professors and engineers from Belgrade, later grew into the State Construction-Artisan School which was operation until World War II. It was reopened in 1947 as the Secondary Construction High School, which was closed in 1956. It was then reopened again in 1964.
On the location of the former "Kikevac" kafana, where Čubura Park is located today, a monument dedicated to the builders was erected in June 2019. The 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) tall sculpture on the stone pedestal represents nameless "Crna Trava builder" (Crnotravac neimar). Work of Zoran Kuzmanović, the duplicate was dedicated in Crna Trava itself.
Some of the numerous object built by the Crnotravci are:
Princess Ljubica's Residence (1830; Belgrade)
Kafana Dva Jelena (1832; Belgrade)
Banovina (1882; Niš)
Stari dvor (1884; Belgrade)
Belgrade Main railway station (1884; Belgrade)
National Theatre in Niš (1906; Niš)
Hotel Moskva (1908; Belgrade)
Hotel Bristol (1912; Belgrade)
Novi dvor (1922; Belgrade)
University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology (1922; Belgrade)
Military Museum (1924; Belgrade)
Students Polyclinic (1924; Belgrade)
Belgrade University Library (1926; Belgrade)
Government of Serbia (1928; Belgrade)
Archive of Serbia (1928; Belgrade)
Oplenac (1930; Topola)
Guards Home (1931; Belgrade)
National Bank in Bitola (1931; Bitola, North Macedonia)
Radio Belgrade (1933; Belgrade)
Historical Museum of Serbia (1934; Belgrade)
Air Force Command Building, Belgrade (1935; Zemun)
Small Church of Saint Sava (1935; Belgrade)
High School of Mechanical Engineering (1936; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia (1936; Belgrade)
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law (1937; Belgrade)
Royal Compound (1937; Belgrade)
Belgrade University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (1939; Belgrade)
University Children's Clinic (1940; Belgrade)
University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy (1974; Belgrade)
Memorial Ossuary in Bizerte (Bizerte, Tunisia)
Tourism
Tourism is not developed, even though Crna Trava is only 10 km (6.2 mi) away from the Lake Vlasina. The average altitude of the surrounding area is 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and combined with the climate, produces a clean, fresh air and the growth of the still wild grown strawberries, raspberries and blueberries so as mushrooms and herbal plants. The forests are rich in game and the mountains are suitable for winter sports, but these types of tourism are not developed either.
Church of Saint Nicholas
The Church of Saint Nicholas was originally built during the reign of King Milutin, c. 1300, but was destroyed later. The new church was built on its foundations in 1635. In 2011 bishop of Niš, Jovan Purić, gave his blessing for restoration of the church and continuance of the service. It had no service held from 1942 to 2012 and no resident priest from 1946 to 2019. On the day of Saint Procopius of Scythopolis, on 21 July, an annual regional festivity is held at the church. Construction of the clergy house next to the church began.
Monuments
Crnotravka
In order to mark the devotion of the wives of the Crnotravac builders, who stayed at home and took care of children and households, a monument was erected. Work of Sava Halugin, officially named Zahvalnost ("gratitude"), it is colloquially often referred to as Crnotravka, the female demonym. The monument is located at the confluence of the Čemerčica river into the Vlasina, in front of the "Vilin Lug" hotel, and was dedicated on 4 July 1983. The inscription says: Woman of Crna Trava, mother, fighter, striver.
Crnotravac
On 29 October 2019 a monument dedicated to the builders was erected in the village. The 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) tall sculpture on the stone pedestal represents nameless "Crna Trava builder" (Crnotravac neimar).It was sculptured by Zoran Kuzmanović. In June 2019 the original was dedicated in Belgrade's Čubura Park, when it was announced that the duplicate of the same monument will be erected in Crna Travam too.
Culture and education
The first school, succeeded today by the modern elementary school "Aleksandar Stojanović", was founded in the first half of the 19th century. The school has outposts in the surrounding villages of Krivi Del, Gradska and Sastav Reka. There is also the secondary school "Milentije Popović", founded in 1919. It is a technical vocational school for construction-geodetic technicians - geometers. The school has a dormitory for its students. In order to revive the settlement, because of the massive depopulation, the schoolbooks, lodging and food are free for all students.
The only cultural institution in the village is the library "Sestre Stojanović", with 26,000 books. Since 2017, the library has an electronic classroom. The first reading room in Crna Trava was founded in 1804, while the present library was formed in 1996.
Gallery
Village center
Monument in village center
Monument "Zahvalnost" ("Crnotravka")
Village center at night
Vlasina Lake near Crna Trava
See also
Subdivisions of Serbia
References
^ "Municipalities of Serbia, 2006". Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
^ "B92 - News - Unemployment, poverty on rise in Serbia". Archived from the original on 2010-10-22. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
^ a b Danilo Kocić (7–8 April 2018). "Spomenik Crnotravki" . Politika (in Serbian). p. 14.
^ a b c d Daliborka Mučibabić (14 June 2019). Црнотравац неимар у Чубурском парку . Politika (in Serbian). p. 15.
^ a b c d e Slavica Stuparušić (13 August 2017), "Duga kao vesnik obnove Manastirišta", Politika-Magazin No. 1037 (in Serbian), pp. 22–24
^ a b c d e f Danilo Kocić (11 April 2020). Некад беше Вилин Луг . Politika-Magazin, No. 1171 (in Serbian). pp. 20–21.
^ Jelena Čalija (15 November 2020). Остаци старог манастира пронађени код Црне Траве . Politika (in Serbian). p. 10.
^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
^ Serbia - Administrative division: districts and municipalities
^ "MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2019" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ a b c d e f Dimitrije Bukvić (17 June 2019). Почаст градитељима иѕ Црне Траве . Politika (in Serbian). p. 8.
^ a b Jovan Popović (17 February 2021). "Spomenik ženi Crne Trave" . Politika (in Serbian). p. 24.
^ Jelena Čalija (26 July 2020). "Prvi posleratni sveštenik među Crnotravcima" . Politika (in Serbian). p. 8.
^ Danilo Kocić (7–8 April 2018). "Spomenik Crnotravki" . Politika (in Serbian). p. 14.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crna Trava.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[tsr̩̂ːnaː trǎːʋa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Jablanica District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablanica_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crnotravka-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neimar-5"}],"text":"Village and municipality in Southern and Eastern Serbia, SerbiaCrna Trava (Serbian Cyrillic: Црна Трава, pronounced [tsr̩̂ːnaː trǎːʋa]) is a village and municipality located in the Jablanica District of southern Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the population of the village is 338 inhabitants, while population of the municipality is 1,063. This is the smallest by population and poorest municipality in Serbia.[3]Crna Trava is famous for its migrant builders, who are considered the best in the region and are colloquially described as \"building half of Yugoslavia\".[4][5]","title":"Crna Trava"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-7"}],"text":"The name of the village in Serbian translates to Black Grass. According to the local myth, the origin of the name dates back to 1389, when Battle of Kosovo took place. A Serbian reserve army unit, composed of Serbian archers and cavaliers, decided to take a rest on a grass field of Vilin Lug (\"Fairy Grove\") while travelling to the battlefield.[6] Since the flowers and other herbs covering the field were highly poisonous, the soldiers became intoxicated, thereby they did not wake up on time for the battle. Realizing that fact, they cursed the grass that poisoned them, branding it \"black\" grass. However, there is no historical trace of how the settlement got its name. Variant \"Kara Kas\" (Turkish for black grass) appeared during the Ottoman period.[7]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"link_name":"Jablanica District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablanica_District"},{"link_name":"Vlasina river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasina_(river)"},{"link_name":"Čemernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cemernik"},{"link_name":"Ostrozub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrozub"},{"link_name":"Plana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramada_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"snowdrifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdrift"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-7"}],"text":"Crna Trava is located 66 km (41 mi) southeast from Leskovac, seat of the Jablanica District. It is situated at the mouth of the Čemernica river into the Vlasina river. The settlement lays in the hollow between the mountains of Čemernik, Ostrozub and Plana. The surrounding landscape is mostly untouched by the urbanization, covered with grass and thick forests which create pleasant micro-climate. The winters, however, are usually harsh in the region. The snowdrifts, especially on the Čemernik mountain, can be up to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, cutting off the surrounding villages.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illyrian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_tribes"},{"link_name":"King Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Milutin"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"metochion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metochion"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"waqf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Illyrian tribes inhabited the area in the 5th century BC. Romans occupied the region in the 2nd century BC and exploited the ores in the vicinity, mining for gold, iron and clay. The region of Crna Trava especially developed during the reign of King Milutin in the 13th and 14th century. The original Church of Saint Nicholas was built in that period, so as the important Crna Trava Monastery. During the reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the monastery was a metochion of Hagia Sophia and Crna Trava had certain benefits from that, as the region was considered a waqf so it wasn't directly ruled by the Turks as the others regions were. The monastery did not survive for long and it is not known to whom it was dedicated. It is speculated that it was located near the Čuka hill, below the Crni Vrh peak.[6]Surveys began in 2018 and in November 2020 it was announced that the remains of some old monastery were discovered at Orlovac Hill. Remains include altar section, walls and several objects surrounding the central church, in what was apparently a vast religious complex. Some parts were covered by overgrowth, while the rest of the complex was discovered by the underground scanning. It is situated on the barely accessible location, and at an altitude of some 1,400 m (4,600 ft), which would make it one of the highest in Serbia. Local myths kept the memory of the monastery dedicated to Saint Nicholas, like the modern one and even the cadastre books called this locality manastirište (\"monastery land\"). The location points to the defensive position. The proper archaeological survey will be conducted, but initial conclusions are that the supporting walls along the paths to the monastery are from the Roman period, and that the monastery itself, which likely included a settlement, originates from the 10th century.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aside from the village of Crna Trava, the municipality contains the following villages:","title":"Settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vlasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-6"}],"text":"Crna Trava, along with the rest of Vlasina region, suffers from heavy depopulation, chiefly for economic reasons. The municipality had a population of 13,614 in 1948 and 1,339 in 2016.[10] The settlement had a population of 2,798 in 1921 and 434 in 2011.Though achieving a municipal status already in 1876 and being famous for its construction workers, Crna Trava gained a notoriety of being the most depopulated part of Serbia for decades. It is estimated that in 2017 there are 30,000 people originating from Crna Trava who today live in the capital of Serbia, Belgrade.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"The ethnic composition of the municipality:","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats18-11"}],"text":"The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[11]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"construction workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_workers"},{"link_name":"demonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crnotravka-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-7"},{"link_name":"Vlasotince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasotince"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Aleksinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksinac"},{"link_name":"Paraćin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C4%87in"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spomenik-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zena-13"},{"link_name":"kafanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafana"},{"link_name":"Čubura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cubura"},{"link_name":"Skadarlija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadarlija"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spomenik-12"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spomenik-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neimar-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spomenik-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neimar-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spomenik-12"}],"sub_title":"Builders","text":"Crna Trava is famous for its construction workers. For decades they travelled through Serbia and Yugoslavia, worked on the construction sites and the male variant of the demonym, Crnotravac (plural Crnotravci), became a synonym for a good builder. Many companies bare that name, even though they are not located in Crna Trava.[4] They became known as dunđeri (singular dunđer; after Turkish dülger [from Persian durūger] meaning builder) and the word in time entered Serbian language as a synonym for builder.[7]Crnotravci excelled in all types of construction works, like carpentry or bricklaying. For the most part they were self-educated, passing the skills from generation to generation. The craft originated from the Ottoman period, when there several metal mines, including iron and lead. Local residents began to construct the facilities needed to treat the ore and extract metals, and then began building houses for themselves. In the first half of the 19th century, the Ottoman allowed the Serbs to restore damaged and build new churches so the builders from Crna Trava began to migrate and work on construction sites. Originally, they spread in the surrounding, southern region (Vlasotince, Leskovac, Niš, Aleksinac), but then they began to move to central and northern part of Serbia (Paraćin, Kragujevac, Belgrade), but also worked in Romania and Bulgaria.[12] They arrived in Belgrade in 1820.[13]They built everything, from kafanas to public and government buildings. Their central gathering point was Belgrade, where they gathered in the kafana \"Kikevac\" in the Čubura neighborhood. Belgrade has the oldest attested construction done by the Crnotravci: building of the kafana \"Dva Jelena\" in the neighborhood of Skadarlija, with the surviving inscription \"this building was built by the big-mustached Đorđe Crnotravac in 1832\". Number of migrant workers continued to grow in the next decades, and in 1906 it was recorded that the Crnotravci made 80% of all construction workers in Belgrade.[12]State decided to utilize the already existing craftsmanship of the population, so it organized annual building-stonecutting course in Crna Trava, from 1920 to 1926. The courses, headed by the professors and engineers from Belgrade, later grew into the State Construction-Artisan School which was operation until World War II. It was reopened in 1947 as the Secondary Construction High School, which was closed in 1956. It was then reopened again in 1964.[12]On the location of the former \"Kikevac\" kafana, where Čubura Park is located today, a monument dedicated to the builders was erected in June 2019. The 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) tall sculpture on the stone pedestal represents nameless \"Crna Trava builder\" (Crnotravac neimar). Work of Zoran Kuzmanović, the duplicate was dedicated in Crna Trava itself.[5][12]Some of the numerous object built by the Crnotravci are:[5][12]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Vlasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Vlasina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-6"},{"link_name":"game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_(hunting)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-7"}],"text":"Tourism is not developed, even though Crna Trava is only 10 km (6.2 mi) away from the Lake Vlasina. The average altitude of the surrounding area is 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and combined with the climate, produces a clean, fresh air and the growth of the still wild grown strawberries, raspberries and blueberries so as mushrooms and herbal plants.[6] The forests are rich in game and the mountains are suitable for winter sports, but these types of tourism are not developed either.[7]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bishop of Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Saint Procopius of Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius_of_Scythopolis"},{"link_name":"clergy house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_house"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Church of Saint Nicholas","text":"The Church of Saint Nicholas was originally built during the reign of King Milutin, c. 1300, but was destroyed later. The new church was built on its foundations in 1635. In 2011 bishop of Niš, Jovan Purić, gave his blessing for restoration of the church and continuance of the service. It had no service held from 1942 to 2012 and no resident priest from 1946 to 2019. On the day of Saint Procopius of Scythopolis, on 21 July, an annual regional festivity is held at the church. Construction of the clergy house next to the church began.[6][14]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"demonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zena-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neimar-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spomenik-12"}],"sub_title":"Monuments","text":"CrnotravkaIn order to mark the devotion of the wives of the Crnotravac builders, who stayed at home and took care of children and households, a monument was erected. Work of Sava Halugin, officially named Zahvalnost (\"gratitude\"), it is colloquially often referred to as Crnotravka, the female demonym. The monument is located at the confluence of the Čemerčica river into the Vlasina, in front of the \"Vilin Lug\" hotel, and was dedicated on 4 July 1983.[15] The inscription says: Woman of Crna Trava, mother, fighter, striver.[13]CrnotravacOn 29 October 2019 a monument dedicated to the builders was erected in the village. The 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) tall sculpture on the stone pedestal represents nameless \"Crna Trava builder\" (Crnotravac neimar).It was sculptured by Zoran Kuzmanović. In June 2019 the original was dedicated in Belgrade's Čubura Park, when it was announced that the duplicate of the same monument will be erected in Crna Travam too.[5][12]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-7"}],"text":"The first school, succeeded today by the modern elementary school \"Aleksandar Stojanović\", was founded in the first half of the 19th century. The school has outposts in the surrounding villages of Krivi Del, Gradska and Sastav Reka. There is also the secondary school \"Milentije Popović\", founded in 1919. It is a technical vocational school for construction-geodetic technicians - geometers. The school has a dormitory for its students. In order to revive the settlement, because of the massive depopulation, the schoolbooks, lodging and food are free for all students.[7]The only cultural institution in the village is the library \"Sestre Stojanović\", with 26,000 books. Since 2017, the library has an electronic classroom. The first reading room in Crna Trava was founded in 1804, while the present library was formed in 1996.[7]","title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opshtina_Crna_Trava.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovorvi%C5%A1nja_oko_spomenika_u_Crnoj_Travi.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zahvalnost_-_Spomenik_Crnotravki.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crn%D0%B0_Trav%D0%B0_n%D0%BE%C4%87u.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Vlasina,_Serbia,.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vlasina Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasina_Lake"}],"text":"Village center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument in village center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument \"Zahvalnost\" (\"Crnotravka\")\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVillage center at night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVlasina Lake near Crna Trava","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Subdivisions of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Serbia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_War_Museum_of_Scotland
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National War Museum
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["1 Location and description","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°56′55.5″N 03°12′05.7″W / 55.948750°N 3.201583°W / 55.948750; -3.201583Museum in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
For other uses, see National War Museum (disambiguation).
National War MuseumCoordinates55°56′55.5″N 03°12′05.7″W / 55.948750°N 3.201583°W / 55.948750; -3.201583Visitors805,934 (2019)Websitewww.nms.ac.uk/war
The National War Museum is a museum dedicated to warfare, which is located inside Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. Opened in 1933 in a converted 18th-century ordnance storehouse, the museum is run by the National Museums Scotland and covers 400 years of Scotland at war from the 17th century through permanent exhibits and special exhibitions.
It was formerly known as the Scottish United Services Museum, and prior to this, the Scottish Naval and Military Museum.
Location and description
The museum is located in the Hospital Square of Edinburgh Castle, within the Old Town area of Edinburgh, Scotland. The building, which has been category-B listed since 1970, comprises two storeys with a ten-bay rectangular-plan. It is managed by National Museums Scotland. Admission to the museum is included in the entry charge for the castle.
The museum's collection includes items used by Scotland's armed forces over many centuries. These include broadswords from the Scottish Highlands, protection against chemical warfare, and letters sent home from combat by personnel. It also houses a gallery, with works such as The Thin Red Line by Robert Gibb, and a library.
History
Various movements proposing museums dedicated to warfare arose during World War I, and the consensus amongst those involved was that they should be regional in nature. Preliminary ideas for a Scottish museum were drawn up in 1917 by Alexander Ormiston Curle, curator of the National Museum of Scotland, under advice from organisers in London, as well as a civic committee of the Edinburgh council, set up by Lord Provost John Lorne MacLeod. John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, was also a supporter of the idea. The committee worked through 1918 and 1919 on ideas for the museum, including plans for procuring exhibits. After the end of the war, however, priority was given to the construction of the Scottish National War Memorial, which opened in 1927, and the museum project was put on hold.
The museum project was resurrected in the late 1920s by the Duke of Atholl, utilising a building inside Edinburgh Castle which was built in the 1748 by William Skinner as a storehouse for ordnance. Construction took more than three years, and the museum was opened by Lord High Commissioner John Buchan on 23 May 1933 as the Scottish Naval and Military Museum.
In 1949, recognising the importance of the Air Force to the war effort in World War II, the museum was renamed to the United Services Museum. The museum was refurbished in 2000, and upon reopening was renamed to its present name of the National War Museum.
See also
Scottish National War Memorial
References
^ "ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions". www.alva.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ Li, Martin (30 May 2017). Adventure Guide to Scotland. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 41. ISBN 9781588434067. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ Wright, Christopher; Gordon, Catherine May (2006). British and Irish Paintings in Public Collections: An Index of British and Irish Oil Paintings by Artists Born Before 1870 in Public and Institutional Collections in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0300117302. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ a b c d "National War Museum". Edinburgh Castle. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ a b "Edinburgh Castle, National War Museum of Scotland (Former Hospital and Ordnance Store), Including Sentry Boxes and Urns". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ "Plan Your Visit". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ "War Museums - Edinburgh's Part in a New Movement". The Scotsman. 7 March 1917. p. 8. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ a b Jennifer Wellington (2017). Exhibiting War: The Great War, Museums, and Memory in Britain, Canada, and Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–253. ISBN 9781107135079. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ "The Preparation of the Scottish Naval and Military Museum". Dundee Evening Telegraph. 29 March 1933. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ "The Day's News In Brief - Local and District". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 23 May 1933. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ "Edinburgh Castle". HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND. p. 7. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ "History of National Museums Scotland". National Museums Scotland. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National War Museum of Scotland.
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Opened in 1933 in a converted 18th-century ordnance storehouse, the museum is run by the National Museums Scotland and covers 400 years of Scotland at war from the 17th century through permanent exhibits and special exhibitions.[2]It was formerly known as the Scottish United Services Museum,[3] and prior to this, the Scottish Naval and Military Museum.","title":"National War Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdinburghCastle-4"},{"link_name":"category-B listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritishListed-5"},{"link_name":"National Museums Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museums_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdinburghCastle-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"broadswords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsword"},{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"The Thin Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Robert Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gibb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdinburghCastle-4"}],"text":"The museum is located in the Hospital Square of Edinburgh Castle, within the Old Town area of Edinburgh, Scotland.[4] The building, which has been category-B listed since 1970, comprises two storeys with a ten-bay rectangular-plan.[5] It is managed by National Museums Scotland.[4] Admission to the museum is included in the entry charge for the castle.[6]The museum's collection includes items used by Scotland's armed forces over many centuries. These include broadswords from the Scottish Highlands, protection against chemical warfare, and letters sent home from combat by personnel. It also houses a gallery, with works such as The Thin Red Line by Robert Gibb, and a library.[4]","title":"Location and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ormiston Curle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ormiston_Curle"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"John Lorne MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacLeod_(solicitor)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart-Murray,_8th_Duke_of_Atholl"},{"link_name":"Scottish National War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExhibitingWar-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExhibitingWar-8"},{"link_name":"William Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Skinner_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritishListed-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdinburghCastle-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DundeeTelegraph-9"},{"link_name":"John Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Various movements proposing museums dedicated to warfare arose during World War I, and the consensus amongst those involved was that they should be regional in nature. Preliminary ideas for a Scottish museum were drawn up in 1917 by Alexander Ormiston Curle, curator of the National Museum of Scotland, under advice from organisers in London, as well as a civic committee of the Edinburgh council, set up by Lord Provost John Lorne MacLeod.[7] John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, was also a supporter of the idea. The committee worked through 1918 and 1919 on ideas for the museum, including plans for procuring exhibits. After the end of the war, however, priority was given to the construction of the Scottish National War Memorial, which opened in 1927, and the museum project was put on hold.[8]The museum project was resurrected in the late 1920s by the Duke of Atholl,[8] utilising a building inside Edinburgh Castle which was built in the 1748 by William Skinner as a storehouse for ordnance.[5][4] Construction took more than three years,[9] and the museum was opened by Lord High Commissioner John Buchan on 23 May 1933 as the Scottish Naval and Military Museum.[10]In 1949, recognising the importance of the Air Force to the war effort in World War II, the museum was renamed to the United Services Museum.[11] The museum was refurbished in 2000, and upon reopening was renamed to its present name of the National War Museum.[12]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Scottish National War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_War_Memorial"}]
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Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=27WjPrzj14EC&pg=PT41","url_text":"Adventure Guide to Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588434067","url_text":"9781588434067"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230126004003/https://books.google.com/books?id=27WjPrzj14EC&pg=PT41","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Christopher; Gordon, Catherine May (2006). British and Irish Paintings in Public Collections: An Index of British and Irish Oil Paintings by Artists Born Before 1870 in Public and Institutional Collections in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0300117302. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9XNe0mLSJQAC&pg=PA30","url_text":"British and Irish Paintings in Public Collections: An Index of British and Irish Oil Paintings by Artists Born Before 1870 in Public and Institutional Collections in the United Kingdom and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300117302","url_text":"0300117302"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230126004002/https://books.google.com/books?id=9XNe0mLSJQAC&pg=PA30","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National War Museum\". Edinburgh Castle. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghcastle.scot/see-and-do/highlights/national-war-museum","url_text":"\"National War Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh Castle, National War Museum of Scotland (Former Hospital and Ordnance Store), Including Sentry Boxes and Urns\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200395621-edinburgh-castle-national-war-museum-of-scotland-former-hospital-and-ordnance-store-including-sentry-boxes-and-urns-edinburgh#.Xl6SYDLxJaQ","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Castle, National War Museum of Scotland (Former Hospital and Ordnance Store), Including Sentry Boxes and Urns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plan Your Visit\". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nms.ac.uk/national-war-museum/plan-your-visit/","url_text":"\"Plan Your Visit\""}]},{"reference":"\"War Museums - Edinburgh's Part in a New Movement\". The Scotsman. 7 March 1917. p. 8. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/19170307/364/0008","url_text":"\"War Museums - Edinburgh's Part in a New Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Wellington (2017). Exhibiting War: The Great War, Museums, and Memory in Britain, Canada, and Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–253. ISBN 9781107135079. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X0UzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252","url_text":"Exhibiting War: The Great War, Museums, and Memory in Britain, Canada, and Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107135079","url_text":"9781107135079"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230126004009/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0UzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Preparation of the Scottish Naval and Military Museum\". Dundee Evening Telegraph. 29 March 1933. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19330329/108/0006","url_text":"\"The Preparation of the Scottish Naval and Military Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Day's News In Brief - Local and District\". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 23 May 1933. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000577/19330523/047/0006","url_text":"\"The Day's News In Brief - Local and District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh Castle\". HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND. p. 7. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/api/file/a639cd2b-6c60-44f7-88f8-a69e00f493d5","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Castle\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of National Museums Scotland\". National Museums Scotland. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nms.ac.uk/about-us/history-of-national-museums-scotland/","url_text":"\"History of National Museums Scotland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303175033/https://www.nms.ac.uk/about-us/history-of-national-museums-scotland/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor-Jean_Perrin
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Victor-Jean Perrin
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Victor Jean Perrin was a 20th-century Bishop of Arras, Boulogne and Saint-Omer.
Biography
He was born August 7, 1894, in Segre (Maine-et-Loire) son of Breton parents, and educated in Rennes and Saint-Malo. He entered the major Seminary in 1911. He enlisted at the beginning of the First World War, he finished the war with the rank of lieutenant. After the war he was Ordained a priest on 21 May 1921, he was sent to the French Seminary in Rome where he obtained a doctorate of theology.
Upon his return to the diocese of Rennes, he was successively Professor of Holy History at the major seminary of this city, from 1923 to 1933 and then superior of the diocesan college of Saint-Malo from 1933 to 1938. He was appointed vicar general in 1938.
He enlisted once again for World War II (1939-1940), fighting the Germans during their entry into the city of Rennes.
After the Second World War he was appointed Bishop of Arras on November 3, 1945, in replacing Henri-Edouard Dutoit, who resigned after the Liberation of France. He left Arras after his appointment, on November 26, 1961, to the diocese of Blaundus in partibus. He resigned his duties on December 10, 1970. He died on January 31, 1971.
References
^ "The Echo de n.-d. de Lorette", no. 2, 4th Qtr. 1945, p. 1.
^ http://www.Catholic-hierarchy.org/Bishop/bperrinv.html. Archived 2022-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
Portals: Biography Catholicism France
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Victor-Jean Perrin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maine-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_priest"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"doctorate of theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_theology"},{"link_name":"diocese of Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Rennes"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Arras"},{"link_name":"Henri-Edouard Dutoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri-Edouard_Dutoit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"diocese of Blaundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Blaundus"}],"text":"He was born August 7, 1894, in Segre (Maine-et-Loire) son of Breton parents, and educated in Rennes and Saint-Malo. He entered the major Seminary in 1911. He enlisted at the beginning of the First World War, he finished the war with the rank of lieutenant. After the war he was Ordained a priest on 21 May 1921, he was sent to the French Seminary in Rome where he obtained a doctorate of theology.Upon his return to the diocese of Rennes, he was successively Professor of Holy History at the major seminary of this city, from 1923 to 1933 and then superior of the diocesan college of Saint-Malo from 1933 to 1938. He was appointed vicar general in 1938.He enlisted once again for World War II (1939-1940), fighting the Germans during their entry into the city of Rennes.After the Second World War he was appointed Bishop of Arras on November 3, 1945, in replacing Henri-Edouard Dutoit, who resigned after the Liberation of France. He left Arras after his appointment, on November 26, 1961, to the diocese of Blaundus in partibus. He resigned his duties on December 10, 1970. He died on January 31, 1971.","title":"Biography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chernoff_(baseball)
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Mike Chernoff (baseball)
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
American professional baseball executive
Baseball player
Mike ChernoffChernoff in 2020Cleveland Guardians General ManagerBorn: c. 1981
Teams
Cleveland Indians / Guardians (2015–present)
Michael Chernoff (born c. 1981) is an American baseball executive who serves as the general manager of the Cleveland Guardians of Major League Baseball.
Biography
Chernoff was born and raised in Livingston, New Jersey. His father, Mark Chernoff, is the vice president of programming for CBS Radio in New York. He attended the Pingry School in Basking Ridge, New Jersey.
He attended Princeton University, where he played shortstop for the Princeton Tigers baseball team. He took an internship to work in the Indians' front office and remained with the team. He served as the director of baseball relations, and was promoted to assistant general manager in Cleveland in October 2010. In 2014, he declined an opportunity to interview for the general manager position with the San Diego Padres. After the 2015 season, the Indians promoted Chris Antonetti from general manager to president of baseball operations, and Chernoff to general manager.
He and his wife, Sarah, have two sons and two daughters.
References
^ a b c "Chernoff steps up to the plate with the Indians". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
^ Jewish Telegraph Agency: "Cubs vs. Indians: Which team is more Jewish?" by Ben Sales and Marcy Oster October 26, 2016
^ a b Oster, Marcy. "Theo Epstein vs. Mike Chernoff: The Jewish minds behind the Cubs and the Indians - Jewish Telegraphic Agency". Jta.org. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
^ "Mark Chernoff & Mike Chernoff A Family Baseball Tradition". foxsports.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
^ a b "Cleveland Indians promote Chris Antonetti, Mike Chernoff to new roles". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
^ "Cleveland Indians hire Derek Falvey, David Stearns as directors of baseball operations". cleveland.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
^ "Assistant GM Mike Chernoff staying with Tribe: Cleveland Indians chatter". cleveland.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
^ Baccellieri, Emma. "It Sounds Like Cleveland GM Mike Chernoff's Adorable Six-Year-Old Leaked Francisco Lindor Extension Talks". Deadspin. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
vteCleveland Guardians
Established in 1894Former names (all in Cleveland unless noted) - Grand Rapids Rustlers, Lake Shores, Bluebirds, Bronchos, Naps, and Indians Based in Cleveland, Ohio
Franchise
History
Seasons
Records
Players
Owners and executives
Managers
Opening Day starting pitchers
No-hitters
Award winners
First-round draft picks
Broadcasters
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Spring training: Athletic Park
Heinemann Park
Henley Field
Terry Park Ballfield
Clearwater Athletic Field
Hi Corbett Field
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Culture and lore
1910 Chalmers Award
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2013 AL Wild Card Game
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The Longest Scoreless Tie
Addie Joss Benefit Game
Addie Joss' perfect game
Armando Galarraga's near-perfect game
Chief Wahoo
"Cleveland Rocks"
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Frank Robinson
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Herb Score
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John Adams
Len Barker's perfect game
Major League
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Moneyball
Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)
Slider
Ten Cent Beer Night
The Catch
The Kid from Cleveland
The Pitch That Killed
Rivalries
Ohio Cup
Cincinnati Reds
Key personnel
Owner: Larry Dolan
Chairman/CEO: Paul Dolan
President: Chris Antonetti
General manager: Mike Chernoff
Manager: Stephen Vogt
Postseason appearances (16)
1920
1948
1954
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2007
2013
2016
2017
2018
2020
2022
Division championships (11)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2007
2016
2017
2018
2022
American League pennants (6)
1920
1948
1954
1995
1997
2016
World Series championships (2)
1920
1948
Hall of Famers
Averill
Boudreau
Coveleski
Doby
Dudley (FCFA)
Feller
Flick
Graney (FCFA)
Joss
Lajoie
Lemon
Sewell
Speaker
Thome
Wynn
Minors
Triple-A: Columbus Clippers
Double-A: Akron RubberDucks
High-A: Lake County Captains
Single-A: Lynchburg Hillcats
Rookie: Arizona Complex League Guardians
Dominican Summer League Guardians Goryl
Dominican Summer League Guardians Mendoza
Seasons (130)1890s
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900s
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910s
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920s
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930s
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940s
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
vteCleveland Guardians general managers
Ernest Barnard (1903–1915)
Bob McRoy (1916–1917)
Ernest Barnard (1918–1927)
Billy Evans (1927–1935)
Cy Slapnicka (1935–1941)
Roger Peckinpaugh (1941–1946)
Bill Veeck (1946–1949)
Hank Greenberg (1950–1957)
Frank Lane (1957–1961)
Gabe Paul (1961–1969)
Alvin Dark (1969–1971)
Gabe Paul (1971–1973)
Phil Seghi (1973–1985)
Joe Klein (1986)
Hank Peters (1987–1991)
John Hart (1991–2001)
Mark Shapiro (2001–2010)
Chris Antonetti (2010–2015)
Mike Chernoff (2015–present)
vteMajor League Baseball general managers by teamALEast
Mike Elias (Baltimore Orioles)
Vacant (Boston Red Sox)
Brian Cashman (New York Yankees)
Peter Bendix (Tampa Bay Rays)
Ross Atkins (Toronto Blue Jays)
Central
Chris Getz (Chicago White Sox)
Mike Chernoff (Cleveland Guardians)
Jeff Greenberg (Detroit Tigers)
J. J. Picollo (Kansas City Royals)
Thad Levine (Minnesota Twins)
West
Dana Brown (Houston Astros)
Perry Minasian (Los Angeles Angels)
David Forst (Oakland Athletics)
Justin Hollander (Seattle Mariners)
Chris Young (Texas Rangers)
NLEast
Alex Anthopoulos (Atlanta Braves)
Vacant (Miami Marlins)
Vacant (New York Mets)
Sam Fuld (Philadelphia Phillies)
Mike Rizzo (Washington Nationals)
Central
Carter Hawkins (Chicago Cubs)
Brad Meador (Cincinnati Reds)
Matt Arnold (Milwaukee Brewers)
Ben Cherington (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Mike Girsch (St. Louis Cardinals)
West
Mike Hazen (Arizona Diamondbacks)
Bill Schmidt (Colorado Rockies)
Brandon Gomes (Los Angeles Dodgers)
A. J. Preller (San Diego Padres)
Pete Putila (San Francisco Giants)
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Chernoff steps up to the plate with the Indians\". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved October 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local/chernoff-steps-up-to-the-plate-with-the-indians/article_62687af8-c163-11e1-a471-0019bb2963f4.html","url_text":"\"Chernoff steps up to the plate with the Indians\""}]},{"reference":"Oster, Marcy. \"Theo Epstein vs. Mike Chernoff: The Jewish minds behind the Cubs and the Indians - Jewish Telegraphic Agency\". Jta.org. Retrieved 2019-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2016/10/26/life-religion/theo-epstein-vs-mike-chernoff-the-jewish-minds-behind-the-cubs-and-the-indians","url_text":"\"Theo Epstein vs. Mike Chernoff: The Jewish minds behind the Cubs and the Indians - Jewish Telegraphic Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Chernoff & Mike Chernoff A Family Baseball Tradition\". foxsports.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com/mlb/just-a-bit-outside/story/cleveland-indians-gm-mike-chernoff-mark-chernoff-game-of-catch-family-tradition-110815","url_text":"\"Mark Chernoff & Mike Chernoff A Family Baseball Tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleveland Indians promote Chris Antonetti, Mike Chernoff to new roles\". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/13821585/cleveland-indians-promote-chris-antonetti-mike-chernoff-new-roles","url_text":"\"Cleveland Indians promote Chris Antonetti, Mike Chernoff to new roles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleveland Indians hire Derek Falvey, David Stearns as directors of baseball operations\". cleveland.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/tribe/index.ssf/2011/12/cleveland_indians_hire_derek_f.html","url_text":"\"Cleveland Indians hire Derek Falvey, David Stearns as directors of baseball operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assistant GM Mike Chernoff staying with Tribe: Cleveland Indians chatter\". cleveland.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/tribe/index.ssf/2014/07/post_258.html","url_text":"\"Assistant GM Mike Chernoff staying with Tribe: Cleveland Indians chatter\""}]},{"reference":"Baccellieri, Emma. \"It Sounds Like Cleveland GM Mike Chernoff's Adorable Six-Year-Old Leaked Francisco Lindor Extension Talks\". Deadspin. Retrieved 2017-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadspin.com/it-sounds-like-cleveland-gm-mike-chernoffs-adorable-six-1793653623","url_text":"\"It Sounds Like Cleveland GM Mike Chernoff's Adorable Six-Year-Old Leaked Francisco Lindor Extension Talks\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local/chernoff-steps-up-to-the-plate-with-the-indians/article_62687af8-c163-11e1-a471-0019bb2963f4.html","external_links_name":"\"Chernoff steps up to the plate with the Indians\""},{"Link":"http://www.jta.org/2016/10/26/arts-entertainment/cubs-vs-indians-which-team-is-the-more-jewish","external_links_name":"Jewish Telegraph Agency: \"Cubs vs. Indians: Which team is more Jewish?\" by Ben Sales and Marcy Oster"},{"Link":"https://www.jta.org/2016/10/26/life-religion/theo-epstein-vs-mike-chernoff-the-jewish-minds-behind-the-cubs-and-the-indians","external_links_name":"\"Theo Epstein vs. Mike Chernoff: The Jewish minds behind the Cubs and the Indians - Jewish Telegraphic Agency\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com/mlb/just-a-bit-outside/story/cleveland-indians-gm-mike-chernoff-mark-chernoff-game-of-catch-family-tradition-110815","external_links_name":"\"Mark Chernoff & Mike Chernoff A Family Baseball Tradition\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/13821585/cleveland-indians-promote-chris-antonetti-mike-chernoff-new-roles","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland Indians promote Chris Antonetti, Mike Chernoff to new roles\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/tribe/index.ssf/2011/12/cleveland_indians_hire_derek_f.html","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland Indians hire Derek Falvey, David Stearns as directors of baseball operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/tribe/index.ssf/2014/07/post_258.html","external_links_name":"\"Assistant GM Mike Chernoff staying with Tribe: Cleveland Indians chatter\""},{"Link":"https://deadspin.com/it-sounds-like-cleveland-gm-mike-chernoffs-adorable-six-1793653623","external_links_name":"\"It Sounds Like Cleveland GM Mike Chernoff's Adorable Six-Year-Old Leaked Francisco Lindor Extension Talks\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maltby_Collection
|
The Maltby Collection
|
["1 Plot outline","2 Themes","3 Characters","4 Cast","5 External links"]
|
Radio show
The Maltby CollectionGenreComedyRunning time30 minutesCountry of originUnited KingdomLanguage(s)EnglishHome stationBBC Radio 4StarringJulian Rhind-TuttGeoffrey PalmerRachel AtkinsBen WillbondChris PavloCreated byDavid NobbsWritten byDavid NobbsOriginal release15 June 2007 –2009No. of series3No. of episodes18Opening themeI'm on My WayWebsiteThe Maltby Collection at BBC Radio 4
The Maltby Collection is a BBC Radio 4 sitcom set in a small, threatened art gallery. The first series was broadcast in six parts, at 11.30am on Fridays from 15 June 2007. Its theme tune is "I'm on My Way". The show was written by David Nobbs. A second series began broadcasting on 2 June 2008, including a re-recording of the theme song. On 26 August 2009 a third series began airing, with the museum facing huge budget cuts due to the economic downturn. Sadly, Walter Brindle is unable to bring himself to cut any staff, no matter how hard he tries.
Plot outline
Rod Millet, the son of a well-known maker of biscuits, returns to the museum where he spent his adolescence retreating from the world. He has had a varied career, including a stint as a cowherd in Arizona and a zinc miner in Bolivia. He is the last candidate to be interviewed for the position of Deputy Curator of Painting and Sculpture. None of the others were acceptable. Rod is not particularly suitable, but he does play midfield in soccer, much to the delight of Director Brindle, and he has certain qualities that catch the eye of the Curator, Prunella Edgcombe. The objections of the upper-crust Julian Crumb-Loosley are overridden. Julian's main objection seems to be to Rod's working-class background.
On Rod's first day, the news arrives that the gallery is to be closed and the collection broken up. Brindle is elated as he will be able to retire early. Prunella is not so happy, but she and Julian quickly land other jobs. Rod, realizing that the staff of the museum will not be so fortunate, decides to campaign to save the collection (however, the closure plot is wrapped up rather abruptly four episodes into the initial run, though Rod's efforts to attract more visitors continue into season two).
In the second series it is revealed that the museum's endowment originally came from the company "Joshua Maltby & Sons", a manufacturer of porcelain toilets in Blackburn. The last of the Maltbys, Susie Maltby (Margaret Cabourn-Smith), appears as a new character. She begins an affair with Brindle only to break it off when he falls for her and his wife leaves him.
By the start of the third series Susie is involved with Rod, and Prunella and Julian are married. Prunella begins to dislike Julian's foibles while Rod defends Brindle against Susie's attempts to torment him. Brindle resigns himself to a peaceful life alone, only to have his wife return unexpectedly.
Themes
The show features many trademarks of David Nobbs's comedy style. Characters tend to have long, almost poetic speeches, frequently reciting witty lists of ideas or qualities. An example occurs in the first episode during the job interview.
Julian : What do you think you would bring to the world of Art and culture, Mr. Millet?
Rod: Enthusiasm, natural good taste, dedication, energy, judgment, reliability, industriousness, warmth, biscuits, stamina, a new perspective, a fresh eye, streetwise shrewdness, passion, perspicacity, practicality, punctuality, imagination, integrity and... humility.
Phrases are repeated back and forth between characters in conversation, creating a rhythmic quality. This example occurs when Des Wainwright, the Head of Security, stops Rod on his way into the museum on his first day.
Rod: When I get to my office, if I ever get to my office, I'm going to commend your diligence
Des: Oh, you're going to commend my diligence, are you?
Rod: Don't you want to have your diligence commended?
Des: I do. I very much want my diligence commended. I love having my diligence commended. My diligence is all too rarely commended.
Rod: Good. So can I go and start work now?
Des: Not so fast. Now if I'm going to have my diligence commended, I'd better justify the commendation of my diligence, by being diligent!
Rod: I wish I'd never mentioned the commendation of your bloody diligence now!
Nobbs' characters frequently have verbal quirks. In this series Julian Crumb-Loosely
frequently excuses some mannerism or failing of his by saying "All the Crumb-Looselys are ...". This is similar to "C.J." in "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin" who would begin sentences with "I didn't get where I am today by ...".
Actor Geoffrey Palmer, who plays Director Brindle, has had a long association with Nobbs, beginning with The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin.
Characters
Rod Millet, son of the maker of "Millet's Milky Marvels" biscuits, is a rough diamond with a checkered career. Not only has he been a cowherd in Arizona and a zinc miner in Bolivia, but he has also been a "guest of Her Majesty". The museum is his second favourite place in the world, after White Hart Lane. His favourite artwork is Whistler's Sister.
Walter Brindle, OBE is the Director of the Museum. He has two great passions: telling people about his OBE, and beating the other London museums and galleries at football.
Prunella Edgcombe, "single, unattached and available", is the head Curator of Painting and Sculpture at the museum, and something of a predator. After a brief dalliance Rod decides he does not wish to be manipulated, and tells her so.
Julian Crumb-Loosley, scion of a somewhat inbred aristocratic clan, is the "Curator of everything except Painting and Sculpture". He constantly uses his family name as a touchstone, as in "All the Crumb-Loosleys are partial to digestives". Julian is actually in love with Prunella, though she seems to know it before he does. As she puts it "All the Crumb-Loosleys are shy. That's why they're so inbred. They only like to be with people they already know, so they wind up marrying each other".
Des Wainwright is the Head of Security at the museum. A former SAS man from Belfast, he nevertheless admits to having a "horribly subservient streak". He is currently with "the third Mrs. Wainwright" and does not want to have to find the fourth. The other staff refer to him as "that mad bastard in Security" although they say it with a certain affection.
Cast
Rod Millet, deputy curator: Julian Rhind-Tutt
Walter Brindle, OBE, director: Geoffrey Palmer
Prunella Edgcombe, curator: Rachel Atkins
Julian Crumb-Loosely, curator: Ben Willbond
Wilf Arbuthnot, gallery attendant: Geoff McGivern
Eva Tattle, cleaner: Julia Deakin
Des Wainwright, security guard: Michael Smiley
Stelios Constantinopoulis, canteen cook: Chris Pavlo
Mark, Rod's friend from the British Museum: Ben Moor
Rod's mum: Liza Sadovy
Susie Maltby, last of the line (series 2): Margaret Cabourn-Smith
External links
The Maltby Collection at BBC Online
The Maltby Collection at BBC Online (Archived Radio 4 page)
The Maltby Collection at British Comedy Guide
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"I'm on My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_on_My_Way_(The_Proclaimers_song)"},{"link_name":"David Nobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nobbs"},{"link_name":"economic downturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recession"}],"text":"Radio showThe Maltby Collection is a BBC Radio 4 sitcom set in a small, threatened art gallery. The first series was broadcast in six parts, at 11.30am on Fridays from 15 June 2007. Its theme tune is \"I'm on My Way\". The show was written by David Nobbs. A second series began broadcasting on 2 June 2008, including a re-recording of the theme song. On 26 August 2009 a third series began airing, with the museum facing huge budget cuts due to the economic downturn. Sadly, Walter Brindle is unable to bring himself to cut any staff, no matter how hard he tries.","title":"The Maltby Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cabourn-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cabourn-Smith"}],"text":"Rod Millet, the son of a well-known maker of biscuits, returns to the museum where he spent his adolescence retreating from the world. He has had a varied career, including a stint as a cowherd in Arizona and a zinc miner in Bolivia. He is the last candidate to be interviewed for the position of Deputy Curator of Painting and Sculpture. None of the others were acceptable. Rod is not particularly suitable, but he does play midfield in soccer, much to the delight of Director Brindle, and he has certain qualities that catch the eye of the Curator, Prunella Edgcombe. The objections of the upper-crust Julian Crumb-Loosley are overridden. Julian's main objection seems to be to Rod's working-class background.On Rod's first day, the news arrives that the gallery is to be closed and the collection broken up. Brindle is elated as he will be able to retire early. Prunella is not so happy, but she and Julian quickly land other jobs. Rod, realizing that the staff of the museum will not be so fortunate, decides to campaign to save the collection (however, the closure plot is wrapped up rather abruptly four episodes into the initial run, though Rod's efforts to attract more visitors continue into season two).In the second series it is revealed that the museum's endowment originally came from the company \"Joshua Maltby & Sons\", a manufacturer of porcelain toilets in Blackburn. The last of the Maltbys, Susie Maltby (Margaret Cabourn-Smith), appears as a new character. She begins an affair with Brindle only to break it off when he falls for her and his wife leaves him.By the start of the third series Susie is involved with Rod, and Prunella and Julian are married. Prunella begins to dislike Julian's foibles while Rod defends Brindle against Susie's attempts to torment him. Brindle resigns himself to a peaceful life alone, only to have his wife return unexpectedly.","title":"Plot outline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_and_Rise_of_Reginald_Perrin"}],"text":"The show features many trademarks of David Nobbs's comedy style. Characters tend to have long, almost poetic speeches, frequently reciting witty lists of ideas or qualities. An example occurs in the first episode during the job interview.Julian : What do you think you would bring to the world of Art and culture, Mr. Millet?\nRod: Enthusiasm, natural good taste, dedication, energy, judgment, reliability, industriousness, warmth, biscuits, stamina, a new perspective, a fresh eye, streetwise shrewdness, passion, perspicacity, practicality, punctuality, imagination, integrity and... humility.Phrases are repeated back and forth between characters in conversation, creating a rhythmic quality. This example occurs when Des Wainwright, the Head of Security, stops Rod on his way into the museum on his first day.Rod: When I get to my office, if I ever get to my office, I'm going to commend your diligence\nDes: Oh, you're going to commend my diligence, are you?\nRod: Don't you want to have your diligence commended?\nDes: I do. I very much want my diligence commended. I love having my diligence commended. My diligence is all too rarely commended.\nRod: Good. So can I go and start work now?\nDes: Not so fast. Now if I'm going to have my diligence commended, I'd better justify the commendation of my diligence, by being diligent!\nRod: I wish I'd never mentioned the commendation of your bloody diligence now!Nobbs' characters frequently have verbal quirks. In this series Julian Crumb-Loosely\nfrequently excuses some mannerism or failing of his by saying \"All the Crumb-Looselys are ...\". This is similar to \"C.J.\" in \"The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin\" who would begin sentences with \"I didn't get where I am today by ...\".Actor Geoffrey Palmer, who plays Director Brindle, has had a long association with Nobbs, beginning with The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"guest of Her Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service"},{"link_name":"White Hart Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hart_Lane"},{"link_name":"Whistler's Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%27s_Mother"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"digestives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_biscuit"},{"link_name":"SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"}],"text":"Rod Millet, son of the maker of \"Millet's Milky Marvels\" biscuits, is a rough diamond with a checkered career. Not only has he been a cowherd in Arizona and a zinc miner in Bolivia, but he has also been a \"guest of Her Majesty\". The museum is his second favourite place in the world, after White Hart Lane. His favourite artwork is Whistler's Sister.\nWalter Brindle, OBE is the Director of the Museum. He has two great passions: telling people about his OBE, and beating the other London museums and galleries at football.\nPrunella Edgcombe, \"single, unattached and available\", is the head Curator of Painting and Sculpture at the museum, and something of a predator. After a brief dalliance Rod decides he does not wish to be manipulated, and tells her so.\nJulian Crumb-Loosley, scion of a somewhat inbred aristocratic clan, is the \"Curator of everything except Painting and Sculpture\". He constantly uses his family name as a touchstone, as in \"All the Crumb-Loosleys are partial to digestives\". Julian is actually in love with Prunella, though she seems to know it before he does. As she puts it \"All the Crumb-Loosleys are shy. That's why they're so inbred. They only like to be with people they already know, so they wind up marrying each other\".\nDes Wainwright is the Head of Security at the museum. A former SAS man from Belfast, he nevertheless admits to having a \"horribly subservient streak\". He is currently with \"the third Mrs. Wainwright\" and does not want to have to find the fourth. The other staff refer to him as \"that mad bastard in Security\" although they say it with a certain affection.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Rhind-Tutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Rhind-Tutt"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rachel Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Atkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ben Willbond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Willbond"},{"link_name":"Geoff McGivern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_McGivern"},{"link_name":"Julia Deakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Deakin"},{"link_name":"Michael Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Smiley"},{"link_name":"Chris Pavlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pavlo"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ben Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Moor_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Liza Sadovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Sadovy"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cabourn-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cabourn-Smith"}],"text":"Rod Millet, deputy curator: Julian Rhind-Tutt\nWalter Brindle, OBE, director: Geoffrey Palmer\nPrunella Edgcombe, curator: Rachel Atkins\nJulian Crumb-Loosely, curator: Ben Willbond\nWilf Arbuthnot, gallery attendant: Geoff McGivern\nEva Tattle, cleaner: Julia Deakin\nDes Wainwright, security guard: Michael Smiley\nStelios Constantinopoulis, canteen cook: Chris Pavlo\nMark, Rod's friend from the British Museum: Ben Moor\nRod's mum: Liza Sadovy\nSusie Maltby, last of the line (series 2): Margaret Cabourn-Smith","title":"Cast"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/themaltbycollection/","external_links_name":"The Maltby Collection"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007q99c","external_links_name":"The Maltby Collection"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/themaltbycollection","external_links_name":"The Maltby Collection"},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/the_maltby_collection/","external_links_name":"The Maltby Collection"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Mersin_Province
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List of populated places in Mersin Province
|
["1 Akdeniz","2 Anamur","3 Aydıncık","4 Bozyazı","5 Çamlıyayla","6 Erdemli","7 Gülnar","8 Mezitli","9 Mut","10 Silifke","11 Tarsus","12 Toroslar","13 Yenişehir","14 References"]
|
Mersin Province
Below is the list of populated places in Mersin Province, Turkey by the ilçes (districts).
Akdeniz
Akdeniz
Abdullahşahutoğlu
Adanalıoğlu
Adnan Menderes
Akdam
Akdeniz
Anadolu
Aşağı Burhan
Bağcılar-Ihsaniye
Bağlarbaşı
Bahçe
Bahşiş
Barış
Bekirde
Camili
Camişerif
Çankaya
Çay
Çilek
Civanyaylağı
Cumhuriyet
Demirhisar
Dikilitaş
Emek
Esenli
Evci
Evren
Gazi
Gündoğdu
Güneş
Hal
Hamidiye
Hebilli
Hürriyet
Iğdır
İhsaniye
Karacailyas
Karaduvar
Kazanlı
Kiremithane
Köselerli
Kulak
Kültür
Kürkçü
Limonlu
Mahmudiye
Mesudiye
Mitatpaşa
Müfide Ilhan
Nacarlı
Nusratiye
Özgürlük
Parmakkurdu
Puğkaracadağ
Şakirgülmen
Sarıibrahimli
Şevket Sümer
Siteler
Toroslar
Turgut Reis
Üçocak
Yanpar
Yenimahalle
Yeşilçimen
Yeşilova
Yukarı Burhan
Anamur
Anamur
Akarca
Akdeniz
Akine
Alataş
Anıtlı
Aşağıkükür
Bahçe
Bahçelievler
Boğuntu
Bozdoğan
Çaltıbükü
Çamlıpınar
Çamlıpınaralanı
Çarıklar
Çataloluk
Çeltikçi
Çukurabanoz
Demirören
Emirşah
Esentepe
Evciler
Fatih
Gercebahşiş
Göktaş
Güleç
Güneybahşiş
Güngören
Güzelyurt
İskele
Kalınören
Karaağa
Karaçukur
Karadere
Karalarbahşiş
Kaşdişlen
Kılıç
Kızılaliler
Köprübaşı
Korucuk
Kükür
Lale
Malaklar
Ören
Ormancık
Ovabaşı
Sağlık
Saray
Sarıağaç
Sarıdana
Sugözü
Sultan Alaattin
Toroslar
Uçarı
Yalıevleri
Yeşilyurt
Yıldırımbeyazıt
Aydıncık
Aydıncık
Atatürk
Cumhuriyet
Duruhan
Eskiyürük
Hacıbahattin
Hürriyet
Karadere
Karaseki
Merkez
Pembecik
Teknecik
Yeni
Yenikaş
Yeniyürük
Yeniyürükkaş
Bozyazı
Bozyazı
Akcami
Ardıçlıtaş
Bahçekoyağı
Beyreli
Çopurlu
Çubukkoyağı
Denizciler
Derebaşı
Dereköy
Elmakuzu
Gözce
Gözsüzce
Gürlevik
Kaledibi
Karaisalı
Kızılca
Kömürlü
Kötekler
Lenger
Merkez
Narince
Sıcakyurt
Tekedüzü
Tekeli
Tekmen
Ustalar
Çamlıyayla
Çamlıyayla
Bağçatağı
Belçınar
Çayırekinliği
Cumayakası
Darıpınarı
Fakılar
Giden
Kale
Kesecik
Körmenlik
Korucak
Sarıkavak
Sarıkoyak
Sebil
Erdemli
Erdemli
Adnan Menderes
Akdeniz
Akpınar
Alata
Alibeyli
Arpaçbahşiş
Arslanlı
Ayaş
Aydınlar
Barbaros
Batısandal
Çamlı
Çerçili
Çeşmeli
Çiftepınar
Çiriş
Dağlı
Doğusandal
Elbeyli
Elvanlı
Esenpınar
Evdilek
Fakılı
Fatih
Gücüş
Güneyli
Güzeloluk
Hacıalanı
Hacıhalilarpaç
Harfilli
Hüsametli
İlemin
Karaahmetli
Karahıdırlı
Karakeşli
Karayakup
Kargıcak
Kargıpınarı
Kayacı
Kızılen
Kızkalesi
Kocahasanlı
Koramşalı
Kösbucağı
Kösereli
Koyuncu
Kuşluca
Küstülü
Limonlu
Merkez
Pınarbaşı
Şahna
Sarıkaya
Sarıyer
Sinap
Sıraç
Sorgun
Tabiye
Tapureli
Tırtar
Tömük
Toros
Tozlu
Türbe
Üçtepe
Üzümlü
Veyselli
Yağda
Yarenler
Yeniyurt
Yüksek
Gülnar
Gülnar
Akdeniz
Akova
Ardıçpınarı
Arıkuyusu
Ayvalı
Bereket
Beydili
Bolyaran
Bozağaç
Büyükeceli
Çavuşlar
Çukurasma
Çukurkonak
Dayıcık
Dedeler
Delikkaya
Demirözü
Emirhacı
Gezende
Göktürk
Hacıpınar
Halifeler
Ilısu
İshaklar
Kavakoluğu
Kayrak
Koçaşlı
Konur
Korucuk
Köseçobanlı
Kurbağa
Kuskan
Mollaömerli
Örenpınar
Örtülü
Saray
Sarıkavak
Şeyhömer
Sipahili
Taşoluk
Tepe
Tırnak
Tozkovan
Üçoluk
Ulupınar
Yanışlı
Yarmasu
Yassıbağ
Yenice
Zeyne
Mezitli
Mezitli
75. Yıl
Akarca
Akdeniz
Anayurt
Atatürk
Bozön
Çamlıca
Çankaya
Cemilli
Çevlik
Cumhuriyet
Davultepe
Demirışık
Deniz
Doğançay
Doğlu
Esenbağlar
Eski Mezitli
Fatih
Fındıkpınarı
Hürriyet
İstiklal
Kaleköy
Kocayer
Kuyuluk
Kuzucu
Kuzucubelen
Menderes
Merkez
Pelitkoyağı
Şahintepesi
Sarılar
Seymenli
Takanlı
Tece
Tepeköy
Tol
Viranşehir
Yenimahalle
Zeybekler
Mut
Mut
Alaçam
Aşağıköselerli
Aydınoğlu
Bağcağız
Ballı
Barabanlı
Bozdoğan
Burunköy
Çağlayangedik
Çaltılı
Çamlıca
Çampınar
Çatakbağ
Çatalharman
Ceritler
Çınarlı
Çivi
Çömelek
Çortak
Çukurbağ
Cumhuriyet
Dağpazarı
Demirkapı
Dereköy
Derinçay
Deveci
Diştaş
Doğancı
Elbeyli
Elmapınar
Esençay
Evren
Fakırca
Geçimli
Gençali
Göcekler
Gökçetaş
Göksu
Güllük
Güme
Güzelköy
Güzelyurt
Hacıahmetli
Hacıilyaslı
Hacınuhlu
Hacısait
Hamamköy
Haydarköy
Hisarköy
Hocalı
İbrahimli
Ilıca
Irmaklı
Işıklar
Kadıköy
Kale
Karacaoğlan
Karadiken
Karşıyaka
Kavaklı
Kavaközü
Kayabaşı
Kayaönü
Kelceköy
Kemenli
Kırkkavak
Kışlaköy
Kızılalan
Köselerli
Kültür
Kumaçukuru
Kürkçü
Kurtsuyu
Kurtuluş
Meydan
Mirahor
Mucuk
Narlı
Narlıdere
Ortaköy
Özköy
Özlü
Palantepe
Pamuklu
Pınarbaşı
Sakız
Sarıveliler
Selamlı
Suçatı
Tekeli
Topkaya
Topluca
Tuğrul
Yalnızcabağ
Yapıntı
Yatırtaş
Yazalanı
Yeşilköy
Yeşilyurt
Yıldızköy
Yukarıköselerli
Zeytinçukuru
Silifke
Silifke
Akdere
Arkum
Atakent
Atayurt
Atik
Ayaştürkmenli
Bahçe
Bahçederesi
Balandız
Bayındır
Bolacalıkoyuncu
Bucaklı
Bükdeğirmeni
Burunucu
Çadırlı
Çaltıbozkır
Cambazlı
Camikebir
Çamlıbel
Çamlıca
Çatak
Çeltikçi
Cılbayır
Demircili
Ekşiler
Evkafçiftliği
Gazi
Gedikpınarı
Gökbelen
Göksu
Gülümpaşalı
Gündüzler
Hırmanlı
Hüseyinler
İmambekirli
İmamlı
İmamuşağı
Işıklı
Kabasakallı
Karahacılı
Karakaya
Kargıcak
Kavak
Keben
Kepez
Keşlitürkmenli
Kıca
Kırtıl
Kızılgeçit
Kocaoluk
Kocapınar
Kurtuluş
Mara
Mukaddem
Narlıkuyu
Nasrullah
Nuru
Ören
Ortaören
Ovacık
Özboynuinceli
Öztürkmenli
Pazarkaşı
Pelitpınarı
Sabak
Şahmurlu
Saray
Sarıaydın
Sarıcalar
Say
Sayağzı
Senir
Seydili
Seyranlık
Sökün
Sömek
Taşucu
Toros
Tosmurlu
Türkmenuşağı
Ulugöz
Uşakpınarı
Uzuncaburç
Yeğenli
Yenibahçe
Yenimahalle
Yenisu
Yeşilovacık
Tarsus
Tarsus
82 Evler
Ağzıdelik
Akarsu
Akçakocalı
Akgedik
Akşemsettin
Aladağ
Aliağa
Alibeyli
Aliefendioğlu
Alifakı
Altaylılar
Anıt
Ardıçlı
Arıklı
Atalar
Atatürk
Avadan
Bağlar
Baharlı
Bahçe
Bahşiş
Ballıca
Baltalı
Barbaros
Belen
Beydeğirmeni
Beylice
Boğazpınar
Böğrüeğri
Bolatlı
Boztepe
Büyükkösebalcı
Çağbaşı
Çağlayan
Çakırlı
Çamalan
Camilimanda
Caminur
Çamtepe
Çatalca
Çavdarlı
Çavuşlu
Çevreli
Çiçekli
Çiftlik
Cin
Cırbıklar
Çiriştepe
Çokak
Çöplü
Çukurbağ
Cumhuriyet
Dadalı
Damlama
Dedeler
Dorak
Duatepe
Egemen
Eminlik
Emirler
Ergenekon
Esenler
Eskiömerli
Eskişehir
Fahrettinpaşa
Fatih
Ferahimşalvuz
Fevzi Çakmak
Gaziler
Gazipaşa
Girne
Göçük
Gömmece
Gözlükule
Gülek
Günyurdu
Hacıbozan
Hacıhamzalı
Halitağa
Hasanağa
Heleke
Hürriyet
İbrişim
İncirgediği
İncirlikuyu
İnköy
İsmetpaşa
Kaburgediği
Kadelli
Kaklıktaşı
Kaleburcu
Kanberhüyüğü
Karaçerçili
Karadiken
Karadirlik
Karakütük
Karayayla
Kargılı
Karsavran
Kavaklı
Kayadibi
Kefeli
Kelahmet
Kemalpaşa
Kerimler
Keşli
Kırıt
Kırklarsırtı
Kızılçukur
Kızılmurat
Kocaköy
Koçmarlı
Konaklar
Körlü Beyi
Kösebalcı
Köselerli
Kozoluk
Kulak
Kumdere
Kurbanlı
Kurtçukuru
Kuşçular
Kütüklü
Mahmutağa
Mantaş
Meşelik
Mithatpaşa
Muratlı
Nemiroğlu
Öğretmenler
Olukkoyağı
Özbek
Özlüce
Pirömerli
Reşadiye
Sağlıklı
Şahin
Sandal
Sanlıca
Sarıveli
Sayköy
Şehit Kerim
Şehit Mustafa
Şehitishak
Şehitler Tepesi
Simithacılı
Sıraköy
Sucular
Takbaş
Taşçılı
Taşkuyu
Taşobası
Tekeliören
Tekke
Tepeçaylak
Tepeköy
Tepetaşpınar
Topaklı
Topçu
Tozkoparanzahit
Ulaş
Verimli
Yalamık
Yanıkkışla
Yaramış
Yarbay Şemsettin
Yazlık
Yeni Ömerli
Yeniçay
Yenice
Yeniköy
Yenimahalle
Yeşilevler
Yeşilmahalle
Yeşiltepe
Yeşilyurt
Yüksek
Yunusemre
Yunusoğlu
Toroslar
Toroslar
Akbelen
Aladağ
Alanyalı
Alsancak
Arpaçsakarlar
Arslanköy
Atlılar
Ayvagediği
Bekiralanı
Buluklu
Çağdaşkent
Çağlarca
Çamlıdere
Çandır
Çavuşlu
Çelebili
Çopurlu
Çukurova
Dalakdere
Darısekisi
Değirmendere
Değnek
Demirtaş
Doruklu
Düğdüören
Evrenli
Gözne
Güneykent
Güzelyayla
H. Okan Merzeci
Halkkent
Hamzabeyli
Horozlu
Işıktepe
Karaisalı
Kaşlı
Kavaklıpınar
Kayrakkeşli
Kepirli
Kerimler
Kızılkaya
Korucular
Korukent
Kurdali
Kurudere
Mevlana
Mithat Toroğlu
Musalı
Mustafa Kemal
Osmaniye
Portakal
Resulköy
Sağlık
Şahinpınarı
Selçuklar
Soğucak
Tırtar
Toroslar
Tozkoparan
Turgut Türkalp
Turunçlu
Yalınayak
Yavca
Yeniköy
Yüksekoluk
Yusuf Kılıç
Zeki Ayan
Yenişehir
Yenişehir
50. Yıl
Akkent
Aydınlıkevler
Bahçelievler
Barbaros
Batıkent
Çavak
Çiftlikköy
Çukurkeşli
Cumhuriyet
Değirmençay
Deniz
Dumlupınar
Eğriçam
Emirler
Fuat Morel
Gazi
Gökçebelen
Güvenevler
Hürriyet
İnönü
İnsu
Karahacılı
Kocahamzalı
Kocavilayet
Kuzeykent
Limonluk
Menteş
Palmiye
Pirireis
Turunçlu
Uzunkaş
References
^ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
vte Lists of populated places in Turkey
Adana
Adıyaman
Afyonkarahisar
Ağrı
Aksaray
Amasya
Ankara
Antalya
Ardahan
Artvin
Aydın
Balıkesir
Bartın
Batman
Bayburt
Bilecik
Bingöl
Bitlis
Bolu
Burdur
Bursa
Çanakkale
Çankırı
Çorum
Denizli
Diyarbakır
Düzce
Edirne
Elazığ
Erzincan
Erzurum
Eskişehir
Gaziantep
Giresun
Gümüşhane
Hakkâri
Hatay
Iğdır
Isparta
Istanbul
İzmir
Kahramanmaraş
Karabük
Karaman
Kars
Kastamonu
Kayseri
Kilis
Kırıkkale
Kırklareli
Kırşehir
Kocaeli
Konya
Kütahya
Malatya
Manisa
Mardin
Mersin
Muğla
Muş
Nevşehir
Niğde
Ordu
Osmaniye
Rize
Sakarya
Samsun
Şanlıurfa
Siirt
Sinop
Şırnak
Sivas
Tekirdağ
Tokat
Trabzon
Tunceli
Uşak
Van
Yalova
Yozgat
Zonguldak
Turkey portal
Category
vte Mersin ProvinceSettlementsCenter city
Mersin
Districts (İlçe)
Akdeniz
Mezitli
Toroslar
Yenişehir
Anamur
Aydıncık
Bozyazı
Çamlıyayla
Erdemli
Gülnar
Mut
Silifke
Tarsus
All settlements
List of populated places in Mersin Province
CultureUniversities
Mersin University
Çağ University
Tarsus University
Toros University
Institute of Marine Sciences
Alata Research Institute of Horticulture
Museums etc.
Anamur Museum
Arslan Eyce Private Amphora Museum
Erdemli Yörük Museum
Emirler Archaeological Site and City Forest Museum
Gözlükule Research Center
Mersin Archaeological Museum
Mersin Atatürk Museum
Mersin Museum
Mersin Naval Museum
Mersin State Art and Sculpture Museum
Mersin Urban History Museum
Mersin Water Museum
Narlıkuyu Museum
Silifke Museum
Silifke Atatürk Museum
Tarsus Çanakkale Park Museum
Tarsus Museum
Taşucu Atatürk Museum
Monuments
Atatürk Monument
Mersin Martyrs' Memorial
Frederick Barbarossa Memorial
Archaeological wealth
Adamkayalar
Akkale
Ala Bridge
Alahan Monastery
Altından geçme
Anchiale
Ancient road in Tarsus
Anemurium
Aphrodisias
Athena relief
Aulai
Aya Tekla Church
Baç Bridge
Balabolu
Belenkeşlik Castle
Canbazlı ruins
Caracalla's inscription
Casemates of İbrahim Pasha
Cleopatra's gate
Corycus
Çanakçı rock tombs
Çandır Castle
Çatıören
Dağlı Castle
Dikilitaş
Donuktaş
Dörtayak
Eğribük (Palaiai)
Elaiussa Sebaste
Emirzeli
Evciler Castle
Gömeç
Gözlükule
Gözne Castle
Gülek Castle
Hasanaliler Church
Hisarin Castle
Imbriogon (Demircili)
Işıkkale
Kabaçam
Karakabaklı
Kelenderis mosaic
Kırkkaşık Bedesten
Kızlar Kalesi
Kilise Tepe
Kravga Bridge
Kuzucubelen Castle
Lamas Aqueduct
Lampron
Mamure Castle
Mancınık Castle
Mausoleum of Danyal
Melenia
Meydan Castle
Meydancık Castle
Mezgitkale
Mut Castle
Nagidos
Olba
Olba Aqueduct
Öküzlü ruins
Pasha's Tomb
Roman road in Cilicia
Saint Paul's Well
Shahmeran Hamam
Silifke Bridge
Silifke Castle
Sinap Castle
Sinekkale
Softa Castle
Soli
Tapureli ruins
Taşgeçit Bridge
Taşhan, Mut
Tece Castle
Tekir ambarı
Tekkadın ruins
Temple of Jupiter (Silifke)
Tırmıl
Tokmar Castle
Uzuncaburç (Diokaesareia)
Üçayaklı ruins
Veyselli rock reliefs
Warrior relief of Efrenk
Yanıkhan
Yelbiz Castle
Yumuktepe
othersMezitli Producer Women's MarketBuildings and structuresModern
Mersin Halkevi
Mersin Congress and Exhibition Center
Atatürk Cultural Center
CNR Yenişehir Exhibition Center
Mertim
Mersin Aquapark
Atatürk Park
Mersin Marina
Tarsus Zoo
Mosquesandmadrasas
Muğdat Mosque
Grand Mosque of Mersin
Mersin Old Mosque
Müftü Mosque
Tarsus Old Mosque
Grand Mosque of Tarsus
Kubat Pasha Medrese
Laal Pasha Mosque
Güzeloluk Mosque
Churches
Mersin Catholic Church
Mersin Orthodox Church
Saint Paul's Church
Cemeteries
Mersin Interfaith Cemetery
Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke
Dams
Alaköprü Dam
Berdan Dam
Birkapılı Dam
Gezende Dam
Kadıncık 1 HES
Kadıncık 2 HES
Kayraktepe Dam
Otluca HES
Pamukluk Dam
Silifke HES
Industry and trade
ATAŞ (Refinery)
ACS Mersin
Sodakrom
Çimsataş
Mersin Free Zone
Transportation
Transport in Mersin Province
Mersin Harbor
Taşucu Seka Harbor
Yeşilovacık Fishing Port
Mersin railway station
Tarsus railway station
Yenice railway station
Tırmıl railway station
Karacailyas railway station
Huzurkent railway station
Taşkent railway station
Mersin Bus Terminus
Çukurova Regional Airport
İsmet İnönü Boulevard
Adnan Menderes Boulevard
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Boulevard
Kushimoto Street
Boğsak Tunnel
Mersin Lighthouse
Anamur Lighthouse
Aydıncık Lighthouse
Sports venues
Edip Buran Arena
Macit Özcan Sports Complex
Mersin Seventh Region Sports Hall
Mersin Gymnastics Hall
Mersin Arena
Mersin Olympic Swimming Pool
Mersin Tennis Complex
Mersin Volleyball Hall
Mezitli Sports Hall
Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex
Servet Tazegül Arena
Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium
Toroslar Bocce Facility
Erdemli Shooting Range
Erdemli Sports Hall
Tarsus City Stadium
Tarsus Arena
Geographical features
Mersin Gulf
Paradeniz
Kızılbağ Pond
Arslanköy Pond
Aydıncık Islands
Babadıl Islands
Boğsak Islet
Bozyazı Island
Dana Island
Güvercin Islet
Saplı Islet
Yelkenli Island
Yılanlı Island
Cape Anamur
Cape Tisan
Kaledran Creek
Dragon Creek
Sini Creek
Soğuksu Creek
Babadıl Creek
Göksu River
Lamas River
Alata River
Karacaoğlan River
Tece Creek
Mezitli River
Efrenk River
Berdan River
Tarsus Waterfall
Yerköprü Fall
Sertavul Pass
Gülek Pass
Karboğazı
Karakız Lake
Karabucak Forest
Aydıncık Nature Park
Gümüşkum Nature Park
Karaekşi Nature Park
Pullu I Nature Park
Erdemli Pine Groove
Kanlıdivane
Cennet and Cehennem
Akhayat sinkhole
Egma Sinkhole
Çukurpınar Cave
Aydıncık Cave
Yedi Uyurlar Cave
Kisecik Canyon
Mersin Province
|
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Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akdeniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Camili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camili,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Dikilitaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikilita%C5%9F,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Esenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenli"},{"link_name":"Hebilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebilli"},{"link_name":"Iğdır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Parmakkurdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmakkurdu"},{"link_name":"Puğkaracadağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%9Fkaracada%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Yanpar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanpar"},{"link_name":"Yeşilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filova,_Mersin"}],"text":"AkdenizAbdullahşahutoğlu\nAdanalıoğlu\nAdnan Menderes\nAkdam\nAkdeniz\nAnadolu\nAşağı Burhan\nBağcılar-Ihsaniye\nBağlarbaşı\nBahçe\nBahşiş\nBarış\nBekirde\nCamili\nCamişerif\nÇankaya\nÇay\nÇilek\nCivanyaylağı\nCumhuriyet\nDemirhisar\nDikilitaş\nEmek\nEsenli\nEvci\nEvren\nGazi\nGündoğdu\nGüneş\nHal\nHamidiye\nHebilli\nHürriyet\nIğdır\nİhsaniye\nKaracailyas\nKaraduvar\nKazanlı\nKiremithane\nKöselerli\nKulak\nKültür\nKürkçü\nLimonlu\nMahmudiye\nMesudiye\nMitatpaşa\nMüfide Ilhan\nNacarlı\nNusratiye\nÖzgürlük\nParmakkurdu\nPuğkaracadağ\nŞakirgülmen\nSarıibrahimli\nŞevket Sümer\nSiteler\nToroslar\nTurgut Reis\nÜçocak\nYanpar\nYenimahalle\nYeşilçimen\nYeşilova\nYukarı Burhan","title":"Akdeniz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anamur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamur"},{"link_name":"Akine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akine,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Alataş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alata%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Anıtlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%B1tl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Aşağıkükür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1k%C3%BCk%C3%BCr"},{"link_name":"Boğuntu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%9Funtu"},{"link_name":"Bozdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozdo%C4%9Fan,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Çaltıbükü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87alt%C4%B1b%C3%BCk%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Çamlıpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1p%C4%B1nar,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Çamlıpınaralanı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1p%C4%B1naralan%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Çarıklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar%C4%B1klar"},{"link_name":"Çataloluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ataloluk,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Çeltikçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eltik%C3%A7i,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Çukurabanoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurabanoz"},{"link_name":"Demirören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir%C3%B6ren,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Emirşah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir%C5%9Fah"},{"link_name":"Evciler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evciler,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Gercebahşiş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gercebah%C5%9Fi%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Güleç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCle%C3%A7,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Güneybahşiş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCneybah%C5%9Fi%C5%9F,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Güngören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCng%C3%B6ren,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Karaağa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaa%C4%9Fa,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Karaçukur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7ukur,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Karadere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadere,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Karalarbahşiş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalarbah%C5%9Fi%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Kaşdişlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fdi%C5%9Flen"},{"link_name":"Kılıç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Kızılaliler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1laliler"},{"link_name":"Köprübaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Korucuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korucuk,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Kükür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCk%C3%BCr,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Lale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lale,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Malaklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaklar"},{"link_name":"Ören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ren,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Ormancık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormanc%C4%B1k,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Ovabaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Sarıağaç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1a%C4%9Fa%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"Sarıdana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1dana"},{"link_name":"Sugözü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sug%C3%B6z%C3%BC,_Anamur"},{"link_name":"Uçarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7ar%C4%B1,_Anamur"}],"text":"AnamurAkarca\nAkdeniz\nAkine\nAlataş\nAnıtlı\nAşağıkükür\nBahçe\nBahçelievler\nBoğuntu\nBozdoğan\nÇaltıbükü\nÇamlıpınar\nÇamlıpınaralanı\nÇarıklar\nÇataloluk\nÇeltikçi\nÇukurabanoz\nDemirören\nEmirşah\nEsentepe\nEvciler\nFatih\nGercebahşiş\nGöktaş\nGüleç\nGüneybahşiş\nGüngören\nGüzelyurt\nİskele\nKalınören\nKaraağa\nKaraçukur\nKaradere\nKaralarbahşiş\nKaşdişlen\nKılıç\nKızılaliler\nKöprübaşı\nKorucuk\nKükür\nLale\nMalaklar\nÖren\nOrmancık\nOvabaşı\nSağlık\nSaray\nSarıağaç\nSarıdana\nSugözü\nSultan Alaattin\nToroslar\nUçarı\nYalıevleri\nYeşilyurt\nYıldırımbeyazıt","title":"Anamur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aydıncık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Duruhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duruhan"},{"link_name":"Eskiyürük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskiy%C3%BCr%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Hacıbahattin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1bahattin"},{"link_name":"Karadere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadere,_Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Karaseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaseki,_Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Pembecik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembecik,_Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Teknecik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknecik"},{"link_name":"Yenikaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenika%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Yeniyürük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniy%C3%BCr%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Yeniyürükkaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniy%C3%BCr%C3%BCkka%C5%9F"}],"text":"AydıncıkAtatürk\nCumhuriyet\nDuruhan\nEskiyürük\nHacıbahattin\nHürriyet\nKaradere\nKaraseki\nMerkez\nPembecik\nTeknecik\nYeni\nYenikaş\nYeniyürük\nYeniyürükkaş","title":"Aydıncık"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bozyazı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Akcami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcami,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Ardıçlıtaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C4%B1%C3%A7l%C4%B1ta%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Bahçekoyağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A7ekoya%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Derebaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Dereköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%C3%B6y,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Elmakuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmakuzu"},{"link_name":"Gözce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zce"},{"link_name":"Gözsüzce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zs%C3%BCzce"},{"link_name":"Karaisalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaisal%C4%B1,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kızılca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lca,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kömürlü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCrl%C3%BC,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Lenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenger,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Narince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narince,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Tekedüzü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teked%C3%BCz%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Tekeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekeli,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Tekmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekmen,_Bozyaz%C4%B1"}],"text":"BozyazıAkcami\nArdıçlıtaş\nBahçekoyağı\nBeyreli\nÇopurlu\nÇubukkoyağı\nDenizciler\nDerebaşı\nDereköy\nElmakuzu\nGözce\nGözsüzce\nGürlevik\nKaledibi\nKaraisalı\nKızılca\nKömürlü\nKötekler\nLenger\nMerkez\nNarince\nSıcakyurt\nTekedüzü\nTekeli\nTekmen\nUstalar","title":"Bozyazı"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Çamlıyayla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla"},{"link_name":"Bağçatağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C3%A7ata%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Belçınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7%C4%B1nar"},{"link_name":"Darıpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C4%B1p%C4%B1nar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Fakılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fak%C4%B1lar,_%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla"},{"link_name":"Giden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giden"},{"link_name":"Kesecik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesecik,_%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla"},{"link_name":"Körmenlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rmenlik"},{"link_name":"Korucak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korucak,_%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla"},{"link_name":"Sarıkavak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1kavak,_%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla"},{"link_name":"Sarıkoyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1koyak"},{"link_name":"Sebil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebil,_Mersin"}],"text":"ÇamlıyaylaBağçatağı\nBelçınar\nÇayırekinliği\nCumayakası\nDarıpınarı\nFakılar\nGiden\nKale\nKesecik\nKörmenlik\nKorucak\nSarıkavak\nSarıkoyak\nSebil","title":"Çamlıyayla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erdemli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Akpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akp%C4%B1nar,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Alibeyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibeyli,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Arpaçbahşiş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpa%C3%A7bah%C5%9Fi%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Arslanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arslanl%C4%B1,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Ayaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya%C5%9F,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Aydınlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nlar,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Batısandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1sandal"},{"link_name":"Çamlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Çerçili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87er%C3%A7ili"},{"link_name":"Çeşmeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C5%9Fmeli"},{"link_name":"Çiftepınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iftep%C4%B1nar"},{"link_name":"Çiriş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iri%C5%9F,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Dağlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9Fl%C4%B1,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Doğusandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fusandal"},{"link_name":"Elbeyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbeyli,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Elvanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvanl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Esenpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenp%C4%B1nar"},{"link_name":"Evdilek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evdilek,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Fakılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fak%C4%B1l%C4%B1,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Gücüş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCc%C3%BC%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Güneyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCneyli,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Güzeloluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCzeloluk"},{"link_name":"Hacıalanı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1alan%C4%B1,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Hacıhalilarpaç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1halilarpa%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"Harfilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfilli,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Hüsametli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCsametli"},{"link_name":"İlemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lemin"},{"link_name":"Karaahmetli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaahmetli,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Karahıdırlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karah%C4%B1d%C4%B1rl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Karakeşli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karake%C5%9Fli"},{"link_name":"Karayakup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayakup,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Kargıpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karg%C4%B1p%C4%B1nar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kayacı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayac%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kızılen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1len"},{"link_name":"Kızkalesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1zkalesi"},{"link_name":"Kocahasanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocahasanl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Koramşalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koram%C5%9Fal%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kösbucağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6sbuca%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kösereli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6sereli"},{"link_name":"Kuşluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fluca,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Küstülü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCst%C3%BCl%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Limonlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonlu,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Pınarbaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1narba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Şahna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahna,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Sarıkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1kaya,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Sarıyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Sinap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinap,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Sıraç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1ra%C3%A7,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Sorgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorgun,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Tapureli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapureli"},{"link_name":"Tırtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rtar,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Tömük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Toros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toros,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Tozlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozlu,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Üçtepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7tepe,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Üzümlü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCml%C3%BC,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Veyselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veyselli,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Yağda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fda,_Erdemli"},{"link_name":"Yeniyurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniyurt,_Erdemli"}],"text":"ErdemliAdnan Menderes\nAkdeniz\nAkpınar\nAlata\nAlibeyli\nArpaçbahşiş\nArslanlı\nAyaş\nAydınlar\nBarbaros\nBatısandal\nÇamlı\nÇerçili\nÇeşmeli\nÇiftepınar\nÇiriş\nDağlı\nDoğusandal\nElbeyli\nElvanlı\nEsenpınar\nEvdilek\nFakılı\nFatih\nGücüş\nGüneyli\nGüzeloluk\nHacıalanı\nHacıhalilarpaç\nHarfilli\nHüsametli\nİlemin\nKaraahmetli\nKarahıdırlı\nKarakeşli\nKarayakup\nKargıcak\nKargıpınarı\nKayacı\nKızılen\nKızkalesi\nKocahasanlı\nKoramşalı\nKösbucağı\nKösereli\nKoyuncu\nKuşluca\nKüstülü\nLimonlu\nMerkez\nPınarbaşı\nŞahna\nSarıkaya\nSarıyer\nSinap\nSıraç\nSorgun\nTabiye\nTapureli\nTırtar\nTömük\nToros\nTozlu\nTürbe\nÜçtepe\nÜzümlü\nVeyselli\nYağda\nYarenler\nYeniyurt\nYüksek","title":"Erdemli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gülnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Akova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akova,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Ardıçpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C4%B1%C3%A7p%C4%B1nar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Arıkuyusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%B1kuyusu"},{"link_name":"Bereket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereket,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Beydili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beydili,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Bolyaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolyaran"},{"link_name":"Bozağaç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boza%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Büyükeceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkeceli"},{"link_name":"Çavuşlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avu%C5%9Flar"},{"link_name":"Çukurasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurasma,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Çukurkonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurkonak,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Dayıcık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%C4%B1c%C4%B1k,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Dedeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedeler,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Delikkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delikkaya,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Demirözü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir%C3%B6z%C3%BC,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Emirhacı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirhac%C4%B1,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Gezende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezende"},{"link_name":"Göktürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Halifeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifeler,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Ilısu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C4%B1su,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"İshaklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0shaklar,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Kavakoluğu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavakolu%C4%9Fu,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Kayrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayrak"},{"link_name":"Koçaşlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7a%C5%9Fl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Konur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konur,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Korucuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korucuk,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Köseçobanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6se%C3%A7obanl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kurbağa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurba%C4%9Fa"},{"link_name":"Kuskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuskan"},{"link_name":"Mollaömerli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla%C3%B6merli"},{"link_name":"Örenpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96renp%C4%B1nar,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Örtülü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rt%C3%BCl%C3%BC,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Şeyhömer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeyh%C3%B6mer,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Sipahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahili"},{"link_name":"Taşoluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Foluk,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Tepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepe,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Tırnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rnak,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Tozkovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozkovan,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Üçoluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7oluk,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Ulupınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulup%C4%B1nar,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Yanışlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Yarmasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmasu"},{"link_name":"Yassıbağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yass%C4%B1ba%C4%9F,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Yenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenice,_G%C3%BClnar"},{"link_name":"Zeyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeyne"}],"text":"GülnarAkdeniz\nAkova\nArdıçpınarı\nArıkuyusu\nAyvalı\nBereket\nBeydili\nBolyaran\nBozağaç\nBüyükeceli\nÇavuşlar\nÇukurasma\nÇukurkonak\nDayıcık\nDedeler\nDelikkaya\nDemirözü\nEmirhacı\nGezende\nGöktürk\nHacıpınar\nHalifeler\nIlısu\nİshaklar\nKavakoluğu\nKayrak\nKoçaşlı\nKonur\nKorucuk\nKöseçobanlı\nKurbağa\nKuskan\nMollaömerli\nÖrenpınar\nÖrtülü\nSaray\nSarıkavak\nŞeyhömer\nSipahili\nTaşoluk\nTepe\nTırnak\nTozkovan\nÜçoluk\nUlupınar\nYanışlı\nYarmasu\nYassıbağ\nYenice\nZeyne","title":"Gülnar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mezitli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezitli"},{"link_name":"Akarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akarca,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Bozön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boz%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Cemilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemilli,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Çevlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evlik,_Mezitli"},{"link_name":"Demirışık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1k,_Mezitli"},{"link_name":"Doğançay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Doğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Fındıkpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kp%C4%B1nar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kocayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocayer"},{"link_name":"Kuzucu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzucu,_Mezitli"},{"link_name":"Kuzucubelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzucubelen"},{"link_name":"Pelitkoyağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelitkoya%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Sarılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1lar,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Takanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takanl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Tece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tece"},{"link_name":"Tepeköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepek%C3%B6y,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Tol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tol,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Zeybekler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeybekler"}],"text":"Mezitli75. Yıl\nAkarca\nAkdeniz\nAnayurt\nAtatürk\nBozön\nÇamlıca\nÇankaya\nCemilli\nÇevlik\nCumhuriyet\nDavultepe\nDemirışık\nDeniz\nDoğançay\nDoğlu\nEsenbağlar\nEski 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nk_name":"Cambazlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambazl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Çamlıbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1bel,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Çamlıca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Çatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atak,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Çeltikçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eltik%C3%A7i,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Cılbayır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1lbay%C4%B1r,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Demircili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demircili,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Ekşiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C5%9Filer,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Evkafçiftliği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evkaf%C3%A7iftli%C4%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Gedikpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedikp%C4%B1nar%C4%B1,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Gökbelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kbelen"},{"link_name":"Gülümpaşalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCmpa%C5%9Fal%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Gündüzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCzler,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Hırmanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1rmanl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Hüseyinler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyinler,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"İmambekirli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mambekirli,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"İmamlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0maml%C4%B1,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"İmamuşağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mamu%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Işıklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Karahacılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahac%C4%B1l%C4%B1,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Karakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakaya,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Kargıcak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karg%C4%B1cak"},{"link_name":"Kavak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavak,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Keben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keben"},{"link_name":"Kepez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepez,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Keşlitürkmenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Flit%C3%BCrkmenli,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Kıca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1ca,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Kırtıl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rt%C4%B1l,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Kızılgeçit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lge%C3%A7it"},{"link_name":"Kocaoluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocaoluk"},{"link_name":"Kocapınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocap%C4%B1nar,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Kurtuluş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtulu%C5%9F,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Narlıkuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narl%C4%B1kuyu"},{"link_name":"Nasrullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrullah,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Nuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuru,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Ören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ren,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Ortaören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta%C3%B6ren,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Ovacık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovac%C4%B1k,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Özboynuinceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zboynuinceli"},{"link_name":"Öztürkmenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrkmenli"},{"link_name":"Pelitpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelitp%C4%B1nar%C4%B1,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Sabak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabak,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Şahmurlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahmurlu"},{"link_name":"Sarıaydın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1ayd%C4%B1n"},{"link_name":"Senir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senir,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Seydili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seydili,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Seyranlık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyranl%C4%B1k,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Sökün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6k%C3%BCn,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Sömek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6mek,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Taşucu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fucu"},{"link_name":"Tosmurlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosmurlu"},{"link_name":"Türkmenuşağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenu%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Ulugöz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulug%C3%B6z,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Uşakpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Fakp%C4%B1nar%C4%B1,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Uzuncaburç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzuncabur%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"Yeğenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C4%9Fenli,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Yenibahçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenibah%C3%A7e,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Yenisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisu,_Silifke"},{"link_name":"Yeşilovacık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filovac%C4%B1k"}],"text":"SilifkeAkdere\nArkum\nAtakent\nAtayurt\nAtik\nAyaştürkmenli\nBahçe\nBahçederesi\nBalandız\nBayındır\nBolacalıkoyuncu\nBucaklı\nBükdeğirmeni\nBurunucu\nÇadırlı\nÇaltıbozkır\nCambazlı\nCamikebir\nÇamlıbel\nÇamlıca\nÇatak\nÇeltikçi\nCılbayır\nDemircili\nEkşiler\nEvkafçiftliği\nGazi\nGedikpınarı\nGökbelen\nGöksu\nGülümpaşalı\nGündüzler\nHırmanlı\nHüseyinler\nİmambekirli\nİmamlı\nİmamuşağı\nIşıklı\nKabasakallı\nKarahacılı\nKarakaya\nKargıcak\nKavak\nKeben\nKepez\nKeşlitürkmenli\nKıca\nKırtıl\nKızılgeçit\nKocaoluk\nKocapınar\nKurtuluş\nMara\nMukaddem\nNarlıkuyu\nNasrullah\nNuru\nÖren\nOrtaören\nOvacık\nÖzboynuinceli\nÖztürkmenli\nPazarkaşı\nPelitpınarı\nSabak\nŞahmurlu\nSaray\nSarıaydın\nSarıcalar\nSay\nSayağzı\nSenir\nSeydili\nSeyranlık\nSökün\nSömek\nTaşucu\nToros\nTosmurlu\nTürkmenuşağı\nUlugöz\nUşakpınarı\nUzuncaburç\nYeğenli\nYenibahçe\nYenimahalle\nYenisu\nYeşilovacık","title":"Silifke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Ağzıdelik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fz%C4%B1delik,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Akarsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akarsu,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Akçakocalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akocal%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Akgedik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akgedik"},{"link_name":"Aladağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alada%C4%9F,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Aliağa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia%C4%9Fa,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Alibeyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibeyli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Aliefendioğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliefendio%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Alifakı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifak%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Ardıçlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C4%B1%C3%A7l%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Arıklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%B1kl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Atalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalar,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Avadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avadan"},{"link_name":"Baharlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Bahşiş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C5%9Fi%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Ballıca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%C4%B1ca,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Baltalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltal%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Belen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belen,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Beylice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylice,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Boğazpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazp%C4%B1nar,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Böğrüeğri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6%C4%9Fr%C3%BCe%C4%9Fri,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Bolatlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolatl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Boztepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boztepe,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Büyükkösebalcı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkk%C3%B6sebalc%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Çağbaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9Fba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çakırlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ak%C4%B1rl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çamalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87amalan"},{"link_name":"Camilimanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilimanda"},{"link_name":"Çamtepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87amtepe,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çatalca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalca,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çavdarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avdarl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çavuşlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avu%C5%9Flu,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çevreli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evreli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çiçekli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ekli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çiftlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iftlik,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Cin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Cırbıklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1rb%C4%B1klar,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çiriştepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iri%C5%9Ftepe,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çokak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87okak,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çöplü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6pl%C3%BC,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Çukurbağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurba%C4%9F,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Dadalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadal%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Damlama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damlama"},{"link_name":"Dedeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedeler,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Dorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorak,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Egemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egemen,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Eminlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminlik,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Emirler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirler,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Esenler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenler,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Eskişehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Göçük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCk,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Gömmece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6mmece,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Gülek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClek"},{"link_name":"Günyurdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnyurdu"},{"link_name":"Hacıbozan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1bozan"},{"link_name":"Hacıhamzalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1hamzal%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Halitağa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halita%C4%9Fa,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Hasanağa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasana%C4%9Fa,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Heleke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heleke,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"İbrişim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bri%C5%9Fim,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"İncirgediği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncirgedi%C4%9Fi"},{"link_name":"İncirlikuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncirlikuyu"},{"link_name":"İnköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nk%C3%B6y,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kaburgediği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaburgedi%C4%9Fi,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kadelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadelli"},{"link_name":"Kaklıktaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakl%C4%B1kta%C5%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Kaleburcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleburcu"},{"link_name":"Kanberhüyüğü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberh%C3%BCy%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Karaçerçili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7er%C3%A7ili,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Karadiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadiken,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Karadirlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadirlik"},{"link_name":"Karakütük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak%C3%BCt%C3%BCk,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Karayayla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayayla,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kargılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karg%C4%B1l%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Karsavran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsavran,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kayadibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayadibi,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kefeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefeli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kelahmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelahmet,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kerimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerimler,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Keşli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kırıt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1t,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kızılçukur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C3%A7ukur,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kocaköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocak%C3%B6y,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Koçmarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7marl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Konaklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konaklar,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Körlü Beyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rl%C3%BC_Beyi"},{"link_name":"Kösebalcı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6sebalc%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Köselerli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6selerli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kozoluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozoluk"},{"link_name":"Kulak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulak,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kumdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumdere,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kurbanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurbanl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kurtçukuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%C3%A7ukuru,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kuşçular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9F%C3%A7ular,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Kütüklü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCt%C3%BCkl%C3%BC,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Mahmutağa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmuta%C4%9Fa,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Mantaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta%C5%9F,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Meşelik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9Felik,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Muratlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Nemiroğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiro%C4%9Flu,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Olukkoyağı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olukkoya%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Özbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbek,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Özlüce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zl%C3%BCce,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Pirömerli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%B6merli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Sağlıklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1kl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandal,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Sanlıca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanl%C4%B1ca"},{"link_name":"Sarıveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1veli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Sayköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayk%C3%B6y,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Simithacılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simithac%C4%B1l%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Sıraköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1rak%C3%B6y,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Sucular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucular,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Takbaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takba%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Taşçılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Taşkuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fkuyu,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Taşobası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fobas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Tekeliören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekeli%C3%B6ren"},{"link_name":"Tepeçaylak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepe%C3%A7aylak"},{"link_name":"Tepeköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepek%C3%B6y,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Tepetaşpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeta%C5%9Fp%C4%B1nar"},{"link_name":"Topaklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topakl%C4%B1,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Topçu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%C3%A7u,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Ulaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula%C5%9F,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Verimli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verimli,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yalamık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalam%C4%B1k,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yanıkkışla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%C4%B1kk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yaramış","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaram%C4%B1%C5%9F,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yazlık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazl%C4%B1k,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yeniçay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C3%A7ay,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenice,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yeniköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yeşiltepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filtepe,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Yüksek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek,_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Yunusoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunuso%C4%9Flu,_Tarsus"}],"text":"Tarsus82 Evler\nAğzıdelik\nAkarsu\nAkçakocalı\nAkgedik\nAkşemsettin\nAladağ\nAliağa\nAlibeyli\nAliefendioğlu\nAlifakı\nAltaylılar\nAnıt\nArdıçlı\nArıklı\nAtalar\nAtatürk\nAvadan\nBağlar\nBaharlı\nBahçe\nBahşiş\nBallıca\nBaltalı\nBarbaros\nBelen\nBeydeğirmeni\nBeylice\nBoğazpınar\nBöğrüeğri\nBolatlı\nBoztepe\nBüyükkösebalcı\nÇağbaşı\nÇağlayan\nÇakırlı\nÇamalan\nCamilimanda\nCaminur\nÇamtepe\nÇatalca\nÇavdarlı\nÇavuşlu\nÇevreli\nÇiçekli\nÇiftlik\nCin\nCırbıklar\nÇiriştepe\nÇokak\nÇöplü\nÇukurbağ\nCumhuriyet\nDadalı\nDamlama\nDedeler\nDorak\nDuatepe\nEgemen\nEminlik\nEmirler\nErgenekon\nEsenler\nEskiömerli\nEskişehir\nFahrettinpaşa\nFatih\nFerahimşalvuz\nFevzi Çakmak\nGaziler\nGazipaşa\nGirne\nGöçük\nGömmece\nGözlükule\nGülek\nGünyurdu\nHacıbozan\nHacıhamzalı\nHalitağa\nHasanağa\nHeleke\nHürriyet\nİbrişim\nİncirgediği\nİncirlikuyu\nİnköy\nİsmetpaşa\nKaburgediği\nKadelli\nKaklıktaşı\nKaleburcu\nKanberhüyüğü\nKaraçerçili\nKaradiken\nKaradirlik\nKarakütük\nKarayayla\nKargılı\nKarsavran\nKavaklı\nKayadibi\nKefeli\nKelahmet\nKemalpaşa\nKerimler\nKeşli\nKırıt\nKırklarsırtı\nKızılçukur\nKızılmurat\nKocaköy\nKoçmarlı\nKonaklar\nKörlü Beyi\nKösebalcı\nKöselerli\nKozoluk\nKulak\nKumdere\nKurbanlı\nKurtçukuru\nKuşçular\nKütüklü\nMahmutağa\nMantaş\nMeşelik\nMithatpaşa\nMuratlı\nNemiroğlu\nÖğretmenler\nOlukkoyağı\nÖzbek\nÖzlüce\nPirömerli\nReşadiye\nSağlıklı\nŞahin\nSandal\nSanlıca\nSarıveli\nSayköy\nŞehit Kerim\nŞehit Mustafa\nŞehitishak\nŞehitler Tepesi\nSimithacılı\nSıraköy\nSucular\nTakbaş\nTaşçılı\nTaşkuyu\nTaşobası\nTekeliören\nTekke\nTepeçaylak\nTepeköy\nTepetaşpınar\nTopaklı\nTopçu\nTozkoparanzahit\nUlaş\nVerimli\nYalamık\nYanıkkışla\nYaramış\nYarbay Şemsettin\nYazlık\nYeni Ömerli\nYeniçay\nYenice\nYeniköy\nYenimahalle\nYeşilevler\nYeşilmahalle\nYeşiltepe\nYeşilyurt\nYüksek\nYunusemre\nYunusoğlu","title":"Tarsus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toroslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroslar"},{"link_name":"Aladağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alada%C4%9F,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Alanyalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanyal%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Arslanköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arslank%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Atlılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C4%B1lar,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Ayvagediği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayvagedi%C4%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Bekiralanı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekiralan%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Çağlarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9Flarca,_Toroslar"},{"link_name":"Çamlıdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1dere,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Çandır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87and%C4%B1r,_Toroslar"},{"link_name":"Çelebili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87elebili"},{"link_name":"Çopurlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87opurlu"},{"link_name":"Dalakdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalakdere"},{"link_name":"Darısekisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C4%B1sekisi"},{"link_name":"Değirmendere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Firmendere,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Değnek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Fnek"},{"link_name":"Doruklu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doruklu"},{"link_name":"Düğdüören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C4%9Fd%C3%BC%C3%B6ren,_Toroslar"},{"link_name":"Evrenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrenli"},{"link_name":"Gözne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zne"},{"link_name":"Güzelyayla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCzelyayla"},{"link_name":"Hamzabeyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzabeyli"},{"link_name":"Horozlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horozlu"},{"link_name":"Işıktepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1ktepe,_Toroslar"},{"link_name":"Kavaklıpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavakl%C4%B1p%C4%B1nar"},{"link_name":"Kayrakkeşli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayrakke%C5%9Fli"},{"link_name":"Kepirli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepirli"},{"link_name":"Kerimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerimler,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Kızılkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lkaya,_Toroslar"},{"link_name":"Korucular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korucular,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Kurudere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurudere,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Musalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musal%C4%B1,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Resulköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resulk%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Şahinpınarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahinp%C4%B1nar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Soğucak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fucak"},{"link_name":"Tırtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rtar"},{"link_name":"Yavca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavca"},{"link_name":"Yeniköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Yüksekoluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksekoluk"}],"text":"ToroslarAkbelen\nAladağ\nAlanyalı\nAlsancak\nArpaçsakarlar\nArslanköy\nAtlılar\nAyvagediği\nBekiralanı\nBuluklu\nÇağdaşkent\nÇağlarca\nÇamlıdere\nÇandır\nÇavuşlu\nÇelebili\nÇopurlu\nÇukurova\nDalakdere\nDarısekisi\nDeğirmendere\nDeğnek\nDemirtaş\nDoruklu\nDüğdüören\nEvrenli\nGözne\nGüneykent\nGüzelyayla\nH. Okan Merzeci\nHalkkent\nHamzabeyli\nHorozlu\nIşıktepe\nKaraisalı\nKaşlı\nKavaklıpınar\nKayrakkeşli\nKepirli\nKerimler\nKızılkaya\nKorucular\nKorukent\nKurdali\nKurudere\nMevlana\nMithat Toroğlu\nMusalı\nMustafa Kemal\nOsmaniye\nPortakal\nResulköy\nSağlık\nŞahinpınarı\nSelçuklar\nSoğucak\nTırtar\nToroslar\nTozkoparan\nTurgut Türkalp\nTurunçlu\nYalınayak\nYavca\nYeniköy\nYüksekoluk\nYusuf Kılıç\nZeki Ayan","title":"Toroslar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yenişehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C5%9Fehir,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Çavak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avak"},{"link_name":"Çukurkeşli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurke%C5%9Fli"},{"link_name":"Değirmençay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Firmen%C3%A7ay"},{"link_name":"Emirler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirler,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"İnsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsu"},{"link_name":"Karahacılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahac%C4%B1l%C4%B1,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Kocahamzalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocahamzal%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Turunçlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun%C3%A7lu,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Uzunkaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunka%C5%9F"}],"text":"Yenişehir50. Yıl\nAkkent\nAydınlıkevler\nBahçelievler\nBarbaros\nBatıkent\nÇavak\nÇiftlikköy\nÇukurkeşli\nCumhuriyet\nDeğirmençay\nDeniz\nDumlupınar\nEğriçam\nEmirler\nFuat Morel\nGazi\nGökçebelen\nGüvenevler\nHürriyet\nİnönü\nİnsu\nKarahacılı\nKocahamzalı\nKocavilayet\nKuzeykent\nLimonluk\nMenteş\nPalmiye\nPirireis\nTurunçlu\nUzunkaş","title":"Yenişehir"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mersin Province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mersin_districts.png/300px-Mersin_districts.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Ubavki%C4%87
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Petar Ubavkić
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["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Serbian painter (1852–1910)
Petar UbavkićBorn(1852-04-12)12 April 1852Belgrade, Principality of SerbiaDied28 June 1910(1910-06-28) (aged 58)Belgrade, Kingdom of SerbiaNationalitySerbianEducationVienna, MunichKnown forSculpture
Peter Ubavkić (12 April 1852 – 28 June 1910) was a Serbian sculptor and painter, recognized as the premier sculptor of Serbia, given the task to create a series of national monuments of which he authored many. He was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Biography
He was born in Belgrade on 12 April 1852. After completing high school (gymnasium), he received a state scholarship, and in 1866 he also studied iconography with an itinerant Italian artist, then living in Belgrade. He pursued his studies in art in Pančevo. In 1873 he went to Vienna to study sculpture. Owing to poor health, he returned to Belgrade. Upon receiving a new state scholarship he resumed his studies at the prestigious Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich in 1874.
According to some, he is considered one of the originators of 19th-century Serbian sculpture along with neo-classicist Dimitrije Petrović (1799-1852). He has made numerous public monuments, among his best known works are busts of Vuk Karadžić, Prince Miloš and Đura Daničić.
Petar Ubavkić died in Belgrade on Vidovdan, 28 June 1910 and was buried in the New Cemetery.
Legacy
Today, Ubavkić is considered the premier Serbian sculptor in an age when art flourished to its maximum. He was indeed the creator of many public monuments at the time of the rule of Prince Miloš
Obrenović. Among his most important artistic works realized according to the cannons of realism or even verism, are the many Belgrade monuments executed by Ubavkić, including some in other regions of Serbia, particularly the monument to King Milan Obrenović in the Church of St. Paraskeve in Ćurlina.
Gallery
Bust of Jovan Gavrilović, 1893
Bust of Alexander I of Serbia, 1895
Bust of Đura Jakšić, 1896
Takovo uprising, 1900
Bust of Branislava Simić, 1904
Bust of Đura Daničić
See also
Đorđe Jovanović
Simeon Roksandić
Risto Stijović
Sreten Stojanović
References
^ "Biography online SANU". Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
^ cite web|last=Medaković|first=Dejan|title=Likovna umetnost 18. i 19. veka|url=http://www.serbianschool.com/cult/13-c.htm%7Caccess-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530092733/http://www.serbianschool.com/cult/13-c.htm%7Carchive-date=30 May 2004|url-status=dead
^ "Na dan 28.6.1910.: Umro Petar Ubavkić, srpski vajar". www.nadanasnjidan.net. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
3. Church of St. Paraskeve in Ćurlina: http://www.nisandbyzantium.org.rs/manastiri_i_crkve_grada_nisa/engleski/MONUMENT%20TO%20THE%20KING%20MILAN%20OBRENOVIC.html
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petar Ubavkić.
Biography online SANU
Information on his grave
Bust of Vuk Karadžić, the work of Peter Ubavkić
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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This article about a Serbian painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"}],"text":"Serbian painter (1852–1910)Peter Ubavkić (12 April 1852 – 28 June 1910) was a Serbian sculptor and painter, recognized as the premier sculptor of Serbia, given the task to create a series of national monuments of which he authored many.[1] He was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.","title":"Petar Ubavkić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"Pančevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Kunstgewerbeschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstgewerbeschule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"neo-classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-classicist"},{"link_name":"Vuk Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Prince Miloš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87_I,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Đura Daničić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vidovdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidovdan"},{"link_name":"New Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_groblje"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He was born in Belgrade on 12 April 1852. After completing high school (gymnasium), he received a state scholarship, and in 1866 he also studied iconography with an itinerant Italian artist, then living in Belgrade. He pursued his studies in art in Pančevo. In 1873 he went to Vienna to study sculpture. Owing to poor health, he returned to Belgrade. Upon receiving a new state scholarship he resumed his studies at the prestigious Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich in 1874.According to some, he is considered one of the originators of 19th-century Serbian sculpture[2] along with neo-classicist Dimitrije Petrović (1799-1852). He has made numerous public monuments, among his best known works are busts of Vuk Karadžić, Prince Miloš and Đura Daničić.Petar Ubavkić died in Belgrade on Vidovdan, 28 June 1910 and was buried in the New Cemetery.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"verism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verism"},{"link_name":"Ćurlina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86urlina"}],"text":"Today, Ubavkić is considered the premier Serbian sculptor in an age when art flourished to its maximum. He was indeed the creator of many public monuments at the time of the rule of Prince Miloš\nObrenović. Among his most important artistic works realized according to the cannons of realism or even verism, are the many Belgrade monuments executed by Ubavkić, including some in other regions of Serbia, particularly the monument to King Milan Obrenović in the Church of St. Paraskeve in Ćurlina.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jovan_Gavrilovi%C4%87.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jovan Gavrilović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Gavrilovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petar_Ubavki%C4%87,_Alexander_I_of_Serbia,_1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djurajaksickalemegdan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Đura Jakšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takovski_ustanak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%9B,_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%9B_1904.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%90ura_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87.JPG"},{"link_name":"Đura Daničić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87"}],"text":"Bust of Jovan Gavrilović, 1893\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBust of Alexander I of Serbia, 1895\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBust of Đura Jakšić, 1896\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTakovo uprising, 1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBust of Branislava Simić, 1904\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBust of Đura Daničić","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"title":"Đorđe Jovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Jovanovi%C4%87_(sculptor)"},{"title":"Simeon Roksandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Roksandi%C4%87"},{"title":"Risto Stijović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Stijovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Sreten Stojanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreten_Stojanovi%C4%87"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLAN_(examination)
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PLAN (test)
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["1 Components","2 References","3 External links"]
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Standardized test
PLAN test booklets.
The PLAN assessment was a preliminary ACT test from ACT, Inc. that was generally administered in the sophomore year. The PLAN test was scored between 1 and 32 and was determined by a composite scoring system much like that of the ACT, based on the scores received on each of the categories of the test.
Components
The test consisted of four separate parts: an English (grammar) section, a Math section, a Reading section, and a Science section. Each portion of the test had a different number of questions and a different amount of time allotted.
Subject
Number of Questions
Time
Allowed
English
30—Usage/Mechanics
20—Rhetorical Skills
30
Math
22—Pre-algebra/Algebra
18—Geometry
40
Reading
25
20
Science
30
25
References
^ ACT's PLAN Program: The Test (http://actstudent.org/plan/tests/index.html) 2012
^ ACT's PLAN Program: The Test (http://actstudent.org/plan/tests/index.html)
External links
ACT's PLAN Assessment
ACT's PLAN Program
Using PLAN scores to predict ACT scores
Plan scores - National percentiles
This article relating to education in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLAN_test_booklet.jpg"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)"},{"link_name":"sophomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sophomore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)"}],"text":"PLAN test booklets.The PLAN assessment was a preliminary ACT test from ACT, Inc. that was generally administered in the sophomore year.[1] The PLAN test was scored between 1 and 32 and was determined by a composite scoring system much like that of the ACT, based on the scores received on each of the categories of the test.","title":"PLAN (test)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The test consisted of four separate parts: an English (grammar) section, a Math section, a Reading section, and a Science section. Each portion of the test had a different number of questions and a different amount of time allotted.[2]","title":"Components"}]
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[{"image_text":"PLAN test booklets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/PLAN_test_booklet.jpg/220px-PLAN_test_booklet.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"http://actstudent.org/plan/tests/index.html","external_links_name":"http://actstudent.org/plan/tests/index.html"},{"Link":"http://actstudent.org/plan/tests/index.html","external_links_name":"http://actstudent.org/plan/tests/index.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070503190557/http://www.act.org/plan/","external_links_name":"ACT's PLAN Assessment"},{"Link":"http://www.actstudent.org/plan","external_links_name":"ACT's PLAN Program"},{"Link":"http://www.act.org/plan/norms/pdf/estimatefall10.pdf","external_links_name":"Using PLAN scores to predict ACT scores"},{"Link":"http://www.act.org/plan/norms/pdf/fall10.pdf","external_links_name":"Plan scores - National percentiles"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLAN_(test)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_with_the_Yarnwinder
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Madonna of the Yarnwinder
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["1 History","2 Description","3 Buccleuch Madonna","3.1 Theft and recovery","4 Lansdowne Madonna","5 Influence and copies","5.1 List of copies","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Composition by Leonardo da Vinci
Red chalk study by Leonardo
The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (Italian: Madonna dei Fusi, "Madonna of the Spindles") is a subject depicted by Leonardo da Vinci in at least one, and perhaps two paintings begun in 1499 or later. Leonardo was recorded as being at work on one such picture in Florence in 1501 for Florimond Robertet, a secretary to King Louis XII of France. This may have been delivered to the French court in 1507, though scholars are divided on this point. The subject is known today from several versions of which two, called the Buccleuch Madonna and the Lansdowne Madonna, are thought to be partly by Leonardo's hand. The underdrawings of both paintings show similar experimental changes made to the composition (or pentimenti), suggesting that both evolved concurrently in Leonardo's workshop.
The composition shows the Virgin Mary seated in a landscape with the Christ child, who gazes at a niddy-noddy used to collect spun yarn. The niddy-noddy serves both as a symbol of Mary's domesticity and as a foreshadowing of the Cross on which Christ was crucified. The painting's dynamic composition and the implied narrative were highly influential on later High Renaissance depictions of the Madonna and Child by artists such as Raphael and Andrea del Sarto.
History
Madonna of the Yarnwinder(The Buccleuch Madonna)ArtistAttributed to Leonardo da Vinci and another artistTypeOil on walnutDimensions48.3 cm × 36.9 cm (19.0 in × 14.5 in)LocationScottish National Gallery, Edinburgh (on long-term loan from the Duke of Buccleuch’s collection)OwnerRichard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch
The earliest reference to a painting of this subject by Leonardo is in a letter of 14 April 1501 by Fra Pietro da Novellara, the head of the Carmelites in Florence, to Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of Mantua. Leonardo had recently returned to his native city following the French invasion of Milan in 1499; the intervening years he had spent first in Isabella's court, during which brief stay he produced a cartoon (now in the Louvre) for a portrait of her, and then in Venice. Isabella was determined to get a finished painting by Leonardo for her collection, and to that end she instructed Fra Pietro, her contact in Florence, to press Leonardo into agreeing to a commission. Two letters of reply by the friar survive. In the second, written after he had succeeded in meeting with the artist, he writes that Leonardo has become distracted by his mathematical pursuits and is busy working on a small painting for Florimond Robertet, which he goes on to describe:
"The little picture which he is doing is of a Madonna seated as if she were about to spin yarn. The Child has placed his foot on the basket of yarns and has grasped the yarn-winder and gazes attentively at four spokes that are in the form of a cross. As if desirous of the cross he smiles and holds it firm, and is unwilling to yield it to his Mother who seems to want to take it away from him."
The passage is valuable for being one of the few descriptions by a contemporary viewer of a work by Leonardo; it matches the composition of the Buccleuch and Lansdowne Madonnas in all respects except that there is no basket in either painting. Robertet's painting was probably commissioned late in 1499 just before Leonardo left Milan, and was possibly begun there.
Scholars disagree on whether Robertet received his painting or not. In January 1507 Francesco Pandolfini, the Florentine ambassador to the French court in Blois, reported that “a little picture by hand has recently been brought here and is held to be an excellent thing”. The Madonna does not, however, appear in a posthumous inventory of Robertet's collection made in 1532 (though the authenticity of the inventory has been called into question). One hypothesis holds that it passed from Robertet's collection into that of the French king, thus explaining its absence from the inventory. It is unclear, however, why it would have left the royal collection.
In 1525 two inventories were drawn up of the possessions of Leonardo's assistant and heir Salaì, who died the preceding year. These mention a “Madonna with a Child in her Arms”. This is thought to be evidence that one of the prime versions of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder remained in Leonardo's possession while the other was sent to Robertet.
Neither of the paintings accepted as prime versions has a provenance that can be traced back to Robertet or Salaì, or further back than the 18th century, though the Buccleuch Madonna was in France at that time. However, the Lansdowne Madonna could easily have been bought by its earliest known owners from a French collection in the period following the French Revolution, when many works with a French aristocratic provenance were bought by British collectors.
Description
The Lansdowne Madonna (left) and the Buccleuch Madonna (right) at the monumental 2019–2020 exhibition Léonard de Vinci of the Louvre.
The composition of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder shows the Christ child twisting his body away from his mother's embrace, his eye caught by her niddy-noddy whose arms (crosspieces) give it the shape of a cross; he precociously recognises it as a symbol of his destiny. The Virgin's reaction is ambiguous, a mixture of alarm at the harm her son will come to and resigned acceptance of it. The gesture of suspense made with her right hand is repeated from Leonardo's Milanese altarpiece The Virgin of the Rocks. The use of a symbol of the Passion as an object of childish play recurs throughout Leonardo's paintings, appearing for instance in the Benois Madonna and the Virgin and Child with St Anne. The depiction of the Virgin spinning also alludes to her antitype, Eve, who was sometimes portrayed spinning wool after her expulsion from Paradise, accompanied by her infant sons Cain and Abel. The iconography therefore recalls humanity's fall, its ensuing travails and its redemption through Christ's sacrifice.
As with later works by Leonardo, the figures appear in a vast unpopulated landscape. The rocky outcrop in the foreground of the Buccleuch Madonna is painted with a minute attention to geological detail. A major difference between the Buccleuch and Lansdowne Madonnas is in their background landscapes. Whereas the background of the Buccleuch version is a watery landscape indifferently painted, that of the Lansdowne Madonna has a dramatic mountain range far more typical of Leonardo. It has been proposed that this is a specific location in the valley of the river Adda, as it runs from Lecco to Vaprio, an area familiar to Leonardo and which he mapped. It is possible that the landscape of the former picture was added by a pupil after Leonardo failed to complete the work. For Martin Kemp the “late” character of the landscape in the Lansdowne Madonna suggests that it was the later painting to be completed and that the Buccleuch Madonna was the one sent to Robertet in 1507.
The underdrawings of both the Buccleuch and Lansdowne Madonnas show several features not in the finished works, but present in some copies; it is likely that these were originally copied from the prime versions during an early stage of the composition's development. One such feature, which appears in both underdrawings, is a group of figures identified as Saint Joseph making a baby walker for the Christ child, who appears with his mother and another female figure, probably a midwife. It has also been suggested that the child learning to walk is the infant John the Baptist, appearing with his mother Saint Elizabeth, as Leonardo would have been unlikely to depict the figures of Mary and Christ twice in the same painting. Leonardo also experimented with including some kind of beast of burden – a horse, ass or ox – which appears in different positions in the two underdrawings. Behind these an architectural structure with an arched opening was planned. At a later stage the landscape of the Buccleuch picture seems to have had a bridge like that of the Lansdowne Madonna, which was then painted over.
Buccleuch Madonna
The version of this painting often regarded as the most likely to be by Leonardo is now in the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh, on loan from the Duke of Buccleuch. It hung in his ancestral home in Drumlanrig Castle, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, until it was stolen in 2003. It entered the Buccleuch collection in 1767, with the marriage of the 3rd Duke to Lady Elizabeth Montagu, the heiress to a substantial collection of works assembled by her parents, the Duke and Duchess of Montagu. This Madonna of the Yarnwinder was bought at auction in Paris in 1756 from a sale of the collection of Marie-Joseph duc d’Hostun et de Tallard, its earliest documented owner.
Theft and recovery
In 2003 the Buccleuch Madonna was stolen from Drumlanrig Castle by two thieves posing as tourists, who said "Don't worry love, we're the police. This is just practice" to two tourists from New Zealand as they exited through a window carrying the Leonardo. In 2007 a chartered loss adjuster acting for the Duke of Buccleuch's insurers was contacted by an English lawyer, who claimed that he could arrange for the painting's return within 72 hours. The lawyer, Marshall Ronald of Skelmersdale, Lancashire, was visited by two undercover policemen who posed as an art expert and an agent for the Duke. The painting was then taken to a lawyer's office in Glasgow; this was raided by police officers from four anti-crime agencies during a meeting of five people. Four arrests were made, including of two solicitors from different firms. The Scotsman, describing the Glasgow firm as "one of the country's most successful and respected law firms", quoted a source as saying their arrested member "was not involved in any criminal act, but was acting as a go-between for two parties by scrutinizing a contract which would have allowed an English firm to 'secure legal repatriation' of the painting from an unidentified party."
The 9th Duke of Buccleuch never lived to see the Madonna's recovery as he had died unexpectedly only a month beforehand. The painting was lent to the National Gallery of Scotland (now the Scottish National Gallery) in Edinburgh in 2009, and remains on display there as of 2020. In 2010 Ronald was cleared of the charge of holding the Duke to ransom; in 2013 he mounted legal action against the 10th Duke and the Chief Constable of Dumfries and Galloway, demanding a reward of £4.25 million, which he claims he was promised in the meeting with the undercover policemen six years earlier. In 2015, the judge, Lord Brailsford, ruled these "arrangements were no more than a scheme designed and controlled by the police in an attempt to obtain the return of the stolen property" and rejected Ronald's claim against the Duke, who said "my involvement in supporting the 'sting' operation which involved an undercover police officer was entirely at the request of and under the direction of the police".
Lansdowne Madonna
Madonna of the Yarnwinder(The Lansdowne Madonna)ArtistAttributed to Leonardo da Vinci and another artistTypeOil on panel (transferred to canvas and later re-laid on panel)Dimensions50.2 cm × 34.6 cm (19.8 in × 13.6 in)LocationPrivate collection, United States
The painting sometimes considered the second prime version of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder takes its name from the Marquesses of Lansdowne, who owned it in the 19th century. John Henry Petty, then Earl Wycombe and later the 2nd Marquess of Lansdowne, bought it some time in or before 1809, possibly from the Earl of Darnley. It is first recorded in a sale of the Dowager Marchioness of Lansdowne's collection in 1833, from which it was withdrawn. The painting remained in her family until 1879, when her daughter sold it to Cyril Flower, later Lord Battersea. In 1908 the Madonna was bought from his widow by the Paris-based art dealers Nathan Wildenstein and René Gimpel. They consulted Bernard Berenson, the leading connoisseur of the day, on the attribution in 1909; he confirmed an earlier attribution to il Sodoma but thought that Leonardo had been responsible up to the cartoon stage. During restoration work in around 1911 the painting was transferred to canvas and several alterations were made, most significantly the removal of a loincloth covering the Child's genitals and the fingers of the Virgin's left hand.
The painting was bought as a Sodoma in 1928 by Robert Wilson Reford, a Canadian industrialist and shipping magnate. In the 1930s it underwent X-ray and ultraviolet examination for the first time, led by a team which included the art historian Wilhelm Suida. He concluded that the Christ child and the landscape were by Leonardo and the remainder was by a Milanese pupil. During a loan to the New York World's Fair in 1939 the painting was damaged and further restoration work had to be undertaken. Reford's family put it up for auction in 1972, but by then the attribution had reverted to Sodoma, inevitably resulting in a lower price than had it been accepted as a Leonardo. It was bought back by Wildenstein & Company, who arranged for it to be transferred a second time, this time onto a composite panel, in 1976. They sold the Madonna (as a Leonardo) to its current owner, an anonymous private collector, in 1999.
Influence and copies
Nearly forty versions of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder made by pupils and followers of Leonardo survive today. Many show elements which were discarded as the prime version, or versions, evolved over a long period of time. Some include the figure group in the middle ground visible in the Buccleuch and Lansdowne underdrawings; others show the basket of wool described by Fra Pietro da Novellara, though to Christ's side rather than beneath his foot. Eight paintings, including the copy in the Louvre, show a different kind of rocky outcrop in the foreground from those in the prime versions; many of these are probably by Lombard Leonardeschi. Some artists elaborated on Leonardo's composition with the addition of still lives or extra figures.
The Madonna of the Yarnwinder’s composition was especially popular in Spain, where it might have been brought over by Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina or Hernando de los Llanos (whose name also appears as Fernando de Llanos). Both painters were trained in Florence in the first years of the 16th century, and either might be the “Ferrando spagnolo” mentioned as a pupil of Leonardo when the master was working on the fresco of the Battle of Anghiari in the Palazzo della Signoria in 1505.
List of copies
From left: Private collection, Madrid; Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh; private collection (formerly Chicago)From left: Louvre, Paris; Museo Soumaya, Mexico City; Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder (drawing after Leonardo), Uffizi, Florence.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon.
Madonna with the Yarnwinder, formerly Wood Prince Collection, Chicago.
Attributed to Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh.
Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina, The Holy Family (1523), formerly in the Carlos Grether collection, Buenos Aires
Attributed to Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Museo de Bellas Artes, Murcia
Attributed to Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina, Madonna and Child with the Infant St John (c. 1505), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Hernando de los Llanos, Rest on the Flight into Egypt (1507), Valencia Cathedral.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA
Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Granada Cathedral.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder (c. 1510–30), Apsley House, London.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Museo Soumaya, Mexico City.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Prince's Palace of Monaco.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Wittelsbacher Ausgleichsfonds, Munich.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder in a Rocky Landscape, Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder (c. 1510–20), Louvre, Paris.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder, follower of Leonardo da Vinci, circa 1500, unfinished. Private collection, Italy.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder (19th century), Penrith and Eden Museum, Penrith.
Attributed to Cesare da Sesto, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, two versions in private collections.
Attributed to Cornelius van Cleve, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, private collection.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder with Cherries and an Apple, three versions in private collections.
Attributed to Martino Piazza da Lodi, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder with St John, Tobias and the Angel and a Fruit Bowl, Museo de Bellas Artes, Córdoba.
Luis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.
Luis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Royal Palace of Madrid.
Luis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Hispanic Society of America, New York City.
Luis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg.
Madonna of the Yarnwinder (first decade of the 16th century), Museo Palazzo Costa, Piacenza.
See also
List of works by Leonardo da Vinci
References
Citations
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 16
^ Kemp 1989, pp. 273–5
^ a b c Syson et al. 2011, p. 294
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 50
^ Syson et al. 2011, p. 296
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 13
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 186
^ Clayton 2006, p. 30.
^ Pezzutto, Donato (24 October 2012). "Leonardo's Landscapes as Maps". OPUSeJ. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 81
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 57
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 33 for the Buccleuch Madonna
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 75
^ Penny, Nicholas (August 1992). "Leonardo's Madonna of the Yarnwinder. Edinburgh. National Gallery of Scotland". The Burlington Magazine. 134 (1073): 542–544. JSTOR 885186. (subscription required)
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, pp. 105–6
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 172
^ Seenan, Gerard (29 December 2003). "Thieves steal priceless art 'for status, not profit'". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^ a b Cramb, Auslan (8 February 2013). "Former lawyer sues duke for £4.2m 'reward' over stolen Leonardo". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
^ "Lawyer arrested as £37m stolen Madonna painting is found by police". The Scotsman. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^ Times online, October 5th, 2007
^ "Arrests after da Vinci work found". BBC News. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 104
^ "Stolen Leonardo da Vinci masterpiece back on display". BBC News. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^ "The Madonna of the Yarnwinder | National Galleries of Scotland". www.nationalgalleries.org. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
^ "Legal action against Duke of Buccleuch over Da Vinci theft fails". BBC News. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 167
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 166
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 215
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 127
^ a b Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 133
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 216
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, pp. 216–7
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 136
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 137
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 139
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 193
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 198
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, pp. 202–3
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 206
^ a b c Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 196
^ "Sale 2135 / Lot 6: After Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Yarnwinder". Christie’s. 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
^ a b c Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 197
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 207
^ "Rest during the Flight to Egypt". Web Gallery of Art. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
^ a b c d Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 201
^ Alexander, Harriet (20 February 2011). "Carlos Slim's Museo Soumaya: 'All desirable things must be accessible'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
^ a b Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 199
^ Howard, Lisa. "Madonna of the Yarnwinder". National Inventory of Continental European Paintings. VADS. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
^ Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 202
^ a b Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 205
^ a b c d Kemp & Wells 2011, p. 209
^ "Marco Horak – Il mistero della Madonna dei fusi". Panorama Musei: Rivista Ufficiale dell’Associazione Piacenza Musei (in Italian). December 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Bibliography
Acidini, Cristina; Bellucci, Roberto; Frosinini, Cecilia (2014), New hypotheses on the Madonna of the Yarnwinders series, in Leonardo da Vinci's Technical Practice: Paintings, Drawings and Influence, Proceedings of the Charisma conference, ed. by M. Menu, pp. 114–125, Paris: Hermann, ISBN 9782705684556
Clayton, Martin (2006), Ten Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci: An Exhibition to Celebrate the Eightieth Birthday of Her Majesty The Queen, Royal Collection Publications
Kemp, Martin, ed. (1989), Leonardo on Painting: An anthology of writings by Leonardo da Vinci with a selection of documents relating to his career as an artist, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09095-6
Kemp, Martin; Wells, Thereza (2011), Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Yarnwinder: A Historical and Scientific Detective Story, London: Artakt & Zidane Press, ISBN 978-0-9554-8506-0
Syson, Luke; Keith, Larry; Galansino, Arturo; Mazzotta, Antonio; Nethersole, Scott; Rumberg, Per (2011), Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan, London: National Gallery
External links
Media related to Madonna of the Yarnwinder at Wikimedia Commons
Copies of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder
vteLeonardo da Vinci
List of works
Science and inventions
Personal life
Major works
The Annunciation
The Baptism of Christ ✻
The Madonna of the Carnation
Ginevra de' Benci
Benois Madonna
The Adoration of the Magi
Saint Jerome in the Wilderness
Madonna Litta ✻
Virgin of the Rocks
Portrait of a Musician ✻✻
Lady with an Ermine
La Belle Ferronnière
The Last Supper
Sala delle Asse
Portrait of Isabella d'Este
The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist
Buccleuch Madonna ✻
Salvator Mundi ✻✻
Lansdowne Madonna ✻
The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne
Mona Lisa
La Scapigliata
Saint John the Baptist
Lost works
Medusa
The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (cartoon)
Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist
The Holy Infants Embracing
The Battle of Anghiari
Leda and the Swan
Sculptures
Budapest Horse
Horse and Rider
Sforza Horse (unexecuted)
Works on paper
Study for the Madonna of the Cat
Head of a Bear
The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
Vitruvian Man
Studies of the Fetus in the Womb
Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk
Studies for the Virgin of the Rocks
Designs for an Adoration of the Christ Child
Head of the Angel
Head of the Infant Saint John the Baptist
Studies for the Last Supper
Head of Christ
Studies for the Louvre Saint Anne
Christ Child
Drapery of the Virgin's Right Arm
Head of Saint Anne
Head of the Virgin
Manuscripts
Codex Arundel
Codex Atlanticus
Codex on the Flight of Birds
Codex Leicester
Codex Madrid
Codex Trivulzianus
A Treatise on Painting
Other projects
Architonnerre
Divina proportione (illustrations)
Great Kite
Harpsichord-viola
Aerial screw
Crossbow
Fighting vehicle
Robot
Self-propelled cart
Octant projection
Rapid fire crossbow
Sonar
Viola organista
World Map
Leonardeschi
Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio
Cesare da Sesto
Bernardino de' Conti
Giampietrino
Giovanni Agostino da Lodi
Bernardino Luini
Cesare Magni
Marco d'Oggiono
Francesco Melzi
Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis
Salaì
Andrea Solari
Museums
Museo leonardiano di Vinci
Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo3 Museum
Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Milan)
Related
Cultural references
Namesakes
Portraits of Leonardo
Conservation-restoration of The Last Supper
Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations
High Renaissance
Mathematics and art
The Lost Leonardo
Leda and the Swan (Galleria Borghese)
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Category
Authority control databases: National
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Louis XII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"},{"link_name":"underdrawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdrawing"},{"link_name":"pentimenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Christ child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Jesus"},{"link_name":"niddy-noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddy-noddy"},{"link_name":"yarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross"},{"link_name":"High Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Andrea del Sarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto"}],"text":"Red chalk study by LeonardoThe Madonna of the Yarnwinder (Italian: Madonna dei Fusi, \"Madonna of the Spindles\")[1] is a subject depicted by Leonardo da Vinci in at least one, and perhaps two paintings begun in 1499 or later. Leonardo was recorded as being at work on one such picture in Florence in 1501 for Florimond Robertet, a secretary to King Louis XII of France. This may have been delivered to the French court in 1507, though scholars are divided on this point. The subject is known today from several versions of which two, called the Buccleuch Madonna and the Lansdowne Madonna, are thought to be partly by Leonardo's hand. The underdrawings of both paintings show similar experimental changes made to the composition (or pentimenti), suggesting that both evolved concurrently in Leonardo's workshop.The composition shows the Virgin Mary seated in a landscape with the Christ child, who gazes at a niddy-noddy used to collect spun yarn. The niddy-noddy serves both as a symbol of Mary's domesticity and as a foreshadowing of the Cross on which Christ was crucified. The painting's dynamic composition and the implied narrative were highly influential on later High Renaissance depictions of the Madonna and Child by artists such as Raphael and Andrea del Sarto.","title":"Madonna of the Yarnwinder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Isabella d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syson_294-3"},{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syson_294-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Salaì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"prime versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_version"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The earliest reference to a painting of this subject by Leonardo is in a letter of 14 April 1501 by Fra Pietro da Novellara, the head of the Carmelites in Florence, to Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of Mantua. Leonardo had recently returned to his native city following the French invasion of Milan in 1499; the intervening years he had spent first in Isabella's court, during which brief stay he produced a cartoon (now in the Louvre) for a portrait of her, and then in Venice. Isabella was determined to get a finished painting by Leonardo for her collection, and to that end she instructed Fra Pietro, her contact in Florence, to press Leonardo into agreeing to a commission. Two letters of reply by the friar survive. In the second, written after he had succeeded in meeting with the artist, he writes that Leonardo has become distracted by his mathematical pursuits and is busy working on a small painting for Florimond Robertet, which he goes on to describe:\"The little picture which he is doing is of a Madonna seated as if she were about to spin yarn. The Child has placed his foot on the basket of yarns and has grasped the yarn-winder and gazes attentively at four spokes that are in the form of a cross. As if desirous of the cross he smiles and holds it firm, and is unwilling to yield it to his Mother who seems to want to take it away from him.\"[2]The passage is valuable for being one of the few descriptions by a contemporary viewer of a work by Leonardo; it matches the composition of the Buccleuch and Lansdowne Madonnas in all respects except that there is no basket in either painting.[3] Robertet's painting was probably commissioned late in 1499 just before Leonardo left Milan, and was possibly begun there.Scholars disagree on whether Robertet received his painting or not. In January 1507 Francesco Pandolfini, the Florentine ambassador to the French court in Blois, reported that “a little picture by [Leonardo’s] hand has recently been brought here and is held to be an excellent thing”.[4] The Madonna does not, however, appear in a posthumous inventory of Robertet's collection made in 1532 (though the authenticity of the inventory has been called into question).[3] One hypothesis holds that it passed from Robertet's collection into that of the French king, thus explaining its absence from the inventory. It is unclear, however, why it would have left the royal collection.[5]In 1525 two inventories were drawn up of the possessions of Leonardo's assistant and heir Salaì, who died the preceding year. These mention a “Madonna with a Child in her Arms”. This is thought to be evidence that one of the prime versions of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder remained in Leonardo's possession while the other was sent to Robertet.[6]Neither of the paintings accepted as prime versions has a provenance that can be traced back to Robertet or Salaì, or further back than the 18th century, though the Buccleuch Madonna was in France at that time. However, the Lansdowne Madonna could easily have been bought by its earliest known owners from a French collection in the period following the French Revolution, when many works with a French aristocratic provenance were bought by British collectors.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Couple_of_the_Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Virgin of the Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Benois Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benois_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Virgin and Child with St Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_St._Anne_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syson_294-3"},{"link_name":"antitype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(theology)"},{"link_name":"Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve"},{"link_name":"expulsion from Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man"},{"link_name":"Cain and Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200630-8"},{"link_name":"Adda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adda_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecco"},{"link_name":"Vaprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaprio_d%27Adda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"baby walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_walker"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Saint Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penny-14"},{"link_name":"beast of burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Lansdowne Madonna (left) and the Buccleuch Madonna (right) at the monumental 2019–2020 exhibition Léonard de Vinci of the Louvre.The composition of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder shows the Christ child twisting his body away from his mother's embrace, his eye caught by her niddy-noddy whose arms (crosspieces) give it the shape of a cross; he precociously recognises it as a symbol of his destiny. The Virgin's reaction is ambiguous, a mixture of alarm at the harm her son will come to and resigned acceptance of it. The gesture of suspense made with her right hand is repeated from Leonardo's Milanese altarpiece The Virgin of the Rocks. The use of a symbol of the Passion as an object of childish play recurs throughout Leonardo's paintings, appearing for instance in the Benois Madonna and the Virgin and Child with St Anne.[3] The depiction of the Virgin spinning also alludes to her antitype, Eve, who was sometimes portrayed spinning wool after her expulsion from Paradise, accompanied by her infant sons Cain and Abel. The iconography therefore recalls humanity's fall, its ensuing travails and its redemption through Christ's sacrifice.[8]As with later works by Leonardo, the figures appear in a vast unpopulated landscape. The rocky outcrop in the foreground of the Buccleuch Madonna is painted with a minute attention to geological detail. A major difference between the Buccleuch and Lansdowne Madonnas is in their background landscapes. Whereas the background of the Buccleuch version is a watery landscape indifferently painted, that of the Lansdowne Madonna has a dramatic mountain range far more typical of Leonardo. It has been proposed that this is a specific location in the valley of the river Adda, as it runs from Lecco to Vaprio, an area familiar to Leonardo and which he mapped.[9] It is possible that the landscape of the former picture was added by a pupil after Leonardo failed to complete the work.[10] For Martin Kemp the “late” character of the landscape in the Lansdowne Madonna suggests that it was the later painting to be completed and that the Buccleuch Madonna was the one sent to Robertet in 1507.[11]The underdrawings of both the Buccleuch and Lansdowne Madonnas show several features not in the finished works, but present in some copies; it is likely that these were originally copied from the prime versions during an early stage of the composition's development. One such feature, which appears in both underdrawings, is a group of figures identified as Saint Joseph making a baby walker for the Christ child, who appears with his mother[12] and another female figure, probably a midwife.[13] It has also been suggested that the child learning to walk is the infant John the Baptist, appearing with his mother Saint Elizabeth, as Leonardo would have been unlikely to depict the figures of Mary and Christ twice in the same painting.[14] Leonardo also experimented with including some kind of beast of burden – a horse, ass or ox – which appears in different positions in the two underdrawings. Behind these an architectural structure with an arched opening was planned. At a later stage the landscape of the Buccleuch picture seems to have had a bridge like that of the Lansdowne Madonna, which was then painted over.[15]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Duke of Buccleuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Scott,_10th_Duke_of_Buccleuch"},{"link_name":"Drumlanrig Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlanrig_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dumfries and Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Buccleuch collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Buccleuch_collection"},{"link_name":"3rd Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Scott,_3rd_Duke_of_Buccleuch"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montagu,_1st_Duke_of_Montagu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The version of this painting often regarded as the most likely to be by Leonardo is now in the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh, on loan from the Duke of Buccleuch. It hung in his ancestral home in Drumlanrig Castle, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, until it was stolen in 2003. It entered the Buccleuch collection in 1767, with the marriage of the 3rd Duke to Lady Elizabeth Montagu, the heiress to a substantial collection of works assembled by her parents, the Duke and Duchess of Montagu. This Madonna of the Yarnwinder was bought at auction in Paris in 1756 from a sale of the collection of Marie-Joseph duc d’Hostun et de Tallard, its earliest documented owner.[16]","title":"Buccleuch Madonna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Skelmersdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelmersdale"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-18"},{"link_name":"The Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"9th Duke of Buccleuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott,_9th_Duke_of_Buccleuch"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-18"},{"link_name":"Lord Brailsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Brailsford,_Lord_Brailsford"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Theft and recovery","text":"In 2003 the Buccleuch Madonna was stolen from Drumlanrig Castle by two thieves posing as tourists, who said \"Don't worry love, we're the police. This is just practice\" to two tourists from New Zealand as they exited through a window carrying the Leonardo.[17] In 2007 a chartered loss adjuster acting for the Duke of Buccleuch's insurers was contacted by an English lawyer, who claimed that he could arrange for the painting's return within 72 hours. The lawyer, Marshall Ronald of Skelmersdale, Lancashire, was visited by two undercover policemen who posed as an art expert and an agent for the Duke. The painting was then taken to a lawyer's office in Glasgow;[18] this was raided by police officers from four anti-crime agencies during a meeting of five people. Four arrests were made, including of two solicitors from different firms. The Scotsman, describing the Glasgow firm as \"one of the country's most successful and respected law firms\", quoted a source as saying their arrested member \"was not involved in any criminal act, but was acting as a go-between for two parties by scrutinizing a contract which would have allowed an English firm to 'secure legal repatriation' of the painting from an unidentified party.\"[19][20][21]The 9th Duke of Buccleuch never lived to see the Madonna's recovery as he had died unexpectedly only a month beforehand.[22] The painting was lent to the National Gallery of Scotland (now the Scottish National Gallery) in Edinburgh in 2009,[23] and remains on display there as of 2020.[24] In 2010 Ronald was cleared of the charge of holding the Duke to ransom; in 2013 he mounted legal action against the 10th Duke and the Chief Constable of Dumfries and Galloway, demanding a reward of £4.25 million, which he claims he was promised in the meeting with the undercover policemen six years earlier.[18] In 2015, the judge, Lord Brailsford, ruled these \"arrangements were no more than a scheme designed and controlled by the police in an attempt to obtain the return of the stolen property\" and rejected Ronald's claim against the Duke, who said \"my involvement in supporting the 'sting' operation which involved an undercover police officer was entirely at the request of and under the direction of the police\".[25]","title":"Buccleuch Madonna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marquesses of Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"Earl of Darnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bligh,_4th_Earl_of_Darnley"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Cyril Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Flower,_1st_Baron_Battersea"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"René Gimpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gimpel"},{"link_name":"Bernard Berenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Berenson"},{"link_name":"il Sodoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Sodoma"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"transferred to canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_133-30"},{"link_name":"Sodoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma"},{"link_name":"Robert Wilson Reford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilson_Reford"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_133-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"New York World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Wildenstein & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildenstein_%26_Company_Building"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The painting sometimes considered the second prime version of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder takes its name from the Marquesses of Lansdowne, who owned it in the 19th century. John Henry Petty, then Earl Wycombe and later the 2nd Marquess of Lansdowne, bought it some time in or before 1809, possibly from the Earl of Darnley.[26] It is first recorded in a sale of the Dowager Marchioness of Lansdowne's collection in 1833, from which it was withdrawn.[27] The painting remained in her family until 1879, when her daughter sold it to Cyril Flower, later Lord Battersea.[28] In 1908 the Madonna was bought from his widow by the Paris-based art dealers Nathan Wildenstein and René Gimpel. They consulted Bernard Berenson, the leading connoisseur of the day, on the attribution in 1909; he confirmed an earlier attribution to il Sodoma but thought that Leonardo had been responsible up to the cartoon stage.[29] During restoration work in around 1911 the painting was transferred to canvas and several alterations were made, most significantly the removal of a loincloth covering the Child's genitals and the fingers of the Virgin's left hand.[30]The painting was bought as a Sodoma in 1928 by Robert Wilson Reford, a Canadian industrialist and shipping magnate.[31] In the 1930s it underwent X-ray and ultraviolet examination for the first time, led by a team which included the art historian Wilhelm Suida.[30] He concluded that the Christ child and the landscape were by Leonardo and the remainder was by a Milanese pupil.[32] During a loan to the New York World's Fair in 1939 the painting was damaged and further restoration work had to be undertaken.[33] Reford's family put it up for auction in 1972, but by then the attribution had reverted to Sodoma, inevitably resulting in a lower price than had it been accepted as a Leonardo. It was bought back by Wildenstein & Company, who arranged for it to be transferred a second time, this time onto a composite panel, in 1976.[34] They sold the Madonna (as a Leonardo) to its current owner, an anonymous private collector, in 1999.[35]","title":"Lansdowne Madonna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Leonardeschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardeschi"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_la_Almedina"},{"link_name":"Hernando de los Llanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_los_Llanos"},{"link_name":"Battle of Anghiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Anghiari_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Palazzo della Signoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Nearly forty versions of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder made by pupils and followers of Leonardo survive today.[36] Many show elements which were discarded as the prime version, or versions, evolved over a long period of time. Some include the figure group in the middle ground visible in the Buccleuch and Lansdowne underdrawings; others show the basket of wool described by Fra Pietro da Novellara, though to Christ's side rather than beneath his foot. Eight paintings, including the copy in the Louvre, show a different kind of rocky outcrop in the foreground from those in the prime versions; many of these are probably by Lombard Leonardeschi.[37] Some artists elaborated on Leonardo's composition with the addition of still lives or extra figures.[38]The Madonna of the Yarnwinder’s composition was especially popular in Spain, where it might have been brought over by Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina or Hernando de los Llanos (whose name also appears as Fernando de Llanos). Both painters were trained in Florence in the first years of the 16th century, and either might be the “Ferrando spagnolo” mentioned as a pupil of Leonardo when the master was working on the fresco of the Battle of Anghiari in the Palazzo della Signoria in 1505.[39]","title":"Influence and copies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Various_copies_of_Madonna_of_Yarnwinder_(Distaff,_Spindle)_after_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Several_versions_of_Madonna_with_Yarnwinder_after_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uffizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_196-40"},{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_196-40"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_196-40"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_197-42"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_197-42"},{"link_name":"Rest on the Flight into Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_on_the_Flight_into_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Valencia Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Worcester Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Granada Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_201-45"},{"link_name":"Apsley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsley_House"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_201-45"},{"link_name":"Museo Soumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Soumaya"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Prince's Palace of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%27s_Palace_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_197-42"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Picture Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Picture_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_201-45"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_199-47"},{"link_name":"Penrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Cesare da Sesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_da_Sesto"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_199-47"},{"link_name":"Cornelius van Cleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_van_Cleve"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_201-45"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Martino Piazza da Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino_Piazza_da_Lodi"},{"link_name":"Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_205-50"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_205-50"},{"link_name":"Luis de Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Morales"},{"link_name":"Staatliche Museen zu Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatliche_Museen_zu_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_209-51"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_209-51"},{"link_name":"Hispanic Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_209-51"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K&W_209-51"},{"link_name":"Museo Palazzo Costa, Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Palazzo_Costa,_Piacenza"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"List of copies","text":"From left: Private collection, Madrid; Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh; private collection (formerly Chicago)From left: Louvre, Paris; Museo Soumaya, Mexico City; Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford.Madonna of the Yarnwinder (drawing after Leonardo), Uffizi, Florence.[40]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon.[40]\nMadonna with the Yarnwinder, formerly Wood Prince Collection, Chicago.[41]\nAttributed to Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh.[40]\nFernando Yáñez de la Almedina, The Holy Family (1523), formerly in the Carlos Grether collection, Buenos Aires[42]\nAttributed to Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Museo de Bellas Artes, Murcia[43]\nAttributed to Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina, Madonna and Child with the Infant St John (c. 1505), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.[42]\nHernando de los Llanos, Rest on the Flight into Egypt (1507), Valencia Cathedral.[44]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder, Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder, Granada Cathedral.[45]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder (c. 1510–30), Apsley House, London.[45]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder, Museo Soumaya, Mexico City.[46]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder, Prince's Palace of Monaco.\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder, Wittelsbacher Ausgleichsfonds, Munich.[42]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder in a Rocky Landscape, Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford.[45]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder (c. 1510–20), Louvre, Paris.[47]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder, follower of Leonardo da Vinci, circa 1500, unfinished. Private collection, Italy.\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder (19th century), Penrith and Eden Museum, Penrith.[48]\nAttributed to Cesare da Sesto, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, two versions in private collections.[47]\nAttributed to Cornelius van Cleve, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, private collection.[45]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder with Cherries and an Apple, three versions in private collections.[49]\nAttributed to Martino Piazza da Lodi, Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome.[50]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder with St John, Tobias and the Angel and a Fruit Bowl, Museo de Bellas Artes, Córdoba.[50]\nLuis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.[51]\nLuis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Royal Palace of Madrid.[51]\nLuis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Hispanic Society of America, New York City.[51]\nLuis de Morales, Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1560s), Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg.[51]\nMadonna of the Yarnwinder (first decade of the 16th century), Museo Palazzo Costa, Piacenza.[52]","title":"Influence and copies"}]
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[{"image_text":"Red chalk study by Leonardo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lansdowne Madonna (left) and the Buccleuch Madonna (right) at the monumental 2019–2020 exhibition Léonard de Vinci of the Louvre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Couple_of_the_Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder.jpg/220px-Couple_of_the_Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of works by Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci"}]
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[{"reference":"Pezzutto, Donato (24 October 2012). \"Leonardo's Landscapes as Maps\". OPUSeJ. Retrieved 7 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opusej.org/library/leonardos-landscapes-as-maps-cover-page/","url_text":"\"Leonardo's Landscapes as Maps\""}]},{"reference":"Penny, Nicholas (August 1992). \"Leonardo's Madonna of the Yarnwinder. Edinburgh. National Gallery of Scotland\". The Burlington Magazine. 134 (1073): 542–544. JSTOR 885186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Penny","url_text":"Penny, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine","url_text":"The Burlington Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/885186","url_text":"885186"}]},{"reference":"Seenan, Gerard (29 December 2003). \"Thieves steal priceless art 'for status, not profit'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/arts/arttheft/story/0,13883,1113797,00.html","url_text":"\"Thieves steal priceless art 'for status, not profit'\""}]},{"reference":"Cramb, Auslan (8 February 2013). \"Former lawyer sues duke for £4.2m 'reward' over stolen Leonardo\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/9858744/Former-lawyer-sues-duke-for-4.2m-reward-over-stolen-Leonardo.html","url_text":"\"Former lawyer sues duke for £4.2m 'reward' over stolen Leonardo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawyer arrested as £37m stolen Madonna painting is found by police\". The Scotsman. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1590662007","url_text":"\"Lawyer arrested as £37m stolen Madonna painting is found by police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arrests after da Vinci work found\". BBC News. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7028557.stm","url_text":"\"Arrests after da Vinci work found\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stolen Leonardo da Vinci masterpiece back on display\". BBC News. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8417859.stm","url_text":"\"Stolen Leonardo da Vinci masterpiece back on display\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Madonna of the Yarnwinder | National Galleries of Scotland\". www.nationalgalleries.org. Retrieved 2020-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/94762/madonna-yarnwinder","url_text":"\"The Madonna of the Yarnwinder | National Galleries of Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legal action against Duke of Buccleuch over Da Vinci theft fails\". BBC News. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-33184626","url_text":"\"Legal action against Duke of Buccleuch over Da Vinci theft fails\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sale 2135 / Lot 6: After Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Yarnwinder\". Christie’s. 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/after-leonardo-da-vinci-the-madonna-of-5175793-details.aspx","url_text":"\"Sale 2135 / Lot 6: After Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Yarnwinder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rest during the Flight to Egypt\". Web Gallery of Art. Retrieved 5 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/llanos/restflig.html","url_text":"\"Rest during the Flight to Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Harriet (20 February 2011). \"Carlos Slim's Museo Soumaya: 'All desirable things must be accessible'\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/8333476/Carlos-Slims-Museo-Soumaya-All-desirable-things-must-be-accessible.html","url_text":"\"Carlos Slim's Museo Soumaya: 'All desirable things must be accessible'\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Lisa. \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\". National Inventory of Continental European Paintings. VADS. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212202122/http://www.vads.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=85118&sos=5","url_text":"\"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\""},{"url":"http://www.vads.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=85118&sos=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Marco Horak – Il mistero della Madonna dei fusi\". Panorama Musei: Rivista Ufficiale dell’Associazione Piacenza Musei (in Italian). December 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.serviziocivile.piacenza.it/Allegati/Articoli/PanoramaMusei_Dicembre2010_29122010-152212.jpg","url_text":"\"Marco Horak – Il mistero della Madonna dei fusi\""}]},{"reference":"Acidini, Cristina; Bellucci, Roberto; Frosinini, Cecilia (2014), New hypotheses on the Madonna of the Yarnwinders series, in Leonardo da Vinci's Technical Practice: Paintings, Drawings and Influence, Proceedings of the Charisma conference, ed. by M. Menu, pp. 114–125, Paris: Hermann, ISBN 9782705684556","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Acidini","url_text":"Acidini, Cristina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782705684556","url_text":"9782705684556"}]},{"reference":"Clayton, Martin (2006), Ten Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci: An Exhibition to Celebrate the Eightieth Birthday of Her Majesty The Queen, Royal Collection Publications","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Clayton","url_text":"Clayton, Martin"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Martin, ed. (1989), Leonardo on Painting: An anthology of writings by Leonardo da Vinci with a selection of documents relating to his career as an artist, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09095-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)","url_text":"Kemp, Martin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/leonardoonpainti00mart","url_text":"Leonardo on Painting: An anthology of writings by Leonardo da Vinci with a selection of documents relating to his career as an artist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09095-6","url_text":"978-0-300-09095-6"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Martin; Wells, Thereza (2011), Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Yarnwinder: A Historical and Scientific Detective Story, London: Artakt & Zidane Press, ISBN 978-0-9554-8506-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554-8506-0","url_text":"978-0-9554-8506-0"}]},{"reference":"Syson, Luke; Keith, Larry; Galansino, Arturo; Mazzotta, Antonio; Nethersole, Scott; Rumberg, Per (2011), Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan, London: National Gallery","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Syson","url_text":"Syson, Luke"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.opusej.org/library/leonardos-landscapes-as-maps-cover-page/","external_links_name":"\"Leonardo's Landscapes as Maps\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/885186","external_links_name":"885186"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/arts/arttheft/story/0,13883,1113797,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Thieves steal priceless art 'for status, not profit'\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/9858744/Former-lawyer-sues-duke-for-4.2m-reward-over-stolen-Leonardo.html","external_links_name":"\"Former lawyer sues duke for £4.2m 'reward' over stolen Leonardo\""},{"Link":"http://news.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1590662007","external_links_name":"\"Lawyer arrested as £37m stolen Madonna painting is found by police\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article2599448.ece","external_links_name":"Times online"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7028557.stm","external_links_name":"\"Arrests after da Vinci work found\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8417859.stm","external_links_name":"\"Stolen Leonardo da Vinci masterpiece back on display\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/94762/madonna-yarnwinder","external_links_name":"\"The Madonna of the Yarnwinder | National Galleries of Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-33184626","external_links_name":"\"Legal action against Duke of Buccleuch over Da Vinci theft fails\""},{"Link":"http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/after-leonardo-da-vinci-the-madonna-of-5175793-details.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Sale 2135 / Lot 6: After Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Yarnwinder\""},{"Link":"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/llanos/restflig.html","external_links_name":"\"Rest during the Flight to Egypt\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/8333476/Carlos-Slims-Museo-Soumaya-All-desirable-things-must-be-accessible.html","external_links_name":"\"Carlos Slim's Museo Soumaya: 'All desirable things must be accessible'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212202122/http://www.vads.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=85118&sos=5","external_links_name":"\"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\""},{"Link":"http://www.vads.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=85118&sos=5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.serviziocivile.piacenza.it/Allegati/Articoli/PanoramaMusei_Dicembre2010_29122010-152212.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Marco Horak – Il mistero della Madonna dei fusi\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/leonardoonpainti00mart","external_links_name":"Leonardo on Painting: An anthology of writings by Leonardo da Vinci with a selection of documents relating to his career as an artist"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/27259819@N05/sets/72157624775182330/with/7563722642/","external_links_name":"Copies of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4797603-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_League_of_Wales
|
1997–98 League of Wales
|
["1 League table","2 Results","3 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1997–98 League of Wales" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football league seasonLeague of WalesSeason1997–98ChampionsBarry TownRelegatedPorthmadogFlint Town UnitedWelshpool TownCemaes Ynys MônChampions LeagueBarry TownUEFA CupNewtownCup Winners' CupBangor CityIntertoto CupEbbw ValeMatches played380Goals scored1,334 (3.51 per match)Top goalscorerEifion Williams (40)← 1996–97 1998–99 →
The 1997–98 League of Wales was the sixth season of the League of Wales since its establishment in 1992. The league was won for the third consecutive year by Barry Town, who accrued a total of 104 points – one less than the previous season – scoring 134 goals in the process (an average of 3.53 goals per game).
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Barry Town (C)
38
33
5
0
134
31
+103
104
Qualification for Champions League first qualifying round
2
Newtown
38
23
9
6
101
47
+54
78
Qualification for UEFA Cup first qualifying round
3
Ebbw Vale
38
22
11
5
94
55
+39
77
Qualification for Intertoto Cup first round
4
Inter CableTel
38
23
5
10
58
28
+30
74
5
Cwmbran Town
38
22
7
9
78
47
+31
73
6
Bangor City
38
20
8
10
72
54
+18
68
Qualification for Cup Winners' Cup qualifying round
7
Connah's Quay Nomads
38
18
12
8
75
54
+21
66
8
Rhyl
38
17
10
11
61
49
+12
61
9
Conwy United
38
15
8
15
66
59
+7
53
10
Aberystwyth Town
38
13
12
13
64
63
+1
51
11
Caersws
38
14
4
20
64
71
−7
46
12
Carmarthen Town
38
11
11
16
57
72
−15
44
13
Caernarfon Town
38
12
7
19
57
66
−9
43
14
Total Network Solutions
38
9
15
14
54
67
−13
42
15
Rhayader Town
38
11
6
21
55
78
−23
39
16
Haverfordwest County
38
10
8
20
54
87
−33
38
17
Porthmadog (R)
38
10
5
23
55
77
−22
35
Relegation to Cymru Alliance
18
Flint Town United (R)
38
9
7
22
50
77
−27
34
19
Welshpool Town (R)
38
6
7
25
55
97
−42
25
20
Cemaes Ynys Môn (R)
38
2
3
33
30
155
−125
9
Source: Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Results
Home \ Away
ABE
BAN
BAR
CAE
CWS
CMR
CEM
CQN
CON
CWM
EBB
FTU
HAV
INC
NTW
POR
RHA
RHY
TNS
WEL
Aberystwyth Town
3–1
0–2
3–0
1–0
3–1
2–5
0–1
3–0
2–4
1–1
2–1
4–0
1–0
0–1
2–2
3–1
1–1
2–2
5–0
Bangor City
1–0
1–4
1–0
3–2
2–2
6–0
0–2
1–1
2–2
1–0
2–1
1–2
2–1
0–3
3–3
3–1
2–0
2–0
5–1
Barry Town
6–1
5–0
4–0
6–1
6–3
12–0
2–1
3–1
2–1
1–1
2–0
3–2
2–1
5–5
3–0
2–0
3–2
10–0
8–0
Caernarfon Town
1–1
1–1
2–5
0–1
5–0
4–0
0–1
1–1
1–4
2–3
0–0
3–1
1–3
1–5
2–2
4–1
1–1
3–1
3–0
Caersws
5–3
1–3
0–2
4–2
6–1
3–0
0–2
1–4
2–1
1–2
2–3
3–1
2–0
1–2
4–1
0–1
1–2
2–0
3–0
Carmarthen Town
1–1
0–3
3–5
0–2
0–0
4–0
2–2
0–1
1–2
2–2
3–0
0–1
2–0
2–2
3–1
1–0
2–2
1–3
1–1
Cemaes Ynys Môn
2–2
0–3
0–3
0–5
2–4
3–3
1–4
1–2
2–5
0–2
1–2
4–0
0–3
0–1
1–2
1–3
0–2
1–5
2–3
Connah's Quay Nomads
1–0
2–2
1–4
2–0
3–1
0–2
10–0
2–2
1–5
2–3
3–2
5–2
0–0
1–1
2–2
2–1
1–1
2–2
2–1
Conwy United
1–3
0–2
1–3
0–2
3–0
0–2
4–0
2–2
1–2
2–3
2–0
2–0
1–2
3–1
1–0
4–1
2–1
2–2
0–0
Cwmbran Town
1–1
0–1
0–3
1–2
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–2
2–1
1–2
4–3
6–0
0–0
3–1
3–1
3–0
2–0
2–1
3–2
Ebbw Vale
1–1
2–3
1–1
1–1
3–3
3–1
10–1
2–0
4–3
2–1
5–0
6–1
4–0
0–4
2–1
1–1
3–3
2–1
1–1
Flint Town United
1–1
1–4
1–2
0–2
2–0
1–2
3–0
1–2
1–6
1–1
0–4
1–1
1–2
2–3
3–1
0–2
3–3
1–1
1–1
Haverfordwest County
1–1
2–2
0–1
3–0
1–2
1–1
5–0
2–1
1–1
2–1
1–4
1–3
0–2
1–6
3–0
2–4
0–1
2–2
3–0
Inter CableTel
3–0
2–0
0–0
3–1
1–0
3–0
1–0
4–1
3–0
0–1
2–0
1–3
3–0
0–1
2–1
1–0
2–0
2–1
3–1
Newtown
4–0
4–2
0–2
2–1
1–1
2–0
11–1
1–1
3–3
1–2
1–2
3–2
5–2
0–0
4–0
3–1
1–1
1–1
3–0
Porthmadog
5–3
0–1
0–3
2–0
3–2
0–1
7–0
1–3
3–0
0–1
0–2
0–1
2–3
0–4
1–4
1–2
0–2
3–1
3–1
Rhayader Town
1–3
2–1
2–2
1–2
2–4
2–1
5–0
1–3
1–3
1–2
2–2
1–3
3–1
1–0
0–4
1–3
0–3
1–1
3–2
Rhyl
2–2
2–1
0–1
2–1
2–0
3–0
3–1
0–1
0–3
1–0
5–2
2–0
0–2
0–1
3–2
1–1
2–0
2–1
3–2
Total Network Solutions
1–0
1–1
0–1
2–0
1–1
2–3
1–1
0–0
2–1
3–3
2–3
1–0
2–2
1–1
2–4
2–1
2–2
1–0
3–1
Welshpool Town
1–3
1–3
0–5
4–1
4–0
1–5
8–0
2–4
1–2
0–1
2–3
4–2
2–2
0–2
0–1
1–2
3–3
3–3
1–0
Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
References
^ a b "Wales 1997/98". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
vteCymru Premier2024–25 clubs
Aberystwyth Town
Bala Town
Barry Town United
Briton Ferry Llansawel
Caernarfon Town
Cardiff Metropolitan University
Connah's Quay Nomads
Flint Town United
Haverfordwest County
Newtown
Penybont
The New Saints
Former teams
Afan Lido
Airbus UK Broughton
Bangor City
Caersws
Cefn Druids
Carmarthen Town
Cemaes Bay
Colwyn Bay
Conwy United
Cwmbran Town
Holywell Town
Llandudno
Llanelli Town
Llangefni Town
Llanidloes Town
Maesteg Park
Mold Alexandra
Pontypridd United
Port Talbot Town
Porthmadog
Prestatyn Town
Rhayader Town
Ton Pentre
Welshpool Town
Former teams now defunct
Abergavenny Thursdays
Briton Ferry Athletic
Cardiff Bay Harlequins
Ebbw Vale
Neath
Oswestry Town
Rhyl
Competition
Seasons
Clubs
winners
Golden Boot
Associated competitions
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
Welsh Cup
Welsh League Cup
Seasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1997–98 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
Albania
Andorra
Armenia '97 '98
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus '97 '98
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia, Republika Srpska)
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '97 '98
Finland '97 '98
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '97 '98
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '97 '98
Latvia '97 '98
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '97 '98
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia '97 '98
San Marino
Scotland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '97 '98
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
FR Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '97 '98
Finland '97 '98
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '97 '98
Israel
Italy
Latvia '97 '98
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '97 '98
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
FR Yugoslavia
League cups
England
Finland '97 '98
France
Germany
Iceland '97 '98
Israel
Northern Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Scotland
Wales
UEFA competitions
Champions League (Qualifying rounds, Group stage, knockout stage, Final)
Cup Winners' Cup (Final)
UEFA Cup (Final)
Intertoto Cup
Super Cup
|
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Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barry Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Town_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caernarfon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caersws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caersws_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carmarthen Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cemaes Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemaes_Bay_F.C."},{"link_name":"Connah's Quay Nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connah%27s_Quay_Nomads_F.C."},{"link_name":"Conwy United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cwmbran Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmbran_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Flint Town United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Town_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Haverfordwest County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Inter CableTel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWIC_Inter_Cardiff_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_F.C."},{"link_name":"Porthmadog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthmadog_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rhayader Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhayader_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl_F.C."},{"link_name":"Total Network Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Saints_F.C."},{"link_name":"Welshpool Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nABE\n\nBAN\n\nBAR\n\nCAE\n\nCWS\n\nCMR\n\nCEM\n\nCQN\n\nCON\n\nCWM\n\nEBB\n\nFTU\n\nHAV\n\nINC\n\nNTW\n\nPOR\n\nRHA\n\nRHY\n\nTNS\n\nWEL\n\n\nAberystwyth Town\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–5\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–4\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n5–0\n\n\nBangor City\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n6–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–3\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n5–1\n\n\nBarry Town\n\n6–1\n\n5–0\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n6–1\n\n6–3\n\n12–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n5–5\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n10–0\n\n8–0\n\n\nCaernarfon Town\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–5\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n5–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–3\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–5\n\n2–2\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nCaersws\n\n5–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–2\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n6–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–4\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nCarmarthen Town\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–5\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nCemaes Ynys Môn\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n0–3\n\n0–5\n\n2–4\n\n3–3\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n2–5\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–0\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–5\n\n2–3\n\n\nConnah's Quay Nomads\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–4\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n10–0\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n1–5\n\n2–3\n\n3–2\n\n5–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nConwy United\n\n1–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nCwmbran Town\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n4–3\n\n6–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n\nEbbw Vale\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–3\n\n3–1\n\n10–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–3\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n5–0\n\n6–1\n\n4–0\n\n0–4\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nFlint Town United\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–6\n\n1–1\n\n0–4\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nHaverfordwest County\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–4\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–6\n\n3–0\n\n2–4\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n\nInter CableTel\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nNewtown\n\n4–0\n\n4–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n11–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n5–2\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nPorthmadog\n\n5–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n7–0\n\n1–3\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n0–4\n\n1–4\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nRhayader Town\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–4\n\n2–1\n\n5–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–4\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n\nRhyl\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n5–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n\nTotal Network Solutions\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–3\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–4\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n\nWelshpool Town\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–5\n\n4–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–5\n\n8–0\n\n2–4\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n4–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–3\n\n3–3\n\n1–0\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Wales 1997/98\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wal98.html","url_text":"\"Wales 1997/98\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geling_Gewog
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Geling Gewog
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 27°00′54″N 89°29′03″E / 27.0150°N 89.4841°E / 27.0150; 89.4841Gewogs in Chukha District, BhutanGeling Gewog
དགེ་གླིང་GewogsGeling GewogCoordinates: 27°00′54″N 89°29′03″E / 27.0150°N 89.4841°E / 27.0150; 89.4841Country BhutanDistrictChukha DistrictArea • Total95 sq mi (247 km2)Time zoneUTC+6 (BTT)
Geling Gewog (Dzongkha: དགེ་གླིང་) is a gewog (village block) of Chukha District, Bhutan. The 247-km² gewog contains 11 villages.
References
^ "Chiwogs in Chukha" (PDF). Election Commission, Government of Bhutan. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ "Bhutan Districts: Chhukha". Bhutan Majestic Travel. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
vteVillage groups (gewogs) of BhutanCentralBhutan ZoneDagana District
Dorona
Drujegang
Gesarling
Goshi
Kana
Karmaling
Khebisa
Lajab
Lhamoy Zingkha
Nichula
Tashiding
Tsangkha
Tsendagang
Tseza
Gasa District
Goenkhamae
Goenkaatoe
Laya
Lunana
Punakha District
Barp
Chhubu
Dzomo
Goenshari
Guma
Kabjisa
Lingmukha
Shenga Bjime
Talog
Toepisa
Towang
Tsirang District
Barshong
Dunglegang
Goseling
Kikhorthang
Mendrelgang
Patshaling
Phutenchhu
Rangthangling
Semjong
Sergithang
Tsholingkhar
Tsirangtoe
Wangdue Phodrang District
Athang
Bjena
Daga
Dangchu
Gangte
Gasetsho Gom
Gasetsho Om
Kazhi
Nahi
Nyisho
Phangyuel
Phobji
Ruepisa
Sephu
Thedtsho
SouthernBhutan ZoneBumthang District
Chhume
Choekor
Tang
Ura
Sarpang District
Chhuzagang
Chhudzom
Dekiling
Gakiling
Gelephu
Jigmechhoeling
Samtenling
Senghe
Serzhong
Shompangkha
Tareythang
Umling
Trongsa District
Dragteng
Korphu
Langthil
Nubi
Tangsibji
Zhemgang District
Bardho
Bjoka
Goshing
Nangkor
Ngangla
Phangkhar
Shingkhar
Trong
WesternBhutan ZoneChukha District
Bjacho
Bongo
Chapcha
Dala
Dungna
Geling
Getena
Logchina
Metakha
Phuentsholing
Sampheling
Haa District
Bji
Gakiling
Katsho
Sama
Sangbay
Uesu
Paro District
Doga
Dopshari
Doteng
Hungrel
Lamgong
Lungnyi
Naja
Shapa
Tsento
Wangchang
Samtse District
Dungtoe
Dophoogchen
Denchukha
Namgaychhoeling
Norbugang
Norgaygang
Pemaling
Phuentshogpelri
Samtse
Sangngagchhoeling
Tading
Tashicholing
Tendu
Ugentse
Yoeseltse
Thimphu District
Chang
Dagala
Genyekha
Kawang
Lingzhi
Mewang
Naro
Soe
EasternBhutan ZoneLhuntse District
Gangzur
Jaray
Khoma
Kurtoe
Menbi
Metsho
Minjay
Tsenkhar
Mongar District
Balam
Chaskhar
Chhali
Drametse
Drepung
Gongdue
Jurmey
Kengkhar
Mongar
Narang
Ngatshang
Saleng
Sherimung
Silambi
Thangrong
Tsakaling
Tsamang
Pemagatshel District
Chhimung
Choekhorling
Chongshing Borang
Dechenling
Dungme
Khar
Nanong
Norbugang
Shumar
Yurung
Zobel
Samdrup Jongkhar District
Dewathang
Gomdar
Langchenphu
Lauri
Martshala
Orong
Pemathang
Phuntshothang
Samrang
Serthi
Wangphu
Trashigang District
Bartsham
Bidung
Kanglung
Kangpara
Khaling
Lumang
Merak
Phongmey
Radhi
Sakteng
Samkhar
Shongphu
Thrimshing
Uzorong
Yangneer
Trashiyangtse District
Bumdeling
Jamkhar
Khamdang
Ramjar
Toetsho
Tomzhangsa
Trashiyangtse
Yalang
Former GewogsDagana District
Deorali
Chukha District
Bhulajhora
Pemagatshel District
Nganglam
Samtse District
Chargharey
Chengmari
Ghumauney
Mayona
Nainital
Pagli
Sarpang District
Bhur
Doban
Hilley
Taklai
Thimphu District
Bapbi
Tsirang District
Beteni
Chanautey
Gairigaun
Tshokhana
Tsirang Dangra
Samdrup Jongkhar District
Bakuli
Hastinapur
This Bhutan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dzongkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzongkha"},{"link_name":"gewog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewog"},{"link_name":"Chukha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukha_District"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gewogs in Chukha District, BhutanGeling Gewog (Dzongkha: དགེ་གླིང་) is a gewog (village block) of Chukha District, Bhutan.[1] The 247-km² gewog contains 11 villages.[2]","title":"Geling Gewog"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Chiwogs in Chukha\" (PDF). Election Commission, Government of Bhutan. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183400/http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/finaldelimitation/chukha.pdf","url_text":"\"Chiwogs in Chukha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Bhutan","url_text":"Government of Bhutan"},{"url":"http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/finaldelimitation/chukha.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bhutan Districts: Chhukha\". Bhutan Majestic Travel. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100702160859/http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/bhutan-districts/chhukha#high_1","url_text":"\"Bhutan Districts: Chhukha\""},{"url":"http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/bhutan-districts/chhukha#high_1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geling_Gewog¶ms=27.015_N_89.4841_E_type:city_region:BT","external_links_name":"27°00′54″N 89°29′03″E / 27.0150°N 89.4841°E / 27.0150; 89.4841"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geling_Gewog¶ms=27.015_N_89.4841_E_type:city_region:BT","external_links_name":"27°00′54″N 89°29′03″E / 27.0150°N 89.4841°E / 27.0150; 89.4841"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183400/http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/finaldelimitation/chukha.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chiwogs in Chukha\""},{"Link":"http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/finaldelimitation/chukha.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100702160859/http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/bhutan-districts/chhukha#high_1","external_links_name":"\"Bhutan Districts: Chhukha\""},{"Link":"http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/bhutan-districts/chhukha#high_1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geling_Gewog&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_BGA
|
Fiat BGA
|
["1 Development","2 Specifications","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Bibliography"]
|
1930s Italian bomber aircraft prototype
Fiat BGA
Role
Twin-engine medium bomberType of aircraft
National origin
Italy
Manufacturer
Fiat
Designer
Aldo Guglielmetti
First flight
1936
Number built
1
The Fiat BGA (Bombardiere di Grande Autonomia) was an aircraft designed by Aldo Guglielmetti of the Italian Air Force.
It was built at Pisa by the Fiat subsidiary Costruzioni Meccaniche Aeronautiche SA (CMASA), hence it was also called the CMASA BGA. It was not ordered into production, and only one was built.
Development
The BGA was designed by Aldo Guglielmetti to meet a 1934 Italian Air Force requirement for a medium bomber. It first flew in 1936, powered by two Fiat A.80 radial engines. It had a retractable tailwheel landing gear, with the main gear retracting into the engine nacelles. It had twin elliptical fins and rudders, and had a cut-down fuselage to the rear of its ventral and dorsal gun positions.
It did not perform well during testing, was removed from the contest, and only the prototype was produced.
Specifications
Data from General characteristics
Length: 15.73 m (51 ft 7 in)
Wingspan: 21.46 m (70 ft 5 in)
Height: 4.85 m (15 ft 11 in)
Wing area: 126.5 m2 (1,362 sq ft)
Empty weight: 6,100 kg (13,448 lb) empty equipped
Max takeoff weight: 9,080 kg (20,018 lb)
Powerplant: 2 × Fiat A.80 R.C.41 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 750 kW (1,000 hp) each
Performance
Maximum speed: 405 km/h (252 mph, 219 kn)
Range: 2,000 km (1,200 mi, 1,100 nmi)
Service ceiling: 8,500 m (27,900 ft)
Armament
Guns: three 7.7mm (0.303 in) machine-guns
Bombs: 1000 kg in fuselage bay
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Handley Page Hampden
Related lists
List of aircraft of World War II
List of bomber aircraft
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to CMASA BGA.
Notes
^ a b c d e f g Orbis 1985, pp. 1778-1779
Bibliography
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing.
vteFiat aircraftSeries Ansaldo
A.100
A.120
A.300
AN.1
APR.2
A.S.1
A.S.2
Series Gabrielli
G.2
G.5
G.8
G.12
G.18
G.46
G.49
G.50
G.55
G.56
G.57
G.59
G.61
G.80
G.81
G.82
G.84
G.91
G.91Y
G.212
G.222
Series Rosatelli
R.2
R.22
R.700
Bomber series Rosatelli
B.R.
B.R.1
B.R.2
B.R.3
B.R.4
B.R.20
B.R.G.
Fighter series Rosatelli
C.R.1
C.R.20
C.R.25
C.R.30
C.R.32
C.R.33
C.R.40
C.R.41
C.R.42
C.M.A.S.A types
MF.4
MF.5
MF.6
MF.10
BGA
R.S.14
A.S.14
C.A.N.S.A. types
C.4
C.5
C.6
F.C.12
F.C.20
other types
C.29
T.R.1
7002
by name
Centauro
Cicogna
Falco
Freccia
Spartan
Portals: Italy Companies Aviation
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldo Guglielmetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Guglielmetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautica_Militare"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orbis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orbis-1"}],"text":"The Fiat BGA (Bombardiere di Grande Autonomia) was an aircraft designed by Aldo Guglielmetti of the Italian Air Force.It was built at Pisa by the Fiat subsidiary Costruzioni Meccaniche Aeronautiche SA (CMASA),[1] hence it was also called the CMASA BGA. It was not ordered into production, and only one was built.[1]","title":"Fiat BGA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiat A.80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_A.80"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orbis-1"},{"link_name":"tailwheel landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orbis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orbis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orbis-1"}],"text":"The BGA was designed by Aldo Guglielmetti to meet a 1934 Italian Air Force requirement for a medium bomber. It first flew in 1936, powered by two Fiat A.80 radial engines.[1] It had a retractable tailwheel landing gear, with the main gear retracting into the engine nacelles.[1] It had twin elliptical fins and rudders, and had a cut-down fuselage to the rear of its ventral and dorsal gun positions.[1]It did not perform well during testing, was removed from the contest, and only the prototype was produced.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orbis-1"},{"link_name":"Fiat A.80 R.C.41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_A.80_R.C.41"}],"text":"Data from [1]General characteristicsLength: 15.73 m (51 ft 7 in)\nWingspan: 21.46 m (70 ft 5 in)\nHeight: 4.85 m (15 ft 11 in)\nWing area: 126.5 m2 (1,362 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 6,100 kg (13,448 lb) empty equipped\nMax takeoff weight: 9,080 kg (20,018 lb)\nPowerplant: 2 × Fiat A.80 R.C.41 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 750 kW (1,000 hp) eachPerformanceMaximum speed: 405 km/h (252 mph, 219 kn)\nRange: 2,000 km (1,200 mi, 1,100 nmi)\nService ceiling: 8,500 m (27,900 ft)ArmamentGuns: three 7.7mm (0.303 in) machine-guns\nBombs: 1000 kg in fuselage bay","title":"Specifications"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Handley Page Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of bomber aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft"}]
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[{"reference":"The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing.","urls":[]}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasas_Ektra_School
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Sarasas Ektra School
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["1 Further reading","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 13°41′54″N 100°31′49″E / 13.698238°N 100.530276°E / 13.698238; 100.530276
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Private school in ThailandSarasas Ektra schoolSchool symbolLocationBangkokThailandCoordinates13°41′54″N 100°31′49″E / 13.698238°N 100.530276°E / 13.698238; 100.530276InformationTypePrivate schoolMottoAge quod agis(Always do your best)Established1995Head of schoolPisut YongkamolGradesNC–G12 (K–3)Number of studentsApproximately 2 (2099)CampusUrbanColor(s)Blue-YellowAffiliationAssociation of Private Schools for English ProgramWebsitewww.ektra.ac.th
Sarasas Ektra School (Thai: โรงเรียนสารสาสน์เอกตรา) is a Catholic bilingual co-educational school in central Bangkok. As of 2009, the school had approximately 2,900 students and conducted a fully bilingual program in Thai and English from kindergarten 1 (3-year-olds) to matayom 6 (17-year-olds). The school occupies three campuses in the Bang Phongphang Sub-district of Yan Nawa District. A nursery class for two-year-old children was introduced in May 2009.
Sarasas Ektra is one of 24 Sarasas-affiliated schools, 15 of which have bilingual programs.
Further reading
Developing Literacy in Second Language Learners, Report of the National Literacy Panel or Language Minorities and Youth, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington DC, 2006, p. 397
Swain, M. and Lapkin, S. Evaluating Bilingual Education, 1982, cited in Lin, A.M.Y. and Man, E.Y.F., Bilingual Education: Southeast Asian Perspectives, University of Hong Kong Press, 2009, p. 20
External links
Sarasas Ektra School Website
Topic: Sarasas Schools- All campuses
http://www.freelancetefl.com/forum/index.php/topic,258.60.html
http://www.freelancetefl.com/forum/index.php/topic,258.15.html
vteInternational schools in ThailandBangkok
St. Mark's International School Bangkok
Lycée Français International de Bangkok
RIS Swiss Section
Josuikan Bangkok International School
Thai-Japanese Association School
Korean International School of Bangkok
Anglo Singapore International School
Singapore International School of Bangkok
Bangkok Patana School
Bangkok International Preparatory and Secondary School
Bromsgrove International School Thailand
Concordian International School
Garden International School Bangkok
Harrow International School Bangkok
Heathfield International School
Shrewsbury International School
St Andrews International School Bangkok
St. Andrews International School, Dusit
St. Andrews International School, Sukhumvit
The Regent's International School Bangkok
Traill International School
NIST International School
The American School of Bangkok
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Ekamai International School
International Community School
Niva International School
Pan-Asia International School
Ramkhamhaeng Advent International School
Ruamrudee International School
Wells International School
KIS International School
Chiang Mai
Lanna International School
American Pacific International School
Chiang Mai International School
Christian German School Chiang Mai
Grace International School
Nakornpayap International School
Prem Tinsulanonda International School
Chiang Rai
Chiang Rai International School
Chonburi
Thai-Japanese Association School Sriracha
Rugby School Thailand
ISE International School
N. Ratchasima
Anglo Singapore International School Nakhon Ratchasima
Nonthaburi(Bangkok area)
International School Bangkok
Pathum Thani(Bangkok area)
Global Indian International School, Bangkok Campus
Phuket
British International School, Phuket
QSI International School of Phuket
United World College Thailand
Rayong
Garden International School Rayong
St. Andrews International School, Green Valley
Samut Prakan(Bangkok area)
Thai-Chinese International School
Thai Sikh International School
VERSO International School
Saraburi
Adventist International Mission School
Surat Thani
The International School of Samui
SCL International School
Defunct schools
Saint John's International School
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"Bang Phongphang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Phongphang"},{"link_name":"Yan Nawa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Nawa_District"},{"link_name":"bilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual"}],"text":"Private school in ThailandSarasas Ektra School (Thai: โรงเรียนสารสาสน์เอกตรา) is a Catholic bilingual co-educational school in central Bangkok. As of 2009, the school had approximately 2,900 students and conducted a fully bilingual program in Thai and English from kindergarten 1 (3-year-olds) to matayom 6 (17-year-olds). The school occupies three campuses in the Bang Phongphang Sub-district of Yan Nawa District. A nursery class for two-year-old children was introduced in May 2009.Sarasas Ektra is one of 24 Sarasas-affiliated schools, 15 of which have bilingual programs.","title":"Sarasas Ektra School"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Developing Literacy in Second Language Learners, Report of the National Literacy Panel or Language Minorities and Youth, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington DC, 2006, p. 397\nSwain, M. and Lapkin, S. Evaluating Bilingual Education, 1982, cited in Lin, A.M.Y. and Man, E.Y.F., Bilingual Education: Southeast Asian Perspectives, University of Hong Kong Press, 2009, p. 20","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Inglis_Clark_Memorial_Hut
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Jane Inglis Clark
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["1 Life","2 Mountaineering","3 Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
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Scottish mountaineer and rock climber
Jane Inglis Clark (centre of the doorway) with Ladies Scottish Climbing Club in 1909
Jane Inglis Clark (1859/1860–1950) was a Scottish mountaineer and rock climber. She co-founded the Ladies' Scottish Climbing Club with Lucy Smith and Mabel Clark in 1908.
Life
Inglis Clark was born Jane Isabella Shannon to Isabella Struthers Wilson and David Shannon, a tea planter. In 1884 she married William Inglis Clark and they had two children, Mabel Clark (1885-1967) and Charles Clark (1888-1918).
During the First World War, Inglis Clark was a Voluntary Aid Detachment Commandant for the Red Cross. From 1919-1938 she was a parish and county councillor in Edinburgh, where she also served as a Justice of the Peace.Memorial plaque on the door of the CIC Hut
Mountaineering
Inglis Clark was a keen hillwalker who discovered rock climbing in 1897. With a natural aptitude for climbing difficult routes, from 1897 to 1904, Inglis Clark was part of six first ascents on Ben Nevis. She was proud to be a pioneer and was keen to encourage other women to take up mountaineering.
Since women were not allowed to join the all-male Scottish Mountaineering Club, Inglis Clark, together with Lucy Smith and her daughter Mabel founded the Ladies Scottish Climbing Club in 1908. The Club's purpose was "to bring together Ladies who are lovers of mountain-climbing, and to encourage mountaineering in Scotland, in winter as well as in summer."
Inglis Clark wrote about her mountaineering experiences in her book Pictures and Memories, published in 1938, which also commemorates women’s increased participation in climbing.
There is no sport like mountaineering. It is the overcoming of difficulties, the mental climbing, as well as the physical, that give it such a zest. The troubles of life seem to fade away in the presence of the everlasting hills. We may go out tired and worn in mind and body; we return renewed and restored: health re-established and friendships strengthened.
Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut on Ben Nevis
Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut
As a memorial of their son, a keen mountaineer who was killed in the First World War, Jane and William Inglis Clark funded the Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut on Ben Nevis, which opened in 1929. Archive footage shows mountaineers gathering on Ben Nevis for the opening ceremony.
References
^ a b c "About Jane Inglis Clark – Aiming high – National Library of Scotland". reveal.nls.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
^ a b c d Ewan, Elizabeth L.; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Sian; Pipes, Rose (27 June 2007). Biographical Dictionary of ScottishWomen. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2660-1.
^ Steven, Helen (2008). "One Hundred Years of the Ladies Scottish Climbing Club". Scottish Mountaineer. 38: 61–64.
^ "CIC Memorial Hut". Scottish Mountaineering Club. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
^ "Full record for 'CHARLES INGLIS CLARK HUT OPENING CEREMONY' (7702) – Moving Image Archive catalogue". movingimage.nls.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
Bibliography
Clark, Jane Inglis (1938). Pictures and Memories. Moray Press.
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Jane Inglis Clark (centre of the doorway) with Ladies Scottish Climbing Club in 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/Ladies_Scottish_Climbing_Club_1909.png/220px-Ladies_Scottish_Climbing_Club_1909.png"},{"image_text":"Memorial plaque on the door of the CIC Hut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cic-1.jpg/220px-Cic-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut on Ben Nevis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cic-2.jpg/170px-Cic-2.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"About Jane Inglis Clark – Aiming high – National Library of Scotland\". reveal.nls.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://reveal.nls.uk/aiming-high/about-jane-inglis-clark/","url_text":"\"About Jane Inglis Clark – Aiming high – National Library of Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"Ewan, Elizabeth L.; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Sian; Pipes, Rose (27 June 2007). Biographical Dictionary of ScottishWomen. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2660-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs6qBgAAQBAJ&q=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Scottish+Women%3A+Jane+Inglis+Clark&pg=PA179","url_text":"Biographical Dictionary of ScottishWomen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2660-1","url_text":"978-0-7486-2660-1"}]},{"reference":"Steven, Helen (2008). \"One Hundred Years of the Ladies Scottish Climbing Club\". Scottish Mountaineer. 38: 61–64.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"CIC Memorial Hut\". Scottish Mountaineering Club. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smc.org.uk/huts/cic","url_text":"\"CIC Memorial Hut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full record for 'CHARLES INGLIS CLARK HUT OPENING CEREMONY' (7702) – Moving Image Archive catalogue\". movingimage.nls.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/7702","url_text":"\"Full record for 'CHARLES INGLIS CLARK HUT OPENING CEREMONY' (7702) – Moving Image Archive catalogue\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Jane Inglis (1938). Pictures and Memories. Moray Press.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://reveal.nls.uk/aiming-high/about-jane-inglis-clark/","external_links_name":"\"About Jane Inglis Clark – Aiming high – National Library of Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs6qBgAAQBAJ&q=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Scottish+Women%3A+Jane+Inglis+Clark&pg=PA179","external_links_name":"Biographical Dictionary of ScottishWomen"},{"Link":"https://www.smc.org.uk/huts/cic","external_links_name":"\"CIC Memorial Hut\""},{"Link":"https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/7702","external_links_name":"\"Full record for 'CHARLES INGLIS CLARK HUT OPENING CEREMONY' (7702) – Moving Image Archive catalogue\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Mantarays
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Delaware Valley Mantarays
|
["1 History","2 Uniform and colors","3 Honors","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
US defunct rugby league club, based in Delaware Valley, Pennsylvania
Delaware Valley Mantarays, formerly Media MantaraysClub informationFull nameDelaware Valley MantaraysRugby League Football ClubNickname(s)Mantarays / Valley / Media RugbyFounded2000; 24 years ago (2000)Exited2006; 18 years ago (2006)Former detailsGround(s)Catania ParkRidley Park, Pennsylvania (1,000)CEO Merrick WetzlerCompetitionAmerican National Rugby League2006AMNRL, 10th
The Delaware Valley Mantarays were a semi-professional rugby league football team based in the Delaware Valley area of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The team played for seven seasons in the American National Rugby League (AMNRL) from 2000–2006. At the conclusion of the 2006 season they merged with another AMNRL team in the Philadelphia area, the Philadelphia Fight.
The team was organized in 2000 and joined the AMNRL the following season. Originally known as the Media Mantarays, they were initially based in the Philadelphia suburb of Media, Pennsylvania. In 2004 they relocated to nearby Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, adopting the name Delaware Valley Mantarays. After the 2006 season the Mantarays and the Philadelphia Fight announced the two clubs would merge in order to build a more competitive team for the future.
History
The team, then known as the Media Mantarays, was organized in 2000. They started play in the newly organized American National Rugby League (AMNRL) the following year, replacing the Pennsylvania Raiders, another Philadelphia-based team that did not make the transition from the United States Rugby League.
The team was based in the suburb of Media, Pennsylvania, and had an affiliation with the Media Rugby Football Club, a local rugby union club. Like the other clubs, in 2001 they started a team partnership with a club from Australia's National Rugby League (NRL), in this case the Parramatta Eels. With their members drawn from Media RFC, the team found some success on the field. In 2001 they played for the AMNRL championship, ultimately losing to the Glen Mills Bulls; this would be the club's only championship game. For the 2004 season they relocated to nearby Ridley Park to play at Catania Park, and changed their name to the Delaware Valley Mantarays after the Delaware Valley, the area surrounding Philadelphia. After the conclusion of the 2006 season, the Mantarays and the Philadelphia Fight announced they would be merging to establish a more competitive club the following year.
In 2015, a new Delaware club, the Delaware Black Foxes, were formed as an expansion team for the USA Rugby League.
Uniform and colors
For their 2000 American National Rugby League season in 2000 the club adopted the colors of Media Rugby Football Club (white, gold and blue) but the uniforms were predominantly white and similar in style to the National Rugby League side the Parramatta Eels, with whom the club had an affiliate partnership.
Honors
AMNRL Championship titles: 0
See also
Rugby league in the United States
List of defunct rugby league clubs in the United States
References
^ a b "Fight and Mantarays Merge to Form a Formidable Combination in Philadelphia". American National Rugby League News. amnrl.com. March 24, 2007. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
^ a b c "Delaware Valley Mantarays". amnrl.com. 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
^ "Room for Rugby". Jacksonville Business Journal. December 13, 1999. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
^ David Hundt (April 5, 2001). "Who's in control?". 13world.com. rivals.net. Archived from the original on July 28, 2002. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
^ David Hundt (April 7, 2001). "AMNRL Update". 13world.com. rivals.net. Archived from the original on April 27, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
External links
Official websites
Delaware Valley Mantarays at Amnrl.com
Media Rugby Football Club
vte Rugby league in the United StatesFederation
USA Rugby League (USARL)
National teams
Men's
results
Women's
Wheelchair
International competitions
1987 State of Origin
Americas Cup
Colonial Cup
Denver Test
Atlantic Cup
World Cup
World Sevens
Emerging Nations Tournament
Saint Patrick's Day Test
Wigan v Warrington 1989
Representative teams
New England Immortals
USARL Pioneers
Presidents Barbarians
North Conference All-Stars
South Conference All-Stars
National competitions
USA Rugby League
American National Rugby League (returning 2022)
Regional competitions
Lonestar Rugby League
Midwest Rugby League
Unsanctioned competition
North American Rugby League (NARL)
Championship Rugby League (CRL)
National Level Domestic TeamsAMNRL
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vteDefunct sports teams based in and around the Philadelphia metro areaBaseball
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Other
Philadelphia Hibernian (1909–1921)
Tennis
World TeamTennis
Delaware Smash (1996–2008)
Category: Defunct sports clubs and teams in Pennsylvania
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The team played for seven seasons in the American National Rugby League (AMNRL) from 2000–2006. At the conclusion of the 2006 season they merged with another AMNRL team in the Philadelphia area, the Philadelphia Fight.The team was organized in 2000 and joined the AMNRL the following season. Originally known as the Media Mantarays, they were initially based in the Philadelphia suburb of Media, Pennsylvania. In 2004 they relocated to nearby Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, adopting the name Delaware Valley Mantarays. After the 2006 season the Mantarays and the Philadelphia Fight announced the two clubs would merge in order to build a more competitive team for the future.[1]","title":"Delaware Valley Mantarays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantarays-2"},{"link_name":"American National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JBJ1999-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hundt-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hundt2-5"},{"link_name":"Media, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Eels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantarays-2"},{"link_name":"Glen Mills Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen_Mills_Bulls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ridley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Park,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Delaware Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Valley"},{"link_name":"2006 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_AMNRL_season"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Fight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merge-1"},{"link_name":"USA Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Rugby_League"}],"text":"The team, then known as the Media Mantarays, was organized in 2000.[2] They started play in the newly organized American National Rugby League (AMNRL) the following year, replacing the Pennsylvania Raiders, another Philadelphia-based team that did not make the transition from the United States Rugby League.[3][4][5]The team was based in the suburb of Media, Pennsylvania, and had an affiliation with the Media Rugby Football Club, a local rugby union club. Like the other clubs, in 2001 they started a team partnership with a club from Australia's National Rugby League (NRL), in this case the Parramatta Eels.[2] With their members drawn from Media RFC, the team found some success on the field. In 2001 they played for the AMNRL championship, ultimately losing to the Glen Mills Bulls; this would be the club's only championship game. For the 2004 season they relocated to nearby Ridley Park to play at Catania Park, and changed their name to the Delaware Valley Mantarays after the Delaware Valley, the area surrounding Philadelphia. After the conclusion of the 2006 season, the Mantarays and the Philadelphia Fight announced they would be merging to establish a more competitive club the following year.[1]In 2015, a new Delaware club, the Delaware Black Foxes, were formed as an expansion team for the USA Rugby League.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantarays-2"}],"text":"For their 2000 American National Rugby League season in 2000 the club adopted the colors of Media Rugby Football Club (white, gold and blue) but the uniforms were predominantly white and similar in style to the National Rugby League side the Parramatta Eels, with whom the club had an affiliate partnership.[2]","title":"Uniform and colors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AMNRL Championship titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Rugby_League"}],"text":"AMNRL Championship titles: 0","title":"Honors"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Rugby league in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of defunct rugby league clubs in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_rugby_league_clubs_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Fight and Mantarays Merge to Form a Formidable Combination in Philadelphia\". American National Rugby League News. amnrl.com. March 24, 2007. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090218034826/http://www.amnrl.com/news/03132007fightmantarysmerge.html","url_text":"\"Fight and Mantarays Merge to Form a Formidable Combination in Philadelphia\""},{"url":"http://www.amnrl.com/news/03132007fightmantarysmerge.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delaware Valley Mantarays\". amnrl.com. 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225918/http://www.amnrl.com/teams/mantarays.html","url_text":"\"Delaware Valley Mantarays\""},{"url":"http://www.amnrl.com/teams/mantarays.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Room for Rugby\". Jacksonville Business Journal. December 13, 1999. Retrieved January 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/stories/1999/12/13/story2.html","url_text":"\"Room for Rugby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Business_Journal","url_text":"Jacksonville Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"David Hundt (April 5, 2001). \"Who's in control?\". 13world.com. rivals.net. Archived from the original on July 28, 2002. Retrieved February 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020728025641/http://rlwc2000.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=1385&p=2&stid=8098195","url_text":"\"Who's in control?\""},{"url":"http://rlwc2000.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=1385&p=2&stid=8098195","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Hundt (April 7, 2001). \"AMNRL Update\". 13world.com. rivals.net. Archived from the original on April 27, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010427105546/http://rlwc2000.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=1385&p=2&stid=8099116","url_text":"\"AMNRL Update\""},{"url":"http://rlwc2000.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=1385&p=2&stid=8098195","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beary_(disambiguation)
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Beary (disambiguation)
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["1 See also"]
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Look up beary or Beary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Beary are an ethnic group of South India.
Beary may also refer to:
Beary language, the Dravidian language spoken by the Beary
Beary, a surname. Notable people with this name include:
Donald B. Beary (1888–1966), US Navy officer
Kevin Beary (born 1957), Sheriff of Orange County, Florida, US
Michael Beary (born 1956), Irish army officer
See also
The Beary Family, a cartoon series
Bearys Institute of Technology in Mangalore, India
USS Donald B. Beary (FF-1085), US Navy ship
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Beary.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[{"title":"The Beary Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beary_Family"},{"title":"Bearys Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearys_Institute_of_Technology"},{"title":"USS Donald B. Beary (FF-1085)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Donald_B._Beary_(FF-1085)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Beary_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Beary_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)
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Steward (Methodism)
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[]
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Part of a series onMethodismJohn Wesley
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Steward
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Christianity • Protestantism
Christianity portalvte
In Methodism, a steward is a member of a local church who is elected by the congregation to help in the practical life of the church. The position of stewards is a hallmark of classic Methodism.
General characteristics and duties
Stewardship is a voluntary role. Duties include greeting all those who attend church upon their arrival, assisting in the distribution of Holy Communion (in which they are known as communion stewards), counting the tithes and offerings given to the church, and ensuring that the local preacher is cared for when he or she arrives to preach at a church. This may involve the steward providing a travelling local preacher with a meal at the steward's home after the service of worship as historic Methodism teaches Sunday Sabbatarianism, which prohibits dining at restaurants on the Lord's Day (cf. outward holiness).
Subsets of certain Methodist connexions, such as the Wesleyan Methodist Church, historically included circuit stewards, society stewards, chapel stewards, poor stewards (who counted the offerings), and communion stewards. The 1908 Book of Discipline of the U.S. Methodist Episcopal Church provided the following standard to be used in appointing stewards, which continues to be found in the Book of Disciplines of certain successor connexions today: "Let the Stewards be persons of solid piety who are members of the Church in the Charge, who both know and love Methodist Doctrine and Discipline, and are of good natural and acquired abilities to transact the temporal business of the Church."
Role in examining probationary members
In the historic Methodist practice concerning church membership, probationers seeking full membership in their Methodist connexion, after their six-month proving period, sit before the Leaders and Stewards' Meeting of the local congregation, which consists of class leaders and stewards, where they are to provide "satisfactory assurance both of the correctness of his faith and of his willingness to observe and keep the rules of the church." Following this, the Leaders and Stewards' Meeting approves the probationer for full membership in the church. This traditional practice of the Methodist Episcopal Church in admitting full members continues in many Methodist connexions today, such as the Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.
See also
Christianity portal
Churchwarden
Class leader
Deaconess
Itinerant preacher
References
^ "How are church stewards appointed?". Methodist Church of Great Britain. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^ a b Frank, Thomas E. (1 April 2006). Polity, Practice, and the Mission of The United Methodist Church: 2006 Edition. Abingdon Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4267-6357-1.
^ "What do church stewards do?". Methodist Church of Great Britain. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ a b "What do church stewards do?". Methodist Church of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
^ a b The Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church. J. Emory and B. Waugh. 1908. p. 197-204.
^ "God is Not Mocked". Arkansas Methodist. 36 (29): 1, 3. 19 July 1917. In so far as the Master has given us an example the Sabbath may be used only for rest and the spiritual activities of worship (including teaching) and deeds of mercy. It is clear that be indulged in no service or pastime which required the labor of others. No one today with any sense of propriety can imagine Jesus going on Sunday excursions, patronizing restaurants and drink and cigar stands, or frequenting Sunday dances or games or shows. To think of Jesus as involved in these things is a practical profanation. The Master, who said, "Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest," added, "and ye shall find rest unto your souls." He knew the necessity for physical rest and the proper place for innocent recreation, but he valued soul rest yet more. Reasonable hours of labor and genuinely recuperative relaxation really have never existed apart from the Hebrew and the Christian religion. The rights of labor are not fully recognized where there is no Sabbath. Jesus intended to break the galling bonds with which man had desolated the holy Sabbath, but he proposed to restore it to its original use, not to sanction any sort of diversions which indulgent men might introduce to minister to their own "pleasure."
^ Tonks, David (13 March 2013). "Wesleyan Methodist Stewards". My Wesleyan Methodists. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
^ a b Scott, David W. (26 July 2016). Mission as Globalization: Methodists in Southeast Asia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4985-2664-7.
^ Sanderson, Jimmy; Scott, Stanley; Hunt, Elton B.; Belcher, Dianne B.; Woods, James H. (2011). Doctrines and Discipline of the Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church. pp. 17–18.
^ The Doctrine and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4969-5704-7.
External links
Look up steward in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Church Stewards - Stratford Methodist Church
Wesleyan Methodist Stewards
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stewards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_steward"},{"link_name":"tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alms#Christianity"},{"link_name":"local preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_preacher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGB2021-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEC1908-5"},{"link_name":"service of worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_worship"},{"link_name":"Sunday Sabbatarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism"},{"link_name":"Lord's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"outward holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outward_holiness"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCGB2021-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"connexions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexionalism"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_circuit"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(congregation)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonks2013-7"},{"link_name":"Book of Discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Discipline"},{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"piety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piety"},{"link_name":"Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_charge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEC1908-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frank2006-2"}],"text":"Stewardship is a voluntary role.[3] Duties include greeting all those who attend church upon their arrival, assisting in the distribution of Holy Communion (in which they are known as communion stewards), counting the tithes and offerings given to the church, and ensuring that the local preacher is cared for when he or she arrives to preach at a church.[4][5] This may involve the steward providing a travelling local preacher with a meal at the steward's home after the service of worship as historic Methodism teaches Sunday Sabbatarianism, which prohibits dining at restaurants on the Lord's Day (cf. outward holiness).[4][6]Subsets of certain Methodist connexions, such as the Wesleyan Methodist Church, historically included circuit stewards, society stewards, chapel stewards, poor stewards (who counted the offerings), and communion stewards.[7] The 1908 Book of Discipline of the U.S. Methodist Episcopal Church provided the following standard to be used in appointing stewards, which continues to be found in the Book of Disciplines of certain successor connexions today: \"Let the Stewards be persons of solid piety who are members of the Church in the Charge, who both know and love Methodist Doctrine and Discipline, and are of good natural and acquired abilities to transact the temporal business of the Church.\"[5][2]","title":"General characteristics and duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"church membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_membership"},{"link_name":"class leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_meeting#Methodism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott2016-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott2016-8"},{"link_name":"African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SandersonScottHuntBelcherWoods2011-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMEZ2012-10"}],"text":"In the historic Methodist practice concerning church membership, probationers seeking full membership in their Methodist connexion, after their six-month proving period, sit before the Leaders and Stewards' Meeting of the local congregation, which consists of class leaders and stewards, where they are to provide \"satisfactory assurance both of the correctness of his faith and of his willingness to observe and keep the rules of the church.\"[8] Following this, the Leaders and Stewards' Meeting approves the probationer for full membership in the church.[8] This traditional practice of the Methodist Episcopal Church in admitting full members continues in many Methodist connexions today, such as the Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.[9][10]","title":"Role in examining probationary members"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Churchwarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchwarden"},{"title":"Class leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_meeting#Methodism"},{"title":"Deaconess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaconess"},{"title":"Itinerant preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerant_preacher"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"How are church stewards appointed?\". Methodist Church of Great Britain. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/office-holders/church-stewards/how-are-church-stewards-appointed/","url_text":"\"How are church stewards appointed?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain","url_text":"Methodist Church of Great Britain"}]},{"reference":"Frank, Thomas E. (1 April 2006). Polity, Practice, and the Mission of The United Methodist Church: 2006 Edition. Abingdon Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4267-6357-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-6357-1","url_text":"978-1-4267-6357-1"}]},{"reference":"\"What do church stewards do?\". Methodist Church of Great Britain. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/office-holders/church-stewards/what-do-church-stewards-do/","url_text":"\"What do church stewards do?\""}]},{"reference":"\"What do church stewards do?\". Methodist Church of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/office-holders/church-stewards/what-do-church-stewards-do/","url_text":"\"What do church stewards do?\""}]},{"reference":"The Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church. J. Emory and B. Waugh. 1908. p. 197-204.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"God is Not Mocked\". Arkansas Methodist. 36 (29): 1, 3. 19 July 1917. In so far as the Master has given us an example the Sabbath may be used only for rest and the spiritual activities of worship (including teaching) and deeds of mercy. It is clear that be indulged in no service or pastime which required the labor of others. No one today with any sense of propriety can imagine Jesus going on Sunday excursions, patronizing restaurants and drink and cigar stands, or frequenting Sunday dances or games or shows. To think of Jesus as involved in these things is a practical profanation. The Master, who said, \"Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest,\" added, \"and ye shall find rest unto your souls.\" He knew the necessity for physical rest and the proper place for innocent recreation, but he valued soul rest yet more. Reasonable hours of labor and genuinely recuperative relaxation really have never existed apart from the Hebrew and the Christian religion. The rights of labor are not fully recognized where there is no Sabbath. Jesus intended to break the galling bonds with which man had desolated the holy Sabbath, but he proposed to restore it to its original use, not to sanction any sort of diversions which indulgent men might introduce to minister to their own \"pleasure.\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tonks, David (13 March 2013). \"Wesleyan Methodist Stewards\". My Wesleyan Methodists. Retrieved 17 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mywesleyanmethodists.org.uk/content/topics-2/miscellaneous/wesleyan-methodist-stewards","url_text":"\"Wesleyan Methodist Stewards\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, David W. (26 July 2016). Mission as Globalization: Methodists in Southeast Asia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4985-2664-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-2664-7","url_text":"978-1-4985-2664-7"}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Jimmy; Scott, Stanley; Hunt, Elton B.; Belcher, Dianne B.; Woods, James H. (2011). Doctrines and Discipline of the Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church. pp. 17–18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Doctrine and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4969-5704-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church","url_text":"African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4969-5704-7","url_text":"978-1-4969-5704-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/office-holders/church-stewards/how-are-church-stewards-appointed/","external_links_name":"\"How are church stewards appointed?\""},{"Link":"https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/office-holders/church-stewards/what-do-church-stewards-do/","external_links_name":"\"What do church stewards do?\""},{"Link":"https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/office-holders/church-stewards/what-do-church-stewards-do/","external_links_name":"\"What do church stewards do?\""},{"Link":"https://www.mywesleyanmethodists.org.uk/content/topics-2/miscellaneous/wesleyan-methodist-stewards","external_links_name":"\"Wesleyan Methodist Stewards\""},{"Link":"https://stratforduponavonmethodist.wordpress.com/church-stewards/","external_links_name":"Church Stewards - Stratford Methodist Church"},{"Link":"https://www.mywesleyanmethodists.org.uk/content/topics-2/miscellaneous/wesleyan-methodist-stewards","external_links_name":"Wesleyan Methodist Stewards"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatterman_(film)
|
Yatterman (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2009 Japanese filmYattamanPromotional posterDirected byTakashi MiikeScreenplay byMasashi SogoStory byTatsuo YoshidaBased onYattermanby Tatsunoko ProductionsProduced byYoshinori ChibaStarringShō SakuraiSaki FukudaKyoko FukadaKendo KobayashiKatsuhisa NamaseAnri OkamotoNarrated byKōichi YamaderaCinematographyHideo YamamotoEdited byKenji YamashitaMusic byIkurō FujiwaraMasaaki JinboProductioncompaniesNikkatsu StudioDjango FilmDistributed byShochikuNikkatsuRelease dates
March 7, 2009 (2009-03-07) (Japan)
July 9, 2009 (2009-07-09) (FIFF)
Running time111 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBox office¥3.14 billion
Yatterman (ヤッターマン, Yattāman) is a 2009 Japanese action comedy film directed by Takashi Miike and based on the anime television show of the same name. The film premiered in Japan on March 7, 2009. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the United Kingdom by Eureka on May 12, 2012, while Discotek Media released the film in North America in 2013.
Plot
See also: List of Yatterman characters
In Tokyoko, a fictional city sporting various homages of Tatsunoko Production works, the Doronbo Gang have seemingly destroyed a large part of the city. The heroic Yatterman duo make their entrance with Yatterwoof (Yamadera, voice), a sentient dog-shaped mecha and Toybotty (Takahashi, voice), their robot sidekick. After a series of slapstick combat scenes, the Doronbo trio flee back to their mecha to defeat Yatterwan. Cheering at their first victory, the villains accidentally hit the mecha's self-destruct button. When the chaos clears, a teenage girl emerges from the ruins with a blue object in her hands.
The Narrator (Yamadera) explains Gan Takada (a.k.a. Yatterman #1, Sakurai) and his girlfriend, Ai Kaminari (a.k.a. Yatterman #2, Fukuda), live a double life as crime-fighting heroes. They are based under Takada Toys, founded by Gan's father. Gan built Toybotty and Yatterwoof, the latter an abandoned plan from his father. The girl they found in the ruins was Shoko Kaieda (Okamoto), daughter of Dr. Kaieda (Abu), an archaeologist. The piece of blue stone Shoko carries is a part of the Skull Stone, a legendary object now split into four pieces. Dr Kaieda, who is on a quest to find them, is attacked in the forest of Narway by Skullobey (Takeguchi), a black-clad being with an oversized skull.
The Doronbo Trio is then introduced. The gang includes Doronjo, the sexy female boss; Boyacky (Namase), the clever but lecherous mecha genius; and Tonzra, the gluttonous, kansai-ben-speaking strongman. Skullobey sends them orders to find the Skull Stone pieces, and will punish them should they fail. The trio open a wedding store called "Doro Merry" to raise money to build a new mecha: the Bridesmaidiot (バージンローダー, Bājin Rōdā, Virgin Roader), a very feminine-looking construction. A robot skull arrives to deliver Skullobey's message: another Stone is in Ogypt, and the Doronbo trio must find it without losing Shoko. The skull self-destructs. Unknown to the trio, Toybotty witnesses everything and reports back to Gan and Ai. The duo transform into Yatterman and set off for Ogypt. When the group discover the missing piece, the villains arrive on the scene. They again use their mecha to damage Yatterwoof. After consuming a Mechanade thrown by Gan, the dog robot releases a swarm of ant robots which destroy the Bridesmaidiot, dragging Yatterwoof with it.
Back home, Gan tries to rebuild Yatterwoof while Ai, jealous of Shoko and Doronjo goes out for a walk. The trio receive another message that another piece of the Stone is in the Southern Halps. It is then revealed that Skullobey wants Doronjo for himself. Meanwhile, things around the world start to disappear, and before he can tell the truth behind the Skull Stone pieces, Toybotty, who has been analyzing the Stone, disappears, as well. Ai discovers another scam by the villains, involving a sushi restaurant, to raise money for their new robot, a giant squid. She also overhears that the last piece is hidden in the Southern Halps. The Doronbo trio then set out in a Squid mecha.
Upon returning to base, Gan reads the analysis made by Toybotty before it disappeared: the Skull pieces, put back together, will destroy the flow of time itself, causing the disappearance of all things. The only way to stop this is to destroy the Stone when the pieces are reunited. The Yatterman duo set out with Shoko riding Yatterking, an upgraded Yatterwoof. The trio find the final piece. When the heroes arrive, Skullobey encases them in a giant dome filled with clockworks. Doronjo zaps Ai to force the Yatterman duo apart, only to finally discover the true love between Gan and Ai.
Shoko realizes Skullobey has possessed her father and due to her pleas, Dr. Kaieda is able to free himself from Skullobey and reveal his true form. Fighting as a unit again, Yatterman #1 and #2 team up with a reformed Doronbo Gang, defeat Skullobey and trap him in the other world. Later, Gan and Ai bid Shoko and her father farewell, who leave to explore the world some more while the Doronbo Gang goes their separate ways, but because their paths reassemble into a single road, they will meet again.
Cast
Shō Sakurai as Gan "Gan-chan" Takada, a mechanic expert and son of a toy manufacturer.
Saki Fukuda as Ai "Ai-chan" Kaminari, Gan Takada's girlfriend and daughter of an electrician.
Chiaki Takahashi as the voice of Toybotty, Gan Takada's robot.
Kyoko Fukada as Doronjo, the attractive and intelligent leader of the Dorombo Gang.
Kendo Kobayashi as Tonzura, the short and muscular strongman of the Dorombo Gang
Katsuhisa Namase as Boyacky, the tall and skinny but lecherous mechanic of the Dorombo Gang.
Junpei Takiguchi as voice of Skullobey, the Dorombo Gang's boss.
Anri Okamoto as Shoko Kaieda, the daughter of Dr. Kaieda who has part of the Skull Stone.
Sadao Abe as Dr. Kaieda, an archaeologist and Shoko Kaieda's father who is searching for the pieces of the Skull Stone pieces.
Kōichi Yamadera as Yatterwoof, Yatterking, Odate-Buta, the narrator, and an amusement park employee.
Noriko Ohara, Kazuya Tatekabe and Hiroshi Sasagawa make appearances as customers of the restaurant run by the Dorombo Gang.
Reception
On its release weekend it topped the Japanese box office with $4,626,729. It went on to be a commercial success in Japan and earned $30.4 million (¥3.14 billion). The film itself, however, has received generally mixed reviews.
References
^ "Discotek Licenses Miike's Live-Action Yatterman Film - News". Anime News Network. 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
^ 09年春「ヤッターマン」実写で映画化！主演に嵐・櫻井翔 (in Japanese). Sankei News. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
^ a b 世界を驚かせてやる！嵐・櫻井が映画「ヤッターマン」に自信 (in Japanese). Sankei Sports. 2008-03-27. Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ 念願の特撮に大喜び!福田沙紀、ヤッターマン2号に抜擢 (in Japanese). Sankai Sports. Archived from the original on 2008-01-13. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
^ 深キョンがドロンジョ役に挑戦 (in Japanese). The Asahi Shinbun Company. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
^ a b c ヤッターマンに強敵出現！3悪役に深キョン・生瀬・ケンコバ (in Japanese). Sankei Sports. Archived from the original on 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
^ "Japan Box Office, May 2–3, 2009". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
^ Henderson, Tim (2008-06-16). "Yatteran (live action movie)". Anime News Network Australia. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
^ "Yatterman -- Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
^ Scheib, Ronnie (2009-02-17). "Yatterman Review". Variety. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
^ "Playing it for laughs, and laughs only". Japan Times. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
External links
Official Yatterman movie page (in Japanese)
Yatterman at IMDb
vteTakashi MiikeFilms1990s
Eyecatch Junction (1991)
Lady Hunter: Prelude to Murder (1991)
A Human Murder Weapon (1992)
Bodyguard Kiba (1993)
Shinjuku Outlaw (1994)
Bodyguard Kiba: Apocalypse of Carnage (1994)
Bodyguard Kiba: Apocalypse of Carnage 2 (1995)
Osaka Tough Guys (1995)
Shinjuku Triad Society (1995)
Ambition Without Honor (1996)
Peanuts (1996)
The Way to Fight (1996)
Fudoh: The New Generation (1996)
Ambition Without Honor 2 (1997)
Young Thugs: Innocent Blood (1997)
Rainy Dog (1997)
Full Metal Yakuza (1997)
The Bird People in China (1998)
Andromedia (1998)
Blues Harp (1998)
Young Thugs: Nostalgia (1998)
Ley Lines (1999)
Silver (1999)
Audition (1999)
Dead or Alive (1999)
Salaryman Kintaro (1999)
2000s
The City of Lost Souls (2000)
The Guys from Paradise (2000)
Dead or Alive 2: Birds (2000)
Family (2001)
Family 2 (2001)
Visitor Q (2001)
Ichi the Killer (2001)
Agitator (2001)
The Happiness of the Katakuris (2001)
Dead or Alive: Final (2002)
Kumamoto Stories (2002)
Sabu (2002)
Graveyard of Honor (2002)
Shangri-La (2002)
Deadly Outlaw: Rekka (2002)
The Man in White (2003)
Gozu (2003)
Yakuza Demon (2003)
One Missed Call (2003)
Zebraman (2004)
Izo (2004)
Three... Extremes ("Box" segment, 2004)
The Great Yokai War (2005)
Big Bang Love, Juvenile A (2006)
Waru (2006)
Waru: kanketsu-hen (2006)
Sun Scarred (2006)
Sukiyaki Western Django (2007)
Crows Zero (2007)
Like a Dragon (2007)
Detective Story (2007)
God's Puzzle (2008)
Yatterman (2009)
Crows Zero 2 (2009)
2010s
Zebraman 2: Attack on Zebra City (2010)
13 Assassins (2010)
Hara-Kiri: Death of a Samurai (2011)
Ninja Kids!!! (2011)
Ace Attorney (2012)
For Love's Sake (2012)
Lesson of the Evil (2012)
Shield of Straw (2013)
The Mole Song: Undercover Agent Reiji (2013)
Over Your Dead Body (2014)
As the Gods Will (2014)
The Lion Standing in the Wind (2015)
Yakuza Apocalypse (2015)
Terra Formars (2016)
The Mole Song: Hong Kong Capriccio (2016)
Blade of the Immortal (2017)
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I (2017)
Laplace's Witch (2018)
First Love (2019)
2020s
The Great Yokai War: Guardians (2021)
The Mole Song: Final (2021)
Lumberjack the Monster (2023)
TV
Man, A Natural Girl (1999)
Man, Next Natural Girl: 100 Nights in Yokohama (1999)
MPD Psycho (2000)
Negotiator (2003)
Ultraman Max (2005)
Masters of Horror (Imprint episode, 2006)
K-tai Investigator 7 (2007)
Idol × Warrior Miracle Tunes! (2017)
Magical × Heroine Magimajo Pures! (2018)
Secret × Heroine Phantomirage! (2019)
Police × Heroine Lovepatrina! (2020)
Connect (2022)
Onimusha (2023)
Other
Black Society trilogy (1995–1999)
The Making of Gemini (2000)
Pandōra (2002, music video)
Demon Pond (2005, stage play)
Ryū ga Gotoku (2005, video game)
Zatoichi (2007, stage play)
Midnight (2024, short film)
vteTime Bokan series
Time Bokan
episodes
Time Bokan 24
Yatterman
Yattermen!
episodes
live-action film
Yatterman Night
Zenderman
Rescueman
episodes
Yattodetaman
Ippatsuman
Itadakiman
Royal Revival
Kiramekiman
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Takashi Miike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Miike"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatterman"},{"link_name":"Discotek Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discotek_Media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Yatterman (ヤッターマン, Yattāman) is a 2009 Japanese action comedy film directed by Takashi Miike and based on the anime television show of the same name. The film premiered in Japan on March 7, 2009. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the United Kingdom by Eureka on May 12, 2012, while Discotek Media released the film in North America in 2013.[1]","title":"Yatterman (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Yatterman characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatterman#Characters"},{"link_name":"Tatsunoko Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsunoko_Production"},{"link_name":"mecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"kansai-ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai-ben"},{"link_name":"clockworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockworks"}],"text":"See also: List of Yatterman charactersIn Tokyoko, a fictional city sporting various homages of Tatsunoko Production works, the Doronbo Gang have seemingly destroyed a large part of the city. The heroic Yatterman duo make their entrance with Yatterwoof (Yamadera, voice), a sentient dog-shaped mecha and Toybotty (Takahashi, voice), their robot sidekick. After a series of slapstick combat scenes, the Doronbo trio flee back to their mecha to defeat Yatterwan. Cheering at their first victory, the villains accidentally hit the mecha's self-destruct button. When the chaos clears, a teenage girl emerges from the ruins with a blue object in her hands.The Narrator (Yamadera) explains Gan Takada (a.k.a. Yatterman #1, Sakurai) and his girlfriend, Ai Kaminari (a.k.a. Yatterman #2, Fukuda), live a double life as crime-fighting heroes. They are based under Takada Toys, founded by Gan's father. Gan built Toybotty and Yatterwoof, the latter an abandoned plan from his father. The girl they found in the ruins was Shoko Kaieda (Okamoto), daughter of Dr. Kaieda (Abu), an archaeologist. The piece of blue stone Shoko carries is a part of the Skull Stone, a legendary object now split into four pieces. Dr Kaieda, who is on a quest to find them, is attacked in the forest of Narway by Skullobey (Takeguchi), a black-clad being with an oversized skull.The Doronbo Trio is then introduced. The gang includes Doronjo, the sexy female boss; Boyacky (Namase), the clever but lecherous mecha genius; and Tonzra, the gluttonous, kansai-ben-speaking strongman. Skullobey sends them orders to find the Skull Stone pieces, and will punish them should they fail. The trio open a wedding store called \"Doro Merry\" to raise money to build a new mecha: the Bridesmaidiot (バージンローダー, Bājin Rōdā, Virgin Roader), a very feminine-looking construction. A robot skull arrives to deliver Skullobey's message: another Stone is in Ogypt, and the Doronbo trio must find it without losing Shoko. The skull self-destructs. Unknown to the trio, Toybotty witnesses everything and reports back to Gan and Ai. The duo transform into Yatterman and set off for Ogypt. When the group discover the missing piece, the villains arrive on the scene. They again use their mecha to damage Yatterwoof. After consuming a Mechanade thrown by Gan, the dog robot releases a swarm of ant robots which destroy the Bridesmaidiot, dragging Yatterwoof with it.Back home, Gan tries to rebuild Yatterwoof while Ai, jealous of Shoko and Doronjo goes out for a walk. The trio receive another message that another piece of the Stone is in the Southern Halps. It is then revealed that Skullobey wants Doronjo for himself. Meanwhile, things around the world start to disappear, and before he can tell the truth behind the Skull Stone pieces, Toybotty, who has been analyzing the Stone, disappears, as well. Ai discovers another scam by the villains, involving a sushi restaurant, to raise money for their new robot, a giant squid. She also overhears that the last piece is hidden in the Southern Halps. The Doronbo trio then set out in a Squid mecha.Upon returning to base, Gan reads the analysis made by Toybotty before it disappeared: the Skull pieces, put back together, will destroy the flow of time itself, causing the disappearance of all things. The only way to stop this is to destroy the Stone when the pieces are reunited. The Yatterman duo set out with Shoko riding Yatterking, an upgraded Yatterwoof. The trio find the final piece. When the heroes arrive, Skullobey encases them in a giant dome filled with clockworks. Doronjo zaps Ai to force the Yatterman duo apart, only to finally discover the true love between Gan and Ai.Shoko realizes Skullobey has possessed her father and due to her pleas, Dr. Kaieda is able to free himself from Skullobey and reveal his true form. Fighting as a unit again, Yatterman #1 and #2 team up with a reformed Doronbo Gang, defeat Skullobey and trap him in the other world. Later, Gan and Ai bid Shoko and her father farewell, who leave to explore the world some more while the Doronbo Gang goes their separate ways, but because their paths reassemble into a single road, they will meet again.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shō Sakurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Sakurai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beginfilm-3"},{"link_name":"Saki Fukuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saki_Fukuda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beginfilm-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chiaki Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaki_Takahashi_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Kyoko Fukada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoko_Fukada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-6"},{"link_name":"Katsuhisa Namase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuhisa_Namase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-6"},{"link_name":"Junpei Takiguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junpei_Takiguchi"},{"link_name":"Anri Okamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anri_Okamoto"},{"link_name":"Sadao Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadao_Abe"},{"link_name":"Kōichi Yamadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Yamadera"},{"link_name":"Noriko Ohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriko_Ohara"},{"link_name":"Kazuya Tatekabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuya_Tatekabe"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Sasagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Sasagawa"}],"text":"Shō Sakurai as Gan \"Gan-chan\" Takada, a mechanic expert and son of a toy manufacturer.[2][3]\nSaki Fukuda as Ai \"Ai-chan\" Kaminari, Gan Takada's girlfriend and daughter of an electrician.[3][4]\nChiaki Takahashi as the voice of Toybotty, Gan Takada's robot.\nKyoko Fukada as Doronjo, the attractive and intelligent leader of the Dorombo Gang.[5][6]\nKendo Kobayashi as Tonzura, the short and muscular strongman of the Dorombo Gang[6]\nKatsuhisa Namase as Boyacky, the tall and skinny but lecherous mechanic of the Dorombo Gang.[6]\nJunpei Takiguchi as voice of Skullobey, the Dorombo Gang's boss.\nAnri Okamoto as Shoko Kaieda, the daughter of Dr. Kaieda who has part of the Skull Stone.\nSadao Abe as Dr. Kaieda, an archaeologist and Shoko Kaieda's father who is searching for the pieces of the Skull Stone pieces.\nKōichi Yamadera as Yatterwoof, Yatterking, Odate-Buta, the narrator, and an amusement park employee.\nNoriko Ohara, Kazuya Tatekabe and Hiroshi Sasagawa make appearances as customers of the restaurant run by the Dorombo Gang.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"¥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Yen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On its release weekend it topped the Japanese box office with $4,626,729. It went on to be a commercial success in Japan and earned $30.4 million (¥3.14 billion).[7] The film itself, however, has received generally mixed reviews.[8][9][10][11]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Discotek Licenses Miike's Live-Action Yatterman Film - News\". Anime News Network. 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2015-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-09-15/discotek-licenses-miike-live-action-yatterman-film","url_text":"\"Discotek Licenses Miike's Live-Action Yatterman Film - News\""}]},{"reference":"09年春「ヤッターマン」実写で映画化！主演に嵐・櫻井翔 (in Japanese). Sankei News. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117110422/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/071126/tnr0711261002002-n1.htm","url_text":"09年春「ヤッターマン」実写で映画化！主演に嵐・櫻井翔"},{"url":"https://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/071126/tnr0711261002002-n1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"世界を驚かせてやる！嵐・櫻井が映画「ヤッターマン」に自信 (in Japanese). Sankei Sports. 2008-03-27. Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080331235615/http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200803/gt2008032807.html","url_text":"世界を驚かせてやる！嵐・櫻井が映画「ヤッターマン」に自信"},{"url":"http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200803/gt2008032807.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"念願の特撮に大喜び!福田沙紀、ヤッターマン2号に抜擢 (in Japanese). Sankai Sports. Archived from the original on 2008-01-13. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080113121404/http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200712/gt2007121205.html","url_text":"念願の特撮に大喜び!福田沙紀、ヤッターマン2号に抜擢"},{"url":"http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200712/gt2007121205.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"深キョンがドロンジョ役に挑戦 (in Japanese). The Asahi Shinbun Company. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208173249/http://www.asahi.com/culture/nikkan/NIK200801110008.html","url_text":"深キョンがドロンジョ役に挑戦"},{"url":"http://www.asahi.com/culture/nikkan/NIK200801110008.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ヤッターマンに強敵出現！3悪役に深キョン・生瀬・ケンコバ (in Japanese). Sankei Sports. Archived from the original on 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080205082846/http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200801/gt2008011507.html","url_text":"ヤッターマンに強敵出現！3悪役に深キョン・生瀬・ケンコバ"},{"url":"http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200801/gt2008011507.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Box Office, May 2–3, 2009\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/japan/?yr=2009&wk=18&p=.htm","url_text":"\"Japan Box Office, May 2–3, 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Tim (2008-06-16). \"Yatteran (live action movie)\". Anime News Network Australia. Retrieved 2009-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/yatterman","url_text":"\"Yatteran (live action movie)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Yatterman -- Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved 2015-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090529151947/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/film-review-yatterman-1003955559.story","url_text":"\"Yatterman -- Film Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/film-review-yatterman-1003955559.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scheib, Ronnie (2009-02-17). \"Yatterman Review\". Variety. Retrieved 2009-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939701.html?categoryid=31&cs=1","url_text":"\"Yatterman Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Playing it for laughs, and laughs only\". Japan Times. Retrieved 2009-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ff20090306a1.html","url_text":"\"Playing it for laughs, and laughs only\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Benois
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Leon Benois
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Russian architect (1856–1928)
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Nikolayevich and the family name is Benois.
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Leon BenoisЛеонтий БенуаLeon Benois (before 1917)Born(1856-08-11)11 August 1856Petergof, Saint Petersburg Governorate, Russian EmpireDied8 February 1928(1928-02-08) (aged 71)Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionEducationMember Academy of Arts (1885)Professor by rank (1892)Full Member Academy of Arts (1893)Alma materImperial Academy of Arts (1879)Known forArchitectureAwards
Leon or Leonty Nikolayevich Benois (Russian: Леонтий Николаевич Бенуа, romanized: Leonty Nikolayevich Benua; 23 August 1856 – 8 February 1928) was a Russian architect from the Benois family.
Biography
He was the son of architect Nicholas Benois, the brother of artists Alexandre Benois and Albert Benois. He built the Roman Catholic cathedral of Notre-Dame in St Petersburg, the mausoleum of the Grand Dukes of Russia in the Peter and Paul Fortress, the Russian Chapel in Darmstadt, and the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw, among many other works. Benois served as Dean of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1903–06, 1911–17) and edited the architecture magazine Zodchii. He gave his name to Leonardo da Vinci's painting Benois Madonna which he inherited from his father-in-law and presented to the Hermitage Museum. The painter Nadia Benois was his daughter, and the actor Sir Peter Ustinov was his grandson.
See also
Benois family
References
^ Pooler, Richard Shaw (2014). Leonardo da Vinci's treatise of painting: the story of the world's greatest treatise on painting - its origins, history, content, and influence. Wilmington, Delaware: Vernon Press. p. 292. ISBN 1622730178.
^ Koralbelʹnikova, Lûdmila Zinovʹevna; Winestein, Anna; Hershman, Suellen (2008). Alexander Tcherepnin: the saga of a Russian émigré composer. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University press. p. 11. ISBN 9780253349385.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leon Benois.
Cathedral of Notre-Dame de St Petersburg
Biography of Leonty Benois
The Grove Dictionary of Art
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Artists
Musée d'Orsay
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
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[]
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[{"title":"Benois family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benois_family"}]
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[{"reference":"Pooler, Richard Shaw (2014). Leonardo da Vinci's treatise of painting: the story of the world's greatest treatise on painting - its origins, history, content, and influence. Wilmington, Delaware: Vernon Press. p. 292. ISBN 1622730178.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1622730178","url_text":"1622730178"}]},{"reference":"Koralbelʹnikova, Lûdmila Zinovʹevna; Winestein, Anna; Hershman, Suellen (2008). Alexander Tcherepnin: the saga of a Russian émigré composer. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University press. p. 11. ISBN 9780253349385.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253349385","url_text":"9780253349385"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Waterlily
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Victoria (plant)
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["1 Description","1.1 Generative characteristics","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Extant species","2.2 Publication","3 References","4 External links"]
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Genus of aquatic plants
Victoria
A flowering Victoria in the Amsterdam Hortus Botanicus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Order:
Nymphaeales
Family:
Nymphaeaceae
Genus:
VictoriaLindley
Species
See text.
Victoria or giant waterlily is a genus of water-lilies, in the plant family Nymphaeaceae, with very large green leaves that lie flat on the water's surface. Victoria boliviana has a leaf that is up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in width, on a stalk up to 8 metres (26 ft) in length. The genus name was given in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. It pushes other water plants aside as it spreads out until only those of its kind remains. When this happens it has nearly completely cut out the sunlight from getting to any plants below the water limited only by circle packing.
Description
Generative characteristics
All three species typically have four sepals each measuring 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long by 8 centimetres (3.1 in) wide. There are typically 50 to 70 petals and 150 to 200 stamens.
Taxonomy
Extant species
Image
Scientific name
Distribution
Description
Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby
shallow waters of the Amazon River basin, such as oxbow lakes and bayous
The flowers are white the first night they are open and become pink the second night. They are up to 40 cm in diameter, and are pollinated by scarab beetles. According to Parodi, both V. amazonica and V. cruziana can occasionally produce flowers up to 50 centimetres (20 in) in width. The flower is depicted in the Guyanese coat of arms.
Victoria cruziana A.D.Orb.
Parana-Paraguay basin
Slightly smaller than V. amazonica, with the underside of the leaves purple rather than the red of V. amazonica, and covered with a peachlike fuzz lacking in V. amazonica. V. cruziana opens its flowers at dusk.
Victoria boliviana Magdalena & L.T.Sm.
Bolivia
Leaves reaching more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) in width, larger seed and ovule size
A woman standing on a leaf of Victoria cruziana in the lily pond in front of the Linnaean House of the Missouri Botanical Garden. A wooden plank and a towel is placed on the pad to distribute the weight over the leaf's surface.
Publication
The first published description of the genus was by John Lindley in 1837, based on specimens returned from British Guiana by Robert Schomburgk. Lindley named the genus after the new Queen, Victoria, and the species Victoria regia. An earlier account of the species, Euryale amazonica Poeppig, in 1832 described an affinity with Euryale ferox. A collection and description was also made by the French botanist Aimé Bonpland in 1825.
The leaf is able to support a weight of up to 32 kilograms (71 lb), suitably distributed, although the leaf surface is delicate: so much so that "a straw held 6 inches above and dropped perpendicularly upon it would readily pass through it".
References
^ Horton, Helena (4 July 2022). "Third species of giant waterlily discovered at Kew Gardens". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^ "The Tyrant of the Deep | The Green Planet | BBC Earth". YouTube. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ <not recorded> (February 1976). "The Floral Anatomy of Victoria(Schumb)-Nymphaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of Londob. 72 (2): 118.
^ Parodi, Lorenzo R. (1959). Encyclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria. Buenos Aires: Editorial Acme S.A.C.I. p. 351.
^ Smith, Lucy T; Magdalena, Carlos; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Antonelli, Alexandre K.; Melgar-Gómez, Darío G.; Beck, Stephan; Negrão, Raquel; Mian, Sahr; Leitch, Ilia J.; Dodsworth, Steven; Maurin, Olivier; Ribero-Guardia, Gaston; Salazar, César D.; Gutierrez-Sibauty, Gloria (4 July 2022). "Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 883151. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.883151. PMC 9289450. PMID 35860537.
^ Morelle, Rebecca (4 July 2022). "Scientists discover new giant water lily species". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^ "Nymphaeaceae Victoria Lindl". Plant Name Details. International Plant Name Index. 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
^ Knotts, Kit. "Victoria's History". Victoria Adventure. Knotts. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
^ Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1861). "Leaf". The New American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. Vol. 10. New York: Appleton. p. 992.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria (Nymphaeaceae).
Wikispecies has information related to Victoria (Nymphaeaceae).
Giant waterlily at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
vteQueen VictoriaQueen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901), Empress of India (1876–1901)Events
Coronation
Honours
Hackpen White Horse
Wedding
Wedding dress
Golden Jubilee
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Reign
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Prime ministers
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Victorian era
Victorian morality
Visits to Manchester
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Death and state funeral
Mausoleum
Family
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (husband)
Victoria, German Empress (daughter)
Edward VII (son)
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (daughter)
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (son)
Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (daughter)
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (daughter)
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (son)
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Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg (daughter)
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (father)
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (mother)
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Descendants
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Early life
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Legitimacy
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DepictionsFilm
Sixty Years a Queen (1913)
Victoria in Dover (1936)
Victoria the Great (1937)
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Mrs Brown (1997)
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Victoria & Abdul (2017)
The Black Prince (2017)
Dolittle (2020)
Television
Happy and Glorious (1952)
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The Young Victoria (1963)
Victoria & Albert (2001)
Looking for Victoria (2003)
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Portraits
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StampsBritish
Penny Black
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Related
Osborne House
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Pets
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Victoriana
Victoria sponge
← William IV
Edward VII →
Taxon identifiersVictoria
Wikidata: Q312194
Wikispecies: Victoria (Nymphaeaceae)
CoL: 86NZ
EoL: 47105685
EPPO: 1VIJG
GBIF: 3234484
GRIN: 12702
iNaturalist: 179032
IPNI: 77296000-1
IRMNG: 1298447
ITIS: 896687
NCBI: 4420
Open Tree of Life: 10937
PLANTS: VICTO
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28016-1
Tropicos: 40024133
WFO: wfo-4000040238
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horton_2022-1"},{"link_name":"Nymphaeaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae"},{"link_name":"Victoria boliviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_boliviana"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"circle packing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_packing"}],"text":"Victoria or giant waterlily[1] is a genus of water-lilies, in the plant family Nymphaeaceae, with very large green leaves that lie flat on the water's surface. Victoria boliviana has a leaf that is up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in width, on a stalk up to 8 metres (26 ft) in length. The genus name was given in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. It pushes other water plants aside as it spreads out until only those of its kind remains. When this happens it has nearly completely cut out the sunlight from getting to any plants below the water[2] limited only by circle packing.","title":"Victoria (plant)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Generative characteristics","text":"All three species typically have four sepals each measuring 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long by 8 centimetres (3.1 in) wide. There are typically 50 to 70 petals and 150 to 200 stamens.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_standing_on_Victoria_cruziana.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Missouri Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden"}],"sub_title":"Extant species","text":"A woman standing on a leaf of Victoria cruziana in the lily pond in front of the Linnaean House of the Missouri Botanical Garden. A wooden plank and a towel is placed on the pad to distribute the weight over the leaf's surface.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindley"},{"link_name":"British Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Robert Schomburgk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schomburgk"},{"link_name":"Poeppig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Friedrich_Poeppig"},{"link_name":"Euryale ferox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryale_ferox"},{"link_name":"Aimé Bonpland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPNI-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knotts-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ripley1861p992-9"}],"sub_title":"Publication","text":"The first published description of the genus was by John Lindley in 1837, based on specimens returned from British Guiana by Robert Schomburgk. Lindley named the genus after the new Queen, Victoria, and the species Victoria regia. An earlier account of the species, Euryale amazonica Poeppig, in 1832 described an affinity with Euryale ferox. A collection and description was also made by the French botanist Aimé Bonpland in 1825.[7][8]The leaf is able to support a weight of up to 32 kilograms (71 lb), suitably distributed, although the leaf surface is delicate: so much so that \"a straw held 6 inches above and dropped perpendicularly upon it would readily pass through it\".[9]","title":"Taxonomy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A woman standing on a leaf of Victoria cruziana in the lily pond in front of the Linnaean House of the Missouri Botanical Garden. A wooden plank and a towel is placed on the pad to distribute the weight over the leaf's surface.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Woman_standing_on_Victoria_cruziana.jpeg/220px-Woman_standing_on_Victoria_cruziana.jpeg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Horton, Helena (4 July 2022). \"Third species of giant waterlily discovered at Kew Gardens\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/04/third-species-of-giant-waterlily-discovered-at-kew-gardens","url_text":"\"Third species of giant waterlily discovered at Kew Gardens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"The Tyrant of the Deep | The Green Planet | BBC Earth\". YouTube. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM-Ilh2lHZk","url_text":"\"The Tyrant of the Deep | The Green Planet | BBC Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"<not recorded> (February 1976). \"The Floral Anatomy of Victoria(Schumb)-Nymphaceae\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of Londob. 72 (2): 118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parodi, Lorenzo R. (1959). Encyclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria. Buenos Aires: Editorial Acme S.A.C.I. p. 351.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Lucy T; Magdalena, Carlos; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Antonelli, Alexandre K.; Melgar-Gómez, Darío G.; Beck, Stephan; Negrão, Raquel; Mian, Sahr; Leitch, Ilia J.; Dodsworth, Steven; Maurin, Olivier; Ribero-Guardia, Gaston; Salazar, César D.; Gutierrez-Sibauty, Gloria (4 July 2022). \"Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation\". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 883151. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.883151. PMC 9289450. PMID 35860537.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9289450","url_text":"\"Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2022.883151","url_text":"10.3389/fpls.2022.883151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9289450","url_text":"9289450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35860537","url_text":"35860537"}]},{"reference":"Morelle, Rebecca (4 July 2022). \"Scientists discover new giant water lily species\". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Morelle","url_text":"Morelle, Rebecca"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61725827","url_text":"\"Scientists discover new giant water lily species\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nymphaeaceae Victoria Lindl\". Plant Name Details. International Plant Name Index. 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=28016-1","url_text":"\"Nymphaeaceae Victoria Lindl\""}]},{"reference":"Knotts, Kit. \"Victoria's History\". Victoria Adventure. Knotts. Retrieved 2012-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victoria-adventure.org/victoria/victoria_history.html","url_text":"\"Victoria's History\""}]},{"reference":"Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1861). \"Leaf\". The New American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. Vol. 10. New York: Appleton. p. 992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company","url_text":"Appleton"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/04/third-species-of-giant-waterlily-discovered-at-kew-gardens","external_links_name":"\"Third species of giant waterlily discovered at Kew Gardens\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM-Ilh2lHZk","external_links_name":"\"The Tyrant of the Deep | The Green Planet | BBC Earth\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9289450","external_links_name":"\"Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2022.883151","external_links_name":"10.3389/fpls.2022.883151"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9289450","external_links_name":"9289450"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35860537","external_links_name":"35860537"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61725827","external_links_name":"\"Scientists discover new giant water lily species\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=28016-1","external_links_name":"\"Nymphaeaceae Victoria Lindl\""},{"Link":"http://www.victoria-adventure.org/victoria/victoria_history.html","external_links_name":"\"Victoria's History\""},{"Link":"https://www.kew.org/plants/giant-waterlily","external_links_name":"Giant waterlily at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/86NZ","external_links_name":"86NZ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/47105685","external_links_name":"47105685"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1VIJG","external_links_name":"1VIJG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3234484","external_links_name":"3234484"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=12702","external_links_name":"12702"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/179032","external_links_name":"179032"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/77296000-1","external_links_name":"77296000-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1298447","external_links_name":"1298447"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=896687","external_links_name":"896687"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4420","external_links_name":"4420"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=10937","external_links_name":"10937"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=VICTO","external_links_name":"VICTO"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A28016-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28016-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40024133","external_links_name":"40024133"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000040238","external_links_name":"wfo-4000040238"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph779460&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Reichsarbeitsdienst
|
Ranks and insignia of the Reichsarbeitsdienst
|
["1 Rank structure","2 Rank insignia 1943-1945","3 Chevrons","4 Pay of Stammpersonal","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Cited literature","6 External links"]
|
RAD rank insignia etc. in the Nazi Party handbook Organisationsbuch der NSDAP, 1943
Ranks and insignia of the Reichsarbeitsdienst were paramilitary ranks used by the Reich Labour Service of Nazi Germany.
Rank structure
Troop ranks
Administrative ranks
Medical officers ranks
Female ranks
Equivalent Wehrmacht rank
Reichsarbeitsführer
-
-
-
Generalfeldmarschall
Generaloberstfeldmeister (1945)
-
-
-
Generaloberst
Generalfeldmeister (1945)
-
-
-
General der Waffengattung
Obergeneralarbeitsführer
-
-
-
Generalleutnant
Generalarbeitsführer
Generalarbeitsarzt
-
Generalmajor
Oberstarbeitsführer
Oberstamtswalter
Oberstarbeitsarzt
Maidenhauptstabsführerin
Oberst
Oberarbeitsführer
Oberstabsamtswalter
Oberarbeitsarzt
Maidenoberstabsführerin
Oberstleutnant
Arbeitsführer
Stabsamtswalter
Arbeitsarzt
Maidenstabsführerin
Major
Oberstfeldmeister
Hauptamtswalter
Arbeitsfeldarzt
Maidenhauptführerin
Hauptmann
Oberfeldmeister
Oberamtswalter
Arbeitslagerarzt
Maidenoberführerin
Oberleutnant
Feldmeister
Amtswalter
-
Maidenführerin
Leutnant
Haupttruppführer (1944)
-
-
-
Oberfeldwebel
Obertruppführer
-
Jungführerin
Feldwebel
Truppführer
-
Kameradschaftsführerin
Unteroffizier
Untertruppführer
-
-
-
Unteroffiziersanwärter
Hauptvormann
-
-
-
Stabsgefreiter
Obervormann
-
-
-
Obergefreiter
Vormann
-
-
-
Gefreiter
Arbeitsmann
-
-
Arbeitsmaid
Schütze
Rank insignia 1943-1945
Uniforms for Arbeitsführer, Oberfeldmeister, and Arbeitsmann of the RAD. Plate from Organisationsbuch der NSDAP, 1943
Collar insignia
Shoulder insignia
RAD rank
Translation
Heer equivalent
Reichsarbeitsführer
Reich labour leader
Generalfeldmarschall
Generaloberstfeldmeister
Colonel general field master
Generaloberst
Generalfeldmeister
General field master
General der Waffengattung
Obergeneralarbeitsführer
Senior general labour leader
Generalleutnant
Generalarbeitsführer
General labour leader
Generalmajor
Oberstarbeitsführer
Colonel labour leader
Oberst
Oberarbeitsführer
Senior labour leader
Oberstleutnant
Arbeitsführer
Labour leader
Major
Oberstfeldmeister
Colonel field master
Hauptmann
Oberfeldmeister
Senior field master
Oberleutnant
Feldmeister
Field master
Leutnant
Obertruppführer
Senior troop leader
Feldwebel
Truppführer
Troop leader
Unteroffizier
Untertruppführer
Junior troop leader
Unteroffiziersanwärter
Hauptvormann
Head foreman
Stabsgefreiter
Obervormann
Senior foreman
Obergefreiter
Vormann
Foreman
Gefreiter
Arbeitsmann
Working man
Soldat
Chevrons
Used in 1940
Obertruppführer
Truppführer
Untertruppführer
Hauptvormann
Obervormann
Vormann
Pay of Stammpersonal
Male - rank
Male - paygrade
Male - annual salary Reichsmark (RM)
Number of regular positions 1939
Female - rank
Female - paygrade
Female - annual salary(RM)
Wehrmacht equivalent
Reichsarbeitsführer
RADm 1
24 000
1
OF-10
Obergeneralarbeitsführer
RADm 2
18 000
1
OF-7
Generalarbeitsführer
RADm 3
14 000
19
OF-6
Oberstarbeitsführer
RADm 4
8400-12600
48
Maidenhauptstabsführerin
RADw 1
5500-9500
OF-5
Oberarbeitsführer
RADm 5
7000-9700
354
Maidenoberstabsführerin
RADw 2
4800-8400
OF-4
Arbeitsführer
RADm 6
5200-8400
882
Maidenstabsführerin
RADw 3
3800-5900
OF-3
Oberstfeldmeister
RADm 7
4800-7000
3 205
Maidenhauptführerin
RADw 4
2500-4250
OF-2
Oberfeldmeister
RADm 8a
3000-5300
3 669
Maidenoberführerin
RADw 5
2100-3100
OF-1
Feldmeister
RADm 8b
2400-4600
4 934
Maidenführerin
RADw 6
1440-2200
Unterfeldmeister
RADm 9
2350-3500
7 805
Maidenunterführerin
RADw 7
1200-1650
OR-9
Obertruppführer
RADm 11a
2000-2700
13 576
OR-6
Truppführer
RADm 11b
1140-1424,40
13 894
OR-5
Mean annual pay for an industrial worker was 1,459 Reichsmarks in 1939, and for a privately employed white-collar worker 2,772 Reichsmarks.
References
Notes
^ a b c Hansen 2004, p. 141-142.
^ Hansen 2004, p. 139, 175.
^ "Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) 1940 Fatigue Dress enlisted chevrons". GermanDaggers.com. 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ Hansen 2004, p. 174.
^ Hansen 2004, p. 196.
^ RGBl.1943 I p. 230.
^ Die Besoldung eines Soldaten der Wehrmacht Retrieved 2017-12-26
Cited literature
Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I, 1867-1945.
Hansen, Michael (2004). "Idealisten" und "gescheiterte Existenzen". Das Führerkorps des Reichsarbeitsdienstes (PDF) (in German). University of Trier.
vteRanks, uniforms and insignia of Nazi GermanyUniforms
Heer
Luftwaffe
Kriegsmarine
SS
SA
DJ
League of German Girls
Ranks and insignia
Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany
Wehrmacht
Heer
Luftwaffe
Kriegsmarine
Geheime Feldpolizei
Schutzstaffel
Waffen-SS
Allgemeine SS
(see also Esoteric insignia of the SS)
Paramilitary ranks
Nazi Party
SA
National Socialist Flyers Corps
German Air Sports Association
National Socialist Motor Corps
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German Red Cross
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Reich Security Main Office
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Administrative police
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RMBO
Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce
Speer
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Transportkorps
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Forstschutzkommando
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Collaborationist forces
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Norway
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Statspolitiet
Italy
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Italian Social Republic
Poland
Blue Police
Soviet Union
Armenian Legion
Byelorussian Home Defence
Russian Liberation Army
RONA
Trawniki
Yugoslavia
Einsatzstaffel
Independent State of Croatia
Russian Protective Corps in Serbia
Czechoslovakia
Slovak Republic
Vládní vojsko
Corps colours
Heer
Luftwaffe
Waffen-SS
SA
Decorations
Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany
Flags
Wehrmacht and Heer
Luftwaffe
Kriegsmarine
Blutfahne
External links
The German Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"Reich Labour Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Labour_Service"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"}],"text":"Ranks and insignia of the Reichsarbeitsdienst were paramilitary ranks used by the Reich Labour Service of Nazi Germany.","title":"Ranks and insignia of the Reichsarbeitsdienst"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rank structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organisationsbuc00nati_0_orig_0693_ORGANISATIONSBUCH_DER_NSDAP_1943_Tafel_66_Reichsarbeitsdienst_RAD_Uniform_Grosser_Dienstanzug_Arbeitsf%C3%BChrer_Kleiner_Gesellschafta._Oberstfeldmeister_Arbeitsmann_No_known_copyright_Cropped.jpg"}],"text":"Uniforms for Arbeitsführer, Oberfeldmeister, and Arbeitsmann of the RAD. Plate from Organisationsbuch der NSDAP, 1943","title":"Rank insignia 1943-1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAD-Obertruppfuhrer-patch.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAD-Truppfuhrer-patch.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAD-Untertruppfuhrer-patch.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAD-Hauptvormann-patch.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAD-Obervormann-patch.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAD-Vormann-patch.svg"}],"text":"Used in 1940[3]Obertruppführer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTruppführer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUntertruppführer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHauptvormann\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tObervormann\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVormann","title":"Chevrons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white-collar worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Besoldung-7"}],"text":"Mean annual pay for an industrial worker was 1,459 Reichsmarks in 1939, and for a privately employed white-collar worker 2,772 Reichsmarks.[7]","title":"Pay of Stammpersonal"}]
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[{"image_text":"RAD rank insignia etc. in the Nazi Party handbook Organisationsbuch der NSDAP, 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Organisationsbuc00nati_0_orig_0694_ORGANISATIONSBUCH_DER_NSDAP_1943_Tafel_67_Reichsarbeitsdienst_RAD_Uniform_Abzeichen_Dienstgradabzeichen_am_Drillichrock_etc._No_known_copyright_Cropped.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Uniforms for Arbeitsführer, Oberfeldmeister, and Arbeitsmann of the RAD. Plate from Organisationsbuch der NSDAP, 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Organisationsbuc00nati_0_orig_0693_ORGANISATIONSBUCH_DER_NSDAP_1943_Tafel_66_Reichsarbeitsdienst_RAD_Uniform_Grosser_Dienstanzug_Arbeitsf%C3%BChrer_Kleiner_Gesellschafta._Oberstfeldmeister_Arbeitsmann_No_known_copyright_Cropped.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) 1940 Fatigue Dress enlisted chevrons\". GermanDaggers.com. 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.germandaggers.com/Gallery/CT4W.php","url_text":"\"Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) 1940 Fatigue Dress enlisted chevrons\""}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Michael (2004). \"Idealisten\" und \"gescheiterte Existenzen\". Das Führerkorps des Reichsarbeitsdienstes [\"Idealists\" and \"failed existences\". The Leadership Corps of the Reich Labor Service] (PDF) (in German). University of Trier.","urls":[{"url":"https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/opus45-ubtr/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/141/file/MichaelHansenDiss.pdf","url_text":"\"Idealisten\" und \"gescheiterte Existenzen\". Das Führerkorps des Reichsarbeitsdienstes"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.germandaggers.com/Gallery/CT4W.php","external_links_name":"\"Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) 1940 Fatigue Dress enlisted chevrons\""},{"Link":"http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Soldat/Besoldung.htm","external_links_name":"Die Besoldung eines Soldaten der Wehrmacht"},{"Link":"https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/opus45-ubtr/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/141/file/MichaelHansenDiss.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Idealisten\" und \"gescheiterte Existenzen\". Das Führerkorps des Reichsarbeitsdienstes"},{"Link":"https://www.feldgrau.com/ww2-german-national-work-service-reichsarbeitsdienst/","external_links_name":"The German Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblivion_with_Bells
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Oblivion with Bells
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","2.1 Book of Jam – Video DVD [UWR-00017-5 (UK) and SOR0001 (US) only]","3 Release history","3.1 Appearances","3.2 Translation","4 Charts","5 References"]
|
"Boy, Boy, Boy" redirects here. Not to be confused with Boy or Boys Boys Boys.
2007 studio album by UnderworldOblivion with BellsStudio album by UnderworldReleased3 October 2007 (2007-10-03)Recorded2000–2007 at Abbey Road Studios, Lemonworld Studios, and around the worldGenreTechno, progressive house, ambient, downtempoLength58:12LabelDifferent Recordings, Traffic, Side One RecordingsProducerRick SmithUnderworld chronology
Live in Tokyo 25th November 2005(2005)
Oblivion with Bells(2007)
Barking(2010)
Singles from Oblivion with Bells
"Crocodile"Released: 12 September 2007
"Ring Road"Released: 6 July 2008
"Holding the Moth"Released: 7 December 2008
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic64/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAlternative PressNME8/10Pitchfork6.0/10QRecord CollectorRelease Magazine9/10Resident AdvisorSlant MagazineURB
Oblivion with Bells is the seventh studio album from Underworld, released on 3 October 2007 (2007-10-03) in Japan, 15 October 2007 (2007-10-15) in the EU and 16 October 2007 (2007-10-16) in the US. Due to the success of lead single "Crocodile" and the use of "To Heal" as a central theme in the film Sunshine, Oblivion with Bells has sold over 93,000 copies worldwide, as of 23 May 2008.
Critical reception
Oblivion with Bells received mostly positive reviews from most music critics. The album has a score of 64/100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews. AllMusic gave the album 3 out of 5 stars saying "The acid techno is firmly in place, with little or no regard for developments in the form after the '80s. Still, unlike other electronica mainstays who have occasionally revealed a little weariness – either from trying to change or trying to stay the same – Underworld never sound particularly tired on Oblivion with Bells". NME gave the album 8/10 saying that "Oblivion With Bells is less the comedown than the sound of the party still going 10 years on". Drowned in Sound gave the album 6/10 saying that "After an auspicious introduction Oblivion With Bells has disappointingly descended into an irreconcilable docile abyss".
Track listing
All songs by Karl Hyde and Rick Smith.
No.TitleLength1."Crocodile"6:322."Beautiful Burnout"8:113."Holding the Moth"5:314."To Heal"2:385."Ring Road"4:336."Glam Bucket"5:487."Boy, Boy, Boy"6:078."Cuddle Bunny vs The Celtic Villages"2:249."Faxed Invitation"4:4610."Good Morning Cockerel"2:3011."Best Mamgu Ever"9:12
Additional track on the Japanese release (Traffic, TRCP10):
"Loads of Birds" – 5:30
Book of Jam – Video DVD
Crocodile (video) – 3:57
Tokyo Makuhari (slideshow with "Boy, Boy, Boy") – 1:32
Metal Friend (video) – 1:37
Abbey Road Recording Session (slideshow with "Globe") – 1:31
Good Morning Cockerel (video) – 2:31
Rez Live (video) – 9:28
Art Jam (slideshow with "Faxed Invitation") – 1:46
Release history
Country
Release date
Japan
3 October 2007 (2007-10-03)
Europe
15 October 2007 (2007-10-15)
United States
16 October 2007 (2007-10-16)
Appearances
To Heal appears as part of the score for the movie Sunshine. Glam Bucket and To Heal both appear in the video game Need For Speed Undercover.
Translation
The word "mamgu " (pronounced "mam-ghee" ) from the track "Best Mamgu Ever" is the Welsh word for grandmother
Charts
Chart (2007)
Peakposition
Belgian Albums Chart
27
Dutch Albums Chart
15
French Albums Chart
134
German Albums Chart
76
Japanese Albums Chart
6
UK Albums Chart
45
US Billboard 200
169
US Billboard Electronic Albums
1
US Billboard Independent Albums
18
References
^ "Oblivion With Bells Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ Oblivion with Bells at AllMusic
^ Their eighth album, Oblivion With Bells, showcases a more refined approach.
^ "NME Album Reviews – Underworld: 'Oblivion With Bells'". NME. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ Archived 8 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Expansive opener, 'Crocidile' finds them locked into the pulsing techno groove that made 'Born Slippy' so maddeningly addictive.
^ "UNDERWORLD – OBLIVION WITH BELLS". Record Collector.
^ "Underworld: Oblivion with Bells – Release Music Magazine review". Releasemagazine.net. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ "RA Reviews: Underworld – Oblivion With Bells (Album)". Residentadvisor.net. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ "Underworld: Oblivion with Bells | Music Review". Slant Magazine. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ "Underworld – Oblivion with Bells | URB". Archived from the original on 6 May 2013.
^ Manning, Kara (8 October 2007). "Underworld Release New 'Physical' Album Along With Internet Offerings – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ "ultratop.be – Underworld – Oblivion With Bells". ultratop.be. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
^ "Underworld – Second Toughest In The Infants". dutchcharts.nl. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Steffen Hung. "lescharts.com – Underworld – Beaucoup Fish". lescharts.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
^ "Die ganze Musik im Internet: Charts, Neuerscheinungen, Tickets, Genres, Genresuche, Genrelexikon, Künstler-Suche, Musik-Suche, Track-Suche, Ticket-Suche – musicline.de". musicline.de. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
^ Underworld discography
^ "UNDERWORLD | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
^ a b c "Artist Search for "underworld" | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
vteUnderworld
Karl Hyde
Rick Smith
Baz Allen
Bryn Burrows
Pascal Consoli
Darren Emerson
Darren Price
Alfie Thomas
Studio albums
Underneath the Radar
Change the Weather
Dubnobasswithmyheadman
Second Toughest in the Infants
Beaucoup Fish
A Hundred Days Off
Oblivion with Bells
Barking
Barbara Barbara, We Face a Shining Future
Drift Series 1
Live albums
Everything, Everything
Live in Tokyo
Live Here Now series
Compilations
1992–2002
The Bells the Bells
1992–2012 The Anthology
A Collection
Digital projects
Riverrun
Drift
Soundtracks
Breaking and Entering
Sunshine
Frankenstein
Isles of Wonder
Singles and EPs
"Underneath the Radar"
"Stand Up"
"Mmm…Skyscraper I Love You"
"Rez"
"Spikee"
"Dark & Long"
"Cowgirl"
"Dirty Epic"
"Born Slippy"
"Rowla"
"Pearl's Girl"
"Born Slippy Nuxx"
"Juanita"
"Moaner"
"Push Upstairs"
"Jumbo"
"King of Snake"
"Bruce Lee"
Beaucoup Fish Singles
"Cowgirl (Live)"
"Two Months Off"
"Dinosaur Adventure 3D"
"Born Slippy .NUXX 2003"
"Crocodile"
"Scribble"
"The First Note Is Silent"
"Caliban's Dream"
Teatime Dub Encounters
Other songs
"And I Will Kiss"
Videography
Everything, Everything
Book of Jam – Video
The Bells the Bells
Barking – The Films
Drift Series 1 – The Films
Related articles
Underworld Discography
Freur
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Boys Boys Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Boys_Boys_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_(2007_film)"}],"text":"\"Boy, Boy, Boy\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Boy or Boys Boys Boys.2007 studio album by UnderworldOblivion with Bells is the seventh studio album from Underworld, released on 3 October 2007 (2007-10-03) in Japan, 15 October 2007 (2007-10-15) in the EU and 16 October 2007 (2007-10-16) in the US. Due to the success of lead single \"Crocodile\" and the use of \"To Heal\" as a central theme in the film Sunshine, Oblivion with Bells has sold over 93,000 copies worldwide, as of 23 May 2008.","title":"Oblivion with Bells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Drowned in Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound"}],"text":"Oblivion with Bells received mostly positive reviews from most music critics. The album has a score of 64/100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews. AllMusic gave the album 3 out of 5 stars saying \"The acid techno is firmly in place, with little or no regard for developments in the form after the '80s. Still, unlike other electronica mainstays who have occasionally revealed a little weariness – either from trying to change or trying to stay the same – Underworld never sound particularly tired on Oblivion with Bells\". NME gave the album 8/10 saying that \"Oblivion With Bells is less the comedown than the sound of the party still going 10 years on\". Drowned in Sound gave the album 6/10 saying that \"After an auspicious introduction Oblivion With Bells has disappointingly descended into an irreconcilable docile abyss\".","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Rick Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Smith_(Underworld)"},{"link_name":"Crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Road_(song)"}],"text":"All songs by Karl Hyde and Rick Smith.No.TitleLength1.\"Crocodile\"6:322.\"Beautiful Burnout\"8:113.\"Holding the Moth\"5:314.\"To Heal\"2:385.\"Ring Road\"4:336.\"Glam Bucket\"5:487.\"Boy, Boy, Boy\"6:078.\"Cuddle Bunny vs The Celtic Villages\"2:249.\"Faxed Invitation\"4:4610.\"Good Morning Cockerel\"2:3011.\"Best Mamgu Ever\"9:12Additional track on the Japanese release (Traffic, TRCP10):\"Loads of Birds\" – 5:30","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Book of Jam – Video DVD [UWR-00017-5 (UK) and SOR0001 (US) only]","text":"Crocodile (video) – 3:57\nTokyo Makuhari (slideshow with \"Boy, Boy, Boy\") – 1:32\nMetal Friend (video) – 1:37\nAbbey Road Recording Session (slideshow with \"Globe\") – 1:31\nGood Morning Cockerel (video) – 2:31\nRez Live (video) – 9:28\nArt Jam (slideshow with \"Faxed Invitation\") – 1:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Need For Speed Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed_Undercover"}],"sub_title":"Appearances","text":"To Heal appears as part of the score for the movie Sunshine. Glam Bucket and To Heal both appear in the video game Need For Speed Undercover.","title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Translation","text":"The word \"mamgu \" (pronounced \"mam-ghee\" ) from the track \"Best Mamgu Ever\" is the Welsh word for grandmother[12]","title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Oblivion With Bells Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic\". Metacritic. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/oblivion-with-bells","url_text":"\"Oblivion With Bells Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic\""}]},{"reference":"\"NME Album Reviews – Underworld: 'Oblivion With Bells'\". NME. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/9086","url_text":"\"NME Album Reviews – Underworld: 'Oblivion With Bells'\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNDERWORLD – OBLIVION WITH BELLS\". Record Collector.","urls":[{"url":"https://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/oblivion-with-bells","url_text":"\"UNDERWORLD – OBLIVION WITH BELLS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Collector","url_text":"Record Collector"}]},{"reference":"\"Underworld: Oblivion with Bells – Release Music Magazine review\". Releasemagazine.net. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.releasemagazine.net/Onrecord/orunderworldowb.htm","url_text":"\"Underworld: Oblivion with Bells – Release Music Magazine review\""}]},{"reference":"\"RA Reviews: Underworld – Oblivion With Bells (Album)\". Residentadvisor.net. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.residentadvisor.net/review-view.aspx?id=4824","url_text":"\"RA Reviews: Underworld – Oblivion With Bells (Album)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Underworld: Oblivion with Bells | Music Review\". Slant Magazine. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/underworld-oblivion-with-bells/1202","url_text":"\"Underworld: Oblivion with Bells | Music Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Underworld – Oblivion with Bells | URB\". Archived from the original on 6 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130506201611/http://www.urb.com/2007/10/15/underworld-oblivion-with-bells/","url_text":"\"Underworld – Oblivion with Bells | URB\""},{"url":"http://www.urb.com/2007/10/15/underworld-oblivion-with-bells/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Kara (8 October 2007). \"Underworld Release New 'Physical' Album Along With Internet Offerings – Music, Celebrity, Artist News\". MTV. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571402/20071008/underworld.jhtml","url_text":"\"Underworld Release New 'Physical' Album Along With Internet Offerings – Music, Celebrity, Artist News\""}]},{"reference":"\"ultratop.be – Underworld – Oblivion With Bells\". ultratop.be. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/1154e/Underworld-Oblivion-With-Bells","url_text":"\"ultratop.be – Underworld – Oblivion With Bells\""}]},{"reference":"\"Underworld – Second Toughest In The Infants\". dutchcharts.nl. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311023132/http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Underworld&titel=Second+Toughest+In+The+Infants&cat=a","url_text":"\"Underworld – Second Toughest In The Infants\""},{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret%3DUnderworld%26titel%3DSecond+Toughest+In+The+Infants%26cat%3Da","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steffen Hung. \"lescharts.com – Underworld – Beaucoup Fish\". lescharts.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Underworld&titel=Beaucoup+Fish&cat=a","url_text":"\"lescharts.com – Underworld – Beaucoup Fish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die ganze Musik im Internet: Charts, Neuerscheinungen, Tickets, Genres, Genresuche, Genrelexikon, Künstler-Suche, Musik-Suche, Track-Suche, Ticket-Suche – musicline.de\". musicline.de. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401213636/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Underworld/?type=longplay","url_text":"\"Die ganze Musik im Internet: Charts, Neuerscheinungen, Tickets, Genres, Genresuche, Genrelexikon, Künstler-Suche, Musik-Suche, Track-Suche, Ticket-Suche – musicline.de\""},{"url":"http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Underworld/?type=longplay","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UNDERWORLD | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/underworld/","url_text":"\"UNDERWORLD | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Search for \"underworld\" | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/underworld-mn0000807949/awards","url_text":"\"Artist Search for \"underworld\" | AllMusic\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Erle_Collins
|
William Erle Collins
|
["1 Awards","2 References"]
|
American parasitologist
William Erle "Bill" Collins (9 July 1929 – 28 September 2013) was an American parasitologist.
Collins grew up in Lansing, Michigan, where he graduated from high school. He received his B.S. and M.Sc. in entomology from Michigan State University and then completed his Ph.D. in 1954 at Rutgers University in two years. After being drafted into the U.S. Army, he did his military service at the U.S. Army Biological Warfare laboratories at Fort Detrick. While stationed there, he married Janet Johnson in July 1956. After leaving the Army he worked at Rutgers University as an extension entomologist. In 1959 he was employed by the U.S. Public Health Service at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in Columbia, South Carolina.
In 1963, the Public Health Service laboratory moved to Atlanta and Dr. Collins' group began working with non-human primates following the discovery that monkey malarias were transmissible to humans. Parasites from monkeys or apes isolated in Asia, South America, and Africa were sent to the laboratory in Chamblee, Georgia, where they were adapted and transmitted to laboratory-maintained primates and their life cycles described and characterized. Transmissions to human volunteers were also attempted.
In 1973 the laboratory operation headed by Collins was transferred to the operational control of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the research emphasis changed from monkey malarial parasites in monkeys to human malarial parasites in monkeys.
Collins did research with many species of malaria parasites, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. simium. ... The scientific community recognized Collins' intensive work in this field naming a subspecies for him, Plasmodium vivax collinsi. He also has a new species of a great ape malaria parasite named after him, Plasmodium billcollinsi.
Collins was infected twice with Plasmodium during his years of laboratory work. He was the author or coauthor of more than 450 scientific publications.
Upon his death he was survived by his widow, two children, and two grandchildren.
Awards
1985 — Joseph Augustin LePrince Medal from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)
2001 — William C. Watson, Jr. Medal of Excellence from CDC
2001 — Harry Hoogstraal Medal from the ASTMH, recognizing lifelong service to medical entomology
2012 — Henrique Aragão Medal at the XVIII International Congress of Tropical Medicine and Malaria
References
^ a b c Shaw, Michelle E. (1 October 2013). "William E. "Bill" Collins, 84: Studied, worked on vaccines for malaria". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
^ a b c d Collins, W. E. (October 2009). "Interview with the Expert: William E. Collins, Ph.D. (interview by Vicki Glaser)". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 9 (5): 569–72. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.1500.int. PMID 19835479.
^ a b c d e f g h "-collins,-phd "In Memoriam: William E. "Bill" Collins, PhD". Inside ASTMH (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene). October 2013; with information contributed by John Barnwell, Beatie Divine, Laurence Slutsker, Rick Steketee, and Pete Zimmerman{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
This article about a biologist from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-1"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaser-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaser-2"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases"},{"link_name":"Columbia, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"},{"link_name":"Chamblee, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamblee,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaser-2"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaser-2"},{"link_name":"Plasmodium falciparum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum"},{"link_name":"P. vivax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax"},{"link_name":"P. simium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Plasmodium_species_infecting_primates"},{"link_name":"Plasmodium billcollinsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_billcollinsi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-1"}],"text":"William Erle \"Bill\" Collins (9 July 1929 – 28 September 2013) was an American parasitologist.Collins grew up in Lansing, Michigan, where he graduated from high school.[1] He received his B.S. and M.Sc. in entomology from Michigan State University and then completed his Ph.D. in 1954 at Rutgers University in two years.[2] After being drafted into the U.S. Army, he did his military service at the U.S. Army Biological Warfare laboratories at Fort Detrick. While stationed there, he married Janet Johnson in July 1956.[3] After leaving the Army he worked at Rutgers University as an extension entomologist.[2] In 1959 he was employed by the U.S. Public Health Service at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in Columbia, South Carolina.[3]In 1963, the Public Health Service laboratory moved to Atlanta and Dr. Collins' group began working with non-human primates following the discovery that monkey malarias were transmissible to humans. Parasites from monkeys or apes isolated in Asia, South America, and Africa were sent to the laboratory in Chamblee, Georgia, where they were adapted and transmitted to laboratory-maintained primates and their life cycles described and characterized. Transmissions to human volunteers were also attempted.[2]In 1973 the laboratory operation headed by Collins was transferred to the operational control of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the research emphasis changed from monkey malarial parasites in monkeys to human malarial parasites in monkeys.[2]Collins did research with many species of malaria parasites, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. simium. ... The scientific community recognized Collins' intensive work in this field naming a subspecies for him, Plasmodium vivax collinsi. He also has a new species of a great ape malaria parasite named after him, Plasmodium billcollinsi.[3]Collins was infected twice with Plasmodium during his years of laboratory work.[1] He was the author or coauthor of more than 450 scientific publications.[3]Upon his death he was survived by his widow, two children, and two grandchildren.[1]","title":"William Erle Collins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Tropical_Medicine_and_Hygiene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTMH-3"}],"text":"1985 — Joseph Augustin LePrince Medal from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)[3]\n2001 — William C. Watson, Jr. Medal of Excellence from CDC[3]\n2001 — Harry Hoogstraal Medal from the ASTMH, recognizing lifelong service to medical entomology[3]\n2012 — Henrique Aragão Medal at the XVIII International Congress of Tropical Medicine and Malaria[3]","title":"Awards"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdies_River
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Curdies River
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["1 Location and features","2 Environmental issues","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°36′19″S 142°52′54″E / 38.60528°S 142.88167°E / -38.60528; 142.88167Perennial river in Victoria, Australia
CurdiesLocation of the Curdies River mouth in VictoriaLocationCountryAustraliaStateVictoriaRegionSouth East Coastal Plain (IBRA), The OtwaysLocal government areaCorangamite ShirePhysical characteristicsSourceOtway Ranges • locationTandarook • coordinates38°19′17″S 143°6′38″E / 38.32139°S 143.11056°E / -38.32139; 143.11056 • elevation92 m (302 ft)
MouthGreat Australian Bight • locationCurdies Inlet, Peterborough • coordinates38°36′19″S 142°52′54″E / 38.60528°S 142.88167°E / -38.60528; 142.88167 • elevation0 m (0 ft)Length66 km (41 mi)Basin featuresRiver systemCorangamite catchmentTributaries • leftBurnip Creek, Power Creek, Fenton Creek, Scotts Creek (Victoria), Spring Creek (Victoria) • rightAbecketts CreekNational parkPort Campbell National Park
The Curdies River is a perennial river of the Corangamite catchment, located in the Otways region of the Australian state of Victoria.
Location and features
Curdies River rises below the settlement of Tandarook in southwest Victoria, east of the settlement of Cobden and flows generally south by west, joined by six minor tributaries, before reaching its river mouth in the Port Campbell National Park and emptying into the Great Australian Bight at Curdies Inlet, at the settlement of Peterborough. From its highest point, the Curdies River descends 92 metres (302 ft) over its 66-kilometre (41 mi) course.
Curdies Inlet, when full, covers an area of around 280 hectares and is located near the mouth of the Curdies River. Reasonable fishing and birdwatching can be enjoyed in the inlet.
The mouth is periodically blocked by sand. Sometimes, in order to avoid flooding around Peterborough, it has to be opened by excavation.
The river was named after the first doctor in Cobden, Daniel Curdie.
Environmental issues
In April 2022, a blue-green algae outbreak started in the river. Some parts of the river turned green and emitted a strong putrid smell. Dead fish and cattle were found dead and floating in the river.
EPA Victoria investigated 25 dairy farms situated within the catchment of the River. Two of the 25 inspected farms were not taking care of their effluent properly.
The algae outbreak was due to the fact that the majority of the nutrients remained and built up at the bottom of the river after entering it between July and October and being stimulated by the warmth and sunlight of the summer.
See also
Australia portal
List of rivers of Victoria
Environment of Australia
References
^ "Curdies River: 2153". Vicnames. Government of Victoria. 2 May 1966. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^ a b "Map of Curdies River, VIC". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^ Hynes, Steve (5 August 2013). "Rising Curdies River drama at Peterborough". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
^ "Tonnes of dead fish due to algal bloom choke Curdies River and the hopes of future fishers". ABC News. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
^ "This river has been toxic for months. Now this group is devising a plan, but will it be too late?". ABC News. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
^ "No 'quick fixes' for sick river". The Standard. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
External links
"Great Otway National Park". Parks Victoria. Government of Victoria. 2014.
"Corangamite Catchment Management Authority". Government of Victoria. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.
vteWaterways of the Corangamite catchment, Victoria, AustraliaRivers
Aire
Anglesea
Barham
Barwon
Calder
Carlisle
Cumberland
Curdies
Elliott
Erskine
Ford
Geary
Gellibrand
Grey
Johanna
Kennet
Leigh
Little Aire
Moorabool
Parker
St George
Sherbrook
Woady Yaloak
Wye
Yarrowee
Creeks
Barongarook
Black Glen
Boundary
Bruce
Carisbrook
Chapple
Cooriemungle
Cowies
Dean
Dewing
Distillery
Ferrers
Gnarkeet Chain Of Ponds
Gum Gully
Hovell
Kennedys
Kuruc-A-Ruc
Lal Lal
Lardner
Little Woady Yallock
Love
Mia Mia
Moggs
Mundy Gully
Naringhil
Native Hut
Painkalac
Penny Royal
Pirron Yallock
Port Campbell
Retreat
Salt (Corangamite)
Salt (Surf Coast)
Sandy (Colac Otway)
Scotts
Scrubby
Skenes
Smythes
Spring (Moorabool)
Spring (Surf Coast)
Spring Gully
Stoney
Sutherland
Thompson (Surf Coast)
Warrambine
Waurn Ponds
Wild Dog
Williamson
Winter
Woodbourne
Lakes
Lake Colac
Lake Connewarre
Lake Corangamite
Lake Gnarpurt
Lal Lal Reservoir
Lake Martin
Moorabool Reservoir
Lake Murdeduke
Lake Purrumbete
Reedy Lake
Lake Victoria (Geelong)
Rivers of Victoria
Lakes of Victoria
Corangamite catchment
vteRivers of VictoriaRivers that flow towards the coastTasman Sea / Bass StraitEast Gippsland catchment
Ada (East Gippsland)
Arte
Back
Lake Barracoota
Bemm
Bendoc
Benedore
Berrima
Betka
Big (Brodribb)
Bonang
Brodribb
Buchan
Cann
Cann River East
Combienbar
Lake Corringle
Crooked
Lake Curlip
Dargo
Deddick
Delegate
Dry
Errinundra
Genoa
Gippsland Lakes
Lake King
Lake Victoria (East Gippsland)
Goolengook
Hartland
Humffray
Ingeegoodbee
Jack (East Gippsland)
Little (Moroka)
Little (Snowy River NP)
Little (Sydenham Inlet)
Little (Tambo)
Little Arte
Little Dargo
Little Goolengook
Little Yalmy
McKenzie
Mitchell
Moroka
Mueller
Murrindal
Nicholson
Queensborough
Red
Rich
Rocky
Rodger
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Snowy
Suggan Buggan
Tambo
Thurra
Timbarra
Lake Tyers
Wallagaraugh
Wentworth
Wingan
Wongungarra
Wonnangatta
Yalmy
Yeerung
West Gippsland catchment
Aberfeldy
Ada (Baw Baw)
Agnes
Albert
Avon (Wellington)
Barkly
Caledonia
Carey
Darby
Dolodrook
Franklin
Gippsland Lakes
Lake Coleman
Lake Reeve
Lake Wellington
Lake Glenmaggie
Jack (Wellington)
Jordan
Latrobe
Little (Avon)
Little Toorongo
Loch
Macalister
Moe
Morwell
Perry
Powlett
Tanjil
Tarra
Tarwin
Thomson
Thomson Reservoir
Tidal
Toorongo
Turton
Tyers
Wellington
Melbourne Water catchment
Bass
Bunyip
Dandenong
Don
Lang Lang
Lerderderg
Little (Greater Geelong)
Little Bass
Little Lang Lang
Little Yarra
Maribyrnong
O'Shannassy
Patterson
Plenty
Tarago
The Old
Watts
Werribee
Yarra
Corangamite catchment
Aire
Anglesea
Barham
Barwon
Calder
Carlisle
Lake Connewarre
Lake Corangamite
Cumberland
Curdies
Elliott
Erskine
Ford
Geary
Gellibrand
Grey
Johanna
Kennet
Leigh
Little Aire
Lake Martin
Moorabool
Parker
St George
Sherbrook
Woady Yaloak
Wye
Yarrowee
Great Australian BightGlenelg Hopkins catchment
Lake Bolac
Lake Burrumbeet
Chetwynd
Crawford
Dundas
Eumeralla
Fitzroy
Glenelg
Hopkins
Merri
Moyne
Shaw
Stokes
Surrey
Wando
Wannon
Rivers of the Murray–Darling basinNorth–East catchment
Big (Mitta Mitta)
Buckland
Buffalo
Bundara
Catherine
Cobungra
Dandongadale
Dart
Lake Dartmouth
Gibbo
Lake Hume
Kiewa
King
Mitta Mitta
Murray
Ovens
Rose
Victoria
Goulburn Broken catchment
Acheron
Big (Goulburn)
Black
Broken
Delatite
Lake Eildon
Goulburn
Goulburn Weir
Howqua
Jamieson
Little (Cathedral Range)
Little Rubicon
Murray
Murrindindi
Royston
Rubicon
Steavenson
Taggerty
Taponga
Torbreck
Yea
North–Central catchment
Avoca
Campaspe
Cairn Curran Reservoir
Coliban
Lake Eppalock
Laanecoorie Reservoir
Little Coliban
Little Murray
Loddon
Murray
Mallee catchment
Lindsay
Murray
Rivers that drain inlandNorth–Central catchment
Avon (Grampians)
Lake Buloke
Richardson
Wimmera catchment
Lake Albacutya
Lake Hindmarsh
MacKenzie
Wimmera
This article about a location in Barwon South West (region) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in Victoria (state) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"List of rivers of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia#Vicotira"},{"title":"Environment of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Australia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Curdies River: 2153\". Vicnames. Government of Victoria. 2 May 1966. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140603081329/https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=2153","url_text":"\"Curdies River: 2153\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)","url_text":"Government of Victoria"},{"url":"https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=2153","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of Curdies River, VIC\". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=206348&cmd=sp","url_text":"\"Map of Curdies River, VIC\""}]},{"reference":"Hynes, Steve (5 August 2013). \"Rising Curdies River drama at Peterborough\". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.net.au/story/1682469/rising-curdies-river-drama-at-peterborough/","url_text":"\"Rising Curdies River drama at Peterborough\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200322110925/https://www.standard.net.au/story/1682469/rising-curdies-river-drama-at-peterborough/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tonnes of dead fish due to algal bloom choke Curdies River and the hopes of future fishers\". ABC News. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-07/curdies-river-fish-kill-blue-green-algae-bloom/100969976","url_text":"\"Tonnes of dead fish due to algal bloom choke Curdies River and the hopes of future fishers\""}]},{"reference":"\"This river has been toxic for months. Now this group is devising a plan, but will it be too late?\". ABC News. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-11/curdies-river-victoria-consultative-meeting-blue-green-algae/101318594","url_text":"\"This river has been toxic for months. Now this group is devising a plan, but will it be too late?\""}]},{"reference":"\"No 'quick fixes' for sick river\". The Standard. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.net.au/story/7936525/no-quick-fixes-for-sick-river/","url_text":"\"No 'quick fixes' for sick river\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Otway National Park\". Parks Victoria. Government of Victoria. 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/explore/parks/great-otway-national-park","url_text":"\"Great Otway National Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Victoria","url_text":"Parks Victoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)","url_text":"Government of Victoria"}]},{"reference":"\"Corangamite Catchment Management Authority\". Government of Victoria. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222853/http://www.ccma.vic.gov.au/Home.aspx","url_text":"\"Corangamite Catchment Management Authority\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)","url_text":"Government of Victoria"},{"url":"http://www.ccma.vic.gov.au/Home.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Curdies_River¶ms=38_36_19_S_142_52_54_E_type:river","external_links_name":"38°36′19″S 142°52′54″E / 38.60528°S 142.88167°E / -38.60528; 142.88167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Curdies_River¶ms=38_19_17_S_143_6_38_E_","external_links_name":"38°19′17″S 143°6′38″E / 38.32139°S 143.11056°E / -38.32139; 143.11056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Curdies_River¶ms=38_36_19_S_142_52_54_E_type:river","external_links_name":"38°36′19″S 142°52′54″E / 38.60528°S 142.88167°E / -38.60528; 142.88167"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140603081329/https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=2153","external_links_name":"\"Curdies River: 2153\""},{"Link":"https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=2153","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=206348&cmd=sp","external_links_name":"\"Map of Curdies River, VIC\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.net.au/story/1682469/rising-curdies-river-drama-at-peterborough/","external_links_name":"\"Rising Curdies River drama at Peterborough\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200322110925/https://www.standard.net.au/story/1682469/rising-curdies-river-drama-at-peterborough/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-07/curdies-river-fish-kill-blue-green-algae-bloom/100969976","external_links_name":"\"Tonnes of dead fish due to algal bloom choke Curdies River and the hopes of future fishers\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-11/curdies-river-victoria-consultative-meeting-blue-green-algae/101318594","external_links_name":"\"This river has been toxic for months. Now this group is devising a plan, but will it be too late?\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.net.au/story/7936525/no-quick-fixes-for-sick-river/","external_links_name":"\"No 'quick fixes' for sick river\""},{"Link":"http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/explore/parks/great-otway-national-park","external_links_name":"\"Great Otway National Park\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222853/http://www.ccma.vic.gov.au/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Corangamite Catchment Management Authority\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccma.vic.gov.au/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curdies_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curdies_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver_Music
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Revolver Music
|
["1 History","2 FM Records","3 Heavy Metal Records","4 References","5 External links"]
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Record label
Not to be confused with Revolver Records.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Revolver Music" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Revolver Music was a British record label. It was created by Paul Birch in 1979 as a guitar music label. Its sister labels are FM Records and Heavy Metal Records.
History
Revolver is best known for signing the Manchester band, The Stone Roses, who released the "Sally Cinnamon" EP with Revolver under the Black Records imprint prior to reneging on their contract and moving to Silvertone (part of the Zomba Group). The Black Records label was a division of FM-Revolver that was initially created as an indie imprint to promote The Stone Roses, and later used for releases by Crazyhead, The Pleasureheads and The Wild Flowers amongst others.
Revolver also signed artists such as UK Subs and The Vibrators, also releasing the first eponymous album by Jane's Addiction in the UK.
Other artists released on Revolver include:
Ausgang
Bruce Cockburn
Be-Bop Deluxe
Karen Lawrence
The Plasmatics
Francis X and the Bushmen
Jayne County (aka Wayne County
Tyla (From Dogs D'Amour)
Peat Moss
54-40
Vain
Tonic
Norman Connors
Rose Royce
Biomechanical
Babe Ruth Band
Madisuns
The OneThree (Alex Lusty and Boz Boorer)
Greenhaus
Elucidate
Revolver is distributed by Music Video Distributors in the US and Canada, Plastic Head Distribution throughout the UK and Europe, and Victor Entertainment in Japan.
FM Records
FM Records and Revolver Records were two labels in common ownership that came together to form FM Revolver (also FM-Revolver Records) in the 1980s. The FM label presented itself as FM Records, FM Coast to Coast, FM Dance and FM Revolver.
The label was distributed by BMG Ariola Munich and in the UK by BMG until 1991, from 1991 to 2000 by Sony Music Entertainment, from 2000 to 2009 by Universal Music Group and 2009 onwards by Plastic Head. The FM Label is best known for signing rock acts like Magnum which it established with the 1985 release "On a Storyteller's Night". It released several back catalogue albums belonging to the Jet Records label under license, the compilation album "Mirador" and box set "Foundation".
Other FM artists included Adam Bomb, Asia, Atom Seed, Babe Ruth, Cloven Hoof, Dark Star, Jack Green, James Young, King Kobra, Lisa Dominique, The Macc Lads, Marino, Multi-story, Pet Hate, Rough Trade, Sofia Rotaru, Steve Gaines, Tobruk, Torino, Tradia, UFO, White Sister and Wrathchild. Stone Roses, Its Jazz releases notably include Alvin Davis; other signings include Sister Sledge, Cecilia Ray and Val Grant to its FM Dance imprint.
FM Records today continues under the Revolver label.
Heavy Metal Records
Heavy Metal Records is the sister label to Revolver Records. Starting out in 1978, Heavy Metal Records came before Revolver. Revolver Records only came about due to HMR's success, where the label wanted to branch out and explore diverse types of guitar music.
HMR has operated-under the following labels: Heavy Metal Records, Heavy Metal America, Heavy Metal Worldwide.
References
^ NME - 17 March 1990. Pdmcauley.co.uk (1990-03-17). Retrieved on 2012-05-28.
^ "Record label photograph - The Stone Roses: "Sally Cinnammon"". John-squire.com. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
^ Entertainment and Leisure. Gazettelive.co.uk (2009-08-11). Retrieved on 2012-05-28.
External links
FM Revolver
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
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Its sister labels are FM Records and Heavy Metal Records.","title":"Revolver Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"The Stone Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Roses"},{"link_name":"Sally Cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Cinnamon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Crazyhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazyhead"},{"link_name":"The Pleasureheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pleasureheads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Wild Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Flowers"},{"link_name":"UK Subs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Subs"},{"link_name":"The Vibrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vibrators"},{"link_name":"Jane's Addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Addiction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ausgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausgang"},{"link_name":"Bruce Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"Be-Bop Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be-Bop_Deluxe"},{"link_name":"Karen Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Lawrence_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"The Plasmatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plasmatics"},{"link_name":"Francis X and the Bushmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_X_and_the_Bushmen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jayne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_County"},{"link_name":"Wayne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County_%26_the_Electric_Chairs"},{"link_name":"Dogs D'Amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogs_D%27Amour"},{"link_name":"Peat Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_Moss"},{"link_name":"54-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54-40_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Norman Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Connors"},{"link_name":"Rose Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Royce"},{"link_name":"Biomechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanical_(band)"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth_(band)"},{"link_name":"Madisuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madisuns&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alex Lusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Lusty"},{"link_name":"Boz Boorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boz_Boorer"},{"link_name":"Music Video Distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_Video_Distributors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plastic Head Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastic_Head_Distribution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Victor Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Entertainment"}],"text":"Revolver is best known for signing the Manchester band, The Stone Roses, who released the \"Sally Cinnamon\" EP with Revolver under the Black Records imprint prior to reneging on their contract and moving to Silvertone (part of the Zomba Group).[1][2] The Black Records label was a division of FM-Revolver that was initially created as an indie imprint to promote The Stone Roses, and later used for releases by Crazyhead, The Pleasureheads and The Wild Flowers amongst others.Revolver also signed artists such as UK Subs and The Vibrators, also releasing the first eponymous album by Jane's Addiction in the UK.[3]Other artists released on Revolver include:Ausgang\nBruce Cockburn\nBe-Bop Deluxe\nKaren Lawrence\nThe Plasmatics\nFrancis X and the Bushmen\nJayne County (aka Wayne County\nTyla (From Dogs D'Amour)\nPeat Moss\n54-40\nVain\nTonic\nNorman Connors\nRose Royce\nBiomechanical\nBabe Ruth Band\nMadisuns\nThe OneThree (Alex Lusty and Boz Boorer)\nGreenhaus\nElucidateRevolver is distributed by Music Video Distributors in the US and Canada, Plastic Head Distribution throughout the UK and Europe, and Victor Entertainment in Japan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jet Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Records"},{"link_name":"Mirador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirador_(Magnum_album)"},{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(box_set)"},{"link_name":"Adam Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bomb_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(band)"},{"link_name":"Atom Seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_Seed"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cloven Hoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloven_Hoof_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jack Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Green_(musician)"},{"link_name":"James Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"King Kobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kobra"},{"link_name":"The Macc Lads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Macc_Lads"},{"link_name":"Pet Hate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Hate"},{"link_name":"Rough Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sofia Rotaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Rotaru"},{"link_name":"Steve Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gaines"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_(band)"},{"link_name":"White Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sister_(band)"},{"link_name":"Wrathchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrathchild"},{"link_name":"Sister Sledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Sledge"}],"text":"FM Records and Revolver Records were two labels in common ownership that came together to form FM Revolver (also FM-Revolver Records) in the 1980s. The FM label presented itself as FM Records, FM Coast to Coast, FM Dance and FM Revolver.The label was distributed by BMG Ariola Munich and in the UK by BMG until 1991, from 1991 to 2000 by Sony Music Entertainment, from 2000 to 2009 by Universal Music Group and 2009 onwards by Plastic Head. The FM Label is best known for signing rock acts like Magnum which it established with the 1985 release \"On a Storyteller's Night\". It released several back catalogue albums belonging to the Jet Records label under license, the compilation album \"Mirador\" and box set \"Foundation\".Other FM artists included Adam Bomb, Asia, Atom Seed, Babe Ruth, Cloven Hoof, Dark Star, Jack Green, James Young, King Kobra, Lisa Dominique, The Macc Lads, Marino, Multi-story, Pet Hate, Rough Trade, Sofia Rotaru, Steve Gaines, Tobruk, Torino, Tradia, UFO, White Sister and Wrathchild. Stone Roses, Its Jazz releases notably include Alvin Davis; other signings include Sister Sledge, Cecilia Ray and Val Grant to its FM Dance imprint.FM Records today continues under the Revolver label.","title":"FM Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Heavy Metal Records is the sister label to Revolver Records. Starting out in 1978, Heavy Metal Records came before Revolver. Revolver Records only came about due to HMR's success, where the label wanted to branch out and explore diverse types of guitar music.[citation needed]HMR has operated-under the following labels: Heavy Metal Records, Heavy Metal America, Heavy Metal Worldwide.","title":"Heavy Metal Records"}]
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paser_(vizier)
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Paser (vizier)
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["1 Family","2 Life","3 Monuments and other attestations","3.1 Pi-Ramesse","3.2 Memphis and Middle Egypt","3.3 Medamud and Eastern Thebes","3.4 Western Thebes, Excluding Deir el-Medina","3.5 Deir el-Medina","3.6 Upper Egypt","4 Tomb","5 References"]
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PaserVizier, High Priest of AmunPectoral inscribed with the name of PaserSuccessorBakenkhonsuDynasty19th DynastyPharaohRamesses IIFatherNebneteru TenryMotherMerytreBurialTT106 in Thebes
Paserin hieroglyphs
Paser was an ancient Egyptian noble who served as vizier during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II in the 19th Dynasty. He would later also become High Priest of Amun.
Family
Paser was the son of Nebneteru Tenry, who was High Priest of Amun and Merytre who was Chief of the Harem of Amun. His maternal grandparents are named in his tomb as Aniy and Naia, who apparently came from Memphis.
In Paser's tomb a brother Tatia, Steward in the Temple of Maat, is mentioned.
Life
Statue of Paser (CG 42156)
Paser was part of the close entourage of Seti I's son, the then Prince Ramesses, and a hereditary Prince and Count.
Paser held many titles and honors throughout his life. The autobiographical text in Paser's tomb tells us that Menmaatre, i.e. Seti I, elevated Paser to the rank of first companion of the palace, and later promoted him to be chief chamberlain of the Lord of Both Lands and high priest of Great of Magic (Werethekau). Eventually Seti I appointed Paser to be city-governor and vizier. Paser received the tribute of the foreign lands for his king, and he was sent throughout Egypt to calculate the revenue. When Ramesses II took the throne he reappointed Paser as chief chamberlain of the Lord of Both Lands, high priest of Great of Magic and vizier.
Among his major works was the construction of the tomb of Seti I in the Valley of the Kings.
Paser held an array of other titles as well according to inscriptions on statues and monuments. He was a dignitary and judge, mouth of Nekhen, prophet of Maat, seal-bearer of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, superintendent of every work of the king, chief of secrets of the hieroglyphs, etc.
Paser is last attested as vizier in year 21 of Ramesses II, and he may have held this office during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II for over 25 years.
Eventually Ramesses II appointed Paser as High Priest of Amun in Thebes. A statue of Paser giving his title as high priest was found in the Karnak Cachette. The statue is now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 42156). Paser is said to be a noble and count, the High Priest of Amun, and the superintendent of prophets of all (Theban) gods. A shabti for the high priest Paser is in the University College, London collection.
Monuments and other attestations
Paser is known from many monuments and from statuary. His tomb (TT106) is described below.
A stamped brick (Museo Arch. Nazionale/Museo Egizio) can be found on the Global Egyptian Museum Site. The text reads:
r-pat hAty-a n niwt PAsr mAa-xrw sA tpy n Hm nTr Imn NbnTrw Dd-f Tnry Hereditary Prince and Count, Paser, justified, son of the First Prophet of Amun, Nebneteru, called Tjenry
Monuments naming Paser come from all over Egypt. There are a handful of items for which the provenance is unknown. For instance, a grey-granite statue holding a stela belongs to Paser, as does a black granite squatting statue now in the British Museum (BM 510). Wilbour reports seeing a statue of Paser at Tell Roba. For other objects we do know where they were from and some of these are outlined below.
Pi-Ramesse
A door lintel shows Paser adoring King Ramesses II. Paser is given the titles hereditary noble and count, god's father, sem-priest, city-governor and vizier.
A statue showing Paser holding a Stela, now in the Louvre (E 25980). Figures of Werethekau, Sekhmet, Ptah and Neith are deities included on the statue. This statue dates to the time that Paser was vizier. Several other titles are included.
An amulet in the shape of a stela was found in Tanis, but originally came from Pi-Ramesses. The vizier is shown adoring King Ramesses II.
Memphis and Middle Egypt
A statue with Ptah from the Temple of Ptah in Memphis is now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 630). Besides the title of vizier, Paser is also said to be the Ruler with the Bat-sceptre in the Mansion of Sekhmet, Superintendent of all treasures of the King, Eyes of the King in the entire land, who brings contentment to the Two Lands for his master, Ears of the King in his Palace and several more titles. Paser's parents are mentioned. Nebneteru Tenry is said to be High Priest of Amun in Southern Heliopolis and Sem-priest in the Temple of Ptah. His mother Merytre is said to be of Hatkuptah (Memphis).
An ivory pen-case (?) from Abydos, now in the Liverpool Museum (No 24.9.00.92) is inscribed for the Vizier Paser.
Medamud and Eastern Thebes
Statue of Paser (CG 42164)
Three statues of Paser come from this area. All three depict the Vizier Paser.
Seated Statue from Medamud, now in the British Museum (BM 954).
A black granite block statue from the Karnak Cachette, now in the Cairo Museum (JdE 38062)
A block statue from the Karnak Cachette, now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 42164)
Western Thebes, Excluding Deir el-Medina
Four statues of Paser were found in this area. Three came from Deir el-Bahari and the fourth one is thought to come from somewhere in Thebes.
Large statue from the Mentuhotep Temple in Deir el-Bahari (UM E.534+)
Lesser statue from the Mentuhotep Temple in Deir el-Bahari, now in the British Museum (BM 678)
A double statue of Paser and his mother from Deir el-Bahari, now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 561)
A statue of Paser likely from Thebes, now in the Glyptothek in Copenhagen (AEIN 50)
In Western Thebes several pieces of graffito are known mentioning Paser. Two pieces of rock-graffito depict Ramesses II before the goddess Hathor, and mention the Vizier Paser. Graffito in Tomb 93 (TT93), the tomb of Kenamun from the reign of Amenhotep II, mentions Paser. Graffito in Tomb 311, the tomb of Khety a treasurer from the 11th Dynasty, mentions a visit of Paser who went to " .. see ... the works ... of his (distant) forefather, Khety ..."
A votive stela from Western Thebes shows Paser and his mother Merytre adoring Wenennufer, and a stela from Thebes, now in Copenhagen (AEIN 1553), show Paser and his father Nebneteru Tenry before Hathor. This stela was dedicated by a Servant in the Place of Truth.
In the tomb chapel of Penbui (TT10 Paser is shown next to Ramses II.
Deir el-Medina
Paser is well attested in Deir el-Medina. About ten stelae are known often showing Paser with King Ramesses II before different deities. Two of the stelae show Paser with the tomb-scribe Ramose who was the main scribe in Deir el-Medina.
Further items from Deir el-Medina include statuary, lintels, cornice fragments, (statue?) bases and finally letters between Paser and the scribes. There is a letter from the scribe Ramose mentioning two other scribes named Huy and Aa. A letter from the scribe Inu(?)shefnu recording how the wages for the people working on the tombs was received and delivered. A letter from the scribe Mose mentions an inspection by the granary chief Kheriuf. The scribe Nebre writes to Paser to inform him that the Pharaoh's Village is in excellent order.
Upper Egypt
A chapel of Paser is located in West Silsila in the Horemheb Speos. Paser is given the titles Noble and count, Judge and dignitary, Mouth of Nekhen, Prophet of Maat and City-Governor and Vizier. He is also said to be the Superintendent of Prophets of all the gods in Upper and Lower Egypt.
Tomb
He was buried in a TT106, located in the Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, opposite Luxor, in Egypt. The exterior facade of the tomb includes the cartouche of Ramesses II. Scenes include Paser and his mother Merytre as mummies and a canopic shrine with its jars being libated by his brother Titia.
Several pillars in the hall are decorated. Paser is shown before Amenhotep I and Ahmose Nefertari. On the same pillar Paser's brother Titia is depicted again offering before Paser and his mother Merytre. Another pillar depicts Paser and his parents worshipping the Gods. There are scenes before Osiris and Maat, his parents before Wenennufer, and Paser participating in a Valley Festival, praising Re and Amun.
The texts include a hymn to Osiris, the Song of the Harper, a biographical text and praise of King Ramesses II.
Funerary objects include two canopic jars, which are now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 4325 and 4326). One of the jars shows Selqet and Duamutef, the other Isis and Qebehsenuf. A shabti for Paser is now in the collection in Berlin (Berlin 367), while three other shabtis are in the collection of University College in London (nos 93-94-95).
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paser, vizier.
^ Rice, Michael (1999). Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge. pp. 146–7.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kitchen, K. A. (1996). Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations. Vol. III. Blackwell Publishers.
^ a b Frood, Elizabeth (2007). Biographical Texts from Ramessid Egypt. ISBN 978-1-58983-210-7.
^ G. Meurer: Penbui-Wächter an der Stätte der Wahrheit, Eine prosopographische Untersuchung zu Deir el-Medine in der 19. Dynastie, London 2015, ISBN 978-1-906137-46-5, plate 32-34
vteOfficials and priests during the reign of Ramesses IIViziers
Paser
Khay
Thutmose
Prehotep I
Prehotep II
Neferronpet
Viceroy of Kush
Amenemopet
Yuny
Heqanakht
Paser II
Huy
Setau
Anhotep
Overseer of the treasuries
Nebiot
Amenmose
Panehsy
Suty
Pay-ten-hab
Amenemone
Overseer of the granary
Siese the Elder
Qeni
Siese the Younger
Kheriuf
High Priestof Amun
Nebwenenef
Paser
Bakenkhonsu
Roma called Roy
of Ptah
Huy
Pahemnetjer
Didia
Khaemweset
Neferronpet
Hori I
of Re
Bak
Amenemope
Meryatum
of Osiris
Mery
Wenennefer
Hori
Yuyu
of Anhur
Hori
Minmose
Anhurmose
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Seti I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"19th Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"High Priest of Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Paser was an ancient Egyptian noble who served as vizier during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II in the 19th Dynasty. He would later also become High Priest of Amun.[1]","title":"Paser (vizier)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebneteru Tenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebneteru_Tenry"},{"link_name":"High Priest of Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"text":"Paser was the son of Nebneteru Tenry, who was High Priest of Amun and Merytre who was Chief of the Harem of Amun. His maternal grandparents are named in his tomb as Aniy and Naia, who apparently came from Memphis.[2]In Paser's tomb a brother Tatia, Steward in the Temple of Maat, is mentioned.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Vizier_Paser_CG42156.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seti I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I"},{"link_name":"Werethekau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werethekau"},{"link_name":"Seti I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frood-3"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV17"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Seti I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frood-3"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"High Priest of Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Karnak Cachette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Legrain#Karnak_Cachette"},{"link_name":"Cairo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"High Priest of Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"text":"Statue of Paser (CG 42156)Paser was part of the close entourage of Seti I's son, the then Prince Ramesses, and a hereditary Prince and Count.Paser held many titles and honors throughout his life. The autobiographical text in Paser's tomb tells us that Menmaatre, i.e. Seti I, elevated Paser to the rank of first companion of the palace, and later promoted him to be chief chamberlain of the Lord of Both Lands and high priest of Great of Magic (Werethekau). Eventually Seti I appointed Paser to be city-governor and vizier. Paser received the tribute of the foreign lands for his king, and he was sent throughout Egypt to calculate the revenue. When Ramesses II took the throne he reappointed Paser as chief chamberlain of the Lord of Both Lands, high priest of Great of Magic and vizier.[3]\nAmong his major works was the construction of the tomb of Seti I in the Valley of the Kings.Paser held an array of other titles as well according to inscriptions on statues and monuments. He was a dignitary and judge, mouth of Nekhen, prophet of Maat, seal-bearer of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, superintendent of every work of the king, chief of secrets of the hieroglyphs, etc.[2]Paser is last attested as vizier in year 21 of Ramesses II, and he may have held this office during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II for over 25 years.[3]\nEventually Ramesses II appointed Paser as High Priest of Amun in Thebes. A statue of Paser giving his title as high priest was found in the Karnak Cachette. The statue is now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 42156). Paser is said to be a noble and count, the High Priest of Amun, and the superintendent of prophets of all (Theban) gods. A shabti for the high priest Paser is in the University College, London collection.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nebneteru.png"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"}],"text":"Paser is known from many monuments and from statuary. His tomb (TT106) is described below.A stamped brick (Museo Arch. Nazionale/Museo Egizio) can be found on the Global Egyptian Museum Site. The text reads:r-pat hAty-a n niwt PAsr mAa-xrw sA tpy n Hm nTr Imn NbnTrw Dd-f Tnry Hereditary Prince and Count, Paser, justified, son of the First Prophet of Amun, Nebneteru, called TjenryMonuments naming Paser come from all over Egypt. There are a handful of items for which the provenance is unknown. For instance, a grey-granite statue holding a stela belongs to Paser, as does a black granite squatting statue now in the British Museum (BM 510). Wilbour reports seeing a statue of Paser at Tell Roba. For other objects we do know where they were from and some of these are outlined below.","title":"Monuments and other attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"},{"link_name":"Ptah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah"},{"link_name":"Neith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neith"},{"link_name":"Tanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanis,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Pi-Ramesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-Ramesses"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"sub_title":"Pi-Ramesse","text":"A door lintel shows Paser adoring King Ramesses II. Paser is given the titles hereditary noble and count, god's father, sem-priest, city-governor and vizier.\nA statue showing Paser holding a Stela, now in the Louvre (E 25980). Figures of Werethekau, Sekhmet, Ptah and Neith are deities included on the statue. This statue dates to the time that Paser was vizier. Several other titles are included.\nAn amulet in the shape of a stela was found in Tanis, but originally came from Pi-Ramesses. The vizier is shown adoring King Ramesses II.[2]","title":"Monuments and other attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"},{"link_name":"Two Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nebneteru Tenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebneteru_Tenry"},{"link_name":"High Priest of Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun"},{"link_name":"Ptah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah"},{"link_name":"Abydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"sub_title":"Memphis and Middle Egypt","text":"A statue with Ptah from the Temple of Ptah in Memphis is now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 630). Besides the title of vizier, Paser is also said to be the Ruler with the Bat-sceptre in the Mansion of Sekhmet, Superintendent of all treasures of the King, Eyes of the King in the entire land, who brings contentment to the Two Lands for his master, Ears of the King in his Palace and several more titles. Paser's parents are mentioned. Nebneteru Tenry is said to be High Priest of Amun in Southern Heliopolis and Sem-priest in the Temple of Ptah. His mother Merytre is said to be of Hatkuptah (Memphis).\nAn ivory pen-case (?) from Abydos, now in the Liverpool Museum (No 24.9.00.92) is inscribed for the Vizier Paser.[2]","title":"Monuments and other attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Paser_CG42164_Legrain.png"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cairo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cairo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"sub_title":"Medamud and Eastern Thebes","text":"Statue of Paser (CG 42164)Three statues of Paser come from this area. All three depict the Vizier Paser.Seated Statue from Medamud, now in the British Museum (BM 954).\nA black granite block statue from the Karnak Cachette, now in the Cairo Museum (JdE 38062)\nA block statue from the Karnak Cachette, now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 42164) [2]","title":"Monuments and other attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deir el-Bahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Deir el-Bahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari"},{"link_name":"Deir el-Bahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Deir el-Bahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari"},{"link_name":"Cairo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Glyptothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptothek"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor"},{"link_name":"Kenamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenamun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_II"},{"link_name":"Khety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheti_(treasurer)"},{"link_name":"11th Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Nebneteru Tenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebneteru_Tenry"},{"link_name":"Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor"},{"link_name":"Place of Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Medina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"},{"link_name":"TT10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Western Thebes, Excluding Deir el-Medina","text":"Four statues of Paser were found in this area. Three came from Deir el-Bahari and the fourth one is thought to come from somewhere in Thebes.Large statue from the Mentuhotep Temple in Deir el-Bahari (UM E.534+)\nLesser statue from the Mentuhotep Temple in Deir el-Bahari, now in the British Museum (BM 678)\nA double statue of Paser and his mother from Deir el-Bahari, now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 561)\nA statue of Paser likely from Thebes, now in the Glyptothek in Copenhagen (AEIN 50)In Western Thebes several pieces of graffito are known mentioning Paser. Two pieces of rock-graffito depict Ramesses II before the goddess Hathor, and mention the Vizier Paser. Graffito in Tomb 93 (TT93), the tomb of Kenamun from the reign of Amenhotep II, mentions Paser. Graffito in Tomb 311, the tomb of Khety a treasurer from the 11th Dynasty, mentions a visit of Paser who went to \" .. see ... the works ... of his (distant) forefather, Khety ...\"A votive stela from Western Thebes shows Paser and his mother Merytre adoring Wenennufer, and a stela from Thebes, now in Copenhagen (AEIN 1553), show Paser and his father Nebneteru Tenry before Hathor. This stela was dedicated by a Servant in the Place of Truth.[2]In the tomb chapel of Penbui (TT10 Paser is shown next to Ramses II.[4]","title":"Monuments and other attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deir el-Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Medina"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Ramose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramose_(TT7)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"sub_title":"Deir el-Medina","text":"Paser is well attested in Deir el-Medina. About ten stelae are known often showing Paser with King Ramesses II before different deities. Two of the stelae show Paser with the tomb-scribe Ramose who was the main scribe in Deir el-Medina.Further items from Deir el-Medina include statuary, lintels, cornice fragments, (statue?) bases and finally letters between Paser and the scribes. There is a letter from the scribe Ramose mentioning two other scribes named Huy and Aa. A letter from the scribe Inu(?)shefnu recording how the wages for the people working on the tombs was received and delivered. A letter from the scribe Mose mentions an inspection by the granary chief Kheriuf. The scribe Nebre writes to Paser to inform him that the Pharaoh's Village is in excellent order.[2]","title":"Monuments and other attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silsila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebel_el-Silsila"},{"link_name":"Horemheb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horemheb"},{"link_name":"Nekhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekhen"},{"link_name":"Maat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat"},{"link_name":"Upper and Lower Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"sub_title":"Upper Egypt","text":"A chapel of Paser is located in West Silsila in the Horemheb Speos. Paser is given the titles Noble and count, Judge and dignitary, Mouth of Nekhen, Prophet of Maat and City-Governor and Vizier. He is also said to be the Superintendent of Prophets of all the gods in Upper and Lower Egypt.[2]","title":"Monuments and other attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TT106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT106"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Abd el-Qurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abd_el-Qurna"},{"link_name":"Luxor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_I"},{"link_name":"Ahmose Nefertari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_Nefertari"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"Maat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat"},{"link_name":"Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Cairo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitchen-2"}],"text":"He was buried in a TT106, located in the Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, opposite Luxor, in Egypt. The exterior facade of the tomb includes the cartouche of Ramesses II. Scenes include Paser and his mother Merytre as mummies and a canopic shrine with its jars being libated by his brother Titia.Several pillars in the hall are decorated. Paser is shown before Amenhotep I and Ahmose Nefertari. On the same pillar Paser's brother Titia is depicted again offering before Paser and his mother Merytre. Another pillar depicts Paser and his parents worshipping the Gods. There are scenes before Osiris and Maat, his parents before Wenennufer, and Paser participating in a Valley Festival, praising Re and Amun.The texts include a hymn to Osiris, the Song of the Harper, a biographical text and praise of King Ramesses II.Funerary objects include two canopic jars, which are now in the Cairo Museum (CGC 4325 and 4326). One of the jars shows Selqet and Duamutef, the other Isis and Qebehsenuf. A shabti for Paser is now in the collection in Berlin (Berlin 367), while three other shabtis are in the collection of University College in London (nos 93-94-95).[2]","title":"Tomb"}]
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[{"image_text":"Statue of Paser (CG 42156)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Statue_of_Vizier_Paser_CG42156.jpg/160px-Statue_of_Vizier_Paser_CG42156.jpg"},{"image_text":"r-pat hAty-a n niwt PAsr mAa-xrw sA tpy n Hm nTr Imn NbnTrw Dd-f Tnry Hereditary Prince and Count, Paser, justified, son of the First Prophet of Amun, Nebneteru, called Tjenry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Nebneteru.png"},{"image_text":"Statue of Paser (CG 42164)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Statue_Paser_CG42164_Legrain.png/160px-Statue_Paser_CG42164_Legrain.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Rice, Michael (1999). Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge. pp. 146–7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kitchen, K. A. (1996). Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations. Vol. III. Blackwell Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frood, Elizabeth (2007). Biographical Texts from Ramessid Egypt. ISBN 978-1-58983-210-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-210-7","url_text":"978-1-58983-210-7"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/188161/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65461234","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKHFt8X87CfPH8J79bh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007314419705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85293730","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markko_M%C3%A4rtin
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Markko Märtin
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["1 Career","2 Life after WRC","3 Personal life","4 Complete World Rally Championship results","5 WRC victories","6 References","7 External links"]
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Estonian rally driver (born 1975)
Markko MärtinMarkko Märtin in 2006.Personal informationNationality EstonianBorn (1975-11-10) 10 November 1975 (age 48)Tartu, EstoniaWorld Rally Championship recordActive years1997–2005Co-driver Toomas Kitsing Michael ParkTeamsLukoil EOS Rally Team, Subaru World Rally Team, Ford, PeugeotRallies86Championships0Rally wins5Podiums18Stage wins101Total points207First rally1997 Rally FinlandFirst win2003 Acropolis RallyLast win2004 Rally CatalunyaLast rally2005 Wales Rally GB
Markko Märtin (born 10 November 1975 in Tartu) is a retired rally driver from Estonia, who competed in the World Rally Championship from 2000 until 2005.
Career
Märtin with a Ford Focus RS WRC 04 at the 2004 Cyprus Rally.
Märtin with a Peugeot 307 WRC at the 2005 Cyprus Rally.
Märtin, as understudy to then-team mates Colin McRae and Carlos Sainz, rose to prominence with the Ford World Rally Team in the 2002 season. He was leading that year's Acropolis Rally Greece until he suffered two punctures and fell behind the more experienced McRae. He won the equivalent event in Greece the following year as well as being only the third driver in the history of the WRC to break the Nordic stranglehold on the Neste Rally Finland. In addition to this, Märtin was inaugural winner, again with Ford, of the Corona Rally Mexico in the 2004 season. He also won the tarmac rallies of Corsica and Catalunya in the same year. These victories were the last for the Märtin/Michael Park partnership.
For 2005 Märtin departed the team for former constructors' champion Peugeot and its 307 car. He and co-driver Park had still notched up four podium finishes for their new employers by the time they had arrived in Wales to contest the Wales Rally Great Britain. On the final leg of the event, two kilometres from the start of Stage 15 at Margam Park, Märtin's Peugeot crashed into a tree. Although the Estonian driver was left unhurt by the crash, co-driver Michael Park was immediately killed in the accident, the first fatality for a competitor at WRC-level for over a decade. As a result, Märtin announced that he would pull out of the last four events of the 2005 season.
Shaken by the death of Park, Märtin effectively left the WRC stage. He went on to manage a junior rallying team in the Estonian rally scene, indicating that he would likely refuse any offers to drive at the top level again. He has since spoken out against the FIA's treatment of the WRC, claiming that the series had lost much of its lustre and calling for a far-reaching rules overhaul.
However, Märtin made a limited return to competitive rallying in March 2006 at the 2006 Rally of Portugal. The invitational event was held as a candidate for full WRC status. Märtin competed in a Subaru Impreza, his first outing in an FIA-spec Group N car in nearly a decade. He was co-driven by David Senior, who formerly worked with Alister McRae. Märtin also partook in the 2006 Danish Touring Car Championship with Hans Hartmann's Honda Racing.
Märtin signed a deal to become the official test driver for the Subaru World Rally Team in 2008. He has since test-driven for Ford and Mini.
Life after WRC
In 2009, Märtin was hired by Ford to work as a R&D factory driver. He helped to train WRC rookie Ken Block for the 2010 WRC season. On 7 June 2010, it was announced that Märtin would race in Rally Estonia, which took place on 16–18 July 2010 and which was also an IRC candidate event. Märtin drove a Ford Focus RS WRC 03, which he referred to as "the best rally car in the world."
Märtin won all twelve stages, second place, Ott Tänak lost 2.50,3.
Together with his father, Märtin runs a haulage company in Estonia. He also rents out land and property, most prominently a piece of land to Autospirit, an Estonian car dealership. In 2005 he also created MM Motorsport, which won several Estonian Rally Championship titles. The team also has numerous Ford Fiesta R5 for rent.
Personal life
Märtin lives in Monaco with Miss Model Estonia 2004 Mari-Liis Sallo and they welcomed their first child together in summer 2007.
Märtin also appeared in the 2019 documentary film Ott Tänak: The Movie and in the 2023 film Legends of the Winding Roads as one of the interviewees.
Complete World Rally Championship results
(key)
Year
Entrant
Chassis
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
WDC
Points
1997
Markko Märtin
Toyota Celica GT-Four ST185
MON
SWE
KEN
POR
ESP
FRA
ARG
GRC
NZL
FINRet
IDN
ITA
AUS
GBR
NC
0
1998
Markko Märtin
Toyota Celica GT-Four ST205
MON
SWE
KEN
PORRet
ESP
FRA
ARG
GRC
NZL
FIN12
ITA9
AUS
GBRRet
NC
0
1999
Markko Märtin
Ford Escort WRC
MON
SWE8
KEN
PORRet
18th
2
Toyota Corolla WRC AE111
ESP
FRA
ARG
GRC5
NZL
FINRet
CHN
ITARet
AUS
GBR8
2000
Lukoil EOS Rally Team
Toyota Corolla WRC AE111
MON
SWE9
KEN
POR7
ESP10
ARG
GRCRet
NZL
FIN10
CYP6
FRA
ITARet
GBR7
21st
1
Subaru World Rally Team
Subaru Impreza WRC2000
AUSRet
2001
Subaru World Rally Team
Subaru Impreza WRC2001
MONRet
SWE12
PORRet
ESPRet
ARG
CYP
GRCRet
KEN
FIN5
NZL
ITARet
FRA6
AUS
GBRRet
19th
3
2002
Ford Motor Co
Ford Focus RS WRC 02
MON12
SWEDNS
FRA8
ESP8
CYP8
ARG4
GRC6
KEN4
FIN5
GER6
ITA5
NZLRet
AUS5
GBR2
9th
20
2003
Ford Motor Co
Ford Focus RS WRC 02
MON4
SWE4
TUR6
5th
49
Ford Focus RS WRC 03
NZLRet
ARGRet
GRC1
CYPRet
GER5
FIN1
AUSDSQ
ITA3
FRARet
ESP3
GBRRet
2004
Ford Motor Co
Ford Focus RS WRC 03
MON2
SWE7
MEX1
3rd
79
Ford Focus RS WRC 04
NZL3
CYP2
GRCRet
TUR24
ARGRet
FIN2
GER4
JPN3
GBR3
ITARet
FRA1
ESP1
AUSRet
2005
Peugeot
Peugeot 307 WRC
MON4
SWE2
MEX3
NZL5
ITA4
CYP3
TUR5
GRC8
ARG6
FIN3
GER4
GBRRet
JPN
FRA
ESP
AUS
5th
53
WRC victories
Number
Event
Season
Co-driver
Car
1
50 th BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally of Greece
2003
Michael Park
Ford Focus RS WRC 03
2
53rd Neste Rally Finland
3
18º Corona Rally México
2004
4
48ème Tour de Corse – Rallye de France
Ford Focus RS WRC 04
5
40º Rallye Catalunya-Costa Brava (Rallye de España)
References
^ "Angry Martin wants rally overhaul". January 12, 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Official: Martin inks deal with Subaru". Crash. January 4, 2008.
^ "World Rally Championship - News - Markko Martin returns to Ford to help with testing". Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
^ "Markko Martin tests with Ken Block". May 26, 2010.
^ "Markko Martin to contest Rally Estonia | RallyBuzz". Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
^ "Markko Märtin ja Kristo Kraag võitsid Mad-Croc Rally Estonia - Rally Estonia 2011". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
^ "Kroonika | Markko Märtin saab isaks". Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Markko Märtin.
Article on Märtin's intention to retire
Article on Märtin's joining with DTC
Stats at Jonkka's World Rally Archive
Stats at ewrc-results.com
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Rally_Championship_season"}],"text":"Markko Märtin (born 10 November 1975 in Tartu) is a retired rally driver from Estonia, who competed in the World Rally Championship from 2000 until 2005.","title":"Markko Märtin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Markko_M%C3%A4rtin_-_2004_Cyprus_Rally.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Focus RS WRC 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_RS_WRC"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Rally"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Markko_M%C3%A4rtin_-_2005_Cyprus_Rally_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 307 WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_307_WRC"},{"link_name":"Colin McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McRae"},{"link_name":"Carlos Sainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Sr."},{"link_name":"Ford World Rally Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_World_Rally_Team"},{"link_name":"2002 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Acropolis Rally Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_Rally_Greece"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"Neste Rally Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neste_Rally_Finland"},{"link_name":"Corona Rally Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Rally_Mexico"},{"link_name":"2004 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Corse"},{"link_name":"Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Michael Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Park_(co-driver)"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot"},{"link_name":"307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_307"},{"link_name":"co-driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-driver"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Wales Rally Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Rally_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_(rallying)"},{"link_name":"Margam Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margam_Park"},{"link_name":"Michael Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Park_(co-driver)"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Subaru Impreza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Impreza"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"Group N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_N"},{"link_name":"David Senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Senior"},{"link_name":"Alister McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alister_McRae"},{"link_name":"Danish Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Subaru World Rally Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_World_Rally_Team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Märtin with a Ford Focus RS WRC 04 at the 2004 Cyprus Rally.Märtin with a Peugeot 307 WRC at the 2005 Cyprus Rally.Märtin, as understudy to then-team mates Colin McRae and Carlos Sainz, rose to prominence with the Ford World Rally Team in the 2002 season. He was leading that year's Acropolis Rally Greece until he suffered two punctures and fell behind the more experienced McRae. He won the equivalent event in Greece the following year as well as being only the third driver in the history of the WRC to break the Nordic stranglehold on the Neste Rally Finland. In addition to this, Märtin was inaugural winner, again with Ford, of the Corona Rally Mexico in the 2004 season. He also won the tarmac rallies of Corsica and Catalunya in the same year. These victories were the last for the Märtin/Michael Park partnership.For 2005 Märtin departed the team for former constructors' champion Peugeot and its 307 car. He and co-driver Park had still notched up four podium finishes for their new employers by the time they had arrived in Wales to contest the Wales Rally Great Britain. On the final leg of the event, two kilometres from the start of Stage 15 at Margam Park, Märtin's Peugeot crashed into a tree. Although the Estonian driver was left unhurt by the crash, co-driver Michael Park was immediately killed in the accident, the first fatality for a competitor at WRC-level for over a decade. As a result, Märtin announced that he would pull out of the last four events of the 2005 season.Shaken by the death of Park, Märtin effectively left the WRC stage. He went on to manage a junior rallying team in the Estonian rally scene, indicating that he would likely refuse any offers to drive at the top level again. He has since spoken out against the FIA's treatment of the WRC, claiming that the series had lost much of its lustre and calling for a far-reaching rules overhaul.[1]However, Märtin made a limited return to competitive rallying in March 2006 at the 2006 Rally of Portugal. The invitational event was held as a candidate for full WRC status. Märtin competed in a Subaru Impreza, his first outing in an FIA-spec Group N car in nearly a decade. He was co-driven by David Senior, who formerly worked with Alister McRae. Märtin also partook in the 2006 Danish Touring Car Championship with Hans Hartmann's Honda Racing.Märtin signed a deal to become the official test driver for the Subaru World Rally Team in 2008.[2] He has since test-driven for Ford and Mini.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ken Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Block"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rally Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Estonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ott Tänak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott_T%C3%A4nak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"MM Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MM_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Ford Fiesta R5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fiesta_R5"}],"text":"In 2009, Märtin was hired by Ford to work as a R&D factory driver.[3] He helped to train WRC rookie Ken Block for the 2010 WRC season.[4] On 7 June 2010, it was announced that Märtin would race in Rally Estonia, which took place on 16–18 July 2010 and which was also an IRC candidate event. Märtin drove a Ford Focus RS WRC 03, which he referred to as \"the best rally car in the world.\"[5]\nMärtin won all twelve stages, second place, Ott Tänak lost 2.50,3.[6]Together with his father, Märtin runs a haulage company in Estonia. He also rents out land and property, most prominently a piece of land to Autospirit, an Estonian car dealership. In 2005 he also created MM Motorsport, which won several Estonian Rally Championship titles. The team also has numerous Ford Fiesta R5 for rent.","title":"Life after WRC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ott Tänak: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott_T%C3%A4nak:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Legends of the Winding Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_the_Winding_Roads"}],"text":"Märtin lives in Monaco with Miss Model Estonia 2004 Mari-Liis Sallo and they welcomed their first child together in summer 2007.[7]Märtin also appeared in the 2019 documentary film Ott Tänak: The Movie and in the 2023 film Legends of the Winding Roads as one of the interviewees.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"text":"(key)","title":"Complete World Rally Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"50 th BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_Rally"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Michael Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Park_(rally_co-driver)"},{"link_name":"Ford Focus RS WRC 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_RS_WRC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"53rd Neste Rally Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"18º Corona Rally México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Mexico"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"48ème Tour de Corse – Rallye de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Corse"},{"link_name":"Ford Focus RS WRC 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_RS_WRC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"40º Rallye Catalunya-Costa Brava (Rallye de España)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Catalunya"}],"text":"Number\n\nEvent\n\nSeason\n\nCo-driver\n\nCar\n\n\n1\n\n 50 th BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally of Greece\n\n2003\n\nMichael Park\n\nFord Focus RS WRC 03\n\n\n2\n\n 53rd Neste Rally Finland\n\n\n3\n\n 18º Corona Rally México\n\n2004\n\n\n4\n\n 48ème Tour de Corse – Rallye de France\n\nFord Focus RS WRC 04\n\n\n5\n\n 40º Rallye Catalunya-Costa Brava (Rallye de España)","title":"WRC victories"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Märtin with a Ford Focus RS WRC 04 at the 2004 Cyprus Rally.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Markko_M%C3%A4rtin_-_2004_Cyprus_Rally.jpg/220px-Markko_M%C3%A4rtin_-_2004_Cyprus_Rally.jpg"},{"image_text":"Märtin with a Peugeot 307 WRC at the 2005 Cyprus Rally.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Markko_M%C3%A4rtin_-_2005_Cyprus_Rally_4.jpg/220px-Markko_M%C3%A4rtin_-_2005_Cyprus_Rally_4.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_GT4
|
SRO GT4
|
["1 History","2 Homologated vehicles","3 Series","4 References"]
|
Class of race cars
Several SRO GT4 cars in the British GT Championship
SRO GT4 is a class of grand tourer racing cars maintained by the SRO Motorsports Group that race in various auto racing series across the globe. It is an entry-level class aimed at amateur drivers. GT4 cars are production-based vehicles with a few modifications for racing. The cars are closer to their road legal counterparts than most other GT racing classes; they are also one of the least powerful GT categories. The class uses a balance of performance system to provide close competition between different race cars.
History
The GT4 category was founded by the SRO at the end of 2006, and first introduced in 2007, racing in the GT4 European Cup as a cheaper alternative for GT3 racing. The category was also added to the British GT Championship in 2008. The SRO also founded the Dutch GT Championship in 2009. The GT4 class was also adapted by several other small national championships.
After an unsuccessful attempt to expand the category in 2012, the SRO introduced the GT4 European Trophy, consisting of five rounds from existing European Championships. This replaced the GT4 European Cup. In 2014, this series merged with the Dutch GT4 Championship to form the GT4 European series.
Due to a low number of entries, the SRO announced that the GT4 European series would be split into two championships, the GT4 European Series Northern Cup and the GT4 European Series Southern Cup. The Northern Cup would turn back into the GT4 European series, while the Southern Cup would turn into the FFSA GT Championship.
Homologated vehicles
As of April 2024, over 40 vehicles have gone through the homologation project with the RACB. GT4 cars can either directly be built by the automotive manufacturer, or by race teams and tuning companies.
Nr.
Manufacturer
Model
Developer
Debut
Expiration
Image
Notes
RACB GT4-001
Ford
Mustang FR500C GT4
Multimatic Motorsports
RACB GT4-002
Aston Martin
V8 Vantage N24
Aston Martin
RACB GT4-004
BMW
Z4 M GT4
G & A Racing
RACB GT4-006
Nissan
350Z RJN
RJN Motorsport
RACB GT4-007
Porsche
911 (997) GT3 MY06
RACB GT4-009
Ginetta
G50 GT4
Ginetta Cars
RACB GT4-010
Chevrolet
Corvette C6 GT4
Callaway Cars
RACB GT4-011
BMW
M3 GT4 (E92)
BMW Motorsport
RACB GT4-012
Aston Martin
V8 Vantage GT4
Aston Martin
01-04-2009
31-12-2018
RACB GT4-013
Maserati
GranTurismo MC
Maserati
RACB GT4-014
Nissan
370Z Nismo GT4
RJN Motorsport
RACB GT4-015
Lotus
Evora Cup GT4
Lotus Cars
25-07-2011
31-12-2018
RACB GT4-016
Chevrolet
Camaro SS GT4
Riley Technologies
RACB GT4-017
Porsche
911 (997) GT3 Cup
GT3.nl
RACB GT4-018
Hyundai
Genesis Coupé
RACB GT4-019
Ginetta
G55 GT4
Ginetta Cars
01-04-2014
31-12-2021
RACB GT4-020
Toyota
GT86 GT4
GPRM
RACB GT4-021
KTM
X-Bow GT4
Reiter Engineering
02-12-2016
31-12-2023
RACB GT4-022
SIN
R1 GT4
01-01-2015
31-12-2019
RACB GT4-023
Chevron
GR8 GT4
Chevron
RACB GT4-024
Porsche
Cayman GT4 Clubsport
Manthey Racing
RACB GT4-025
BMW
Ekris M4 GT4
Ekris Motorsport
RACB GT4-026
Maserati
GranTurismo MC GT4
Maserati
01-04-2016
31-12-2019
RACB GT4-027
Ford
Mustang GT4
Multimatic Motorsports
01-03-2017
31-12-2024
6th Generation Mustang
RACB GT4-028
Porsche
Cayman PRO4
PROsport Performance
RACB GT4-029
BMW
M4 GT4 (F82)
BMW Motorsport
RACB GT4-030
McLaren
570S GT4
McLaren
01-01-2017
31-12-2024
RACB GT4-031
Chevrolet
Camaro GT4.R
Pratt & Miller
01-03-2017
31-12-2024
RACB GT4-032
Saleen
S1
RACB GT4-033
Mercedes
AMG GT4
RACB GT4-034
Alpine
A110 GT4
Includes Evo
RACB GT4-035
Panoz
Avezzano GT4
Élan Motorsport Technologies
RACB GT4-036
Aston Martin
Vantage AMR GT4
Aston Martin
Includes Evo
RACB GT4-037
Porsche
718 Cayman GT4 Clubsport MR
Manthey Racing
RACB GT4-038
Audi
R8 LMS GT4
Audi Sport
Includes Evo
RACB GT4-039
Toyota
GR Supra GT4
Toyota Gazoo Racing
Includes Evo
RACB GT4-041
Ginetta
G56 GT4
Ginetta Cars
Includes Evo
RACB GT4-042
Porsche
718 Cayman GT4 RS Clubsport
Porsche
RACB GT4-044
BMW
M4 GT4 (G82)
BMW Motorsport
RACB GT4-045
McLaren
Artura GT4
McLaren
RACB GT4-TBD
Nissan
Z Nismo GT4
Nismo
RACB GT4-TBD
Lotus
Emira GT4
Lotus
RACB GT4-TBD
Ford
Mustang GT4
Multimatic Motorsports
7th Generation Mustang
RACB GT4-XXX
Audi
TT GT4
Jorg Van Ommen Autosprot
RACB GT4-XXX
Mazda
Miata MX-5 GT4
Jota Sport
RACB GT4-XXX
Lotus
Exige GT4
Lotus
RACB GT4-XXX
Maserati
Trofeo Light GT4
Scuderia Giudici
RACB GT4-XXX
Porsche
Cayman S GT4
GPR Racing
RACB GT4-XXX
Bufori
BMS R1
RACB GT4-XXX
Donkervoort
D8 GT4
RACB GT4-XXX
Jaguar
F-Type SVR GT4
Invictus Games Racing
RACB GT4-XXX
Lotus
2-Eleven GT4 Supersport
Lotus Cars
RACB GT4-XXX
Peugeot
Spider THP
Peugeot Sport
RACB GT4-XXX
Radical
RXC GT4
RACB GT4-XXX
Roding
R1
Series
SRO GT4 cars have been either exclusive to or in a distinct class in each of the following series:
Bold indicates an active series that currently uses SRO GT4 cars.
GT4 European Series
24H Series
Nürburgring Langstrecken series
British GT Championship
ADAC GT4 Germany
FFSA GT Championship
GT4 America Series
GT America Series
Michelin Pilot Challenge
GT World Challenge Asia
Dutch GT4 Championship
IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge
Australian GT Championship
DTM Trophy
GT4 Winter Series standalone for 2023 onwards | GT Winter Series 2019-2022
Endurance Brasil
Italian GT Championship
Super Taikyu Series
GT Cup Championship
Additionally, the following series allow SRO GT4 cars to participate alongside other competitors:
Supercar Challenge
Belcar
GT Cup Open Europe
British Endurance Championship
Iberian Supercars
References
^ "The GT4 category: A sports car class loaded with potential". Audi MediaCenter. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "What is GT4 racing?". WhichCar. 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
^ "Daily Sports Car - Sportscar Racing's Internet Magazine". archive2.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
^ "Daily Sports Car - Sportscar Racing's Internet Magazine". archive2.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
^ "Dutch GT4 Championship in 2009 nieuw Dutch Power Pack-kampioenschap | Dragracing". Autosport.nl: Hét autosport magazine van het internet (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-04-02.
^ "SRO Reveal Revival Plans For GT4 Racing | dailysportscar.com". www.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
^ "GT4 European Series Launched For 2014 | dailysportscar.com". www.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
^ "GT4 European Series Splits; Extended Schedule for 2017". sportscar365.com. Jake Kilshaw. December 29, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ "Dutch GT4: BMW Motorsport presenteert de BMW M3 GT4". Autosport.nl.
^ "Dutch GT4: Equipe Verschuur kiest voor Camaro". Autosport.nl.
^ "Nederlands team V8-Racing haalt als eerste de Chevrolet Camaro GT4.R binnen + FOTO". Autosport.nl.
vteClasses of auto racingFormula racingActive
F1
F2
F3
F4
F600
Formula 1000
Formula Atlantic
Formula Car Challenge
Formula Continental
Formula E
Formula Enterprises
Formula Ford
FF1600
Formula Regional
GB3
Formula Vee
IndyCar
Super Formula
S5000
Supermodified
BOSS GP
Monoposto Racing Club
V de V Challenge Monoplace
Defunct
F3000
F5000
Formula A (SCCA)
Formula B (SCCA)
Formula C (SCCA)
FCJ
Formula Dream
Formula Holden
Formula Junior
Formula Libre
Formula Mondial
Formula Pacific
Formula Super Vee
Australian National Formula
Grand Prix Masters
Grand Prix motor racing
Tasman Series
One-make formulaeActive
Formula Car Challenge
Formula Enterprise
Indy NXT
MRF Challenge
SRF
USF Pro
USF2000
USF Juniors
FIA Formula Championship
2
3
S5000
Defunct
A1GP
ADAC Formel Masters
Auto GP
Barber Pro
CFGP
FA1
Formula Asia
Formula
Abarth
Alfa
BMW
Chrysler
König
LGB
Swift
Hyundai
Lightning
Maruti
Masters
China
Russia
Mazda
Nissan
Opel/Vauxhall
Palmer Audi
RUS
Rolon
Formula Renault
2.0L
Grand Prix Masters
GP2
GP3
International Formula Master
Toyota Racing Series
Superleague Formula
One-make spec racingActive
Porsche Carrera Cup
Ferrari Challenge
Ginetta GT4 Supercup
Ginetta GT5 Challenge
Ginetta Junior Championship
Lamborghini Super Trofeo
Mazda MX-5 Cup
TVR Tuscan Challenge
Mini Challenge UK
Lotus Cup
Defunct
Trofeo Maserati
Audi R8 LMS Cup
Commodore Cup
Australian Mini Challenge
Aston Martin Asia Cup
SEAT Cupra Championship
SEAT Leon Supercopa
Karting
KF1
KF2
KF3
KZ1
KZ2
Superkart
Electric
Touring car racingActive
BTCC
NGTC (TCN-1)
TCR (TCN-2)
Stock Car Pro Series
Stock Series
Supercars
Turismo Nacional
Turismo Nacional BR
TC2000
Defunct
Appendix J
BTC-T
Group 1
Group 2
Group 5
Group A
Group C
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Group N
Aus
Group S
Class 1
Class 2
Super 2000
Diesel 2000
DTM
ETCR
Superstars
V8Star
WTCC
WTCR
Stock car racingActive
ARCA
Allison Legacy Series
IMCA Sport Compact
Late model
Legends
Modifieds
NASCAR
Cup
Xfinity
Truck
Pinty's
Whelen Euro Series
Mexico
SRX
Super Stock
Street Stock
Turismo Carretera
Defunct
ASCAR
AUSCAR
IROC
Oval
BriSCA F1
BriSCA F2
V8 Hotstox
Hot Rods
Superstocks
Sprint car racing
Midget car racing
Quarter Midget racing
RallyingActive
Groups Rally
Group Rally1
Group Rally2
Group Rally3
Group Rally4
Group Rally5
Group R-GT
Defunct
Group 1
Group 2
Group 4
Group A
Group B
Group S
Group N
Group R
R5
Super 1600
Super 2000
World Rally Car
Sports prototypesActive
LMDh
LMH
LMP
LMP2
LMP3
Clubmans
Defunct
DP
DPi
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group A
Group C
Group CN
GC
GC-21
IMSA GTP (1981–1993 era)
LMP
LMP1
LMPC
S2000
Grand touringActive
GT3
GT2
GT4
GT500
GT300
Trans-Am
Defunct
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group B
Group D
GT1 (1993–1999)
GT1 (2000–2012)
GT2 (1993–1999)
GT2 (2005–2010)
GT3 (1998–1999)
LM GTE
IMSA
AAGT
GTO
GTS
GTU
GTX
Appendix K
Group D GT Cars
Drag racingActive
Top Fuel
Dragster (TF/D)
Funny Car (TF/FC)
Top Alcohol
Dragster (TA/D)
Funny Car (TA/FC)
Pro Stock (PS)
Pro Modified (Pro Mod)
Gas
Super Stock
Super Comp/Quick Rod
Top Doorslammer
Altered
Competition
Defunct
Top Gas
Modified
Pro FWD
Off-road
Baja Bug
Dune buggy
Rallycross
Autocross
Trophy truck
Group T1
Group T2
Group T3
Group T4
Group T5
Truggy
Side by Side (UTV)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GT3_and_GT4_race_one_(51374089085).jpg"},{"link_name":"British GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"grand tourer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourer"},{"link_name":"SRO Motorsports Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRO_Motorsports_Group"},{"link_name":"auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"balance of performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_performance"}],"text":"Several SRO GT4 cars in the British GT ChampionshipSRO GT4 is a class of grand tourer racing cars maintained by the SRO Motorsports Group that race in various auto racing series across the globe. It is an entry-level class aimed at amateur drivers. GT4 cars are production-based vehicles with a few modifications for racing. The cars are closer to their road legal counterparts than most other GT racing classes; they are also one of the least powerful GT categories.[1][2] The class uses a balance of performance system to provide close competition between different race cars.","title":"SRO GT4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GT4 European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT4_European_Series"},{"link_name":"GT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_GT3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"British GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dutch GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"GT4 European Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_GT4_European_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"GT4 European Series Northern Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT4_European_Series_Northern_Cup"},{"link_name":"GT4 European Series Southern Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT4_European_Series_Southern_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"FFSA GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFSA_GT_Championship"}],"text":"The GT4 category was founded by the SRO at the end of 2006, and first introduced in 2007, racing in the GT4 European Cup as a cheaper alternative for GT3 racing.[3] The category was also added to the British GT Championship in 2008.[4] The SRO also founded the Dutch GT Championship in 2009.[5] The GT4 class was also adapted by several other small national championships.After an unsuccessful attempt to expand the category in 2012, the SRO introduced the GT4 European Trophy, consisting of five rounds from existing European Championships.[6] This replaced the GT4 European Cup. In 2014, this series merged with the Dutch GT4 Championship to form the GT4 European series.[7]Due to a low number of entries, the SRO announced that the GT4 European series would be split into two championships, the GT4 European Series Northern Cup and the GT4 European Series Southern Cup.[8] The Northern Cup would turn back into the GT4 European series, while the Southern Cup would turn into the FFSA GT Championship.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of April 2024, over 40 vehicles have gone through the homologation project with the RACB. GT4 cars can either directly be built by the automotive manufacturer, or by race teams and tuning companies.","title":"Homologated vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GT4 European Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT4_European_Series"},{"link_name":"24H Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24H_Series"},{"link_name":"Nürburgring Langstrecken series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring_Endurance_Series"},{"link_name":"British GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"ADAC GT4 Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAC_GT4_Germany"},{"link_name":"FFSA GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFSA_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"GT4 America Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT4_America_Series"},{"link_name":"GT America Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_America_Series"},{"link_name":"Michelin Pilot Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Pilot_Challenge"},{"link_name":"GT World Challenge Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_World_Challenge_Asia"},{"link_name":"Dutch GT4 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA_VP_Racing_SportsCar_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Australian GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"DTM Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTM_Trophy"},{"link_name":"GT4 Winter Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GT4_Winter_Series&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GT Winter Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GT_Winter_Series&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Endurance Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endurance_Brasil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italian GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"Super Taikyu Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Taikyu_Series"},{"link_name":"GT Cup Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_Cup_Championship"},{"link_name":"Supercar Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercar_Challenge_(series)"},{"link_name":"Belcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcar"},{"link_name":"GT Cup Open Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_Cup_Open_Europe"},{"link_name":"British Endurance Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britcar"},{"link_name":"Iberian Supercars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Supercars&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"SRO GT4 cars have been either exclusive to or in a distinct class in each of the following series:Bold indicates an active series that currently uses SRO GT4 cars.GT4 European Series\n24H Series\nNürburgring Langstrecken series\nBritish GT Championship\nADAC GT4 Germany\nFFSA GT ChampionshipGT4 America Series\nGT America Series\nMichelin Pilot ChallengeGT World Challenge Asia\nDutch GT4 Championship\nIMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge\nAustralian GT Championship\nDTM Trophy\nGT4 Winter Series standalone for 2023 onwards | GT Winter Series 2019-2022\nEndurance Brasil\nItalian GT Championship\nSuper Taikyu Series\nGT Cup ChampionshipAdditionally, the following series allow SRO GT4 cars to participate alongside other competitors:Supercar Challenge\nBelcar\nGT Cup Open Europe\nBritish Endurance Championship\nIberian Supercars","title":"Series"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Several SRO GT4 cars in the British GT Championship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GT3_and_GT4_race_one_%2851374089085%29.jpg/220px-GT3_and_GT4_race_one_%2851374089085%29.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Nigerians
|
British Nigerians
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Population","2.2 Distribution","2.3 Citizenship","2.4 Language","3 Education","4 Notable British Nigerians","4.1 Nigerian citizens of British descent","4.2 British citizens of Nigerian descent","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
British citizens of Nigerian origin or Nigerian citizens of British origin
Ethnic group
British NigeriansTotal population Nigerian-born residents in the United Kingdom: 293,609 – 0.4% (2021/22 Census) England: 266,877– 0.5% (2021) Scotland: 21,286 – 0.4% (2022) Wales: 3,891 – 0.1% (2021)Northern Ireland: 1,555 – 0.08% (2021)Nigerian citizens/passports held: 117,638 (England and Wales only, 2021)Ethnic Nigerians:271,390 (England and Wales only, 2021)Regions with significant populationsThroughout the United KingdomIn particular Greater London, South East England, East of England, North West EnglandLanguagesPredominantlyEnglish (British, Nigerian, Pidgin), Yoruba and IgboOthersNigerian languagesReligionPredominantly Christianity, minority Sunni Islam, traditional religionsRelated ethnic groupsNigerian Canadians, Nigerian Americans, Nigerian Australians
^ Does not include Nigerians born in the United Kingdom or those with Nigerian ancestry
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vte
British Nigerians (here meaning British people of Nigerian descent rather than Nigerians of British descent) have formed long-established communities in London, Liverpool and other industrial cities. Many Nigerians and their British-born descendants in Britain live in South London, and they are one of the larger immigrant groups in the country.
History
Nigerians have formed long-established communities in London, Liverpool and other industrial cities. The earliest known Nigerian presence in London took place over 200 years ago as a direct result of the transatlantic slave trade. Olaudah Equiano, born in what is now Nigeria and a former slave, lived in London and was involved in the debate that occurred in Britain over the abolition of the slave trade.
Like many other former British colonies, Nigeria has been a large source of immigrants to the United Kingdom. Prior to Nigerian independence from Britain, gained in 1960, many Nigerians studied in the UK along with other countries such as Australia and the United States; with the majority returning to Nigeria upon completion of their higher education. In the 1960s, civil and political unrest in Nigeria contributed to many refugees migrating to Britain, along with skilled workers.
Nigerians emigrated in larger numbers in the 1980s, following the collapse of the petroleum boom. This wave of migration has been more permanent than the pre-independence wave of temporary migration. Asylum applications from Nigerians peaked in 1995, when the repression associated with the military dictatorship of Sani Abacha was at its height.
In 2015, Britain's Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner expressed concerns about the extent of contemporary slavery involving Nigerians smuggled to the UK. Of more than 2,000 potential victims of human trafficking referred to the National Crime Agency in 2014, 244 were from Nigeria. This represented a 31 per cent increase on 2013's figure. According to the BBC, "Campaigners believe the real figure of potential trafficking victims from Nigeria could be much higher".
Demographics
Population
Nigerian-born population by region and country
Region / Country
Population
%
Largest community
England
266,877
0.47%
—
Greater London
117,145
1.33%
Greenwich – 14,357 (5.0%)
South East
32,468
0.35%
Medway – 3,993 (1.4%)
North West
29,092
0.39%
Manchester – 10,329 (1.9%)
East of England
27,913
0.44%
Colchester – 1,346 (0.7%)
West Midlands
19,911
0.33%
Birmingham – 5,946 (0.5%)
East Midlands
13,902
0.28%
Nottingham – 3,442 (1.1%)
Yorkshire and The Humber
12,454
0.23%
Leeds – 3,415 (0.4%)
South West
7,691
0.13%
Bristol – 1,431 (0.3%)
North East
6,301
0.24%
Newcastle – 2,082 (0.7%)
Scotland
21,286
0.39%
Aberdeen – 5,662 (2.5%)
Wales
3,891
0.13%
Cardiff – 1,366 (0.4%)
Northern Ireland
1,555
0.08%
Belfast – 862 (0.2%)
Figures based on the 2021 United Kingdom Census
The 2001 UK Census recorded 88,378 Nigerian-born people resident in the UK. The 2011 Census recorded 191,183 Nigerian-born residents in England and Wales. The censuses of Scotland and Northern Ireland recorded 9,458 and 543 Nigerian-born residents respectively. More recent estimates by the Office for National Statistics put the figure at 215,000 in 2019.
A Council of Europe report gives a figure of 100,000 Nigerians in the UK but suggests that this is likely to be an underestimate since it does not include irregular migrants or children born outside of Nigeria. Similarly, Nigerians with citizenship of another EU member state who then relocated to the UK are not necessarily included in this estimate. The report suggests to multiply the figure by between 3 and 8 to reflect the size of the Nigerian community in the UK.
Distribution
The UK's largest concentration of Nigerians is found in the capital city, London. The 2001 census found that Peckham was the home to the largest overseas Nigerian community in the UK, with 7% of the population of the Peckham census tract having been born in Nigeria. Many of the local establishments are Yoruba and Igbo owned. Nigerian churches and mosques can be found in the area. As immigrants have become assimilated, English has always been the predominant language of the local Nigerian British population as English is the main spoken language in Nigeria. The Yoruba language and the Igbo language are declining in use in the Peckham area despite the growing Nigerian population of Igbo and Yoruba descent. Outside London and South East England, the 2001 census recorded the largest Nigerian-born communities in the East of England and the North West.
Citizenship
Below is a table showing how many Nigerians were granted British citizenship and the right of abode in the period 1998 to 2008.
Persons granted citizenship
1998
3,550
1999
3,481
2000
5,594
2001
6,290
2002
6,480
2003
6,300
2004
6,280
2005
6,615
2006
5,875
2007
6,030
2008
4,530
2009
6,955
Language
In England and Wales in 2011, 14,914 people (0.03% of all residents aged three and over) spoke Yoruba as a main language, 7,946 (0.01%) spoke Igbo and 6,639 (0.01%) spoke other Nigerian languages. In London, 10,119 people (0.13% of all residents aged three and over) spoke Yoruba as a main language, 5,252 (0.07%) people spoke Igbo and 3,577 (0.05%) spoke other Nigerian languages.
Education
According to the Institute for Public Policy Research, Nigerian pupils are among best performing student groups in the United Kingdom. Taking data for only England, a 2013 IPPR survey reported that the proportion of British Nigerian pupils gaining 5 A*–C grades at GCSE (including Maths and English) in 2010–2011 was 21.8 percentage points higher than the England mean of 59.6 per cent. This average was calculated using student data, where available, from various local authorities in England.
The number of Nigerian pupils at British private schools is growing. In November 2013, The Spectator noted that Nigerians, along with Russians, "are now the fastest-growing population in British private schools". In 2013, the number of entrants to private schools from Nigeria increased by 16 per cent.
According to Higher Education Statistics Agency data, 17,620 students from Nigeria were studying at British public higher education institutions in the academic year 2011–12. This made them the third largest country-of-origin group behind students from China and India. Of the 17,620, 6,500 were undergraduates, 9,620 taught postgraduates and 1,500 research postgraduates.
Research by Euromonitor International for the British Council indicates that in 2010, the majority (66 per cent) of Nigerian foreign students attended universities in the UK. The students are mainly drawn to these institutions' English language academic system. Their time studying in Britain is also facilitated by an established and large Nigerian community and by "the relative proximity of the UK to Nigeria".
Notable British Nigerians
Nigerian citizens of British descent
Caroline Danjuma, actress
Eku Edewor, actress
Lola Maja, makeup artist
Nicholas Mostyn, judge
SHiiKANE, girl group
Remi Vaughan-Richards, filmmaker
British citizens of Nigerian descent
Tammy Abraham, footballer
Timmy Abraham, footballer
Dupsy Abiola, entrepreneur
Faridah Àbíké-Íyímídé, writer
Alim Abubakre, lecturer
Diran Adebayo, novelist
Dotun Adebayo, journalist and presenter
Elijah Adebayo, footballer
Victor, Lord Adebowale, peer
Adelayo Adedayo, actress
Abu-Abdullah Adelabu, cleric, scholar and publisher
Kayode Ajulo, lawyer and arbitrator
Eniola Aluko, footballer
Tolu Akinyemi (Poetolu), writer
Julie Adenuga, radio presenter and host
Abimbola Afolami, MP
Kriss Akabusi, athlete
Moyo Akandé, actress
Adebayo Akinfenwa, footballer
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, actor
Dele Alli, footballer
John Amaechi, basketball player and psychologist
Dame Elizabeth Anionwu, nurse and professor of nursing
OG Anunoby, basketball player
Matthew Ashimolowo, clergyman
Richard Ayoade, actor and comedian of Norwegian and Nigerian descent
Femi Azeez, footballer
Miguel Azeez, footballer
Kemi Badenoch, MP
Tunde Baiyewu, singer
Dame Shirley Bassey, singer
Sara Forbes Bonetta, Yoruba princess, goddaughter to Queen Victoria
John Boyega, actor
Tobi Brown, youtuber and member of the Sidemen
Tosin Cole, actor
Taio Cruz, singer
Dave, rapper
Victoria Davies Randle, Yoruba princess, goddaughter to Queen Victoria
Sope Dirisu, actor
Dizzee Rascal, grime artist
Ugo Ehiogu, footballer
Chiwetel Ejiofor, actor
Carmen Ejogo, actress
Buchi Emecheta, author
Olaudah Equiano, explorer, writer, merchant and abolitionist
Florence Eshalomi, MP
Bernardine Evaristo, author and Booker Prize winner
Eberechi Eze, footballer
John Fashanu, footballer
Justin Fashanu, footballer
Keji Giwa, entrepreneur
Helen Grant, MP
Saffron Hocking, actress
Vick Hope, television and radio presenter
AJ Odudu, television and radio presenter
Anne-Marie Imafidon, child prodigy
Maro Itoje, rugby union player
Alex Iwobi, footballer
NneNne Iwuji-Eme, Britain's first black female ambassador
JME, grime artist
Hannah John-Kamen, actor of Norwegian and Nigerian descent
Anthony Joshua, professional boxer
Joe Joyce, professional boxer
Cush Jumbo, actress, writer
Hakeem Kae-Kazim, actor
Eman Kellam, television presenter and actor
KSI, YouTube personality, rapper and professional boxer
Lemar, singer
Archie Madekwe, actor
Noni Madueke, footballer
Chuku Modu, actor
Ugo Monye, rugby player
Victor Moses, footballer
Shola Mos-Shogbamimu, lawyer, activist and political commentator
Mikel John Obi, footballer
Beno Obano, rugby player
Esther Odekunle, neurobiologist and antibody engineer
Chris Ofili, artist
Michelle Ogundehin, television presenter
Adebayo Ogunlesi, investment banker
Christine Ohuruogu, athlete
Femi Oke, journalist
Kele Okereke, musician
Lawrence Okolie, professional boxer
Sophie Okonedo, actress
Arthur Okonkwo, footballer
Deji Olatunji, youtuber
Sir Ken Olisa, investment banker and businessman
Michael Olise, footballer
Eunice Olumide, broadcaster, actress, supermodel
David Olusoga, historian
Fiona Onasanya, MP
Chi Onwurah, MP
Kate Osamor, MP
Martha, Baroness Osamor, peer
David Oyelowo, actor
Abiodun Oyepitan, athlete
Helen Oyeyemi, writer
Annie Yellowe Palma, author
Hal Robson-Kanu, footballer
Sade, singer
Bukayo Saka, footballer
Seal, singer
Yinka Shonibare, artist
Skepta, grime artist
Damilola Taylor, murder victim
Tinie Tempah, grime artist
Daley Thompson, Olympian
Chuka Umunna, MP
Reece Wabara, footballer and businessman
Adejoké Bakare, Michelin Star chef and restauranteur
Adegbenga Adejumo, dubstep musician known as Benga
See also
Nigeria portalUnited Kingdom portal
Nigeria–United Kingdom relations
Nigerian Australian
Nigerian American
Nigerian Canadian
Nigerians in Ireland
Black British people
References
^ a b c "TS012: Country of birth (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
^ a b "Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024. '2022' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204'
^ a b "MS-A17: Country of birth - intermediate detail". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
^ "TS013: Passports held (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
^ "TS:002 Ethnic group (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^ Temko, Ned (14 May 2006). "'Think Jamaica is bad? Try Nigeria...': How Diane Abbott enraged a community". The Observer. London. p. 21. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Davies, Christie (12 December 2006). "No apology for slavery – no deep sorrow: Christie Davies explains why apologies for centuries-old wrongs are not in order". Social Affairs Unit. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ a b White, Robin (25 January 2005). "Little Lagos in south London". BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ a b "Nigerian London". BBC London. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ a b c d Change Institute (April 2009). "The Nigerian Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities" (PDF). London: Communities and Local Government. pp. 23–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ "Nigeria: Multiple Forms of Mobility in Africa's Demographic Giant". Washington: Migration Information Source. June 2010. p. 1. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ Kotecha, Sima (17 June 2015). "Nigerian trafficking 'top priority', commissioner says". BBC News. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
^ "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ "Country of Birth - Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019". Office for National Statistics. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
^ "Immigration from sub-Saharan Africa". Report, Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Doc. 11526. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
^ a b "Born abroad: Nigeria". BBC News. 7 September 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ "London's Little Lagos". The African Courier. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ Chilton, Tony; Kilsby, Peter (20 April 1999). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 1998" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Kilsby, Peter; McGregor, Rod (8 June 2000). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 1999" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Dudley, Jill; Harvey, Paul (31 May 2001). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2000" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Dudley, Jill; Hesketh, Krystina (27 June 2002). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2001" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Dudley, Jill; Woollacott, Simon (28 August 2003). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2002" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Dudley, Jill; Woollacott, Simon (24 May 2004). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2003" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Woollacott, Simon (17 May 2005). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2004" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Freelove Mensah, John (23 May 2006). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2005" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Freelove Mensah, John (23 May 2006). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2006" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Freelove Mensah, John (20 May 2008). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2007" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Freelove Mensah, John (20 May 2008). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2008" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
^ Danzelman, Philip (27 May 2010). "Persons Granted British Citizenship, United Kingdom, 2009". Home Office. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
^ Gopal, Deepthi; Matras, Yaron (October 2013). "What languages are spoken in England and Wales?". ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE). Archived from the original (XLS) on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ Office for National Statistics (1 March 2013). "Main Language Spoken at Home (Census), Borough". Greater London Authority. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ Rutter, Jill (March 2013). "Back to Basics: Towards a Successful and Cost-effective Integration Policy" (PDF). Institute for Public Policy Research. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ Robinson, Stephen (30 November 2013). "A British education has become a commodity bought by wealthy foreigners". The Spectator. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
^ Paton, Graeme (8 February 2014). "Bid to stop private schools being 'filled by rich foreigners'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
^ "International Higher Education in Facts and Figures" (PDF). UK HE International Unit. Autumn 2013. p. 5. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan" (PDF). Euromonitor International for the British Council. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ Agnew, Thelma (2 October 2016). "An extraordinary life: Elizabeth Anionwu". Nursing Standard. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ "OG Anunoby's path to the NBA exposes the failings in British basketball". Real Sports. 7 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ "Woman pens book about impact of being racially abused growing up in Northern Ireland". Belfast Live. 28 May 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
External links
Central Association of Nigerians in the UK (CAN-UK)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Nigerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Temko-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-8"},{"link_name":"Nigerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Lagos-9"}],"text":"Ethnic groupBritish Nigerians (here meaning British people of Nigerian descent[6][7] rather than Nigerians of British descent) have formed long-established communities in London, Liverpool and other industrial cities. Many Nigerians and their British-born descendants in Britain live in South London, and they are one of the larger immigrant groups in the country.[8]","title":"British Nigerians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"transatlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Olaudah Equiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_London-10"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLG-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nigeria:_Multiple_Forms_of_Mobility_in_Africa's_Demographic_Giant-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_London-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLG-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLG-11"},{"link_name":"Sani Abacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLG-11"},{"link_name":"Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Anti-Slavery_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"contemporary slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_slavery"},{"link_name":"National Crime Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Nigerians have formed long-established communities in London, Liverpool and other industrial cities. The earliest known Nigerian presence in London took place over 200 years ago as a direct result of the transatlantic slave trade. Olaudah Equiano, born in what is now Nigeria and a former slave, lived in London and was involved in the debate that occurred in Britain over the abolition of the slave trade.[9]Like many other former British colonies, Nigeria has been a large source of immigrants to the United Kingdom. Prior to Nigerian independence from Britain, gained in 1960, many Nigerians studied in the UK along with other countries such as Australia and the United States; with the majority returning to Nigeria upon completion of their higher education.[10][11] In the 1960s, civil and political unrest in Nigeria contributed to many refugees migrating to Britain, along with skilled workers.[9]Nigerians emigrated in larger numbers in the 1980s, following the collapse of the petroleum boom.[10] This wave of migration has been more permanent than the pre-independence wave of temporary migration.[10] Asylum applications from Nigerians peaked in 1995, when the repression associated with the military dictatorship of Sani Abacha was at its height.[10]In 2015, Britain's Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner expressed concerns about the extent of contemporary slavery involving Nigerians smuggled to the UK. Of more than 2,000 potential victims of human trafficking referred to the National Crime Agency in 2014, 244 were from Nigeria. This represented a 31 per cent increase on 2013's figure. According to the BBC, \"Campaigners believe the real figure of potential trafficking victims from Nigeria could be much higher\".[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 UK Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UK_Census"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OECD-14"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011cen-15"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NI-17"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoE-19"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"The 2001 UK Census recorded 88,378 Nigerian-born people resident in the UK.[13] The 2011 Census recorded 191,183 Nigerian-born residents in England and Wales.[14] The censuses of Scotland and Northern Ireland recorded 9,458 and 543 Nigerian-born residents respectively.[15][16] More recent estimates by the Office for National Statistics put the figure at 215,000 in 2019.[17]A Council of Europe report gives a figure of 100,000 Nigerians in the UK but suggests that this is likely to be an underestimate since it does not include irregular migrants or children born outside of Nigeria. Similarly, Nigerians with citizenship of another EU member state who then relocated to the UK are not necessarily included in this estimate. The report suggests to multiply the figure by between 3 and 8 to reflect the size of the Nigerian community in the UK.[18]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham"},{"link_name":"census tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_tract"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Born_abroad-20"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London's_Little_Lagos-21"},{"link_name":"churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosques"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Yoruba language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"},{"link_name":"Igbo language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language"},{"link_name":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Lagos-9"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"East of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_England"},{"link_name":"North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Born_abroad-20"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"The UK's largest concentration of Nigerians is found in the capital city, London. The 2001 census found that Peckham was the home to the largest overseas Nigerian community in the UK, with 7% of the population of the Peckham census tract having been born in Nigeria.[19] Many of the local establishments are Yoruba and Igbo owned.[20] Nigerian churches and mosques can be found in the area. As immigrants have become assimilated, English has always been the predominant language of the local Nigerian British population as English is the main spoken language in Nigeria. The Yoruba language and the Igbo language are declining in use in the Peckham area despite the growing Nigerian population of Igbo and Yoruba descent.[8] Outside London and South East England, the 2001 census recorded the largest Nigerian-born communities in the East of England and the North West.[19]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_citizenship"}],"sub_title":"Citizenship","text":"Below is a table showing how many Nigerians were granted British citizenship and the right of abode in the period 1998 to 2008.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"In England and Wales in 2011, 14,914 people (0.03% of all residents aged three and over) spoke Yoruba as a main language, 7,946 (0.01%) spoke Igbo and 6,639 (0.01%) spoke other Nigerian languages.[33] In London, 10,119 people (0.13% of all residents aged three and over) spoke Yoruba as a main language, 5,252 (0.07%) people spoke Igbo and 3,577 (0.05%) spoke other Nigerian languages.[34]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute for Public Policy Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research"},{"link_name":"GCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE"},{"link_name":"local authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_England"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"British private schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Statistics Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Statistics_Agency"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tbotelfias-40"}],"text":"According to the Institute for Public Policy Research, Nigerian pupils are among best performing student groups in the United Kingdom. Taking data for only England, a 2013 IPPR survey reported that the proportion of British Nigerian pupils gaining 5 A*–C grades at GCSE (including Maths and English) in 2010–2011 was 21.8 percentage points higher than the England mean of 59.6 per cent. This average was calculated using student data, where available, from various local authorities in England.[35]The number of Nigerian pupils at British private schools is growing. In November 2013, The Spectator noted that Nigerians, along with Russians, \"are now the fastest-growing population in British private schools\".[36] In 2013, the number of entrants to private schools from Nigeria increased by 16 per cent.[37]According to Higher Education Statistics Agency data, 17,620 students from Nigeria were studying at British public higher education institutions in the academic year 2011–12. This made them the third largest country-of-origin group behind students from China and India. Of the 17,620, 6,500 were undergraduates, 9,620 taught postgraduates and 1,500 research postgraduates.[38]Research by Euromonitor International for the British Council indicates that in 2010, the majority (66 per cent) of Nigerian foreign students attended universities in the UK. The students are mainly drawn to these institutions' English language academic system. Their time studying in Britain is also facilitated by an established and large Nigerian community and by \"the relative proximity of the UK to Nigeria\".[39]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable British Nigerians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caroline Danjuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Danjuma"},{"link_name":"Eku Edewor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eku_Edewor"},{"link_name":"Lola Maja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Maja"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Mostyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mostyn"},{"link_name":"SHiiKANE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHiiKANE"},{"link_name":"girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"Remi Vaughan-Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remi_Vaughan-Richards"}],"sub_title":"Nigerian citizens of British descent","text":"Caroline Danjuma, actress\nEku Edewor, actress\nLola Maja, makeup artist\nNicholas Mostyn, judge\nSHiiKANE, girl group\nRemi Vaughan-Richards, filmmaker","title":"Notable British Nigerians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tammy Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Timmy Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmy_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Dupsy Abiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupsy_Abiola"},{"link_name":"Faridah Àbíké-Íyímídé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridah_%C3%80b%C3%ADk%C3%A9-%C3%8Dy%C3%ADm%C3%ADd%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alim Abubakre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim_Abubakre"},{"link_name":"Diran Adebayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diran_Adebayo"},{"link_name":"Dotun Adebayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotun_Adebayo"},{"link_name":"Elijah Adebayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Adebayo"},{"link_name":"Victor, Lord Adebowale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Adebowale"},{"link_name":"Adelayo Adedayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelayo_Adedayo"},{"link_name":"Abu-Abdullah Adelabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Abdullah_Adelabu"},{"link_name":"Kayode Ajulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayode_Ajulo"},{"link_name":"Eniola Aluko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniola_Aluko"},{"link_name":"Tolu Akinyemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolu_Akinyemi"},{"link_name":"Julie Adenuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Adenuga"},{"link_name":"Abimbola Afolami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimbola_Afolami"},{"link_name":"Kriss Akabusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriss_Akabusi"},{"link_name":"Moyo Akandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyo_Akand%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Adebayo Akinfenwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo_Akinfenwa"},{"link_name":"Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adewale_Akinnuoye-Agbaje"},{"link_name":"Dele Alli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele_Alli"},{"link_name":"John Amaechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amaechi"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Anionwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Anionwu"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"OG Anunoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OG_Anunoby"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ashimolowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayoade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayoade"},{"link_name":"Femi Azeez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi_Azeez"},{"link_name":"Miguel Azeez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Azeez"},{"link_name":"Kemi Badenoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch"},{"link_name":"Tunde Baiyewu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_Baiyewu"},{"link_name":"Shirley Bassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Bassey"},{"link_name":"Sara Forbes Bonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Forbes_Bonetta"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"John Boyega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyega"},{"link_name":"Tobi Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBJZL"},{"link_name":"Sidemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidemen_(YouTube_group)"},{"link_name":"Tosin Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosin_Cole"},{"link_name":"Taio Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taio_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Dave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Victoria Davies Randle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Davies_Randle"},{"link_name":"Sope Dirisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sope_Dirisu"},{"link_name":"Dizzee Rascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal"},{"link_name":"Ugo Ehiogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Ehiogu"},{"link_name":"Chiwetel Ejiofor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor"},{"link_name":"Carmen Ejogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Ejogo"},{"link_name":"Buchi Emecheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchi_Emecheta"},{"link_name":"Olaudah Equiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano"},{"link_name":"Florence Eshalomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Eshalomi"},{"link_name":"Bernardine Evaristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardine_Evaristo"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"Eberechi Eze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberechi_Eze"},{"link_name":"John Fashanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fashanu"},{"link_name":"Justin Fashanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fashanu"},{"link_name":"Keji Giwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keji_Giwa"},{"link_name":"Helen Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Grant_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Saffron Hocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron_Hocking"},{"link_name":"Vick Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vick_Hope"},{"link_name":"AJ Odudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Odudu"},{"link_name":"Anne-Marie Imafidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie_Imafidon"},{"link_name":"Maro Itoje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro_Itoje"},{"link_name":"Alex Iwobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Iwobi"},{"link_name":"NneNne Iwuji-Eme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NneNne_Iwuji-Eme"},{"link_name":"JME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jme_(MC)"},{"link_name":"Hannah John-Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_John-Kamen"},{"link_name":"Anthony Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Joshua"},{"link_name":"Joe Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Joyce_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Cush Jumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_Jumbo"},{"link_name":"Hakeem Kae-Kazim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem_Kae-Kazim"},{"link_name":"Eman Kellam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eman_Kellam"},{"link_name":"KSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSI"},{"link_name":"Lemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemar"},{"link_name":"Archie Madekwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Madekwe"},{"link_name":"Noni Madueke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noni_Madueke"},{"link_name":"Chuku Modu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuku_Modu"},{"link_name":"Ugo Monye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Monye"},{"link_name":"Victor Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Moses"},{"link_name":"Shola Mos-Shogbamimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shola_Mos-Shogbamimu"},{"link_name":"Mikel John Obi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_John_Obi"},{"link_name":"Beno Obano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno_Obano"},{"link_name":"Esther Odekunle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Odekunle"},{"link_name":"neurobiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"Chris Ofili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ofili"},{"link_name":"Michelle Ogundehin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Ogundehin"},{"link_name":"Adebayo Ogunlesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi"},{"link_name":"Christine Ohuruogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ohuruogu"},{"link_name":"Femi Oke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi_Oke"},{"link_name":"Kele Okereke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kele_Okereke"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Okolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Okolie"},{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"},{"link_name":"Arthur Okonkwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Okonkwo"},{"link_name":"Deji Olatunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr._vs_Deji"},{"link_name":"Ken Olisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Olisa"},{"link_name":"Michael Olise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Olise"},{"link_name":"Eunice Olumide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_Olumide"},{"link_name":"David Olusoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Olusoga"},{"link_name":"Fiona Onasanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Onasanya"},{"link_name":"Chi Onwurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Onwurah"},{"link_name":"Kate Osamor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Osamor"},{"link_name":"Martha, Baroness Osamor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Osamor"},{"link_name":"David Oyelowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Oyelowo"},{"link_name":"Abiodun Oyepitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiodun_Oyepitan"},{"link_name":"Helen Oyeyemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Oyeyemi"},{"link_name":"Annie Yellowe Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Yellowe_Palma"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Hal Robson-Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Robson-Kanu"},{"link_name":"Sade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Bukayo Saka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukayo_Saka"},{"link_name":"Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Yinka Shonibare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinka_Shonibare"},{"link_name":"Skepta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepta"},{"link_name":"Damilola Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Damilola_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Tinie Tempah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinie_Tempah"},{"link_name":"Daley Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daley_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Chuka Umunna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna"},{"link_name":"Reece Wabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Wabara"},{"link_name":"Adejoké Bakare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adejok%C3%A9_Bakare"},{"link_name":"Adegbenga Adejumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adegbenga_Adejumo"}],"sub_title":"British citizens of Nigerian descent","text":"Tammy Abraham, footballer\nTimmy Abraham, footballer\nDupsy Abiola, entrepreneur\nFaridah Àbíké-Íyímídé, writer\nAlim Abubakre, lecturer\nDiran Adebayo, novelist\nDotun Adebayo, journalist and presenter\nElijah Adebayo, footballer\nVictor, Lord Adebowale, peer\nAdelayo Adedayo, actress\nAbu-Abdullah Adelabu, cleric, scholar and publisher\nKayode Ajulo, lawyer and arbitrator\nEniola Aluko, footballer\nTolu Akinyemi (Poetolu), writer\nJulie Adenuga, radio presenter and host\nAbimbola Afolami, MP\nKriss Akabusi, athlete\nMoyo Akandé, actress\nAdebayo Akinfenwa, footballer\nAdewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, actor\nDele Alli, footballer\nJohn Amaechi, basketball player and psychologist\nDame Elizabeth Anionwu, nurse and professor of nursing[40]\nOG Anunoby, basketball player[41]\nMatthew Ashimolowo, clergyman\nRichard Ayoade, actor and comedian of Norwegian and Nigerian descent\nFemi Azeez, footballer\nMiguel Azeez, footballer\nKemi Badenoch, MP\nTunde Baiyewu, singer\nDame Shirley Bassey, singer\nSara Forbes Bonetta, Yoruba princess, goddaughter to Queen Victoria\nJohn Boyega, actor\nTobi Brown, youtuber and member of the Sidemen\nTosin Cole, actor\nTaio Cruz, singer\nDave, rapper\nVictoria Davies Randle, Yoruba princess, goddaughter to Queen Victoria\nSope Dirisu, actor\nDizzee Rascal, grime artist\nUgo Ehiogu, footballer\nChiwetel Ejiofor, actor\nCarmen Ejogo, actress\nBuchi Emecheta, author\nOlaudah Equiano, explorer, writer, merchant and abolitionist\nFlorence Eshalomi, MP\nBernardine Evaristo, author and Booker Prize winner\nEberechi Eze, footballer\nJohn Fashanu, footballer\nJustin Fashanu, footballer\nKeji Giwa, entrepreneur\nHelen Grant, MP\nSaffron Hocking, actress\nVick Hope, television and radio presenter\nAJ Odudu, television and radio presenter\nAnne-Marie Imafidon, child prodigy\nMaro Itoje, rugby union player\nAlex Iwobi, footballer\nNneNne Iwuji-Eme, Britain's first black female ambassador\nJME, grime artist\nHannah John-Kamen, actor of Norwegian and Nigerian descent\nAnthony Joshua, professional boxer\nJoe Joyce, professional boxer\nCush Jumbo, actress, writer\nHakeem Kae-Kazim, actor\nEman Kellam, television presenter and actor\nKSI, YouTube personality, rapper and professional boxer\nLemar, singer\nArchie Madekwe, actor\nNoni Madueke, footballer\nChuku Modu, actor\nUgo Monye, rugby player\nVictor Moses, footballer\nShola Mos-Shogbamimu, lawyer, activist and political commentator\nMikel John Obi, footballer\nBeno Obano, rugby player\nEsther Odekunle, neurobiologist and antibody engineer\nChris Ofili, artist\nMichelle Ogundehin, television presenter\nAdebayo Ogunlesi, investment banker\nChristine Ohuruogu, athlete\nFemi Oke, journalist\nKele Okereke, musician\nLawrence Okolie, professional boxer\nSophie Okonedo, actress\nArthur Okonkwo, footballer\nDeji Olatunji, youtuber\nSir Ken Olisa, investment banker and businessman\nMichael Olise, footballer\nEunice Olumide, broadcaster, actress, supermodel\nDavid Olusoga, historian\nFiona Onasanya, MP\nChi Onwurah, MP\nKate Osamor, MP\nMartha, Baroness Osamor, peer\nDavid Oyelowo, actor\nAbiodun Oyepitan, athlete\nHelen Oyeyemi, writer\nAnnie Yellowe Palma, author[42]\nHal Robson-Kanu, footballer\nSade, singer\nBukayo Saka, footballer\nSeal, singer\nYinka Shonibare, artist\nSkepta, grime artist\nDamilola Taylor, murder victim\nTinie Tempah, grime artist\nDaley Thompson, Olympian\nChuka Umunna, MP\nReece Wabara, footballer and businessman\nAdejoké Bakare, Michelin Star chef and restauranteur\nAdegbenga Adejumo, dubstep musician known as Benga","title":"Notable British Nigerians"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Nigeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Nigeria–United Kingdom relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria"},{"title":"Nigerian Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Australian"},{"title":"Nigerian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_American"},{"title":"Nigerian Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Canadian"},{"title":"Nigerians in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland"},{"title":"Black British people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_British_people"}]
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[{"reference":"\"TS012: Country of birth (detailed)\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS012/editions/2021/versions/2/filter-outputs/ba18881b-a88f-432f-89be-af1fee321107#get-data","url_text":"\"TS012: Country of birth (detailed)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals\". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnicity,%20Identity,%20Language%20and%20Religion&categoryId=4","url_text":"\"Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS-A17: Country of birth - intermediate detail\". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-a17.xlsx","url_text":"\"MS-A17: Country of birth - intermediate detail\""}]},{"reference":"\"TS013: Passports held (detailed)\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS013/editions/2021/versions/3/filter-outputs/728bfc72-22fb-4651-8841-b2f3433118f8#get-data","url_text":"\"TS013: Passports held (detailed)\""}]},{"reference":"\"TS:002 Ethnic group (detailed)\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS022/editions/2021/versions/2/filter-outputs/41d3c99d-976d-4553-858a-af16bc85554b?f=get-data#ethnic_group_288a","url_text":"\"TS:002 Ethnic group (detailed)\""}]},{"reference":"Temko, Ned (14 May 2006). \"'Think Jamaica is bad? Try Nigeria...': How Diane Abbott enraged a community\". The Observer. London. p. 21. Retrieved 25 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/may/14/uk.labour1","url_text":"\"'Think Jamaica is bad? Try Nigeria...': How Diane Abbott enraged a community\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Christie (12 December 2006). \"No apology for slavery – no deep sorrow: Christie Davies explains why apologies for centuries-old wrongs are not in order\". Social Affairs Unit. Retrieved 25 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Davies","url_text":"Davies, Christie"},{"url":"http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/001301.php","url_text":"\"No apology for slavery – no deep sorrow: Christie Davies explains why apologies for centuries-old wrongs are not in order\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit","url_text":"Social Affairs Unit"}]},{"reference":"White, Robin (25 January 2005). \"Little Lagos in south London\". BBC News. 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|
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Try Nigeria...': How Diane Abbott enraged a community\""},{"Link":"http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/001301.php","external_links_name":"\"No apology for slavery – no deep sorrow: Christie Davies explains why apologies for centuries-old wrongs are not in order\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4182341.stm","external_links_name":"\"Little Lagos in south London\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/26/nigerian_london_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Nigerian London\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100331163114/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203232.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Nigerian Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities\""},{"Link":"http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203232.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=788","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria: Multiple Forms of Mobility in Africa's Demographic Giant\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33159899","external_links_name":"\"Nigerian trafficking 'top priority', commissioner says\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","external_links_name":"\"Country-of-birth database\""},{"Link":"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs203ew.xls","external_links_name":"\"2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales\""},{"Link":"http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2a_COB_detailed_Scotland.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Country of birth 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original"},{"Link":"https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/main-language-spoken-at-home-borough","external_links_name":"\"Main Language Spoken at Home (Census), Borough\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210001656/http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2013/03/back-to-basics-integration_Mar2013_10525.pdf#","external_links_name":"\"Back to Basics: Towards a Successful and Cost-effective Integration Policy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2013/03/back-to-basics-integration_Mar2013_10525.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.spectator.co.uk/spectator-life/spectator-life-life/9085501/five-star-schools/","external_links_name":"\"A British education has become a commodity bought by wealthy foreigners\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10624672/Bid-to-stop-private-schools-being-filled-by-rich-foreigners.html","external_links_name":"\"Bid to stop private schools being 'filled by rich foreigners'\""},{"Link":"http://international.ac.uk/media/2416084/intfacts2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"International Higher Education in Facts and Figures\""},{"Link":"http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/features/extraordinary-life-elizabeth-anionwu-65926","external_links_name":"\"An extraordinary life: Elizabeth Anionwu\""},{"Link":"https://realsport101.com/nba-2k/og-anunobys-path-nba-exposes-failings-british-basketball/","external_links_name":"\"OG Anunoby's path to the NBA exposes the failings in British basketball\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/woman-pens-book-impact-being-13082644","external_links_name":"\"Woman pens book about impact of being racially abused growing up in Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.canukonline.com/","external_links_name":"Central Association of Nigerians in the UK (CAN-UK)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushmore_Records
|
Rushmore Records
|
["1 History","1.1 Activity","2 Roster","2.1 Former bands","3 Release catalog","4 See also"]
|
American record label
Rushmore Records was formerly a subsidiary of Drive-Thru Records. As of September, 2006, Rushmore became an imprint label due to the project being largely unsuccessful.
History
In 2002, two years before the label's official establishment, Rushmore was supposed to be formed as a "new" Drive-Thru Records. The intention was to start the label up during Drive-Thru's distribution agreement with Geffen Records — restricting co-owners Richard and Stefanie Reines from full control over the roster, which is why they were reluctant to sign new talent — and eventually move all of Drive-Thru's bands over to Rushmore. This was meant to be a tactic to avoid Geffen taking over more of the label's roster.
During this time, the first signed artists to be announced were Self Against City and Houston Calls, shortly followed by Day at the Fair and The Track Record a week later. In early 2005, two bands were announced to join the existing four, Madison, and The Cover.
On May 1, 2006, Day at the Fair announced their breakup.
In September 2006, The Track Record parted ways with Rushmore based on the direction of the band. An announcement states: "As of September 1st, we are no longer affiliated with Drive-Thru / Rushmore Records. The split is due to disagreements regarding the direction of the band. While we maintain good terms with the label, there is no more progress to be made in the relationship."
Due to issues with the label's management, Madison decided to break up in September 2006. According to a press release written by the band, the main reason behind why they split was a lack of professionalism and laziness on part of the label. The band claimed, that a month passed before submitted demos were listened to and when questioned about this, the owners responded in an often vulgar and rude manner. In the wake of this, Richard Reines wrote a lengthy response criticising Madison's announcement, mentioning that they took nine months to record said demos, then – at a time when the label had other priorities – impatiently called every couple of days asking if the material had yet been listened to, and ultimately threatened with their breakup if they weren't allowed to start recording an album within two weeks. This came after Madison's original material was rejected as it was produced by Jesse Cannon. Reines stated that he wanted to hear new material because he didn't trust Cannon's ability to produce a full-length record. This was somewhat surprising given the fact that Madison had originally been signed to Rushmore Records after independently producing an EP with Jesse Cannon so all current material which Reine's had heard was produced by the same person. The end result was that over 20 songs were recorded, produced, and mixed over an 18-month period which were never released and never received notes from the label heads.
Also in September 2006, the label dropped The Cover (whose signing was never announced). They rarely showed any activity during their brief time signed to the label.
Presently, Self Against City have finished recording their full-length Telling Secrets to Strangers (released January 9, 2007), while Houston Calls are about to release their second full-length, The End of An Error. (October 14, 2008)
Activity
Despite the label's lack of activity, the Rushmore Records logo has been used on various campaigns by owners Richard & Stefanie Reines. This includes a banner advertisement for You, Me, and Everyone We Know's EP, which was distributed by Drive Thru Records.
Roster
Houston Calls
Self Against City
Former bands
The Background
The Cover
Madison
The Track Record
The Mile After
Release catalog
This is the release list of Rushmore Records in order of release number.
Self Against City – Take It How You Want It EP (2005)
The Track Record – The Track Record EP (2005)
Day at the Fair – The Rocking Chair Years (2005)
Houston Calls – A Collection of Short Stories (2005)
You, Me, and Everyone We Know – Party for the Grown and Sexy EP (2008)
See also
List of record labels
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
|
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The intention was to start the label up during Drive-Thru's distribution agreement with Geffen Records — restricting co-owners Richard and Stefanie Reines from full control over the roster, which is why they were reluctant to sign new talent — and eventually move all of Drive-Thru's bands over to Rushmore. This was meant to be a tactic to avoid Geffen taking over more of the label's roster.[1]During this time, the first signed artists to be announced were Self Against City and Houston Calls, shortly followed by Day at the Fair and The Track Record a week later. In early 2005, two bands were announced to join the existing four, Madison, and The Cover.On May 1, 2006, Day at the Fair announced their breakup.In September 2006, The Track Record parted ways with Rushmore based on the direction of the band. An announcement states: \"As of September 1st, we are no longer affiliated with Drive-Thru / Rushmore Records. The split is due to disagreements regarding the direction of the band. While we maintain good terms with the label, there is no more progress to be made in the relationship.\"Due to issues with the label's management, Madison decided to break up in September 2006. According to a press release written by the band, the main reason behind why they split was a lack of professionalism and laziness on part of the label. The band claimed, that a month passed before submitted demos were listened to and when questioned about this, the owners responded in an often vulgar and rude manner.[2] In the wake of this, Richard Reines wrote a lengthy response criticising Madison's announcement, mentioning that they took nine months to record said demos, then – at a time when the label had other priorities – impatiently called every couple of days asking if the material had yet been listened to, and ultimately threatened with their breakup if they weren't allowed to start recording an album within two weeks.[3] This came after Madison's original material was rejected as it was produced by Jesse Cannon. Reines stated that he wanted to hear new material because he didn't trust Cannon's ability to produce a full-length record. This was somewhat surprising given the fact that Madison had originally been signed to Rushmore Records after independently producing an EP with Jesse Cannon so all current material which Reine's had heard was produced by the same person. The end result was that over 20 songs were recorded, produced, and mixed over an 18-month period which were never released and never received notes from the label heads.Also in September 2006, the label dropped The Cover (whose signing was never announced). They rarely showed any activity during their brief time signed to the label.Presently, Self Against City have finished recording their full-length Telling Secrets to Strangers (released January 9, 2007), while Houston Calls are about to release their second full-length, The End of An Error. (October 14, 2008)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You, Me, and Everyone We Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You,_Me,_and_Everyone_We_Know"}],"sub_title":"Activity","text":"Despite the label's lack of activity, the Rushmore Records logo has been used on various campaigns by owners Richard & Stefanie Reines. This includes a banner advertisement for You, Me, and Everyone We Know's EP, which was distributed by Drive Thru Records.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston Calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Calls"},{"link_name":"Self Against City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Against_City"}],"text":"Houston Calls\nSelf Against City","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_(2000s_band)"},{"link_name":"The Track Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Track_Record"}],"sub_title":"Former bands","text":"The Background\nThe Cover\nMadison\nThe Track Record\nThe Mile After","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Self Against City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Against_City"},{"link_name":"The Track Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Track_Record"},{"link_name":"Houston Calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Calls"},{"link_name":"You, Me, and Everyone We Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You,_Me,_and_Everyone_We_Know"}],"text":"This is the release list of Rushmore Records in order of release number.Self Against City – Take It How You Want It EP (2005)\nThe Track Record – The Track Record EP (2005)\nDay at the Fair – The Rocking Chair Years (2005)\nHouston Calls – A Collection of Short Stories (2005)\nYou, Me, and Everyone We Know – Party for the Grown and Sexy EP (2008)","title":"Release catalog"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/RushmoreLogo.jpg/200px-RushmoreLogo.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380867#identifiers"},{"title":"MusicBrainz label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/label/b3525c27-9a8e-4058-8ebb-f71984ccd0ed"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?p=4432751","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=167878","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=168872","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/b3525c27-9a8e-4058-8ebb-f71984ccd0ed","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulvan
|
Ulvan
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 63°40′29″N 9°02′20″E / 63.6746°N 09.0389°E / 63.6746; 09.0389Village in Central Norway, NorwayUlvanVillageUlvanLocation of the villageShow map of TrøndelagUlvanUlvan (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 63°40′29″N 9°02′20″E / 63.6746°N 09.0389°E / 63.6746; 09.0389CountryNorwayRegionCentral NorwayCountyTrøndelagDistrictFosenMunicipalityHitraElevation9 m (30 ft)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code7242 Knarrlagsund
Ulvan is a village on the island of Ulvøya in the municipality of Hitra in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the western side of the island, along the Frøyfjorden, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) west of the village of Knarrlaget. Ulvan is home to a large fish processing plant operated by Marine Harvest.
References
^ "Ulvan, Hitra (Trøndelag)". yr.no. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
This Trøndelag location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Petrie_Townshend_Carew
|
Dorothea Petrie Townshend Carew
|
["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References and sources"]
|
Anglo-Irish writer, poet and editor
Dorothea Petrie Townshend CarewBornDorothea Petrie Townshend8 May 1895Died3 February 1968 (1968-02-04) (aged 72)
Dorothea Petrie Townshend Carew (8 May 1895 – 3 February 1968), was an Anglo-Irish writer and the editor of a literary magazine.
Biography
Born on 8 May 1895, Dorothea Petrie Townshend was the daughter of Colonel George Robert Townshend and his wife Petrie Wisdom. She was educated in Queenwood Ladies' College, Eastbourne, East Sussex and went on to study in Oxford. It was in Queenswood she met the novelist Annie Winifred Ellerman also known as Bryher. Carew appears in Bryher's novel Development as Nancy's Downwood acquaintance Eleanor. In 1935 Carew prompted Bryher to purchase the literary magazine Life and Letters To-day. Carew had hoped to become the editor but was instead offered the business manager. However she held out and worked with Robert Herring as editor. Carew worked under the name Petrie Townshend, a name she began using in school. Carew worked on the Magazine until May 1937. Carew married Major Robert John Henry Carew on 25 July 1936 and their daughter was born in 1938. Carew lived in Ballinamona Park, County Waterford, Ireland.
Carew also worked as editor for Mrs Alexander Kennedy's translation of works by Paolo Mantegazza. She wrote several other books including an autobiography and a study on the education of girls in France. She was considered a pioneer in the psychological treatment of children. She died in 1968.
Bibliography
French Education for English Girls. A guide for parents
The cold table : a book of recipes cold food and drink, (1936)
Life and letters to-day (editor)
The legends of flowers (editor)
Anything Once: An Autobiography, (1971)
Many Years, Many Girls, (1967)
References and sources
^ "Scrapbook Newspaper cuttings about Townshend and Carew" (PDF).
^ Zircon Publishing (1973). Who's who, what's what and where in Ireland. Macmillan Information. ISBN 9780225658873. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ Doolittle, H.; Freud, S.; Friedman, S.S. (2002). Analyzing Freud: Letters of H.D., Bryher, and Their Circle. New Directions Paperbook. New Directions. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8112-1603-6. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ Camboni, M. (2004). Networking Women: Subjects, Places, Links Europe-America : Towards a Re-writing of Cultural History, 1890–1939 : Proceedings of the International Conference, Macerata, March 25–27, 2002. Biblioteca di Studi americani. Edizioni di storia e letteratura. p. 376. ISBN 978-88-8498-157-8. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ Christodoulides, N.J.; Mackay, P. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-76908-2. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "Collection: Bryher papers". Archives at Yale. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "Images in Prose and Film: Modernist treatments of gender, education and early 20th century culture in Bryher's Close Up essays, her volume Film Problems of Soviet Russia (1929), and her autobiographical fiction" (PDF). Royal Holloway, University of London.
^ "FAIRY TALES" (PDF). School Magazine.
^ The Lady's Who's who. Pallas Publishing Company. 1938. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ Healey, R. (2019). Italian Literature since 1900 in English Translation 1929–2016: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929–2016. Toronto Italian Studies. University of Toronto Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4875-0292-8. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ The Heart to Artemis: A Writer's Memoirs (in Latin). Valmy Publishing. 2017. ISBN 978-1-78720-429-4. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
|
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She was educated in Queenwood Ladies' College, Eastbourne, East Sussex and went on to study in Oxford. It was in Queenswood she met the novelist Annie Winifred Ellerman also known as Bryher. Carew appears in Bryher's novel Development as Nancy's Downwood acquaintance Eleanor. In 1935 Carew prompted Bryher to purchase the literary magazine Life and Letters To-day. Carew had hoped to become the editor but was instead offered the business manager. However she held out and worked with Robert Herring as editor. Carew worked under the name Petrie Townshend, a name she began using in school. Carew worked on the Magazine until May 1937. Carew married Major Robert John Henry Carew on 25 July 1936 and their daughter was born in 1938. Carew lived in Ballinamona Park, County Waterford, Ireland.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]\nCarew also worked as editor for Mrs Alexander Kennedy's translation of works by Paolo Mantegazza.[10] She wrote several other books including an autobiography and a study on the education of girls in France. She was considered a pioneer in the psychological treatment of children. She died in 1968.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"French Education for English Girls. A guide for parents\nThe cold table : a book of recipes cold food and drink, (1936)\nLife and letters to-day (editor)\nThe legends of flowers (editor)\nAnything Once: An Autobiography, (1971)\nMany Years, Many Girls, (1967)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Scrapbook Newspaper cuttings about Townshend and Carew\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.astro.wisc.edu/~townsend/tree/scrapbooks/6A29.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zircon_Publishing_1973_2-0"},{"link_name":"Who's who, what's what and where in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Re8pAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780225658873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780225658873"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Doolittle_Freud_Friedman_2002_3-0"},{"link_name":"Analyzing Freud: Letters of H.D., Bryher, and Their Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iZZKp4NzNL8C&pg=PA223"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8112-1603-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-1603-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Camboni_2004_4-0"},{"link_name":"Networking Women: Subjects, Places, Links Europe-America : Towards a Re-writing of Cultural History, 1890–1939 : Proceedings of the International Conference, Macerata, March 25–27, 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5aHnV6JOS4QC&pg=PA376"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-8498-157-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8498-157-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christodoulides_Mackay_2012_5-0"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Companion to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4VoJbWo1uVcC&pg=PA47"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-76908-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76908-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archives_at_Yale_2019_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Collection: Bryher papers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/929/collection_organization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Images in Prose and Film: Modernist treatments of gender, education and early 20th century culture in Bryher's Close Up essays, her volume Film Problems of Soviet Russia (1929), and her autobiographical fiction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/33494562/2018nikolovazephd.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"FAIRY TALES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nhehsarchives.net/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=NHEJ1935_Iss_050_March.pdf&origFilename=NHEJ1935_Iss_050_March.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Ladys_Whos_who_1938_9-0"},{"link_name":"The Lady's Who's who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oXlmAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Healey_2019_10-0"},{"link_name":"Italian Literature since 1900 in English Translation 1929–2016: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929–2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CZiRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4875-0292-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0292-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Heart_to_Artemis:_A_Writer's_Memoirs_2017_11-0"},{"link_name":"The Heart to Artemis: A Writer's Memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BxokDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78720-429-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78720-429-4"}],"text":"^ \"Scrapbook Newspaper cuttings about Townshend and Carew\" (PDF).\n\n^ Zircon Publishing (1973). Who's who, what's what and where in Ireland. Macmillan Information. ISBN 9780225658873. Retrieved 11 October 2019.\n\n^ Doolittle, H.; Freud, S.; Friedman, S.S. (2002). Analyzing Freud: Letters of H.D., Bryher, and Their Circle. New Directions Paperbook. New Directions. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8112-1603-6. Retrieved 11 October 2019.\n\n^ Camboni, M. (2004). Networking Women: Subjects, Places, Links Europe-America : Towards a Re-writing of Cultural History, 1890–1939 : Proceedings of the International Conference, Macerata, March 25–27, 2002. Biblioteca di Studi americani. Edizioni di storia e letteratura. p. 376. ISBN 978-88-8498-157-8. Retrieved 11 October 2019.\n\n^ Christodoulides, N.J.; Mackay, P. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-76908-2. Retrieved 11 October 2019.\n\n^ \"Collection: Bryher papers\". Archives at Yale. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.\n\n^ \"Images in Prose and Film: Modernist treatments of gender, education and early 20th century culture in Bryher's Close Up essays, her volume Film Problems of Soviet Russia (1929), and her autobiographical fiction\" (PDF). Royal Holloway, University of London.\n\n^ \"FAIRY TALES\" (PDF). School Magazine.\n\n^ The Lady's Who's who. Pallas Publishing Company. 1938. Retrieved 11 October 2019.\n\n^ Healey, R. (2019). Italian Literature since 1900 in English Translation 1929–2016: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929–2016. Toronto Italian Studies. University of Toronto Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4875-0292-8. Retrieved 11 October 2019.\n\n^ The Heart to Artemis: A Writer's Memoirs (in Latin). Valmy Publishing. 2017. ISBN 978-1-78720-429-4. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","title":"References and sources"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_stele_of_Edessa
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Pig stele of Edessa
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["1 Text","2 Analysis","3 Metre","4 References"]
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The pig stele of Edessa is a Roman-era illustrated Greek funerary stele from Edessa, Macedonia. The relief depicts a man on a four-wheeled chariot with four horses and two pigs, one under the wheel and one under the horse hooves. The inscription is dated to the second or third century CE and reads:
A copy of the stele in Edessa
Text
Translation
Greek text
A pig, friend to everybody
a four-footed youngster
here I lie, having left
behind the land of Dalmatia,
offered as a gift,
and Dyrrachion I trod
and Apollonia, yearning
and all the earth I crossed
on foot alone unscathed.
But by the force of a wheel
I have now lost the light,
longing to see Emathia
and the chariot of Phallos
Here now I lie, owing
nothing to death anymore
χοῖρος ὁ πᾶσι φίλος,
τετράπους νέος,
ἐνθάδε κεῖμαι
Δαλματίης δάπεδον προλιπὼν
δῶρον προσενεχθείς
καὶ Δυρράχιν δὲ ἐπάτησα
Ἀπολλωνίαν τε ποθήσας
καὶ πᾶσαν γαίην διέβην
ποσὶ μοῦνος ἄλιπτος
νῦν δὲ τροχοῖο βίῃ
τὸ φάος προλέλοιπα
Ἠμαθίην δὲ ποθῶν
κατιδεῖν φαλλοῖο δὲ ἅρμα
ἐνθάδε νῦν κεῖμαι
τῷ θανάτῳ μηκέτ' ὀφειλόμενος
Analysis
In antiquity, Greek and Latin epitaphs for animals, either real or in jocular fiction, constitute a traditional Hellenistic poetic theme. Epigrams in the seventh book of the Greek Anthology commemorate a dolphin, a cicada, a partridge, a swallow, a jay, an ant, a grasshopper, a rabbit, a horse, and, most famously, a Maltese toy-dog. The funerary relief of Edessa is unique in antiquity in commemorating a pig and a traffic accident.
While the inscription is noteworthy for its description of the Via Egnatia and information on Phallic processions, the main controversy concerns the interpretation of the word CHOIROS, inscribed like the rest of the poem in Greek majuscule. Is the inscription about a pig (choiros) or a man named Choiros? Choirilos is attested as a name, as are other personal names such as Choiron, Choirothyon ("pig-sacrificer"), Choiridion, Choirine (-a), Choiro, Choiris (female) and around twenty males were named Choiros.
If the inscription refers to an actual pig the story might be reconstructed as follows: A pig-merchant, engaged in business on the Via Egnatia, bought pigs from Dalmatia and conveyed them on a chariot. At Edessa, a pig fell off the chariot and was crushed under the wheel. An artist and poet created the relief and epitaph, either commissioned by the merchant or on their own. The information that the pig travelled on foot alone steadily would be intended humorously; so too the comment that it longed to see the Dionysiac Phallic processions, if indeed pigs were sacrificed there. Another possible reconstruction is that pigs, bought in Dalmatia, were walking down a road in Edessa, led by a priest for the Dionysiac festival, when a chariot or the Phallic chariot crushed one. This may explain the fact that two pigs are depicted.
If the inscription refers to a man named Choiros we might interpret it thus: A slave freed (as an offered gift) at Dalmatia, traveled alone on the Via Egnatia to his friends or relatives. At Edessa, he died in a chariot accident. Artists who heard the story made the relief and poem, playing on his name. In Christian funerary steles, a certain Pontius Leo had a lion depicted on his epitaph and a little pig was added to that of a child named Porcella.
A third line of interpretation might see the poem and stele as a purely fictional creation.
Metre
The inscription is composed in dactylic hexameters (lines 1–6), with scriptio plena (line 3 δὲ ἐπάτησα Ἀπολλωνίαν = δ' ἐπάτησ' Ἀπολλωνίαν) and containing some awkward or missing features (particularly in line 3, where apparent short υ is to be read in Δυρράχιν unless emended as below to omit καὶ and read Δυρράχιον; and short o with long ι in Ἀπολλωνίαν, so emended below to Ἀπολωνίαν). There are missing syllables in line 5 (either u u - immediately before or after τὸ φάος, or at the end of the line as shown below). There is an apparent attempt at ending the verse with an elegiac couplet (6–7, dactylic hexameter followed by dactylic pentameter), but this would only be metrically successful and preserve the intended sense with deletions as shown below; as it stands the dactylic pentameter is distorted by the addition of a medial choriamb (τῷ θανάτῳ).
With metrical division of the lines, the inscription may be laid out as follows:
χοῖρος ὁ πᾶσι φίλος, τετράπους νέος, ἐνθάδε κεῖμαι
Δαλματίης δάπεδον προλιπὼν δῶρον προσενεχθείς,
Δυρράχι(o)ν δ' ἐπάτησ' Ἀπολωνίαν τε ποθήσας
καὶ πᾶσαν γαίην διέβην ποσὶ μοῦνος ἄλιπτος
νῦν δὲ τροχοῖο βίῃ τὸ φάος προλέλοιπα (u -)
Ἠμαθίην δὲ ποθῶν κατιδεῖν φαλλοῖο δὲ ἅρμα
νῦν κεῖμαι θανάτῳ μηκέτ' ὀφειλόμενος.
Choiros ho pasi philos, tetranous neos, enthade keimai
Dalmatiēs dapedon prolipōn dōron prosenechtheis,
Dyrrachi(o)n d' epatēs' Apolōnian te pothēsas
Kai pasan gaiēn diebēn posi mounos aliptos
Nun de trochoio biē to phaos proleloipa
Ēmathiēn de pothōn katidein Phalloio de harma
nun keimai thanatō mēket' opheilomenos.
Notes:
Line 4: ἄλιπτος = ἄληπτος (hard to catch; so uncaught, unscathed)
Line 5: one might add to this line e.g. ταπεινός (tapeinos, "wretched").
References
Notes
^ SEG 25:711 - 2nd/3rd c. AD - Poetic Greek with Homericisms, six dactylic hexameter, of which one incomplete
^ by Tymnes, 7.211
^ We know only about chariot race accidents in classical antiquity. Hippolytus and Pergamon Museum, c. 300 CE
^ Cf. English-Latin poem: Hic jacet porcus fulgure ictus - On a pig killed in thunder-storm
^ Χοιρο-
^ a usual offer to Greek and Roman deities, see pig in religion
^ Epitaphs of the catacombs, or, Christian inscriptions in Rome during the first four centuries by James Spencer Northcote Page 175 (1878)
Bibliography
G. Daux, "Epitaphe métrique d'un jeune porc, victime d'un accident," Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 94 (1970), 609-618.
Supplementum epigraphicum graecum, Volume 26 edited by H W Pleket Page 182 (1976)
Athens annals of archaeology, Volumes 3-4 Page 84 (1970)
Opuscula romana, Volume 28 By Svenska institutet i Rom Page 47 2003
Commentary by Photis Petsas mostly in Greek and following summary in English, under the Society for Macedonian Studies.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edessa_pig_stele.JPG"}],"text":"A copy of the stele in Edessa","title":"Pig stele of Edessa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Anthology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Via Egnatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Egnatia"},{"link_name":"Phallic processions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallic_processions"},{"link_name":"majuscule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuscule"},{"link_name":"Choirilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choerilus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In antiquity, Greek and Latin epitaphs for animals, either real or in jocular fiction, constitute a traditional Hellenistic poetic theme. Epigrams in the seventh book of the Greek Anthology commemorate a dolphin, a cicada, a partridge, a swallow, a jay, an ant, a grasshopper, a rabbit, a horse, and, most famously, a Maltese toy-dog.[2] The funerary relief of Edessa is unique in antiquity in commemorating a pig and a traffic accident.[3][4]While the inscription is noteworthy for its description of the Via Egnatia and information on Phallic processions, the main controversy concerns the interpretation of the word CHOIROS, inscribed like the rest of the poem in Greek majuscule. Is the inscription about a pig (choiros) or a man named Choiros? Choirilos is attested as a name, as are other personal names such as Choiron, Choirothyon (\"pig-sacrificer\"), Choiridion, Choirine (-a), Choiro, Choiris (female) and around twenty males were named Choiros.[5]If the inscription refers to an actual pig the story might be reconstructed as follows: A pig-merchant, engaged in business on the Via Egnatia, bought pigs from Dalmatia and conveyed them on a chariot. At Edessa, a pig fell off the chariot and was crushed under the wheel. An artist and poet created the relief and epitaph, either commissioned by the merchant or on their own. The information that the pig travelled on foot alone steadily would be intended humorously; so too the comment that it longed to see the Dionysiac Phallic processions, if indeed pigs were sacrificed there.[6] Another possible reconstruction is that pigs, bought in Dalmatia, were walking down a road in Edessa, led by a priest for the Dionysiac festival, when a chariot or the Phallic chariot crushed one. This may explain the fact that two pigs are depicted.If the inscription refers to a man named Choiros we might interpret it thus: A slave freed (as an offered gift) at Dalmatia, traveled alone on the Via Egnatia to his friends or relatives. At Edessa, he died in a chariot accident. Artists who heard the story made the relief and poem, playing on his name. In Christian funerary steles, a certain Pontius Leo had a lion depicted on his epitaph and a little pig was added to that of a child named Porcella.[7]A third line of interpretation might see the poem and stele as a purely fictional creation.","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dactylic hexameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter"},{"link_name":"scriptio plena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptio_plena"},{"link_name":"elegiac couplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegiac_couplet"},{"link_name":"dactylic pentameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylic_pentameter"},{"link_name":"choriamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choriamb"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"The inscription is composed in dactylic hexameters (lines 1–6), with scriptio plena (line 3 δὲ ἐπάτησα Ἀπολλωνίαν = δ' ἐπάτησ' Ἀπολλωνίαν) and containing some awkward or missing features (particularly in line 3, where apparent short υ is to be read in Δυρράχιν unless emended as below to omit καὶ and read Δυρράχιον; and short o with long ι in Ἀπολλωνίαν, so emended below to Ἀπολωνίαν). There are missing syllables in line 5 (either u u - immediately before or after τὸ φάος, or at the end of the line as shown below). There is an apparent attempt at ending the verse with an elegiac couplet (6–7, dactylic hexameter followed by dactylic pentameter), but this would only be metrically successful and preserve the intended sense with deletions as shown below; as it stands the dactylic pentameter is distorted by the addition of a medial choriamb (τῷ θανάτῳ).With metrical division of the lines, the inscription may be laid out as follows:χοῖρος ὁ πᾶσι φίλος, τετράπους νέος, ἐνθάδε κεῖμαι \nΔαλματίης δάπεδον προλιπὼν δῶρον προσενεχθείς, \n[καὶ] Δυρράχι(o)ν δ' ἐπάτησ' Ἀπολ[λ]ωνίαν τε ποθήσας \nκαὶ πᾶσαν γαίην διέβην ποσὶ μοῦνος ἄλιπτος\nνῦν δὲ τροχοῖο βίῃ τὸ φάος προλέλοιπα (u -)\nἨμαθίην δὲ ποθῶν κατιδεῖν φαλλοῖο δὲ ἅρμα\n[ἐνθάδε] νῦν κεῖμαι [τῷ] θανάτῳ μηκέτ' ὀφειλόμενος.\n\n\n\nChoiros ho pasi philos, tetranous neos, enthade keimai \nDalmatiēs dapedon prolipōn dōron prosenechtheis, \n[kai] Dyrrachi(o)n d' epatēs' Apol[l]ōnian te pothēsas\nKai pasan gaiēn diebēn posi mounos aliptos\nNun de trochoio biē to phaos proleloipa [word missing?]\nĒmathiēn de pothōn katidein Phalloio de harma\n[Enthade] nun keimai [tō] thanatō mēket' opheilomenos.Notes:Line 4: ἄλιπτος = ἄληπτος (hard to catch; so uncaught, unscathed)Line 5: one might add to this line e.g. ταπεινός (tapeinos, \"wretched\").[clarification needed]","title":"Metre"}]
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[{"image_text":"A copy of the stele in Edessa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Edessa_pig_stele.JPG/220px-Edessa_pig_stele.JPG"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=152708&bookid=172®ion=4&subregion=11","external_links_name":"SEG 25:711"},{"Link":"http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/chariotaccident.jpg","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=shxMAAAAMAAJ&dq=epitaph+on+a+pig+Yale&pg=PA171","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/search?patt=*XOIRO#region1","external_links_name":"Χοιρο-"},{"Link":"http://www.ems.gr/ems/client/userfiles/file/EKDOSEIS/MAKEDONIKA/Makedonika_10/Symmikta.pdf","external_links_name":"Commentary by Photis Petsas"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Trips:_The_History_of_Christmas
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Big Finish Short Trips
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["1 Books","2 Audio","2.1 Single Short Trips (2009–21)","2.2 Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trips (2016–present)","2.3 Volume 1 (2010)","2.4 Volume 2 (2011)","2.5 Volume 3 (2011)","2.6 Volume 4 (2011)","2.7 Series 5 (2015)","2.8 Series 6 (2016)","2.9 Series 7 (2017)","2.10 Series 8 (2018)","2.11 Series 9 (2019)","2.12 Series 10 (2020)","2.13 Volume 11 (2022)","2.14 Volume 12 (2023)","3 External links","4 References"]
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Series of short story books based on the Doctor Who television series
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Short Trips: Zodiac was the first anthology in the Big Finish-produced Short Trips range.
The Big Finish Short Trips are a collection of short story anthologies published by Big Finish Productions based on the BBC Television series Doctor Who, beginning with the collection Short Trips: Zodiac in December 2002 and ending with the loss of their license in 2009. The Short Trips name was inherited from similar collections published by the BBC, who decided in March 2000 that it was no longer financially viable to produce collections of short stories. Big Finish Productions negotiated a licence to continue producing these collections, publishing them in smaller runs and in hardback, thus allowing for a higher cover price and increased profit margins than on the BBC collections.
In May 2009 and after 28 collections, Big Finish announced that they were ending the Short Trips series as the BBC had not renewed it for a second licence, eventually halting sales of the books on the Big Finish Website in December 2009. Even so, the books are still available via off-site retailers and a final 29th volume collected the editor's favourite story of each of the previous volumes.
Books
The Big Finish Short Trips volumes are produced in a slightly different manner from their BBC predecessors: instead of being centrally produced, Big Finish commissions editors for the volumes, who in turn commission stories from writers for the themed collections. Because of this, each volume is produced depending on the working methods of its editor – some editors commission stories on invitation from writers, whilst others welcome unsolicited submission of stories. How the Doctor Changed My Life featured stories all written by previously unpublished authors. This was as a result of a competition, run by Big Finish in 2007, to seek out new talent.
Each collection is conceived around a single theme, with the individual stories exploring that theme:
Title
Editor
Published
Theme/Concept
Short Trips: Zodiac
Jacqueline Rayner
December 2002
The signs of the Zodiac
Short Trips: Companions
Jacqueline Rayner
March 2003
The Doctor's companions
Short Trips: A Universe of Terrors
John Binns
June 2003
Horror
Short Trips: The Muses
Jacqueline Rayner
September 2003
The Nine Muses
Short Trips: Steel Skies
John Binns
December 2003
Confined environments
Short Trips: Past Tense
Ian Farrington
April 2004
Historical settings
Short Trips: Life Science
John Binns
June 2004
The nature of life
Short Trips: Repercussions
Gary Russell
June 2004
Unforeseen consequences
Short Trips: Monsters
Ian Farrington
August 2004
Monsters
Short Trips: 2040
John Binns
October 2004
The year 2040
Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury
Paul Cornell
December 2004
Christmas
Short Trips: Seven Deadly Sins
David Bailey
March 2005
Seven deadly sins
Short Trips: A Day in the Life
Ian Farrington
June 2005
The hours of the day
Short Trips: The Solar System
Gary Russell
September 2005
The nine planets of the Solar System
Short Trips: The History of Christmas
Simon Guerrier
December 2005
Christmas past, present and future
Short Trips: Farewells
Jacqueline Rayner
March 2006
Death and other kinds of loss
Short Trips: The Centenarian
Ian Farrington
July 2006
The life of one man – Edward Grainger
Short Trips: Time Signature
Simon Guerrier
September 2006
Music, time and consequences
Short Trips: Dalek Empire
Nicholas Briggs with Simon Guerrier
December 2006
The Dalek Empire series
Short Trips: Destination Prague
Steven Savile
May 2007
The city of Prague
Short Trips: Snapshots
Joseph Lidster
June 2007
The effect the Doctor has on people
Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas
Cavan Scott & Mark Wright
December 2007
Christmas: past, present and future
Short Trips: Defining Patterns
Ian Farrington
March 2008
The causes and effects of the universe
Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership
Keith R.A. DeCandido
May 2008
The many leaders the Doctor has met
Short Trips: Transmissions
Richard Salter
July 2008
The art of communication
Short Trips: How the Doctor Changed My Life
Simon Guerrier
September 2008
The after effects of meeting the Doctor
Short Trips: Christmas Around the World
Xanna Eve Chown
December 2008
Christmas in different countries
Short Trips: Indefinable Magic
Neil Corry
March 2009
The magical life of the Doctor
Re:Collections
Various
May 2009
The final book and a collection of the best stories from the series
The collections have mixed established Doctor Who writers from the television series, such as Ben Aaronovitch, Ian Briggs, Andrew Cartmel, Terrance Dicks, Glen McCoy, James Moran, Marc Platt, Helen Raynor and Eric Saward with writers who made their name in other Doctor Who spin-off ranges, such as Paul Cornell, Joseph Lidster, Kate Orman, Lance Parkin, Philip Purser-Hallard, Gareth Roberts, Gary Russell and Robert Shearman, and writers from other literary spheres, including Dan Abnett, Lou Anders, Scott Andrews, Jonathan Clements, Peter David, Richard Dinnick, Keith R.A. DeCandido, Brian Dooley, Diane Duane, Nev Fountain, Lizzie Hopley, Todd McCaffrey, Juliet E. McKenna, Paul Magrs, James Moran, Gary Owen, Stel Pavlou, Steven Savile, James Swallow and Matthew Sweet.
Audio
On 31 December 2009, Big Finish lost their license to produce or sell their short story anthology book series Short Trips. On 10 February 2010 Big Finish announced that the range would be relaunched as double CD audiobooks featuring eight new short stories each. The stories were to be read by popular Doctor Who actors. Also on this day Big Finish asked for short story submissions, from anyone who hadn't written for them before, for possible inclusion on the CDs. Soon after the closing date it was announced that they had received 500 entries and that Colin Baker would be among the actors reading the stories, as well as writing the Sixth Doctor story for Volume 1. After four volumes, this series was discontinued, but the range was relaunched yet again as a monthly download-only series in 2015. The person in brackets in the "Featuring" column is who the story is read by.
Single Short Trips (2009–21)
The releases listed below were single releases made available by Big Finish as subscriber and magazine exclusives and podcasts. Starting from September 2016, Big Finish is releasing these exclusives to general customers under the banner, Short Trips Rarities. There will be at least a two-year delay between a story's subscriber exclusive release and its wider general release, in order to still keep these an incentive to subscribers of the main range.
TitleRead byWritten byFeaturingReleased
"One Small Step"Nicholas BriggsNicholas BriggsSecond Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe HeriotJanuary 2009 (2009-01)
"Museum Peace"Nicholas BriggsJames SwallowEighth Doctor, KalendorfNovember 2009 (2009-11) (MR 128)
"The Doctor's First XI"Stephen CritchlowIan AtkinsFourth Doctor, Romana IMarch 2010 (2010-03) (MR 132)
"The Switching"Duncan WisbeySimon GuerrierThird Doctor, Jo Grant, The Brigadier, Mike Yates, Sergeant BentonJune 2010 (2010-06) (MR 135)
"Lepidoptery for Beginners"Duncan WisbeyJohn DorneySecond Doctor, Jamie, ZoeSeptember 2010 (2010-09) (MR 138 & MR 139)
"The Little Drummer Boy"Beth ChalmersEddie RobsonFirst Doctor, Steven Taylor, Sara KingdomDecember 2010 (2010-12) (MR 142)
"Sound the Siren And I'll Come To You Comrade"Stephen CritchlowJohn PritchardFourth Doctor, LeelaMarch 2011 (2011-03) (MR 145)
"Twilight's End"Beth ChalmersCavan ScottMark WrightSeventh Doctor, NimrodJune 2011 (2011-06) (MR 148)
"Neptune"Beth ChalmersRichard DinnickThird Doctor, Sarah JaneSeptember 2011 (2011-09) (MR 151 & MR 152)
"Lant Land"Duncan WisbeyJonathan MorrisFifth Doctor, Tegan, TurloughDecember 2011 (2011-12) (MR 155)
"Breadcrumbs"John BanksJames MoranFourth Doctor, Romana IIMarch 2012 (2012-03) (MR 158)
"Intuition"Stephen CritchlowRob NisbetSixth Doctor, MelJune 2012 (2012-06) (MR 161)
"A Room With No View"Stephen CritchlowDavid BartlettFifth Doctor, PeriSeptember 2012 (2012-09) (MR 164 & MR 165)
"Only Connect"John BanksAndy LaneFourth Doctor, Sarah JaneDecember 2012 (2012-12) (MR 168)
"The Young Lions"Stephen CritchlowAlice CavenderEighth Doctor, LucieMarch 2013 (2013-03) (MR 171)
"Crystal Ball"Stephen CritchlowRob NisbetSeventh Doctor, AceJune 2013 (2013-06) (MR 174)
"Methuselah"John BanksGeorge MannFifth Doctor, PeriSeptember 2013 (2013-09) (MR 177 & MR 178)
"Tweaker"John BanksDan AbnettFifth Doctor, NyssaDecember 2013 (2013-12) (MR 181)
"The Piltdown Men"Hugh RossPaul Dale SmithSecond DoctorMarch 2014 (2014-03) (MR 184)
"Late Night Shopping"Hugh RossMatt FittonEighth Doctor, LucieJune 2014 (2014-06) (MR 187)
"Waiting for Gadot"Hugh RossJohn DorneyThird Doctor, Fourth Doctor, JoSeptember 2014 (2014-09) (MR 190 & MR 191)
"A Home From Home"Stephen CritchlowNick WallaceThird Doctor, Liz, BentonDecember 2014 (2014-12) (MR 194)
"String Theory"Stephen CritchlowKini BrownFourth Doctor, LeelaMarch 2015 (2015-03) (MR 197)
"Sphinx Lightning"Stephen CritchlowJohn PritchardThird Doctor, JoJune 2015 (2015-06) (MR 200)
"The Warren Legacy"Stephen CritchlowJulian RichardsFourth Doctor, Romana ISeptember 2015 (2015-09) (MR 203 & MR 204)
"The Toy"Sarah SuttonNigel FairsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, AdricOctober 2015 (2015-10) (Issues 4 & 5 of The Complete History)
"The Caves of Erith"Stephen CritchlowAlice CavenderEighth Doctor, LucieDecember 2015 (2015-12) (MR 207)
"The Horror at Bletchington Station"Stephen CritchlowChris WingFirst Doctor, DodoMarch 2016 (2016-03) (MR 210)
"The Monkey House"Stephen CritchlowNic FordFifth Doctor, Tegan, Turlough, NyssaJune 2016 (2016-06) (MR 213)
"The Shrine of Sorrows"Stephen CritchlowJulian RichardsSeventh Doctor, AceSeptember 2016 (2016-09) (MR 216)
"The Christmas Dimension"Stephen CritchlowRob NisbetThird Doctor, Liz, BentonDecember 2016 (2016-12) (MR 219 & MR 220)
"Collector's Item"Stephen CritchlowPaul J SalmanoffFourth Doctor, SarahMarch 2017 (2017-03) (MR 223)
"The Horror of Hy-Brasil"Stephen CritchlowRussell McGeeSecond Doctor, Jamie, ZoeJune 2017 (2017-06) (MR 226)
"Helmstone"Stephen CritchlowTony JonesFirst Doctor, StevenSeptember 2017 (2017-09) (MR 229 & MR 230)
"The Night Before Christmas"Stephen CritchlowNic FordSeventh DoctorDecember 2017 (2017-12) (MR 233)
"Mission Improbable"Stephen CritchlowChris WingSixth Doctor, Evelyn SmytheMarch 2018 (2018-03) (MR 236)
"Taken For Granted"Stephen CritchlowIan HidewellThird Doctor, Jo Grant, BentonJune 2018 (2018-06) (MR 239)
"The Smallest Battle"Stephen CritchlowStephen OsbourneFourth Doctor, LeelaSeptember 2018 (2018-09) (MR 242)
"Tuesday"Stephen CritchlowTony JonesEighth Doctor, Harry SullivanDecember 2018 (2018-12) (MR 245 & MR 246)
"Loud and Proud"Stephen CritchlowAndrew AllenSixth Doctor, MelMarch 2019 (2019-03) (MR 249)
"Still Life"Stephen CritchlowMax CurtisThird Doctor, Jo GrantJune 2019 (2019-06) (MR 252)
"An Ocean of Sawdust"Stephen CritchlowPaul StarkeyEighth DoctorSeptember 2019 (2019-09) (MR 255 & MR 256)
"A Song For Running"Stephen CritchlowFio TretheweyTwelfth DoctorDecember 2019 (2019-12) (MR 259)
"Not Forgotten"Stephen CritchlowBenjamin Holland-SmithSixth Doctor, PeriMarch 2020 (2020-03) (MR 262)
"Home Again, Home Again"Stephen CritchlowFelicia BarkerFirst Doctor, Susan, Barbara, IanJune 2020 (2020-06) (MR 265)
"The Beast of Muir"John BanksNicole PetitFourth Doctor, LeelaSeptember 2020 (2020-09) (MR 268)
"Crime at the Cinema"John BanksMH NorrisThird Doctor, Sarah Jane SmithDecember 2020 (2020-12) (MR 271 & MR 272)
"Soul Music"John BanksVictoria SaxtonTenth DoctorMarch 2021 (2021-03) (MR 275)
Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trips (2016–present)
The annual Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trip will continue to be released individually.
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
6X"Forever Fallen"Neil GardnerJoshua WaniskoSeventh Doctor, Ace (Nicholas Briggs)December 2016 (2016-12)
7X"Landbound"Neil GardnerSelim UlugThird Doctor (Nicholas Briggs)December 2017 (2017-12)
8X"The Last Day at Work"Alfie ShawHarry DraperSecond Doctor, Jamie (Nicholas Briggs)December 2018 (2018-12)
9X"The Best Laid Plans"Nicholas BriggsBen TeddsTwelfth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)December 2019 (2019-12)
10X"Free Speech"Nicholas BriggsEugenie PusenjakTenth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)December 2020 (2020-12)
11X"The Lichyrwick Abomination"Nicholas BriggsJoe VeversNinth Doctor, Malcolm (Jacob Dudman)December 2021 (2021-12)
12X"The World Tree"Lisa BowermanNick SlawiczEleventh Doctor, Nora (Lisa Bowerman)December 2022 (2022-12)
13X"The Hoxteth Time Capsule"TBDPaul DavisSixth Doctor, George (Colin Baker)December 2023 (2023-12)
Volume 1 (2010)
Main article: Short Trips – Volume 1
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"Rise and Fall"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyGeorge MannFirst Doctor, Susan, Ian, Barbara (William Russell)November 2010 (2010-11)
2"A Stain of Red in the Sand"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDavid A McEwanSecond Doctor, Zoe (David Troughton)November 2010 (2010-11)
3"A True Gentleman"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJamie HailstoneThird Doctor (Katy Manning)November 2010 (2010-11)
4"Death-Dealer"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDamian SawyerFourth Doctor, Leela (Louise Jameson)November 2010 (2010-11)
5"The Deep"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAlly KennenFifth Doctor, Nyssa (Peter Davison)November 2010 (2010-11)
6"The Wings of a Butterfly"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyColin BakerSixth Doctor (Colin Baker)November 2010 (2010-11)
7"Police and Shreeves"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAdam SmithSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)November 2010 (2010-11)
8"Running Out of Time"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDorothy KoomsonEighth Doctor (India Fisher)November 2010 (2010-11)
Volume 2 (2011)
Main article: Short Trips – Volume 2
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"1963"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyNiall BoyceFirst Doctor, Ian, Barbara, Vicki (William Russell)February 2011 (2011-02)
2"The Way Forwards"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySteve CaseSecond Doctor, Victoria (David Troughton)February 2011 (2011-02)
3"Walls of Confinement"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyLawrence ConquestThird Doctor, Liz, the Brigadier (Katy Manning)February 2011 (2011-02)
4"Chain Reaction"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDarren GoldsmithFourth Doctor, Sarah Jane (Louise Jameson)February 2011 (2011-02)
5"Sock-Pig"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySharon Cobb & Iain KeillerFifth Doctor (Peter Davison)February 2011 (2011-02)
6"The Doctor's Coat"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJohn BromleySixth Doctor (Colin Baker)February 2011 (2011-02)
7"Critical Mass"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJames MoranSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)February 2011 (2011-02)
8"Letting Go"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySimon GuerrierEighth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)February 2011 (2011-02)
Volume 3 (2011)
Main article: Short Trips – Volume 3
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"Seven to One"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleySimon Paul MillerFirst Doctor, Second Doctor, Third Doctor, Fourth Doctor, Fifth Doctor, Sixth Doctor, Seventh Doctor (Nicholas Briggs, William Russell)May 2011 (2011-05)
2"The Five Dimensional Man"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyKate OrmanSecond Doctor, Zoe, Jamie (David Troughton)May 2011 (2011-05)
3"Pop Up"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyDave CurranThird Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)May 2011 (2011-05)
4"The Wondrous Box"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJuliet BoydFourth Doctor, Sarah Jane (Louise Jameson)May 2011 (2011-05)
5"Wet Walls"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyMathilde MaddenFifth Doctor, Peri (Peter Davison)May 2011 (2011-05)
6"Murmurs of Earth"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyMichael Deacon, Jamie Middleton & Chris WraightSixth Doctor, Peri (Colin Baker)May 2011 (2011-05)
7"The Riparian Ripper"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAndrew CartmelSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)May 2011 (2011-05)
8"All the Fun of the Fair"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyBev ConwayEighth Doctor, Lucie (India Fisher)May 2011 (2011-05)
Volume 4 (2011)
Main article: Short Trips – Volume 4
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"A Star is Born"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyRichard DinnickFirst Doctor, Susan, Barbara, Ian (William Russell)August 2011 (2011-08)
2"Penny Wise, Pound Foolish"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyFoster MarksSecond Doctor, Jamie, Zoe (David Troughton)August 2011 (2011-08)
3"Lost in the Wakefield Triangle"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyVin Marsden HendrickThird Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)August 2011 (2011-08)
4"The Old Rogue"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJohn GrindrodSecond Doctor, Fourth Doctor, Jamie, Romana II, K9 (Louise Jameson)August 2011 (2011-08)
5"The Lions of Trafalgar"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyJason ArnoppFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan (Peter Davison)August 2011 (2011-08)
6"To Cut a Blade of Grass"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyCindy GarlandSixth Doctor, Peri (Colin Baker)August 2011 (2011-08)
7"The Shadow Trader"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyCharles WilliamsSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)August 2011 (2011-08)
8"Quantum Heresy"Nicholas Briggs, Ken BentleyAvril NaudeEighth Doctor (India Fisher)August 2011 (2011-08)
Series 5 (2015)
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"Flywheel Revolution"Lisa BowermanDale SmithFirst Doctor (Peter Purves)January 2015 (2015-01)
2"Little Doctors"Lisa BowermanPhilip LawrenceSecond Doctor, Jamie, Zoe (Frazer Hines)February 2015 (2015-02)
3"Time Tunnel"Lisa BowermanNigel FairsThird Doctor, Jo, the Brigadier, Sergeant Benton, Mike Yates (Katy Manning)March 2015 (2015-03)
4"The Ghost Trap"Lisa BowermanNick WallaceFourth Doctor, Leela (Louise Jameson)April 2015 (2015-04)
5"The King of the Dead"Lisa BowermanIan AtkinsFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan (Sarah Sutton)May 2015 (2015-05)
6"The Shadows of Serenity"Lisa BowermanNigel RobinsonSixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)June 2015 (2015-06)
7"Dark Convoy"Lisa BowermanMark B OliverSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)July 2015 (2015-07)
8"Foreshadowing"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsEighth Doctor, Charley, Mike Yates (India Fisher)August 2015 (2015-08)
9"Etheria"Lisa BowermanNick WallaceFirst Doctor, Vicki, Steven (Peter Purves)September 2015 (2015-09)
10"The Way of the Empty Hand"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsSecond Doctor, Jamie, Zoe (Frazer Hines)October 2015 (2015-10)
11"The Other Woman"Lisa BowermanPhilip LawrenceThird Doctor, Jo, the Brigadier (Katy Manning)November 2015 (2015-11)
12"Black Dog"Lisa BowermanDale SmithFourth Doctor, Leela (Louise Jameson)December 2015 (2015-12)
Series 6 (2016)
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"Gardens of the Dead"Lisa BowermanJenny T ColganFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough (Mark Strickson)January 2016 (2016-01)
2"Prime Winner"Lisa BowermanNigel FairsSixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)February 2016 (2016-02)
3"Washington Burns"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)March 2016 (2016-03)
4"The Curse of the Fugue"Lisa BowermanAlice CavenderEighth Doctor, Lucie (Sheridan Smith)April 2016 (2016-04)
5"This Sporting Life"Lisa BowermanUna McCormackFirst Doctor, Steven, Dodo (Peter Purves)May 2016 (2016-05)
6"Lost and Found"Lisa BowermanPenelope FaithSecond Doctor, Polly, Ben (Anneke Wills)June 2016 (2016-06)
7"The Blame Game"Lisa BowermanIan AtkinsThird Doctor, Liz, the Monk (Rufus Hound)July 2016 (2016-07)
8"Damascus"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesThird Doctor, Jo (Tim Treloar)August 2016 (2016-08)
9"A Full Life"Lisa BowermanJoseph LidsterFourth Doctor, Romana II, K9, Adric (Matthew Waterhouse)September 2016 (2016-09)
10"Rulebook"Lisa BowermanTony JonesFifth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)October 2016 (2016-10)
11"The Man Who Wasn't There"Lisa BowermanIan AtkinsEighth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)November 2016 (2016-11)
12"The Hesitation Deviation"Lisa BowermanJames GossSeventh Doctor, Benny (Lisa Bowerman)December 2016 (2016-12)
Series 7 (2017)
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"The World Beyond the Trees"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesEighth Doctor, Molly O'Sullivan, Liv Chenka (Nicola Walker)January 2017 (2017-01)
2"Gardeners' Worlds"Lisa BowermanGeorge MannThird Doctor, Jo (Tim Treloar)February 2017 (2017-02)
3"The Jago and Litefoot Revival Act One"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesTenth Doctor, Eleventh Doctor, Jago & Litefoot (Christopher Benjamin & Trevor Baxter)March 2017 (2017-03)
4"The Jago and Litefoot Revival Act Two"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesTenth Doctor, Eleventh Doctor, Jago & Litefoot (Christopher Benjamin & Trevor Baxter)April 2017 (2017-04)
5"Falling"Lisa BowermanJonathan BarnesFirst Doctor, Polly, Ben (Anneke Wills)May 2017 (2017-05)
6"How to Win Planets and Influence People"Lisa BowermanJames GossFourth Doctor, Sarah Jane & Harry Sullivan (Rufus Hound)June 2017 (2017-06)
7"Flashpoint"Lisa BowermanAndrew SmithEighth Doctor, Lucie Miller (Sheridan Smith)July 2017 (2017-07)
8"The British Invasion"Lisa BowermanIan PotterSecond Doctor, Jamie & Zoe (Wendy Padbury)August 2017 (2017-08)
9"A Heart on Both Sides"Lisa BowermanRob NisbetEighth Doctor, Nyssa (Sarah Sutton)September 2017 (2017-09)
10"All Hands on Deck"Lisa BowermanEddie RobsonEighth Doctor, Susan (Carole Ann Ford)October 2017 (2017-10)
11"The Ingenious Gentleman Adric of Alzarius"Lisa BowermanJulian RichardsFifth Doctor, Adric, Nyssa, Tegan (Matthew Waterhouse)November 2017 (2017-11)
12"O Tannenbaum"Lisa BowermanAnthony KeetchFirst Doctor, Steven (Peter Purves)December 2017 (2017-12)
Series 8 (2018)
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"The Authentic Experience"Lisa BowermanDan StarkeySixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)January 2018 (2018-01)
2"Mel-Evolent"Helen GoldwynSimon A. ForwardSixth Doctor, Mel (Bonnie Langford)February 2018 (2018-02)
3"The Turn of the Screw"Lisa BowermanEddie RobsonEighth Doctor, Charlie Sato (Yee Jee Tso)March 2018 (2018-03)
4"Erasure"Gary RussellGary RussellFourth Doctor, Adric, Narvin (Sean Carlsen)April 2018 (2018-04)
5"Trap For Fools"Lisa BowermanStephen FewellFifth Doctor, Turlough (Mark Strickson)May 2018 (2018-05)
6"The Siege of Big Ben"Lisa BowermanJoseph LidsterMeta-Crisis Doctor, Jackie (Camille Coduri)June 2018 (2018-06)
7"The Darkened Earth"Lisa BowermanJohn PritchardSixth Doctor, Constance (Miranda Raison)July 2018 (2018-07)
8"Flight into Hull"Lisa BowermanJoseph LidsterMeta-Crisis Doctor, Jackie (Camille Coduri)August 2018 (2018-08)
9"A Small Semblance Of Home"Lisa BowermanPaul PhippsFirst Doctor, Susan, Ian, Barbara (Carole Ann Ford)September 2018 (2018-09)
10"I Am the Master"Lisa BowermanGeoffrey BeeversFourth Doctor, The Master (Geoffrey Beevers)October 2018 (2018-10)
11"The Mistpuddle Murders"Lisa BowermanSimon A ForwardFifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan (Sarah Sutton)November 2018 (2018-11)
12"The Devil's Footprints"Helen GoldwynPenelope FaithSeventh Doctor, Mel (Bonnie Langford)December 2018 (2018-12)
Series 9 (2019)
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"The Revisionists"Lisa BowermanAndy Frankham-AllenFourth Doctor, Leela, The Brigadier (Louise Jameson)January 2019 (2019-01)
2"The Astrea Conspiracy"Nicholas BriggsLizbeth MylesTwelfth Doctor, Aphra Behn (Neve McIntosh)February 2019 (2019-02)
3"Doctors and Dragons"Lisa BowermanAlfie ShawSeventh Doctor, Reya (Sophie Aldred)March 2019 (2019-03)
4"Year of the Drex Olympics"Lisa BowermanPaul EbbsSecond Doctor, Jamie, Victoria (Frazer Hines)April 2019 (2019-04)
5"Under ODIN's Eye"Helen GoldwynAlice CavenderSixth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Bryant)May 2019 (2019-05)
6"The Same Face"Nicholas BriggsJulian RichardsThird Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)June 2019 (2019-06)
7"Battle Scars"Alfie ShawSelim UlugNinth Doctor (Nicholas Briggs)July 2019 (2019-07)
8"#HarrySullivan"Lisa BowermanEddie RobsonFourth Doctor, Harry, Sarah Jane (Louise Jameson)August 2019 (2019-08)
9"Dead Media"Nicholas BriggsJohn RichardsTwelfth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)September 2019 (2019-09)
10"The Second Oldest Question"Lisa BowermanCarrie ThompsonFifth Doctor, Nyssa (Sarah Sutton)October 2019 (2019-10)
11"Hall of the Ten Thousand"Lisa BowermanJaine FennEighth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)November 2019 (2019-11)
12"Peace in Our Time"Lisa BowermanUna McCormackFirst Doctor, Steven (Peter Purves)December 2019 (2019-12)
Series 10 (2020)
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"The Infinite Today"Nicholas BriggsSharon BidwellEleventh Doctor, Jo (Katy Manning)January 2020 (2020-01)
2"Deleted Scenes"Lisa BowermanAngus DunicanSecond Doctor, Jamie (Frazer Hines)February 2020 (2020-02)
3"Decline of the Ancient Mariner"Nicholas BriggsRob NisbetThird Doctor, Sarah Jane (Mark Reynolds)March 2020 (2020-03)
4"Dead Woman Walking"Lisa BowermanRoland MooreSeventh Doctor, Ace (Sophie Aldred)April 2020 (2020-04)
5"Regeneration Impossible"Nicholas BriggsAlfie ShawEleventh Doctor, Twelfth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)May 2020 (2020-05)
6"Out of the Deep"Lisa BowermanJohn PritchardFirst Doctor, Steven (Peter Purves)June 2020 (2020-06)
7"Downward Spiral"Lisa BowermanAlan FlanaganFifth Doctor, Nyssa (Sarah Sutton)July 2020 (2020-07)
8"These Stolen Hours"Lisa BowermanGrace KnightSixth Doctor, Charley (India Fisher)August 2020 (2020-08)
9"Her Own Bootstraps"Nicholas BriggsAmy VeeresNinth Doctor (Jacob Dudman)September 2020 (2020-09)
10"The Meaning of Red"Helen GoldwynRod BrownFifth Doctor, Peri (Nicola Byrant)October 2020 (2020-10)
11"Blue Boxes"Nicholas BriggsErin HorakovaThird Doctor, Liz (Mark Reynolds)November 2020 (2020-11)
12"The Shattered Hour Glass"Nicholas BriggsRobert NaptonTenth Doctor (Neve McIntosh)December 2020 (2020-12)
Volume 11 (2022)
In November 2020, it was announced that the Short Trips range would return to the audio anthology format. It consists of 6 episodes.
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"Rearguard"Scott HandcockAlfie ShawEleventh Doctor, Sontarans (Dan Starkey & Jacob Dudman)February 2022 (2022-02)
2"Messages from the Dead"Lisa BowermanRochana PatelFourth Doctor, Adric (Matthew Waterhouse)February 2022 (2022-02)
3"The Threshold"Scott HandcockFelicia BarkerThird Doctor, The Master (Jon Culshaw)February 2022 (2022-02)
4"Death Will Not Part Us"Scott HandcockAlfie ShawEighth Doctor (Adèle Anderson)February 2022 (2022-02)
5"Fear of Flying"Lisa BowermanPaul F VerhoevenTenth Doctor (Ayesha Antoine)February 2022 (2022-02)
6"Inside Story"Lisa BowermanBen TeddsSeventh Doctor (Sophie Aldred)February 2022 (2022-02)
Volume 12 (2023)
No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased
1"Salvage"Scott HandcockMax CurtisEighth Doctor, Bliss (Adèle Anderson)February 2023 (2023-02)
2"AWOL"Scott HandcockAngus DunicanThird Doctor, The Brigadier (Jon Culshaw)February 2023 (2023-02)
3"The Three Flames"Scott HandcockFio TretheweyTwelfth Doctor (Dan Starkey)February 2023 (2023-02)
4"Identity Check"Scott HandcockEugenie PusenjakNinth Doctor, Rose Tyler (Jacob Dudman)February 2023 (2023-02)
5"Table for Two, Dinner for One"Lisa BowermanJennah DeanTenth Doctor (Ayesha Antoine)February 2023 (2023-02)
6"The Galois Group"Scott HandcockFelicia BarkerEleventh Doctor, Valarie (Safiyya Ingar)February 2023 (2023-02)
External links
Big Finish's Short Trips page
Outpost Gallifrey's reviews page
Interview with range editor, Ian Farrington
References
^ "Errors – Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Short Story Comp". BBC. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
^ a b c d e f g "Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 11 - Short Trips - Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
^ a b c d e f "Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 12 - Short Trips - Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Short_Trips_Zodiac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Short Trips: Zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Trips:_Zodiac"},{"link_name":"Big Finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"anthologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"Big Finish Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"similar collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Short_Trips"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"hardback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardback"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Short Trips: Zodiac was the first anthology in the Big Finish-produced Short Trips range.The Big Finish Short Trips are a collection of short story anthologies published by Big Finish Productions based on the BBC Television series Doctor Who, beginning with the collection Short Trips: Zodiac in December 2002 and ending with the loss of their license in 2009. The Short Trips name was inherited from similar collections published by the BBC, who decided in March 2000 that it was no longer financially viable to produce collections of short stories. Big Finish Productions negotiated a licence to continue producing these collections, publishing them in smaller runs and in hardback, thus allowing for a higher cover price and increased profit margins than on the BBC collections.In May 2009 and after 28 collections, Big Finish announced that they were ending the Short Trips series as the BBC had not renewed it for a second licence,[1] eventually halting sales of the books on the Big Finish Website in December 2009. Even so, the books are still available via off-site retailers and a final 29th volume collected the editor's favourite story of each of the previous volumes.","title":"Big Finish Short Trips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"How the Doctor Changed My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Trips:_How_the_Doctor_Changed_My_Life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ben Aaronovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Aaronovitch"},{"link_name":"Ian Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cartmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cartmel"},{"link_name":"Terrance Dicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_Dicks"},{"link_name":"Glen McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_McCoy"},{"link_name":"James Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moran_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Marc Platt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Platt_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Helen Raynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Raynor"},{"link_name":"Eric Saward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Saward"},{"link_name":"Paul Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cornell"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lidster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lidster"},{"link_name":"Kate Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Orman"},{"link_name":"Lance Parkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Parkin"},{"link_name":"Philip Purser-Hallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Purser-Hallard"},{"link_name":"Gareth Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Gary Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Russell"},{"link_name":"Robert Shearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shearman"},{"link_name":"Dan Abnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Abnett"},{"link_name":"Lou Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Anders"},{"link_name":"Scott Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Andrews_(author)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Clements"},{"link_name":"Peter David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_David"},{"link_name":"Richard Dinnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dinnick"},{"link_name":"Keith R.A. DeCandido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_R.A._DeCandido"},{"link_name":"Brian Dooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dooley_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Diane Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Duane"},{"link_name":"Nev Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Lizzie Hopley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Hopley"},{"link_name":"Todd McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Juliet E. McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_E._McKenna"},{"link_name":"Paul Magrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magrs"},{"link_name":"James Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moran_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Gary Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Owen_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Stel Pavlou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel_Pavlou"},{"link_name":"Steven Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Savile"},{"link_name":"James Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Swallow"},{"link_name":"Matthew Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Sweet_(writer)"}],"text":"The Big Finish Short Trips volumes are produced in a slightly different manner from their BBC predecessors: instead of being centrally produced, Big Finish commissions editors for the volumes, who in turn commission stories from writers for the themed collections. Because of this, each volume is produced depending on the working methods of its editor – some editors commission stories on invitation from writers, whilst others welcome unsolicited submission of stories. How the Doctor Changed My Life featured stories all written by previously unpublished authors. This was as a result of a competition, run by Big Finish in 2007, to seek out new talent.[2]Each collection is conceived around a single theme, with the individual stories exploring that theme:The collections have mixed established Doctor Who writers from the television series, such as Ben Aaronovitch, Ian Briggs, Andrew Cartmel, Terrance Dicks, Glen McCoy, James Moran, Marc Platt, Helen Raynor and Eric Saward with writers who made their name in other Doctor Who spin-off ranges, such as Paul Cornell, Joseph Lidster, Kate Orman, Lance Parkin, Philip Purser-Hallard, Gareth Roberts, Gary Russell and Robert Shearman, and writers from other literary spheres, including Dan Abnett, Lou Anders, Scott Andrews, Jonathan Clements, Peter David, Richard Dinnick, Keith R.A. DeCandido, Brian Dooley, Diane Duane, Nev Fountain, Lizzie Hopley, Todd McCaffrey, Juliet E. McKenna, Paul Magrs, James Moran, Gary Owen, Stel Pavlou, Steven Savile, James Swallow and Matthew Sweet.","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Baker"}],"text":"On 31 December 2009, Big Finish lost their license to produce or sell their short story anthology book series Short Trips. On 10 February 2010 Big Finish announced that the range would be relaunched as double CD audiobooks featuring eight new short stories each. The stories were to be read by popular Doctor Who actors. Also on this day Big Finish asked for short story submissions, from anyone who hadn't written for them before, for possible inclusion on the CDs. Soon after the closing date it was announced that they had received 500 entries and that Colin Baker would be among the actors reading the stories, as well as writing the Sixth Doctor story for Volume 1. After four volumes, this series was discontinued, but the range was relaunched yet again as a monthly download-only series in 2015. The person in brackets in the \"Featuring\" column is who the story is read by.","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Single Short Trips (2009–21)","text":"The releases listed below were single releases made available by Big Finish as subscriber and magazine exclusives and podcasts. Starting from September 2016, Big Finish is releasing these exclusives to general customers under the banner, Short Trips Rarities. There will be at least a two-year delay between a story's subscriber exclusive release and its wider general release, in order to still keep these an incentive to subscribers of the main range.","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trips (2016–present)","text":"The annual Paul Spragg Memorial Short Trip will continue to be released individually.","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 1 (2010)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 2 (2011)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 3 (2011)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 4 (2011)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 5 (2015)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 6 (2016)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 7 (2017)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 8 (2018)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 9 (2019)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 10 (2020)","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST-V11-3"}],"sub_title":"Volume 11 (2022)","text":"In November 2020, it was announced that the Short Trips range would return to the audio anthology format. It consists of 6 episodes.[3]","title":"Audio"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume 12 (2023)","title":"Audio"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Errors – Big Finish\". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigfinish.com/news/Short-Trips-Announcement","url_text":"\"Errors – Big Finish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Short Story Comp\". BBC. 2007. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070906000706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/06/19/46091.shtml","url_text":"\"Short Story Comp\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/06/19/46091.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 11 - Short Trips - Big Finish\". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 17 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-short-trips-volume-11-2362","url_text":"\"Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 11 - Short Trips - Big Finish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 12 - Short Trips - Big Finish\". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 10 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-short-trips-volume-12-2541","url_text":"\"Doctor Who – Short Trips Volume 12 - Short Trips - Big Finish\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulintang_a_tiniok
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Kulintang a tiniok
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["1 References","2 See also"]
|
Philippine metallophone
The kulintang a tiniok, a Philippine metallophone of the Maguindanaon people
The kulintang a tiniok is a type of Philippine metallophone with eight tuned knobbed metal plates strung together via string a top a wooden antangan (rack). Kulintang a tiniok is a Maguindanaon term meaning "kulintang with string," but they also could call them kulintang a putao, meaning "kulintang of metal." The Maranao refer to this instrument as a sarunay (or salunay, salonay, saronay, saronai or sarunai), terminology which has become popular for this instrument in North America. This is considered a relatively recent instrument and surprisingly many of them are only made of tin-can. Like the kulintang a kayo, it is used only for self-entertainment purpose in the home, to train beginners on new songs before using the kulintang and in America, master artists have been training students en masse on these instruments.
References
^ Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang - A home for Pasikings. Retrieved June 12, 2006.
See also
Metallophone
vtePlaque percussion idiophones
Celesta
Crotales
Fangxiang
Gangsa
Gendèr
Glockenspiel
Kulintang a tiniok
Lithophone
Ranat ek lek
Ranat kaeo
Ranat thum lek
Toy piano
Ugal
Vibraphone
vteTraditional instruments of the Southern PhilippinesMaguindanao kulintang ensemble
Kulintang
Agung
Gandingan
Babendil
Dabakan
Other (non-ensemble) instruments
Kulintang a kayo
Gandingan a Kayo
Kulintang a tiniok
Kubing
Luntang
Agung a tamlang
Kagul
Palendag
Tumpong
Suling
Kutiyapi
This article relating to percussion instruments is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[{"image_text":"The kulintang a tiniok, a Philippine metallophone of the Maguindanaon people","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sarunay.jpg/350px-Sarunay.jpg"}]
|
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|
[{"reference":"Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). \"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines\". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang - A home for Pasikings. Retrieved June 12, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pnoyandthecity.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.pnoyandthecity.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulintang_a_tiniok&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_Town_Hall
|
Colchester Town Hall
|
["1 History","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 51°53′24″N 0°53′56″E / 51.8899°N 0.8989°E / 51.8899; 0.8989Municipal building in Colchester, Essex, England
Colchester Town HallColchester Town HallLocationColchesterCoordinates51°53′24″N 0°53′56″E / 51.8899°N 0.8989°E / 51.8899; 0.8989Built1902ArchitectJohn BelcherArchitectural style(s)Edwardian Baroque style
Listed Building – Grade IOfficial nameColchester Town HallDesignated25 March 1968Reference no.1337736
Shown in Essex
Colchester Town Hall is a municipal building in the High Street in Colchester, Essex, England. The town hall, which is the headquarters of Colchester City Council, is a Grade I listed building.
History
An 1826 depiction of the old Colchester Town Hall
A stained glass window in the town hall depicting the 1st century leader of the local Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacus
The first building on the site, a moot hall, was completed in 1277, remodelled in 1374 and demolished in 1843. The second building on the site, which was designed by John Blore and John Raphael Rodrigues Brandon in the neoclassical style with six full-height Doric order pilasters, was completed in 1845. After it was found to be unstable civic leaders decided to procure a further building on the same site in the late 19th century.
Construction of the new building began in 1897. It was designed by John Belcher in the Edwardian Baroque style and was opened by the former Prime Minister, the Earl of Rosebery in 1902. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto the High Street; the central section featured an arched doorway with the borough coat of arms in the tympanum and flanked by Doric order pilasters. There was an ornate balcony above the doorway and there were also three pairs of huge engaged Corinthian order columns spanning the first and second floors each carrying a broken pediment. Pevsner described the design as having been completed "with more braggadocio than anyone".
A 192 feet (59 m) tower, funded by a donation from James Noah Paxman, the founder of local engineers, Davey, Paxman & Co, was erected at the east end of the building to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. It featured four allegorical figures by L. J. Watts representing engineering, military defence, agriculture and fishery. At the top of the tower the architect placed a large bronze figure representing Saint Helena (the patron saint of Colchester) holding the True Cross. Councillor Arthur Jarmin travelled as far as Italy to locate a suitable statue of the saint, but could only find one of the Virgin Mary, which then had to be modified locally. Just below this statue four bronze ravens by Francis Carruthers Gould could be found, representing the portreeve who ran Colchester's medieval port. A chiming clock with five bells was placed in the tower, with another 15th-century bell which is thought to have hung in the original moot hall. The clock is known locally as Charlie, after Charles Hawkins, who paid for it; it was manufactured by Smith & Sons of Derby. The bells, were by John Warner & Sons.
The main facade of the town hall featured six life-sized statues, also by Watts, depicting famous people connected with Colchester: on the south elevation, Eudo Dapifer, Lord Audley, William Gilbert and Samuel Harsnett, and on the east, Edward the Elder and Boudica. The interior featured a marble staircase with a statue of Queen Victoria and a monument to the Colchester Martyrs. The first floor was equipped a mayoral suite, a committee room and the council chamber with a painted ceiling and stained glass by Clayton and Bell. The second floor was fitted out with a large assembly hall called the Moot Hall. A fine pipe organ, designed and built by Norman and Beard with three manuals, was donated by the local member of parliament, Sir Weetman Pearson, and installed in the hall.
The building, which served as the headquarters of Colchester Borough Council, eventually became inadequate in the context of the expanding responsibilities of the borough council and additional accommodation was acquired to the west of the main site in 1965. Queen Elizabeth II visited the town hall and had lunch with civic leaders before waving to the crowds from the balcony on 20 May 1985. The building was subsequently connected by a tunnel under West Stockwell Street to new facilities at Angel Court, to the east of the main site, in 1988.
Works of art in the town hall include a painting depicting a spotted dog, with the Golden Horn in the background, by Otto Hoynck, a painting depicting merrymaking in a Flemish Village by David Vinckboons and a painting depicting Dutch Protestants fleeing from religious persecution by the Duke of Alba and seeking permission to live in Colchester in 1570 by the local artist, Harry Becker. There is also a portrait of the former Speaker of the House of Commons, Lord Colchester, by James Lonsdale as well as a portrait of the former local member of parliament, Charles Gray Round, by John Lucas.
References
^ a b c Historic England. "Colchester Town Hall (1337736)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ a b c d e f g Baggs, A. P.; Board, Beryl; Crummy, Philip; Dove, Claude; Durgan, Shirley; Goose, N. R.; Pugh, R. B.; Studd, Pamela; Thornton, C. C. (1994). "'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington". London: British History Online. pp. 274–277. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ "Historic photos show Colchester Town Hall in all its glory". Braintree and Witham Times. 17 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ a b c d Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007). Essex: Buildings of England Series. Yale University Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN 978-0300116144.
^ Denney, Patrick (2006). Round About Colchester: Exploring Local History With the East Anglian Daily Times. Wharncliffe Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1845630058.
^ "HISTORY: Snippets of Colchester's history fondly recalled". Colchester Gazette. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
^ Pickford, Chris, ed. (1995). Turret Clocks: Lists of Clocks from Makers' Catalogues and Publicity Materials (2nd ed.). Wadhurst, E. Sussex: Antiquarian Horological Society. p. 145.
^ "Chimes of the United Kingdom and Ireland". Church Bells of Warwickshire. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ Drinkell, David. "Moot Hall Organ, Town Hall, Colchester" (PDF). moothallorgan.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Looking back on The Queen's 1985 visit to Colchester". Clacton Gazette. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ Hoynck, Otto. "The Spotted Dog (The Golden Horn at Constantinople)". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ Vinckboons, David. "Flemish Village Merrymaking". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ Becker, Harry. "Dutch Refugees Fleeing from the Persecution of the Duke of Alva, Praying Permission of the Bailiffs of Colchester to Settle in the Town, 1570 AD". Art UK. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ Lonsdale, James. "Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester (1757–1829)". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ Lucas, John. "Charles Gray Round MA". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
|
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The town hall, which is the headquarters of Colchester City Council, is a Grade I listed building.[1]","title":"Colchester Town Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colchester_Town_Hall_1826.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caratacos-vitrail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catuvellauni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catuvellauni"},{"link_name":"Caratacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus"},{"link_name":"moot hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moot_hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"John Blore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Blore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Raphael Rodrigues Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Raphael_Rodrigues_Brandon"},{"link_name":"neoclassical style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Doric order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"John Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belcher_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Edwardian Baroque style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Earl of Rosebery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"coat of 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glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Clayton and Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_and_Bell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner276-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner276-4"},{"link_name":"pipe organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"Norman and Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_and_Beard"},{"link_name":"manuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_(music)"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir Weetman Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Colchester Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Colchester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"Golden Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horn"},{"link_name":"Otto Hoynck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hoynck"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"David Vinckboons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vinckboons"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Harry Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Becker_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lord Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Abbot,_1st_Baron_Colchester"},{"link_name":"James Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lonsdale_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Charles Gray Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gray_Round"},{"link_name":"John Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lucas_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"An 1826 depiction of the old Colchester Town HallA stained glass window in the town hall depicting the 1st century leader of the local Catuvellauni tribe, CaratacusThe first building on the site, a moot hall, was completed in 1277, remodelled in 1374 and demolished in 1843.[2] The second building on the site, which was designed by John Blore and John Raphael Rodrigues Brandon in the neoclassical style with six full-height Doric order pilasters, was completed in 1845.[2] After it was found to be unstable civic leaders decided to procure a further building on the same site in the late 19th century.[2]Construction of the new building began in 1897.[2] It was designed by John Belcher in the Edwardian Baroque style and was opened by the former Prime Minister, the Earl of Rosebery in 1902.[3] The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto the High Street; the central section featured an arched doorway with the borough coat of arms in the tympanum and flanked by Doric order pilasters.[1] There was an ornate balcony above the doorway and there were also three pairs of huge engaged Corinthian order columns spanning the first and second floors each carrying a broken pediment.[1] Pevsner described the design as having been completed \"with more braggadocio than anyone\".[4]A 192 feet (59 m) tower, funded by a donation from James Noah Paxman, the founder of local engineers, Davey, Paxman & Co, was erected at the east end of the building to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. It featured four allegorical figures by L. J. Watts representing engineering, military defence, agriculture and fishery.[4] At the top of the tower the architect placed a large bronze figure representing Saint Helena (the patron saint of Colchester) holding the True Cross. Councillor Arthur Jarmin travelled as far as Italy to locate a suitable statue of the saint, but could only find one of the Virgin Mary, which then had to be modified locally.[5] Just below this statue four bronze ravens by Francis Carruthers Gould could be found, representing the portreeve who ran Colchester's medieval port. A chiming clock with five bells was placed in the tower, with another 15th-century bell which is thought to have hung in the original moot hall.[2] The clock is known locally as Charlie, after Charles Hawkins, who paid for it;[6] it was manufactured by Smith & Sons of Derby.[7] The bells, were by John Warner & Sons.[8]The main facade of the town hall featured six life-sized statues, also by Watts, depicting famous people connected with Colchester: on the south elevation, Eudo Dapifer, Lord Audley, William Gilbert and Samuel Harsnett, and on the east, Edward the Elder and Boudica. The interior featured a marble staircase with a statue of Queen Victoria and a monument to the Colchester Martyrs. The first floor was equipped a mayoral suite, a committee room and the council chamber with a painted ceiling and stained glass by Clayton and Bell.[4] The second floor was fitted out with a large assembly hall called the Moot Hall.[4] A fine pipe organ, designed and built by Norman and Beard with three manuals, was donated by the local member of parliament, Sir Weetman Pearson, and installed in the hall.[9]The building, which served as the headquarters of Colchester Borough Council, eventually became inadequate in the context of the expanding responsibilities of the borough council and additional accommodation was acquired to the west of the main site in 1965.[2] Queen Elizabeth II visited the town hall and had lunch with civic leaders before waving to the crowds from the balcony on 20 May 1985.[10] The building was subsequently connected by a tunnel under West Stockwell Street to new facilities at Angel Court, to the east of the main site, in 1988.[2]Works of art in the town hall include a painting depicting a spotted dog, with the Golden Horn in the background, by Otto Hoynck,[11] a painting depicting merrymaking in a Flemish Village by David Vinckboons[12] and a painting depicting Dutch Protestants fleeing from religious persecution by the Duke of Alba and seeking permission to live in Colchester in 1570 by the local artist, Harry Becker.[13] There is also a portrait of the former Speaker of the House of Commons, Lord Colchester, by James Lonsdale[14] as well as a portrait of the former local member of parliament, Charles Gray Round, by John Lucas.[15]","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"An 1826 depiction of the old Colchester Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Colchester_Town_Hall_1826.png/220px-Colchester_Town_Hall_1826.png"},{"image_text":"A stained glass window in the town hall depicting the 1st century leader of the local Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Caratacos-vitrail.jpg/170px-Caratacos-vitrail.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Colchester Town Hall (1337736)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1337736","url_text":"\"Colchester Town Hall (1337736)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Baggs, A. P.; Board, Beryl; Crummy, Philip; Dove, Claude; Durgan, Shirley; Goose, N. R.; Pugh, R. B.; Studd, Pamela; Thornton, C. C. (1994). \"'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington\". London: British History Online. pp. 274–277. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp274-277","url_text":"\"'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic photos show Colchester Town Hall in all its glory\". Braintree and Witham Times. 17 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/news/north_essex_news/18033638.historic-photos-show-colchester-town-hall-glory/","url_text":"\"Historic photos show Colchester Town Hall in all its glory\""}]},{"reference":"Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007). Essex: Buildings of England Series. Yale University Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN 978-0300116144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300116144","url_text":"978-0300116144"}]},{"reference":"Denney, Patrick (2006). Round About Colchester: Exploring Local History With the East Anglian Daily Times. Wharncliffe Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1845630058.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QrvAr0Bp6NAC&pg=PA42","url_text":"Round About Colchester: Exploring Local History With the East Anglian Daily Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845630058","url_text":"978-1845630058"}]},{"reference":"\"HISTORY: Snippets of Colchester's history fondly recalled\". Colchester Gazette. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/15016579.history-snippets-of-colchesters-history-fondly-recalled/","url_text":"\"HISTORY: Snippets of Colchester's history fondly recalled\""}]},{"reference":"Pickford, Chris, ed. (1995). Turret Clocks: Lists of Clocks from Makers' Catalogues and Publicity Materials (2nd ed.). Wadhurst, E. Sussex: Antiquarian Horological Society. p. 145.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chimes of the United Kingdom and Ireland\". Church Bells of Warwickshire. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://warksbells.co.uk/ukchimes/","url_text":"\"Chimes of the United Kingdom and Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Drinkell, David. \"Moot Hall Organ, Town Hall, Colchester\" (PDF). moothallorgan.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://moothallorgan.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Moot-Hall-Organ-History-by-David-Drinknell-pdf-version.pdf","url_text":"\"Moot Hall Organ, Town Hall, Colchester\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908065330/http://moothallorgan.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Moot-Hall-Organ-History-by-David-Drinknell-pdf-version.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Looking back on The Queen's 1985 visit to Colchester\". Clacton Gazette. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/north_essex_news/18658968.looking-back-queen-elizabeth-iis-historic-visit-colchester/","url_text":"\"Looking back on The Queen's 1985 visit to Colchester\""}]},{"reference":"Hoynck, Otto. \"The Spotted Dog (The Golden Horn at Constantinople)\". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-spotted-dog-the-golden-horn-at-constantinople-2628/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","url_text":"\"The Spotted Dog (The Golden Horn at Constantinople)\""}]},{"reference":"Vinckboons, David. \"Flemish Village Merrymaking\". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/flemish-village-merrymaking-2615/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/1/view_as/grid","url_text":"\"Flemish Village Merrymaking\""}]},{"reference":"Becker, Harry. \"Dutch Refugees Fleeing from the Persecution of the Duke of Alva, Praying Permission of the Bailiffs of Colchester to Settle in the Town, 1570 AD\". Art UK. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111173004/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/dutch-refugees-fleeing-from-the-persecution-of-the-duke-of-alva-praying-permission-of-the-bailiffs-of-colchester-to-settle-in-the-town-1570-ad-2428/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","url_text":"\"Dutch Refugees Fleeing from the Persecution of the Duke of Alva, Praying Permission of the Bailiffs of Colchester to Settle in the Town, 1570 AD\""},{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/dutch-refugees-fleeing-from-the-persecution-of-the-duke-of-alva-praying-permission-of-the-bailiffs-of-colchester-to-settle-in-the-town-1570-ad-2428/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lonsdale, James. \"Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester (1757–1829)\". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/charles-abbot-1st-baron-colchester-17571829-2422/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","url_text":"\"Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester (1757–1829)\""}]},{"reference":"Lucas, John. \"Charles Gray Round MA\". Art UK. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/charles-gray-round-ma-2423/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","url_text":"\"Charles Gray Round MA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colchester_Town_Hall¶ms=51.8899_N_0.8989_E_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°53′24″N 0°53′56″E / 51.8899°N 0.8989°E / 51.8899; 0.8989"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colchester_Town_Hall¶ms=51.8899_N_0.8989_E_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°53′24″N 0°53′56″E / 51.8899°N 0.8989°E / 51.8899; 0.8989"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1337736","external_links_name":"\"Colchester Town Hall (1337736)\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp274-277","external_links_name":"\"'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington\""},{"Link":"https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/news/north_essex_news/18033638.historic-photos-show-colchester-town-hall-glory/","external_links_name":"\"Historic photos show Colchester Town Hall in all its glory\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QrvAr0Bp6NAC&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"Round About Colchester: Exploring Local History With the East Anglian Daily Times"},{"Link":"https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/15016579.history-snippets-of-colchesters-history-fondly-recalled/","external_links_name":"\"HISTORY: Snippets of Colchester's history fondly recalled\""},{"Link":"https://warksbells.co.uk/ukchimes/","external_links_name":"\"Chimes of the United Kingdom and Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://moothallorgan.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Moot-Hall-Organ-History-by-David-Drinknell-pdf-version.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Moot Hall Organ, Town Hall, Colchester\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908065330/http://moothallorgan.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Moot-Hall-Organ-History-by-David-Drinknell-pdf-version.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/north_essex_news/18658968.looking-back-queen-elizabeth-iis-historic-visit-colchester/","external_links_name":"\"Looking back on The Queen's 1985 visit to Colchester\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-spotted-dog-the-golden-horn-at-constantinople-2628/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","external_links_name":"\"The Spotted Dog (The Golden Horn at Constantinople)\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/flemish-village-merrymaking-2615/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/1/view_as/grid","external_links_name":"\"Flemish Village Merrymaking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111173004/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/dutch-refugees-fleeing-from-the-persecution-of-the-duke-of-alva-praying-permission-of-the-bailiffs-of-colchester-to-settle-in-the-town-1570-ad-2428/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","external_links_name":"\"Dutch Refugees Fleeing from the Persecution of the Duke of Alva, Praying Permission of the Bailiffs of Colchester to Settle in the Town, 1570 AD\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/dutch-refugees-fleeing-from-the-persecution-of-the-duke-of-alva-praying-permission-of-the-bailiffs-of-colchester-to-settle-in-the-town-1570-ad-2428/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/charles-abbot-1st-baron-colchester-17571829-2422/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","external_links_name":"\"Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester (1757–1829)\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/charles-gray-round-ma-2423/search/venue:colchester-town-hall-3295/page/2/view_as/grid","external_links_name":"\"Charles Gray Round MA\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_British_Academy_Video_Games_Awards
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6th British Academy Games Awards
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["1 Categories","2 Winners and nominees","2.1 Academy Fellowship","2.2 Games with multiple nominations and wins","2.2.1 Nominations","2.2.2 Wins","3 References","4 External links"]
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6th British Academy Games AwardsDate19 March 2010LocationLondon HiltonHosted byDara Ó BriainBest GameBatman: Arkham AsylumMost awardsUncharted 2: Among Thieves (4)Most nominationsUncharted 2: Among Thieves (10)
← 5th ·
British Academy Games Awards
· 7th →
The 6th British Academy Video Game Awards (known for the purposes of sponsorship as GAME British Academy Video Games Awards) awarded by British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), was an award ceremony honouring achievement in the field of video games in 2009. Candidate games must have been released in the United Kingdom between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009. The ceremony took place in the London Hilton on 19 March 2010.
Categories
Both publishers and developers were eligible to enter their games in fifteen categories, fourteen of which were awarded by a panel of judges. The categories are: Gameplay, Casual, Sports, Story and Character, Strategy, Best use of Audio, New Talent, Multiplayer, Best Technical Achievement, Original Score, Handheld, People's Choice (the only award voted for by the public), Artistic Achievement, Best Action and Adventure and Best Game.
Winners and nominees
Winners are shown first in bold.
Action
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Assassin's Creed II – Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
inFAMOUS – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Computer Entertainment
Left 4 Dead 2 – Valve/Valve
Sports
FIFA 10 – EA Canada/EA Sports
Colin McRae: DiRT 2 – Codemasters/Codemasters
Football Manager 2010 – Sports Interactive/Sega
Forza Motorsport 3 – Turn 10 Studios/Microsoft Game Studios
Wii Fit Plus – Nintendo EAD Group No. 5/Nintendo
Wii Sports Resort – Nintendo EAD Group No. 2/Nintendo
Artistic Achievement
Flower – thatgamecompany/Sony Computer Entertainment
Assassin's Creed II – Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
Street Fighter IV – Dimps and Capcom/Capcom
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Story
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Amy Hennig, Neil Druckmann, Josh Scherr, Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Assassin's Creed II – Corey May, Joshua Rubin, Jeffrey Yohalem, and Dooma Wendschuh, Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Paul Dini, Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars – Director's Cut – Revolution Software/Ubisoft
Brütal Legend – Tim Schafer, Double Fine Productions/Electronic Arts
Dragon Age: Origins – David Gaider, BioWare/Electronic Arts
Best Game
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Assassin's Creed II – Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
FIFA 10 – EA Canada/EA Sports
Left 4 Dead 2 – Valve/Valve
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves– Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Strategy
Empire: Total War – Creative Assembly/Sega
Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising – EA Los Angeles/Electronic Arts
FIFA Manager 10 – Bright Future GmbH/Electronic Arts
Football Manager 2010 – Sports Interactive/Sega
Halo Wars – Ensemble Studios/Microsoft Game Studios
Plants vs. Zombies – PopCap Games/PopCap Games
Family & Social
Wii Sports Resort – Nintendo EAD Group No. 2/Nintendo
The Beatles: Rock Band – Harmonix/MTV Games
Buzz! Quiz World – Relentless Software/Sony Computer Entertainment Europe
EyePet – London Studio and Playlogic Game Factory/Sony Computer Entertainment
Guitar Hero 5 – Neversoft/Activision
New Super Mario Bros. Wii – Nintendo EAD/Nintendo
Use of Audio
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
DJ Hero – FreeStyleGames and Exient Entertainment/Activision
Flower – thatgamecompany/Sony Computer Entertainment
Left 4 Dead 2 – Valve/Valve
Gameplay
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Assassin's Creed II – Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
New Super Mario Bros. Wii – Nintendo EAD/Nintendo
PixelJunk Shooter – Q-Games and Double Eleven/Q-Games
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Use of Online
FIFA 10 – EA Canada/EA Sports
Battlefield 1943 – EA DICE/Electronic Arts
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
LittleBigPlanet – SCE Studio Cambridge and Media Molecule/Sony Computer Entertainment
SingStar Take That – London Studio/Sony Computer Entertainment Europe
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Handheld
LittleBigPlanet – SCE Studio Cambridge and Media Molecule/Sony Computer Entertainment
Gran Turismo – Polyphony Digital/Sony Computer Entertainment
LocoRoco Midnight Carnival – Japan Studio/Sony Computer Entertainment
Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story – AlphaDream/Nintendo
Professor Layton and Pandora's Box – Level-5, Nintendo
Scribblenauts – 5th Cell/Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
BAFTA One's to Watch Award (in association with Dare to Be Digital)
Shrunk! – The Butterflyers
Colour Coded
Quick as Thieves
Multiplayer
Left 4 Dead 2 – Valve/Valve
Battlefield 1943 – EA DICE/Electronic Arts
The Beatles: Rock Band – Harmonix/MTV Games
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
Halo 3 ODST – Bungie/Microsoft Game Studios
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
GAME Award of 2009
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Infinity Ward/Activision
Assassin's Creed II – Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
The Beatles: Rock Band –Harmonix/MTV Games
FIFA 10 – EA Canada/EA Sports
Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars – Rockstar Leeds and Rockstar North/Rockstar Games
The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks – Nintendo EAD Group No. 3/Nintendo
Street Fighter IV – Dimps and Capcom/Capcom
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Wii Sports Resort – Nintendo EAD Group No. 2/Nintendo
Original Score
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves – Greg Edmonson, Carmen Rizzo, Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment
Assassin's Creed II – Jesper Kyd, Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft
Batman: Arkham Asylum – Nick Arundel, Ron Fish, Rocksteady Studios/Eidos Interactive and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 – Lorne Balfe, Hans Zimmer, Infinity Ward/Activision
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince – James Hannigan, EA Bright Light Studio/Electronic Arts
PixelJunk Shooter – High Frequency, Bandwidth, Alex Paterson, and Dom Beken, Q-Games and Double Eleven/Q-Games
Academy Fellowship
Shigeru Miyamoto
Games with multiple nominations and wins
Nominations
Nominations
Game
10
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves
9
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
8
Batman: Arkham Asylum
7
Assassin's Creed II
4
FIFA 10
Left 4 Dead 2
3
The Beatles: Rock Band
Wii Sports Resort
2
Battlefield 1943
Flower
Football Manager 2010
LittleBigPlanet
PixelJunk Shooter
Street Fighter IV
Wins
Awards
Game
4
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves
2
Batman: Arkham Asylum
FIFA 10
References
^ "Dara O'Briain to host the 2010 Games Awards". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2010-01-26. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ a b "Video Games Awards Nominations". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2010-02-16. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ a b "GAME British Academy Video Games Awards". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ "Video Games Eligibility & Judging". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2009-01-01. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ "GAME Award 2009". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2010-02-10. Archived from the original on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
External links
6th BAFTA Video Games Awards page
vteBritish Academy Games AwardsCategories
Best Game
British Game
Animation
Artistic Achievement
Audio Achievement
Debut Game
Evolving Game
Family
Game Beyond Entertainment
Game Design
Intellectual Property
Multiplayer
Music
Narrative
Performer
Performer in a Leading Role
Performer in a Supporting Role
Technical Achievement
EE Game of the Year Award
BAFTA Fellowship
Ceremonies
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAFTA-3"},{"link_name":"award ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_ceremony"},{"link_name":"video games in 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_video_gaming"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voting-4"},{"link_name":"London Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Hilton_on_Park_Lane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAFTA-3"}],"text":"The 6th British Academy Video Game Awards (known for the purposes of sponsorship as GAME British Academy Video Games Awards) awarded by British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA),[3] was an award ceremony honouring achievement in the field of video games in 2009. Candidate games must have been released in the United Kingdom between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009.[4] The ceremony took place in the London Hilton on 19 March 2010.[3]","title":"6th British Academy Games Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nominations-2"}],"text":"Both publishers and developers were eligible to enter their games in fifteen categories, fourteen of which were awarded by a panel of judges. The categories are: Gameplay, Casual, Sports, Story and Character, Strategy, Best use of Audio, New Talent, Multiplayer, Best Technical Achievement, Original Score, Handheld, People's Choice (the only award voted for by the public),[5] Artistic Achievement, Best Action and Adventure and Best Game.[2]","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Winners are shown first in bold.","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shigeru Miyamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto"}],"sub_title":"Academy Fellowship","text":"Shigeru Miyamoto","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_British_Academy_Games_Awards&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_British_Academy_Games_Awards&action=edit§ion=6"}],"sub_title":"Games with multiple nominations and wins","text":"Nominations[edit]\n\n\n\nNominations\n\nGame\n\n\n10\n\nUncharted 2: Among Thieves\n\n\n9\n\nCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2\n\n\n8\n\nBatman: Arkham Asylum\n\n\n7\n\nAssassin's Creed II\n\n\n4\n\nFIFA 10\n\n\nLeft 4 Dead 2\n\n\n3\n\nThe Beatles: Rock Band\n\n\nWii Sports Resort\n\n\n2\n\nBattlefield 1943\n\n\nFlower\n\n\nFootball Manager 2010\n\n\nLittleBigPlanet\n\n\nPixelJunk Shooter\n\n\nStreet Fighter IV\n\n\n\nWins[edit]\n\n\n\nAwards\n\nGame\n\n\n4\n\nUncharted 2: Among Thieves\n\n\n2\n\nBatman: Arkham Asylum\n\n\nFIFA 10","title":"Winners and nominees"}]
|
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[{"reference":"\"Dara O'Briain to host the 2010 Games Awards\". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2010-01-26. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/press/game-bafta-video-games-awards-host-announced,81,SNS.html","url_text":"\"Dara O'Briain to host the 2010 Games Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts","url_text":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100129053512/http://www.bafta.org/press/game-bafta-video-games-awards-host-announced%2C81%2CSNS.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Games Awards Nominations\". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2010-02-16. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100217214750/http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/nominations-in-2010%2C1017%2CBA.html","url_text":"\"Video Games Awards Nominations\""},{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/nominations-in-2010,1017,BA.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GAME British Academy Video Games Awards\". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2010-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226043624/http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/","url_text":"\"GAME British Academy Video Games Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Games Eligibility & Judging\". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2009-01-01. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2010-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090316054605/http://bafta.org/awards/video-games/video-games-eligibility-judging,541,BA.html","url_text":"\"Video Games Eligibility & Judging\""},{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/video-games-eligibility-judging,541,BA.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GAME Award 2009\". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2010-02-10. Archived from the original on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2010-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215044612/http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/game-award-2009%2C1012%2CBA.html","url_text":"\"GAME Award 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/video-games/game-award-2009,1012,BA.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ch%C3%A9nier
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Marie-Joseph Chénier
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
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French poet, dramatist and politician (1764–1811)
Marie-Joseph Blaise de ChénierBorn(1764-02-11)11 February 1764ConstantinopleDied10 January 1811(1811-01-10) (aged 46)Paris, FranceResting placePère Lachaise CemeteryNationalityFrenchKnown forChant du départSignature
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Marie-Joseph Blaise de Chénier (French pronunciation: ; 11 February 1764 – 10 January 1811) was a French poet, dramatist and politician of French and Greek origin.
Biography
The younger brother of André Chénier, Joseph Chénier was born at Constantinople, but brought up at Carcassonne. He was educated in Paris at the Collège de Navarre. Entering the army at seventeen, he left it two years afterwards; and at nineteen he produced Azémire, a two-act drama (acted in 1786), and Edgar, ou le page supposé, a comedy (acted in 1785), which both failed. His Charles IX was kept back for nearly two years by the censor. Chénier attacked the censorship in three pamphlets, and the commotion aroused by the controversy raised keen interest in the piece. When it was at last produced on 4 November 1789 it was an immense success, due in part to its political suggestion, and in part to François Joseph Talma's magnificent portrayal of King Charles IX of France.
Camille Desmoulins said that the piece had done more for the French Revolution than the days of October, and a contemporary memoir-writer, the marquis de Ferrire, says that the audience came away ivre de vengeance et du tourment d'un soir de sang ("drunk with the vengeance and torment of an evening of blood"). The performance was the occasion of a split among the actors of the Comédie-Française, and the new theatre in the Palais Royal, established by the dissidents, was inaugurated with Henri VIII (1791), generally recognized as Chénier's masterpiece; Jean Calas, ou l'école des juges ("Jean Calas, or the judges' school") followed in the same year.
In 1792 he produced his Caïus Gracchus, which was even more revolutionary in tone than its predecessors. It was nevertheless proscribed in the next year at the instance of the Montagnard deputy Albitte, for the anti-anarchical hemistich Des lois et non du sang ("Laws, and not blood"); Fénelon (1793) was suspended after a few representations; and in 1794 Timoléon, set to Etienne Méhul's music, was also proscribed. This piece was played after the Reign of Terror, but the fratricide of Timoléon became the text for insinuations to the effect that by his silence Joseph Chénier had connived at the judicial murder of his brother, André, whom Joseph's enemies alluded to as Abel.
In fact, after some fruitless attempts to save his brother, variously related by his biographers, Joseph became aware that André's only chance of safety lay in being forgotten by the authorities, and that ill-advised intervention would only hasten the end. Joseph Chénier had been a member of the National Convention and had voted for the death of Louis XVI; he belonged to the committees of general security, and of public safety. He was, nevertheless, suspected of moderate sentiments, and before the end of the Terror had become a marked man.
He had a seat in the Council of Five Hundred, and the tribunat. In 1801 he was one of the educational jury for the Seine département. His political career ended in 1802, when he was eliminated with others from the tribunate for his opposition to Napoleon Bonaparte. From 1803 to 1806 he was inspector-general of public instruction. He had allowed himself to be reconciled with Napoleon's government, and Cyrus, represented in 1804, was written in his honour, but he was temporarily disgraced in 1806 for his Épître à Voltaire. In 1806 and 1807 he delivered a course of lectures at the Athéne on the language and literature of France from the earliest years; and in 1808 at the emperor's request, he prepared his Tableau historique de l'état et du progrés de la littérature française depuis 1789 jusqu'à 1808 ("Historical view of the state and progress of French literature from 1789 to 1808"), a book containing some good criticism, though marred by the violent prejudices of its author.
The list of his works includes hymns and national songs among others, the famous Chant du départ; odes, Sur la mort de Mirabeau, Sur l'oligarchie de Robespierre, etc.; tragedies which never reached the stage, Brutus et Cassius, Philippe deux, Tibère; translations from Sophocles and Lessing, from Thomas Gray and Horace, from Tacitus and Aristotle; with elegies, dithyrambics and Ossianic rhapsodies. As a satirist he possessed great merit, though he sins from an excess of severity, and is sometimes malignant and unjust. He is the chief tragic poet of the revolutionary period, and as Camille Desmoulins expressed it, he decorated Melpomene with the tricolour cockade.
References
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chénier, Marie-Joseph Blaise de" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
vteAcadémie française seat 19
François de Porchères d'Arbaud (1634)
Olivier Patru (1640)
Nicolas Potier de Novion (1681)
Philippe Goibaut (1693)
Charles Boileau (1694)
Gaspard Abeille (1704)
Nicolas-Hubert de Mongault (1718)
Charles Pinot Duclos (1746)
Nicolas Beauzée (1772)
Jean-Jacques Barthélemy (1789)
Marie-Joseph Chénier (1803)
François-René de Chateaubriand (1811)
Paul, 6th duc de Noailles (1849)
Édouard Hervé (1886)
Paul Deschanel (1899)
Auguste Jonnart (1923)
Maurice Paléologue (1928)
Charles de Chambrun (1946)
Fernand Gregh (1953)
René Clair (1960)
Pierre Moinot (1982)
Jean-Loup Dabadie (2008)
Sylviane Agacinski (2023)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[maʁi ʒozɛf blɛz də ʃenje]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"dramatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatist"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"}],"text":"Marie-Joseph Blaise de Chénier (French pronunciation: [maʁi ʒozɛf blɛz də ʃenje]; 11 February 1764 – 10 January 1811) was a French poet, dramatist and politician of French and Greek origin.","title":"Marie-Joseph Chénier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"André Chénier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"},{"link_name":"Collège de Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Navarre"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"François Joseph Talma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Talma"},{"link_name":"Charles IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Camille Desmoulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Comédie-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Palais Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Royal"},{"link_name":"Henri VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Jean Calas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Calas"},{"link_name":"hemistich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemistich"},{"link_name":"Etienne Méhul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_M%C3%A9hul"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"fratricide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratricide"},{"link_name":"National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France"},{"link_name":"public safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety"},{"link_name":"Council of Five Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred"},{"link_name":"tribunat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunat"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_(d%C3%A9partement)"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Chant du départ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant_du_d%C3%A9part"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gray"},{"link_name":"Horace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Ossianic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossian"},{"link_name":"Camille Desmoulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins"},{"link_name":"Melpomene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melpomene"}],"text":"The younger brother of André Chénier, Joseph Chénier was born at Constantinople, but brought up at Carcassonne. He was educated in Paris at the Collège de Navarre. Entering the army at seventeen, he left it two years afterwards; and at nineteen he produced Azémire, a two-act drama (acted in 1786), and Edgar, ou le page supposé, a comedy (acted in 1785), which both failed. His Charles IX was kept back for nearly two years by the censor. Chénier attacked the censorship in three pamphlets, and the commotion aroused by the controversy raised keen interest in the piece. When it was at last produced on 4 November 1789 it was an immense success, due in part to its political suggestion, and in part to François Joseph Talma's magnificent portrayal of King Charles IX of France.Camille Desmoulins said that the piece had done more for the French Revolution than the days of October, and a contemporary memoir-writer, the marquis de Ferrire, says that the audience came away ivre de vengeance et du tourment d'un soir de sang (\"drunk with the vengeance and torment of an evening of blood\"). The performance was the occasion of a split among the actors of the Comédie-Française, and the new theatre in the Palais Royal, established by the dissidents, was inaugurated with Henri VIII (1791), generally recognized as Chénier's masterpiece; Jean Calas, ou l'école des juges (\"Jean Calas, or the judges' school\") followed in the same year.In 1792 he produced his Caïus Gracchus, which was even more revolutionary in tone than its predecessors. It was nevertheless proscribed in the next year at the instance of the Montagnard deputy Albitte, for the anti-anarchical hemistich Des lois et non du sang (\"Laws, and not blood\"); Fénelon (1793) was suspended after a few representations; and in 1794 Timoléon, set to Etienne Méhul's music, was also proscribed. This piece was played after the Reign of Terror, but the fratricide of Timoléon became the text for insinuations to the effect that by his silence Joseph Chénier had connived at the judicial murder of his brother, André, whom Joseph's enemies alluded to as Abel.In fact, after some fruitless attempts to save his brother, variously related by his biographers, Joseph became aware that André's only chance of safety lay in being forgotten by the authorities, and that ill-advised intervention would only hasten the end. Joseph Chénier had been a member of the National Convention and had voted for the death of Louis XVI; he belonged to the committees of general security, and of public safety. He was, nevertheless, suspected of moderate sentiments, and before the end of the Terror had become a marked man.He had a seat in the Council of Five Hundred, and the tribunat. In 1801 he was one of the educational jury for the Seine département. His political career ended in 1802, when he was eliminated with others from the tribunate for his opposition to Napoleon Bonaparte. From 1803 to 1806 he was inspector-general of public instruction. He had allowed himself to be reconciled with Napoleon's government, and Cyrus, represented in 1804, was written in his honour, but he was temporarily disgraced in 1806 for his Épître à Voltaire. In 1806 and 1807 he delivered a course of lectures at the Athéne on the language and literature of France from the earliest years; and in 1808 at the emperor's request, he prepared his Tableau historique de l'état et du progrés de la littérature française depuis 1789 jusqu'à 1808 (\"Historical view of the state and progress of French literature from 1789 to 1808\"), a book containing some good criticism, though marred by the violent prejudices of its author.The list of his works includes hymns and national songs among others, the famous Chant du départ; odes, Sur la mort de Mirabeau, Sur l'oligarchie de Robespierre, etc.; tragedies which never reached the stage, Brutus et Cassius, Philippe deux, Tibère; translations from Sophocles and Lessing, from Thomas Gray and Horace, from Tacitus and Aristotle; with elegies, dithyrambics and Ossianic rhapsodies. As a satirist he possessed great merit, though he sins from an excess of severity, and is sometimes malignant and unjust. He is the chief tragic poet of the revolutionary period, and as Camille Desmoulins expressed it, he decorated Melpomene with the tricolour cockade.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Chénier, Marie-Joseph Blaise de\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ch%C3%A9nier,_Marie-Joseph_Blaise_de","url_text":"\"Chénier, Marie-Joseph Blaise de\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword_(2008_TV_series)
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The Book and the Sword (2008 TV series)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
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Chinese TV series or program
The Book and the SwordThe Book and the Sword intertitleAlso known asLegend of the Book and SwordTraditional Chinese書劍恩仇錄Simplified Chinese书剑恩仇录Hanyu PinyinShū Jiàn Ēn Chóu Lù
GenreWuxiaBased onThe Book and the Swordby Louis ChaScreenplay byLiu KuixuWu JiuruLi YanboLiu YuzhuDirected byTan YouyeWen WeijiHe ZhenhuaStarringAdam ChengQiao ZhenyuNiki ChowLiu YingLiu DekaiLu ChenDeep NgOpening themeZai Renjian (在人間) performed by Adam Cheng and Wang QiEnding theme1. Haishi Rang Ni Zou (還是讓你走) performed by Niki Chow 2. Fangqi (放棄) performed by Yang YangComposerRen PengCountry of originChinaOriginal languageMandarinNo. of episodes40ProductionProducersWang PengjuYin LianheAu Chi-yanProduction locationChinaRunning time45 minutes per episodeOriginal releaseNetworkCETV-3Release20 March 2009 (2009-03-20)
Poster
The Book and the Sword is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. The series was first broadcast on CETV-3 in China in 2009. It starred Qiao Zhenyu, Adam Cheng, Niki Chow, and Liu Dekai.
Plot
See also: The Book and the Sword § Plot
Although the flow of events is generally similar to that in the novel, Yu Wanting's role is greatly emphasised, with him being the primary antagonist instead of the Qianlong Emperor. "Yu Wanting" is actually the alter ego of the exiled prince Yintang, a younger half-brother of the Yongzheng Emperor. The power-hungry Yintang seeks vengeance and wants to usurp his nephew (the Qianlong Emperor)'s throne. Yintang knows the truth that the Qianlong Emperor is not the legitimate successor to the throne and he constantly threatens the emperor with the evidence he holds. Yintang rallies a group of martial artists in the jianghu and establishes the Red Flower Society. He instigates the society's members and some tribal peoples in northwestern China to rebel against the Qing government.
Yintang fakes his death at one point and allows his godson, Chen Jialuo, to succeed him as leader of the Red Flower Society. However, within the society, the Chang brothers, Wei Chunhua and Shi Shuangying are the only ones who know that "Yu Wanting" is still alive, and they serve as his spies by watching over Chen and the others. The series also feature a different ending from the novel, with many of the society's members meeting their ends at the hands of Yintang. The surviving ones, under Chen Jialuo's leadership, confront Yintang to put an end to his ruthless ambitions.
Cast
Qiao Zhenyu as Chen Jialuo / Fuk'anggan
Adam Cheng as Qianlong Emperor
Niki Chow as Huoqingtong
Liu Ying as Princess Fragrance
Liu Dekai as Yu Wanting / Yintang
Lu Chen as Li Yuanzhi
Li Chengyuan as Zhou Qi
Fu Hongjun as Taoist Wuchen
Zhang Ping as Zhao Banshan
Liu Naiyi as Wen Tailai
Zhong Liang as Chang Bozhi
Tan Jianchang as Chang Hezhi
Li Yuan as Xu Tianhong
Xu Xiaoming as Yang Chengxie
Ng Yuen-chun as Wei Chunhua
Lu Yuwen as Zhang Jin
Qi Fang as Luo Bing
Zhao Dongbo as Shi Shuangying
Zhang Kai as Jiang Sigen
Deep Ng as Yu Yutong
Sally Chen as Empress Dowager Chongqing
Bryan Leung as Yuan Shixiao
Wong Yat-fei as Cheng Zhengde
Yuen Qiu as Guan Mingmei
Li Donglin as Zhang Zhaozhong
You Jiahui as Bu Qianjia
Li Shipeng as Tong Zhaohe
Wang Gang as Zhou Zhongying
Tong Xiaomei as Zhou Qi's mother
Zheng Wei as Zhou Yingjie
Cui Gui as Ma Zhen
Dong Zhihua as Lu Feiqing
Yao Jia as Empress
Ren Wei as Heshen
Yang Yifan as Bai Zhen
Chen Tao as Etu
Hong Zongyi as Prince Zheng
Zhang Wei as Hong Shi
Shen Baoping as Yongzheng Emperor
Zhao Enhan as Nine Gates Commander
Wang Yingqi as Zhaohui
Gong Fangmin as Li Kexiu
An Ruiyun as E'ertai
Du Yachun as Xu Xiangping
Wu Lihua as Physician Cao
Yang Min as Yuruyi
Liu Hengyu as Aizhuo'er
Zhou Jiwei as Long Jun
Yan Jun as Tang Yilei
Jin Peng as Hahetai
Liu Zifei as Yuezhi princess
Hou Jianglong as Han Wenchong
Xu Xiangdong as Muzhuolun
Luo Ya as Xiaolan, Xiaolu, Wu Chanjuan
Huang Wei as Rui Dalin
Niu Ziqing as Meng Jianxiong
Liu Juntao as Yan Shizhang
Zhang Shaohui as Cheng Huang
Jiao Changdao as Zeng Tu'an
Yuan Ming as Wan Qinglan
Gan Qilin as Li Guangping
Wang Hong as Eunuch Li
Song Haitao as Yan Bogan
Zhang Guofeng as Ma Shanjun
Wang Xinchen as Gu Youlan
Reception
The series has been criticised on Guangzhou Daily by viewers, who feel that the story deviates the most from the original source among all the film and television adaptations of Louis Cha's works.
References
^ The Book and the Sword (2008) review on Guangzhou Daily Archived 2010-08-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)
External links
(in Chinese) The Book and the Sword on Sina.com
vteThe Book and the Sword by Jin YongCharacters
List of characters
Film adaptations
The Book and the Sword (1960)
The Emperor and His Brother (1981)
The Romance of Book and Sword (1987)
Princess Fragrance (1987)
Television adaptations
The Legend of the Book and the Sword (1976)
Book and Sword Chronicles (1984)
The Legend of the Book and the Sword (1987)
The Book and the Sword (1992)
The Book and the Sword (1994)
Book and Sword, Gratitude and Revenge (2002)
The Book and the Sword (2008)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Book_and_the_Sword_(2008_TV_series).jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis Cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Yong"},{"link_name":"novel of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword"},{"link_name":"Qiao Zhenyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Zhenyu"},{"link_name":"Adam Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Niki Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Chow"}],"text":"PosterThe Book and the Sword is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. The series was first broadcast on CETV-3 in China in 2009. It starred Qiao Zhenyu, Adam Cheng, Niki Chow, and Liu Dekai.","title":"The Book and the Sword (2008 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Book and the Sword § Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword#Plot"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"},{"link_name":"Yintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuntang"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"jianghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianghu"}],"text":"See also: The Book and the Sword § PlotAlthough the flow of events is generally similar to that in the novel, Yu Wanting's role is greatly emphasised, with him being the primary antagonist instead of the Qianlong Emperor. \"Yu Wanting\" is actually the alter ego of the exiled prince Yintang, a younger half-brother of the Yongzheng Emperor. The power-hungry Yintang seeks vengeance and wants to usurp his nephew (the Qianlong Emperor)'s throne. Yintang knows the truth that the Qianlong Emperor is not the legitimate successor to the throne and he constantly threatens the emperor with the evidence he holds. Yintang rallies a group of martial artists in the jianghu and establishes the Red Flower Society. He instigates the society's members and some tribal peoples in northwestern China to rebel against the Qing government.Yintang fakes his death at one point and allows his godson, Chen Jialuo, to succeed him as leader of the Red Flower Society. However, within the society, the Chang brothers, Wei Chunhua and Shi Shuangying are the only ones who know that \"Yu Wanting\" is still alive, and they serve as his spies by watching over Chen and the others. The series also feature a different ending from the novel, with many of the society's members meeting their ends at the hands of Yintang. The surviving ones, under Chen Jialuo's leadership, confront Yintang to put an end to his ruthless ambitions.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qiao Zhenyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Zhenyu"},{"link_name":"Fuk'anggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuk%27anggan"},{"link_name":"Adam Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Niki Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Chow"},{"link_name":"Yintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuntang"},{"link_name":"Lu Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Chen_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Deep Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Ng"},{"link_name":"Sally Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Chen"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoshengxian"},{"link_name":"Bryan Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Leung"},{"link_name":"Heshen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshen"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Yuezhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi"}],"text":"Qiao Zhenyu as Chen Jialuo / Fuk'anggan\nAdam Cheng as Qianlong Emperor\nNiki Chow as Huoqingtong\nLiu Ying as Princess Fragrance\nLiu Dekai as Yu Wanting / Yintang\nLu Chen as Li Yuanzhi\nLi Chengyuan as Zhou Qi\nFu Hongjun as Taoist Wuchen\nZhang Ping as Zhao Banshan\nLiu Naiyi as Wen Tailai\nZhong Liang as Chang Bozhi\nTan Jianchang as Chang Hezhi\nLi Yuan as Xu Tianhong\nXu Xiaoming as Yang Chengxie\nNg Yuen-chun as Wei Chunhua\nLu Yuwen as Zhang Jin\nQi Fang as Luo Bing\nZhao Dongbo as Shi Shuangying\nZhang Kai as Jiang Sigen\nDeep Ng as Yu Yutong\nSally Chen as Empress Dowager Chongqing\nBryan Leung as Yuan Shixiao\nWong Yat-fei as Cheng Zhengde\nYuen Qiu as Guan Mingmei\nLi Donglin as Zhang Zhaozhong\nYou Jiahui as Bu Qianjia\nLi Shipeng as Tong Zhaohe\nWang Gang as Zhou Zhongying\nTong Xiaomei as Zhou Qi's mother\nZheng Wei as Zhou Yingjie\nCui Gui as Ma Zhen\nDong Zhihua as Lu Feiqing\nYao Jia as Empress\nRen Wei as Heshen\nYang Yifan as Bai Zhen\nChen Tao as Etu\nHong Zongyi as Prince Zheng\nZhang Wei as Hong Shi\nShen Baoping as Yongzheng Emperor\nZhao Enhan as Nine Gates Commander\nWang Yingqi as Zhaohui\nGong Fangmin as Li Kexiu\nAn Ruiyun as E'ertai\nDu Yachun as Xu Xiangping\nWu Lihua as Physician Cao\nYang Min as Yuruyi\nLiu Hengyu as Aizhuo'er\nZhou Jiwei as Long Jun\nYan Jun as Tang Yilei\nJin Peng as Hahetai\nLiu Zifei as Yuezhi princess\nHou Jianglong as Han Wenchong\nXu Xiangdong as Muzhuolun\nLuo Ya as Xiaolan, Xiaolu, Wu Chanjuan\nHuang Wei as Rui Dalin\nNiu Ziqing as Meng Jianxiong\nLiu Juntao as Yan Shizhang\nZhang Shaohui as Cheng Huang\nJiao Changdao as Zeng Tu'an\nYuan Ming as Wan Qinglan\nGan Qilin as Li Guangping\nWang Hong as Eunuch Li\nSong Haitao as Yan Bogan\nZhang Guofeng as Ma Shanjun\nWang Xinchen as Gu Youlan","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guangzhou Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Daily"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The series has been criticised on Guangzhou Daily by viewers, who feel that the story deviates the most from the original source among all the film and television adaptations of Louis Cha's works.[1]","title":"Reception"}]
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[{"image_text":"Poster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/The_Book_and_the_Sword_%282008_TV_series%29.jpg/200px-The_Book_and_the_Sword_%282008_TV_series%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2009-07/21/content_640013.htm","external_links_name":"The Book and the Sword (2008) review on Guangzhou Daily"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100812112248/http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2009-07/21/content_640013.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://data.ent.sina.com.cn/tv/7056.html","external_links_name":"The Book and the Sword"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Puy_green_lentil
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Le Puy green lentil
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Variety of lentil
Puy lentils in a wooden bowl
Le Puy green lentil is a small, mottled, slate-gray/green lentil of the Lens esculenta puyensis (or L. culinaris puyensis) variety. In the US, this type of lentil may be grown and sold as French green lentils or Puy lentils.
The term "Lentille verte du Puy" is protected throughout the European Union (EU) and UK as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), and in France as an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC). In the EU, the term may only be used to designate lentils that come from the prefecture of Le Puy (most notably in the commune of Le Puy-en-Velay) in the Auvergne region of France. These lentils have been grown in the region for over 2,000 years and it is said that they have gastronomic qualities that come from the terroir (in this case attributed to the area's volcanic soil). They are praised for their unique peppery flavor and the ability to retain their shape after cooking.
References
^ "La lentille verte du Puy". le site du Musée Crozatier (Le Puy-en-Velay) (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-28..
^ Clarkson, Janet (2013). Food History Almanac: Over 1,300 Years of World Culinary History, Culture, and Social Influence (Google eBook). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 9781442227156.
^ a b "Regions of France | Auvergne Region of France - Food & Gastronomy - Puy Lentis". www.regions-of-france.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ "BBC - Food - Puy lentils recipes". Retrieved 2017-04-14.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Puy green lentil.
La lentille verte du Puy (in French)
This Fabeae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Puy lentils in a wooden bowl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Puy_lentils_wooden_bowl.jpg/200px-Puy_lentils_wooden_bowl.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"La lentille verte du Puy\". le site du Musée Crozatier (Le Puy-en-Velay) (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musee.patrimoine.lepuyenvelay.fr/pays-dart-et-dhistoire/les-patrimoines/patrimoine-naturel/la-lentille-verte-du-puy/","url_text":"\"La lentille verte du Puy\""}]},{"reference":"Clarkson, Janet (2013). Food History Almanac: Over 1,300 Years of World Culinary History, Culture, and Social Influence (Google eBook). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 9781442227156.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KOzYAgAAQBAJ&q=Le+Puy+green+lentil+history&pg=PA66","url_text":"Food History Almanac: Over 1,300 Years of World Culinary History, Culture, and Social Influence (Google eBook)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442227156","url_text":"9781442227156"}]},{"reference":"\"Regions of France | Auvergne Region of France - Food & Gastronomy - Puy Lentis\". www.regions-of-france.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regions-of-france.com/regions/auvergne/food-gastronomy/puy-lentils/","url_text":"\"Regions of France | Auvergne Region of France - Food & Gastronomy - Puy Lentis\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Food - Puy lentils recipes\". Retrieved 2017-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/puy_lentils","url_text":"\"BBC - Food - Puy lentils recipes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad
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Shandilya Upanishad
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["1 History","2 Contents","2.1 Yoga practice","2.2 Vedanta","3 See also","4 References"]
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Sanskrit text, Yoga Upanishad
Shandilya UpanishadGomukhasana is one of eight postures described in Shandilya UpanishadDevanagariशाण्डिल्यIASTŚāṇḍilyaTitle meansName of a Vedic sage, SandilyaDateVedic AgeTypeYogaLinked VedaAtharvavedaChapters3PhilosophyYoga, Vedanta
The Shandilya Upanishad (Sanskrit: शाण्डिल्य उपनिषत्, IAST: Śāṇḍilya Upaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism. It is one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas, and is attached to the Atharvaveda.
The text is primarily focussed on Yoga techniques, and is among the most detailed in the Upanishadic corpus of texts dedicated to Yoga. It describes ten Yamas (ethical don'ts, restraints), ten Niyamas (ethical to do list, observances) and eight Asanas (postures), along with three Pranayamas, five types of Pratyaharas, five kinds of Dharana, two types of Dhyana and one Samadhi.
History
Gavin Flood dates the text to around 100 BCE to 300 CE. Roy Eugene Davis suggests Shandilya Upanishad probably pre-dates Patanjali's Yogasutras, while Georg Feuerstein suggests the text probably post-dates the Yogasutras. Thomas McEvilley states that the chronology of the text is uncertain, but it was probably composed around the time Dhyanabindu Upanishad and before Hatha Yoga Pradipka, Kaulajnananirnaya and Shiva Samhita.
Some historical manuscripts of this Upanishad are titled as Śāṇḍilyopaniṣad (शाण्डिल्योपनिषद्). It is listed at number 58 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads. It is also known as the Shandilya Yoga Sutras. According to Alain Daniélou this Upanishad is one of the three Upanishads in the genre of the Hatha yoga; the others are the Darshana Upanishad and the Yoga-kundalini Upanishad.
Contents
Virtues of a Yogi
तत्राहिंसासत्यास्तेयब्रह्मचर्यदयाजप क्षमाधृतिमिताहारशौचानि चेति यमादश । तत्राहिंसा नाममनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः सर्वभूतेषु सर्वदा क्लेशजननम् । सत्यं नाममनोवाक्कायकर्मभिर्भूतहितयथार्थाभिभाषणम् । (...)
Under Yamas are ten: Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Dayā, Ārjava, Kṣamā, Dhṛti, Mitāhāra Śauca. Of these, Ahimsa is the not causing of any pain to any living being at any time through the actions of one's mind, speech or body. Satya is the speaking of truth that conduces to the well being of creatures, through the actions of one's mind, speech or body. (...)
—Shandilya Upanishad Chapter 1
The Shandilya Upanishad is structured as three chapters with many sections in each chapter. The first chapter of the text deals with Ashtanga Yoga. It contains eleven sections.
Yama
Niyama
Asana
Pranayama : Nadis, Vayus and Kundalini
Pranayama: Purification of Nadis
Pranayama with Pranava
Pranayama: Purification of Susumna and others
Pratyahara
Dharana
Dhyana
Samadhi
The other Chapters have a single section each.
The Second chapter is comparatively a smaller one and expounds the Brahma Vidya.
The Third Chapter talks about the nature and forms of Brahman: Sakala Brahman, Niskala Brahman and Sakala-Niskala Brahman.
Raman states that the first chapter is one of the most detailed Upanishadic treatises on various types of Yoga. The last two chapters integrate the Vedanta philosophy, particularly the "nondual Nirguna Brahman as the ultimate self" concept of Hinduism, and asserts that there is oneness of Atman in all living beings, that everything is Brahman.
Yoga practice
The Yoga techniques-related chapter 1, which is the largest part of this Upanishad, begins by asserting that to be an accomplished Yogin, one must possess self-restraint, introspectively delight in truth and in virtue towards self and towards others. A successful Yogin is one who has conquered anger and is proficient in Yoga theory and practice.
Yoga is best done in a peaceful pleasant place, states the Upanishad, such as near river banks or water bodies, temple, garden abounding with fruits, water falls, a place of silence or where Vedic hymns are being recited, frequented by fellow yoga practitioners and such, and there the Yogi should find a level place. After settling into his posture, he should do breath exercises to cleanse his body, then meditate, states the text.
The Upanishad elaborates on eight-fold or Ashtanga Yoga, without citing Patanjali. The Upanishad defines each Yamas and each Niyamas. For example, Ahimsa (virtue of non-violence) states the text is the Yamas of "not causing pain to any living being at any time either mentally, vocally, or physically".
Asanas in Shandilya UpanishadEight chief Asanas from Shandilya Upanishad - (clockwise from top left) :
Mayura, Simha, Goumukha, Padma, Mukta/Siddha, Bhadra, Swastika, Vira .
Section 1.3 of the text describes eight Asanas, which includes Svastikasana, Gomukhasana, Padmasana, Virasana, Simhasana, Bhadrasana, Muktasana and Mayurasana. The Yogi who has mastered all the Yamas, the Niyamas and an Asana, states the Upanishad, should proceed to the Pranayama to help cleanse the inner body. The text is notable in repeatedly reminding the importance of ethical virtues in a Yogi, virtues such as truthfulness, non-anger, temperance, proper eating habits, proper conduct and others, as it transitions from one stage of Yoga to next. After reminding the ethical mandates, the Upanishad describes three types of Pranayama, namely Ujjayi, Sitkara and Sitala.
The text is one of the four Upanishads which includes a discussion of Kundalini chakras from Yoga perspective, the other three being Darshana Upanishad, the Yogachudamani Upanishad, and the Yogashikha Upanishad. However, the ideas in the four texts show an acceptance of a diversity of views; for example, this text asserts that Manipura Chakra has 12 petals instead of 10 in the other texts.
Section 1.8 of Shandilya presents five kinds of Pratyahara, namely the ability to withdraw sensory organs from the external world at will, the ability to view everything as the Atman (soul), the ability to give away fruits of one's effort, the ability to be unaffected by the presence of sensual pleasures, and finally the fifth Pratyahara being the ability to project one's attention to one of eighteen vital parts of one's own body. Section 1.9 of the Upanishad presents five kinds of Dharanas (concentration), section 1.10 presents two kinds of Dhyana (meditation), while section 1.11 describes Samadhi – its last stage of Yoga.
Vedanta
The ultimate goal of its teachings is the realization of the nature of one's Atman and its nonduality with Brahman (ultimate reality). This is the "Shandilya doctrine", named after the Vedic sage after whom this text is titled, and who is credited in section 3.14 of the Chandogya Upanishad with the oldest known statement of the Vedanta foundation. This doctrine, also repeated in the last two chapters of this text, is "the identity of Brahman with the Atman, of God with the soul", states Deussen.
The closing sections of the text declare the Aum, Atman, Brahman, Shiva and Dattatreya to be one and the same.
See also
Hatha yoga
Yoga (philosophy)
Yogatattva Upanishad
Yoga Vasistha
References
^ Patrick Olivelle (1998), The Early Upaniṣads: annotated text and translation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, page 12
^ Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upanisads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0192835765, pages xxxiv, xxxvi, 33, 72, 94, 124
^ a b c Ayyangar 1938, p. 448.
^ a b c d Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 626.
^ Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, pp. 626–628.
^ Deussen 1997, p. 557.
^ Aiyar 1914, p. viii, 173.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. vii.
^ a b c Aiyar 1914, p. 173.
^ a b c d e f g h Hattangadi 2000.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 448–449.
^ Flood 1996, p. 96.
^ Roy Eugene Davis (1976), Yoga Darśana: The Philosophy and Light of Yoga, CSA Press, ISBN 978-0877071761, page 110
^ Georg Feuerstein (1990), Encyclopedia Dictionary of Yoga, Shambala, ISBN 978-1557782458, page 418
^ Thomas McEvilley (2002), The Roots of Tantra (Editors: Katherine Harper, Robert L Brown), State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791453063, page 95
^ Vedic Literature, Volume 1, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, p. PA562, at Google Books, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, pages 562–563
^ Deussen 1997, pp. 556–557.
^ OM Yoga. How To Regrow Lost Hairs. p. 51. GGKEY:E2C8GSJ0QYJ.
^ Daniélou 1991, p. 167.
^ a b Ayyangar 1938, pp. 449–450.
^ Hiro G Badlani (2008), Hinduism: Path of the Ancient Wisdom, ISBN 978-0595701834, pages 65–67 Unto Tähtinen (1976), Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition, London: Rider, ISBN 978-0091233402 , pages 6–7
^ a b c d Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, pp. 626–627.
^ a b c Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, pp. 627–628.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 484–490.
^ a b Aiyar 1914, pp. 178–179.
^ Aiyar 1914, pp. 178–182.
^ Smith-Christopher 2007, p. 62.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 451–452.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. 453.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 449, 453, 460, 463.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 467–468.
^ Booth 2014, p. 489.
^ Gopal2000, p. 37.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. 482.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 482–483.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 448, 478, 483–487.
^ a b Deussen 1997, pp. 110–111 (see Volume 1).
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 488–491.
^ Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 628.
Bibliography
Aiyar, Narayanasvami (1914). "Thirty minor Upanishads". Archive Organization. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. The Adyar Library.
Booth, Mark (2014). The Sacred History: How Angels, Mystics and Higher Intelligence Made Our World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-9856-5.
Burley, Mikel (2000). Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120817067.
Daniélou, Alain (1 August 1991). Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-1-59477-734-9.
Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
Deussen, Paul (2010). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo). ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6.
Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521438780
Frawley, David (7 October 2014). Vedic Yoga: The Path of the Rishi. Lotus Press. ISBN 978-0-940676-25-1.
Gopal, T. V. (2000). Hrishikesa: Krishna – A Natural Evolution. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-732-4.
Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "शाण्डिल्योपनिषत् (Shandilya Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (2008). Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions. Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-57075-747-1.
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Shandilya Upanishad (Sanskrit: शाण्डिल्य उपनिषत्, IAST: Śāṇḍilya Upaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism.[6][7] It is one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas,[8] and is attached to the Atharvaveda.[3][9]The text is primarily focussed on Yoga techniques, and is among the most detailed in the Upanishadic corpus of texts dedicated to Yoga.[4][10] It describes ten Yamas (ethical don'ts, restraints), ten Niyamas (ethical to do list, observances) and eight Asanas (postures),[4] along with three Pranayamas, five types of Pratyaharas, five kinds of Dharana, two types of Dhyana and one Samadhi.[11][9]","title":"Shandilya Upanishad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavin Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Flood"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696-12"},{"link_name":"Roy Eugene 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Yoga Sutras.[18] According to Alain Daniélou this Upanishad is one of the three Upanishads in the genre of the Hatha yoga; the others are the Darshana Upanishad and the Yoga-kundalini Upanishad.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi"},{"link_name":"Ahimsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa"},{"link_name":"Satya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya"},{"link_name":"Asteya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteya"},{"link_name":"Brahmacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmacharya"},{"link_name":"Dayā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Ārjava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rjava"},{"link_name":"Kṣamā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgiveness#Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Dhṛti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhrti"},{"link_name":"Mitāhāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitahara"},{"link_name":"Śauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaucha"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1914173-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938449%E2%80%93450-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ashtanga Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)"},{"link_name":"Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008626%E2%80%93627-22"},{"link_name":"Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008627%E2%80%93628-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938484%E2%80%93490-24"}],"text":"Virtues of a Yogi\n\n\nतत्राहिंसासत्यास्तेयब्रह्मचर्यदयाजप क्षमाधृतिमिताहारशौचानि चेति यमादश । तत्राहिंसा नाममनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः सर्वभूतेषु सर्वदा क्लेशजननम् । सत्यं नाममनोवाक्कायकर्मभिर्भूतहितयथार्थाभिभाषणम् । (...)\n\nUnder Yamas are ten: Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Dayā, Ārjava, Kṣamā, Dhṛti, Mitāhāra Śauca. Of these, Ahimsa is the not causing of any pain to any living being at any time through the actions of one's mind, speech or body. Satya is the speaking of truth that conduces to the well being of creatures, through the actions of one's mind, speech or body. (...)\n\n\n\n—Shandilya Upanishad Chapter 1 [9][20][21]The Shandilya Upanishad is structured as three chapters with many sections in each chapter. The first chapter of the text deals with Ashtanga Yoga. It contains eleven sections.Yama\nNiyama\nAsana\nPranayama : Nadis, Vayus and Kundalini\nPranayama: Purification of Nadis\nPranayama with Pranava\nPranayama: Purification of Susumna and others\nPratyahara\nDharana\nDhyana\nSamadhiThe other Chapters have a single section each.The Second chapter is comparatively a smaller one and expounds the Brahma Vidya.The Third Chapter talks about the nature and forms of Brahman: Sakala Brahman, Niskala Brahman and Sakala-Niskala Brahman.Raman states that the first chapter is one of the most detailed Upanishadic treatises on various types of Yoga.[22] The last two chapters integrate the Vedanta philosophy, particularly the \"nondual Nirguna Brahman as the ultimate self\" concept of Hinduism, and asserts that there is oneness of Atman in all living beings, that everything is Brahman.[23][24]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008626%E2%80%93627-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008626%E2%80%93627-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1914178%E2%80%93179-25"},{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008626%E2%80%93627-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1914178%E2%80%93179-25"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-10"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1914178%E2%80%93182-26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-10"},{"link_name":"Ashtanga Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali"},{"link_name":"Patanjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanjali"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ahimsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith-Christopher200762-27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938449%E2%80%93450-20"},{"link_name":"Asanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asanas"},{"link_name":"Gomukhasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomukhasana"},{"link_name":"Padmasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_position"},{"link_name":"Virasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virasana"},{"link_name":"Simhasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhasana"},{"link_name":"Bhadrasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrasana"},{"link_name":"Mayurasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayurasana"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938451%E2%80%93452-28"},{"link_name":"Pranayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938453-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-10"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938449,_453,_460,_463-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938467%E2%80%93468-31"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-10"},{"link_name":"chakras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakras"},{"link_name":"Darshana Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"Yogachudamani Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"Yogashikha Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2014489-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal200037-33"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-10"},{"link_name":"Pratyahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyahara"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938482-34"},{"link_name":"Dharanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharana"},{"link_name":"Dhyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Samadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938482%E2%80%93483-35"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-10"}],"sub_title":"Yoga practice","text":"The Yoga techniques-related chapter 1, which is the largest part of this Upanishad, begins by asserting that to be an accomplished Yogin, one must possess self-restraint, introspectively delight in truth and in virtue towards self and towards others.[22] A successful Yogin is one who has conquered anger and is proficient in Yoga theory and practice.[22][25]Yoga is best done in a peaceful pleasant place, states the Upanishad, such as near river banks or water bodies, temple, garden abounding with fruits, water falls, a place of silence or where Vedic hymns are being recited, frequented by fellow yoga practitioners and such, and there the Yogi should find a level place.[22][25][10] After settling into his posture, he should do breath exercises to cleanse his body, then meditate, states the text.[26][10]The Upanishad elaborates on eight-fold or Ashtanga Yoga, without citing Patanjali.[citation needed] The Upanishad defines each Yamas and each Niyamas. For example, Ahimsa (virtue of non-violence) states the text is the Yamas of \"not causing pain to any living being at any time either mentally, vocally, or physically\".[27][20]Section 1.3 of the text describes eight Asanas, which includes Svastikasana, Gomukhasana, Padmasana, Virasana, Simhasana, Bhadrasana, Muktasana and Mayurasana.[28] The Yogi who has mastered all the Yamas, the Niyamas and an Asana, states the Upanishad, should proceed to the Pranayama to help cleanse the inner body.[29][10] The text is notable in repeatedly reminding the importance of ethical virtues in a Yogi, virtues such as truthfulness, non-anger, temperance, proper eating habits, proper conduct and others, as it transitions from one stage of Yoga to next.[30] After reminding the ethical mandates, the Upanishad describes three types of Pranayama, namely Ujjayi, Sitkara and Sitala.[31][10]The text is one of the four Upanishads which includes a discussion of Kundalini chakras from Yoga perspective, the other three being Darshana Upanishad, the Yogachudamani Upanishad, and the Yogashikha Upanishad.[32] However, the ideas in the four texts show an acceptance of a diversity of views; for example, this text asserts that Manipura Chakra has 12 petals instead of 10 in the other texts.[33][10]Section 1.8 of Shandilya presents five kinds of Pratyahara, namely the ability to withdraw sensory organs from the external world at will, the ability to view everything as the Atman (soul), the ability to give away fruits of one's effort, the ability to be unaffected by the presence of sensual pleasures, and finally the fifth Pratyahara being the ability to project one's attention to one of eighteen vital parts of one's own body.[34] Section 1.9 of the Upanishad presents five kinds of Dharanas (concentration), section 1.10 presents two kinds of Dhyana (meditation), while section 1.11 describes Samadhi – its last stage of Yoga.[35][10]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008627%E2%80%93628-23"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938448,_478,_483%E2%80%93487-36"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-10"},{"link_name":"Chandogya Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997110%E2%80%93111_(see_Volume_1)-37"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997110%E2%80%93111_(see_Volume_1)-37"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008627%E2%80%93628-23"},{"link_name":"Aum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Dattatreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatreya"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938488%E2%80%93491-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008628-39"}],"sub_title":"Vedanta","text":"The ultimate goal of its teachings is the realization of the nature of one's Atman and its nonduality with Brahman (ultimate reality).[23][36][10] This is the \"Shandilya doctrine\", named after the Vedic sage after whom this text is titled, and who is credited in section 3.14 of the Chandogya Upanishad with the oldest known statement of the Vedanta foundation.[37] This doctrine, also repeated in the last two chapters of this text, is \"the identity of Brahman with the Atman, of God with the soul\", states Deussen.[37][23]The closing sections of the text declare the Aum, Atman, Brahman, Shiva and Dattatreya to be one and the same.[38][39]","title":"Contents"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Asanas_-_shandilya_upanishad.png/220px-Asanas_-_shandilya_upanishad.png"}]
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[{"title":"Hatha yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga"},{"title":"Yoga (philosophy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)"},{"title":"Yogatattva Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad"},{"title":"Yoga Vasistha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha"}]
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[{"reference":"OM Yoga. How To Regrow Lost Hairs. p. 51. GGKEY:E2C8GSJ0QYJ.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WnufzqbK-YMC&pg=PT51","url_text":"OM Yoga"}]},{"reference":"Aiyar, Narayanasvami (1914). \"Thirty minor Upanishads\". Archive Organization. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n189/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Thirty minor Upanishads\""}]},{"reference":"Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. The Adyar Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n491/mode/2up","url_text":"The Yoga Upanishads"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Mark (2014). The Sacred History: How Angels, Mystics and Higher Intelligence Made Our World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-9856-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_DKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT489","url_text":"The Sacred History: How Angels, Mystics and Higher Intelligence Made Our World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-9856-5","url_text":"978-1-4516-9856-5"}]},{"reference":"Burley, Mikel (2000). Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120817067.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Burley","url_text":"Burley, Mikel"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl","url_text":"Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817067","url_text":"978-8120817067"}]},{"reference":"Daniélou, Alain (1 August 1991). Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-1-59477-734-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7dRrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167","url_text":"Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-734-9","url_text":"978-1-59477-734-9"}]},{"reference":"Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deussen","url_text":"Deussen, Paul"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA665","url_text":"Sixty Upanishads of the Veda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7","url_text":"978-81-208-1467-7"}]},{"reference":"Deussen, Paul (2010). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo). ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA26","url_text":"The Philosophy of the Upanishads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-239-6","url_text":"978-1-61640-239-6"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521438780","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Flood","url_text":"Flood, Gavin D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo","url_text":"An Introduction to Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521438780","url_text":"978-0521438780"}]},{"reference":"Frawley, David (7 October 2014). Vedic Yoga: The Path of the Rishi. Lotus Press. ISBN 978-0-940676-25-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2rvQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147","url_text":"Vedic Yoga: The Path of the Rishi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940676-25-1","url_text":"978-0-940676-25-1"}]},{"reference":"Gopal, T. V. (2000). Hrishikesa: Krishna – A Natural Evolution. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-732-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O7B4Q21Jy0oC&pg=PA37","url_text":"Hrishikesa: Krishna – A Natural Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-732-4","url_text":"978-1-58112-732-4"}]},{"reference":"Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). \"शाण्डिल्योपनिषत् (Shandilya Upanishad)\" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/shandilya.pdf","url_text":"\"शाण्डिल्योपनिषत् (Shandilya Upanishad)\""}]},{"reference":"Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (2008). Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC&pg=PA626","url_text":"Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3349-4","url_text":"978-81-208-3349-4"}]},{"reference":"Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions. Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-57075-747-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vjd_AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-747-1","url_text":"978-1-57075-747-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dairy_Research_Institute
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National Dairy Research Institute
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["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 29°42′14″N 76°58′55″E / 29.704°N 76.982°E / 29.704; 76.982Dairy research institution in Haryana, India
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National Dairy Research InstituteTypePublicEstablished1955; 66 years agoAffiliationIndian Council of Agricultural ResearchDirectorDheer SinghLocationKarnal, Haryana, India29°42′14″N 76°58′55″E / 29.704°N 76.982°E / 29.704; 76.982CampusUrban, 1,384 acres (560 ha)Websitendri.res.in
National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) is India's premier institute for dairy research located in Karnal, Haryana, having being accorded with the status of Deemed University since 1989. NDRI operates under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
History
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) at Karnal, Haryana is one of the premier institutes in the dairy sector, which has contributed a lot in the growth of the dairy industry and played a crucial role in India's development in milk production with its continuous research. Over ninety nine years old NDRI's lineage goes back to the Imperial Institute for Animal Husbandry & Dairying which was set up in Bangalore in 1923 as a center for dairy education. In its erstwhile form of Imperial Institute in Bangalore, Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi and ‘Bharat Ratna’ Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, were imparted training at the institute in 1927. They wanted to get acquainted with modern methods of cattle management and spent two weeks discussing and learning technicalities and complexities of problems pertaining to cows and buffalos in India. Gandhiji was highly appreciative of the most productive crossbred cow ‘Jill’ of the institute. He held several discussions on the problems of Pinjrapoles, which housed low-producing, mostly sterile cows and other dairy stock mainly on humanitarian grounds. Mahatma Gandhi evinced great interest in the work of the institute and wrote several articles in `Young India’ and `Harijan’ on the importance of dairying and scientific cattle management. Gandhiji's thinking and views had a significant influence on the political leadership, particularly towards taking key policy decisions during the early post-Independence era, resulting in the formulation of the Key Village Scheme, Gosamvardhana Council, and intensive Cattle Development Programmes. In 1936 it was renamed as Imperial Dairy Institute and it was shifted to its present site in Karnal in 1955 and renamed again as National Dairy Research Institute. The infrastructure of Imperial Institute was retained as a southern regional station of NDRI and later in 1964 Eastern regional station was set up at Kalyani in West Bengal. In 1970, NDRI was brought under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The institute has the distinction of being a Deemed University for implementing its academic programs since 1989. The institute provides high-quality education in the field of dairying, which has no parallel in Asia. It is noteworthy that NDRI is not only an important contributor of manpower in dairying required in State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) but also plays an important role in enhancing the teaching capabilities of the faculty from SAUs.
See also
College of Dairy Technology, Etawah
References
^ Page 127, The Directory of Scientific Research Institutions in India, By T. S. Rajagopalan, R. Satyanarayana, Published 1969 by Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre
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[{"title":"College of Dairy Technology, Etawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Dairy_Technology,_Etawah"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Marathon
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Athens Classic Marathon
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["1 History","2 Course","3 Past winners","4 Statistics","4.1 Winners by country","4.2 Multiple winners","4.3 Attendance","5 References","6 External links"]
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Annual race in Greece held since 1972
Athens Classic MarathonPanathinaiko Stadium is the finishing point of the raceDateEarly NovemberLocationAthens, GreeceEvent typeRoadDistanceMarathonPrimary sponsorOPAPEstablished1972 (52 years ago) (1972)Course recordsMen: 2:10:34 (2023) Edwin KiptooWomen: 2:31:06 (2010) Rasa DrazdauskaitėOfficial siteAthens Classic MarathonParticipants4,020 finishers (2021)16,436 (2019)15,279 (2018)
The Athens Classic Marathon The Authentic is an annual marathon road race held in Athens, Greece, normally in early November (the second Sunday of November), since 1972. It also often serves as Greece's national marathon championships. The race attracted 43,000 competitors in 2015 of which 16,000 were for the 42.195 kilometre (26.2 mile) course, both numbers being an all-time record for the event. The rest of the runners competed in the concurrent 5 and 10 kilometres road races and the racewalking contest.
The marathon race and course is inspired by the Ancient Greek legend of Pheidippides, a messenger who is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to bring news of the Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.
Taking from the tradition of the Olympic Torch, the race features the Marathon Flame, which is lit at the Tomb of the Battle of Marathon and carried to the stadium in Marathon before the beginning of each race. In addition, an international marathon symposium is held the day before the race.
Greek competitors have traditionally been strong in the men's and women's competitions. However, East Africans and Japanese runners have increasingly become the dominant runners from 1999 onwards. The current course records are 2:10:34 hours for men, set by Edwin Kiptoo in 2023, while Rasa Drazdauskaitė's run of 2:31:06 in 2010 is the quickest by a woman on the course.
History
The provenance of the competitive race is traced back to the Marathon race at the 1896 Olympics.
A separate race from the town of Marathon to Athens was regularly held in April from 1955 to at least 1989. This unrelated race, known as the Athens Marathon, frequently served as the Greek championship race but it is now discontinued.
The Athens Classic Marathon began in 1972 as a joint venture between the Greek tourist board and athletics association.
In 1982, the organisers dedicated the race to Grigoris Lambrakis, an athlete and Member of the Greek Parliament, whose murder in the 1960s has become an inspirational cause for advocates of human rights.
The race came under the auspices of the current organisers and SEGAS in 1983 and has since become a major race, being awarded Gold Label Road Race status by the IAAF. The 1983 event was known as the Athens Peace Marathon and both a popular and elite level race featured for the first time that year.
Since 1990, the Athens Classic Marathon has often served as the Greek national championships for the marathon event.
Since 2007 the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races has organised an annual International Marathon Symposium in Marathon town the day prior to the race.
The 2010 edition of the event was combined with the celebration of the 2500th anniversary of the Battle of Marathon. As the 2500 anniversary was actually in 2011, this year was also celebrated as the anniversary run.
In 2016, a refugee team competed in the concurrent 5 kilometre road race.
The 2020 in-person edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, with all registrants given the option of transferring their entry to 2021 or obtaining a full refund.
Course
The marathon course is based on the legend from which the race gained its name: Pheidippides, a messenger in Ancient Greece, ran from the Battle of Marathon to Athens to announce the Greeks' victory over the Persians.
It is perhaps the most difficult major marathon race: the course is uphill from the 10 km mark to the 31 km mark – the toughest uphill climb of any major marathon. The course begins in the town of Marathon, where it passes the tomb of the Athenian soldiers, and it traces a path near the coast through Nea Makri. Following the steep rise, the course goes lightly downhill towards the city of Athens. It passes a statue of a runner (Ο Δρομέας) in the city centre before finishing up at the Panathinaiko Stadium; a site for athletics competitions in ancient times and the finishing point for both the 1896 and 2004 Olympic marathons.
Past winners
A statue of Pheidippides on the route from Marathon to Athens
Burton Holmes' photograph entitled "1896: Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens". The 1896 Olympic Marathon was the precursor to the Athens Classic Marathon.
Runners competing in the 1980 Athens Marathon, won by Jean-Paul Didim
Key:
Course record
Greek championship race
Year
Men's winner
Time(h:m:s)
Women's winner
Time(h:m:s)
2022
Charalampos Pitsolis (GRE)
2:23:44
Vasiliki Konstantinopoulou (GRE)
2:46:01
2021
Konstantinos Gkelaouzos (GRE)
2:16:49
Gloria Privileggio (GRE)
2:41:30
2020
cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic
2019
John Komen (KEN)
2:16:34
Eleftheria Petroulaki (GRE)
2:45:50
2018
Brimin Kipkorir (KEN)
2:10:56
Shelmith Nyawira (KEN)
2:36:46
2017
Samuel Kalalei (KEN)
2:12:17
Bedatu Hirpa (ETH)
2:34:18
2016
Luka Rotich (KEN)
2:12:49
Nancy Arusei (KEN)
2:38:13
2015
Christoforos Merousis (GRE)
2:21:22
Minori Hayakari (JPN)
2:52:06
2014
Felix Kandie (KEN)
2:10:37
Naomi Maiyo (KEN)
2:41:06
2013
Hillary Yego (KEN)
2:13:51
Nancy Rotich (KEN)
2:41:32
2012
Raymond Bett (KEN)
2:11:35
Consalater Yadaa (KEN)
2:40:00
2011
Abdelkrim Boubker (MAR)
2:11:40
Elfeneshe Melkamu (ETH)
2:35:25
2010
Raymond Bett (KEN)
2:12:40
Rasa Drazdauskaitė (LTU)
2:31:06
2009
Josephat Ngetich (KEN)
2:13:44
Akemi Ozaki (JPN)
2:39:56
2008
Paul Lekuraa (KEN)
2:12:42
Mai Tagami (JPN)
2:36:58
2007
Benjamin Korir (KEN)
2:14:40
Svetlana Ponomarenko (RUS)
2:33:19
2006
Henry Tarus (KEN)
2:17:46
Chikako Ogushi (JPN)
2:40:45
2005
James Saina (KEN)
2:16:15
Sisay Measo (ETH)
2:38:39
2004
Frederick Cherono (KEN)
2:15:28
Alemu Zinash (ETH)
2:41:11
2003
Zebedayo Bayo (TAN)
2:16:59
Nadezhda Wijenberg (NED)
2:43:18
2002
Mark Saina (KEN)
2:18:20
Sonja Oberem (GER)
2:37:29
2001
Noah Bor (KEN)
2:19:26
Sonja Oberem (GER)
2:36:15
2000
Nikólaos Poliás (GRE)
2:20:50
Yeoryía Abatzídou (GRE)
2:53:00
1999
Masato Yonehara (JPN)
2:18:35
Tamaki Okuno (JPN)
2:46:46
1998
Nikólaos Poliás (GRE)
2:18:38
Joy Smith (USA)
2:50:52
1997
Gerasimos Kokotos (GRE)
2:31:47
Melissa Hurta (USA)
2:54:43
1996
Nikitas Markakis (GRE)
2:33:15
Panagiota Petropoulou (GRE)
2:56:42
1995
Nikólaos Poliás (GRE)
2:27:27
Panagiota Nikolakopoulou (GRE)
2:59:45
1994
Christos Dumas (GRE)
2:27:27
Kleri Stavropoulou (GRE)
3:21:32
1993
Nikólaos Poliás (GRE)
2:28:12
Panagiota Petropoulou (GRE)
3:15:56
1992
Christos Dumas (GRE)
2:31:15
Reiko Hirosawa (JPN)
3:05:24
1991
Theodoros Fotopoulos (GRE)
2:28:18
Sofia Sotiriadou (GRE)
2:59:29
1990
Johan Engholm (SWE)
2:26:33
Prudence Taylor (NZL)
2:59:15
1989
Jan van Rijthoven (NED)
2:23:19
Leslie Lewis (USA)
2:37:42
1988
Fedor Ryzhov (URS)
2:17:33
Magdalini Poulimenou (GRE)
2:50:59
1987
Kevin Flanegan (RSA)
2:25:14
Irina Bogacheva (URS)
2:43:37
1986
Jos vander Water (BEL)
2:27:22
Signe Ward (NOR)
3:06:58
1985
Michael Hill (SWE)
2:26:20
Eryl Davies (GBR)
3:04:30
1984
Leon Swanepoel (RSA)
2:28:53
Barbara Balzer (USA)
2:58:30
1983
Martin J. McCarthy (GBR)
2:25:34
Hanne Jensen (DEN)
3:20:33
1982
Rick Callison (USA)
2:27:29
Ella Grimm (DEN)
3:07:41
1981
Yiannis Kouros (GRE)
2:32:50
Britta Sorensen (DEN)
3:16:00
1980
Jean-Paul Didim (FRA)
2:34:32
Arlene Volmer (USA)
3:17:07
1979
Richard Belk (GBR)
2:31:21
Gaby Birrer (SUI)
3:34:21
1978
Danny Flynn (AUS)
2:27:22
Alexandra Fili (GRE)
4:47:00
1977
Kebede Balcha (ETH)
2:14:40.8
Christina Johansson (SWE)
3:05:53
1976
Edgar Friedli (SUI)
2:33:50
Melissa Hendriksen (USA)
3:35:45
1975
Teofanis Tsimingatos (GRE)
2:35:39
Corrie Konings (NED)
3:16:13
1974
Ian Thompson (GBR)
2:13.50
Eva-Maria Westphal (FRG)
3:55:56
1973
Jouko Kuha (FIN)
2:32:26
No women's race
1972
Yiannis Virvilis (GRE)
2:26:26
No women's race
Statistics
Winners by country
Country
Men's race
Women's race
Total
Greece
14
9
23
Kenya
15
5
20
United States
1
6
7
Japan
1
6
7
Ethiopia
1
4
5
United Kingdom
3
1
4
Denmark
0
3
3
Germany
0
3
3
Netherlands
1
2
3
South Africa
2
0
2
Soviet Union
1
1
2
Sweden
2
1
3
Switzerland
1
1
2
Australia
1
0
1
Belgium
1
0
1
France
1
0
1
Morocco
1
0
1
Lithuania
0
1
1
Norway
0
1
1
New Zealand
0
1
1
Russia
0
1
1
Tanzania
1
0
1
Finland
1
0
1
Multiple winners
Athlete
Country
Wins
Years
Teofanis Tsimingatos
Greece
2
1974, 1975
Christos Dumas
Greece
2
1992, 1994
Nikolaos Polias
Greece
4
1993, 1995, 1998, 2000
Panagiota Petropoulou
Greece
2
1993, 1996
Sonja Oberem
Germany
2
2001, 2002
Raymond Bett
Kenya
2
2010, 2012
Attendance
No.
Year
42 km. registrations
42 km. finishers
Total registrations
20th
2002
?
1.779
?
21st
2003
?
2.676
?
22nd
2004
?
2.868
?
23rd
2005
?
2.559
?
24th
2006
3.073
2.626
?
25th
2007
?
3.438
7.000
26th
2008
?
3.846
10.000
27th
2009
?
3.855
?
28th
2010
?
10.371
20.000
29th
2011
9.000
6.144
17.500
30th
2012
9.500
6.470
26.000
31st
2013
?
8.500
31.000
32nd
2014
13.000
10.480
35.000
33rd
2015
16.000
11.886
43.000
34th
2016
18.000
13.707
50.000
35th
2017
18.500
14.743
51.000
36th
2018
?
15.279
55.000
References
General
Athens Classic Marathon. Association of Road Racing Statisticians (2008-11-27). Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
Specific
^ Over 43,000 ran in the 33rd Authentic Athens Marathon on Sunday tovima.gr Retrieved on Monday, November 09, 2015.
^ a b c Panagopoulos, Kostas (2009). Editorial Archived January 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Athens Classic Marathon. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ "About the Battle of Marathon".
^ a b c Butcher, Pat (2008-11-06). Marathon talks, in Marathon. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ Nikitaridis, Michalis (2005-11-06). Saina and Measo are victorious in the Athens Marathon. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ a b Drazdauskaite and Bett beat the heat to make history in Athens. IAAF (2010-10-31). Retrieved on 2010-10-31.
^ Wenig, Jorg (2008-11-10). 2,500 years anniversary of the genesis of the marathon approaches. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ a b Athens Marathon. Association of Road Racing Statisticians (2008-08-18). Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ Kendal's own Athen's marathon winner. Westland Moore Gazette (2004-08-24). Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ a b Nikitaridis, Michalis (2007-11-02). Athens Classic Marathon celebrates 25th anniversary – PREVIEW. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ 15 marathons awarded IAAF Gold Label Road Race certification for year 2011 Archived January 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. RunningSportsHub (2010-10-25). Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
^ National Marathon Champions for Greece. Association of Road Racing Statisticians (2008-12-21). Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ "Το SolidarityNow Refugee Team τρέχει χιλιόμετρα αλληλεγγύης στον Κλασικό Μαραθώνιο 2016" (in Greek). Huffington Post. November 10, 2016.
^ a b "The 2020 Athens Marathon. The Authentic is Cancelled".
^ "Athletics-Athens Marathon cancelled due to COVID-19".
^ Butcher, Pat (2008-11-09). Athens Marathon record broken by nearly two minutes. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ a b Butcher, Pat (2009-11-08). Ngetich, Ozaki prevail in ‘Battle of Marathon’ – Athens Marathon report. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ Nikitaridis, Michalis (2006-11-05). Tarus and Ogushi secure Athens Classic Marathon victories. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-11-08.
^ athensauthenticmarathon.gr ATHENS MARATHON. THE AUTHENTIC - RESULTS
External links
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Official Merchandise
Marathon Course Profile
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_running"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"racewalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racewalking"},{"link_name":"Pheidippides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheidippides"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editor-2"},{"link_name":"Olympic Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Torch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf.talks-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf.talks-4"},{"link_name":"East Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edwin Kiptoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Kiptoo"},{"link_name":"Rasa Drazdauskaitė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_Drazdauskait%C4%97"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010ed-6"}],"text":"The Athens Classic Marathon The Authentic is an annual marathon road race held in Athens, Greece, normally in early November (the second Sunday of November), since 1972. It also often serves as Greece's national marathon championships. The race attracted 43,000 competitors in 2015 of which 16,000 were for the 42.195 kilometre (26.2 mile) course, both numbers being an all-time record for the event.[1] The rest of the runners competed in the concurrent 5 and 10 kilometres road races and the racewalking contest.The marathon race and course is inspired by the Ancient Greek legend of Pheidippides, a messenger who is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to bring news of the Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.[2]Taking from the tradition of the Olympic Torch, the race features the Marathon Flame, which is lit at the Tomb of the Battle of Marathon[3] and carried to the stadium in Marathon before the beginning of each race.[4] In addition, an international marathon symposium is held the day before the race.[4]Greek competitors have traditionally been strong in the men's and women's competitions. However, East Africans and Japanese runners have increasingly become the dominant runners from 1999 onwards.[5] The current course records are 2:10:34 hours for men, set by Edwin Kiptoo in 2023, while Rasa Drazdauskaitė's run of 2:31:06 in 2010 is the quickest by a woman on the course.[6]","title":"Athens Classic Marathon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathon race at the 1896 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARRS-8"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Grigoris Lambrakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoris_Lambrakis"},{"link_name":"Member of the Greek Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Greek_Parliament"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editor-2"},{"link_name":"SEGAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Amateur_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"IAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MN1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARRS-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MN1-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Association of International Marathons and Distance Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Marathons_and_Distance_Races"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf.talks-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010ed-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020.cancellation-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The provenance of the competitive race is traced back to the Marathon race at the 1896 Olympics.[7]A separate race from the town of Marathon to Athens was regularly held in April from 1955 to at least 1989. This unrelated race, known as the Athens Marathon, frequently served as the Greek championship race but it is now discontinued.[8]The Athens Classic Marathon began in 1972 as a joint venture between the Greek tourist board and athletics association.[9]In 1982, the organisers dedicated the race to Grigoris Lambrakis, an athlete and Member of the Greek Parliament, whose murder in the 1960s has become an inspirational cause for advocates of human rights.[2]The race came under the auspices of the current organisers and SEGAS in 1983 and has since become a major race, being awarded Gold Label Road Race status by the IAAF.[10][11] The 1983 event was known as the Athens Peace Marathon and both a popular and elite level race featured for the first time that year.[8]Since 1990, the Athens Classic Marathon has often served as the Greek national championships for the marathon event.[10][12]Since 2007 the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races has organised an annual International Marathon Symposium in Marathon town the day prior to the race.[4]The 2010 edition of the event was combined with the celebration of the 2500th anniversary of the Battle of Marathon.[6] As the 2500 anniversary was actually in 2011, this year was also celebrated as the anniversary run.In 2016, a refugee team competed in the concurrent 5 kilometre road race.[13]The 2020 in-person edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, with all registrants given the option of transferring their entry to 2021 or obtaining a full refund.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pheidippides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheidippides"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Battle of Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editor-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Nea Makri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Makri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB1-17"},{"link_name":"Panathinaiko Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaiko_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB1-17"}],"text":"The marathon course is based on the legend from which the race gained its name: Pheidippides, a messenger in Ancient Greece, ran from the Battle of Marathon to Athens to announce the Greeks' victory over the Persians.[2]It is perhaps the most difficult major marathon race: the course is uphill from the 10 km mark to the 31 km mark – the toughest uphill climb of any major marathon.[16] The course begins in the town of Marathon, where it passes the tomb of the Athenian soldiers, and it traces a path near the coast through Nea Makri. Following the steep rise, the course goes lightly downhill towards the city of Athens.[17] It passes a statue of a runner (Ο Δρομέας) in the city centre before finishing up at the Panathinaiko Stadium;[18] a site for athletics competitions in ancient times and the finishing point for both the 1896 and 2004 Olympic marathons.[17]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Pheidippides_along_the_Marathon_Road.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pheidippides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheidippides"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burton Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Holmes"},{"link_name":"1896 Olympic Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Olympic_Marathon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_Marathon_1980-01.jpg"}],"text":"A statue of Pheidippides on the route from Marathon to AthensBurton Holmes' photograph entitled \"1896: Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens\". The 1896 Olympic Marathon was the precursor to the Athens Classic Marathon.Runners competing in the 1980 Athens Marathon, won by Jean-Paul DidimKey: \n Course record\n Greek championship race","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens_Classic_Marathon&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens_Classic_Marathon&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Teofanis Tsimingatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teofanis_Tsimingatos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Christos Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christos_Dumas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Polias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Polias"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Panagiota Petropoulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panagiota_Petropoulou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Sonja Oberem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Oberem"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Raymond Bett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Bett"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"}],"text":"Winners by country[edit]\n\n\nCountry\n\nMen's race\n\nWomen's race\n\nTotal\n\n\n Greece\n14\n9\n23\n\n\n Kenya\n15\n5\n20\n\n\n United States\n1\n6\n7\n\n\n Japan\n1\n6\n7\n\n\n Ethiopia\n1\n4\n5\n\n\n United Kingdom\n3\n1\n4\n\n\n Denmark\n0\n3\n3\n\n\n Germany\n0\n3\n3\n\n\n Netherlands\n1\n2\n3\n\n\n South Africa\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Soviet Union\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Sweden\n2\n1\n3\n\n\n Switzerland\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Australia\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Belgium\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n France\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Morocco\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Lithuania\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Norway\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Russia\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Tanzania\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Finland\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n\nMultiple winners[edit]\n\n\nAthlete\n\nCountry\n\nWins\n\nYears\n\n\nTeofanis Tsimingatos\n\n Greece\n\n2\n\n1974, 1975\n\n\nChristos Dumas\n\n Greece\n\n2\n\n1992, 1994\n\n\nNikolaos Polias\n\n Greece\n\n4\n\n1993, 1995, 1998, 2000\n\n\nPanagiota Petropoulou\n\n Greece\n\n2\n\n1993, 1996\n\n\nSonja Oberem\n\n Germany\n\n2\n\n2001, 2002\n\n\nRaymond Bett\n\n Kenya\n\n2\n\n2010, 2012","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Attendance","title":"Statistics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A statue of Pheidippides on the route from Marathon to Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Pheidippides_along_the_Marathon_Road.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Pheidippides_along_the_Marathon_Road.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burton Holmes' photograph entitled \"1896: Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens\". The 1896 Olympic Marathon was the precursor to the Athens Classic Marathon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg/220px-1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Runners competing in the 1980 Athens Marathon, won by Jean-Paul Didim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Athens_Marathon_1980-01.jpg/220px-Athens_Marathon_1980-01.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"About the Battle of Marathon\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/battle-of-marathon","url_text":"\"About the Battle of Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Το SolidarityNow Refugee Team τρέχει χιλιόμετρα αλληλεγγύης στον Κλασικό Μαραθώνιο 2016\" (in Greek). Huffington Post. November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.gr/2016/11/10/koinwnia_n_12897714.html","url_text":"\"Το SolidarityNow Refugee Team τρέχει χιλιόμετρα αλληλεγγύης στον Κλασικό Μαραθώνιο 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2020 Athens Marathon. The Authentic is Cancelled\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athensauthenticmarathon.gr/site/index.php/en/news-en/news-articles-en/84-news-2020-en/630-aam-2020-cancellation-newsletter-en","url_text":"\"The 2020 Athens Marathon. The Authentic is Cancelled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics-Athens Marathon cancelled due to COVID-19\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/athletics-athens-marathon-cancelled-due-to-covid-19-2020-10-02","url_text":"\"Athletics-Athens Marathon cancelled due to COVID-19\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.athensauthenticmarathon.gr/","external_links_name":"Athens Classic Marathon"},{"Link":"https://www.arrs.run/HP_AtPMa.htm","external_links_name":"Athens Classic Marathon"},{"Link":"http://www.tovima.gr/en/article/?aid=752434","external_links_name":"Over 43,000 ran in the 33rd Authentic Athens Marathon on Sunday"},{"Link":"http://www.athensclassicmarathon.gr/html/ent/015/ent.1015.1.asp","external_links_name":"Editorial"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100128044525/http://www.athensclassicmarathon.gr/html/ent/015/ent.1015.1.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/battle-of-marathon","external_links_name":"\"About the Battle of Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081116105212/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=48211.html","external_links_name":"Marathon talks, in Marathon"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=2/newsId=32522.html","external_links_name":"Saina and Measo are victorious in the Athens Marathon"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/LRR10/news/newsid=58620.html","external_links_name":"Drazdauskaite and Bett beat the heat to make history in Athens"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=48254.html","external_links_name":"2,500 years anniversary of the genesis of the marathon approaches"},{"Link":"https://www.arrs.run/HP_AtEMa.htm","external_links_name":"Athens Marathon"},{"Link":"http://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/sport/522565.Kendal_s_own_Athen_s_marathon_winner/","external_links_name":"Kendal's own Athen's marathon winner"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=2/newsId=42234.html","external_links_name":"Athens Classic Marathon celebrates 25th anniversary – PREVIEW"},{"Link":"http://www.runningsportshub.com/2010/10/15-marathons-awarded-iaaf-gold-label-road-race-certification-for-year-2011/","external_links_name":"15 marathons awarded IAAF Gold Label Road Race certification for year 2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110104075433/http://www.runningsportshub.com/2010/10/15-marathons-awarded-iaaf-gold-label-road-race-certification-for-year-2011/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.arrs.run/NC_MaraGRE.htm","external_links_name":"National Marathon Champions for Greece"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.gr/2016/11/10/koinwnia_n_12897714.html","external_links_name":"\"Το SolidarityNow Refugee Team τρέχει χιλιόμετρα αλληλεγγύης στον Κλασικό Μαραθώνιο 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.athensauthenticmarathon.gr/site/index.php/en/news-en/news-articles-en/84-news-2020-en/630-aam-2020-cancellation-newsletter-en","external_links_name":"\"The 2020 Athens Marathon. The Authentic is Cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/athletics-athens-marathon-cancelled-due-to-covid-19-2020-10-02","external_links_name":"\"Athletics-Athens Marathon cancelled due to COVID-19\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=48239.html","external_links_name":"Athens Marathon record broken by nearly two minutes"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=54846.html","external_links_name":"Ngetich, Ozaki prevail in ‘Battle of Marathon’ – Athens Marathon report"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=2/newsId=36695.html","external_links_name":"Tarus and Ogushi secure Athens Classic Marathon victories"},{"Link":"https://www.athensauthenticmarathon.gr/site/index.php/el/results-en","external_links_name":"athensauthenticmarathon.gr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719021016/http://www.athensclassicmarathon.gr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.athensmarathonshop.com/","external_links_name":"Official Merchandise"},{"Link":"https://findmymarathon.com/elevation.php?elevation=Athens%20(Greece)%20Marathon/","external_links_name":"Marathon Course Profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Zachariah_Chandler
|
Statue of Zachariah Chandler
|
["1 References"]
|
Statue of Michigan politician
Zachariah ChandlerArtistCharles Henry NiehausSubjectZachariah ChandlerLocationLansing, Michigan, U.S.
Zachariah Chandler is a statue depicting the politician of the same name by Charles Henry Niehaus, formerly installed in Washington, D.C., representing the U.S. state of Michigan in the National Statuary Hall Collection. In 2011, the statue was relocated to the atrium of Lansing's Constitution Hall, and replaced by another depicting Gerald Ford.
References
^ Simon, Richard (September 10, 2011). "Zachariah who? States swap out statues in Capitol hall of fame". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
^ "Statue swap: Zachariah Chandler comes home to Michigan as Gerald R. Ford heads to U.S. Capitol". mlive.com. April 22, 2011. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
vteNational Statuary Hall CollectionStatues
Samuel Adams
Ethan Allen
Stephen F. Austin
Edward Lewis Bartlett
Daisy Bates
William Henry Harrison Beadle
Mary McLeod Bethune
Francis Preston Blair Jr.
William Borah
Norman Borlaug
John Burke
John C. Calhoun
Charles Carroll
Lewis Cass
Willa Cather
Dennis Chávez
James Paul Clarke
Henry Clay
John M. Clayton
George Clinton
Jacob Collamer
Jefferson Davis
Amelia Earhart
Thomas Edison
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Philo Farnsworth
Father Damien
Gerald Ford
Robert Fulton
James A. Garfield
James Z. George
Barry Goldwater
John Gorrie
Billy Graham
Nathanael Greene
Ernest Gruening
Hannibal Hamlin
Wade Hampton III
John Hanson
Sam Houston
Andrew Jackson
Kamehameha I
Philip Kearny
Helen Keller
John E. Kenna
William King
Eusebio Kino
Samuel J. Kirkwood
Robert M. La Follette Sr.
Jason Lee
Robert R. Livingston
Crawford Long
Huey Long
Jacques Marquette
Pat McCarran
Ephraim McDowell
John McLoughlin
Esther Hobart Morris
Oliver P. Morton
Mother Joseph
Peter Muhlenberg
Francis Harrison Pierpont
Po'pay
Jeannette Rankin
Ronald Reagan
Henry Mower Rice
Caesar Rodney
Will Rogers
Charles Marion Russell
Florence R. Sabin
Sakakawea
Maria Sanford
Sequoyah
Junípero Serra
John Sevier
Roger Sherman
James Shields
George L. Shoup
Standing Bear
John Stark
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Richard Stockton
Jack Swigert
Harry S. Truman
Jonathan Trumbull
Zebulon Baird Vance
Lew Wallace
Joseph Ward
Washakie
George Washington
Daniel Webster
Joseph Wheeler
Edward Douglass White
Marcus Whitman
Frances Willard
Roger Williams
Sarah Winnemucca
John Winthrop
Brigham Young
Replaced
William Allen
Charles Brantley Aycock
Thomas Hart Benton
William Jennings Bryan
Zachariah Chandler
Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry
George Washington Glick
John Campbell Greenway
James Harlan
John James Ingalls
Thomas Starr King
Robert E. Lee
Julius Sterling Morton
Uriah M. Rose
Edmund Kirby Smith
Related
National Statuary Hall
Hall of Columns
United States Capitol crypt
Statue of Rosa Parks (U.S. Capitol)
United States Capitol
Rotunda
Emancipation Hall
Category
Commons
vteCharles Henry NiehausSculptures
James A. Garfield (1885, Cincinnati)
James A. Garfield (1886, U.S. Capitol)
William Allen (1887)
Samuel Hahnemann Monument (1900)
Oliver P. Morton (1900)
Apotheosis of St. Louis (1904)
John James Ingalls (1905)
William McKinley (1907)
John Paul Jones Memorial (1912)
Zachariah Chandler (1913)
George W. Glick (1914)
Orpheus with the Awkward Foot (1922)
Henry Clay (1929)
Ephraim McDowell (1929)
Related
Hackley Park
Portals: Michigan United States Visual arts
This Michigan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a sculpture in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"politician of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Charles Henry Niehaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Niehaus"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"National Statuary Hall Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon-1"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zachariah Chandler is a statue depicting the politician of the same name by Charles Henry Niehaus, formerly installed in Washington, D.C., representing the U.S. state of Michigan in the National Statuary Hall Collection.[1] In 2011, the statue was relocated to the atrium of Lansing's Constitution Hall, and replaced by another depicting Gerald Ford.[2]","title":"Statue of Zachariah Chandler"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Simon, Richard (September 10, 2011). \"Zachariah who? States swap out statues in Capitol hall of fame\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/10/nation/la-na-capitol-statues-20110911","url_text":"\"Zachariah who? States swap out statues in Capitol hall of fame\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130612215420/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/10/nation/la-na-capitol-statues-20110911","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statue swap: Zachariah Chandler comes home to Michigan as Gerald R. Ford heads to U.S. Capitol\". mlive.com. April 22, 2011. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/04/today_in_statues_zachariah_cha.html","url_text":"\"Statue swap: Zachariah Chandler comes home to Michigan as Gerald R. Ford heads to U.S. Capitol\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202046/https://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/04/today_in_statues_zachariah_cha.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/10/nation/la-na-capitol-statues-20110911","external_links_name":"\"Zachariah who? States swap out statues in Capitol hall of fame\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130612215420/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/10/nation/la-na-capitol-statues-20110911","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/04/today_in_statues_zachariah_cha.html","external_links_name":"\"Statue swap: Zachariah Chandler comes home to Michigan as Gerald R. Ford heads to U.S. Capitol\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202046/https://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/04/today_in_statues_zachariah_cha.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Zachariah_Chandler&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Zachariah_Chandler&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Beers
|
Adrian Beers
|
["1 Career","2 Recordings","3 References"]
|
British double bass player
Adrian BeersMBEBorn(1916-01-06)6 January 1916Glasgow, UKDied8 April 2004(2004-04-08) (aged 88)London, UKEducationRoyal College of MusicOccupationClassical double bassistOrganizations
Philharmonia Orchestra
English Chamber Orchestra
Melos Ensemble
Royal College of Music
Royal Northern College of Music
Adrian Simon Beers MBE (6 January 1916 – 8 April 2004) was a British double bass player and teacher at the Royal College of Music and the Royal Northern College of Music. He was a principal player in the Philharmonia Orchestra and the English Chamber Orchestra, and a chamber musician, notably in the Melos Ensemble that he helped found.
Career
Beers was born in Glasgow on 6 January 1916, the son of double bass player Aloysius "Wishy" Beers. He attended Bellahouston Academy and studied the cello, piano and double bass with his father. Deputising for him as a player in music halls, then the dominant form of popular entertainment in Britain, he gained early experience and repertoire. He won a Caird Scholarship to study at the Royal College of Music in London with Claude Hobday, where he also studied composition with Herbert Howells. He made a living by playing in the Gaiety Theatre and later the London Casino.
After the war he was a member of the newly formed Philharmonia Orchestra until 1963, occasionally returning until 2002. He also played in the Goldsbrough Orchestra, which later became the English Chamber Orchestra (ECO). "His secure intonation, precise sense of timing and sonorous tone earned him the respect of everyone, particularly Benjamin Britten, Daniel Barenboim and Raymond Leppard during many years with the ECO, and also Georg Solti, Zubin Mehta, Otto Klemperer and others who conducted the Philharmonia."
In 1950 Adrian Beers was a founding member of the Melos Ensemble that "set new standards of music-making". Their cellist Terence Weil became a close friend. Beers recalled: "Looking back at old diaries, I don't know how I did it. Three sessions a day – sometimes travelling up north and coming home at night – then on again at 9:30, rehearsing sometimes at midnight with the Melos."
His close working partnership with Benjamin Britten led to performances at the Aldeburgh Festival as the opening night in 1969, including Schubert's Trout Quintet with the Amadeus Quartet and Britten at the piano. That night the Snape Maltings concert hall was destroyed by fire, also destroying Beers' Grancino double bass and Britten's piano. Britten helped with the purchase of a replacement, again a Grancino.
Beers became a teacher at the Royal College of Music and in 1973 at the newly formed Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester. His student Rodney Slatford described his teaching, concluding: "One gleaned most from Beers from sharing an orchestral desk with him."
Beers was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1990 New Year Honours, "for services to music". He continued playing and teaching into his eighties. He died on 8 April 2004 in London.
Recordings
His long discography includes many notable recordings with the Melos Ensemble. With the ECO he recorded among others Monteverdi's Madrigals and Purcell's Dido and Aeneas (with Jessye Norman), both conducted by Raymond Leppard, Vivaldi's Laudate Pueri, conducted by Vittorio Negri, Handel's Saul, conducted by Charles Mackerras, Bach's Brandenburg concertos, conducted by Johannes Somary, and music conducted by Benjamin Britten: Bach's St John Passion, Mozart's Symphonies. and his opera Idomeneo
References
^ a b c Yorke, Gerald (16 July 2004). "Obituary: A versatile orchestral musician, he also helped found the Melos Ensemble". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ a b c Slatford, Rodney (24 June 2004). "Obituary: Double-bass player and teacher who began his career in the Glasgow music halls". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ Amadeus Quartet and Benjamin Britten p. 7
^ "No. 51981". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1989. p. 11.
^ "No. 52050". The London Gazette. 16 February 1990. p. 2161.
^ "Monteverdi Madrigals". Akuma.de. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Purcell Dido". Americanpoems.com. 25 October 1990. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ Vivaldi Laudate Pueri
^ "Handel Saul". Musicalheritage.com. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Bach Brandenburg concertos". Musicalheritage.com. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Bach St John Passion". Alibris.com. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Mozart Symphonies". Americanpoems.com. 11 April 1995. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ "Mozart Idomeneo". Akuma.de. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"double bass player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Royal Northern College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Philharmonia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"English Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Chamber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Melos Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos_Ensemble"}],"text":"Adrian Simon Beers MBE (6 January 1916 – 8 April 2004) was a British double bass player and teacher at the Royal College of Music and the Royal Northern College of Music. He was a principal player in the Philharmonia Orchestra and the English Chamber Orchestra, and a chamber musician, notably in the Melos Ensemble that he helped found.","title":"Adrian Beers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellahouston Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellahouston_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-1"},{"link_name":"music halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Claude Hobday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Hobday"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-2"},{"link_name":"Herbert Howells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Howells"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"London Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Casino"},{"link_name":"Philharmonia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"English Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Chamber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim"},{"link_name":"Raymond Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Leppard"},{"link_name":"Georg Solti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Solti"},{"link_name":"Zubin Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Otto Klemperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Klemperer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-2"},{"link_name":"Melos Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-1"},{"link_name":"Terence Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Weil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-2"},{"link_name":"Aldeburgh Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh_Festival"},{"link_name":"Trout Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Amadeus Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Snape Maltings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snape_Maltings"},{"link_name":"Grancino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Grancino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Northern College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Rodney Slatford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Slatford"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Beers was born in Glasgow on 6 January 1916, the son of double bass player Aloysius \"Wishy\" Beers. He attended Bellahouston Academy and studied the cello, piano and double bass with his father.[1] Deputising for him as a player in music halls, then the dominant form of popular entertainment in Britain, he gained early experience and repertoire. He won a Caird Scholarship to study at the Royal College of Music in London with Claude Hobday,[2] where he also studied composition with Herbert Howells. He made a living by playing in the Gaiety Theatre and later the London Casino.After the war he was a member of the newly formed Philharmonia Orchestra until 1963, occasionally returning until 2002. He also played in the Goldsbrough Orchestra, which later became the English Chamber Orchestra (ECO). \"His secure intonation, precise sense of timing and sonorous tone earned him the respect of everyone, particularly Benjamin Britten, Daniel Barenboim and Raymond Leppard during many years with the ECO, and also Georg Solti, Zubin Mehta, Otto Klemperer and others who conducted the Philharmonia.\"[2]In 1950 Adrian Beers was a founding member of the Melos Ensemble that \"set new standards of music-making\".[1] Their cellist Terence Weil became a close friend. Beers recalled: \"Looking back at old diaries, I don't know how I did it. Three sessions a day – sometimes travelling up north and coming home at night – then on again at 9:30, rehearsing sometimes at midnight with the Melos.\"[2]His close working partnership with Benjamin Britten led to performances at the Aldeburgh Festival as the opening night in 1969, including Schubert's Trout Quintet with the Amadeus Quartet and Britten at the piano. That night the Snape Maltings concert hall was destroyed by fire, also destroying Beers' Grancino double bass and Britten's piano.[1] Britten helped with the purchase of a replacement, again a Grancino.[3]Beers became a teacher at the Royal College of Music and in 1973 at the newly formed Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester. His student Rodney Slatford described his teaching, concluding: \"One gleaned most from Beers from sharing an orchestral desk with him.\"Beers was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1990 New Year Honours, \"for services to music\".[4][5] He continued playing and teaching into his eighties. He died on 8 April 2004 in London.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recordings with the Melos Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melos_Ensemble#EMI_recordings_1963-1973"},{"link_name":"Monteverdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dido and Aeneas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas"},{"link_name":"Jessye Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessye_Norman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vivaldi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Negri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Charles Mackerras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackerras"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_concertos"},{"link_name":"Johannes Somary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Somary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"St John Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Passion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Idomeneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idomeneo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"His long discography includes many notable recordings with the Melos Ensemble. With the ECO he recorded among others Monteverdi's Madrigals[6] and Purcell's Dido and Aeneas (with Jessye Norman), both conducted by Raymond Leppard,[7] Vivaldi's Laudate Pueri, conducted by Vittorio Negri,[8] Handel's Saul, conducted by Charles Mackerras,[9] Bach's Brandenburg concertos, conducted by Johannes Somary,[10] and music conducted by Benjamin Britten: Bach's St John Passion,[11] Mozart's Symphonies.[12] and his opera Idomeneo[13]","title":"Recordings"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZBU
|
WZBU
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Radio station in New Holstein, WisconsinWZBUNew Holstein, WisconsinBroadcast areaCalumet CountyFox CitiesFrequency1520 kHzProgrammingFormatSilentOwnershipOwnerCivic Media(Civic Media, Inc.)Sister stationsWGBWHistoryFirst air date1982 (as WMBE at 1530)Former call signsWMBE (1982–2012)WLWB (2012–2015)WLAK (2015–2023)WVXN (2023)Former frequencies1530 kHz (1982–2021)Technical informationFacility ID6649ClassDPower550 watts daytime onlyTransmitter coordinates44°1′10.00″N 88°9′32.00″W / 44.0194444°N 88.1588889°W / 44.0194444; -88.1588889Translator(s)93.9 W230DA (New Holstein)
WZBU (1520 AM) is a daytime-only radio station licensed to the Calumet County community of New Holstein, Wisconsin, the station serves the Appleton-Oshkosh area, located to the northwest of Chilton. The station is owned by Sage Weil and Michael Crute, through licensee Civic Media, Inc.
In October 2012, the then-WLWB was granted a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to move to a new transmitter site and increase power to 350 watts for daytime broadcasting only. Construction was completed in late July 2013.
History
Just prior to its sale, WMBE was rented by Mountain Dog Media, a company owned by former State Senator Randy Hopper. It was operated as a sister station to Sheboygan's WCLB/950, and aside from engineering staff and remote broadcasts, all office and broadcasting operations were maintained out of the studios of sister stations WFON & KFIZ in Fond du Lac.
From sign-on, the station acted as ESPN Radio's Fox Cities affiliate until March 2011, when it and WCLB were dropped by ESPN Radio due to Mountain Dog's refusal to pay branding and licensing fees as requested by the network, and carry the network's afternoon programming. The station was rebranded as 1530, The Game and became an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio.
On June 1, 2011, DX-midAMerica reported that WMBE had changed to a new format, classic country. On October 25, 2011, the FCC's Public Notice showed the station was to be sold to Metro North Communications, Incorporated for $60,000 cash.
The station was recalled as WLWB on January 3, 2012, calls that had been used by Chilton-licensed WXMM (92.9) before the sale of that station from Metro North to Woodward Communications in July 2011. On January 10, 2012, the original tower at the corner of Park Rd. and MB Lane south of Chilton was taken down and the station was taken silent while a new site was located and approved. The new tower northwest of Chilton was activated to better serve the Fox Cities and Green Bay in August 2013. The station carried a regional Mexican format, provided by Luis Bello under a time brokerage agreement. The agreement with Bello was terminated by the parties, mutually, on December 2, 2013, and an automated oldies format filled the interim period.
After a period of time where the station was dark due to damage to their transmitter grounding system, WLWB returned to the air on December 18, 2014 as a daytime-only simulcast of Two Rivers-licensed sister station WEMP (98.9), which carries an easy listening/soft oldies format.
On August 6, 2015, WLWB went silent, as WEMP had been sold to Seehafer Communications, leaving the station without a programming source. On October 14, 2015, WLWB changed their call letters to WLAK.
On March 13, 2016, WLAK returned to the air with oldies, branded as "True Oldies 1530". On November 29, 2016, WLAK went silent.
On July 1, 2017, WLAK returned to the air with oldies, branded as "True Oldies 1530".
On October 20, 2021, WLAK changed frequency from 1530 kHz to 1520 kHz, increased daytime power from 350 watts to 550 watts, and rebranded as "True Oldies 1520".
On September 23, 2022, it was announced that Civic Media would acquire WLAK and translator for W230DA from Metro North Communications, Inc. The sale was consummated on January 17, 2023. On January 23, 2023, the new owners changed the station's call sign to WVXN. Civic Media then applied to the FCC to take the station silent on April 20, 2023.
On November 6, 2023, the station changed its call sign to WZBU.
References
^ "WZBU Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.
^ "Upper Midwest Broadcasting". Northpine.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Northeastern Wisconsin AM Station Changes Frequency Northpine.com - October 20, 2021
^ "Civic Media Acquires Green Bay/Appleton Pair; Launches Two More Liberal Talkers Across Wisconsin". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
External links
WZBU in the FCC AM station database
WZBU in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
W230DA in the FCC FM station database
W230DA at FCCdata.org
FCC construction permit
vteRadio stations in Appleton–Oshkosh, Wisconsin (Fox Cities)By AM frequency
690
1050
1150
1170
1280
1450
1490
1520
1570
By FM frequency
88.1
89.3
89.9
90.3
91.1
91.7
91.9
92.9
94.3
96.9
97.3
97.7
98.5
99.5
100.3
101.1
103.9
104.3
104.7
105.7
107.1
LPFM
101.9
Translators
88.7
93.9
95.3
98.3
99.1
99.9
100.7
101.5
101.7
102.1
103.5
105.1
105.3
106.1
106.3
107.7
107.9
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
89.3-1
89.3-2
By call sign
KFIZ
W204BK
W230DA
W237AA
W252DR
W256DD
W260DL
W264CN
W268BC
W269CJ
W271AC
W278AU
W286DS
W287BZ
W291CM
W292FA
W299BW
W300CM
WAPL
WDKV
WEMI
WFDL
WFDL-FM
WFON
WFZZ
WHBY
WHID
WIXX
WJOK
WKZY
WNAM
WNCY-FM
WOCT-LP
WOSH
WOVM
WPKR
WPNE
HD2
WQLH
WRST-FM
WSCO
WVBO
WVCY
WVFL
WWWX
WYDR
WZBU
WZOS
Defunct
WHBY (1230 AM)
Nearby regions
Green Bay
Madison
Milwaukee–Racine
Sheboygan–Manitowoc
Wausau–Stevens Point
Wisconsin Dells–Baraboo
See also
List of radio stations in Wisconsin
vteDaytime-only radio stations in WisconsinStations
WAQE - Rice Lake
WBOG - Tomah
WDGY - Hudson
WFDL - Waupun
WHIT - Madison
WISS - Berlin
WGKB - Waukesha
WPTT - Hartford
WWIS - Black River Falls
WXNK - Shell Lake
WZBU - New Holstein
Defunct
WAWA - West Allis
WCJL - Marinette
WEXT - Milwaukee
WOKW - Sturgeon Bay
See also: Clear channel radio stations and Why AM Radio Stations Must Reduce Power, Change Operations, or Cease Operations at Night
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Calumet County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"New Holstein, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Holstein,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"U.S. Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit"}],"text":"WZBU (1520 AM) is a daytime-only radio station licensed to the Calumet County community of New Holstein, Wisconsin, the station serves the Appleton-Oshkosh area, located to the northwest of Chilton. The station is owned by Sage Weil and Michael Crute, through licensee Civic Media, Inc.In October 2012, the then-WLWB was granted a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to move to a new transmitter site and increase power to 350 watts for daytime broadcasting only. Construction was completed in late July 2013.","title":"WZBU"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate"},{"link_name":"Randy Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Hopper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sheboygan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"WCLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCLB"},{"link_name":"WFON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFON"},{"link_name":"KFIZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFIZ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"ESPN Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Radio"},{"link_name":"Fox Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Cities"},{"link_name":"Fox Sports Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio"},{"link_name":"classic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"WXMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKZY"},{"link_name":"Fox Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Cities"},{"link_name":"regional Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Mexican"},{"link_name":"time brokerage agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming"},{"link_name":"Two Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Rivers,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"WEMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEMP"},{"link_name":"easy listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Just prior to its sale, WMBE was rented by Mountain Dog Media, a company owned by former State Senator Randy Hopper.[1] It was operated as a sister station to Sheboygan's WCLB/950, and aside from engineering staff and remote broadcasts, all office and broadcasting operations were maintained out of the studios of sister stations WFON & KFIZ in Fond du Lac.From sign-on, the station acted as ESPN Radio's Fox Cities affiliate until March 2011, when it and WCLB were dropped by ESPN Radio due to Mountain Dog's refusal to pay branding and licensing fees as requested by the network, and carry the network's afternoon programming. The station was rebranded as 1530, The Game and became an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio.On June 1, 2011, DX-midAMerica reported that WMBE had changed to a new format, classic country.[2] On October 25, 2011, the FCC's Public Notice showed the station was to be sold to Metro North Communications, Incorporated for $60,000 cash.The station was recalled as WLWB on January 3, 2012, calls that had been used by Chilton-licensed WXMM (92.9) before the sale of that station from Metro North to Woodward Communications in July 2011. On January 10, 2012, the original tower at the corner of Park Rd. and MB Lane south of Chilton was taken down and the station was taken silent while a new site was located and approved. The new tower northwest of Chilton was activated to better serve the Fox Cities and Green Bay in August 2013. The station carried a regional Mexican format, provided by Luis Bello under a time brokerage agreement. The agreement with Bello was terminated by the parties, mutually, on December 2, 2013, and an automated oldies format filled the interim period.After a period of time where the station was dark due to damage to their transmitter grounding system, WLWB returned to the air on December 18, 2014 as a daytime-only simulcast of Two Rivers-licensed sister station WEMP (98.9), which carries an easy listening/soft oldies format.On August 6, 2015, WLWB went silent, as WEMP had been sold to Seehafer Communications, leaving the station without a programming source. On October 14, 2015, WLWB changed their call letters to WLAK.On March 13, 2016, WLAK returned to the air with oldies, branded as \"True Oldies 1530\". On November 29, 2016, WLAK went silent.On July 1, 2017, WLAK returned to the air with oldies, branded as \"True Oldies 1530\".On October 20, 2021, WLAK changed frequency from 1530 kHz to 1520 kHz, increased daytime power from 350 watts to 550 watts, and rebranded as \"True Oldies 1520\".[3]On September 23, 2022, it was announced that Civic Media would acquire WLAK and translator for W230DA from Metro North Communications, Inc.[4] The sale was consummated on January 17, 2023. On January 23, 2023, the new owners changed the station's call sign to WVXN. Civic Media then applied to the FCC to take the station silent on April 20, 2023.On November 6, 2023, the station changed its call sign to WZBU.","title":"History"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"WZBU Facility Record\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WZBU","url_text":"\"WZBU Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Upper Midwest Broadcasting\". Northpine.com. Retrieved 2012-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northpine.com/broadcast/","url_text":"\"Upper Midwest Broadcasting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civic Media Acquires Green Bay/Appleton Pair; Launches Two More Liberal Talkers Across Wisconsin\". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2022-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/242866/civic-media-acquires-green-bay-appleton-pair-launches-two-more-liberal-talkers-across-wisconsin/","url_text":"\"Civic Media Acquires Green Bay/Appleton Pair; Launches Two More Liberal Talkers Across Wisconsin\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WZBU¶ms=44_1_10.00_N_88_9_32.00_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"44°1′10.00″N 88°9′32.00″W / 44.0194444°N 88.1588889°W / 44.0194444; -88.1588889"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WZBU","external_links_name":"\"WZBU Facility Record\""},{"Link":"http://www.northpine.com/broadcast/","external_links_name":"\"Upper Midwest Broadcasting\""},{"Link":"https://www.northpine.com/blog/2021/10/20/northeastern-wisconsin-am-station-changes-frequency/","external_links_name":"Northeastern Wisconsin AM Station Changes Frequency"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/242866/civic-media-acquires-green-bay-appleton-pair-launches-two-more-liberal-talkers-across-wisconsin/","external_links_name":"\"Civic Media Acquires Green Bay/Appleton Pair; Launches Two More Liberal Talkers Across Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WZBU","external_links_name":"WZBU"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WZBU","external_links_name":"WZBU"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=W230DA","external_links_name":"W230DA"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=W230DA&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&arn=&party=&lmspf=&lmspl=&party_type=LICEN&latd=&lond=&lang=en","external_links_name":"W230DA"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101519412&formid=301&fac_num=6649","external_links_name":"FCC construction permit"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/daytime.html","external_links_name":"Why AM Radio Stations Must Reduce Power, Change Operations, or Cease Operations at Night"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort_Browne
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Montfort Browne
|
["1 Life","1.1 West Florida","1.2 Bahamas and Revolutionary War service","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
|
British Army officer
Montfort Browne4th Governor of British West FloridaIn officeJan 1767 – Nov 1769Preceded byGeorge JohnstoneSucceeded byJohn Eliot22nd Royal Governor of the BahamasIn office1775–1776Preceded byWilliam ShirleySucceeded byJohn Gambier
Personal detailsBornca. 1735Port Eliot, Cornwall, EnglandDiedca. 1786SpouseLouisa MysnellProfessionRoyal Army officer and Governor
Montfort Browne (ca. 1735 –1780) was a British Army officer and Tory, and a major landowner and developer of British West Florida in the 1760s and 1770s. He commanded the Prince of Wales' American Regiment, a Loyalist regiment, in the American Revolutionary War. He served as lieutenant governor of West Florida from 1766 to 1769, acting as governor from 1767, and then as governor of the Bahamas from 1774 to 1780.
Life
Montfort Browne was from an Irish family: he was one of the three sons of Edmund Browne of New Grove, County Clare and Jane Westropp, daughter of Mountfort Westropp of Attyflin, County Limerick. In 1764 Edmund and his sons were jointly granted 20000 acres of land in West Florida. Montfort made an "ill-advised" marriage to Louisa Mysnell: the marriage was unhappy and childless, and the couple soon separated. According to his own writings, he served in the 35th Regiment of Foot during the Seven Years' War, where he saw much action in the West Indies, and was twice wounded. In 1763 a complaint was lodged against him that resulted in an unfavourable court of inquiry against him. When the British took control of West Florida after the war, Browne sponsored French Huguenot and Irish immigrants to the area. Through a patronage connection with the colonial secretary, the Earl of Hillsborough, he secured the lieutenant governorship of the new province in November 1764. Accompanied by his Irish recruits, he arrived at the provincial capital, Pensacola, in January 1766.
West Florida
His first year as lieutenant governor was turbulent. Some of his land claims were contested, and the property he owned on Dauphin Island was found to be unsuitable for the population he had planned to settle there. His relationship with Governor George Johnstone was strained when Browne sided with the military in disputes between them and the governor. Johnstone left West Florida in January 1767, leaving Browne in command of the province.
Browne in 1768 led a successful expedition to the region of Natchez, bringing back a report of the fertility of the land and its lack of population, and suggesting that it be developed. For his services in the war he had been awarded 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) in the province, and he used the trip to stake out large parcels of land on the eastern banks of the Mississippi River, just north of present-day Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Irregularities in Browne's bookkeeping in 1768 drew criticism from his patron Hillsborough, and Browne formally requested that his books be audited when Johnstone's successor John Eliot arrived in April 1769. Unfortunately, Eliot committed suicide a month after his arrival, and Browne reluctantly retook the reins of power. He sent the provincial surveyor, Elias Durnford, to London in May 1769 to answer ongoing complaints that colonists were making against him, but Durnford returned that December with orders removing Browne from power and granting Durnford an acting governorship.
As Browne was preparing to leave the province, he was involved in a duel with a Pensacolan trader. The man was wounded, and Browne would have faced criminal charges had the man died. Fortunately for Browne, he recovered, and Browne sailed for England in February 1770. He spent much of the next two years in England, having his finances scrutinized by the colonial office, and continuing to drum up interest in settlements on the Mississippi. There was public speculation on both sides of the Atlantic that the Mississippi lands would eventually be separated into their own province, with Browne as its governor. Hillsborough was apparently supportive of the idea, and resigned as colonial secretary when it was rejected. Browne continued to lobby Hillsborough's successor, the Earl of Dartmouth, for the establishment of a province on the Mississippi, but was unsuccessful. He was instead eventually granted the governorship of the Bahamas in March 1774.
Bahamas and Revolutionary War service
While governor of the Bahamas, Browne continued to promote the desirability of land on the Mississippi. At one point he advertised for sale tracts of land as large as 150,000 acres (61,000 ha), suggesting that he had acquired more land while in England. He made several trips from the Bahamas to West Florida to pursue his interests in 1774 and 1775. After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, he took some precautions to secure Nassau. He had had ample warning that the Americans might make an attack there, but was caught off guard when American ships arrived off Nassau's sandbar at the entrance to its port on the morning of 3 March 1776. He rushed to Government House in his nightshirt to order the firing of cannon to summon the militia. Though he managed to get most of the island's gunpowder stores away to St. Augustine, Florida, he failed to hold the island and was taken prisoner. With 12 other high-ranking hostages from the island he was taken back to the Chesapeake Bay by the American fleet, and was released, in part, by the efforts of his friend Timothy Hierlihy, in exchange for William Alexander.
In 1777, then a colonel, Browne wrote to the English government of his discontent at serving under the authority of two brigadier generals "who have never seen a Shot fired", seeking promotion to major general. He was instead promoted to the rank of brigadier general himself, remaining in that rank for the duration of his service. Browne formed the Loyalist Prince of Wales' American Regiment, served at the siege of Rhode Island, and spent some time in Florida before finally returning to the Bahamas to resume his post there in July 1778. He then faced accusations of cowardice and incompetence for his conduct of the battle and, after dismissing his council in an attempt to scotch the rumours (an unprecedented move), he was replaced by John Robert Maxwell two years later in 1780.
References
^ "Will of Montfort Browne, Captain General and Governor in Chief of His Majesty's Bahama". Retrieved 10 February 2024.
Bibliography
Acts of the Privy Council of England 1745-1766
Burke, Sir Bernard A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland London 1912
Michael Craton, Gail Saunders, Islanders in the Stream
David J. Libby, Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835
Limerick City Archives
Fabel, Robin (November 1993). "An Eighteenth Colony: Dreams for Mississippi on the Eve of the Revolution". The Journal of Southern History. 59 (4): 647–672. doi:10.2307/2210537. JSTOR 2210537.
External links
Report on Montfort Browne's conduct
Browne's command of the American Regiment
The Prince of Wales' American Regiment and Browne
Preceded byGeorge Johnstone
Acting Governor of British West Florida 1767–April 1769
Succeeded byJohn Eliot
Preceded byJohn Eliot
Acting Governor of British West Florida April–December 1769
Succeeded byElias Durnford (acting)
Preceded bySir Thomas Shirley
Governor of The Bahamas 1774–1780
Succeeded byJohn Robert Maxwell
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"West Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales' American Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27_American_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"}],"text":"Montfort Browne (ca. 1735 –1780) was a British Army officer and Tory, and a major landowner and developer of British West Florida in the 1760s and 1770s. He commanded the Prince of Wales' American Regiment, a Loyalist regiment, in the American Revolutionary War. He served as lieutenant governor of West Florida from 1766 to 1769, acting as governor from 1767, and then as governor of the Bahamas from 1774 to 1780.","title":"Montfort Browne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"35th Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Earl of Hillsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"}],"text":"Montfort Browne was from an Irish family: he was one of the three sons of Edmund Browne of New Grove, County Clare and Jane Westropp, daughter of Mountfort Westropp of Attyflin, County Limerick. In 1764 Edmund and his sons were jointly granted 20000 acres of land in West Florida. Montfort made an \"ill-advised\" marriage to Louisa Mysnell: the marriage was unhappy and childless, and the couple soon separated. According to his own writings, he served in the 35th Regiment of Foot during the Seven Years' War, where he saw much action in the West Indies, and was twice wounded. In 1763 a complaint was lodged against him that resulted in an unfavourable court of inquiry against him. When the British took control of West Florida after the war, Browne sponsored French Huguenot and Irish immigrants to the area. Through a patronage connection with the colonial secretary, the Earl of Hillsborough, he secured the lieutenant governorship of the new province in November 1764. Accompanied by his Irish recruits, he arrived at the provincial capital, Pensacola, in January 1766.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dauphin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_Island,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"George Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Johnstone_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Natchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"John Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eliot_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Elias Durnford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Durnford"},{"link_name":"Earl of Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth"},{"link_name":"the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"}],"sub_title":"West Florida","text":"His first year as lieutenant governor was turbulent. Some of his land claims were contested, and the property he owned on Dauphin Island was found to be unsuitable for the population he had planned to settle there. His relationship with Governor George Johnstone was strained when Browne sided with the military in disputes between them and the governor. Johnstone left West Florida in January 1767, leaving Browne in command of the province.Browne in 1768 led a successful expedition to the region of Natchez, bringing back a report of the fertility of the land and its lack of population, and suggesting that it be developed. For his services in the war he had been awarded 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) in the province, and he used the trip to stake out large parcels of land on the eastern banks of the Mississippi River, just north of present-day Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Irregularities in Browne's bookkeeping in 1768 drew criticism from his patron Hillsborough, and Browne formally requested that his books be audited when Johnstone's successor John Eliot arrived in April 1769. Unfortunately, Eliot committed suicide a month after his arrival, and Browne reluctantly retook the reins of power. He sent the provincial surveyor, Elias Durnford, to London in May 1769 to answer ongoing complaints that colonists were making against him, but Durnford returned that December with orders removing Browne from power and granting Durnford an acting governorship.As Browne was preparing to leave the province, he was involved in a duel with a Pensacolan trader. The man was wounded, and Browne would have faced criminal charges had the man died. Fortunately for Browne, he recovered, and Browne sailed for England in February 1770. He spent much of the next two years in England, having his finances scrutinized by the colonial office, and continuing to drum up interest in settlements on the Mississippi. There was public speculation on both sides of the Atlantic that the Mississippi lands would eventually be separated into their own province, with Browne as its governor. Hillsborough was apparently supportive of the idea, and resigned as colonial secretary when it was rejected. Browne continued to lobby Hillsborough's successor, the Earl of Dartmouth, for the establishment of a province on the Mississippi, but was unsuccessful. He was instead eventually granted the governorship of the Bahamas in March 1774.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"American ships arrived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Timothy Hierlihy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Hierlihy"},{"link_name":"William Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling"},{"link_name":"siege of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"John Robert Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Robert_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bahamas and Revolutionary War service","text":"While governor of the Bahamas, Browne continued to promote the desirability of land on the Mississippi. At one point he advertised for sale tracts of land as large as 150,000 acres (61,000 ha), suggesting that he had acquired more land while in England. He made several trips from the Bahamas to West Florida to pursue his interests in 1774 and 1775. After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, he took some precautions to secure Nassau. He had had ample warning that the Americans might make an attack there, but was caught off guard when American ships arrived off Nassau's sandbar at the entrance to its port on the morning of 3 March 1776. He rushed to Government House in his nightshirt to order the firing of cannon to summon the militia. Though he managed to get most of the island's gunpowder stores away to St. Augustine, Florida, he failed to hold the island and was taken prisoner. With 12 other high-ranking hostages from the island he was taken back to the Chesapeake Bay by the American fleet, and was released, in part, by the efforts of his friend Timothy Hierlihy, in exchange for William Alexander.In 1777, then a colonel, Browne wrote to the English government of his discontent at serving under the authority of two brigadier generals \"who have never seen a Shot fired\", seeking promotion to major general. He was instead promoted to the rank of brigadier general himself, remaining in that rank for the duration of his service. Browne formed the Loyalist Prince of Wales' American Regiment, served at the siege of Rhode Island, and spent some time in Florida before finally returning to the Bahamas to resume his post there in July 1778. He then faced accusations of cowardice and incompetence for his conduct of the battle and, after dismissing his council in an attempt to scotch the rumours (an unprecedented move), he was replaced by John Robert Maxwell two years later in 1780.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islanders in the Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UG-62GnAbD8C&dq=%22Montfort+Browne%22&pg=PA167"},{"link_name":"Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=G1tJmtGO1TQC&dq=%22Montfort+Browne%22&pg=PA18"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2210537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2210537"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2210537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2210537"}],"text":"Acts of the Privy Council of England 1745-1766\nBurke, Sir Bernard A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland London 1912\nMichael Craton, Gail Saunders, Islanders in the Stream\nDavid J. Libby, Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835\nLimerick City Archives\nFabel, Robin (November 1993). \"An Eighteenth Colony: Dreams for Mississippi on the Eve of the Revolution\". The Journal of Southern History. 59 (4): 647–672. doi:10.2307/2210537. JSTOR 2210537.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Will of Montfort Browne, Captain General and Governor in Chief of His Majesty's Bahama\". Retrieved 10 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D416293","url_text":"\"Will of Montfort Browne, Captain General and Governor in Chief of His Majesty's Bahama\""}]},{"reference":"Fabel, Robin (November 1993). \"An Eighteenth Colony: Dreams for Mississippi on the Eve of the Revolution\". The Journal of Southern History. 59 (4): 647–672. doi:10.2307/2210537. JSTOR 2210537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2210537","url_text":"10.2307/2210537"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210537","url_text":"2210537"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D416293","external_links_name":"\"Will of Montfort Browne, Captain General and Governor in Chief of His Majesty's Bahama\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UG-62GnAbD8C&dq=%22Montfort+Browne%22&pg=PA167","external_links_name":"Islanders in the Stream"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G1tJmtGO1TQC&dq=%22Montfort+Browne%22&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2210537","external_links_name":"10.2307/2210537"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210537","external_links_name":"2210537"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77796","external_links_name":"Report on Montfort Browne's conduct"},{"Link":"http://www3.telus.net/charlotte_taylor/Folder1/Prince_of_Wales_American_Regiment.htm","external_links_name":"Browne's command of the American Regiment"},{"Link":"http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/pwar/pwarhist.htm","external_links_name":"The Prince of Wales' American Regiment and Browne"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_in_the_OTI_Festival
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Venezuela in the OTI Festival
|
["1 History","2 Participation overview","3 Hosting","4 Notes","5 References"]
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Overview of Venezuela in the OTI Festival
Venezuela
Participating broadcaster1972–1978: Radio Caracas Television1979–1989: Venevisión1990–2000: Venezolana de TelevisiónParticipation summaryAppearances28First appearance1972Last appearance2000Highest placement1st: 1982, 1987
The participation of Venezuela in the OTI Festival first began at the inaugural OTI Festival in 1972 held in Madrid and continued continuously until the last edition in 2000 held in Acapulco. Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV), Venevisión, and Venezolana de Televisión, members of the Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana (OTI), were responsible for the Venezuelan participation in different years.
History
Venezuela won the festival on two occasions, the first one in 1982 with the teenage boy band Grupo Unicornio with the song "Puedes contar conmigo". The second Venezuelan victory came in 1987 in Lisbon with Alfredo Alejandro, with the song "La felicidad esá en un rincón de tu corazón". Apart from their victories, the country got two second places in 1976 and 1979 and three third places in 1974, 1975, and 1994.
Many Venezuelan singers well known in all Ibero-America, such as Jose Luis Rodríguez "El Puma", her daughter Lilibeth Morillo, Mirla Castellanos, and Delia Dorta represented their country in the contest with successful participations.
Venezuela hosted the contest in 1979. The venue of the festival was the Teatro del Círculo Militar of Caracas and the presenters were Eduardo Serrano and Carmen Victoria Pérez , who presented the event in a golden and blue colored stage. The opening theme of this edition of the festival was an orchestral fantasy based on the hymn, "Alma llanera".
Participation overview
Mirla Castellanos was the very first Venezuelan representative in the OTI Festival
Maria Teresa Chacín represented her country in 1983
Jose Luis Rodríguez "El Puma" represented Venezuela in 1974
Table key
1
First place
2
Second place
3
Third place
F
Finalist
SF
Semi-finalist
X
Contest cancelled
Year
Artist
Song
Place
Points
1972
Mirla Castellanos
"Sueños de cristal y miel"
4
6
1973
Mayra Martí
"Poema para el olvido"
9
3
1974
Jose Luis Rodríguez
"Vuelve"
3
11
1975
Mirla Castellanos
"Soy como el viento, soy como el mar"
3
10
1976
Las Cuatro Monedas
"Soy"
2
13
1977
Héctor José
"Iberoamérica toda"
6
3
1978
Nancy Ramos
"Con la suerte a mi favor"
15
2
1979
Delia Dorta
"Cuando era niño"
2
33
1980
Héctor Cabrera
"Haces bien"
16
8
1981
Neyda Pedromo
"Aquel ciego"
17
7
1982
Grupo Unicornio
"Puedes contar conmigo"
1
43
1983
Maria Teresa Chacín
"Esperanza Americana"
4
–
1984
José Antonio García
"Ilusión de un soñador"
8
–
1985
Doris Hernández
"El primer vuelo"
7
–
1986
Nilda López
"Un nuevo amanecer"
18
–
1987
Alfredo Alejandro
"La felicidad está en un rincón de tu corazón"
1
–
1988
Iñaki
"Hoy he vuelto a reír"
14
–
1989
Salvador Pino
"Caras perdidas"
21
–
1990
Lilibeth Morillo
"Ser mujer"
12
–
1991
Jesús Alfredo Ruiz
"Podría ser"
8
–
1992
Karolina
"Sueños"
14
–
1993
Nicolás Felizola
"No me arriesgo"
4
–
1994
Luis Silva
"Enfurecida"
3
–
1995
Rogelio Ortiz
"El viaje"
9
–
1996
Dina
"Junto a tu boca"
4
–
1997
Felix valentino
"Nada igual que tu amor"
4
–
1998
Asdruval Astudillo
"Más allá"
SF
–
1999
Contest cancelled X
2000
Mary Olga Rodríguez
"Yo cantante"
SF
–
Hosting
Year
City
Venue
Hosts
1979
Caracas
Teatro del Círculo Militar
Eduardo SerranoCarmen Victoria Pérez
Notes
^ Translation: "Crystal and honey dreams"
^ Translation: "Poem for oblivion"
^ Translation: "Return"
^ Translation: "I'm like the wind, I'm like the sea"
^ Translation: "I am"
^ Translation: "All Ibero-America"
^ Translation: "With the luck by my side"
^ Translation: "When he was a kid"
^ Translation: "You did it well"
^ Translation: "That blind man"
^ Translation: "You can count on me"
^ Translation: "American hope"
^ Translation: "Ilussion of a dreamer"
^ Translation: "The first flight"
^ Translation: "A new sunrise"
^ Translation: "The happiness is inside a corner of your heart"
^ Translation: "Today I have laughed again"
^ Translation: "Lost faces"
^ Translation: "To be a woman"
^ Translation: "It could be"
^ Translation: "Dream"
^ Translation: "I won't risk"
^ Translation: "Furious woman"
^ Translation: "The voyage"
^ Translation: "Next to your mouth"
^ Translation: "Nothing like your love"
^ Translation: "Further away"
^ Translation: "I'm a singer"
References
^ "NOTICIAS: FALLECIÓ EX-INTEGRANTE DEL GRUPO UNICORNIO". 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
^ "Recordar es vivir: Venezuela en la OTI. Por María Laura Marrero". venezuelactiva.com. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
^ "Luis Silva – CORAZON LLANERO". corazonllanero.com.ve (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-06-13.
^ "Festival OTI de la Canción 1979". OTI Festival (in Spanish). 8 December 1979. OTI.
vteOTI Festival winnersCountries
1972: Brazil
1973: Mexico
1974: Puerto Rico
1975: Mexico
1976: Spain
1977: Nicaragua
1978: Brazil
1979: Argentina
1980: Puerto Rico
1981: Spain
1982: Venezuela
1983: Brazil
1984: Chile
1985: Mexico
1986: United States
1987: Venezuela
1988: Argentina
1989: Mexico
1990: Mexico
1991: Argentina
1992: Spain
1993: Spain
1994: Argentina
1995: Spain
1996: Spain
1997: Mexico
1998: Chile
2000: United States
Songs
1972: "Diálogo"
1973: "Qué alegre va María"
1974: "Hoy canto por cantar"
1975: "La felicidad"
1976: "Canta cigarra"
1977: "Quincho Barrilete"
1978: "El amor... cosa tan rara"
1979: "Cuenta conmigo"
1980: "Contigo, mujer"
1981: "Latino"
1982: "Puedes contar conmigo"
1983: "Estrela de papel"
1984: "Agualuna"
1985: "El fandango aquí"
1986: "Todos"
1987: "La felicidad está en un rincón de tu corazón"
1988: "Todavía eres mi mujer"
1989: "Una canción no es suficiente"
1990: "Un bolero"
1991: "Adónde estás ahora"
1992: "A dónde voy sin ti"
1993: "Enamorarse"
1994: "Canción despareja"
1995: "Eres mi debilidad"
1996: "Mis manos"
1997: "Se diga lo que se diga"
1998: "Fin de siglo: Es tiempo de inflamarse, deprimirse o transformarse"
2000: "Mala hierba"
Songwriters
1972: Paulo César Pinheiro / Baden Powell
1973: Celia Bonfil
1974: Nydia Caro / Ricardo Ceratto
1975: Felipe Gil
1976: María Ostiz
1977: Carlos Mejía Godoy
1978: Denisse de Kalafe
1979: Chico Novarro / Raúl Parentella
1980: Ednita Nazario
1981: Pablo Herrero / José Luis Armenteros
1982: Luis Gerardo Tovar / Carlos Moreán
1983: Jessé F. Santos / Elifas V. Andreato
1984: Fernando Ubiergo
1985: Marcial Alejandro
1986: Vilma Planas
1987: Luis Gerardo Tovar / Arnoldo Nali
1988: Carlos Castellón
1989: Jesús Monarrez
1990: Francisco Curiel / Pedro Cárdenas
1991: Claudia Brant / Sebastián Schon
1992: Chema Purón
1993: Alejandro Abad
1994: Pocho Lapouble
1995: Alejandro Abad
1996: Chema Purón / Eduardo Leiva
1997: Francisco Curiel / José Manuel Fernández / Pedro Cárdenas
1998: Florcita Motuda
2000: Angie Chirino / Olga María Chirino / Emilio Estefan
Performers
1972: Claudia Regina & Tobías
1973: Imelda Miller
1974: Nydia Caro
1975: Gualberto Castro
1976: María Ostiz
1977: Guayo González
1978: Denisse de Kalafe
1979: Daniel Riolobos
1980: Rafael José
1981: Francisco
1982: Grupo Unicornio
1983: Jessé
1984: Fernando Ubiergo
1985: Eugenia León
1986: Damaris Carbaugh, Miguel Ángel Guerra and Eduardo Fabiani
1987: Alfredo Alejandro
1988: Guillermo Guido
1989: Analí
1990: Carlos Cuevas
1991: Claudia Brant
1992: Francisco
1993: Ana Reverte
1994: Claudia Carenzio
1995: Marcos Llunas
1996: Anabel Russ
1997: Iridián
1998: Florcita Motuda
2000: Hermanas Chirino
vteOTI FestivalContests
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
Countries
Argentina
Aruba
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Spain
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OTI Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTI_Festival"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTI_Festival_1972"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco"},{"link_name":"Radio Caracas Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCTV"},{"link_name":"Venevisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venevisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Venezolana de Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_de_Telecomunicaciones_de_Iberoam%C3%A9rica"}],"text":"The participation of Venezuela in the OTI Festival first began at the inaugural OTI Festival in 1972 held in Madrid and continued continuously until the last edition in 2000 held in Acapulco. Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV), Venevisión, and Venezolana de Televisión, members of the Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana (OTI), were responsible for the Venezuelan participation in different years.","title":"Venezuela in the OTI Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"Grupo Unicornio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grupo_Unicornio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Unicornio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jose Luis Rodríguez \"El Puma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Lilibeth Morillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilibeth_Morillo"},{"link_name":"Mirla Castellanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirla_Castellanos"},{"link_name":"Delia Dorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delia_Dorta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_Dorta"},{"link_name":"Teatro del Círculo Militar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teatro_del_C%C3%ADrculo_Militar_de_Caracas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_del_C%C3%ADrculo_Militar_de_Caracas"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Serrano_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Carmen Victoria Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmen_Victoria_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Victoria_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Alma llanera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Llanera"}],"text":"Venezuela won the festival on two occasions, the first one in 1982 with the teenage boy band Grupo Unicornio [es] with the song \"Puedes contar conmigo\".[1] The second Venezuelan victory came in 1987 in Lisbon with Alfredo Alejandro, with the song \"La felicidad esá en un rincón de tu corazón\". Apart from their victories, the country got two second places in 1976 and 1979 and three third places in 1974, 1975, and 1994.[2]Many Venezuelan singers well known in all Ibero-America, such as Jose Luis Rodríguez \"El Puma\", her daughter Lilibeth Morillo, Mirla Castellanos, and Delia Dorta [es] represented their country in the contest with successful participations.Venezuela hosted the contest in 1979. The venue of the festival was the Teatro del Círculo Militar [es] of Caracas and the presenters were Eduardo Serrano and Carmen Victoria Pérez [es], who presented the event in a golden and blue colored stage. The opening theme of this edition of the festival was an orchestral fantasy based on the hymn, \"Alma llanera\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirla_Castellanos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mirla Castellanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirla_Castellanos"},{"link_name":"OTI Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTI_Festival"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Chac%C3%ADn,_2008.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez.jpg"}],"text":"Mirla Castellanos was the very first Venezuelan representative in the OTI FestivalMaria Teresa Chacín represented her country in 1983Jose Luis Rodríguez \"El Puma\" represented Venezuela in 1974","title":"Participation overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hosting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"}],"text":"^ Translation: \"Crystal and honey dreams\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Poem for oblivion\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Return\"\n\n^ Translation: \"I'm like the wind, I'm like the sea\"\n\n^ Translation: \"I am\"\n\n^ Translation: \"All Ibero-America\"\n\n^ Translation: \"With the luck by my side\"\n\n^ Translation: \"When he was a kid\"\n\n^ Translation: \"You did it well\"\n\n^ Translation: \"That blind man\"\n\n^ Translation: \"You can count on me\"\n\n^ Translation: \"American hope\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Ilussion of a dreamer\"\n\n^ Translation: \"The first flight\"\n\n^ Translation: \"A new sunrise\"\n\n^ Translation: \"The happiness is inside a corner of your heart\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Today I have laughed again\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Lost faces\"\n\n^ Translation: \"To be a woman\"\n\n^ Translation: \"It could be\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Dream\"\n\n^ Translation: \"I won't risk\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Furious woman\"\n\n^ Translation: \"The voyage\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Next to your mouth\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Nothing like your love\"\n\n^ Translation: \"Further away\"\n\n^ Translation: \"I'm a singer\"","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mirla Castellanos was the very first Venezuelan representative in the OTI Festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mirla_Castellanos.jpg/170px-Mirla_Castellanos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Teresa Chacín represented her country in 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Chac%C3%ADn%2C_2008.JPG/170px-Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Chac%C3%ADn%2C_2008.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jose Luis Rodríguez \"El Puma\" represented Venezuela in 1974","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez.jpg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"NOTICIAS: FALLECIÓ EX-INTEGRANTE DEL GRUPO UNICORNIO\". 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2017-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://melomanoincurable.wordpress.com/2011/09/13/fallecio-ex-integrante-del-grupo-unicornio/","url_text":"\"NOTICIAS: FALLECIÓ EX-INTEGRANTE DEL GRUPO UNICORNIO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recordar es vivir: Venezuela en la OTI. Por María Laura Marrero\". venezuelactiva.com. Retrieved 2017-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://venezuelactiva.com/2015/06/14/recordar-es-vivir-venezuela-en-la-oti-por-maria-laura-marrero/","url_text":"\"Recordar es vivir: Venezuela en la OTI. Por María Laura Marrero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luis Silva – CORAZON LLANERO\". corazonllanero.com.ve (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://corazonllanero.com.ve/luis-silva/","url_text":"\"Luis Silva – CORAZON LLANERO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival OTI de la Canción 1979\". OTI Festival (in Spanish). 8 December 1979. OTI.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTI_Festival","url_text":"OTI Festival"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_de_Telecomunicaciones_de_Iberoam%C3%A9rica","url_text":"OTI"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://melomanoincurable.wordpress.com/2011/09/13/fallecio-ex-integrante-del-grupo-unicornio/","external_links_name":"\"NOTICIAS: FALLECIÓ EX-INTEGRANTE DEL GRUPO UNICORNIO\""},{"Link":"http://venezuelactiva.com/2015/06/14/recordar-es-vivir-venezuela-en-la-oti-por-maria-laura-marrero/","external_links_name":"\"Recordar es vivir: Venezuela en la OTI. Por María Laura Marrero\""},{"Link":"http://corazonllanero.com.ve/luis-silva/","external_links_name":"\"Luis Silva – CORAZON LLANERO\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Dimitrievski
|
Darko Dimitrievski
|
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Macedonian handball player
Darko Dimitrievski
A Macedonian handball playerPersonal informationBorn
(1993-05-16) May 16, 1993 (age 31)Veles, MacedoniaNationality
MacedonianHeight
1.94 m (6 ft 4 in)Playing position
Left backClub informationCurrent club
Recoletas Atlético ValladolidNumber
10Youth career
Team–
RK Borec–
MRK VardarSenior clubsYears
Team0000–2013
RK Kumanovo2013–2014
Qatar Sports Club2014
BM Puerto Sagunto2014–2015
CB Ademar León2015–2016
Csurgói KK2016
RK Metalurg Skopje2016–2017
RK Borec2017–2018
RK Metalurg Skopje2018
Hapoel Ashdod2018–2021
Liberbank Cantabria Sinfín2021–2022
TV Emsdetten2022–2024
Recoletas Atlético Valladolid2024–
Fundación Agustinos AlicanteNational teamYears
Team2015–
Macedonia
Darko Dimitrievski (Macedonian: Дарко Димитриевски; born 16 May 1993) is a Macedonian handball player who plays for Recoletas Atlético Valladolid and for the North Macedonia national handball team.
Career
Darko started his professional career at 14 years old with MRK Vardar, where he played until he was 17 years old. The following season he was at RK Kumanovo. He made the jump to the handball elite at the age of 19 and in the 2013/14 season he made his debut with Qatar Sports Club.
In 2014 Dimitrievski moved to Spain in BM Puerto Sagunto and in season 2014-2015 he played for CB Ademar Leon. He left Spain and joined Hungarian handball team - Csurgoi KK in season 2015-2016.
Darko returned to Macedonia and signed for RK Matalurg but left after a month to join GRK Borec so that he can get more playing time. The 2016/17 season was very successful for Darko, he scored 148 goals in 19 games. After 13 years, GRK Borec finished 6th in the league.
References
External links
DARKO DIMITRIEVSKI - Career & Statistics | EHF
El Ademar León ficha a Darko Dimitrievski - MARCA.com
http://www.gol.mk/rakomet/pet-novi-zasiluvanja-za-posilen-metalurg-slednata-sezona
http://ekipa.mk/golemo-zasiluvane-za-borets-potpisha-darko-dimitrievski/
http://24rakomet.mk/старт-на-израелска-авантура-дарко-дим/ Archived 2018-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
This biographical article related to North Macedonia team handball is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"Recoletas Atlético Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Balonmano_Atl%C3%A9tico_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia national handball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia_men%27s_national_handball_team"}],"text":"Darko Dimitrievski (Macedonian: Дарко Димитриевски; born 16 May 1993) is a Macedonian handball player who plays for Recoletas Atlético Valladolid and for the North Macedonia national handball team.","title":"Darko Dimitrievski"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Darko started his professional career at 14 years old with MRK Vardar, where he played until he was 17 years old. The following season he was at RK Kumanovo. He made the jump to the handball elite at the age of 19 and in the 2013/14 season he made his debut with Qatar Sports Club.In 2014 Dimitrievski moved to Spain in BM Puerto Sagunto and in season 2014-2015 he played for CB Ademar Leon. He left Spain and joined Hungarian handball team - Csurgoi KK in season 2015-2016.Darko returned to Macedonia and signed for RK Matalurg but left after a month to join GRK Borec so that he can get more playing time. The 2016/17 season was very successful for Darko, he scored 148 goals in 19 games. After 13 years, GRK Borec finished 6th in the league.","title":"Career"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.eurohandball.com/ec/ehfc/men/2012-13/player/542288/DarkoDimitrievski","external_links_name":"DARKO DIMITRIEVSKI - Career & Statistics | EHF"},{"Link":"http://www.marca.com/2014/06/26/balonmano/1403813454.html","external_links_name":"El Ademar León ficha a Darko Dimitrievski - MARCA.com"},{"Link":"http://www.gol.mk/rakomet/pet-novi-zasiluvanja-za-posilen-metalurg-slednata-sezona","external_links_name":"http://www.gol.mk/rakomet/pet-novi-zasiluvanja-za-posilen-metalurg-slednata-sezona"},{"Link":"http://ekipa.mk/golemo-zasiluvane-za-borets-potpisha-darko-dimitrievski/","external_links_name":"http://ekipa.mk/golemo-zasiluvane-za-borets-potpisha-darko-dimitrievski/"},{"Link":"http://24rakomet.mk/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC/","external_links_name":"http://24rakomet.mk/старт-на-израелска-авантура-дарко-дим/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621074005/https://24rakomet.mk/%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%80%d1%82-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b8%d0%b7%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0-%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b4%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%ba%d0%be-%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bc/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darko_Dimitrievski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Calahorra_y_La_Calzada
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño
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["1 Names","2 Bishops","2.1 To 1453","2.2 1453–1953","2.3 Since 1953","2.4 Auxiliary","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°17′56″N 1°57′27″W / 42.2989°N 1.9575°W / 42.2989; -1.9575Roman Catholic diocese in Spain
Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-LogroñoDioecesis Calaguritanus et Calceatensis – LucroniensisDiócesis de Calahorra y La Calzada-LogroñoCalahorra CathedralLocationCountry SpainEcclesiastical provincePamplona y TudelaMetropolitanPamplona y TudelaStatisticsArea5,033 km2 (1,943 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2006)301,084273,101 (90.7%)InformationRiteLatin RiteEstablished5th Century (As Diocese of Calahorra)1232 (As Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada)9 March 1959 (As Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño)CathedralCathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in CalahorraCathedral of the Saviour and St Mary in Santo Domingo de la CalzadaCo-cathedralCo-Cathedral of St Mary in LogroñoCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishop electSantos Montoya TorresMetropolitan ArchbishopFrancisco Pérez GonzálezWebsiteWebsite of the Diocese
The Diocese of Calahorra and La Calzada-Logroño (Latin: Dioecesis Calaguritanus et Calceatensis – Lucroniensis )) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the cities of Calahorra, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, and Logroño in the ecclesiastical province of Pamplona y Tudela in Spain.
There are cathedrals in Calahorra, Santo Domingo de la Calzada and Logroño.
Names
In 463, the Diocese of Calahorra was established. In 1232, "y La Calzada" was added. It became the Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada – Logroño on 9 March 1959.
Bishops
Concatedral de Santa María de la Redonda
Santo Domingo de la Calzada Cathedral
To 1453
Rodrigo de Cascante (1170–1190)
Bishop García (1190–?)
Juan de Préjano (1197–1202)
Juan García de Agoncilo (1207–1216)
Guillermo Durán y Rodrigo de Basín (1217–1221)
Juan Pérez (1226 Appointed – 1237 Died)
Jerónimo Aznar (1238–1263)
Vivián (1263–1273)
Esteban de Sepúlveda (1273–1280)
Rodrigo Jiménez (1281–1282)
Martín García (1283–1286) Appointed Bishop of Astorga
Bishop Blas (1286–1287)
Juan Almoravid (5 Jan 1287 – 9 Jun 1300) Appointed Archbishop of Sevilla
Fernando González (13 Jun 1300 – 6 May 1303)
Rodrigo Ordóñez (1304–1311)
Miguel Romero de Yanguas (1313–1325)
Juan de Santo Domingo (1326–1346)
Pedro (1346–1347)
Lope de Fontecha (1348–1351)
Fernando Manuel (1352–1362)
Robert Le Coq (1362–1373)
Gonzalo Mena Roelas (16 Nov 1373 – 11 Aug 1382) Appointed Bishop of Burgos
Juan de Villacreces (1382–1394)
Juan Ramírez de Guzmán (1394 Jan 28 – 1403 Jul 30) Appointed Bishop of Avila
Fernando Manuel (1403–1408)
Diego López de Zúñiga (1408–1443)
Pedro López de Miranda (1443–1453)
1453–1953
Pedro González de Mendoza (28 Nov 1453 – 30 Oct 1467 Appointed, Bishop of Sigüenza)
Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo (1468–1469) Appointed Bishop of Palencia
Juan Diaz de Coca (13 Feb 1470 – 12 Mar 1477 Died)
Pedro Aranda (1477 – 1494 Died)
Juan Ortega Bravo de la Laguna (6 Sep 1499 – 5 May 1503 Appointed, Bishop of Coria)
Fadrique de Portugal Noreña, O.S.B. (5 May 1503 – 22 Dec 1508 Appointed, Bishop of Segovia)
Juan Fernández Velasco (22 Dec 1505 – 22 Jul 1514 Appointed, Bishop of Palencia)
Jaime Serra i Cau (5 Jul 1514 – 25 May 1515 Resigned)
Juan Castellanos de Villalba (25 May 1515 – 23 Aug 1522 Died)
Alonso de Castilla Zúniga (11 Mar 1523 – 8 Feb 1541 Died)
Antonio Ramírez de Haro (27 Jun 1541 – 6 Aug 1543 Appointed, Bishop of Segovia)
Juan Yanes (24 Sep 1543 – 24 Dec 1544 Died)
Juan Bernal Díaz de Luco (17 Apr 1545 – 6 Sep 1556 Died)
Diego Fernández de Córdoba Velasco (1 Oct 1557 – 15 Sep 1558 Died)
Juan Quiñones Guzmán (2 Aug 1559 – 14 Sep 1576 Died)
Juan Ochoa Salazar (11 Sep 1577 – 7 Aug 1587 Appointed, Bishop of Plasencia)
Antonio Manrique, O.F.M. (7 Aug 1587 – 30 Jan 1589 Died)
Pedro Portocarrero (bishop) (20 Mar 1589 – 12 Jan 1594 Appointed, Bishop of Córdoba)
Pedro Manso Zuñiga (23 Mar 1594 – 12 Sep 1612 Died)
Pedro Zamora (29 Jul 1613 – 4 Oct 1613 Died)
Pedro González del Castillo (17 Feb 1614 – 5 Aug 1627 Died)
Miguel Ayala (5 May 1628 – 19 Aug 1632 Died)
Gonzalo Chacón Velasco y Fajardo (31 Jan 1633 – 27 May 1642 Died)
Juan Piñeiro Osorio (13 Jul 1643 – 21 Oct 1647 Appointed, Bishop of Pamplona)
Juan Juániz de Echalar (16 Dec 1647 – 13 Oct 1656 Died)
Martín López de Hontiveros (18 Jun 1657 – 30 Sep 1658 Confirmed, Archbishop of Valencia)
Fernando Heras Manrique (2 Dec 1658 – 1659 Died)
Bernardo de Hontiveros, O.S.B. (9 Jun 1659 – 3 Nov 1662 Died)
José de la Peña García de Ceniceros (27 Aug 1663 – 23 May 1667 Died)
Francisco Rodríguez Castañón (12 Dec 1667 – 1669 Died)
Gabriel de Esparza Pérez (2 Jun 1670 – 10 Jan 1686 Died)
Pedro de Lepe Orantes (Lope y Dorantes) (12 Aug 1686 – 5 Dec 1700 Died)
Francisco Antonio de Borja-Centelles y Ponce de Léon (18 Jul 1701 – 3 Apr 1702 Appointed, Archbishop of Burgos)
Ildefonso de Mena y Borja (8 May 1702 – 4 Oct 1714 Died)
Antonio Horcasitas y Avellaneda (18 Mar 1715 – 21 Dec 1716 Died)
José Espejo y Cisneros (2 Jul 1717 – 8 Apr 1747 Retired)
Diego Rojas y Contreras (6 May 1748 – 12 Mar 1753 Appointed, Bishop of Cartagena (en España))
Andrés Porras y Termes (26 Sep 1753 – 16 Jun 1764 Died)
Juan Luengo Pinto (17 Dec 1764 – 17 Apr 1784 Died)
Pedro Luis Ozta Múzquiz (27 Jun 1785 – 20 Jan 1789 Died)
Francisco Mateo Aguiriano Gómez † (29 Mar 1790 – 21 Sep 1813 Died)
Atanasio Puyal y Poveda (26 Sep 1814 – 21 Oct 1827 Died)
Ignacio Ribes Mayor (15 Dec 1828 – 24 Feb 1832 Confirmed, Archbishop of Burgos)
Pablo García Abella, C.O. (15 Apr 1833 – 17 Jan 1848 Confirmed, Archbishop of Valencia)
Gaspar Cos y Soberón (3 Jul 1848 – 15 Dec 1848 Died)
Miguel José Irigoyen (20 May 1850 – 18 Feb 1852 Died)
Cipriano Juárez y Berzosa (27 Sep 1852 – 23 May 1858 Died)
Antolín Monescillo y Viso (22 Jul 1861 – 27 Mar 1865 Confirmed, Bishop of Jaén)
Fabián Sebastián Arenzana y Magdaleno (25 Sep 1865 – 9 Nov 1874 Died)
Gabino Catalina y del Amo (5 Jul 1875 – 11 Jan 1882 Died)
Antonio María Cascajares y Azara (27 Mar 1884 – 17 Dec 1891 Confirmed, Archbishop of Valladolid)
Fidel García Martínez (25 Aug 1927 – 7 May 1953 Resigned)
Since 1953
Abilio del Campo y de la Bárcena (7 May 1953 – 20 December 1976 Resigned)
Francisco Alvarez Martínez (20 December 1976 – 12 May 1989 Appointed, Bishop of Orihuela-Alicante)
Ramón Búa Otero (14 September 1989 – 15 September 2003 Resigned)
Juan José Omella Omella (8 April 2004 – 6 November 2015 Appointed, Archbishop of Barcelona)
Carlos Manuel Escribano Subías (13 May 2016 – 6 October 2020 Appointed, Archbishop of Zaragoza)
Santos Montoya Torres (12 January 2022 – present)
Auxiliary
Cristóforo Chrisostome Carletti, O.F.M. (1624–1627)
Abilio del Campo y de la Bárcena (29 Oct 1952 – 7 May 1953, Appointed Bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada)
See also
Roman Catholicism in Spain
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada–Logroño" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved 29 February 2016
^ a b c "Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 29 February 2016
^ Catholic Hierarchy: "Pedro Cardinal González de Mendoza" retrieved 14 January 2016
^ "Bishop Antonio Manrique, O.F.M." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 5 September 2016
^ "Bishop Pedro Portocarrero" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 18 September 2016
^ "Bishop Pedro Portocarrero" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved 18 September 2016
^ "Bishop Juan Juániz de Echalar" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 14 July 2016
^ "Bishop Cristóforo Chrisostome Carletti, O.F.M." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 March 2016
External links
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy
Diocese website
Página de Calahorra
vteCatholic dioceses in Spain and AndorraProvince of Barcelona
Archdiocese of Barcelona
Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat
Diocese of Terrassa
Province of Burgos
Archdiocese of Burgos
Diocese of Bilbao
Diocese of Osma-Soria
Diocese of Palencia
Diocese of Vitoria
Province of Granada
Archdiocese of Granada
Diocese of Almería
Diocese of Cartagena
Diocese of Guadix
Diocese of Jaén
Diocese of Málaga
Province of Madrid
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Diocese of Alcalá de Henares
Diocese of Getafe
Province of Mérida-Badajoz
Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz
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Diocese of Plasencia
Province of Oviedo
Archdiocese of Oviedo
Diocese of Astorga
Diocese of León
Diocese of Santander
Province of Pamplona
Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela
Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño
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Eastern Rite Ordinariate
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Catholicism portal
42°17′56″N 1°57′27″W / 42.2989°N 1.9575°W / 42.2989; -1.9575
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Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pamplona_y_Tudela"},{"link_name":"Juan Juániz de Echalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ju%C3%A1niz_de_Echalar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierJuJuanEch-7"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Francisco Antonio de Borja-Centelles y Ponce de Léon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_de_Borja-Centelles_y_Ponce_de_L%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cartagena (en España)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cartagena"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of 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(5 May 1503 – 22 Dec 1508 Appointed, Bishop of Segovia)\nJuan Fernández Velasco (22 Dec 1505 – 22 Jul 1514 Appointed, Bishop of Palencia)\nJaime Serra i Cau (5 Jul 1514 – 25 May 1515 Resigned)\nJuan Castellanos de Villalba (25 May 1515 – 23 Aug 1522 Died)\nAlonso de Castilla Zúniga (11 Mar 1523 – 8 Feb 1541 Died)\nAntonio Ramírez de Haro (27 Jun 1541 – 6 Aug 1543 Appointed, Bishop of Segovia)\nJuan Yanes (24 Sep 1543 – 24 Dec 1544 Died)\nJuan Bernal Díaz de Luco (17 Apr 1545 – 6 Sep 1556 Died)\nDiego Fernández de Córdoba Velasco (1 Oct 1557 – 15 Sep 1558 Died)\nJuan Quiñones Guzmán (2 Aug 1559 – 14 Sep 1576 Died)\nJuan Ochoa Salazar (11 Sep 1577 – 7 Aug 1587 Appointed, Bishop of Plasencia)\nAntonio Manrique, O.F.M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spriggina
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Spriggina
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["1 Description","2 Discovery and naming","3 Classification","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Extinct genus of annelid worms
SprigginaTemporal range: Late Ediacaran, 555 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
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Fossil of S. floundersi. Scale in millimetres
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
†Proarticulata
Class:
†Cephalozoa
Family:
†Sprigginidae
Genus:
†SprigginaGlaessner, 1958
Species:
†S. floundersi
Binomial name
†Spriggina floundersiGlaessner, 1958
Spriggina is a genus of early animals whose relationship to living animals is unclear. Fossils of Spriggina are known from the late Ediacaran period in what is now South Australia. Spriggina floundersi is the official fossil emblem of South Australia; it has been found nowhere else.
The organism reached 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and may have been predatory. Its bottom was covered with two rows of tough interlocking plates, while one row covered its top; its front few segments fused to form a "head."
The affinity of Spriggina is unknown; it has been variously classified as an annelid worm, a rangeomorph-like frond, a variant of Charniodiscus, a proarticulatan, an arthropod (perhaps related to the trilobites), or even an extinct phylum. The lack of known segmented legs or limbs, coupled with the presence of glide reflection instead of symmetric segments, suggests that an arthropod classification is unlikely despite some superficial resemblance.
The genus Spriggina originally contained three different species—S. floundersi, S. ovata, and S. borealis—but S. ovata is now considered a junior synonym of Marywadea ovata, while the phylogenetic status of S. borealis remains a subject of debate.
Description
S. floundersi, life restoration at MUSE – Science Museum in Trento
Cast of S. floundersi at Houston Museum of Natural Science
Spriggina grew to 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and was approximately oblong. The organism was segmented, with no fused segments; the segments were sometimes curved. The upper surface of the organism was covered by one row of overlapping cuticular plates, the underside with paired plates.
The first two segments formed a "head". The front segment had the shape of a horseshoe with a pair of depressions on its upper surface; these may have represented eyes. The second segment may have borne antennae. Subsequent segments bore annulations.
Some fossils have what may be a circular mouth at the centre of the semicircular head, although interpretation is hampered by the small size of the creature relative to the large grains of sandstones in which it is preserved. Legs are not preserved.
The symmetry observed is not exactly bilaterian but appears to be a glide reflection, where opposite segments are shifted by half an interval. In some specimens the body segments tilt backwards, making roughly chevron patterns; while in others they are more or less straight. There appear to be fairly complex variations between these two extremes.
Discovery and naming
The genus was named after Reg Sprigg who discovered the fossils of the Ediacara Hills—part of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia—and was a proponent of their recognition as multicellular organisms.
Spriggina floundersi is at present the only generally accepted species in this genus. The specific name "floundersi" refers to amateur South Australian fossil hunter Ben Flounders. Spriggina ovata has now been moved into its own genus, Marywadea.
Spriggina is known only from beds of Ediacaran age.
Fossils from the Vindhyan basin, reliably dated to around 1,650 million years old, have been classified as Spriggina, but in all likelihood represent microbial artifacts.
Spriggina possessed a tough, though uncalcified body, evident from the fossils' preservation: always as a mould in the lower surface of the fossiliferous bed.
Classification
Digitally enhanced image of a Spriggina fossil
Like many of the Ediacara biota, the relationship of Spriggina to other groups is unclear. It bears some similarity to the living polychaete worm Tomopteris and Amphinomidae, but its lack of chaetae, along with other lines of evidence, suggests that it cannot be placed in this phylum. It was also compared to the rangeomorphs, frondose members of the Ediacara biota that may represent a separate kingdom.
While its glide symmetry may suggest otherwise, Spriggina is considered by some other researchers to be an arthropod; its superficial resemblance to the trilobites may suggest a close relationship to this class. This similarity to trilobites could also be an example of convergent evolution. Spriggina may have been predatory, and may have played a role in initiating the Cambrian transition.
See also
Paleontology portal
Yorgia
Dickinsonia
List of Ediacaran genera
References
^ a b Glaessner, Martin F. (1958). "New Fossils from the Base of the Cambrian in South Australia" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 81: 185–188. BHL page 41001421. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2007.
^ "FOSSIL EMBLEM OF THE STATE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. 2017 (8). Adelaide: Department of the Premier and Cabinet: 509. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ a b Ivantsov A.Yu. (2001). "Vendian and Other Precambrian "Arthropods"". Paleontological Journal. 35: 335–343.
^ Glaessner, Martin F. & Wade, Mary (1966). "The Late Precambrian Fossils from Ediacara, South Australia" (PDF). Palaeontology. 9 (4): 599–628. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013.
^ a b Fedonkin, Mikhail A.; Gehling, James G.; Grey, Kathleen; Narbonne, Guy M.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2007). The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801886799.
^ a b c d e f McCall (2006). "The Vendian (Ediacaran) in the geological record: Enigmas in geology's prelude to the Cambrian explosion". Earth-Science Reviews. 77 (1–3): 1–229. Bibcode:2006ESRv...77....1M. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.08.004.
^ Vickers-Rich, P. Komarower, P. The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. The Geological Society, 2007, p. 444.
^ Glaessner, Martin F. (1976). "A new genus of late Precambrian polychaete worms from South Australia" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 100 (3): 169–170. Archived from the original (Free full text) on 29 September 2007.
^ a b Bengtson, Stefan; Belivanova, Veneta; Rasmussen, Birger; Whitehouse, Martin (2009). "The controversial "Cambrian" fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (19): 7729–7734. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7729B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812460106. PMC 2683128. PMID 19416859.
^ De, C (2005). "Ediacara fossil assemblage in the upper Vindhyans of Central India and its significance". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 27 (5): 660–683. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.006.
^ Donovan, S. K.; Lewis, D. N. (2001). "Fossils explained 35: The Ediacaran biota". Geology Today. 17 (3): 115–120. doi:10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00285.x. S2CID 128395097.
^ Merz (2006). "Polychaete chaetae: Function, fossils, and phylogeny". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (4): 481–96. doi:10.1093/icb/icj057. PMID 21672760.
^ a b "Spriggina is a Trilobitoid Ecdysozoan". Geological Society of America. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017.
^ Seilacher, A. (1992). "Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution". Journal of the Geological Society. 149 (4): 607–613. Bibcode:1992JGSoc.149..607S. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607. S2CID 128681462. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
^ Conway Morris, S. (1993). "The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa" (PDF). Nature. 361 (6409): 219. Bibcode:1993Natur.361..219M. doi:10.1038/361219a0. S2CID 86276440. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (2003). "Origin and early evolution of predators: The ecotone model and early evidence for macropredation". In P. Kelley; M. Kowalewski; T. Hansen (eds.). Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record.
External links
Google Image Search: Spriggina
Taxon identifiersSpriggina
Wikidata: Q132927
Wikispecies: Spriggina
GBIF: 2318874
IRMNG: 1331443
Paleobiology Database: 4723
WoRMS: 324572
|
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Fossils of Spriggina are known from the late Ediacaran period in what is now South Australia. Spriggina floundersi is the official fossil emblem of South Australia;[2] it has been found nowhere else.The organism reached 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and may have been predatory. Its bottom was covered with two rows of tough interlocking plates, while one row covered its top; its front few segments fused to form a \"head.\"[citation needed]The affinity of Spriggina is unknown; it has been variously classified as an annelid worm, a rangeomorph-like frond, a variant of Charniodiscus, a proarticulatan, an arthropod (perhaps related to the trilobites), or even an extinct phylum. The lack of known segmented legs or limbs, coupled with the presence of glide reflection instead of symmetric segments, suggests that an arthropod classification is unlikely despite some superficial resemblance.[3]The genus Spriggina originally contained three different species—S. floundersi, S. ovata, and S. borealis—but S. ovata is now considered a junior synonym of Marywadea ovata,[4][5] while the phylogenetic status of S. borealis remains[as of?] a subject of debate.[5]","title":"Spriggina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spriggina_floundersi_-_MUSE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spriggina,_Ediacaran_metazoan,_Vendian,_Ediacara_Hills,_south_Australia_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01385.JPG"},{"link_name":"Houston Museum of Natural Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science"},{"link_name":"segmented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_segment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall2006-6"},{"link_name":"cuticular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall2006-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall2006-6"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"annulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall2006-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall2006-6"},{"link_name":"bilaterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCall2006-6"},{"link_name":"glide reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_reflection"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivantsov2001-3"},{"link_name":"chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"S. floundersi, life restoration at MUSE – Science Museum in TrentoCast of S. floundersi at Houston Museum of Natural ScienceSpriggina grew to 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and was approximately oblong. The organism was segmented, with no fused segments; the segments were sometimes curved.[6] The upper surface of the organism was covered by one row of overlapping cuticular plates, the underside with paired plates.[6]The first two segments formed a \"head\". The front segment had the shape of a horseshoe with a pair of depressions on its upper surface; these may have represented eyes.[6] The second segment may have borne antennae. Subsequent segments bore annulations.[6]Some fossils have what may be a circular mouth at the centre of the semicircular head, although interpretation is hampered by the small size of the creature relative to the large grains of sandstones in which it is preserved.[6] Legs are not preserved.The symmetry observed is not exactly bilaterian[6] but appears to be a glide reflection, where opposite segments are shifted by half an interval.[3] In some specimens the body segments tilt backwards, making roughly chevron patterns; while in others they are more or less straight. There appear to be fairly complex variations between these two extremes.[citation needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reg Sprigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Sprigg"},{"link_name":"fossils of the","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran_biota"},{"link_name":"Ediacara Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacara_Hills"},{"link_name":"Flinders Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Ranges"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaessner1958-1"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Marywadea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marywadea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaessner1976-8"},{"link_name":"Vindhyan basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Range#Geology_and_palaeontology"},{"link_name":"1,650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,650"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengtson2009-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De2005-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengtson2009-9"}],"text":"The genus was named after Reg Sprigg who discovered the fossils of the Ediacara Hills—part of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia—and was a proponent of their recognition as multicellular organisms.[1]\nSpriggina floundersi is at present the only generally accepted species in this genus. The specific name \"floundersi\" refers to amateur South Australian fossil hunter Ben Flounders.[7] Spriggina ovata has now been moved into its own genus, Marywadea.[8]Spriggina is known only from beds of Ediacaran age.\nFossils from the Vindhyan basin, reliably dated to around 1,650 million years old,[9] have been classified as Spriggina,[10] but in all likelihood represent microbial artifacts.[9]Spriggina possessed a tough, though uncalcified body, evident from the fossils' preservation: always as a mould in the lower surface of the fossiliferous bed.","title":"Discovery and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spriggina_flounensi_C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ediacara biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacara_biota"},{"link_name":"polychaete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete"},{"link_name":"Tomopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomopteris"},{"link_name":"Amphinomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphinomidae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donovan2001-11"},{"link_name":"chaetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merz2006-12"},{"link_name":"rangeomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeomorph"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMen2003-13"},{"link_name":"frondose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frondose"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seilacher1992-14"},{"link_name":"arthropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"trilobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McMen2003-13"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConwayMorris1993-15"},{"link_name":"predatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"Cambrian transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Digitally enhanced image of a Spriggina fossilLike many of the Ediacara biota, the relationship of Spriggina to other groups is unclear. It bears some similarity to the living polychaete worm Tomopteris and Amphinomidae,[11] but its lack of chaetae, along with other lines of evidence, suggests that it cannot be placed in this phylum.[12] It was also compared to the rangeomorphs,[13] frondose members of the Ediacara biota that may represent a separate kingdom.[14]\nWhile its glide symmetry may suggest otherwise, Spriggina is considered by some other researchers to be an arthropod; its superficial resemblance to the trilobites may suggest a close relationship to this class.[13] This similarity to trilobites could also be an example of convergent evolution.[15] Spriggina may have been predatory, and may have played a role in initiating the Cambrian transition.[16]","title":"Classification"}]
|
[{"image_text":"S. floundersi, life restoration at MUSE – Science Museum in Trento","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Spriggina_floundersi_-_MUSE.jpg/220px-Spriggina_floundersi_-_MUSE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cast of S. floundersi at Houston Museum of Natural Science","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Spriggina%2C_Ediacaran_metazoan%2C_Vendian%2C_Ediacara_Hills%2C_south_Australia_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01385.JPG/220px-Spriggina%2C_Ediacaran_metazoan%2C_Vendian%2C_Ediacara_Hills%2C_south_Australia_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01385.JPG"},{"image_text":"Digitally enhanced image of a Spriggina fossil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Spriggina_flounensi_C.jpg/220px-Spriggina_flounensi_C.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Paleontology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology"},{"title":"Yorgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorgia"},{"title":"Dickinsonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinsonia"},{"title":"List of Ediacaran genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ediacaran_genera"}]
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[{"reference":"Glaessner, Martin F. (1958). \"New Fossils from the Base of the Cambrian in South Australia\" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 81: 185–188. BHL page 41001421. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094012/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Journals/TRSSA/TRSSA_V081/TRSSA_V081_p185p188.pdf","url_text":"\"New Fossils from the Base of the Cambrian in South Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library","url_text":"BHL"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41001421","url_text":"page 41001421"},{"url":"http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Journals/TRSSA/TRSSA_V081/TRSSA_V081_p185p188.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FOSSIL EMBLEM OF THE STATE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. 2017 (8). Adelaide: Department of the Premier and Cabinet: 509. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2017/February/2017_008.pdf","url_text":"\"FOSSIL EMBLEM OF THE STATE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA\""}]},{"reference":"Ivantsov A.Yu. (2001). \"Vendian and Other Precambrian \"Arthropods\"\". Paleontological Journal. 35: 335–343.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291816373","url_text":"\"Vendian and Other Precambrian \"Arthropods\"\""}]},{"reference":"Glaessner, Martin F. & Wade, Mary (1966). \"The Late Precambrian Fossils from Ediacara, South Australia\" (PDF). Palaeontology. 9 (4): 599–628. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922230714/http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pdf/Vol%209/Pages%20599-628.pdf","url_text":"\"The Late Precambrian Fossils from Ediacara, South Australia\""},{"url":"http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pdf/Vol%209/Pages%20599-628.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fedonkin, Mikhail A.; Gehling, James G.; Grey, Kathleen; Narbonne, Guy M.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2007). The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801886799.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KsFFIrJ8IxEC&dq=Spriggina+Borealis&pg=PA287","url_text":"The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801886799","url_text":"9780801886799"}]},{"reference":"McCall (2006). \"The Vendian (Ediacaran) in the geological record: Enigmas in geology's prelude to the Cambrian explosion\". Earth-Science Reviews. 77 (1–3): 1–229. Bibcode:2006ESRv...77....1M. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.08.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ESRv...77....1M","url_text":"2006ESRv...77....1M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2005.08.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.08.004"}]},{"reference":"Glaessner, Martin F. (1976). \"A new genus of late Precambrian polychaete worms from South Australia\" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 100 (3): 169–170. Archived from the original (Free full text) on 29 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094103/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Journals/TRSSA/TRSSA_v100/TRSSA_V100_p169p170.pdf","url_text":"\"A new genus of late Precambrian polychaete worms from South Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Journals/TRSSA/TRSSA_v100/TRSSA_V100_p169p170.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bengtson, Stefan; Belivanova, Veneta; Rasmussen, Birger; Whitehouse, Martin (2009). \"The controversial \"Cambrian\" fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (19): 7729–7734. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7729B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812460106. PMC 2683128. PMID 19416859.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2683128","url_text":"\"The controversial \"Cambrian\" fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.7729B","url_text":"2009PNAS..106.7729B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0812460106","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0812460106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2683128","url_text":"2683128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19416859","url_text":"19416859"}]},{"reference":"De, C (2005). \"Ediacara fossil assemblage in the upper Vindhyans of Central India and its significance\". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 27 (5): 660–683. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2005.06.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.006"}]},{"reference":"Donovan, S. K.; Lewis, D. N. (2001). \"Fossils explained 35: The Ediacaran biota\". Geology Today. 17 (3): 115–120. doi:10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00285.x. S2CID 128395097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0266-6979.2001.00285.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00285.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128395097","url_text":"128395097"}]},{"reference":"Merz (2006). \"Polychaete chaetae: Function, fossils, and phylogeny\". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (4): 481–96. doi:10.1093/icb/icj057. PMID 21672760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj057","url_text":"10.1093/icb/icj057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672760","url_text":"21672760"}]},{"reference":"\"Spriggina is a Trilobitoid Ecdysozoan\". Geological Society of America. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170704030408/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_62056.htm","url_text":"\"Spriggina is a Trilobitoid Ecdysozoan\""},{"url":"http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_62056.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seilacher, A. (1992). \"Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution\". Journal of the Geological Society. 149 (4): 607–613. Bibcode:1992JGSoc.149..607S. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607. S2CID 128681462. Retrieved 21 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/149/4/607","url_text":"\"Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Geological_Society","url_text":"Journal of the Geological Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JGSoc.149..607S","url_text":"1992JGSoc.149..607S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.149.4.0607","url_text":"10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128681462","url_text":"128681462"}]},{"reference":"Conway Morris, S. (1993). \"The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa\" (PDF). Nature. 361 (6409): 219. Bibcode:1993Natur.361..219M. doi:10.1038/361219a0. S2CID 86276440. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804083105/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~bio222-c/Reserve%20Reading/RR1/Morris_1993.pdf","url_text":"\"The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.361..219M","url_text":"1993Natur.361..219M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F361219a0","url_text":"10.1038/361219a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86276440","url_text":"86276440"},{"url":"http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~bio222-c/Reserve%20Reading/RR1/Morris_1993.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McMenamin, M. A. S. (2003). \"Origin and early evolution of predators: The ecotone model and early evidence for macropredation\". In P. Kelley; M. Kowalewski; T. Hansen (eds.). Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barons_Clifford_of_Chudleigh
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Baron Clifford of Chudleigh
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["1 Barons Clifford of Chudleigh (1672)","2 See also","3 Further reading","4 References"]
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Title in the English peerage
Not to be confused with Baron de Clifford or Baron Clifford.
Arms of Clifford of Chudleigh: Chequy or and azure, a fesse gules These are the arms borne by Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (c. 1274–1314), feudal baron of Skipton, as recorded in the famous Caerlaverock Roll of 1300
Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, of Chudleigh in the County of Devon, is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1672 for Thomas Clifford. The title was created as "Clifford of Chudleigh" rather than simply "Clifford" to differentiate it from several other Clifford Baronies previously created for members of this ancient family, including the Barony of de Clifford (1299), which is extant but now held by a branch line of the Russell family, having inherited through several female lines.
Baron Clifford of Chudleigh is the major surviving male representative of the ancient Norman family which later took the name de Clifford which arrived in England during the Norman Conquest of 1066, feudal barons of Clifford, first seated in England at Clifford Castle in Herefordshire, created Baron de Clifford by writ in 1299. The family seat is Ugbrooke Park, near Chudleigh, Devon.
Notable members of this branch of the Clifford family include antiquarian Arthur Clifford (grandson of the 3rd Baron), Victoria Cross recipient Sir Henry Hugh Clifford (son of the 7th Baron), Catholic clergyman William Clifford (son of the 7th Baron) and colonial administrators Sir Bede Clifford (son of the 10th Baron) and Sir Hugh Clifford (grandson of the 7th Baron). The family is also related to the notable recusant Weld family, of Lulworth Castle, through the 7th Baron's marriage to the daughter of Cardinal Thomas Weld.
Barons Clifford of Chudleigh (1672)
Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, by Sir Peter Lely.
Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1630–1673)
Hugh Clifford, 2nd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1663–1730)
Hugh Clifford, 3rd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1700–1732)
Hugh Clifford, 4th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1726–1783)
Hugh Edward Henry Clifford, 5th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1756–1793)
Charles Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1759–1831)
Hugh Charles Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1790–1858)
Charles Hugh Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1819–1880)
Lewis Henry Hugh Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1851–1916)
William Hugh Clifford, 10th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1858–1943)
Charles Oswald Hugh Clifford, 11th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1887–1962)
Lewis Joseph Hugh Clifford, 12th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1889–1964)
Lewis Hugh Clifford, 13th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1916–1988)
Thomas Hugh Clifford, 14th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (b. 1948)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Alexander Thomas Hugh Clifford (b. 1985).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Charles Alexander Nicholas Clifford (b. 2024).
See also
Clifford-Constable baronets
Clifford baronets
Further reading
Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 216.
Clifford, Hugh (1987). The House of Clifford from Before the Conquest. Chichester, Sussex, UK: Phillimore. ISBN 0850336341.
Clifford, Arthur (1817). Collectanea Cliffordiana. Skipton-in-craven, Yorkshire: Skipton caslte limited. ISBN 0950697508.
Eland, Henry S. (1895). John Lambrick Vivian (ed.). The visitation of the county of Devon in the years, 1531, 1564, 1620. Exeter. pp. 208–9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
References
^ Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.262
vte Extant baronies in the Peerage of EnglandKing Henry III
de Ros^
King Edward I
Mowbray
Hastings
FitzWalter
Segrave
Clinton
de Clifford
King Edward II
Zouche
Willoughby de Eresby
Strabolgi
Dacre
King Edward III
Darcy de Knayth
Cromwell
King Richard II
Camoys
Grey of Codnor
King Henry V
Berkeley
King Henry VI
Latimer
Dudley
Saye and Sele
Stourton
Berners
King Edward IV
Herbert
King Henry VII
Willoughby de Broke
King Henry VIII
Vaux of Harrowden
Braye
Burgh
Wharton
Queen Elizabeth I
St John of Bletso
Howard de Walden
King James I
Petre
Dormer
Teynham
King Charles I
Strange
Stafford
Byron
King Charles II
Lucas
Arlington
Clifford of Chudleigh
King William III
Barnard
^This barony was created by Simon de Montfort, who, in the King's name, issued writs of summons to a parliament to attempt to stabilise his position during the Second Barons' War. This barony was given its precedence by the House of Lords in 1806.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baron de Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Baron Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Clifford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Clifford.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Clifford,_1st_Baron_de_Clifford"},{"link_name":"feudal baron of Skipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_feudal_barony"},{"link_name":"Caerlaverock Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Peerage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"Thomas Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Barony of de Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Russell family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"feudal barons of Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Clifford Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Castle"},{"link_name":"Baron de Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Clifford"},{"link_name":"writ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ"},{"link_name":"Ugbrooke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugbrooke_Park"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"antiquarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian"},{"link_name":"Arthur Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Hugh Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hugh_Clifford"},{"link_name":"William Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clifford_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Sir Bede Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Clifford_(colonial_administrator)"},{"link_name":"recusant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusancy"},{"link_name":"Lulworth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulworth_Castle"},{"link_name":"Thomas Weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Weld_(cardinal)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Baron de Clifford or Baron Clifford.Arms of Clifford of Chudleigh: Chequy or and azure, a fesse gules[1] These are the arms borne by Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (c. 1274–1314), feudal baron of Skipton, as recorded in the famous Caerlaverock Roll of 1300Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, of Chudleigh in the County of Devon, is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1672 for Thomas Clifford. The title was created as \"Clifford of Chudleigh\" rather than simply \"Clifford\" to differentiate it from several other Clifford Baronies previously created for members of this ancient family, including the Barony of de Clifford (1299), which is extant but now held by a branch line of the Russell family, having inherited through several female lines.Baron Clifford of Chudleigh is the major surviving male representative of the ancient Norman family which later took the name de Clifford which arrived in England during the Norman Conquest of 1066, feudal barons of Clifford, first seated in England at Clifford Castle in Herefordshire, created Baron de Clifford by writ in 1299. The family seat is Ugbrooke Park, near Chudleigh, Devon.Notable members of this branch of the Clifford family include antiquarian Arthur Clifford (grandson of the 3rd Baron), Victoria Cross recipient Sir Henry Hugh Clifford (son of the 7th Baron), Catholic clergyman William Clifford (son of the 7th Baron) and colonial administrators Sir Bede Clifford (son of the 10th Baron) and Sir Hugh Clifford (grandson of the 7th Baron). The family is also related to the notable recusant Weld family, of Lulworth Castle, through the 7th Baron's marriage to the daughter of Cardinal Thomas Weld.","title":"Baron Clifford of Chudleigh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1stLordClifford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Lely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Peter_Lely"},{"link_name":"Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Hugh Clifford, 2nd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Clifford,_2nd_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Hugh Clifford, 3rd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Clifford,_3rd_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Hugh Clifford, 4th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Clifford,_4th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Edward Henry Clifford, 5th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Clifford,_5th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Charles Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Clifford,_7th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Charles Hugh Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Lewis Henry Hugh Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Hugh Clifford, 10th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Clifford,_10th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Oswald Hugh Clifford, 11th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Clifford,_11th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Joseph Hugh Clifford, 12th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Clifford,_12th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hugh Clifford, 13th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Clifford,_13th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hugh Clifford, 14th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_14th_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, by Sir Peter Lely.Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1630–1673)\nHugh Clifford, 2nd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1663–1730)\nHugh Clifford, 3rd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1700–1732)\nHugh Clifford, 4th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1726–1783)\nHugh Edward Henry Clifford, 5th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1756–1793)\nCharles Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1759–1831)\nHugh Charles Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1790–1858)\nCharles Hugh Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1819–1880)\nLewis Henry Hugh Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1851–1916)\nWilliam Hugh Clifford, 10th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1858–1943)\nCharles Oswald Hugh Clifford, 11th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1887–1962)\nLewis Joseph Hugh Clifford, 12th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1889–1964)\nLewis Hugh Clifford, 13th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1916–1988)\nThomas Hugh Clifford, 14th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (b. 1948)The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Alexander Thomas Hugh Clifford (b. 1985).\nThe heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Charles Alexander Nicholas Clifford (b. 2024).","title":"Barons Clifford of Chudleigh (1672)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/216"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Dean & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_%26_Son"},{"link_name":"The House of Clifford from Before the Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/works/OL4362307W/The_house_of_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"Phillimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0850336341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850336341"},{"link_name":"Collectanea Cliffordiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/collectaneacliff0000clif/page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Skipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0950697508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0950697508"},{"link_name":"John Lambrick Vivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambrick_Vivian"},{"link_name":"The visitation of the county of Devon in the years, 1531, 1564, 1620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002002213917&view=1up&seq=8&skin=2021"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 216.\nClifford, Hugh (1987). The House of Clifford from Before the Conquest. Chichester, Sussex, UK: Phillimore. ISBN 0850336341.\nClifford, Arthur (1817). Collectanea Cliffordiana. Skipton-in-craven, Yorkshire: Skipton caslte limited. ISBN 0950697508.\nEland, Henry S. (1895). John Lambrick Vivian (ed.). The visitation of the county of Devon in the years, 1531, 1564, 1620. Exeter. pp. 208–9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Arms of Clifford of Chudleigh: Chequy or and azure, a fesse gules[1] These are the arms borne by Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (c. 1274–1314), feudal baron of Skipton, as recorded in the famous Caerlaverock Roll of 1300","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Clifford.svg/200px-Arms_of_Clifford.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, by Sir Peter Lely.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1stLordClifford.jpg/200px-1stLordClifford.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Clifford-Constable baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford-Constable_baronets"},{"title":"Clifford baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_baronets"}]
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[{"reference":"Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 216.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/216","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_%26_Son","url_text":"Dean & Son"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, Hugh (1987). The House of Clifford from Before the Conquest. Chichester, Sussex, UK: Phillimore. ISBN 0850336341.","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4362307W/The_house_of_Clifford","url_text":"The House of Clifford from Before the Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester","url_text":"Chichester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press","url_text":"Phillimore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850336341","url_text":"0850336341"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, Arthur (1817). Collectanea Cliffordiana. Skipton-in-craven, Yorkshire: Skipton caslte limited. ISBN 0950697508.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/collectaneacliff0000clif/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Collectanea Cliffordiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipton","url_text":"Skipton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0950697508","url_text":"0950697508"}]},{"reference":"Eland, Henry S. (1895). John Lambrick Vivian (ed.). The visitation of the county of Devon in the years, 1531, 1564, 1620. Exeter. pp. 208–9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambrick_Vivian","url_text":"John Lambrick Vivian"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002002213917&view=1up&seq=8&skin=2021","url_text":"The visitation of the county of Devon in the years, 1531, 1564, 1620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter","url_text":"Exeter"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/216","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4362307W/The_house_of_Clifford","external_links_name":"The House of Clifford from Before the Conquest"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/collectaneacliff0000clif/page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Collectanea Cliffordiana"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002002213917&view=1up&seq=8&skin=2021","external_links_name":"The visitation of the county of Devon in the years, 1531, 1564, 1620"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selden_Hills
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Selden Hills
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 32°32′02″N 106°57′41″W / 32.53389°N 106.96139°W / 32.53389; -106.96139Selden Hills in background
Selden Hills are a range of hills in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. They lie just over a mile northwest of Radium Springs east of the Rio Grande at the lower end of Rincon Valley. They are named for Fort Selden that was located nearby to the southeast.
References
^ "Selden Hills Feature Details". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
^ Julyan, Robert (1996-08-26). The Place Names of New Mexico. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-5114-2.
32°32′02″N 106°57′41″W / 32.53389°N 106.96139°W / 32.53389; -106.96139
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radium_Springs_New_Mexico_post_office.jpg"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(geographic)"},{"link_name":"hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hills"},{"link_name":"Doña Ana County, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Ana_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Radium Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Springs,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"Rincon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rincon_Valley_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fort Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Selden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Selden Hills in backgroundSelden Hills are a range of hills in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. They lie just over a mile northwest of Radium Springs east of the Rio Grande at the lower end of Rincon Valley.[1] They are named for Fort Selden that was located nearby to the southeast.[2]","title":"Selden Hills"}]
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[{"image_text":"Selden Hills in background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Radium_Springs_New_Mexico_post_office.jpg/220px-Radium_Springs_New_Mexico_post_office.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Selden Hills Feature Details\". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/summary/901074","url_text":"\"Selden Hills Feature Details\""}]},{"reference":"Julyan, Robert (1996-08-26). The Place Names of New Mexico. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-5114-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3eGljLB0Zf8C&dq=Selden+Hills+Fort+Selden&pg=PA135","url_text":"The Place Names of New Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5114-2","url_text":"978-0-8263-5114-2"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Selden_Hills¶ms=32_32_02_N_106_57_41_W_","external_links_name":"32°32′02″N 106°57′41″W / 32.53389°N 106.96139°W / 32.53389; -106.96139"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/summary/901074","external_links_name":"\"Selden Hills Feature Details\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3eGljLB0Zf8C&dq=Selden+Hills+Fort+Selden&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"The Place Names of New Mexico"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Selden_Hills¶ms=32_32_02_N_106_57_41_W_","external_links_name":"32°32′02″N 106°57′41″W / 32.53389°N 106.96139°W / 32.53389; -106.96139"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handy_Cross_roundabout
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Handy Cross roundabout
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["1 History","2 Roads served","3 Layout","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 51°36′44″N 0°46′07″W / 51.6123°N 0.7685°W / 51.6123; -0.7685
The layout of the roundabout
Handy Cross roundabout is a major road interchange at Handy Cross, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire; the junction for High Wycombe, the M40 motorway and the A404 dual-carriageway. It is the terminus of the A4010 which runs to Aylesbury.
History
The junction under construction in 1966
The first section of the M40 to open was the section between junctions 4 and 5 in 1967, construction starting in 1964. The 1967 finished roundabout allowed interchange between the M40, the A404 to Marlow, the A404 into central High Wycombe and a minor residential street. The first alteration came in 1972 with the construction of the Marlow bypass (as the A404- the old A404 was downgraded to un-classified). Further urbanisation to the west of the roundabout led to another exit for the roundabout to Cressex and on through Wycombe to the A40-the new road was given the A4010 road number.
In 2006, the Highways Agency constructed several improvements to the roundabout including a cut-through, bypassing the three northern exits and a new slip road from the A404 to the M40 westbound.
Roads served
The M40 meets the roundabout numbered as junction 4, temporarily dropping to dual two lane through the junction. The A404 road is dual-carriageway on both sides of the junction, although only the section south into Berkshire has primary status. The northern part goes on into High Wycombe town centre as a non-primary A-road. The only other classified road to meet the roundabout is the A4010 which leads on through the suburb of Cressex and on to Aylesbury. The other two roads are unclassified, one being the original road to Marlow and the other for access to residential areas of High Wycombe.
Layout
The junction is a roundabout interchange with the M40 uninterrupted. The motorway is on a north-east to south-west gradient between Stokenchurch and Loudwater. The roundabout is oval shaped, with the motorway off-centre. The northern half of the roundabout is bisected by a cross link which bypasses the A4010, the minor road to Wycombe and the A404 north, allowing easier interchange from the M40 London-bound to the A404 south. To the south-west of the roundabout, a slip-road allows traffic on the A404 northbound to reach the M40 towards Oxford uninterrupted, it passes beneath the road to Marlow Bottom in-between.
References
^ "The Motorway Archive".
^ "Marlow Bypass Bridge".
^ "M40 Junction 4/A404 Handy Cross Junction Improvement". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.
vte Transport in BuckinghamshireRoadMotorways
M1
M4
M25
M40
A-roads
A4
A40
A41
A404
A412
A413
A418
A421
A422
A428
A4010
A4012
A4146
A4155
A5
A508
A509
A5130
Roman roads
Akeman Street
Watling Street
Notable junctions
Handy Cross roundabout
Denham Roundabout
Magic Roundabout (High Wycombe)
Motorway service stations
Beaconsfield
Newport Pagnell
RailMain lines
West Coast Main Line
Chiltern Main Line
Great Western Main Line
Other lines
Marston Vale line
London–Aylesbury line
Metropolitan line
Aylesbury–Princes Risborough line
Marlow branch line
Closed lines
Varsity Line
Great Central Main Line
Banbury to Verney Junction branch line
Brill Tramway
Wycombe Railway
Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway
Cheddington to Aylesbury Line
Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway
Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line
Bedford–Northampton line
Other
Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway
East West Rail
Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
Seer Green rail crash
Air
Denham Aerodrome
Turweston Aerodrome
Silverstone Heliport
Wycombe Air Park
WaterwaysRivers
River Thames
River Great Ouse
Canals
Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway (planned)
Grand Union Canal
Slough Arm
Wendover Arm
Aylesbury Arm
FootpathsNational Trails
Thames Path
The Ridgeway
Long-distance footpaths
Icknield Way (path)
Chiltern Way
Greater Ridgeway
Midshires Way
Ouse Valley Way
Shakespeare's Way
Swan's Way
Cycle paths
Route 4
Route 6
Route 51
Route 57
Related articlesvteTransport in Milton KeynesRoad
Milton Keynes grid road system
A421
A422
A4146
A5
A509
Watling Street (Roman road, "Old A5")
Rail
Bletchley Flyover
Bletchley railway station
Bletchley TMD
Bow Brickhill railway station
East West Rail
Fenny Stratford railway station
Marston Vale line
Milton Keynes Central railway station
Varsity Line
West Coast Main Line
Woburn Sands railway station
Wolverton railway station
Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line
Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway
Bus
Buses in Milton Keynes
Arriva Shires & Essex
Milton Keynes Coachway
MK Metro
Stagecoach Midlands
United Counties Omnibus
Water
Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway (proposed)
Cosgrove aqueduct
Grand Union Canal
Other transport
Milton Keynes redway system (shared path network)
51°36′44″N 0°46′07″W / 51.6123°N 0.7685°W / 51.6123; -0.7685
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagrammatic_Handy_Cross_roundabout.JPG"},{"link_name":"Handy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handy_Cross"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"M40 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M40_motorway"},{"link_name":"A404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A404_road"},{"link_name":"A4010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4010_road"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury"}],"text":"The layout of the roundaboutHandy Cross roundabout is a major road interchange at Handy Cross, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire; the junction for High Wycombe, the M40 motorway and the A404 dual-carriageway. It is the terminus of the A4010 which runs to Aylesbury.","title":"Handy Cross roundabout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handycross1966.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cressex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressex"},{"link_name":"A40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A40_road"},{"link_name":"A4010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4010_road"},{"link_name":"Highways Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The junction under construction in 1966The first section of the M40 to open was the section between junctions 4 and 5 in 1967,[1] construction starting in 1964. The 1967 finished roundabout allowed interchange between the M40, the A404 to Marlow, the A404 into central High Wycombe and a minor residential street. The first alteration came in 1972 [2] with the construction of the Marlow bypass (as the A404- the old A404 was downgraded to un-classified). Further urbanisation to the west of the roundabout led to another exit for the roundabout to Cressex and on through Wycombe to the A40-the new road was given the A4010 road number.\nIn 2006, the Highways Agency constructed several improvements to the roundabout including a cut-through, bypassing the three northern exits and a new slip road from the A404 to the M40 westbound.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury"}],"text":"The M40 meets the roundabout numbered as junction 4, temporarily dropping to dual two lane through the junction. The A404 road is dual-carriageway on both sides of the junction, although only the section south into Berkshire has primary status. The northern part goes on into High Wycombe town centre as a non-primary A-road. The only other classified road to meet the roundabout is the A4010 which leads on through the suburb of Cressex and on to Aylesbury. The other two roads are unclassified, one being the original road to Marlow and the other for access to residential areas of High Wycombe.","title":"Roads served"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roundabout interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout_interchange"},{"link_name":"Stokenchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokenchurch"},{"link_name":"Loudwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwater,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Marlow Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow_Bottom"}],"text":"The junction is a roundabout interchange with the M40 uninterrupted. The motorway is on a north-east to south-west gradient between Stokenchurch and Loudwater. The roundabout is oval shaped, with the motorway off-centre. The northern half of the roundabout is bisected by a cross link which bypasses the A4010, the minor road to Wycombe and the A404 north, allowing easier interchange from the M40 London-bound to the A404 south. To the south-west of the roundabout, a slip-road allows traffic on the A404 northbound to reach the M40 towards Oxford uninterrupted, it passes beneath the road to Marlow Bottom in-between.","title":"Layout"}]
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[{"image_text":"The layout of the roundabout","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Diagrammatic_Handy_Cross_roundabout.JPG/400px-Diagrammatic_Handy_Cross_roundabout.JPG"},{"image_text":"The junction under construction in 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Handycross1966.jpg/220px-Handycross1966.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Motorway Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukmotorwayarchive.org/","url_text":"\"The Motorway Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marlow Bypass Bridge\".","urls":[{"url":"http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0011356","url_text":"\"Marlow Bypass Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"M40 Junction 4/A404 Handy Cross Junction Improvement\". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605134428/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/3772.aspx","url_text":"\"M40 Junction 4/A404 Handy Cross Junction Improvement\""},{"url":"http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/3772.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Handy_Cross_roundabout¶ms=51.6123_N_0.7685_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°36′44″N 0°46′07″W / 51.6123°N 0.7685°W / 51.6123; -0.7685"},{"Link":"http://www.ukmotorwayarchive.org/","external_links_name":"\"The Motorway Archive\""},{"Link":"http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0011356","external_links_name":"\"Marlow Bypass Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605134428/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/3772.aspx","external_links_name":"\"M40 Junction 4/A404 Handy Cross Junction Improvement\""},{"Link":"http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/3772.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Handy_Cross_roundabout¶ms=51.6123_N_0.7685_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°36′44″N 0°46′07″W / 51.6123°N 0.7685°W / 51.6123; -0.7685"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Escort_Group_(Ministry_of_Defence_Police)
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Special Escort Group (Ministry of Defence Police)
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["1 Role","2 Location","3 Nuclear accidents","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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British unit transporting nuclear material
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Special Escort GroupActive1991 – presentCountryUnited KingdomBranchAWE DivisionTypeDomestic Law Enforcement, ParamilitaryRoleDefence Nuclear Material Transport Operations, Counter Terrorism and Law EnforcementPart ofMinistry of Defence PoliceNickname(s)SEGMilitary unit
The Special Escort Group (Ministry of Defence Police) or SEG (MDP) are a specialised unit of the Ministry of Defence Police. It is primarily responsible for the movement of all nuclear weapons and Defence Special Nuclear Material within the United Kingdom.
Role
Main article: Defence Nuclear Material Transport Operations
The SEG conduct nuclear weapons convoys, by road, between AWE Burghfield and RNAD Coulport, and special nuclear materials by road, rail, and air. Special nuclear materials within the UK are defined as: tritium, enriched uranium and depleted uranium and plutonium, as well as new and used reactor fuel from Royal Navy submarines.
The SEG provides the staff for the close escort and traffic management of nuclear weapons convoy movements. During these convoy movements it works alongside military personnel from Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines and Atomic Weapons Establishment civilian staff. Rail escorts include radiological safety escorts with railway personnel. There is liaison with local police forces whilst the convoy is en route. Nuclear weapon convoys are regularly monitored by the nuclear disarmament campaigning network NukeWatch UK and convoys have, on occasion, been disrupted by anti-nuclear weapon protesters.
The SEG may escort other Ministry of Defence assets, and has escorted U.S. munitions (such as during Operation Telic). It also provides specialist support, to other units of the Ministry of Defence Police and elsewhere; such as ceremonial duties during the visit of the Queen to HMNB Portsmouth for Trafalgar 200.
Location
The SEG is based at AWE Aldermaston near Reading, Berkshire. Training there includes emergency procedures and tactical firearms support. Exercise scenarios include counter terrorism exercises, anti-nuclear protest tactics and convoy armed security.
Nuclear accidents
In the event of a nuclear accident, responsibility for coordinating a response falls to the Nuclear Accident Response Organisation (NEO), part of the Ministry of Defence. An Immediate Response Force would be embedded within the convoy, or in the case of air transport be ready to fly by helicopter to the scene. Each is commanded by an MoD Incident Co-ordinator. Within 24 hours a Follow on Force can be deployed if required. The Ministry of Defence Police would co-ordinate a joint response with the United States for accidents involving U.S. nuclear warheads or nuclear materials within the United Kingdom.
Detailed public emergency plans are drawn from the Local Authority & Emergency Services Information (LAESI) plans.
See also
Ministry of Defence Police and Guarding Agency
References
^ Talk Through #118 June/July 2004, The magazine of the Ministry of Defence, p16 "Out and about with the SNM" http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/971CA290-0F9B-4092-A360-2A1B69EB806F/0/TT118complete.pdf
^ Talk Through #117 March/April 2004, The magazine of the Ministry of Defence, p14 "Out and about with the Special Escort Group" http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BBD4D320-AD48-47D3-BC6D-6343E5E9663F/0/TT117complete.pdf
^ "Defence Internet | About Defence | DS&C-NAR; Report: Local Authority & Emergency Services Information". www.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
External links
MoD Police Website
Ministry of Defence Police page on the Ministry of Defence Website
Local Authority & Emergency Services Information (LAESI) 4th Edition
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK%27s_nuclear_weapons"},{"link_name":"Defence Special Nuclear Material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_nuclear_material"}],"text":"Military unitThe Special Escort Group (Ministry of Defence Police) or SEG (MDP) are a specialised unit of the Ministry of Defence Police. It is primarily responsible for the movement of all nuclear weapons and Defence Special Nuclear Material within the United Kingdom.","title":"Special Escort Group (Ministry of Defence Police)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons"},{"link_name":"AWE Burghfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment"},{"link_name":"RNAD Coulport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAD_Coulport"},{"link_name":"special nuclear materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_nuclear_material"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tritium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium"},{"link_name":"enriched uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium"},{"link_name":"depleted uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"reactor fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_submarines"},{"link_name":"Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Protection_Group_Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Atomic Weapons Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment"},{"link_name":"radiological safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_safety"},{"link_name":"local police forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Police_forces"},{"link_name":"Nuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"nuclear disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munitions"},{"link_name":"Operation Telic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Telic"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"HMNB Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_200"}],"text":"The SEG conduct nuclear weapons convoys, by road, between AWE Burghfield and RNAD Coulport, and special nuclear materials by road, rail, and air.[1] Special nuclear materials within the UK are defined as: tritium, enriched uranium and depleted uranium and plutonium, as well as new and used reactor fuel from Royal Navy submarines.The SEG provides the staff for the close escort and traffic management of nuclear weapons convoy movements. During these convoy movements it works alongside military personnel from Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines and Atomic Weapons Establishment civilian staff. Rail escorts include radiological safety escorts with railway personnel. There is liaison with local police forces whilst the convoy is en route. Nuclear weapon convoys are regularly monitored by the nuclear disarmament campaigning network NukeWatch UK and convoys have, on occasion, been disrupted by anti-nuclear weapon protesters.[2]The SEG may escort other Ministry of Defence assets, and has escorted U.S. munitions (such as during Operation Telic). It also provides specialist support, to other units of the Ministry of Defence Police and elsewhere; such as ceremonial duties during the visit of the Queen to HMNB Portsmouth for Trafalgar 200.","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AWE Aldermaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Reading, Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"anti-nuclear protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament"}],"text":"The SEG is based at AWE Aldermaston near Reading, Berkshire. Training there includes emergency procedures and tactical firearms support. Exercise scenarios include counter terrorism exercises, anti-nuclear protest tactics and convoy armed security.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_Emergency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Accident Response Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_Emergency_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the event of a nuclear accident, responsibility for coordinating a response falls to the Nuclear Accident Response Organisation (NEO), part of the Ministry of Defence. An Immediate Response Force would be embedded within the convoy, or in the case of air transport be ready to fly by helicopter to the scene. Each is commanded by an MoD Incident Co-ordinator. Within 24 hours a Follow on Force can be deployed if required. The Ministry of Defence Police would co-ordinate a joint response with the United States for accidents involving U.S. nuclear warheads or nuclear materials within the United Kingdom.Detailed public emergency plans are drawn from the Local Authority & Emergency Services Information (LAESI) plans.[3]","title":"Nuclear accidents"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Ministry of Defence Police and Guarding Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police_and_Guarding_Agency"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Defence Internet | About Defence | DS&C-NAR; Report: Local Authority & Emergency Services Information\". www.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060816004202/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/Reports/OtherPublications/DSC/DsandcnarReportLocalAuthorityEmergencyServicesInformation.htm","url_text":"\"Defence Internet | About Defence | DS&C-NAR; Report: Local Authority & Emergency Services Information\""},{"url":"http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/Reports/OtherPublications/DSC/DsandcnarReportLocalAuthorityEmergencyServicesInformation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_Escort_Group_(Ministry_of_Defence_Police)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/971CA290-0F9B-4092-A360-2A1B69EB806F/0/TT118complete.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/971CA290-0F9B-4092-A360-2A1B69EB806F/0/TT118complete.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BBD4D320-AD48-47D3-BC6D-6343E5E9663F/0/TT117complete.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BBD4D320-AD48-47D3-BC6D-6343E5E9663F/0/TT117complete.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060816004202/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/Reports/OtherPublications/DSC/DsandcnarReportLocalAuthorityEmergencyServicesInformation.htm","external_links_name":"\"Defence Internet | About Defence | DS&C-NAR; Report: Local Authority & Emergency Services Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/Reports/OtherPublications/DSC/DsandcnarReportLocalAuthorityEmergencyServicesInformation.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mod.police.uk/","external_links_name":"MoD Police Website"},{"Link":"http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/SecurityandIntelligence/MDPGA/MinistryOfDefencePolice.htm","external_links_name":"Ministry of Defence Police page on the Ministry of Defence Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060829082259/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/Reports/OtherPublications/DSC/DsandcnarReportLocalAuthorityEmergencyServicesInformation.htm","external_links_name":"Local Authority & Emergency Services Information (LAESI) 4th Edition"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebroyd
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Kebroyd
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["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°41′10″N 1°56′10″W / 53.686°N 1.936°W / 53.686; -1.936Human settlement in EnglandKebroydKebroyd view from Halifax RoadKebroydShow map of CalderdaleKebroydLocation within West YorkshireShow map of West YorkshireOS grid referenceSE 04363 21094Civil parishRippondenMetropolitan boroughCalderdaleMetropolitan countyWest YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSowerby BridgeDialling code01422PoliceWest YorkshireFireWest YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
53°41′10″N 1°56′10″W / 53.686°N 1.936°W / 53.686; -1.936
Kebroyd is a small hamlet in the civil parish of Ripponden, in the Calderdale district, in West Yorkshire, England, within the valley of the River Ryburn, between Sowerby Bridge and Ripponden. Kebroyd has an approximate population of 548 people as per the UK 2011 census (Output Area E00055242 and E00055241).
History
The name Kebroyd is believed to have derived from the Old English words "keb" and "royd", keb meaning "shelter for lambs" or "old sheep", and "royd" meaning clearing. The hamlet has a rich history, with evidence of human settlement dating back to the Iron Age.
During the Industrial Revolution, Calderdale became a hub for textile manufacturing, with several mills being established in the area including Kebroyd Silk Mills.
There are several Grade II listed buildings dating to the 17th century in Kebroyd, including Kebroyd Hall, Denton House and the row of Mill cottages on Halifax Road.
Gallery
Kebroyd Lane
Halifax Road
Kebroyd Avenue
References
^ "Custom report - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
^ "Custom report - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
^ "Place-Names of South-West Yorkshire (1913) by Armitage Goodall - Huddersfield Exposed: Exploring the History of the Huddersfield Area". huddersfield.exposed.
^ "Calderdale history timeline 1100 - 1400AD". www.calderdale.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
^ Bartley, David D. (March 1975). "POLLEN ANALYTICAL EVIDENCE FOR PREHISTORIC FOREST CLEARANCE IN THE UPLAND AREA WEST OF RISHWORTH. W. YORKSHIRE". New Phytologist. 74 (2): 375–381. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1975.tb02624.x. ISSN 0028-646X.
^ Carr, Julien (2018). Mills of Rishworth Valley (1st ed.). Ryburn Valley History Society. p. 18.
^ Historic England. "1-7 Kebroyd Hall, Ripponden (1277317)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
^ Historic England. "Denton House, Ripponden (1231963)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Ripponden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripponden"},{"link_name":"Calderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderdale"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Ryburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ryburn"},{"link_name":"Sowerby Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowerby_Bridge"},{"link_name":"UK 2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census"},{"link_name":"E00055242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E00055242"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"E00055241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E00055241"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandKebroyd is a small hamlet in the civil parish of Ripponden, in the Calderdale district, in West Yorkshire, England, within the valley of the River Ryburn, between Sowerby Bridge and Ripponden. Kebroyd has an approximate population of 548 people as per the UK 2011 census (Output Area E00055242[1] and E00055241).[2]","title":"Kebroyd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"textile manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The name Kebroyd is believed to have derived from the Old English words \"keb\" and \"royd\", keb meaning \"shelter for lambs\" or \"old sheep\",[3] and \"royd\" meaning clearing.[4] The hamlet has a rich history, with evidence of human settlement dating back to the Iron Age.[5]During the Industrial Revolution, Calderdale became a hub for textile manufacturing, with several mills being established in the area including Kebroyd Silk Mills.[6]There are several Grade II listed buildings dating to the 17th century in Kebroyd, including Kebroyd Hall, Denton House and the row of Mill cottages on Halifax Road.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kebroyd_Lane.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halifax_Road_Kebroyd.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kebroyd_Avenue_in_Kebroyd.jpg"}],"text":"Kebroyd Lane\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHalifax Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKebroyd Avenue","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvazhiyambalam
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Peruvazhiyambalam
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Accolades","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article is about the 1979 film. For the novel it is based on, see Peruvazhiyambalam (novel).
1979 Indian filmPeruvazhiyambalamBharat Gopy, Ashokan and K. P. A. C. Lalitha in a still from the filmDirected byPadmarajanWritten byPadmarajanBased onPeruvazhiyambalamby PadmarajanStarringAshokanBharat GopyJose PrakashK. P. A. C. AzeezK. P. A. C. LalithaRameshGeethaCinematographyKannan NarayananEdited byRaviMusic byM. G. RadhakrishnanProductioncompanyPrakash MovieToneRelease date
6 August 1979 (1979-08-06)
CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam
Peruvazhiyambalam (transl. High Road Temple) is a 1979 Indian Malayalam-language crime drama film written and directed by P. Padmarajan, based on his novel of the same name. The film was Padmarajan's directorial debut and the acting debut of Ashokan, who played the central character, Raman. It was one of the last black-and-white Malayalam films.
The Hindu described this film as one of the finest films in Malayalam. It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam. The film was included in IBN Live's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time.
Plot
This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fifteen-year-old Raman lives alone with his older sister Bhagyam, their parents having died several years prior. The town bully Prabhakaran Pillai is killed by Raman. He escapes from murder charges by hiding from the police with the help of a teashop owner Viswambharan and a prostitute.
Cast
Ashokan as Raman/Mani
Bharat Gopy as Viswambharan
Jose Prakash as Paramu Nair
Sukumari as Paramu Nair's wife
K. P. A. C. Azeez as Prabhakaran Pillai
Santhakumari as Prabhakaran Pillai's wife
K P A C Lalitha as Kunnumpurath Devayani, the prostitute
Krishnan Kutty Nair as Vaidhyan
Valsala Premdevdas
Chandrika
Santhosh Kumar
Muthukulam K.G.
Giri
George Joseph
A.N. Nair
V.T. Thomas
Rathi
Bobby
Madhavikutty
Accolades
National Film Awards
Best Feature Film in Malayalam
Kerala State Film Awards
Second Best Film
Best Story – Padmarajan
References
^ "How Padmarajan's 'Peruvazhiyambalam' is forerunner to Malayalam's angry-young-men films". The News Minute. 5 January 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ Vijayakumar, B. (28 January 2018). "Peruvazhiyambalam: 1979". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Venkiteswaran, C. S. (21 January 2010). "Storyteller beyond compare". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time". IBN Live. 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
^ "State Film Awards". Kerala Government. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
External links
Peruvazhiyambalam at IMDb
vteWorks by PadmarajanFilmsDirector & Writer
Peruvazhiyambalam (1979)
Oridathoru Phayalvaan (1981)
Kallan Pavithran (1981)
Novemberinte Nashtam (1982)
Koodevide (1983)
Parannu Parannu Parannu (1984)
Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam (1985)
Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal (1986)
Kariyilakkattu Pole (1986)
Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil (1986)
Deshadanakkili Karayarilla (1986)
Nombarathi Poovu (1986)
Thoovanathumbikal (1987)
Aparan (1988)
Moonnam Pakkam (1988)
Season (1989)
Innale (1990)
Njan Gandharvan (1991)
Writer
Prayanam (1975)
Itha Ivide Vare (1977)
Nakshathrangale Kaaval (1978)
Rappadikalude Gatha (1978)
Rathinirvedam (1978)
Sathrathil Oru Raathri (1978)
Shalini Ente Koottukari (1978)
Vadakakku Oru Hridayam (1978)
Kochu Kochu Thettukal (1979)
Thakara (1979)
Lorry (1980)
Savithiri (1980)
Idavela (1982)
Kaikeyi (1983)
Eenam (1983)
Kanamarayathu (1984)
Ozhivukaalam (1985)
Karimpinpoovinakkare (1985)
Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu (1990)
Rathinirvedam (2011)
Story only
Thanmathra (2005)
Kaattu (2017)
Novels
Nakshathrangale Kaaval
Vadakakkoru Hridhyam
Rithubhedhangalude Paarithoshikam
Udakappola
Itha Ivide Vare
Shavavahanangalum Thedi
Manju Kaalam Notta Kuthira
Prathimayum Rajakumariyum
Novelettes
Onnu Randu Moonnu
Peruvazhiyambalam
Thakara
Rathinirvedam
Jalajwala
Nanmakalude Sooryan
Vikramakaaleeswaram
Short stories
Lola Milford Enna American Penkidaavu
Prahelika
Aparan
Pukakkannada
Mattullavarude Venal
Padmarajante Kadhakal
Kaivariyude Thekke Attam
Syphilisinte Nadakkavu
Kazhinja Vasantha Kaalathil
vteNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam1954–1960
Neelakuyil (1954)
– (1955)
– (1956)
Padatha Painkili (1957)
– (1958)
– (1959)
– (1960)
Certificate of Merit
Snehaseema (1954)
– (1955)
– (1956)
– (1957)
Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu and Randidangazhi (1958)
Chathurangam (1959)
– (1960)
1961–1980
Mudiyanaya Puthran (1961)
– (1962)
Ninamaninja Kalpadukal (1963)
Aadyakiranangal/ Thacholi Othenan (film) (1964)
Kavyamela (1965)
Kunjali Marakkar (1966)
Anweshichu Kandethiyilla (1967)
Adhyapika (1968)
Adimakal (1969)
Ezhuthatha Katha (1970)
Karakanakadal (1971)
Panitheeratha Veedu (1972)
Gayathri (1973)
Uttarayanam (1974)
Swapnadanam (1975)
Manimuzhakkam (1976)
Kodiyettam (1977)
Thampu (1978)
Peruvazhiyambalam (1979)
Yagam (1980)
Certificate of Merit
Kandam Becha Kottu and Sabarimala Ayyappan (1961)
Puthiya Akasam Puthiya Bhoomi and Kalpadukal (1962)
Doctor and Kalayum Kaminiyum (1963)
Kudumbini (1964)
Odayil Ninnu and Murappennu (1965)
Discontinued after 1965
1981–2000
Elippathayam (1981)
Chappo (1982)
Malamukalile Daivam (1983)
Mukhamukham (1984)
Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam (1985)
Uppu (1986)
Purushartham (1987)
Rukmini (1988)
Mathilukal (1989)
Vasthuhara (1990)
Kadavu (1991)
Swaroopam (1992)
Vidheyan (1993)
Sukrutham (1994)
Ormakalundayirikkanam (1995)
Desadanam (1996)
Mangamma (1997)
Agnisakshi (1998)
Punaradhivasam (1999)
Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal (2000)
2001–2020
Sayanam (2001)
Dany (2001)
Nizhalkuthu (2002)
Saphalam (2003)
Akale (2004)
Thanmathra (2005)
Drishtantham (2006)
Ore Kadal (2007)
Thirakkatha (2008)
Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (2009)
Veettilekkulla Vazhi (2010)
Indian Rupee (2011)
Celluloid (2012)
North 24 Kaatham (2013)
Ain (2014)
Pathemari (2015)
Maheshinte Prathikaaram (2016)
Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum (2017)
Sudani from Nigeria (2018)
Kalla Nottam (2019)
Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam (2020)
2021–present
Home (2021)
|
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Talton
|
Robert Talton
|
["1 Life and career","2 References"]
|
American politician
Robert TaltonMember of the Texas House of Representativesfrom the 144th districtIn officeJanuary 12, 1993 – January 13, 2009Succeeded byKen Legler
Personal detailsBornRobert Edwin Talton (1945-06-27) June 27, 1945 (age 78)Pasadena, Texas, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseSue TaltonChildren2Alma materUniversity of HoustonSouth Texas College of Law Houston
Robert Edwin Talton (born June 27, 1945) is an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 144th district of the Texas House of Representatives.
Life and career
Born in Pasadena, Texas, Talton attended Pasadena High School. He went on to the University of Houston, where he earned his bachelor's degree, and the South Texas College of Law Houston, where he earned a Juris Doctor degree.
In 1993, he was elected to represebt the 144th district of the Texas House of Representatives. In 2009, Talton was succeeded by Ken Legler.
Talton was a candidate for the 22nd district of Texas of the United States House of Representatives in 2008, but lost the election. He has also been a candidate to serve as the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Texas, running against Nathan Hecht.
References
^ a b c d "Robert Talton". Legislative Reference Library of Texas. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ a b c d e f "Robert Talton's Biography". Vote Smart. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ a b Dunham, Richard (February 7, 2008). "22nd District congressional candidates speak out: Robert Talton". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ "1992 General Election 11/3/1992, House District 144", Texas State Elections, February 8, 2014
^ "2008 General Election 11/4/2008, House District 144", Texas State Elections, February 8, 2014
^ "Former legislator Robert Talton seeks to unseat Texas Supreme Court justice". Dallas Morning News. December 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
This article about a Texas politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Republican member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"144th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_144th_House_of_Representatives_district"},{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-1"}],"text":"Robert Edwin Talton (born June 27, 1945)[2] is an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 144th district of the Texas House of Representatives.[1]","title":"Robert Talton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasadena, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"Pasadena High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_High_School_(Pasadena,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-3"},{"link_name":"South Texas College of Law Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas_College_of_Law_Houston"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"144th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_144th_House_of_Representatives_district"},{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ken Legler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Legler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate"},{"link_name":"22nd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-3"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hecht"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-6"}],"text":"Born in Pasadena, Texas,[2] Talton attended Pasadena High School. He went on to the University of Houston, where he earned his bachelor's degree,[2][3] and the South Texas College of Law Houston, where he earned a Juris Doctor degree.[2]In 1993, he was elected to represebt the 144th district of the Texas House of Representatives.[1][4] In 2009, Talton was succeeded by Ken Legler.[1][5]Talton was a candidate for the 22nd district of Texas of the United States House of Representatives in 2008, but lost the election.[3] He has also been a candidate to serve as the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Texas, running against Nathan Hecht.[6]","title":"Life and career"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Robert Talton\". Legislative Reference Library of Texas. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lrl.texas.gov/mobile/memberDisplay.cfm?memberID=242","url_text":"\"Robert Talton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Talton's Biography\". Vote Smart. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/5586/robert-talton","url_text":"\"Robert Talton's Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Dunham, Richard (February 7, 2008). \"22nd District congressional candidates speak out: Robert Talton\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2008/02/22nd-district-congressional-candidates-speak-out-robert-talton/","url_text":"\"22nd District congressional candidates speak out: Robert Talton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"1992 General Election 11/3/1992, House District 144\", Texas State Elections, February 8, 2014","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"2008 General Election 11/4/2008, House District 144\", Texas State Elections, February 8, 2014","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Former legislator Robert Talton seeks to unseat Texas Supreme Court justice\". Dallas Morning News. December 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-politics/2013/12/09/former-legislator-robert-talton-seeks-to-unseat-texas-supreme-court-justice","url_text":"\"Former legislator Robert Talton seeks to unseat Texas Supreme Court justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"Dallas Morning News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181008090516/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-politics/2013/12/09/former-legislator-robert-talton-seeks-to-unseat-texas-supreme-court-justice","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://lrl.texas.gov/mobile/memberDisplay.cfm?memberID=242","external_links_name":"\"Robert Talton\""},{"Link":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/5586/robert-talton","external_links_name":"\"Robert Talton's Biography\""},{"Link":"https://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2008/02/22nd-district-congressional-candidates-speak-out-robert-talton/","external_links_name":"\"22nd District congressional candidates speak out: Robert Talton\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-politics/2013/12/09/former-legislator-robert-talton-seeks-to-unseat-texas-supreme-court-justice","external_links_name":"\"Former legislator Robert Talton seeks to unseat Texas Supreme Court justice\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181008090516/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-politics/2013/12/09/former-legislator-robert-talton-seeks-to-unseat-texas-supreme-court-justice","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Talton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Regional_Health_(New_South_Wales)
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Minister for Regional Health (New South Wales)
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["1 List of ministers","2 References"]
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Government minister in New South Wales, Australia
Minister for Regional HealthIncumbentRyan Parksince 28 March 2023Ministry of HealthStyleThe HonourableAppointerGovernor of New South WalesFormation21 December 2021
The Minister for Regional Health is a minister in the New South Wales Government with responsibility for hospitals and health services in regional New South Wales, Australia.
The inaugural minister was Bronnie Taylor between December 2021 and March 2023. Taylor has stated that her role was created to fix issues in NSW regional hospitals that had been identified by a parliamentary inquiry.
The current minister is Ryan Park, who is also the Minister for Health. Together with the Minister for Mental Health and Minister for Medical Research, they administered the health portfolio through the Health cluster, including the Ministry of Health and a range of other government agencies, including local health districts and the NSW Ambulance service.
In the Minns ministry there are two other ministers with specific regional responsibility:
Minister for Regional New South Wales, Tara Moriarty
Minister for Regional Transport and Roads, Jenny Aitchison.
List of ministers
The following individuals have served as Minister for regional health, or any precedent titles:
Title
Minister
Party
Ministry
Term start
Term end
Time in office
Notes
Minister for Regional Health
Bronnie Taylor
National
Perrottet (2)
21 December 2021
28 March 2023
1 year, 97 days
Minister for Health and Regional Health
Ryan Park
Labor
Minns
28 March 2023
5 April 2023
1 year, 79 days
Minister for Regional Health
5 April 2023
incumbent
References
^ Fellner, Carrie (3 March 2022). "'Mrs Fix It' and a new taskforce to tackle failings in NSW hospitals". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Health outcomes and access to health and hospital services in rural, regional and remote New South Wales". Portfolio Committee No 2 - Health. Parliament of NSW. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "NSW Health chiefs apologise for 'regrettable' outcomes as 'raw and deeply emotional' inquiry ends". ABC News. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ a b "Part 6 Ministries since 1856" (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Record. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "Administrative Arrangements (Second Perrottet Ministry—Allocation of Acts and Agencies) Order 2021". Legislation NSW. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ "Parliament, Ministerial, Courts and Police (662)" (PDF). Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 21 December 2021.
vteGovernment of New South WalesExecutive
Monarch
Governor
Lieutenant-Governor
Executive Council
Premier
Deputy Premier
Attorney General
Treasurer
Leader in the Legislative Council
Cabinet
Entities
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Leader
MPs
Electoral districts
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President
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Supreme Court
District Court
Local Court
Other courts and tribunals
Elections
2007
2011
2015
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Animal Justice
Legalise Cannabis
Liberal Democrats
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Other parties
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bronnie Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronnie_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ryan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Park_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ministries-4"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_government_agencies#Clusters"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"local health districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_South_Wales)#Local_Health_Districts"},{"link_name":"NSW Ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Ambulance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Minns ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minns_ministry"},{"link_name":"regional responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_minister_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Minister for Regional New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Regional_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Tara Moriarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Moriarty"},{"link_name":"Minister for Regional Transport and Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Regional_Transport_and_Roads_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Jenny Aitchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Aitchison"}],"text":"The Minister for Regional Health is a minister in the New South Wales Government with responsibility for hospitals and health services in regional New South Wales, Australia.The inaugural minister was Bronnie Taylor between December 2021 and March 2023. Taylor has stated that her role was created to fix issues in NSW regional hospitals that had been identified by a parliamentary inquiry.[1][2][3]The current minister is Ryan Park, who is also the Minister for Health.[4] Together with the Minister for Mental Health and Minister for Medical Research, they administered the health portfolio through the Health cluster, including the Ministry of Health and a range of other government agencies, including local health districts and the NSW Ambulance service.[5]In the Minns ministry there are two other ministers with specific regional responsibility:Minister for Regional New South Wales, Tara Moriarty\nMinister for Regional Transport and Roads, Jenny Aitchison.","title":"Minister for Regional Health (New South Wales)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following individuals have served as Minister for regional health, or any precedent titles:","title":"List of ministers"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Fellner, Carrie (3 March 2022). \"'Mrs Fix It' and a new taskforce to tackle failings in NSW hospitals\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/mrs-fix-it-and-a-new-taskforce-to-tackle-failings-in-nsw-hospitals-20220303-p5a1fp.html","url_text":"\"'Mrs Fix It' and a new taskforce to tackle failings in NSW hospitals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Health outcomes and access to health and hospital services in rural, regional and remote New South Wales\". Portfolio Committee No 2 - Health. Parliament of NSW. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/committees/inquiries/Pages/inquiry-details.aspx?pk=2615","url_text":"\"Health outcomes and access to health and hospital services in rural, regional and remote New South Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"NSW Health chiefs apologise for 'regrettable' outcomes as 'raw and deeply emotional' inquiry ends\". ABC News. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-02/nsw-health-apologises-for-standard-of-care-as-inquiry-wraps/100798624","url_text":"\"NSW Health chiefs apologise for 'regrettable' outcomes as 'raw and deeply emotional' inquiry ends\""}]},{"reference":"\"Part 6 Ministries since 1856\" (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Record. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Documents/Part%206%20combined.pdf","url_text":"\"Part 6 Ministries since 1856\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Administrative Arrangements (Second Perrottet Ministry—Allocation of Acts and Agencies) Order 2021\". Legislation NSW. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/pdf/asmade/sl-2021-789","url_text":"\"Administrative Arrangements (Second Perrottet Ministry—Allocation of Acts and Agencies) Order 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parliament, Ministerial, Courts and Police (662)\" (PDF). Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.legislation.nsw.gov.au/so/download.w3p?id=Gazette_2021_2021-662.pdf","url_text":"\"Parliament, Ministerial, Courts and Police (662)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_of_the_State_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/mrs-fix-it-and-a-new-taskforce-to-tackle-failings-in-nsw-hospitals-20220303-p5a1fp.html","external_links_name":"\"'Mrs Fix It' and a new taskforce to tackle failings in NSW hospitals\""},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/committees/inquiries/Pages/inquiry-details.aspx?pk=2615","external_links_name":"\"Health outcomes and access to health and hospital services in rural, regional and remote New South Wales\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-02/nsw-health-apologises-for-standard-of-care-as-inquiry-wraps/100798624","external_links_name":"\"NSW Health chiefs apologise for 'regrettable' outcomes as 'raw and deeply emotional' inquiry ends\""},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Documents/Part%206%20combined.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Part 6 Ministries since 1856\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/pdf/asmade/sl-2021-789","external_links_name":"\"Administrative Arrangements (Second Perrottet Ministry—Allocation of Acts and Agencies) Order 2021\""},{"Link":"https://gazette.legislation.nsw.gov.au/so/download.w3p?id=Gazette_2021_2021-662.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Parliament, Ministerial, Courts and Police (662)\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Post
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Korea Post
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["1 Functions","2 Organization","3 Investments","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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South Korean postal service
This article is about the postal service of the Republic of Korea. For the postal service of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, see North Korean Postal Service.
Korea PostHeadquarters in Sejong City, South Korea (2016)Company typeGovernment statutory agencyIndustryLogistics, distribution, financeFoundedMarch 27, 1884; 140 years ago (1884-03-27) (as Department of Postal Administration)July 1, 1946; 77 years ago (1946-07-01) (as Ministry of Post and Communication)July 1, 2000; 23 years ago (2000-07-01) (as Korea Post)HeadquartersSejong City, South KoreaKey peopleKang Seong Ju (President of Korea Post)ProductsNational/international mail delivery and special handling, third-party logistics, insurance, banking/postal savingsRevenue2,333,583,000,000 KRW (2013)ParentMinistry of Science and ICTWebsitekoreapost.go.kr
Korea PostHangul우정사업본부Hanja郵政事業本部Revised RomanizationUjeong Sa-eop BonbuMcCune–ReischauerUjŏng Saŏp PonbuKorea Post is the national postal service of South Korea, under the authority of the Ministry of Science and ICT, formerly Ministry of Knowledge Economy until 2013. Korea Post is in charge of postal service, postal banking, and insurance services. Its headquarters are in Sejong City.
Functions
Korea Post is charged with providing the following postal and financial services at post offices:
Basic postal service (handling and delivering mail and parcels)
Additional postal services (registered mail, customer pickup, P.O. Box, sales of local products by mail order and postal errand service)
Postal savings, money orders and postal giro
Postal insurance.
Organization
Two divisions with four bureaus
Affiliated agencies:
Korea Post Officials Training Institute
Korea Post Information Centre
Supply and Construction Office of Korea Post
Regional Communications Offices in Seoul, Gyeongin, Busan, Chungcheong, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Jeongbuk, Kangwon, Jeju
3,631 post offices
Investments
Korea Post invests in a wide variety of assets. In 2016, Korea Post invested in its first French property.
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of South Korea
South Korean postal codes
References
^ "Korea Post Makes Inaugural Direct Property Investment in Paris". Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Korea Post.
Korea Post (in Korean and English)
ePost (in Korean)
vtePostal administrations of Asia
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Egypt
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India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Authority control databases
Te Papa (New Zealand)
This government-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Korea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korean Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_ICT"},{"link_name":"postal service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"postal banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_savings_system"},{"link_name":"Sejong City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_City"}],"text":"This article is about the postal service of the Republic of Korea. For the postal service of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, see North Korean Postal Service.Korea Post is the national postal service of South Korea, under the authority of the Ministry of Science and ICT, formerly Ministry of Knowledge Economy until 2013. Korea Post is in charge of postal service, postal banking, and insurance services. Its headquarters are in Sejong City.","title":"Korea Post"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"registered mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_mail"},{"link_name":"P.O. Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-office_box"},{"link_name":"mail order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order"},{"link_name":"money orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_order"},{"link_name":"giro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_(banking)"}],"text":"Korea Post is charged with providing the following postal and financial services at post offices:Basic postal service (handling and delivering mail and parcels)\nAdditional postal services (registered mail, customer pickup, P.O. Box, sales of local products by mail order and postal errand service)\nPostal savings, money orders and postal giro\nPostal insurance.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two divisions with four bureaus\nAffiliated agencies:\nKorea Post Officials Training Institute\nKorea Post Information Centre\nSupply and Construction Office of Korea Post\nRegional Communications Offices in Seoul, Gyeongin, Busan, Chungcheong, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Jeongbuk, Kangwon, Jeju\n3,631 post offices","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Korea Post invests in a wide variety of assets. In 2016, Korea Post invested in its first French property.[1]","title":"Investments"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Postage stamps and postal history of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_South_Korea"},{"title":"South Korean postal codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korean_postal_codes&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Korea Post Makes Inaugural Direct Property Investment in Paris\". Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. Retrieved 2016-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/korea-post-makes-inaugural-direct-property-investment-in-paris/","url_text":"\"Korea Post Makes Inaugural Direct Property Investment in Paris\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.koreapost.go.kr/","external_links_name":"koreapost.go.kr"},{"Link":"http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/korea-post-makes-inaugural-direct-property-investment-in-paris/","external_links_name":"\"Korea Post Makes Inaugural Direct Property Investment in Paris\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreapost.go.kr/","external_links_name":"Korea Post"},{"Link":"http://www.epost.go.kr/","external_links_name":"ePost"},{"Link":"https://parcel.epost.go.kr/parcel/use_guide/charge_1.jsp","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/45103","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea_Post&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea_Post&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZJ_theorem
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ZJ theorem
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["1 Notation and definitions","2 References"]
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In mathematics, George Glauberman's ZJ theorem states that if a finite group G is p-constrained and p-stable and has a normal p-subgroup for some odd prime p, then Op′(G)Z(J(S)) is a normal subgroup of G, for any Sylow p-subgroup S.
Notation and definitions
J(S) is the Thompson subgroup of a p-group S: the subgroup generated by the abelian subgroups of maximal order.
Z(H) means the center of a group H.
Op′ is the maximal normal subgroup of G of order coprime to p, the p′-core
Op is the maximal normal p-subgroup of G, the p-core.
Op′,p(G) is the maximal normal p-nilpotent subgroup of G, the p′,p-core, part of the upper p-series.
For an odd prime p, a group G with Op(G) ≠ 1 is said to be p-stable if whenever P is a p-subgroup of G such that POp′(G) is normal in G, and = 1, then the image of x in NG(P)/CG(P) is contained in a normal p-subgroup of NG(P)/CG(P).
For an odd prime p, a group G with Op(G) ≠ 1 is said to be p-constrained if the centralizer CG(P) is contained in Op′,p(G) whenever P is a Sylow p-subgroup of Op′,p(G).
References
Glauberman, George (1968), "A characteristic subgroup of a p-stable group", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 20: 1101–1135, doi:10.4153/cjm-1968-107-2, ISSN 0008-414X, MR 0230807
Gorenstein, D. (1980), Finite Groups, New York: Chelsea, ISBN 978-0-8284-0301-6, MR 0569209
Thompson, John G. (1969), "A replacement theorem for p-groups and a conjecture", Journal of Algebra, 13 (2): 149–151, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(69)90068-4, ISSN 0021-8693, MR 0245683
This abstract algebra-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ZJ theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thompson subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_subgroup"},{"link_name":"abelian subgroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"p′-core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(group_theory)#The_p-core"},{"link_name":"p-subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-group"},{"link_name":"p-core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-core"},{"link_name":"p-nilpotent subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-nilpotent_group"},{"link_name":"p′,p-core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(group_theory)#The_p-core"},{"link_name":"upper p-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_p-series"},{"link_name":"p-stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-stable_group"},{"link_name":"p-constrained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-constrained_group"},{"link_name":"centralizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralizer"},{"link_name":"Sylow p-subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylow_subgroup"}],"text":"J(S) is the Thompson subgroup of a p-group S: the subgroup generated by the abelian subgroups of maximal order.\nZ(H) means the center of a group H.\nOp′ is the maximal normal subgroup of G of order coprime to p, the p′-core\nOp is the maximal normal p-subgroup of G, the p-core.\nOp′,p(G) is the maximal normal p-nilpotent subgroup of G, the p′,p-core, part of the upper p-series.\nFor an odd prime p, a group G with Op(G) ≠ 1 is said to be p-stable if whenever P is a p-subgroup of G such that POp′(G) is normal in G, and [P,x,x] = 1, then the image of x in NG(P)/CG(P) is contained in a normal p-subgroup of NG(P)/CG(P).\nFor an odd prime p, a group G with Op(G) ≠ 1 is said to be p-constrained if the centralizer CG(P) is contained in Op′,p(G) whenever P is a Sylow p-subgroup of Op′,p(G).","title":"Notation and definitions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme
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Cheadle Hulme
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["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Modern history","2 Governance","3 Geography","4 Demography","5 Economy","6 Landmarks","7 Transport","7.1 Road","7.2 Railway","7.3 Buses","7.4 Air","8 Education","9 Culture","9.1 Venues","9.2 Fitness and leisure facilities","9.3 Religion","10 Notable people","11 See also","12 References","13 Bibliography"]
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Coordinates: 53°22′34″N 2°11′23″W / 53.3761°N 2.1897°W / 53.3761; -2.1897Suburb of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England
Human settlement in EnglandCheadle HulmeThe cenotaph, on the corner of Ravenoak Road and Manor RoadCheadle HulmeLocation within Greater ManchesterArea8.37 km2 (3.23 sq mi)Population26,479 (2011)• Density3,164/km2 (8,190/sq mi)OS grid referenceSJ872870• London157 mi (253 km) SEMetropolitan boroughStockportMetropolitan countyGreater ManchesterRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCHEADLEPostcode districtSK8Dialling code0161PoliceGreater ManchesterFireGreater ManchesterAmbulanceNorth West
UK ParliamentCheadle
List of places
UK
England
Greater Manchester
53°22′34″N 2°11′23″W / 53.3761°N 2.1897°W / 53.3761; -2.1897
Cheadle Hulme (/ˌtʃiːdəl ˈhjuːm/) is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England,. Historically in Cheshire, it is 2 miles (3.2 km) south-west of Stockport and 8 miles (12.9 km) south-east of Manchester. It lies in the Ladybrook Valley, on the Cheshire Plain, and the drift consists mostly of boulder clay, sands and gravels. In 2011, it had a population of 26,479.
Evidence of Bronze Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon activity, including coins, jewellery and axes, have been discovered locally. The area was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 when it was a large estate which included neighbouring Cheadle. In the early 14th century, it was split into southern and northern parts at about the future locations of Cheadle Hulme and Cheadle respectively. The area was acquired by the Moseley family in the 17th century and became known as Cheadle Moseley. Unlike many English villages, it did not grow around a church; instead it formed from several hamlets, many of which retain their names as neighbourhoods within Cheadle Hulme. In the late 19th century, Cheadle Hulme was united with Cheadle, Gatley and other neighbouring places to form the urban district of Cheadle and Gatley. This district was abolished in 1974 and Cheadle Hulme became a part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport.
Cheadle Hulme has good transport links, with its own railway station and is in close proximity to Manchester Airport, the M60 motorway and the A34 road.
History
Early history
The Domesday Book provides the earliest mention of the area, where it is recorded as "Cedde", Celtic for "wood". Local archaeological finds include Bronze Age axes discovered in Cheadle. Evidence of Roman occupation includes coins and jewellery, which were found in 1972, and the modern-day Cheadle Road, originally known as Street Lane, may be of Roman origin. A stone cross dedicated to the Anglo-Saxon St Chad, uncovered in 1873, indicates Anglo-Saxon activity. The cross was found in an area called "Chad Hill", on the banks of Micker Brook near its confluence with the River Mersey; this area became "Chedle". Suggestions for the origin of the name include the words cedde, and leigh or leah, in Old English meaning "clearing", forming the modern day "Cheadle". "Hulme" may have been derived from the Old Norse word for "water meadow" or "island in the fen".
According to the Domesday Book in 1086, the modern-day Cheadle and Cheadle Hulme were a single large estate. Valued at £20, it was described as "large and important" and "a wood three leagues (about 9 miles (14 km)) long and half as broad". One of the earliest owners of the property was the Earl of Chester. It was held by a Gamel, a free Saxon, under Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, and later became the property of the de Chedle family, who took their name from the land they owned. By June 1294 Geoffrey de Chedle was Lord of the Manor. Geoffrey's descendant Robert (or Roger) died in the early 1320s, leaving the estate to his wife Matilda who held it until her death in 1326. As there were no male heirs the manor, which was now worth £30 per annum, was divided between her daughters, Clemence and Agnes. Clemence inherited the southern half (which would later become the modern-day Cheadle Hulme), and Agnes inherited the northern half (latterly Cheadle). The two areas became known as "Chedle Holme" and "Chedle Bulkeley" respectively. Shortly afterwards the Chedle Holme estate was divided and the part where Hulme Hall is now situated became known as "Holme", and held by the Vernons. The estates were reunified on the death of the last of the Vernons in 1476.
The Hesketh Tavern, on Hulme Hall Road, was a public house. It was built on the site of another public house, the Horse & Jockey, in 1864 and named after the family who once owned the manor.
The only daughter of Clemence and William de Bagulegh, Isabel de Bagulegh, succeeded her parents as owner of the manor, and married Sir Thomas Danyers. Danyers was rewarded for his efforts in the crusades through an annual payment from the King of 40 marks, as well as the gift of Lyme Hall. His daughter Margaret continued to receive payments after his death.
The first John Savage succeeded Margaret, and nine more followed him. The tenth died young, so the estate passed to his brother, Thomas Savage. In 1626 Charles I created the title of Viscount Savage for him. On his death the estate passed to his daughter Joan, who later married John Paulet, 5th Marquess of Winchester. Joan died during childbirth at the age of 23, and the estate passed to the Marquess. The Marquess practised Catholicism, and in 1643 the estate was confiscated due to persecution of Catholics in the English Civil War.
Following this, the estate was acquired by the Moseley family of Manchester and became known as Cheadle Moseley. Anne Moseley was the last of this family to hold the manor, as her husband could not afford to keep it following her death. It was purchased by John Davenport, who bequeathed it to the Bamford family when he died childless in 1760. After the last Bamford died without male issue in 1806, the estate passed to Robert Hesketh who took the name Bamford-Hesketh; it is from this family that the Hesketh Tavern public house in Cheadle Hulme got its name. The last person to hold the manor was Winifred, Countess of Dundonald, one of Bamford-Hesketh's descendants.
Modern history
Prior to 1868, Cheadle Moseley was a township within the ancient parish of Cheadle. Its population more than doubled during the first half of the 19th century, rising from 971 in 1801 to 2,319 in 1851. Cheadle Moseley became a civil parish in 1868. In 1879, it was merged with neighbouring Cheadle Bulkeley to form the civil parish of Cheadle. Cheadle parish went on to become part of the newly formed Cheadle and Gatley district in 1894. The name "Cheadle Moseley" continued to be used for the area, and appeared on tithes and deeds until the 20th century. In 1974, the Cheadle and Gatley district was abolished and Cheadle Hulme became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021)
RAF Handforth was a large and important storage facility that contributed directly to the war effort. The site stretched from the centre of Handforth village, through Cheadle Hulme and onwards to Woodford. The industrial estate Adlington Park in Woodford/Poynton was a dispersed site of RAF Handforth. Cheadle Hulme itself escaped being badly damaged, but its villagers knew the extent of the war, mainly due to the large and visible presence of the RAF and could hear the sounds of air-raids on Manchester.
Cheadle Hulme did not grow around a church like many English villages, but instead grew from several hamlets that existed in the area. Many of the names of these hamlets still appear in the names of areas, including Smithy Green, Lane End, Gill Bent, and Grove Lane. Some of the many farms such as Orish Mere Farm and Hursthead Farm which covered the area also retain their names in schools that were built in their place.
The area was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.
Governance
Cheadle Hulme was historically part of the ancient parish of Cheadle within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire. It formed the township of Cheadle Moseley. Following the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, part of Cheadle Moseley was amalgamated into the Municipal Borough of Stockport. Cheadle Moseley became a separate civil parish in 1866, but in 1879 it was united with the neighbouring civil parish of Cheadle Bulkeley to form the civil parish of Cheadle.
Established in 1886, Cheadle Hulme's first local authority was the Cheadle and Gatley local board of health, a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation for the area of Stockport Etchells township and the part of Cheadle township outside the Municipal Borough of Stockport. The board of health was also part of Stockport poor law union. In 1888 the board was divided into four wards: Adswood, Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme and Gatley. Under the Local Government Act 1894 the area of the local board became Cheadle and Gatley Urban District. There were exchanges of land with the neighbouring urban districts of Wilmslow and Handforth in 1901, and the wards were restructured again, splitting Cheadle Hulme into north and south, and merging in Adswood. Due to the fast-paced growth of the district, the wards were again restructured in 1930, with the addition of Heald Green. In 1940 the current wards of Adswood, Cheadle East, Cheadle West, Cheadle Hulme North, Cheadle Hulme South, Gatley and Heald Green were established. Under the Local Government Act 1972 the Cheadle and Gatley Urban District was abolished, and Cheadle Hulme has, since 1 April 1974, formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport within the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.
Since 1950 Cheadle Hulme has been part of the Cheadle parliamentary constituency, and has been represented by Conservative member Mary Robinson since 2015. Six councillors, three representing Cheadle Hulme South ward and three representing Cheadle Hulme North, serve on the borough council.
Geography
The Micker Brook, running through fields behind the Ramillies estate
At 53°22′34″N 2°11′17″W / 53.376°N 2.188°W / 53.376; -2.188, Cheadle Hulme is in the south of Greater Manchester. Stockport Metropolitan Borough straddles the Cheshire Plain and the Pennines, and Cheadle Hulme is in the west of the borough on the Cheshire Plain. The area lies in the Ladybrook Valley next to the Micker Brook, a tributary of the River Mersey which flows north–west from Poynton through Bramhall and Cheadle Hulme, joining the Mersey in Stockport.
The majority of buildings in the area are houses from the 20th century, but there are a few buildings, landmarks, and objects that date from the 16th century, in addition to Bramall Hall which dates from the 14th century. In particular, there are many Victorian buildings in several places across the area. The local drift geology is mostly glacial boulder clay, as well as glacial sands and gravel. For many years the clay has been used for making bricks and tiles.
Cheadle Hulme's climate is generally temperate, like the rest of Greater Manchester. The mean highest and lowest temperatures of 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and 6.4 °C (43.5 °F) are slightly above the average for England, while the annual rainfall of 806.6 millimetres (31.76 in) and average hours (1,394.5 hours) of sunshine are respectively above and below the national averages.
Neighbouring towns, villages and places
Cheadle
Cheadle Heath
Adswood
Gatley
Cheadle Hulme
Bramhall
Heald Green
Handforth
Woodford
Demography
Note: Cheadle Hulme is split into two areas for censuses, Cheadle Hulme North and Cheadle Hulme South. The figures below before 2011 account for both areas. From 2011 the numbers are based on the data for the Cheadle Hulme Built-up area sub division as published by the Office for National Statistics. The data for this area do not match the combined total for the Cheadle North and South wards as the boundaries for this sub-division are slightly different.
Cheadle Hulme compared
2011 UK census
Cheadle Hulme
Stockport(borough)
England
Total population
24,362
283,275
53,012,456
White
91.6%
92.1%
85.4%
Asian
5.5%
4.9%
7.8%
Mixed
1.5%
1.8%
2.3%
Black
0.6%
0.7%
3.5%
Other
0.8%
0.6%
1.0%
According to the Office for National Statistics, Cheadle Hulme had a population of 24,362 at the 2011 census. The population density was 4,152 inhabitants per square kilometre (10,754/sq mi), with a 100–95.3 female-to-male ratio. Of those aged over 16, 25.0% were single (never married or registered a same-sex civil partnership), 58.1% married and 0.1% in a registered same-sex civil partnership Cheadle Hulme's 9,962 households included 26.1% one-person, 42.9% Married or same-sex civil partnership couples living together, 6.2% were co-habiting couples, and 8.3% single parents with children. Of those aged 16–74, 13.1% had no academic qualifications.
About 66.6% of Cheadle Hulme's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 3.4% Muslim, 1.2% Hindu, 0.6% Jewish, 0.3% Buddhist and 0.1% Sikh. The census recorded 21.1% as having no religion, 0.4% had an alternative religion and 6.3% did not state their religion.
Population growth in Cheadle Moseley (from 1664 to 1971)
Year
1664
1801
1811
1821
1831
1841
1851
1861
1871
1891
1901
1911
1921
1931
1939
1951
1961
1971
Population
390
971
1,296
1,534
1,946
2,288
2,319
2,329
2,612
8,252
7,916
9,913
11,036
18,473
32,245
31,511
45,621
60,807
Urban District 1981–1971
Population growth in Cheadle and Gatley (including Cheadle Hulme) from 1891 to 2001
Year
1981
1991
2001
Population
59,828
58,457
57,507
Urban Subdivision 1981–2001
Population growth in Cheadle Hulme (north and south) from 2011
Year
2011
Population
24,362
• Cheadle Hulme Built-up area sub division 2011
Economy
Pimlott's butcher shop, on Station Road. It was established in 1869, and is one of the family-run businesses in the area.
For many years Cheadle Hulme was rural countryside, made up of woods, open land, and farms. The local population was made up of farmers and peasants, living in small cottages and working the land under the tenancy of the Lord of the Manor. Most families kept animals for food, grew their own crops, and probably bought and sold produce at Stockport market. Water was obtained from local wells and ponds, and sometimes the Micker Brook.
Local silk weaving became a large part of everyday life. The work took place in domestic cottages in a room known as a "loomshop", and the woven silk was transported to firms in Macclesfield 8 miles (13 km) away. Silk-weaving remained commonplace in the area until the early 20th century, when the process became industrialised. Other industries in the area included a corn mill, which collapsed some time during the First World War, located next to the Micker Brook; cotton weaving; and brickworks, one located where the fire station is and one near the railway station. A coal wharf was situated opposite the railway station and supplied the area with coal.
Cheadle Hulme Fire Station on Turves Road, built in 1960. The site also incorporates an ambulance station.
The building of the railways in the early 1840s introduced new employment opportunities for people in places such as Stockport and Manchester, as well as an influx of people coming to live in the area. In the mid-19th century, one of the earliest shops was opened in the Smithy Green area, selling groceries, sweets and other provisions. As people settled in the area, more shops were opened and new houses were built, many of which still stand. During the early 20th century Cheadle Hulme experienced a rapid growth in population, mostly due to an influx of people from Manchester and other large towns and cities coming to live in the area, and it gradually became more suburban. In the 1930s more houses were built around the Grove Lane and Pingate Lane, Gill Bent Road, Hulme Hall Road and Cheadle Road areas, and new roads replaced old farms. In the 1960s the Hursthead estate was built on land that was once Hursthead Farm. By 2009 the only farm remaining was Leather's Farm on Ladybridge Road.
Cheadle Hulme is served by a fire station on Turves Road which opened in October 1960. Before this the area made use of a service in Cheadle. An ambulance station is near the fire station, and the closest public hospital is Stepping Hill Hospital in Hazel Grove. Until the early 2000s the area had a police station which served as the headquarters for the west Stockport area. The building, which opened in 1912, was sold in 2006 and converted into flats.
Waitrose, on Station Road. It was built in 2007 on the site of a former office block, and was Waitrose's first purpose-built retail outlet in northern England.
Cheadle Hulme has a large variety of businesses serving the area. Station Road is home to the shopping precinct (built in 1962) and contains among other businesses an Oxfam shop, an Asda supermarket, a hairdressing salon, an optician, a pharmacy, some clothing retailers and several restaurants. There are more restaurants and cafés along Station Road as well as solicitors and building societies, and long-running family businesses such as Pimlott's butchers are also prominent. In 2002, a Tesco Express opened on the site of an old petrol station, and in July 2007 Cheadle Hulme became the home of Waitrose's first purpose-built retail outlet in northern England.
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
According to the 2001 census, the biggest industry of employment for Cheadle Hulme residents is that of wholesale and retail trade and repairs with approximately 16% of people employed in that industry. This is followed closely by real estate, renting and business activities with 15% of people employed in this area. Other big areas of employment include manufacturing (13%), health and social work (11%), and education (10%). Approximately 30% of people were classed as "economically inactive" in the 2001 census. This included retired people, people who had to look after their family, and disabled or sick people.
Landmarks
The Swann Lane, Hulme Hall Road, and Hill Top Avenue conservation area contains 16th and 17th century timber-framed buildings, Victorian villas, churches, and some former farmsteads. There are two Grade II listed buildings in this area: Hulme Hall, a timber-framed manor house which dates from either the 16th or 17th century, and 1 Higham Street, formerly Hill Cottage, which is of a similar period and style to Hulme Hall. The Church Inn public house, which dates from either the late 18th or early 19th century, is situated on the edge of this area.
The entrance to Oak Meadow Park
Oak Meadow Park is a small park on Station Road, with a large grass area and woodland. In the early 2000s it was renovated and refurbished, with new fences, benches and footpaths. The project to maintain and improve the park is a continuous process overseen by a local volunteer group. The park is used for special community events throughout the year.
Bruntwood Park has a variety of facilities, including orienteering, an 18-hole, par 3 pitch and putt golf course, children's play areas, football pitches, and a BMX track. Bruntwood Park is also home to The Bowmen of Bruntwood, an archery club. Bruntwood Park is a Grade B Site of Biological Interest, and in 1999 was given a Green Flag Award for its high standards. The land it occupies was once a large estate, which at one time included a stud farm. Bruntwood Hall, a Victorian Gothic building constructed in 1861, has been used for various purposes, including serving as Cheadle and Gatley Town Hall from 1944 until 1959. It is now a hotel and since the 1940s the park has been open to the public.
Around 300 men from Cheadle Hulme served in the First World War, and it was decided that those who died should be commemorated. Various ideas, including a library and clock tower, were suggested and in the end a cenotaph was built on the corner of Ravenoak Road and Manor Road in 1921. It was designed by British architect Arthur Beresford Pite and created by sculptor Benjamin Clemens. Additions for later wars have been made.
Transport
Road
Although most of the roads in the area date from the 20th century, there are many older roads formed from ancient routes. Cheadle Road possibly originated in Roman times and Ack Lane (formerly Hack Lane) is named after Hacon, a local Saxon landowner. Hulme Hall Road is named for the landmark it runs through and has existed since at least the 18th century. Until the 20th century, the roads were little more than country lanes and most traffic consisted of horsedrawn carriages, carts and milk floats. The roads were about half as wide as they are currently and have all since been widened to accommodate the increasing amount of traffic. The first cars appeared in Cheadle Hulme in the early 1900s, but horse-drawn vehicles were the main form of transport until the 1920s. A bus, known as the Rattler, was introduced around this time and ran a service through the area. It was, however, very slow and noisy, as its name suggests.
The A34 Cheadle by-pass passes nearby; the A5419 and B5095 roads traverse Cheadle Hulme.
Railway
A train leaving Cheadle Hulme, heading south towards Handforth
The Crewe to Manchester railway was completed in May 1842 and a railway station known as Cheadle was built opposite the modern-day Hesketh Tavern. When the Stafford to Manchester railway opened in 1845, the original station closed and the present Cheadle Hulme railway station was built to accommodate the junction between the two railways. The road was renamed to Station Road in the same year and the station was renamed Cheadle Hulme in 1866.
The station has four platforms: two that serve the Crewe to Manchester line and the other two for the Stafford to Manchester line; there are three trains per hour northbound to Manchester Piccadilly, with one train per hour southbound to each of Stoke-on-Trent, Alderley Edge and Crewe.
Buses
Cheadle Hulme is well served by bus routes, which are operated predominantly by Stagecoach Manchester. There are frequent services to and from Stockport and Manchester Piccadilly Gardens, as well as to places such as Bramhall, Cheadle, Grove Lane, Wythenshawe Hospital and Manchester Airport.
Air
Cheadle Hulme is situated near to Manchester Airport, the busiest airport in the United Kingdom outside the London area.
Education
Cheadle Hulme's first school, established in 1785, was named after local grocer Jonathan Robinson, who donated 3 acres (1.2 ha) of land on what is now Woods Lane. The school was built on what is now the corner of Woods Lane and Church Road, and was originally for the teaching of four boys and four girls. With the increasing population and the Education Act 1870 All Saints' National School was built across the road in 1873, next to All Saints' Church from which it took its name. Other schools established in the 19th century include the Grove Lane Baptist Day School, built in 1846; Cheadle Hulme School in 1855; the Congregational Church School in the same year; and Ramillies Hall School in 1884. Hulme Hall Grammar School was established in 1928 (has since relocated), Queens Road Primary School opened in 1932, and the school that became Cheadle Hulme High School was built near to the site of the Jonathan Robinson School in the 1930s. The majority of the rest of the schools in the area were established in the 1950s and 1960s, including Cheadle County Grammar School for Girls (built in 1956) which later became Margaret Danyers Sixth Form College, named after the same Danyers who was lady of the manor in the 14th century. The site is now the Cheadle campus of Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College. In addition to the college, there are nine primary schools, two secondary schools, Cheadle Hulme High School and St. James' Catholic High School, which opened in 1980, three private schools and one special school, Seashell Trust.
Culture
Venues
The John Millington is a public house on Station Road. It was built in 1683 and was converted into a public house in 2004. It is a Grade II listed building.
The East Cheshire Chess Club is located on Church Road and there are two amateur theatre societies: Players' Dramatic Society on Anfield Road, and Chads Theatre on Mellor Road. Cheadle Hulme Library, which opened on 28 March 1936, is also located on Mellor Road. Cheadle Hulme once had its own cinema named the Elysian Cinema, which was located on Station Road, but this closed in March 1974. As of 2009, the closest cinemas to Cheadle Hulme are approximately 3 miles (5 km) away in Stockport (Red Rock) and the Parrs Wood entertainment centre, both leisure complexes which include restaurants, bars, bowling and fitness facilities.
Cheadle Hulme is also home to many public houses and restaurants that serve a variety of cuisine, including Indian, Chinese and Italian. The John Millington, a Grade II listed building, was formerly Millington Hall, built for Stockport alderman John Millington. A row of cottages near to the hall served as a meeting place for local Methodists from 1814, before a purpose-built chapel was established. A Sunday school was also established in the same place. The King's Hall was built in 1937 and was originally a dance hall before its conversion into a restaurant and public house.
Fitness and leisure facilities
Club Cheadle Hulme, which is attached to Cheadle Hulme High School, contains a large sports hall, a dance studio, an astro-turf pitch and gym equipment. Manchester Rugby Club is located on Grove Lane in Cheadle Hulme, as is Cheadle Hulme Cricket Club, which was established in 1881, and a squash club. There is also a lacrosse club "Cheadle Hulme Lacrosse Club" which was established in 1893, a badminton club, and a sports club off Turves Road called the Ryecroft Sports Club, which has tennis courts and a bowling green. The Bowmen of Bruntwood (Stockport's only archery club) is situated in Bruntwood Park. The local 11-a-side football team 'Cheadle Hulme Athletic' was established in 2009 and is currently playing in Division 2 of the Stockport District Sunday Football League. 'Cheadle Hulme Galaxy FC' was established in 2013 and are currently playing in Division 2 of the Stockport District Sunday Football League.
Religion
All Saints' Church on Church Road, was built in 1863. It was designed in a Victorian Gothic style, and became the parish church in 1868.
The oldest reference to Methodist meetings in the area dates to 1786 and regular services took place from the early 19th century when they established their own meeting places with a Methodist church and Sunday school built in 1824. Grove Lane Baptist Church was built in 1840. Anglican worshippers used the Jonathan Robinson School from 1861 for services and in 1863 All Saints Church was built on Church Road. Seven years later the Congregational Church opened on Swann Lane, after services were held in the school room which was built a year earlier. In 1932 a second Anglican church was built: St Andrew's Church was founded as a daughter church of St Mary's Church, Cheadle. During the Second World War, Roman Catholic services were held in the King's Hall on Station Road, and in 1952 St Ann's Church was opened on Vicarage Avenue. Grove Lane Baptist Church was rebuilt in the late 1990s and Emmanuel Church, opened in 1966 near Bruntwood Park, moved to a new building in 2001.
Notable people
See also: List of people from Stockport
Actors and actresses from the area include Tim McInnerny, best known for his roles in Blackadder as Lord Percy and Captain Darling, and Kirsten Cassidy, best known for playing Tanya Young in Grange Hill. Other notable people from the area include blues musician John Mayall; mathematician Patrick du Val; violinist Jennifer Pike; marine biologist Steven G Wilson, poet Julian Turner; John Davenport Siddeley, a captain of the automobile industry; James Kirk (VC); Dame Felicity Peake, founder of the Women's Royal Air Force; and Stuart Pilkington, a housemate in Big Brother 2008.
See also
Greater Manchester portal
Listed buildings in Cheadle and Gatley
References
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^ Squire, p. 20
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^ a b "History". Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
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^ "Independent Schools Inspectorate Inspection Report on Hulme Hall Grammar School". Independent Schools Inspectorate. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
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^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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^ a b Squire, p. 19
^ Garratt, p. 8
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^ "Cheadle Hulme Badminton Club". Cheadle Hulme Badminton Club. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
^ "Ryecroft Park Sports Club". Ryecroft Park Sports Club. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
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^ a b "History". All Saints Parish Church. Cheadle Hulme. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
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^ a b "History". St Andrew's Parish Church Council. 2009–2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
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Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheadle Hulme.
Arrowsmith, Peter (1997). Stockport: a History. Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. ISBN 978-0-905164-99-1.
Bowden, Tom (1974). Community and Change: a History of Local Government in Cheadle and Gatley. Cheadle and Gatley Urban District Council. ISBN 978-0-85972-009-0.
Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
Clarke, Heather (1972). Cheadle Through The Ages. Manchester: E. J. Morten. ISBN 978-0-901598-44-8.
Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972. Political Reference Publications. ISBN 978-0-900178-09-2.
Garratt, Morris (1999). Pictures and Postcards from the Past: Cheadle Hulme. Sigma Leisure. ISBN 978-1-85058-674-6.
Hudson, John (1996). Britain in Old Photographs: Cheadle. Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7509-0641-8.
Lee, Ben (December 1967). A History of Cheadle Hulme and its Methodism. Trustees, Cheadle Hulme Methodist Church. 40 pages.
Makepeace, Chris E. (1988). Cheadle and Gatley in Old Picture Postcards. European Library. ISBN 978-90-288-4674-6.
Mills, A. D. (1998). Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280074-9.
Squire, Carol (January 1976). Cheadle Hulme: a Brief History. Recreation and Culture Division, Metropolitan Borough of Stockport. ISBN 978-0-905164-72-4.
Wyke, Terry; Harry Cocks (2005). Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-567-5.
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It lies in the Ladybrook Valley, on the Cheshire Plain, and the drift consists mostly of boulder clay, sands and gravels. In 2011, it had a population of 26,479.[4][5]Evidence of Bronze Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon activity, including coins, jewellery and axes, have been discovered locally. The area was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 when it was a large estate which included neighbouring Cheadle. In the early 14th century, it was split into southern and northern parts at about the future locations of Cheadle Hulme and Cheadle respectively. The area was acquired by the Moseley family in the 17th century and became known as Cheadle Moseley. Unlike many English villages, it did not grow around a church; instead it formed from several hamlets, many of which retain their names as neighbourhoods within Cheadle Hulme. In the late 19th century, Cheadle Hulme was united with Cheadle, Gatley and other neighbouring places to form the urban district of Cheadle and Gatley. 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Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Manor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire1-8"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrowsmith36-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee3-12"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarke4-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrowsmith36-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hesketh_Tavern.jpg"},{"link_name":"crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(money)"},{"link_name":"Lyme Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_Hall"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarke4-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Viscount Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Savage"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John Paulet, 5th Marquess of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paulet,_5th_Marquess_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee3-12"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee3-12"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee4-19"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee3-12"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The Domesday Book provides the earliest mention of the area, where it is recorded as \"Cedde\", Celtic for \"wood\".[6] Local archaeological finds include Bronze Age axes discovered in Cheadle. Evidence of Roman occupation includes coins and jewellery, which were found in 1972,[7] and the modern-day Cheadle Road, originally known as Street Lane, may be of Roman origin. A stone cross dedicated to the Anglo-Saxon St Chad, uncovered in 1873, indicates Anglo-Saxon activity.[8] The cross was found in an area called \"Chad Hill\", on the banks of Micker Brook near its confluence with the River Mersey; this area became \"Chedle\".[6][7] Suggestions for the origin of the name include the words cedde, and leigh or leah, in Old English meaning \"clearing\", forming the modern day \"Cheadle\".[9] \"Hulme\" may have been derived from the Old Norse word for \"water meadow\" or \"island in the fen\".[10][11]According to the Domesday Book in 1086, the modern-day Cheadle and Cheadle Hulme were a single large estate. Valued at £20,[12][self-published source?] it was described as \"large and important\" and \"a wood three leagues (about 9 miles (14 km)) long and half as broad\".[8] One of the earliest owners of the property was the Earl of Chester. It was held by a Gamel, a free Saxon, under Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, and later became the property of the de Chedle family, who took their name from the land they owned.[13] By June 1294 Geoffrey de Chedle was Lord of the Manor.[8] Geoffrey's descendant Robert (or Roger) died in the early 1320s, leaving the estate to his wife Matilda who held it until her death in 1326.[8] As there were no male heirs the manor, which was now worth £30 per annum,[14] was divided between her daughters, Clemence and Agnes.[15] Clemence inherited the southern half (which would later become the modern-day Cheadle Hulme), and Agnes inherited the northern half (latterly Cheadle).[12][self-published source?] The two areas became known as \"Chedle Holme\" and \"Chedle Bulkeley\" respectively.[16] Shortly afterwards the Chedle Holme estate was divided and the part where Hulme Hall is now situated became known as \"Holme\", and held by the Vernons. The estates were reunified on the death of the last of the Vernons in 1476.[15]The Hesketh Tavern, on Hulme Hall Road, was a public house. It was built on the site of another public house, the Horse & Jockey, in 1864 and named after the family who once owned the manor.The only daughter of Clemence and William de Bagulegh, Isabel de Bagulegh, succeeded her parents as owner of the manor, and married Sir Thomas Danyers. Danyers was rewarded for his efforts in the crusades through an annual payment from the King of 40 marks, as well as the gift of Lyme Hall. His daughter Margaret continued to receive payments after his death.[16]The first John Savage succeeded Margaret, and nine more followed him.[17] The tenth died young, so the estate passed to his brother, Thomas Savage. In 1626 Charles I created the title of Viscount Savage for him.[18] On his death the estate passed to his daughter Joan, who later married John Paulet, 5th Marquess of Winchester. Joan died during childbirth at the age of 23, and the estate passed to the Marquess. The Marquess practised Catholicism, and in 1643 the estate was confiscated due to persecution of Catholics in the English Civil War.[12][self-published source?]Following this, the estate was acquired by the Moseley family of Manchester and became known as Cheadle Moseley. Anne Moseley was the last of this family to hold the manor, as her husband could not afford to keep it following her death. It was purchased by John Davenport, who bequeathed it to the Bamford family when he died childless in 1760. After the last Bamford died without male issue in 1806, the estate passed to Robert Hesketh who took the name Bamford-Hesketh;[12][self-published source?] it is from this family that the Hesketh Tavern public house in Cheadle Hulme got its name.[19][self-published source?] The last person to hold the manor was Winifred, Countess of Dundonald, one of Bamford-Hesketh's descendants.[12][self-published source?]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cheadle and Gatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_and_Gatley"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"deeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee3-12"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Stockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-3"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Poynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynton"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire21-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee4-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"an F1/T2 tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_tornado_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Modern history","text":"Prior to 1868, Cheadle Moseley was a township within the ancient parish of Cheadle. Its population more than doubled during the first half of the 19th century, rising from 971 in 1801 to 2,319 in 1851. Cheadle Moseley became a civil parish in 1868. In 1879, it was merged with neighbouring Cheadle Bulkeley to form the civil parish of Cheadle.[20][21] Cheadle parish went on to become part of the newly formed Cheadle and Gatley district in 1894.[22] The name \"Cheadle Moseley\" continued to be used for the area, and appeared on tithes and deeds until the 20th century.[12] In 1974, the Cheadle and Gatley district was abolished and Cheadle Hulme became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport.[3]RAF Handforth was a large and important storage facility that contributed directly to the war effort. The site stretched from the centre of Handforth village, through Cheadle Hulme and onwards to Woodford. The industrial estate Adlington Park in Woodford/Poynton was a dispersed site of RAF Handforth. Cheadle Hulme itself escaped being badly damaged, but its villagers knew the extent of the war, mainly due to the large and visible presence of the RAF and could hear the sounds of air-raids on Manchester.[23]Cheadle Hulme did not grow around a church like many English villages, but instead grew from several hamlets that existed in the area. Many of the names of these hamlets still appear in the names of areas, including Smithy Green, Lane End, Gill Bent, and Grove Lane.[19] Some of the many farms such as Orish Mere Farm and Hursthead Farm which covered the area also retain their names in schools that were built in their place.[24]The area was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.[25][26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_parish"},{"link_name":"historic county boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Cheadle Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Moseley"},{"link_name":"Municipal Corporations Act 1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835"},{"link_name":"Municipal Borough of Stockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Stockport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-3"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Cheadle Bulkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Bulkeley"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"local authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_authority"},{"link_name":"local board of health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_board_of_health"},{"link_name":"Stockport Etchells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_Etchells"},{"link_name":"poor law union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_law_union"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowden25-28"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894"},{"link_name":"Cheadle and Gatley Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_and_Gatley_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"urban districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Wilmslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmslow"},{"link_name":"Handforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handforth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowden25-28"},{"link_name":"Heald Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heald_Green"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"unparished area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unparished_area"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Stockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport"},{"link_name":"metropolitan county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_county"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-3"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Cheadle Hulme was historically part of the ancient parish of Cheadle within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire. It formed the township of Cheadle Moseley. Following the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, part of Cheadle Moseley was amalgamated into the Municipal Borough of Stockport.[3] Cheadle Moseley became a separate civil parish in 1866, but in 1879 it was united with the neighbouring civil parish of Cheadle Bulkeley to form the civil parish of Cheadle.[27]Established in 1886, Cheadle Hulme's first local authority was the Cheadle and Gatley local board of health, a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation for the area of Stockport Etchells township and the part of Cheadle township outside the Municipal Borough of Stockport. The board of health was also part of Stockport poor law union. In 1888 the board was divided into four wards: Adswood, Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme and Gatley.[28] Under the Local Government Act 1894 the area of the local board became Cheadle and Gatley Urban District. There were exchanges of land with the neighbouring urban districts of Wilmslow and Handforth in 1901, and the wards were restructured again, splitting Cheadle Hulme into north and south, and merging in Adswood.[28] Due to the fast-paced growth of the district, the wards were again restructured in 1930, with the addition of Heald Green. In 1940 the current wards of Adswood, Cheadle East, Cheadle West, Cheadle Hulme North, Cheadle Hulme South, Gatley and Heald Green were established.[29] Under the Local Government Act 1972 the Cheadle and Gatley Urban District was abolished, and Cheadle Hulme has, since 1 April 1974,[citation needed] formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport within the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.[3]Since 1950 Cheadle Hulme has been part of the Cheadle parliamentary constituency,[30] and has been represented by Conservative member Mary Robinson since 2015.[31] Six councillors, three representing Cheadle Hulme South ward and three representing Cheadle Hulme North, serve on the borough council.[32]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micker_Brook.JPG"},{"link_name":"53°22′34″N 2°11′17″W / 53.376°N 2.188°W / 53.376; -2.188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cheadle_Hulme¶ms=53.376_N_2.188_W_"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Plain"},{"link_name":"Pennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennines"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"Poynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynton"},{"link_name":"Bramhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramhall"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"drift geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Cheadle Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Heath"},{"link_name":"Adswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adswood"},{"link_name":"Gatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatley"},{"link_name":"Bramhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramhall"},{"link_name":"Heald Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heald_Green"},{"link_name":"Handforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handforth"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford,_Greater_Manchester"}],"text":"The Micker Brook, running through fields behind the Ramillies estateAt 53°22′34″N 2°11′17″W / 53.376°N 2.188°W / 53.376; -2.188, Cheadle Hulme is in the south of Greater Manchester. Stockport Metropolitan Borough straddles the Cheshire Plain and the Pennines, and Cheadle Hulme is in the west of the borough on the Cheshire Plain. The area lies in the Ladybrook Valley next to the Micker Brook, a tributary of the River Mersey which flows north–west from Poynton through Bramhall and Cheadle Hulme, joining the Mersey in Stockport.[33]The majority of buildings in the area are houses from the 20th century, but there are a few buildings, landmarks, and objects that date from the 16th century, in addition to Bramall Hall which dates from the 14th century. In particular, there are many Victorian buildings in several places across the area. The local drift geology is mostly glacial boulder clay, as well as glacial sands and gravel. For many years the clay has been used for making bricks and tiles.[34]Cheadle Hulme's climate is generally temperate, like the rest of Greater Manchester. The mean highest and lowest temperatures of 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and 6.4 °C (43.5 °F) are slightly above the average for England, while the annual rainfall of 806.6 millimetres (31.76 in) and average hours (1,394.5 hours) of sunshine are respectively above and below the national averages.[35][36]Neighbouring towns, villages and places\nCheadle\nCheadle Heath\nAdswood\n\n\n\n\n\nGatley\n\nCheadle Hulme\n\nBramhall\n\n\n\n\n\nHeald Green\nHandforth\nWoodford","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key1-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key1-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key1-39"},{"link_name":"co-habiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitation"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key1-39"},{"link_name":"academic qualifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_England#Specialist_qualifications"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key1-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key1-39"}],"text":"Note: Cheadle Hulme is split into two areas for censuses, Cheadle Hulme North and Cheadle Hulme South. The figures below before 2011 account for both areas. From 2011 the numbers are based on the data for the Cheadle Hulme Built-up area sub division as published by the Office for National Statistics. The data for this area do not match the combined total for the Cheadle North and South wards as the boundaries for this sub-division are slightly different.According to the Office for National Statistics, Cheadle Hulme had a population of 24,362 at the 2011 census.[39] The population density was 4,152 inhabitants per square kilometre (10,754/sq mi),[39] with a 100–95.3 female-to-male ratio. Of those aged over 16, 25.0% were single (never married or registered a same-sex civil partnership), 58.1% married and 0.1% in a registered same-sex civil partnership[39] Cheadle Hulme's 9,962 households included 26.1% one-person, 42.9% Married or same-sex civil partnership couples living together, 6.2% were co-habiting couples, and 8.3% single parents with children.[39] Of those aged 16–74, 13.1% had no academic qualifications.[39]About 66.6% of Cheadle Hulme's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 3.4% Muslim, 1.2% Hindu, 0.6% Jewish, 0.3% Buddhist and 0.1% Sikh. The census recorded 21.1% as having no religion, 0.4% had an alternative religion and 6.3% did not state their religion.[39]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pimlott_butchers.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee6-45"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Manor"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire3-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee6-45"},{"link_name":"self-published 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station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire6-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire16-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheadle_Hulme_Fire_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee7-47"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swannlane-51"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee6-45"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire6-49"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire13-52"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire21-23"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire8-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standrews-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Stepping Hill Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_Hill_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waitrose.jpg"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"Asda supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda"},{"link_name":"hairdressing salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairdressing_salon"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-restaurants-60"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Tesco Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco_Express"},{"link_name":"petrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol"},{"link_name":"Waitrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitrose"},{"link_name":"northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Pimlott's butcher shop, on Station Road. It was established in 1869, and is one of the family-run businesses in the area.[citation needed]For many years Cheadle Hulme was rural countryside,[45][self-published source?] made up of woods, open land, and farms. The local population was made up of farmers and peasants, living in small cottages and working the land under the tenancy of the Lord of the Manor.[46] Most families kept animals for food, grew their own crops,[45][self-published source?] and probably bought and sold produce at Stockport market.[46] Water was obtained from local wells and ponds, and sometimes the Micker Brook.[47][self-published source?]Local silk weaving became a large part of everyday life. The work took place in domestic cottages in a room known as a \"loomshop\",[45][self-published source?] and the woven silk was transported to firms in Macclesfield 8 miles (13 km) away.[48] Silk-weaving remained commonplace in the area until the early 20th century, when the process became industrialised.[45][self-published source?] Other industries in the area included a corn mill, which collapsed some time during the First World War, located next to the Micker Brook; cotton weaving; and brickworks, one located where the fire station is and one near the railway station.[49] A coal wharf was situated opposite the railway station and supplied the area with coal.[50]Cheadle Hulme Fire Station on Turves Road, built in 1960. The site also incorporates an ambulance station.The building of the railways in the early 1840s introduced new employment opportunities for people in places such as Stockport and Manchester, as well as an influx of people coming to live in the area.[47][self-published source?][51] In the mid-19th century, one of the earliest shops was opened in the Smithy Green area, selling groceries, sweets and other provisions.[45][self-published source?] As people settled in the area, more shops were opened and new houses were built, many of which still stand.[49] During the early 20th century Cheadle Hulme experienced a rapid growth in population, mostly due to an influx of people from Manchester and other large towns and cities coming to live in the area, and it gradually became more suburban.[52] In the 1930s more houses were built around the Grove Lane and Pingate Lane, Gill Bent Road, Hulme Hall Road and Cheadle Road areas, and new roads replaced old farms.[23][53] In the 1960s the Hursthead estate was built on land that was once Hursthead Farm.[54] By 2009 the only farm remaining was Leather's Farm on Ladybridge Road.[55]Cheadle Hulme is served by a fire station on Turves Road which opened in October 1960. Before this the area made use of a service in Cheadle.[56] An ambulance station is near the fire station, and the closest public hospital is Stepping Hill Hospital in Hazel Grove. Until the early 2000s the area had a police station which served as the headquarters for the west Stockport area.[57] The building, which opened in 1912, was sold in 2006 and converted into flats.[58]Waitrose, on Station Road. It was built in 2007 on the site of a former office block, and was Waitrose's first purpose-built retail outlet in northern England.Cheadle Hulme has a large variety of businesses serving the area. Station Road is home to the shopping precinct (built in 1962)[59] and contains among other businesses an Oxfam shop, an Asda supermarket, a hairdressing salon, an optician, a pharmacy, some clothing retailers and several restaurants. There are more restaurants and cafés along Station Road as well as solicitors and building societies, and long-running family businesses such as Pimlott's butchers are also prominent.[60][failed verification] In 2002, a Tesco Express opened on the site of an old petrol station, and in July 2007 Cheadle Hulme became the home of Waitrose's first purpose-built retail outlet in northern England.[61][failed verification]According to the 2001 census, the biggest industry of employment for Cheadle Hulme residents is that of wholesale and retail trade and repairs with approximately 16% of people employed in that industry. This is followed closely by real estate, renting and business activities with 15% of people employed in this area. Other big areas of employment include manufacturing (13%), health and social work (11%), and education (10%).[62][63] Approximately 30% of people were classed as \"economically inactive\" in the 2001 census. This included retired people, people who had to look after their family, and disabled or sick people.[64][65]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swannlane-51"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oak_Meadow_Park,_Station_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1533310.jpg"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"orienteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"pitch and putt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_and_putt"},{"link_name":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Site of Biological Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Biological_Interest"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Green Flag Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Flag_Award"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"stud farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_farm"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruntwood-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruntwood-73"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire14-76"},{"link_name":"cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph"}],"text":"The Swann Lane, Hulme Hall Road, and Hill Top Avenue conservation area contains 16th and 17th century timber-framed buildings, Victorian villas, churches, and some former farmsteads.[66][failed verification] There are two Grade II listed buildings in this area: Hulme Hall, a timber-framed manor house which dates from either the 16th or 17th century, and 1 Higham Street, formerly Hill Cottage, which is of a similar period and style to Hulme Hall. The Church Inn public house, which dates from either the late 18th or early 19th century, is situated on the edge of this area.[51][page needed]The entrance to Oak Meadow ParkOak Meadow Park is a small park on Station Road, with a large grass area and woodland. In the early 2000s it was renovated and refurbished, with new fences, benches and footpaths. The project to maintain and improve the park is a continuous process overseen by a local volunteer group. The park is used for special community events throughout the year.[67]Bruntwood Park has a variety of facilities, including orienteering,[68] an 18-hole, par 3 pitch and putt golf course, children's play areas, football pitches, and a BMX track.[69] Bruntwood Park is also home to The Bowmen of Bruntwood, an archery club.[70] Bruntwood Park is a Grade B Site of Biological Interest,[71] and in 1999 was given a Green Flag Award for its high standards.[72] The land it occupies was once a large estate, which at one time included a stud farm.[73] Bruntwood Hall, a Victorian Gothic building constructed in 1861, has been used for various purposes, including serving as Cheadle and Gatley Town Hall from 1944 until 1959.[74][75] It is now a hotel and since the 1940s the park has been open to the public.[73]Around 300 men from Cheadle Hulme served in the First World War,[76] and it was decided that those who died should be commemorated. Various ideas, including a library and clock tower, were suggested and in the end a cenotaph was built on the corner of Ravenoak Road and Manor Road in 1921. It was designed by British architect Arthur Beresford Pite and created by sculptor Benjamin Clemens. Additions for later wars have been made.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee5-77"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swannlane-51"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire16-50"},{"link_name":"horse-drawn vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Although most of the roads in the area date from the 20th century, there are many older roads formed from ancient routes. Cheadle Road possibly originated in Roman times and Ack Lane (formerly Hack Lane) is named after Hacon, a local Saxon landowner.[77] Hulme Hall Road is named for the landmark it runs through and has existed since at least the 18th century.[51][page needed] Until the 20th century, the roads were little more than country lanes and most traffic consisted of horsedrawn carriages, carts and milk floats. The roads were about half as wide as they are currently and have all since been widened to accommodate the increasing amount of traffic.[50] The first cars appeared in Cheadle Hulme in the early 1900s, but horse-drawn vehicles were the main form of transport until the 1920s. A bus, known as the Rattler, was introduced around this time and ran a service through the area. It was, however, very slow and noisy, as its name suggests.[78]The A34 Cheadle by-pass passes nearby; the A5419 and B5095 roads traverse Cheadle Hulme.[79][failed verification]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheadle_Hulme_train.jpg"},{"link_name":"Handforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handforth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Crewe to Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe-Manchester_Line"},{"link_name":"Stafford to Manchester railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford-Manchester_Line"},{"link_name":"Cheadle Hulme railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee7-47"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee4-19"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Manchester Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Alderley Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderley_Edge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Crewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"A train leaving Cheadle Hulme, heading south towards HandforthThe Crewe to Manchester railway was completed in May 1842 and a railway station known as Cheadle was built opposite the modern-day Hesketh Tavern. When the Stafford to Manchester railway opened in 1845, the original station closed and the present Cheadle Hulme railway station was built to accommodate the junction between the two railways.[47] The road was renamed to Station Road in the same year[19] and the station was renamed Cheadle Hulme in 1866.[80]The station has four platforms: two that serve the Crewe to Manchester line and the other two for the Stafford to Manchester line;[81] there are three trains per hour northbound to Manchester Piccadilly, with one train per hour southbound to each of Stoke-on-Trent, Alderley Edge and Crewe.[82]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stagecoach Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Bramhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramhall"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Wythenshawe Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wythenshawe_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Buses","text":"Cheadle Hulme is well served by bus routes, which are operated predominantly by Stagecoach Manchester. There are frequent services to and from Stockport and Manchester Piccadilly Gardens, as well as to places such as Bramhall, Cheadle, Grove Lane, Wythenshawe Hospital and Manchester Airport.[83]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Airport"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Cheadle Hulme is situated near to Manchester Airport, the busiest airport in the United Kingdom outside the London area.[84][needs update]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garratt,_p._14-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire11-86"},{"link_name":"Education Act 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_1870"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire12-87"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire8-53"},{"link_name":"Cheadle Hulme School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme_School"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire12-87"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Hulme Hall Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulme_Hall_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standrews-55"},{"link_name":"Cheadle Hulme High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme_High_School"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire11-86"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle_and_Marple_Sixth_Form_College"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"St. James' Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27_Catholic_High_School,_Stockport"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"special school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_school"},{"link_name":"Seashell Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashell_Trust"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Cheadle Hulme's first school, established in 1785, was named after local grocer Jonathan Robinson, who donated 3 acres (1.2 ha) of land on what is now Woods Lane. The school was built on what is now the corner of Woods Lane and Church Road,[85] and was originally for the teaching of four boys and four girls.[86] With the increasing population and the Education Act 1870 All Saints' National School was built across the road in 1873, next to All Saints' Church from which it took its name.[87] Other schools established in the 19th century include the Grove Lane Baptist Day School, built in 1846;[53] Cheadle Hulme School in 1855;[88] the Congregational Church School in the same year;[87] and Ramillies Hall School in 1884.[89][failed verification] Hulme Hall Grammar School was established in 1928 (has since relocated),[90][failed verification] Queens Road Primary School opened in 1932,[55] and the school that became Cheadle Hulme High School was built near to the site of the Jonathan Robinson School in the 1930s.[86][91] The majority of the rest of the schools in the area were established in the 1950s and 1960s, including Cheadle County Grammar School for Girls (built in 1956) which later became Margaret Danyers Sixth Form College, named after the same Danyers who was lady of the manor in the 14th century. The site is now the Cheadle campus of Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College.[citation needed] In addition to the college, there are nine primary schools, two secondary schools, Cheadle Hulme High School[citation needed] and St. James' Catholic High School, which opened in 1980,[92] three private schools and one special school, Seashell Trust.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Millington.jpg"},{"link_name":"The John Millington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millington_Hall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire19-96"},{"link_name":"Parrs Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrs_Wood"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-restaurants-60"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Millington Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millington_Hall"},{"link_name":"alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garratt,_p._14-85"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire19-96"}],"sub_title":"Venues","text":"The John Millington is a public house on Station Road. It was built in 1683 and was converted into a public house in 2004.[citation needed] It is a Grade II listed building.The East Cheshire Chess Club is located on Church Road[93] and there are two amateur theatre societies: Players' Dramatic Society on Anfield Road,[94] and Chads Theatre on Mellor Road.[95] Cheadle Hulme Library, which opened on 28 March 1936, is also located on Mellor Road.[96] Cheadle Hulme once had its own cinema named the Elysian Cinema, which was located on Station Road, but this closed in March 1974. As of 2009, the closest cinemas to Cheadle Hulme are approximately 3 miles (5 km) away in Stockport (Red Rock) and the Parrs Wood entertainment centre, both leisure complexes which include restaurants, bars, bowling and fitness facilities.[97][98][99]Cheadle Hulme is also home to many public houses and restaurants that serve a variety of cuisine, including Indian, Chinese and Italian.[60][failed verification] The John Millington, a Grade II listed building, was formerly Millington Hall, built for Stockport alderman John Millington.[100] A row of cottages near to the hall served as a meeting place for local Methodists from 1814, before a purpose-built chapel was established. A Sunday school was also established in the same place.[85] The King's Hall was built in 1937 and was originally a dance hall before its conversion into a restaurant and public house.[96]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astro-turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstroTurf"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Fitness and leisure facilities","text":"Club Cheadle Hulme, which is attached to Cheadle Hulme High School, contains a large sports hall, a dance studio, an astro-turf pitch and gym equipment.[101] Manchester Rugby Club is located on Grove Lane in Cheadle Hulme, as is Cheadle Hulme Cricket Club, which was established in 1881,[102] and a squash club.[103] There is also a lacrosse club \"Cheadle Hulme Lacrosse Club\" which was established in 1893,[104] a badminton club,[105] and a sports club off Turves Road called the Ryecroft Sports Club, which has tennis courts and a bowling green.[106] The Bowmen of Bruntwood (Stockport's only archery club) is situated in Bruntwood Park. The local 11-a-side football team 'Cheadle Hulme Athletic' was established in 2009 and is currently playing in Division 2 of the Stockport District Sunday Football League.[107] 'Cheadle Hulme Galaxy FC' was established in 2013 and are currently playing in Division 2 of the Stockport District Sunday Football League.[108]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints_Church,_Cheadle_Hulme.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-churchhistory-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire8-53"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-churchhistory-109"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church, Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StAndrew-115"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squire13-52"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StAndrew-115"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"All Saints' Church on Church Road, was built in 1863. It was designed in a Victorian Gothic style, and became the parish church in 1868.[109]The oldest reference to Methodist meetings in the area dates to 1786[110] and regular services took place from the early 19th century when they established their own meeting places[111] with a Methodist church and Sunday school built in 1824.[112] Grove Lane Baptist Church was built in 1840.[53] Anglican worshippers used the Jonathan Robinson School from 1861 for services and in 1863 All Saints Church was built on Church Road.[113][109] Seven years later the Congregational Church opened on Swann Lane, after services were held in the school room which was built a year earlier.[114] In 1932 a second Anglican church was built: St Andrew's Church was founded as a daughter church of St Mary's Church, Cheadle.[115] During the Second World War, Roman Catholic services were held in the King's Hall on Station Road, and in 1952 St Ann's Church was opened on Vicarage Avenue.[52] Grove Lane Baptist Church was rebuilt in the late 1990s[116] and Emmanuel Church, opened in 1966 near Bruntwood Park, moved to a new building in 2001.[115]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of people from Stockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Stockport"},{"link_name":"Tim McInnerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McInnerny"},{"link_name":"Blackadder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder"},{"link_name":"Lord Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Percy_Percy"},{"link_name":"Captain Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kevin_Darling"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Grange Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hill"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"John Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayall"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Patrick du Val","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_du_Val"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Pike"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Julian Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Turner"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"John Davenport Siddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davenport_Siddeley,_1st_Baron_Kenilworth"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"James Kirk (VC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kirk_(VC)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Felicity Peake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Peake"},{"link_name":"Women's Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Stuart Pilkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Pilkington"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"text":"See also: List of people from StockportActors and actresses from the area include Tim McInnerny, best known for his roles in Blackadder as Lord Percy and Captain Darling,[117] and Kirsten Cassidy, best known for playing Tanya Young in Grange Hill.[118] Other notable people from the area include blues musician John Mayall;[119] mathematician Patrick du Val;[120] violinist Jennifer Pike;[121] marine biologist Steven G Wilson, poet Julian Turner;[122][failed verification] John Davenport Siddeley, a captain of the automobile industry;[123] James Kirk (VC);[124] Dame Felicity Peake, founder of the Women's Royal Air Force;[125] and Stuart Pilkington, a housemate in Big Brother 2008.[126]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheadle Hulme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cheadle_Hulme"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-905164-99-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905164-99-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85972-009-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85972-009-0"},{"link_name":"Butt, R. 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Stockport: a History. Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. ISBN 978-0-905164-99-1.\nBowden, Tom (1974). Community and Change: a History of Local Government in Cheadle and Gatley. Cheadle and Gatley Urban District Council. ISBN 978-0-85972-009-0.\nButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.\nClarke, Heather (1972). Cheadle Through The Ages. Manchester: E. J. Morten. ISBN 978-0-901598-44-8.\nCraig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972. Political Reference Publications. ISBN 978-0-900178-09-2.\nGarratt, Morris (1999). Pictures and Postcards from the Past: Cheadle Hulme. Sigma Leisure. ISBN 978-1-85058-674-6.\nHudson, John (1996). Britain in Old Photographs: Cheadle. Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7509-0641-8.\nLee, Ben (December 1967). A History of Cheadle Hulme and its Methodism. Trustees, Cheadle Hulme Methodist Church. 40 pages.[self-published source?]\nMakepeace, Chris E. (1988). Cheadle and Gatley in Old Picture Postcards. European Library. ISBN 978-90-288-4674-6.\nMills, A. D. (1998). Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280074-9.\nSquire, Carol (January 1976). Cheadle Hulme: a Brief History. Recreation and Culture Division, Metropolitan Borough of Stockport. ISBN 978-0-905164-72-4.\nWyke, Terry; Harry Cocks (2005). Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-567-5.vteCeremonial county of Greater ManchesterGreater Manchester PortalStatutory City Region\nGreater Manchester Combined Authority\nGreater Manchester Statutory City Region\nMayor of Greater Manchester\nMetropolitan districts\nCity of Manchester\nCity of Salford\nMetropolitan Borough of Bolton\nMetropolitan Borough of Bury\nMetropolitan Borough of Oldham\nMetropolitan Borough of Rochdale\nMetropolitan Borough of Stockport\nMetropolitan Borough of Tameside\nMetropolitan Borough of Trafford\nMetropolitan Borough of Wigan\nMajor settlements(cities in italics)\nAltrincham\nAshton-in-Makerfield\nAshton-under-Lyne\nAstley\nAtherton\nAudenshaw\nBlackrod\nBolton\nBramhall\nBredbury\nBury\nChadderton\nCheadle\nCheadle Hulme\nChorlton-cum-Hardy\nDidsbury\nDenton\nDroylsden\nDukinfield\nEccles\nFailsworth\nFarnworth\nGolborne\nHale\nHazel Grove\nHeywood\nHindley\nHorwich\nHyde\nInce-in-Makerfield\nIrlam\nKearsley\nLeigh\nLittleborough\nLittle Lever\nManchester\nMarple\nMiddleton\nMilnrow\nMossley\nOldham\nOrrell\nPartington\nPendlebury\nPrestwich\nRadcliffe\nRamsbottom\nReddish\nRochdale\nRomiley\nRoyton\nSale\nSalford\nShaw\nStalybridge\nStandish\nStockport\nStretford\nSwinton\nTottington\nTyldesley\nUrmston\nWalkden\nWesthoughton\nWhitefield\nWigan\nWorsley\nWythenshaweSee also: List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester\nRivers\nBeal\nBollin\nCroal\nDouglas\nEtherow\nGoyt\nIrk\nIrwell\nMedlock\nMersey\nRoch\nSpodden\nTame\nTib\nTonge\nCanals\nBridgewater Canal\nFletcher's Canal\nHulme Locks Branch Canal\nIslington Branch Canal\nManchester and Salford Junction Canal\nManchester Bolton & Bury Canal\nManchester Ship Canal\nManchester Bolton & Bury Canal\nManchester and Salford Junction Canal\nMersey and Irwell Navigation\nPeak Forest Canal\nStockport Branch Canal\nTopics\nParliamentary constituencies and Members of Parliament\nCrime\nCycling\nDemography\nPeople\nPublic art\nSchools\nGeography\nGreater Manchester County Council (1974–1986)\nPlaces\nPopulation of major settlements\nCastles\nChurches\nFlag\nFootball clubs\nGrade I listed buildings\nGrade II* listed buildings\nMills\nScheduled monuments\nSSSIs\nHistory\nLord Lieutenant\nHigh Sheriff\nMuseums\nPlaces of interest\nTransport\nTransport for Greater Manchester\nManchester Airport\nManchester MetrolinkAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Hesketh Tavern, on Hulme Hall Road, was a public house. It was built on the site of another public house, the Horse & Jockey, in 1864 and named after the family who once owned the manor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hesketh_Tavern.jpg/220px-Hesketh_Tavern.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Micker Brook, running through fields behind the Ramillies estate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Micker_Brook.JPG/220px-Micker_Brook.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pimlott's butcher shop, on Station Road. It was established in 1869, and is one of the family-run businesses in the area.[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pimlott_butchers.jpg/220px-Pimlott_butchers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheadle Hulme Fire Station on Turves Road, built in 1960. The site also incorporates an ambulance station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cheadle_Hulme_Fire_Station.jpg/220px-Cheadle_Hulme_Fire_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Waitrose, on Station Road. It was built in 2007 on the site of a former office block, and was Waitrose's first purpose-built retail outlet in northern England.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Waitrose.jpg/220px-Waitrose.jpg"},{"image_text":"The entrance to Oak Meadow Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Oak_Meadow_Park%2C_Station_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1533310.jpg/220px-Oak_Meadow_Park%2C_Station_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1533310.jpg"},{"image_text":"A train leaving Cheadle Hulme, heading south towards Handforth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cheadle_Hulme_train.jpg/220px-Cheadle_Hulme_train.jpg"},{"image_text":"The John Millington is a public house on Station Road. It was built in 1683 and was converted into a public house in 2004.[citation needed] It is a Grade II listed building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/John_Millington.jpg/220px-John_Millington.jpg"},{"image_text":"All Saints' Church on Church Road, was built in 1863. It was designed in a Victorian Gothic style, and became the parish church in 1868.[109]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/All_Saints_Church%2C_Cheadle_Hulme.jpg/220px-All_Saints_Church%2C_Cheadle_Hulme.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg"},{"title":"Greater Manchester portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Cheadle and Gatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Cheadle_and_Gatley"}]
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Retrieved 6 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cheadlehulmebadmintonclub.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Cheadle Hulme Badminton Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ryecroft Park Sports Club\". Ryecroft Park Sports Club. Retrieved 6 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ryecroftpark.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Ryecroft Park Sports Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage – Cheadle Hulme Athletic\". clubwebsite.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clubwebsite.co.uk/cheadlehulmeathletic/103641/Home","url_text":"\"Homepage – Cheadle Hulme Athletic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunday Cup 2014/15 Fixtures\". Cheshire FA. Retrieved 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cheshirefa.com/cups/2013-2014/sunday-cup-2014-15/fixtures","url_text":"\"Sunday Cup 2014/15 Fixtures\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". All Saints Parish Church. Cheadle Hulme. Retrieved 5 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allsaintscheadlehulme.org.uk/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". St Andrew's Parish Church Council. 2009–2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standrewscheadlehulme.org.uk/about-us/history/","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022091320/https://www.standrewscheadlehulme.org.uk/about-us/history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Film guide for Cheshire and Merseyside Part of This Is Cheshire/Merseyside\". This Is Cheshire. Newsquest. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141112135908/http://www.thisischeshire.com/cheshire/film/m.html","url_text":"\"Film guide for Cheshire and Merseyside Part of This Is Cheshire/Merseyside\""},{"url":"http://www.thisischeshire.com/cheshire/film/m.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"haile, deborah (12 February 2003). \"TV terror Tania is a class act\". Manchester Evening News. M.E.N. Media. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130421000704/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/51582_tv_terror_tania_is_a_class_act.html","url_text":"\"TV terror Tania is a class act\""},{"url":"http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/51582_tv_terror_tania_is_a_class_act.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick du Val\". University of St. Andrew's. Retrieved 25 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Du_Val.html","url_text":"\"Patrick du Val\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Andrew%27s","url_text":"University of St. Andrew's"}]},{"reference":"Downes, Robert (6 February 2008). \"Cheadle Hulme girl wins top award\". Community News Group. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728123734/http://www.communitynewsgroup.co.uk/news/2023265.cheadle_hulme_girl_wins_top_award/","url_text":"\"Cheadle Hulme girl wins top award\""},{"url":"http://www.communitynewsgroup.co.uk/news/2023265.cheadle_hulme_girl_wins_top_award/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Julian Turner\". Inpress Books. Retrieved 22 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inpressbooks.co.uk/author/t/julian-turner-2115/","url_text":"\"Julian Turner\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew, H C G; Howard Harrison, Brian (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 511. 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Retrieved 22 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/big-brother-hunk-stuart-wins-958469","url_text":"\"Big Brother hunk Stuart wins army of local fans\""}]},{"reference":"Arrowsmith, Peter (1997). Stockport: a History. Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. ISBN 978-0-905164-99-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905164-99-1","url_text":"978-0-905164-99-1"}]},{"reference":"Bowden, Tom (1974). Community and Change: a History of Local Government in Cheadle and Gatley. Cheadle and Gatley Urban District Council. ISBN 978-0-85972-009-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85972-009-0","url_text":"978-0-85972-009-0"}]},{"reference":"Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt","url_text":"Butt, R. V. 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ISBN 978-0-901598-44-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901598-44-8","url_text":"978-0-901598-44-8"}]},{"reference":"Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972. Political Reference Publications. ISBN 978-0-900178-09-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900178-09-2","url_text":"978-0-900178-09-2"}]},{"reference":"Garratt, Morris (1999). Pictures and Postcards from the Past: Cheadle Hulme. Sigma Leisure. ISBN 978-1-85058-674-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85058-674-6","url_text":"978-1-85058-674-6"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, John (1996). Britain in Old Photographs: Cheadle. Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7509-0641-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0641-8","url_text":"978-0-7509-0641-8"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ben (December 1967). A History of Cheadle Hulme and its Methodism. Trustees, Cheadle Hulme Methodist Church.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Makepeace, Chris E. (1988). Cheadle and Gatley in Old Picture Postcards. European Library. ISBN 978-90-288-4674-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-288-4674-6","url_text":"978-90-288-4674-6"}]},{"reference":"Mills, A. D. (1998). Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280074-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280074-9","url_text":"978-0-19-280074-9"}]},{"reference":"Squire, Carol (January 1976). Cheadle Hulme: a Brief History. Recreation and Culture Division, Metropolitan Borough of Stockport. ISBN 978-0-905164-72-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905164-72-4","url_text":"978-0-905164-72-4"}]},{"reference":"Wyke, Terry; Harry Cocks (2005). Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-567-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-567-5","url_text":"978-0-85323-567-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbasi
|
Kumbashi
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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For the village in Azerbaijan, see Qumbaşı.
Village in Karnataka, IndiaKumbhashivillageKumbhashiLocation in Karnataka, IndiaShow map of KarnatakaKumbhashiKumbhashi (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 13°34′10″N 74°42′16″E / 13.569380°N 74.704572°E / 13.569380; 74.704572Country IndiaStateKarnatakaDistrictUdupiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeIN-KAWebsitekarnataka.gov.in
Kumbhashi or Anegudde or Kumbasi is a village in the Kundapura taluk of Udupi district, India. It lies en route from Udupi towards Kundapura on the National Highway 66 (Formerly NH-17).The Vinayaka Temple is located on hillock called Anegudde, below hillock is known as Kumbasi or Kumbashi.
One of the best known temples to Ganesha in Udupi district is that of Shri Maha Ganapathi at Kumbhashi. Kumbhashi is one of the seven "Mukti Sthalas" (Parashurama Kshetra) in coastal Karnataka. Kumbashi Ganapati temple is mentioned in Tirtha Prabandha written by Madhwa tradition saint Shri Vadiraja Tirtha.
References
^ V R, Kushal (9 July 2013). "Kumbhashi, the demon slayer". www.deccanherald.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ Mudde, Raggi (5 December 2016). "Anegudde – The Abode of Lord Vinayaka". www.karnataka.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ "Kumbashi Anegudde Temple: ಆನೆಗುಡ್ಡೆ ಶ್ರೀ ಗಣೇಶ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಕ್ಕೆ ನಾವೇಕೆ ಭೇಟಿ ನೀಡಬೇಕು..?". VijayKarnataka, Kannada newspaper. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
External links
Anegudde Shri Vinayaka Temple
Anegudde Vinayaka Temple Archived 30 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Anegudde vinayaka
Reference to the Mukti Sthalas
Official website : anegudde.in
vteHoly temples of coastal Karnataka
Udupi
Mookambika
Sringeri
Dharmasthala Temple
Kukke Subramanya
Nellitheertha
Kollur
Kateel
Kumbashi
Gokarna
Murdeshwar
Padutirupathi
Kodlamane Shree Vishnumurthy Temple
vte Settlements in Udupi district, KarnatakaDistrict HQ: UdupiVillages and Towns
108 Kalthur
33 Shiroor
34 Kudi
38 Kalthur
41 Shiroor
52 Heroor
92 Heroor
Achalady
Ajri
Albadi
Alevoor
Aloor
Amasebailu
Ampar
Anagalli
Andaru
Anjaru
Aroor
Asodu
Athradi
Avarse
Bada
Badagabettu (No.80)
Badakere
Badanidiyur
Baikady
Bailoor
Bairampalli
Balkudru
Balkur
Bannady
Basrur
Beejadi
Belenje
Bellal
Bellampalli
Bellarpadi
Belle
Belman
Beloor
Belpu
Belve
Benegal
Bijoor
Billadi
Bola
Bommarabettu
Byndoor
Chanthar
Chara
Cherkady
Chittoor
Devalkunda
Durga
Edmoge
Eedu
Gangolli
Giliyar
Golihole
Gopadi
Gujjadi
Gulvadi
Hadavu
Hakladi
Halady (76)
Hallady-Harkadi
Hallihole
Halnad
Haluvalli
Handady
Hanehalli
Hangaloor
Haradi
Harady (28)
Hardally-Mandally
Harkoor
Hattiangadi
Havanje
Hebri
Heggunje
Hejamadi
Hemmadi
Hengavalli
Herady
Heranjal
Hermunde
Heroor
Heskathoor
Hiliyana
Hirebettu
Hirgana
Hombady-Mandadi
Hosadu
Hosala
Hosangadi
Hosoor
Hosoor
Idurkunhadi
Inna
Innanje
Irody
Irvathuru
Jadkal
Japthi
Jarkala
Kabbinale
Kachur
Kadthala
Kadur
Kakkunje
Kalavara
Kallya
Kalthodu
Kamalashile
Kambadakone
Kanajaru
Kandavara
Kanthavara
Kanyana
Karkunje
Kattabelthoor
Kattingere
Kavadi
Kavrady
Kedinje
Kedoor
Kelarkalabettu
Kenchanoor
Kenjoor
Keradi
Kerebettu
Kergal
Kervashe
Kirimanjeshwar
Kodi
Kodladi
Kollur
Koni
Korangrapady
Korgi
Kotathattu
Kote
Koteshwar
Kowdoor
Kuchchur
Kudi (82)
Kukkehalli
Kukkuje
Kukkundoor
Kulanje
Kumbashi
Kumragod
Kundabarandadi
Kurkalu
Kuthyar
Machattu
Madammakki
Majoor
Mala
Manipura
Manoor
Maravanthe
Marne
Matpady
Mattu
Miyar
Molahalli
Moodabettu
Moodahadu
Mudar
Mudoor
Mudrady
Mulladka
Muloor
Mundkuru
Nada
Nadpalu
Nadsal
Nadur
Nalkur
Nallur
Nanchar
Nandalike
Nandanavana
Nandicoor
Navunda
Neelavar
Neere
Ninjoor
Nitte
Noojadi
Nooralbettu
Padebettu
Padoor
Padu
Padukudoor
Paduvari
Palimar
Palli
Pandeshwara
Pangala
Pejamangoor
Perdoor
Pernankila
Pilar
Rattadi
Renjala
Sanoor
Santhoor
Senapur
Shankaranarayana
Shedimane
Shiriyara
Shirlal
Shiroor
Shirva
Shivapura
Siddapur
Sooda
Tallur
Tenka
Tenkanidyoor
Thagarasi
Thekkatte
Tonse East
Tonse West
Trashi
Udyavara
Uliargoli
Ulloor (11)
Ulloor 74
Ulthoor
Uppinakudru
Uppoor
Uppunda
Vaddarse
Vakwadi
Vandar
Vandse
Varamballi
Varanga
Yedthady
Yedthare
Yedyadi-Mathyadi
Yeljith
Yellare
Yellur
Yerlapady
|
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Phenyltheophylline
|
8-Phenyltheophylline
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Chemical compound
8-PhenyltheophyllineClinical dataATC codeNoneIdentifiers
IUPAC name
8-Phenyl-1,3-dimethyl-7H-purine-2,6-dione
CAS Number961-45-5 NPubChem CID1922ChemSpider1846 YUNIIE6M543P3BLChEMBLChEMBL62350 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID90242119 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC13H12N4O2Molar mass256.265 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
Cn3c(=O)c2nc(c1ccccc1)c2n(C)c3=O
InChI
InChI=1S/C13H12N4O2/c1-16-11-9(12(18)17(2)13(16)19)14-10(15-11)8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,1-2H3,(H,14,15) YKey:PJFMAVHETLRJHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?) (verify)
8-Phenyltheophylline (8-phenyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine, 8-PT) is a drug derived from the xanthine family which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine receptors A1 and A2A, but unlike other xanthine derivatives has virtually no activity as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It has stimulant effects in animals with similar potency to caffeine. Coincidentally 8-phenyltheophylline has also been found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of the liver enzyme CYP1A2 which makes it likely to cause interactions with other drugs which are normally metabolised by CYP1A2.
See also
8-Chlorotheophylline
8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
DPCPX
DMPX
Xanthine
References
^ Scotini E, Carpenedo F, Fassina G (February 1983). "New derivatives of methyl-xanthines: effect of thiocaffeine thiotheophylline and 8-phenyltheophylline on lipolysis and on phosphodiesterase activities". Pharmacological Research Communications. 15 (2): 131–43. doi:10.1016/s0031-6989(83)80055-1. PMID 6844374.
^ Rabe KF, Magnussen H, Dent G (April 1995). "Theophylline and selective PDE inhibitors as bronchodilators and smooth muscle relaxants". The European Respiratory Journal. 8 (4): 637–42. doi:10.1183/09031936.95.08040637. PMID 7664866.
^ Howell LL, Morse WH, Spealman RD (September 1990). "Respiratory effects of xanthines and adenosine analogs in rhesus monkeys". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 254 (3): 786–91. PMID 2395111.
^ Spealman RD (1988). "Psychomotor stimulant effects of methylxanthines in squirrel monkeys: relation to adenosine antagonism". Psychopharmacology. 95 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/bf00212759. PMID 3133696. S2CID 11539292.
^ Murray S, Odupitan AO, Murray BP, Boobis AR, Edwards RJ (March 2001). "Inhibition of human CYP1A2 activity in vitro by methylxanthines: potent competitive inhibition by 8-phenyltheophylline". Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 31 (3): 135–51. doi:10.1080/00498250110043292. PMID 11465391. S2CID 23506958.
vtePurine receptor modulatorsReceptor(ligands)P0 (adenine)
Agonists: 8-Aminoadenine
Adenine
P1(adenosine)
Agonists: 2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine
2-Cl-IB-MECA
2'-MeCCPA
4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6''-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil
5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
Adenosine
ADP
AMP
Apadenoson
ATL-146e
ATP
BAY 60–6583
Binodenoson
Capadenoson
CCPA
CGS-21680
CP-532,903
Evodenoson
GR 79236
LUF-5835
LUF-5845
N6-Cyclopentyladenosine
Namodenoson
Neladenoson dalanate
Piclidenoson
Regadenoson
SDZ WAG 994
Selodenoson
Sonedenoson
Tecadenoson
UK-432,097
Antagonists: 7-Methylxanthine
8-Chlorotheophylline
8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-Phenyltheophylline
Acefylline
Aminophylline
ATL-444
Bamifylline
Cafedrine
Caffeine
Caffeine citrate
Cartazolate
CGH-2466
CGS-15943
Choline theophyllinate
Ciforadenant
CPX
CVT-6883
Dimethazan
DMPX
DPCPX
Dyphylline
Enprofylline
Etazolate
Fenethylline
IBMX
Isovaleric acid
Istradefylline
KF-26777
MRE3008F20
MRS-1220
MRS-1334
MRS-1706
MRS-1754
MRS-3777
Paraxanthine
Pentoxifylline
Preladenant
Propentofylline
Proxyphylline
PSB-10
PSB-11
PSB-36
PSB-603
PSB-788
PSB-1115
Reversine
Rolofylline
SCH-442,416
SCH-58261
Theacrine
Theobromine
Theodrenaline
Theophylline
Tozadenant
Tracazolate
VUF-5574
ZM-241,385
P2(nucleotide)P2X(ATPTooltip Adenosine triphosphate)
Agonists: 2-Me-SATP
α,β-Me-ATP
Adenosine
ADP
AMP
Ap4A
Ap5A
ATP
ATPγS
BzATP
Cibacron blue
CTP
D-β,γ-Me-ATP
GTP
HT-AMP
Ivermectin
L-β,γ-Me-ATP
MRS-2219
PAPET-ATP
UTP
Zinc
Antagonists: 5-BDBD
A-317491
A-438079
A-740003
A-804598
A-839977
AF-353
AZ-10606120
AZ-11645373
BBG
Calcium
Calmidazolium
Chelerythrine
Copper
Emodin (Rheum officinale)
Evans blue
Gefapixant
GW-791343
HMA
Ip5I
isoPPADS
JNJ-47965567
KN-04
KN-62
Magnesium
MRS-2159
NF-023
NF-110
NF-157
NF-279
NF-449
Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
Oxidized-ATP
Phenol Red
Phenolphthalein
PPADS
PPNDS
PSB-12062
Puerarin (Radix puerariae)
Purotoxin 1
RB-2
Ro 0437626
Ro 51
RO-3
Sodium ferulate (Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum wallichii)
Suramin
TC-P 262
Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine) (Ligusticum wallichii)
TNP-ATP
Zinc
P2Y
Agonists: 2-Me-SADP
2-Me-SATP
2-Thio-UTP
5-Br-UDP
5-OMe-UDP
α,β-Me-ATP
Adenosine
ADP
ADPβS
Ap3A
AR-C 67085MX
ATP
ATPγS
CTP
dATP
Denufosol
Diquafosol
IDP
ITP
INS-365
INS-37217
MRS-2365
MRS-2690
MRS-2693
MRS-2768
MRS-2957
MRS-4062
NF-546
PAPET-ATP
PSB-0474
PSB-1114
UDP
UDPβS
UDP-galactose
UDP-glucose
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
Up3U
UTP
UTPγS
Antagonists: 2-Me-SAMP
A3P5PS
AMPαS
Ap4A
AR-C 66096
AR-C 67085MX
AR-C 69931MX
AR-C 118925XX
ATP
BzATP
C1330-7
Cangrelor
Clopidogrel
Elinogrel
Ip5I
MRS-2179
MRS-2211
MRS-2279
MRS-2395
MRS-2500
MRS-2578
NF-157
NF-340
PIT
PPADS
Prasugrel
PSB-0739
RB-2
Regrelor
Suramin
Ticagrelor
Ticlopidine
UDP
Transporter(blockers)CNTsTooltip Concentrative nucleoside transporters
6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone
Adenosine
dMeThPmR
Estradiol
KGO-2142
KGO-2173
MeThPmR
Phloridzin
Progesterone
ENTsTooltip Equilibrative nucleoside transporters
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Cilostazol
Dilazep
Dipyridamole
Estradiol
Ethanol
Hexobendine
NBMPR
Pentoxifylline
Progesterone
Propentofylline
PMATTooltip Plasma membrane monoamine transporter
Decynium-22
Enzyme(inhibitors)XOTooltip Xanthine oxidase
Allopurinol
Amflutizole
Benzbromarone
Caffeic acid
Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamomum osmophloeum
Febuxostat
Myo-inositol
Kaempferol
Myricetin
Niraxostat
Oxipurinol
Phytic acid
Pistacia integerrima
Propolis
Quercetin
Tisopurine
Topiroxostat
Others
Aminopterin
Azathioprine
Methotrexate
Mycophenolic acid
Pemetrexed
Pralatrexate
Many others
Others
Precursors: Adenine
Adenosine
AMP
ADP
ATP
Cytosine
Cytidine
CMP
CDP
CTP
Guanine
Guanosine
GMP
GDP
GTP
Hypoxanthine
Inosine
IMP
IDP
ITP
Ribose
Uracil
Uridine
UMP
UDP
UTP
Others: Chrysophanol (rhubarb)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"8-Chlorotheophylline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Chlorotheophylline"},{"title":"8-Cyclopentyltheophylline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Cyclopentyltheophylline"},{"title":"DPCPX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPCPX"},{"title":"DMPX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMPX"},{"title":"Xanthine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Rossendale_Borough_Council_election
|
2000 Rossendale Borough Council election
|
["1 Election result","2 References"]
|
Election in Lancashire, England
Main article: Rossendale Borough Council elections
Elections to Rossendale Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party took overall control of the council from the Labour party.
After the election, the composition of the council was
Conservative 24
Labour 12
Election result
Rossendale Local Election Result 2000
Party
Seats
Gains
Losses
Net gain/loss
Seats %
Votes %
Votes
+/−
Conservative
11
+9
91.7
Labour
1
-9
8.3
References
2000 Rossendale election result
vte Council elections in LancashireLancashireCounty Council
1889
1892
1895
1898
1901
1904
1907
1910
1913
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
Blackburnwith Darwen
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Blackpool
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1997
2000
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Burnley
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Chorley
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Fylde
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Hyndburn
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Lancaster
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Pendle
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Preston
1945
1946
1947
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1973
1975
1976
1978
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Ribble Valley
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Rossendale
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
South Ribble
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
West Lancashire
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Wyre
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
See also: Wards
Boundary changes
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rossendale Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossendale_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"Elections to Rossendale Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party took overall control of the council from the Labour party.After the election, the composition of the council wasConservative 24\nLabour 12","title":"2000 Rossendale Borough Council election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election result"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote_99/locals_99/html/constituency/197.stm","external_links_name":"2000 Rossendale election result"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindavan_railway_station
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Vrindavan railway station
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["1 Overview","2 History","3 Trains","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 27°34′34″N 77°41′38″E / 27.5762°N 77.6939°E / 27.5762; 77.6939Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India
Not to be confused with Vrindaban Road railway station.
Vrindavan railway stationIndian Railways stationGeneral informationLocationVrindavan, Mathura district, Uttar PradeshIndiaCoordinates27°34′34″N 77°41′38″E / 27.5762°N 77.6939°E / 27.5762; 77.6939Elevation176 metres (577 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysOperated byNorth Central RailwayLine(s)Mathura–Vrindavan linePlatforms1Tracks1ConstructionStructure typeStandard on groundParkingYesOther informationStatusFunctioningStation codeBDB
Division(s)
AgraHistoryOpened1889ElectrifiedYesLocationVrindavanLocation in Uttar PradeshShow map of Uttar PradeshVrindavanLocation in IndiaShow map of India
vteMathura Junction area
Legend
km
to Delhi
Vrindavan Road
10
11
Vrindavan
to Alwar
4
Masani
Bhuteshwar
02
to Hathras Road
Yamuna
2
Mathura Cantt
NH 19
Mathura Junction
00
NH 19
to Bharatpur
Bad
10
NH 19
Mathura Refinery
to Agra
km
Source: Google maps
Vrindavan railway station is on the Mathura–Vrindavan link. It is located in Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves Vrindavan.
Overview
Krishna was born in Mathura. He spent his childhood in Vrindavan. Therefore, both are major pilgrimage centres for Hindus.
History
The 11 km (7 mi)-long 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)-wide metre-gauge Mathura–Vrindaban branch line was opened by Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway in 1889.
Trains
Mathura is a major railway junction. The Taj Express travelling from Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station covers the distance up to Mathura in about 2 hours. Bhopal Shatabdi Express (starting from New Delhi railway station), travelling faster, also stops at Mathura. There are five DEMU connections a day between Mathura and Vrindaban.
References
^ a b "Mathura and Vrindavan – general information". ISKCON. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ "Indian Railways line history, 2 North Eastern Railway" (PDF). Bombay, Baroda and Central Indian Railway. wordpress. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ "Chains from Vrindavan to Mathura Junction". India Rail Info. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
External links
Vrindavan travel guide from Wikivoyage
Mathura travel guide from Wikivoyage
Vrindavan Railway Station Information
Preceding station
Indian Railways
Following station
Terminus
North Central Railway zoneMathura–Vrindavan link
Masanitowards ?
vteRailway stations in Uttar PradeshECRTooltip East Central Railway zoneDhanbad
Chopan
Obra Dam
Renukoot
Shaktinagar Terminal
Danapur
Dildarnagar Junction
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Chandauli Majhwar
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction
NRTooltip Northern Railway zoneAmbala
Saharanpur Junction
Delhi
Baghpat Road
Ghaziabad Junction
Khatauli
Meerut City
Meerut Cantt
Modinagar
Muzaffarnagar
New Ghaziabad
Sahibabad Junction
Tapri Junction
Lucknow NR
Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar
Akbarganj
Akbarpur Junction
Amausi
Amethi
Ayodhya Junction
Faizabad Junction
Balrampur
Barabanki Junction
Goshainganj
Jarauna
Jaunpur City
Jaunpur Junction
Lucknow Charbagh
Manak Nagar
Nihalgarh
Pindra Road
Rae Bareli Junction
Sultanpur Junction
Sri Krishna Nagar
Unnao Junction
Zafarabad Junction
Moradabad
Amroha
Aonla
Bareilly Cantt
Bareilly City
Bareilly Junction
Basharatganj
Bhitaura
Bijnor
Bilaspur Road
Bilpur
Chandausi
Chodiala
Clutterbuckganj
Dhaneta
Hapur Junction
Iqbalpur
Kakori
Moradabad
Nagaria Sadat
Nisoi
Parsa Khera
Pitambarpur
Pt Ram Prasad Bismil
Rampur Junction
Rasuiya
Reoti Bahora Khera
Shahjahanpur
Tisua
NCRTooltip North Central Railway zoneAgra
Agra Cantonment
Agra City
Agra Fort
Bhuteshwar
Idgah
Mathura Junction
Mathura Cantt
Raja ki Mandi
Vrindavan
Vrindaban Road
Yamuna Bridge
Prayagraj
Aligarh Junction
Barhan Junction
Chakeri
Chandari Junction
Chunar
Chamrola
Dadri
Etah
Etawah Junction
Fatehpur
Firozabad
Govindpuri
Hathras Junction
Hathras Kila
Jalesar Road
Kanpur Anwarganj
Kanpur Central
Kanpur Bridge Left Bank
Kanpur
Khurja Junction
Mainpuri
Manikpur Junction
Mirzapur
Mendu Junction
Mitawali
Mitawali Bypass Cabin
Panki
Prayag Junction
Prayagraj Junction
Prayagraj Chheoki Junction
Prayagraj Rambagh
Prayagraj Sangam
Pora
Shikohabad
Subedarganj
Saifai
Sasni
Tundla Junction
Jhansi
Banda
Chitrakutdham Karwi
Kulpahar
Mahoba Junction
Jhansi Junction
NERTooltip North Eastern Railway zoneIzzatnagar
Agsoli
Bastoi Halt
Baheri
Bhojipura Junction
Bijauria Junction
Budaun
Farrukhabad Junction
Fatehgarh
Hathras City
Hathras Road
Izzatnagar
Kannauj
Kannauj City
Kasganj Junction
Mandhana Junction
Marhera
Mursan
Pilibhit Junction
Ramganga
Rati Ka Nagla
Sheikhupur
Sikandra Rao
Soron Shukar Kshetra
Tanakpur
Ujhani
Lucknow NER
Aishbagh
Anand Nagar Junction
Babhnan
Badshahnagar
Bahraich
Barhni
Basti
Brahmavart
Chauri Chaura
Daliganj Junction
Domingarh
Dudhwa
Gola Gokarannath
Gomti Nagar
Gonda Junction
Gorakhpur Junction
Jharkhandi
Kalyanpur
Khalilabad
Lucknow Junction
Lucknow City
Mailani Junction
Nautanwa
Puranpur
Siddharthnagar
Sitapur Junction
Sitapur City Junction
Sitapur Cutchery
Shohratgarh
Tulsipur
Varanasi
Aunrihar Junction
Azamgarh
Ballia
Babatpur
Banaras
Belthara Road
Bhulanpur
Deoria Sadar
Ghazipur City
Ghazipur Ghat
Gyanpur Road
Kachhwa Road
Kaptanganj Junction
Kerakat
Kashi
Mau Junction
Padrauna
Phephna Junction
Tamkuhi Road
Varanasi Junction
Varanasi City
Vyasnagar
See also
Delhi & NCR Metro stations
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vrindaban Road railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindaban_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mathura–Vrindavan link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura%E2%80%93Vrindavan_link"},{"link_name":"Mathura district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_district"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindavan"}],"text":"Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaNot to be confused with Vrindaban Road railway station.Vrindavan railway station is on the Mathura–Vrindavan link. It is located in Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves Vrindavan.","title":"Vrindavan railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vrindavan-1"}],"text":"Krishna was born in Mathura. He spent his childhood in Vrindavan. Therefore, both are major pilgrimage centres for Hindus.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metre-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre-gauge"},{"link_name":"Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay,_Baroda_and_Central_India_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerly-2"}],"text":"The 11 km (7 mi)-long 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)-wide metre-gauge Mathura–Vrindaban branch line was opened by Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway in 1889.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Taj Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Express"},{"link_name":"Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat_Nizamuddin_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bhopal Shatabdi Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdi_Express"},{"link_name":"New Delhi railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_railway_station"},{"link_name":"DEMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vrindavan-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mathura is a major railway junction. The Taj Express travelling from Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station covers the distance up to Mathura in about 2 hours. Bhopal Shatabdi Express (starting from New Delhi railway station), travelling faster, also stops at Mathura. There are five DEMU connections a day between Mathura and Vrindaban.[1][3]","title":"Trains"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mathura and Vrindavan – general information\". ISKCON. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130702193436/http://www.vrindavan-dham.com/vrindavana.php","url_text":"\"Mathura and Vrindavan – general information\""},{"url":"http://www.vrindavan-dham.com/vrindavana.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Railways line history, 2 North Eastern Railway\" (PDF). Bombay, Baroda and Central Indian Railway. wordpress. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf","url_text":"\"Indian Railways line history, 2 North Eastern Railway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chains from Vrindavan to Mathura Junction\". India Rail Info. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiarailinfo.com/search/vrindavan-bdb-to-mathura-mtj/5771/0/249","url_text":"\"Chains from Vrindavan to Mathura Junction\""}]}]
|
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|
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